title: Devotion (video game)

text: "Devotion" draws inspiration from atmospheric first-person games like "P.T.", "What Remains of Edith Finch" and "Layers of Fear". Red Candle cites the reason for creating a horror game was a narrative decision to introduce players to Taiwanese culture. The developers of the game expressed a desire to make an atmospheric game that feels familiar with Taiwanese players, explaining that the culture of Taiwan rarely gets showcased in video games. In its planning stages, "Devotion" was not visualized to be a first-person 3D game, but subsequent discussions steered the game into that direction to realize producer Doy Chiang's vision. The development team, which consists of 12 people, had to learn the Unity 3D game engine as a result.


title: Devotion (video game)

text: Unlike their first game, Red Candle says that "Devotion" was not intended to be political, but was instead about "religious fanaticism". The studio also mentions that translation was difficult, as they had to communicate Taiwan-specific concepts to an international audience in different languages. Devotion launched for Microsoft Windows through Steam on February 19, 2019.


title: Devotion (video game)

text: The original soundtrack of "Devotion" seeks to capture the ambiance of the 1980s in Taiwan by incorporating traditional Asian instruments and folk music elements. The album includes a title track written and performed by the Taiwanese indie band and 2017 Golden Melody Awards winner, No Party for Cao Dong, and the original song "Lady of the Pier" (), which appeared during the game and in the ending.


title: Devotion (video game)

text: A number of critics made favorable comparisons of "Devotion" with "P.T." and "Gone Home", all first-person exploration games that subvert the safe and secure feeling of home. David Jagneaux of "IGN" gave "Devotion" a positive review, praising it as "a fantastic psychological horror game that’s short, concise, and well-paced from start to finish." Despite the "wonderful environmental storytelling", Jagneaux felt that the actual gameplay is "relatively unimpressive and boring". Richard Wakeling from "GameSpot" singled out Red Candle Game's attention to detail that "establishes and effectively reinforces Devotion's disconcerting sense of familiarity", but pointed out that the chase sequence late in the game is "regrettable" in what is otherwise a game that resists frustrating trial-and-error stealth sections and monotonous combat in many contemporary horror games. Michelle Brohier from "Stuff Malaysia" praised the game's references to East Asian culture in lore and horror, but commented that its epilogue didn't deliver much impact after its captivating build up.


title: Devotion (video game)

text: In February 2020, "Devotion" as well as Red Candle's other game "Detention" were selected for preservation at the Harvard–Yenching Library, the largest collection of East Asian works maintained at an American university.


title: Devotion (video game)

text: On February 21, 2019, two days after the game's release, players discovered a "fulu" talisman decorating a wall in the game contained the words "Xi Jinping Winnie the Pooh" () in Chinese seal script, referencing an internet meme that compared the Chinese general secretary to the Disney character. Also on the talisman were the transcribed words "ní ma bā qì" (), which sounds similar to "nǐ mā bā qī" () in Mandarin. "" means "your mother (is a)"; and "" () sounds similar to "" (, means "moron") in Taiwanese Hokkien. Taken together, this was interpreted by Chinese gamers as an insult to the Chinese leader. As a result, "Devotion" was heavily review bombed by Chinese gamers on Steam, and the game went from having "Overwhelmingly Positive" reviews overall to being "Mostly Negative". Red Candle Games responded by patching out the offending art material, replacing it with a talisman that reads "Happy New Year" (), explaining that the original talisman was a placeholder that was supposed to be replaced, and apologizing for the oversight. Nevertheless, other aspects of the game were analyzed as insults to China, leading to the game being removed from Steam in China on February 23. Publishers Indievent and Winking Skywalker cut ties with Red Candle Games, with Red Candle Games being liable for their losses as a result of the controversy. On February 25, Red Candle removed the game from Steam globally to fix technical issues, as well as to confirm that no other hidden messages remain.


title: Devotion (video game)

text: Taiwan's Vice Premier Chen Chi-mai spoke out in defense of the game regarding the "Easter egg", saying: "Only in countries with democracy and freedom can creation be free from restrictions." Red Candle's Sina Weibo account remains blocked, and posts containing the hashtag #Devotion, which had hundreds of millions of views before the controversy, were hidden by Chinese censors. The episode has raised concerns about the future of the Steam platform in China, which did not gain official approval to operate there but remains accessible with up to 30 million users from China.


title: Devotion (video game)

text: In July 2019, the Chinese government revoked the license of Indievent. The official statement from the government stated that the revoking was due to violating relevant laws. Red Candle Games released an apology later in the month stating that they have no plans to re-release "Devotion" in the near term in order "to prevent unnecessary misconception", but would reconsider re-releasing the game in the future if "the public would be willing to view this game rationally".


title: Devotion (video game)

text: In June 2020, Red Candle announced that it would begin running pre-orders for a physical edition of the game, available only in Taiwan from June 8 to 15.


title: Devotion (video game)

text: On December 16, 2020, Red Candle Games and GOG.com announced that the game would be available on GOG's store on December 18. However, a few hours later, GOG issued a statement on Twitter that "after receiving many messages from gamers," they had decided not to move forward with the release. The statement rapidly garnered thousands of comments and retweets, the majority of which came from fans who were angered to see the store cancelling the release. Jeff Grubb at Venture Beat questioned whether the company indeed received a significant amount of complains from gamers, or whether it was just trying to protect its brand from Chinese authorities, suggesting that the company's tweet shifted the "blame" from itself or Chinese authorities to the "gamers".


title: Devotion (video game)

text: By March 2021, Red Candle Games opened their own digital storefront to sell "Devotion" as well as their prior game "Detention" and future games. The games were offered as DRM-free versions. A macOS version was released alongside this.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: Mock turtle soup is an English soup that was created in the mid-18th century as an imitation of green turtle soup. It often uses brains and organ meats such as calf's head to duplicate the texture and flavour of the original's turtle meat after the green turtles used to make the original dish were hunted nearly to extinction. In the United States, mock turtle soup eventually became more popular than the original dish and is still popular in Cincinnati. The soup is also a traditional dish in the Lower Saxony areas of Germany, where it is considered a specialty of English cuisine.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: The soup was created in response to overhunting to near extinction of the turtles needed for the original dish. Turtle soup was known as early as the 1720s after sailors returning from the West Indies brought several green turtles home with them and was popular by the mid-18th century. By the late 19th century, commercial brands of canned mock turtle soup were available and advertising, ironically, warned consumers to "Beware of Imitations".


title: Mock turtle soup

text: Natasha Frost, writing for "Atlas Obscura", notes that the recipe isn't "particularly easy to prepare at home", as most versions call for dressing a calf's head, which was considered to mimic the texture and flavor of the turtle, and require overnight preparation. Other ingredients may include beef and hard-boiled eggs.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: Hannah Glasse's "The Art of Cookery" (1751 edition) gives instruction on "How to dress a mock turtle" to make soup from a calf's head. By the 1758 edition she provides a recipe specifically for mock turtle soup. The 1821 "Hamburg cookery book or complete instructions for cooking, especially for housewives in Hamburg and Lower Saxony" contains a recipe that calls for malaga wine, brandy, and fish dumplings. The 1845 Modern Cookery for Private Families provides a recipe for an "old-fashioned" mock turtle soup. The 1887 White House Cook Book calls for seasonings including cayenne pepper, lemon, mace, and sherry. By the mid- to late-19th century most cookbooks contained a recipe for mock turtle soup.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: 19th century recipe collector Martha Lloyd gives a recipe for "Mrs. Fowle's Mock Turtle Soup" in her "Household Book":


title: Mock turtle soup

text: Take a large calf's head. Scald off the hair. Boil it until the horn is tender, then cut it into slices about the size of your finger, with as little lean as possible. Have ready three pints of good mutton or veal broth, put in it half a pint of Madeira wine, half a teaspoonful of thyme, pepper, a large onion, and the peel of a lemon chop't very small. A ¼ of a pint of oysters chop't very small, and their liquor; a little salt, the juice of two large onions, some sweet herbs, and the brains chop't. Stand all these together for about an hour, and send it up to the table with the forcemeat balls made small and the yolks of hard eggs.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: Heston Blumenthal's updated version calls for beef bones and oxtail and is seasoned with star anise and red wine.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: Serving turtle soup in the 18th century was a display of wealth. The term "turtle soup" was used a synonym for delicious food. Less-wealthy families opted for mock turtle soup, which became popular in its own right and according to Buttery became a "British classic" dish. Heinz made a commercial version.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: In the Oldenburg and Ammerland regions of Germany, "" is considered a specialty of English cuisine and dates from the time of the personal union between the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: While green sea turtle was popular for soup making in many countries, U.S. recipes included many other local species. Soup made from snapping turtles is still available in certain parts of the country. Similarly, mock turtle soup recipes have a variety of substitute meats. Besides organ meats like the British recipes, recipes in the U.S. often use stewing beef or ground beef, but may call for alligator. Versions were served at Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration, at the Waldorf-Astoria, the St. Regis and the Plaza. A recipe for it appeared in the 1887 White House Cook Book. The mock version eventually became more popular than the original dish. It was on many 19th and early 20th-century menus but by the 1960s it was no longer commonly offered. During its period of popularity it was considered a classic comfort food and "found on every table."


title: Mock turtle soup

text: The dish is still popular in Cincinnati, where butcher Phil Houck's version was so popular among customers that he stopped cutting meat and pivoted to production of the soup, founding in 1920 the brand Worthmore, which is the only remaining commercial brand of mock turtle soup. In the early 1900s the soup was commonly served as a free lunch in the German saloons of Over-the-Rhine for customers purchasing beer; as of 1980 it was still served in many restaurants in Over-the-Rhine and on Cincinnati's West Side. As of 2021 it was still seen on local menus and at butcher shops, festivals, and sporting events. Cincinnati Bengals owner Mike Brown serves it at his annual media day event. Cincinnati food historian Dann Woellert calls the soup one of the "holy trinity" of local specialties, along with Cincinnati chili and goetta.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: Campbell Soup Company once produced canned condensed version made of calf's head but discontinued it before 1960. In a 1962 interview with David Bourdon, Andy Warhol, commenting on Campbell's discontinued soups, said that Mock Turtle had once been his favorite.


title: Mock turtle soup

text: Lewis Carroll included a character, Mock Turtle, in his 1865 children's book "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." The character had the body and front flippers of a turtle with the head, tail, and back hooves of a calf.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Selangor Football Club (Malay: "Kelab Bola Sepak Selangor"), commonly referred to as Selangor F.C. is a Malaysian professional football club based in the city of Shah Alam, Selangor, that currently competes in the Malaysia Super League, the top tier of Malaysian football. The club is nicknamed the Red Giants. Officially founded in 1936 by the Football Association of Selangor (FAS), the association built its football development as a result of a merger with the Selangor Association Football League (SAFL - established in 1905) and forming the professional football team known as Selangor FA. On 2 October 2020, the club officially made its privatization under a new entity as Selangor Football Club after it was officially approved by the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) on 29 September 2020. The club currently plays its home games at the 25,000–capacity Petaling Jaya Stadium after the club's original home ground, the Shah Alam Stadium, was closed to undergo major renovation and rebuilding work which was prolonged for an extended period of time. On 15 July 2022, the Menteri Besar of Selangor, Amirudin Shari, stated that the Selangor government have appointed the Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad (MRCB) to refurbish the stadium and its surrounding sporting facilities with a cost of up to RM787 million, that will start in early 2023.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Selangor F.C. (formerly known as Selangor FA) are the most successful and most decorated club in Malaysia, in terms of overall honours won with 52 top-qualifying trophies and 61 trophies collectively. Domestically, Selangor F.C. have won a total of 6 Malaysia top division league titles which includes 2 Malaysia Super League titles (the league that the club currently plays in), 1 Premier League 1 title, 2 Semi-Pro League Division 1 titles and 1 Malaysian League title. In cup competitions, the club have a record of 33 Malaysia Cups, a joint-best 5 Malaysia FA Cups and a record of 8 Malaysia Charity Shields. In addition, the club have also won 2 second-division titles, 1 Malaysia Premier League title and 1 Semi-Pro League Division 2 title and between 1951 to 1973, 7 Malaysia FAM Cups where the Malaysia FAM Cup acted as a secondary knockout cup competition between state teams after the Malaysia Cup.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Selangor F.C. were also the first Malaysian club to qualify and enter an Asian continental club tournament, the where the club finished as runners-up in 1967, the first edition of the Asian top-flight continental club tournament, which was later rebranded as the AFC Champions League in 2002. The club were also the first team in Malaysian football history to achieve a league and cup double by winning the Malaysian League and Malaysia Cup in 1984.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The club also gave rise to many Malaysian football stars who brought success to both club and country such as Mokhtar Dahari, R. Arumugam, Abdul Ghani Minhat, Wong Choon Wah, Santokh Singh, Soh Chin Aun, Zainal Abidin Hassan, Azman Adnan, Rusdi Suparman, Amri Yahyah, and Safee Sali and many others. The club is also one of the best supported clubs in Malaysia and across the Asian continent and holds several rivalries, most notably with Singapore, Kuala Lumpur City and Johor Darul Ta'zim.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: A Selangor state football association was founded in 1905 to establish and manage an internal state league, called the Selangor Association Football League (SAFL). The first cup competition was sponsored by the British Resident of Selangor, R.G. Watson. There were also reports that the association was led by British Residents at that time.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In 1926, an internal crisis led some officials to withdraw from the association and set up a separate association called the Selangor Football Association (SFA). The dispute between the SAFL and the SFA continued for almost ten years before the two sides negotiated back on a deal for the betterment of the future of football in the state of Selangor. Finally, the two football entities officially merged on 22 February 1936, under the name of the Football Association of Selangor (F.A.S) (Malay: "Persatuan Bola Sepak Selangor") and forming Selangor FA to represent the state of Selangor.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: During this period, Selangor won their first ever piece of silverware in the form of the Malaya Cup in 1922, in a 3-2 win over Singapore FA (a rivalry that would come to define Malaysian football in future years) and going on to win the Malaya Cup a further five times in 1927, 1928, 1929, 1935 and 1936.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The proposal to build a stadium that can accommodate 5,000 spectators was first voiced in 1927, and from the very beginning the venue was built in collaboration between MAHA () and the Selangor FA. Initially three sites were nominated for the venue; at Gaol Road (now Jalan Hang Tuah), at the intersection of Jalan Bukit Bintang and Circular Road (now Jalan Tun Razak, possibly on the site of where Prince Court Medical Centre now stands), and at Jalan Pudu. The site chosen was ultimately at the intersection of Circular Road and Jalan Ampang, and according to press reports of the time, it began construction in 1928 and was completed the following year. The specific location of the stadium is not known, it is only said in press reports to be behind a police station at this intersection, which is the current Jalan Tun Razak police station.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: When it was completed, MAHA was sued by the surrounding residents because it was said that the football matches held there disturbed public order. Although the suit was in favor of the stadium owners, Selangor FA only began to make the stadium their official ‘home ground’ in 1931, in the Malaya Cup against Penang FA on July 18, a match that ended in a 5-3 victory for Selangor FA. Selangor FA played a total of 20 times at this stadium between 1931 and 1940, and won 14 times. The eight finals of the Malaya Cup were held here with Selangor FA being finalists four times. However, the club won only one final, in a 2-0 win over Singapore FA in 1935. Their last match here was nine years later, against Kedah FA in the Malaya Cup on 20 July 1940.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In the aftermath of the Japanese occupation during World War II from 1941 to 1945, the MAHA Stadium was damaged which made it unusable and was subsequently destroyed. The current site of the former MAHA Stadium has now become an area for car dealers, with a shopping mall right next to the Jalan Tun Razak police station, also included are residential and embassy areas. In this neighborhood there are several fields and open spaces owned by Kelab Aman, SJKC Chung Hwa (P), and a cricket association.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The outbreak of World War II slowed down F.A.S' efforts to develop domestic football. The effort was started aggressively as soon as the war ended. Efforts to upgrade state football continued with the association laying out plans to construct a new football stadium for the state team. The state team prior to the war played at MAHA Stadium in Jalan Ampang and in the intervening years at Selangor Field Club (now Dataran Merdeka), the team's new home ground clearly required a stadium in line with the association's direction. The association management met the Mayor of Kuala Lumpur several times for permission to construct the stadium but a solution couldn't be found. The impasse meant that Selangor FA's home stadium plan had to be put on hold.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: However, the appointment of Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj as the first official F.A.S president (who also held the presidency of the Football Association of Malaysia at that time) was a right move for the association. After becoming Prime Minister of the newly independent Federation of Malaya in 1957, Tunku Abdul Rahman pioneered the stadium construction business and ordered the construction of Stadium Merdeka to celebrate the country's independence as well as being Selangor FA's official new home stadium. Stadium Merdeka also served as the occasional home ground of the Malaysia national football team as well as the staging of international sporting events.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: After 1951, Tunku Abdul Rahman vacated the presidency of the F.A.S. He was succeeded by the Independent MP for Bangsar (now known as Bangsar) constituency and also a teacher by profession, S. C. E. Singam, who became the second official F.A.S president until 1953, where he was succeeded by K. Sundram. Between 1951 to 1960, the club won 2 Malaysia Cups in 1956 and 1959, finishing as runners-up in 1957 and 2 Malaysia FAM Cups in 1953 and 1960, finishing as runners-up in 1952 and 1955.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Dato' Seri Harun Idris is synonymous with football in Selangor and Malaysia in the 1960s to the early 1980s. He ran as president of the FAS for 21 years from 1961 to 1983. During his leadership, Selangor FA won 15 Malaysia Cups as well as doing a lot of positive changes for the association. The club was originally headquartered at the MCA building in Jalan Ampang before the construction of Wisma F.A.S in 1973 at Merdeka Stadium under the president's (who was also the Chief Minister of Selangor at the time) and club manager Hamzah Abu Samah's efforts.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In that time, the club won the Malaysia Cup 15 times in 1961, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1981 and 1982 as well as the Malaysia FAM Cup 5 times in 1961, 1962, 1966, 1968 and 1972.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Tan Sri , who was the Chief Minister of Selangor at that time became F.A.S President from 1983 to 1989. In the 1984 Malaysian League season, under his leadership Selangor FA won their first ever Malaysian top division football league title, a league that was first introduced with a winner's trophy in 1982. Additionally, Selangor FA also won the Malaysia Cup in 1984 to achieve a historic league and cup double, a first in the history of Malaysian football.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The club also won the Malaysia Cup in 1986 where club legends Mokhtar Dahari and R. Arumugam made their final appearances in a Malaysia Cup Final. In 1989, the club also won the rebranded Semi-Pro League Division 1 that replaced the Malaysian League as the country's top-flight football league and in turn was the final trophy under Ahmad Razali's leadership.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: After a series of successes for Selangor FA, the F.A.S decided to end the club's tenure at Stadium Merdeka to fulfill the ambitions of the club. As a result, an all-new stadium development had to be approved and built. Finally, on January 1, 1990, a groundbreaking ceremony for the new stadium was held in Shah Alam, Selangor. With the construction of the new Shah Alam Stadium, the ground could accommodate up to 80,000 spectators at a time. Its structure is the longest free gate in the world in that era. It also become one of the major landmarks in Shah Alam, Selangor due to its impressive size and design. The stadium has been the home of Selangor FA since it opened in July 1994, after the club moved from Stadium Merdeka. F.A.S also moved to their new headquarters in Kelana Jaya, Selangor which was known as Wisma FAS in the mid-1990s. In that time, the club won the Semi-Pro League Division 1 twice in 1989 and 1990, and won the Semi-Pro League Division 2 in 1993 after suffering relegation the year before, as well as a Malaysia FA Cup triumph in 1991, a Malaysia Cup triumph in 1995 and a Malaysia Charity Shield triumph in 1990.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The period between 1996 to 2010 was Selangor FA's most successful period despite a relegation in between. In the 1996 season, with Ken Worden as head coach, they won the Malaysia Charity Shield and the Malaysia Cup. The following season, Steve Wicks was appointed as head coach and guided the club to success with a trifecta of trophies in the Malaysia Charity Shield, the Malaysia FA Cup and the Malaysia Cup. Under the guidance of coach K. Rajagopal from 1999 to 2000, Selangor FA won the 2000 Premier League 1 title, which was the top-flight league in Malaysia at the time and secured their fourth league title. Ken Worden was appointed again and won the Malaysia Charity Shield and the Malaysia Cup in the 2002 season.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In the 2004 season, the club were relegated to the brand new second-division, the Malaysia Premier League. Dollah Salleh was appointed as head coach and won the 2005 Malaysia Premier League, the Malaysia FA Cup and the Malaysia Cup, completing a unique treble and won immediate promotion back to the Malaysia Super League. However, in the following seasons the club did not win any trophies as this was attributed back to the club's poor management.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In the 2009 season, K. Devan was appointed as head coach and also the club manager. It was the first time in the club's history that both roles had been given to the same person. K. Devan is considered to have one of the best managerial records for the club. He won the Malaysia Super League in 2009 and 2010, the 2009 Malaysia FA Cup and the Malaysia Charity Shield in 2009 and 2010, with the 2009 triumphs being the club's second ever double winning season after the 1984 success. As of 2022, 2010 was the last time that the club won the top-flight league in Malaysia, the Malaysia Super League.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The club went through in what is considered to be the worst period in their history having gone through 7 different head coaches. However, despite that, in 2015, the club won the Malaysia Cup for a record 33rd time under the management of former player Mehmet Duraković. That tally is still unsurpassed and the club remains as one of the most successful in the competition's history. Affairs off the pitch however were not great as management problems during the tenure of Mohamed Azmin Ali when he led the club as F.A.S President caused Selangor F.C. to vacate their home ground, the Shah Alam Stadium and the internal conflict between Exco members and management of the club also led to a decline in the club's performance on the pitch.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In July 2018, The Crown Prince of Selangor Darul Ehsan, Tengku Amir Shah (RMS) was appointed as the new president of F.A.S. He took over the seat left by Datuk Seri Subahan Kamal. Since Tengku Amir Shah took over the presidency, a lot of effort was made to improve the club. This began a new chapter for the club in the modern day.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In July 2019, they moved to a new 400,000-square foot facility in Section 5, Shah Alam called the Selangor FA Training Centre (now known as Selangor F.C. Training Centre) which had a three-year lease from the Government of Selangor. The facility also sees the administrative headquarters of the Football Association of Selangor, club administration office, indoor training, training pitches, gym, first team lounge, physio treatment area, locker room as well as enabling the administrators and coaches to be put under one roof.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: On 9 October 2019, as part of the privatization effort, F.A.S decided to only manage the U17 squad, U14 squad, U12 squad, the Women's squad and focused on the association's roles in the state of Selangor. Selangor F.C. also took over PKNS FC and acted as a reserve team known as Selangor F.C. II and play in the Malaysia Premier League while the existing Selangor FA U21 and Selangor FA U19 squads were known as Selangor F.C. III & IV. All 3 teams were streamlined and restructured as part of a developmental path to the first-team squad.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The football team that was known as Selangor FA was managed by a newly established entity; Red Giants FC Sdn. Bhd. and the football team was rebranded as Selangor Football Club (Selangor F.C.). In early 2020, Selangor F.C.'s home ground, the Shah Alam Stadium, was closed for three years as it underwent major renovation and rebuilding work before being extended for a further year.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The original emblem that was first created in 1936 as a result of the merger between the Selangor Football Association (SFA) and Selangor Association Football League (SAFL) contained the symbol of the wildebeest (gaurus). In the early 1970s, the F.A. Selangor symbol "the head of the wildebeest" was replaced with the flag and coat of arms of Selangor and the English lettering in the F.A. Selangor emblem was written in Malay.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The crest is shaped like a shield, while the emblem on the upper part of the crest is derived from the Selangor State Council coat of arms. The colour characteristics on the crest is the main colour of the state of Selangor which symbolizes Bravery for red and Royalty for yellow. Both of these colors are linked to the state flag which follows the identity of Selangor. The logo is then completed by featuring the state’s blazon on the top of it.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: From the 1970s onwards, the Selangor F.C. team kit was manufactured by various companies including Admiral, Puma, Adidas, Lotto, Kappa and Joma.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: From 1985, the Selangor F.C. team was sponsored by various companies including Dunhill, EON, Celcom, Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS), Telekom Malaysia (TM), and Menteri Besar Incorporated (MBI). Since 2014, the Selangor kit has been sponsored by the government of Selangor under the names of six state government corporations. The company that sponsored the club the longest in its history was Dunhill from 1985 to 2004 with Dunhill having sponsored all the Malaysian clubs during that time before being banned by the Malaysian Health Ministry to decrease the popularity of smoking and tobacco in Malaysia.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: From the 2019 season, the club kits were produced and sponsored by Spanish sportswear company, Joma which covers the sponsorship of a full jersey set for the Super League squad, Premier League squad, President's Cup squad, Youth Cup squad, men's and women's futsal squad including training sets. Joma's sponsorship also covers clothing for all FAS League referees including travel casual clothing and cash sponsorship to the club. On 23 September 2021, the Selangor F.C. official site announced an extended partnership with Joma until the 2023 season.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The online presence is believed to be one of the strongest amongst the clubs in Malaysia. Official sites selangorfc.com run by the club include Facebook (Selangor FC), Instagram (@selangorfc) (@rgphysioclinic), YouTube (Selangor FC), Twitter (@selangorfc), Tik Tok (@selangor_fc), Non-fungible token (selangorfc.com/nft) and Discord (software) (https://discord.com/invite/JT6ThGN3sp) pages which fans can follow and receive the latest information about the club news, match, etc.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Facebook - UltraSel Curva, Anak Selangor Fan Club Official, Selangor Soccer Fan Club, Selangor Fans, Selamanya Selangor Red Giants and many more.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Instagram - @ultrasel_ _ , @asfc_official, @selangorsoccerfanclub, selangorfans_official, officialssrg , Twitter @FansSelangor , and many more.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The holding company of Selangor Football Club, Red Giants F.C. Sdn. Bhd. is a private limited company, with approximately RM10 million in shares issued by the state government of Selangor as paid-up capital. The club was privatized at the end of the 2019 season. Among the shareholders for Red Giants F.C. Sdn. Bhd. are The Crown Prince of Selangor Darul Ehsan, Tengku Amir Shah (RMS) as majority shareholder, Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor (PKNS), Menteri Besar Incorporated (MBI) and the Football Association of Selangor (F.A.S). The total paid-up capital for this holding company is currently unknown.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Selangor F.C. have used several grounds throughout their history. The club's first ground was the MAHA Stadium (collaboration with the Malayan Agri-Horticultural Association) at the intersection of Circular Road (Jalan Tun Razak) and Jalan Ampang, circa 1931 until 1940. Following the aftermath of the Japanese occupation during World War II from 1941 to 1945, the MAHA Stadium was damaged, which made it unusable and was subsequently destroyed. At the same time, Selangor F.C. also played at Selangor Club Field (now known as Dataran Merdeka) from their founding in 1936 until the independence of Malaya in 1957.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In September 1956, the club president, and also Malaysia's first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, ordered the construction of the Merdeka Stadium as the new home stadium for the "Red Giants" and also to celebrate the country's upcoming independence as well. The stadium finished construction on 21 August 1957 and was inaugurated on 31 August 1957, the day the Federation of Malaya declared independence from British rule. Right after the declaration of independence, the club played their home matches at Merdeka Stadium, which would become the club's home ground for the next 38 years. The first football match took place on 1 September 1957 which saw Malaya defeat Burma 5-2 in a friendly match. In this stadium, which hosted 20,000 spectators, Selangor F.C. celebrated its first Malaysian league title in 1984.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: After some successes, the club management decided that the Merdeka Stadium was not big enough for the ambitions of the club, and thus a new stadium was built and inaugurated on 16 July 1994. This was the Shah Alam Stadium, which could host an astounding number of up to 80,372 supporters, and became the club's home stadium for 22 years until 2016. The first match at the stadium was played between Selangor F.C. and Scottish club Dundee United F.C. in an invitational tournament, which resulted in a 1-1 draw, with the first goal being scored by Billy McKinlay. Other teams in the tournament were Bayern Munich, Leeds United, the Australian Olympic team "Olyroos", and Flamengo, who won the tournament.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In 2017, an internal crisis occurred within the club management, which resulted in the resignation of the club's president, Mohamed Azmin Ali, who was also the Menteri Besar of Selangor at the time. The crisis began when executive members of the club reportedly rejected the notion of privatization of Selangor F.C., which was suggested by the club's president. The crisis forced the club to move to a temporary home ground at the Selayang Stadium after the Selangor state government denied the club access to use their traditional home ground, the Shah Alam Stadium.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The following year, the club management of Selangor F.C. decided to switch the club's home ground to the Kuala Lumpur Stadium for the 2018 season. The club's president, Subahan Kamal, stated that the Kuala Lumpur Stadium could generate a higher income and that the Selayang Stadium did not meet the needed lighting criteria required by the FMLLP which is organizing body of the football league in Malaysia. The Selangor F.C. originally proposed to use the club's traditional home ground, the Shah Alam Stadium and the Bukit Jalil National Stadium. However, both applications were rejected by the Selangor state government and the FMLLP respectively, with the latter's reason being that certain matches could collide with the Malaysia national football team's calendar.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The club moved back to the Shah Alam Stadium in the middle of the 2018 season after the new president, The Crown Prince of Selangor Darul Ehsan, Tengku Amir Shah (RMS) was appointed. In early 2020 the home of the "Red Giants", the Shah Alam Stadium was closed for 3 years due to major renovation and rebuilding work. In the middle of the 2020 season, Selangor F.C. played at the UiTM Stadium as an interim home ground following Shah Alam Stadium's temporary closure. For the 2021 season until present, Selangor F.C.'s interim home ground venue is at the MBPJ Stadium.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The training facility is located at SUK Sports Complex, Section 5, Shah Alam. The 400,000 square feet training centre named the Selangor F.C. Training Centre was officiated by the Crown Prince of Selangor Darul Ehsan, Tengku Amir Shah in a ceremony attended by the Menteri Besar of Selangor Amirudin Shari, club sponsors, association Exco members and media representatives on 24 July 2019. The facility also has an office complex for the management staff and technical staff, two FIFA sized pitches, gymnasium, physio treatment area, a player lounge, changing room, pantry, etc.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Vizione Holdings Berhad, a strategic partner to Selangor was the biggest contributor to the construction of the RM1.5 million facility.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Since their inception in 1936, Selangor F.C. have developed a loyal, passionate and dedicated following. The club supporters are recognised for the most their loyalty, and long-supporting fans in Asia.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The fans' song of choice and the most commonly heard is a rendition of Red Yellow (). The anthems will play before every match. Ultrasel Curva's most frequently sung song is "Kami Datang Lagi" , "Kau & Aku Selamanya" , ""Selangor Sampai Mati"", "“Ale ale, Selangor ale"", ""Kaulah Kebanggaan"" and ""Tentang Perjuangan"". Other chants that are always heard are ""Come on Selangor"", ""Inilah Barisan Kita"", ""You're Obsessed"", ""Slaughter your enemy"" and many more.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Selangor F.C. has collaborated with several local artists to produce songs such as in 5 May 1997 with KRU - "Viva Selangor". On 28 May 2022, Selangor F.C. also collaborated with Altimet in the production of the Third Jersey Kits for the 2022 season and also produced a special album "Langgam Gendang Perang" as a sign of Altimet's support for his beloved team.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Selangor F.C. has various supporters' clubs such as Ultrasel Curva, Selangor Fans Club, Anak Selangor Fan Club and many other small fan clubs that are considered as regulars in the Shah Alam Stadium. Ultrasel Curva is one of the largest supporters group of Selangor. Wherever Selangor F.C. play, the group will be there to support. They always gather at the Gate 2 stand in the Shah Alam Stadium which they nicknamed it the Green Curva Nord. Accompanied by the drumline, they will stand and chant passionately for the entire game and wave huge flags occasionally.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Selangor Soccer Fans Club is the second largest supporters group of Selangor F.C.. The fan club was formed by a group of loyal Selangor fans from many states that always gather up when the Red Giants play. The main colours for these supporters are red and yellow, which are the official colours for all the fan clubs in the state of Selangor. The fan club's target is to create a football academy with the help and support of former Selangor F.C. players such as Shahril Arshad, Jamsari Sabian and many more.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Red Giants Team Card is one of the new initiatives to appreciate the 12th player of the club, which are the supporters. The memberships have multiple benefits to the supporters and it also as an entry ticket to the home games matches. The membership needs to be renewed on a yearly basis. The club also actively partakes in using the internet and social media to communicate with the fans.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Selangor F.C. has a historical derby with Perak FC. and Singapore FA known as the "Malayan El Clasico" while matches with Kuala Lumpur City F.C. are known as the Klang Valley Derby. More recently, Selangor F.C. developed a rivalry with Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C. due to the latter's recent run of success in the 2010s as well as with PKNS F.C. before Selangor F.C. took over the former to become its feeder team Selangor F.C. II to play in the second tier Malaysia Premier League.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The rivalry with Singapore was a football rivalry that occurred between 1921 to 1994. It is the oldest football derby in Malaysia. The rivalry arises from the numerous times the two clubs have battled for the Malaysia Cup title. With 57 titles between them (33 for Selangor and 24 for Singapore) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Malaysia Cup match-ups in history. The rivalry ended in 1994 after the Football Association of Singapore decided to pull out its representative side in the Malaysian football league system due to disputes with the Football Association of Malaysia over gate receipts and concentrate its efforts on the development of local football. The last ever meeting between the two teams was on 10 December 1994 where Selangor and Singapore played out a 2-2 draw in a Malaysia Cup game which Singapore narrowly won 3-2 on aggregate, before going on to win the Malaysia Cup that year. In terms of head-to-head Singapore edge out Selangor with 22 wins to 19 wins but Selangor still lead the overall Malaysia Cup tally with 33 triumphs.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Kuala Lumpur City F.C. have always been Selangor F.C.'s fierce local rivals. The rivalry occurred due to the two states' geographical locations with the derby contested between the two most developed states in Malaysia; Selangor Darul Ehsan and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. The rivalry goes back over 40 years when it started in the 80s. Selangor enjoyed success in the decade with triumphs in the Malaysian League and Malaysia Cup where they won the league in 1984 and the cup four times in 1981, 1982, 1984 and 1986 before Kuala Lumpur became a force in the latter competition with three consecutive Malaysia Cup triumphs from 1987 to 1989, winning the league in 1986 as Federal Territory FA before being renamed as Kuala Lumpur FA in 1987. Selangor then won another league title in 1989 while Kuala Lumpur became only the second team in Malaysian football history to achieve a double when they won the league and the cup in 1988.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The 90s saw mixed fortunes for both sides as Selangor won the league only once in the decade in 1990 before suffering relegations in 1992 and again in 1998, winning immediate promotions on both occasions in 1993 and 1999, but also won the Malaysia Cup three consecutive times from 1995 to 1997 and the Malaysia FA Cup in 1997. Kuala Lumpur meanwhile was becoming cup specialists in the newly formed Malaysia FA Cup as they won the competition in 1993, 1994 and 1999, but success in the league eluded them.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: By the turn of the new millennium, the early 2000s saw both Selangor and Kuala Lumpur having contrasting fortunes. Selangor won their first league title in a decade when they took the top flight title in 2000, with Kuala Lumpur winning the Charity Cup that same year. Selangor would enjoy continued success in the Malaysia Cup, winning in 2002 while Kuala Lumpur suffered relegation that same year. By 2004 both teams were playing second division football together when Selangor suffered relegation in 2003, albeit in different groups. Selangor was promoted in 2005, achieving a unique treble in the process by winning the second tier league, Malaysia Cup and Malaysia FA Cup.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Over the course of the late 2000s the rivalry waned slightly as Selangor solidified its top-flight status with two more league titles in 2009 and 2010 along with an FA Cup triumph in 2009. Kuala Lumpur meanwhile soldiered on in the second division without achieving promotion for the rest of the 2000s. The rivalry was renewed in 2010 when Kuala Lumpur got promoted to the Malaysia Super League after a seven-year spell in the second division, by virtue of Harimau Muda being restricted to playing in the Malaysia Premier League despite winning the title in 2009 and allowing Kuala Lumpur to be promoted. However, Kuala Lumpur's tenure in the top flight was to be short-lived when they were relegated back to the Malaysia Premier League in 2012. The following year, in 2013, Kuala Lumpur was relegated to the then third-tier Malaysia FAM League for the first time in its history. At the end of the 2017 season, Kuala Lumpur were promoted to the Malaysia Super League in 2018 before being relegated again in 2019. The rivalry was finally rekindled once again in 2021 when Kuala Lumpur won promotion again by virtue of Terengganu F.C. II finishing 2nd in the 2020 Malaysia Premier League and not being allowed promotion, thus giving the promotion slot to Kuala Lumpur.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: The rekindled rivalry came to a head in the 2021 Malaysia Cup Quarter-finals when the renamed Kuala Lumpur City F.C. beat Selangor F.C. over two legs to qualify for the Semi-finals which resulted in a pitch invasion from the Kuala Lumpur supporters. Kuala Lumpur then went on to win the 2021 Malaysia Cup to win their first Malaysia Cup since 1989, and their first piece of silverware since 2000.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: Prior to being taken over, PKNS F.C. were one of Selangor F.C.'s smaller local rivals. The rivalry occurred due to both clubs being in the same geographical location. However as part of the privatization process and to restructure football in the state of Selangor, PKNS F.C. was absorbed and Selangor F.C. II was formed.


title: Selangor F.C.

text: In the 2012, Selangor F.C. developed a rivalry with Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.. This was due to the latter's run of recent success in the decade to become a powerhouse in the Malaysian footballing scene. The investment that has gone into Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C. has been substantial with the team winning eight successive Malaysia Super League titles, two Malaysia Cups, a Malaysia FA Cup triumph and an AFC Cup title in 2015. Selangor F.C. went through a period of decline during Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.'s rise until new ownership came to Selangor F.C. to revive the team's fortunes.


title: Myofascial release

text: Myofascial release (MFR, self-myofascial release) is an alternative medicine therapy claimed to be useful for treating skeletal muscle immobility and pain by relaxing contracted muscles, improving blood and lymphatic circulation, and stimulating the stretch reflex in muscles.


title: Myofascial release

text: Fascia is a thin, tough, elastic type of connective tissue that wraps most structures within the human body, including muscle. Fascia supports and protects these structures. Osteopathic practice holds that this soft tissue can become restricted due to psychogenic disease, overuse, trauma, infectious agents, or inactivity, often resulting in pain, muscle tension, and corresponding diminished blood flow.


title: Myofascial release

text: Writing for Science-Based Medicine, Harriet Hall described myofascial release as an umbrella term for several types of physical manipulation, and it might more simply be described as a kind of massage based on vaguely-defined scientific notions.


title: Myofascial release

text: The American Cancer Society states that "There is little scientific evidence available to support proponents' claims that myofascial release relieves pain or restores flexibility" and cautions against using it as a substitute for conventional cancer treatment. The poor quality of research into the use of myofascial release for orthopaedic conditions precludes any conclusions being drawn about its usefulness for this purpose.


title: Myofascial release

text: In 2011, the UK Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) upheld a complaint regarding the effectiveness claims published in an advertising leaflet produced by the Myofascial Release UK health care service. The ASA Council ruled that materials presented by Myofascial Release UK in support of the claims made in their ad were inadequate to establish a "body of robust scientific evidence" to substantiate Myofascial Release UK's range of claims. In addition, the ASA determined that the ad breached advertising rules by introducing a risk that readers might be discouraged from seeking other essential medical treatments.


title: Myofascial release

text: Reviews published in 2013 and 2015 evaluating evidence for MFR efficacy found that clinical trials that had been conducted varied in quality, technique, outcome measurements, and had mixed outcomes; the 2015 review noted: "it is time for scientific evidences on MFR to support its clinical use." Another review concluded that the use of foam rollers or a roller massager before or after exercise for self-myofascial release has been observed to decrease soreness due to DOMS and that self-myofascial release appears to have no negative effect on performance. However, the optimal timing and duration of use requires further study.


title: Myofascial release

text: The approach was promulgated as an alternative medicine concept by Andrew Taylor Still, inventor of osteopathy, and his early students. The exact phrase "myofascial release" was coined in the 1960s by Robert Ward, an osteopath who studied with Ida Rolf, the originator of Rolfing. Ward, along with physical therapist John Barnes, are considered the two primary founders of Myofascial Release. Ward also suggests-in other sources-that the term "myofascial release" was coined in 1981, when it was used as the name of a course taught at Michigan State University. It was popularized and taught to therapists, massage therapists and occupational therapists by John F. Barnes through his seminars.


title: Tulasi (actress)

text: Tulasi (or Tulasi Shivamani) (born 20 June 1967) is an Indian actress who primarily works in Telugu, Kannada, and Tamil cinema. She started her career as a child actress. Later she appeared in lead actress and supporting actress roles. She has acted in over 300 films in Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, and Bhojpuri languages. She won two Nandi Awards and one Filmfare Award.


title: Tulasi (actress)

text: Tulasi made her debut in the Telugu language when she was three months old in 1967. For a song in a film, a baby was needed and Tulasi was placed in the cradle after actress Savitri had requested Tulasi's mother, who was a friend of her. She was featured in a song when she was three-and-half years old in "Jeevanatarangalu" and said that she became a full-fledged actor when she was four. She had never been to school.


title: Tulasi (actress)

text: She got married at age 28 to Kannada director Sivamani. She stated, "I met him in the morning and by evening we tied the knot". They have one son, Sai Tarun. Tulasi decided to quit acting after getting married, working only occasionally as a voice actor in Telugu films, including ones by Mani Ratnam. When her son was around six years old, she received several mother character roles. She initially declined them all, but finally signed on one Kannada film, "Excuse Me", in which she played mother to Divya Spandana and which became a big hit. After that she was doing three films a year in Kannada.


title: Tulasi (actress)

text: She began to act mainly in mother roles in Telugu and Tamil film industries. Her notable supporting roles include performances in "Sasirekha Parinayam", "Mr. Perfect", "Darling", Srimanthudu, "Iddarammayilatho", "Nenu Local", "Mahanati" & "Dear Comrade" in Telugu and "Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu", "Easan", "Mankatha", "Sundarapandian", "Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer" and "Pandiya Naadu" in Tamil. Tulasi has said that "Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer", in which she had played mother to Manisha Yadav's character, changed her life and brought her an "identity as a screen mother". Her portrayal of Chellamma in "Pannaiyarum Padminiyum" was praised too, with critics stating that she was "brilliant", and had given her "career best performance".


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: Sir Ken Robinson (4 March 1950 – 21 August 2020) was a British author, speaker and international advisor on education in the arts to government, non-profits, education and arts bodies. He was director of the Arts in Schools Project (1985–1989) and Professor of Arts Education at the University of Warwick (1989–2001), and Professor Emeritus after leaving the university. In 2003, he was knighted for services to the arts.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: Originally from a working class Liverpool family, around September 2001 Robinson moved to Los Angeles with his wife and children to serve as Senior Advisor to the president of the J. Paul Getty Trust.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: Born in Liverpool, to James and Ethel Robinson, he was one of seven children from a working-class background. One of his brothers, Neil, became a professional footballer for Everton, Swansea City and Grimsby Town. After an industrial accident, his father became quadriplegic. Robinson contracted polio at age four and spent 8 months in hospital. He attended Margaret Beavan Special School due to the physical effects of polio, then Liverpool Collegiate School (1961–1963) and Wade Deacon Grammar School, Cheshire (1963–1968). He then studied English and drama (Bachelor of Education – BEd) at Bretton Hall College of Education (1968–1972) and completed a PhD in 1981 at the University of London, researching drama and theatre in education.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: From 1985 to 1988, Robinson was director of the Arts in Schools Project, an initiative to develop the arts education throughout England and Wales. The project worked with over 2,000 teachers, artists and administrators in a network of over 300 initiatives and influenced the formulation of the National Curriculum for England. During this period, Robinson chaired Artswork, the UK's national youth arts development agency, and worked as advisor to the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: For twelve years, he was professor of education at the University of Warwick, and became professor emeritus. He has received honorary degrees from the Rhode Island School of Design, Ringling College of Art and Design, the Open University and the Central School of Speech and Drama, Birmingham City University and the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts. He received the Athena Award of the Rhode Island School of Design for services to the arts and education, the Peabody Medal for contributions to the arts and culture in the United States, the LEGO Prize for international achievement in education, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal of the Royal Society of Arts for contributions to cultural relations between the United Kingdom and the United States. In 2005, he was named as one of "Time"/"Fortune"/CNN's "Principal Voices". In 2003, he was made a Knight Bachelor for his services to the arts.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: In 1998, he led a UK commission on creativity, education and the economy and his report, "All Our Futures: Creativity, Culture and Education", was influential. "The Times" said of it: "This report raises some of the most important issues facing business in the 21st century. It should have every CEO and human resources director thumping the table and demanding action". Robinson is credited with creating a strategy for creative and economic development as part of the Peace Process in Northern Ireland, publishing "Unlocking Creativity", a plan implemented across the region and mentoring to the Oklahoma Creativity Project. In 1998, he chaired the National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: In 2001, Robinson was appointed senior advisor for education and creativity at the Getty Museum in Los Angeles, which lasted at least until 2005.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: Robinson gave three TED talks on the importance of creativity in education, viewed over 80 million times (2017). At the time of his death in August 2020, his presentation "Do schools kill creativity?" was the most watched TED talk of all time, with 66.3 million views on the TED channel and millions more on YouTube. It has been translated into 62 languages. In April 2013, he gave a talk titled "How to escape education's death valley", in which he outlines three principles crucial for the human mind to flourish – and how current American education culture works against them. In 2010, the Royal Society of Arts animated one of Robinson's speeches about changing education paradigms. The video was viewed nearly half a million times in its first week on YouTube and as of December 2017 has been viewed more than 15 million times.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: Robinson suggested that to engage and succeed, education has to develop on three fronts. Firstly, that it should foster diversity by offering a broad curriculum and encourage individualisation of the learning process. Secondly, it should promote curiosity through creative teaching, which depends on high quality teacher training and development. Finally, it should focus on awakening creativity through alternative didactic processes that put less emphasis on standardised testing, thereby giving the responsibility for defining the course of education to individual schools and teachers. He believed that much of the present education system in the United States encourages conformity, compliance and standardisation rather than creative approaches to learning. Robinson emphasised that we can only succeed if we recognise that education is an organic system, not a mechanical one: successful school administration is a matter of engendering a helpful climate rather than "command and control".


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: "Learning Through Drama: Report of the Schools Council Drama Teaching" (1977) was the result of a three-year national development project for the UK Schools Council. Robinson was principal author of "The Arts in Schools: Principles, Practice, and Provision" (1982), now a key text on arts and education internationally. He edited "The Arts and Higher Education," (1984) and co-wrote "The Arts in Further Education" (1986), "Arts Education in Europe", and "Facing the Future: The Arts and Education in Hong Kong".


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: Robinson's 2001 book, "Out of Our Minds: Learning to be Creative" (Wiley-Capstone), was described by "Director" magazine as "a truly mind-opening analysis of why we don't get the best out of people at a time of punishing change." John Cleese said of it: "Ken Robinson writes brilliantly about the different ways in which creativity is undervalued and ignored in Western culture and especially in our educational systems."


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: "The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything", was published in January 2009 by Penguin. "The element" refers to the experience of personal talent meeting personal passion. He argues that in this encounter, we feel most ourselves, most inspired, and achieve to our highest level. The book draws on the stories of creative artists such as Paul McCartney, "The Simpsons" creator Matt Groening, Meg Ryan, and physicist Richard Feynman to investigate this paradigm of success.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: In 1977, Robinson met Marie-Therese "Terry" Watts, while delivering a course in Liverpool. They married in 1982 and had two children, James and Kate.


title: Ken Robinson (educationalist)

text: Robinson died on 21 August 2020, aged 70, at his home in London. According to his daughter, Robinson died of cancer.


title: Alt porn

text: Alternative porn (also known as alt porn, alternaporn, or simply alt in context), a shortening of "alternative pornography", is a subgenre of pornography that is centered around alternative subcultures, such as goths, punks, emos, scenes, skaters or ravers, and is often produced by small and independent websites or filmmakers. It often features models with body modifications such as tattoos, piercings, or scarifications or temporary modifications such as dyed hair or extreme makeup. The term indie porn is occasionally used though this term is more generally used as a synonym for independent pornography, regardless of affinity with any kind of alternative subculture.


title: Alt porn

text: While pornography specifically oriented toward alternative culture did not arise until the 1990s , the work of Gregory Dark, David Aaron Clark, Michael Ninn, and Stephen Sayadian are seen as the early creators of the alt porn genre. The Cinema of Transgression of Richard Kern and Nick Zedd (as well as Kern's later photographic work) can also be viewed as early examples of alt porn.


title: Alt porn

text: The first venue explicitly devoted to "subcultural erotica" was Blue Blood, a glossy magazine that began in 1992 and featured models with a goth or cyberpunk look. The biggest market for alt porn however has been on the Internet. Other than a few ephemeral personal websites, the earliest explicitly alt porn site was Blue Blood's GothicSluts.com, established in early 1999. This was followed shortly after by Raverporn.net, which was later renamed EroticBPM.com, in July of the same year, and later followed by NakkidNerds in December. Supercult began in 2000, followed by SuicideGirls in late 2001 which has grown to become the most popular and financially lucrative alt porn site. With the success of SuicideGirls, the number of alt porn sites has grown in number since 2002. In addition to the above-mentioned sites, well-known altporn websites in operation as of September 2008 include Lazerbunny, Burning Angel, and GodsGirls.


title: Alt porn

text: The terms "alternative porn" or "alt porn" were coined in the early 2000s in reference to SuicideGirls, RaverPorn, and similar sites. Longer-standing projects, such as Blue Blood, generally used terms such as "subcultural erotica".


title: Alt porn

text: Alt porn websites are often distinguished by their use of message boards, blogs, social networking, and other features of online community, encouraging participation by both models and viewers. While these features are not exclusive to alt porn sites, their inclusion stands in stark contrast to the standard operating procedures adopted by more typical porn sites which tend to feature more or less anonymous models who are viewed by anonymous visitors.


title: Alt porn

text: Alt porn-themed videos are also becoming a growing niche in the adult video market. The work of directors Stephen Sayadian and Gregory Dark during the 1980s and early 1990s had many of the features of later alt porn, and are often cited as being key contributing influences on current alt porn video. In 2001, two amateur videos under the title "Technosex" were produced, featuring women involved in the rave scene along with a techno music soundtrack. Since 2004, director Eon McKai has been producing alt porn-themed videos for VCA Pictures (an otherwise mainstream adult video studio) and, in 2006, was signed by Vivid Entertainment to produce alt porn-themed videos under the Vivid-ALT imprint. In 2006, McKai remade Gregory Dark's seminal punk porno film New Wave Hookers, using some of the original script with a different twist and calling the film "Neu Wave Hookers." Vivid-ALT had also signed noted fetish photographers Dave Naz and Octavio "Winkytiki" Arizala.


title: Alt porn

text: Many members of the alt porn community disagree on the definition of alt porn. Some consider it mostly an aesthetic quality while others see it as having a more ideological definition. This includes controversies over whether alt porn sites and videos should restrict themselves to softcore pin-up photography or include more sexually explicit hardcore content, whether alt porn need be explicitly feminist or not, and whether alt porn venues should present models of all genders and a range of body types rather than just conventionally attractive young women. Since every pornography company conducts its business and treats their models differently, it is hard to define it on an ideological basis, although the models' freedom to speak their mind both about the industry, their employers, and political agendas is considered by some to be a vital part of the alt porn community. SuicideGirls have been criticized for restricting their employees' ability to make public comments of this nature. This led to a very public falling out between the owners of SuicideGirls and a number of their former models, and larger debates as to whether alternative porn was inherently any more empowering than mainstream porn.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Clinton Earl Portis (born September 1, 1981) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2002 NFL Draft. Portis was best known for being the starting running back for the Washington Redskins for seven seasons, in which he gained an average of 81.2 yards rushing per game, for which a select panel of celebrities included him as one of the 80 Greatest Redskins.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Portis attended the University of Miami, where he played for the Hurricanes. He considered going to the University of South Carolina but a fight that he had at Gainesville High School resulted in his scholarship being taken away. He became just the second true freshman to start at running back since the 1975 season. Portis set a school freshman record with five 100-yard performances, and led the team with 838 yards and eight touchdowns on 143 carries (5.9 avg.) in 10 games. He also caught four passes for 44 yards (11.0 avg.) and 2 touchdowns. When Portis was still a relative unknown, Lee Corso singled out Portis's performance during a defeat by Florida State for hustling and never giving up, saying "that kid can play for me any time".


title: Clinton Portis

text: Portis' sophomore season was not as successful as he lost his job to James Jackson and rushed for 485 yards and two touchdowns on 77 carries (6.3 avg.) in eight games. He also added 103 yards on five receptions (20.6 avg.).


title: Clinton Portis

text: However, Portis bounced back in 2001 as the Hurricanes won the National Championship and Portis had his best season rushing for 1,200 yards and 10 touchdowns on 220 carries (5.5 avg.). He also added 125 receiving yards. In the Rose Bowl against Nebraska, Portis ran for 104 yards and a touchdown. He also had a long touchdown reception called back on a holding call.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Portis was also a standout track athlete for the Gainesville High School track team. He was timed at 10.6 seconds in the 100 meters. He was member of the varsity track team. He took part in the state record 4 x 100 meter relay team, that finished with a time of 40.8 seconds. He also posted a personal bests of 2.01 meters in the high jump, and 6.91 meters in the long jump.


title: Clinton Portis

text: He also ran track and field for the University of Miami, where he won the state championship in the 4x400-meter relay. He also recorded personal best of 6.93 seconds in the 60 meters and 21.82 seconds in the 200 meters.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Portis was drafted by the Denver Broncos with the 51st overall pick in the second round of the 2002 NFL Draft.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Portis rushed for over 1,500 yards in each of his first two seasons with the Broncos, averaging 5.5 yards per carry in that span. The latter is an NFL record for a running back's first two seasons. On December 15, 2002, Portis became the youngest player (21 years, 105 days) to score 4 touchdowns in a game in a 31-24 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs. He has the most single game fantasy point total, with 55.4. The very next season on December 7, 2003, Portis became the youngest player (22 years, 97 days) to score 5 touchdowns in a game in a 45-27 victory, which also happened against Kansas City.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Before the 2004 season, the Broncos traded Portis to the Washington Redskins for cornerback Champ Bailey and a second-round draft pick in the 2004 NFL Draft which the Broncos used to select Tatum Bell (and Bell wore Portis's number 26 in Denver). Washington signed Portis to an eight-year contract worth $50.5 million. At that time, there were criticisms regarding the trade, namely that shut-down corners like Bailey were hard to come by and that adding a second-round pick for Portis was too much and one-sided. Critics also felt that Portis was simply a product of the Broncos' O-line scheme, and would not have much success in Washington, which was usually suited to more physical, power runners (such as Stephen Davis or John Riggins).


title: Clinton Portis

text: In the 2004 season, he had to adjust to coach Joe Gibbs' style of running, which consists of mostly power running. Despite taking his first Washington carry 64 yards for a TD in the season opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, it was a somewhat rough adjustment for Portis because Denver's running style consisted of stretch runs and runs to the outside. The adjustment was made rougher by an offensive line that was depleted mainly due to injuries. He finished 2004 with 1,315 yards for a 3.8 yard rushing average. He had an especially tough time finding the end zone, finishing with eight total touchdowns (5 rushing, 2 receiving, and one passing).


title: Clinton Portis

text: Portis bounced back in the 2005 season. Although Gibbs still ran a power style of football, he implemented more outside running plays into the Washington rushing attack to better suit Portis' style of running. Portis had a much better season, proving that he can run inside as well as to the outside and was a better pass-blocker. Although he did not get into the end zone until the fifth game of the season, he finished strong and had 12 total touchdowns (11 rushing and one passing). On a 14-yard run against the Philadelphia Eagles on January 1, 2006, he broke the Redskins' franchise record for the most rushing yards in a season with 1,516 yards and tied the most 100+ yard games in a season (5). He ended the game with 112 rushing yards. By rushing for 1,516 yards, he became only the third runner in league history to reach 1,500 yards in three of his first four seasons.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Portis demonstrated his speed during the 2006 Washington Redskins training camp, running a 4.26 second 40-yard dash. Shortly following that, on August 13, 2006, Portis suffered a partially dislocated shoulder in the first quarter of a Week 1 pre-season game after tackling Cincinnati Bengals cornerback Keiwan Ratliff following a Bengals interception. After the injury, Portis said: "I don't know why myself or any other player of my caliber should be playing in the preseason." He added, "I think for the last four years I've done enough to show the world I'm going to be ready for the season."


title: Clinton Portis

text: There was no immediate indication from the Redskins as to when Portis might return to active playing status. However, he returned early into Washington' game against the Minnesota Vikings, where he gained 39 yards on 10 carries with one touchdown. The Washington Redskins lost 16-19, the clock expiring as Washington kicker John Hall missed wide left on a field goal. Portis rebounded in following weeks with 16 carries for 86 yards and 2 touchdowns against the Houston Texans, and 27 carries for 112 yards and a touchdown against the Jacksonville Jaguars.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Nagged by injuries all season, Portis suffered another setback in the first quarter of Washington's November 12 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. Portis left the game with a hand injury and was replaced by backup Ladell Betts. X-rays revealed that Portis broke his right hand during the game. He was operated on and placed on the Redskins' Injured Reserve list three days later, on November 15.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Washington agreed to guarantee Portis' 2008-2009 and a large portion of his 2010 base salaries in March. This would equal up to $15 million in guarantees. Portis, also got a $9.32 million "signing bonus" upon restructuring. He would finish the 2007 season with 1,262 yards rushing and 11 rushing touchdowns along with 389 yards receiving.


title: Clinton Portis

text: In 2008, Portis fell just short of what would have been his fourth 1500 yard rushing season in seven years, finishing with 1487 yards and an average of 4.3 yards per carry. His season was highlighted by a five-week stretch in which Portis gained nearly 700 yards, ending in an October 26 victory over the Detroit Lions. During this span Clinton Portis joined O.J. Simpson as the only players in NFL history to rush for at least 120 yards in five consecutive games twice in a career (Portis first did it over two seasons with four games with Denver in 2003 and one game with Washington in 2004). Portis led the NFL in rushing as late as November 23 before nagging injuries and limited playing time slowed him down; he gained only 281 yards in his final five games as Washington lost four of five to miss the playoffs. Despite this, he was selected to the Pro Bowl over DeAngelo Williams, despite Williams having better stats at the end of the season.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Some controversy was caused on December 9, 2008 when Clinton Portis made negative statements about Washington coach Jim Zorn in his weekly appearance on WTEM-AM radio, criticizing Zorn for giving inconsistent messages and sarcastically calling him a "genius." Portis was still smarting from his lack of playing time in Sunday's 24-10 loss to the Baltimore Ravens, when he was removed from the game after the first series of the second half.


title: Clinton Portis

text: During a Week 9 game versus the Atlanta Falcons, Portis suffered a concussion. The hit caused Portis to lose consciousness and leave the game. Portis missed four consecutive games with concussion-like symptoms. Portis went to see a specialist in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on December 1, 2009. It was reported that on December 8, Portis was officially placed on injured reserve. It took four months for him to gain clearance to play again.


title: Clinton Portis

text: The start of the 2010 season saw the reunion of Portis and newly appointed coach, Mike Shanahan, Portis' former coach from his first two career seasons with the Denver Broncos. Despite a positive outlook with a new coaching staff, injuries continued to plague Portis as he had to deal with abdomen and groin injuries. During his seventh year as a Redskin, Portis played only five games and tallied only 227 yards rushing throughout the season, which included two touchdowns. Both touchdowns were scored in the September 19 home game versus the Houston Texans.


title: Clinton Portis

text: On February 28, 2011, Portis was released by the Washington Redskins after failed contract re-negotiations and repeated injuries. Following his release, Portis felt that passion had been missing from the team since Gibbs retired, saying, "I never seen nobody give up or with their head down with Coach Gibbs. As many close games as we played...you can't say one time that we gave up. There was a passion and toughness amongst everybody on that field to fight until time expired."


title: Clinton Portis

text: On August 21, 2012, Portis announced his retirement, cementing his status as 27th all-time in career rushing yards. He officially retired on August 23 and during the press conference it was announced that he made it into the list of the 80 Greatest Redskins of All-Time. After retirement, Portis admitted to have suffered 10 concussions. In 2013, Portis joined former players such as Daunte Culpepper, Cadillac Williams and Art Monk in a civil lawsuit against NFL over concussion and head injuries.


title: Clinton Portis

text: During his career with the Washington Redskins, Portis made several appearances in TV commercials for Easterns Automotive Group, a local car dealership group on the DC and Baltimore areas, alongside Jason Campbell, Antwaan Randle El and Chris Cooley.


title: Clinton Portis

text: Due to mismanagement by his financial advisors that caused him to lose multiple homes, Portis filed for bankruptcy protection in December 2015, and as of 2017 lived in a two-bedroom apartment in Northern Virginia. In a 2017 interview with Sports Illustrated, Portis admitted that he contemplated murdering his former advisors.


title: Clinton Portis

text: In December 2019, Portis was named as one of 12 former NFL players accused of defrauding the league's health program by filing a total of $3.9 million in false claims. He was charged with one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud and health care fraud, one count of wire fraud, and one count of health care fraud by the United States Department of Justice. He pleaded not guilty to the charges in February 2020. He was indicted on the same charges in a superseding case on July 24, 2020. In September 2021, the Department of Justice announced that Portis had pleaded guilty to obtaining $99,264 in benefits for medical equipment that was not actually provided. He was sentenced on January 6, 2022, to six months in prison and an additional six months of home confinement beginning in March 2022.


title: Clinton Portis

text: In May 2007, during the ongoing investigations into the dog-fighting crimes of former NFL player Michael Vick, Portis defended Vick, saying: "I don't know if he was fighting dogs or not. But it’s his property; it’s his dogs. If that’s what he wants to do, do it." When told that dog fighting was a felony, Portis replied, "It can't be too bad of a crime." Portis said that he thought dog fighting was a “prevalent” part of life, adding: "I know a lot of back roads that got a dog fight if you want to go see it. But they’re not bothering those people because those people are not big names." That same day, he later released a statement through the Redskins' official website that claimed he did not take part in, nor condone, dog fighting.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: Tha Carter IV is the ninth studio album by American rapper Lil Wayne, released on August 29, 2011, through Young Money Entertainment, Cash Money Records and Universal Republic Records. Recording sessions for the album began in late 2008, shortly after Lil Wayne's sixth studio album, "Tha Carter III" (2008) was released to strong sales and critical acclaim: however, the sessions were put on hold, as Lil Wayne claimed he did not want to follow an album he held in high regard so quickly with another, potentially inferior release. In the interim, Lil Wayne released his two other albums in 2010: the largely rock-themed "Rebirth", and "I Am Not a Human Being". The latter was reportedly composed from unreleased material from the original "Tha Carter IV" sessions, as the album was released whilst Wayne served a prison sentence at Rikers Island prison for illegal possession of a weapon, and was thus unable to record any new material: this also meant "Tha Carter IV"'s recording sessions were once more put on hold.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: Following Wayne's release from prison, the album was re-recorded from scratch. The recording sessions resumed at various locations, involving several record producers including Bangladesh, Detail, T-Minus, Noah "40" Shebib, Polow da Don, Jim Jonsin, Kane Beatz, Boi-1da, Willy Will, Streetrunner, Cool & Dre, Young Ladd, The Smeezingtons, and Kanye West. The album's largely concerns the themes of sex, violence, drugs and crime, but also love, hurt and emotional conflict. Appearances on the album include Cory Gunz, Drake, T-Pain, Tech N9ne, Andre 3000, Rick Ross, John Legend, Bruno Mars, Birdman, Kevin Rudolf, Jadakiss, Bun B, Nas, Shyne, and Busta Rhymes.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: Following a heavily delayed release, "Tha Carter IV" was released to digital retailers at midnight on August 28, 2011, following Wayne's scheduled performance at the MTV Video Music Awards, and physical retailers received the album the following day. "Tha Carter IV" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with first-week-sales of 964,000 copies in the United States and became Lil Wayne's third album to debut at number one. The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics, who were divided in their responses towards the album's production and Wayne's own performances on the album, finding it to be a disappointment compared to his previous work.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: In June 2008, after a similarly delayed release, Lil Wayne released his previous album in the "Tha Carter" series, "Tha Carter III" (2008). The album sold 1,005,545 copies in its first week of sales in the United States, and produced three top ten singles in the US, including the number one-hit "Lollipop". The album became the highest selling of the year in the United States. In a September 2008 interview with Shaheem Reid of MTV Mixtape Monday, Lil Wayne revealed that he had begun work on his next official mixtape, "Dedication 3" (2008) and also confirmed a sequel to "Tha Carter III", titled "Tha Carter IV". Initial recording sessions for the album began in early October 2008,but these were put on hold, as later that month Wayne claimed that he did not want the album to follow "Tha Carter III" immediately.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: No more information emerged on the album until October 2009, when Cash Money Records CEO Birdman reported that Wayne would release three studio albums on December 15, 2009: "Tha Carter IV", "Rebirth", an album being promoted as Wayne's debut rock music album, and "We Are Young Money", a collaborative recording with members of Wayne's record label, Young Money Entertainment. However, it was later confirmed that "Rebirth" and "We Are Young Money" would be released separately and that "Tha Carter IV" would be released in 2011. "Tha Carter IV" was going to be released in late May, but was pushed back to June. Mack Maine confirmed that the album's release was postponed because they still needed time to make it perfect. On June 2, 2011, the album was pushed back further, and the album was due for release on August 29, 2011.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: The album's cover was released to the internet on April 19, 2011. A deluxe edition has been confirmed for "Tha Carter IV", with the album's cover being released to the internet as well.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: Also the track "Dear Anne (Stan Part 2)" (originally "Anne") was supposed to be on "Tha Carter IV" but was removed from the album. Lil Wayne said in an interview with XXL that he was not a fan of "Dear Anne" and that it had been planned to appear on "Tha Carter III". On July 8, 2011, producer Swizz Beatz hinted at Wayne possibly re-recording a new version of Anne, after he had said the verses were too "old". Prior to "Tha Carter IV"'s release, Swizz Beatz released the song on his Monster Mondays free music program through his official website.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: On June 13, 2011, a track called "Nightmares of the Bottom" from "Tha Carter IV" was confirmed on MTV's Unplugged by Lil Wayne performing live. On July 11, 2011, Lil Wayne confirmed in an interview with MTV that "Tha Carter IV" is finished and will be releasing on August 29, 2011. On August 7–8, 2011 videos of Lil Wayne recording a song called "She Will" and featuring Drake was posted online and would be on the album. The song was released on the Internet on August 12, 2011. HipHollywood released a YouTube video about T-Pain giving a song to Lil Wayne for his album called, "How to Hate," confirming that it will be on the album.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: The album's lead single, "6 Foot 7 Foot", which features Cory Gunz, was released on December 16, 2010. It peaked at nine on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and at two on both the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and US Rap Songs chart, in addition to reaching the top fifty in Canada. The video made premieres on MTV on March 3, 2011 and on BET's "106 & Park" on March 4, 2011. The video (directed by Hype Williams) was inspired by the film "Inception", and consists of numerous scenes which visualize many of the metaphors and similes Wayne says in the song.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: "John", which features Rick Ross was released as the second single on March 24, 2011 and debuted at twenty-two on the US Hot 100. It also reached nineteen on US R&B charts and twelve on US Rap charts. The official music video was released on VEVO on May 12, 2011. The video also featured a cameo by Birdman and was directed by Colin Tilley, director of "Look at Me Now" by Chris Brown, and No Sleep by Wiz Khalifa.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: "How to Love" was released as the third single on May 31, 2011. It had peaked at number five on the US Hot 100, becoming Wayne's fourteenth top ten hit and the best performing single from the album. It also peaked at number two on US R&B charts and number two on US Rap charts, in addition to reaching the top forty in Canada and top fifty in the UK. Detail, the song's producer, claimed Lil Wayne used no Auto-Tune in the song; The music video (directed by Chris Robinson) premiered August 23, 2011 on MTV Jams as "Jam of the Week".


title: Tha Carter IV

text: The fourth single, "She Will", which features Drake, was released on the internet on August 12, 2011. The song was to be titled "Maybe She Will", and feature a verse from Rick Ross, however it did not make the final cut. The single released on download format in the United States on August 16, 2011.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: The fifth single, "It's Good", which features Jadakiss and Drake, was solicited to urban radio as the album's fifth single on September 13, 2011.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: The sixth single from the album is "Mirror" featuring Bruno Mars, which is a bonus track on the deluxe edition. It was released to urban radio on September 13, 2011. It was sent to Rhythmic radio and re-released to urban radio on November 1, 2011. Upon the release of "Tha Carter IV" it debuted at number sixteen on the US Hot 100 based on downloads alone.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: "Tha Carter IV" received generally mixed reviews from critics, with many viewing it as a disappointment. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 60, based on 29 reviews. Robert Christgau wrote in "The Barnes & Noble Review" that the record "has its moments ... but its stunted sense of play is summed up by the T-Pain-aided 'How to Hate.'" "Chicago Tribune" writer Greg Kot viewed that Wayne "sounds slower, more methodical, less unhinged" and felt that he is held back by "repetitive subject matter — even Wayne sounds bored by trying to flip yet one more clever couplet about blunts and 'hos." Sean Fennessey of "Spin" wrote that "it's not a terribly ambitious mess, nor is it much fun, which for Wayne is a sin," and criticized his lyrics, stating "He rarely divulges specific moments ... usually keeping the gritty details unexplained." "Slant Magazine"s Matthew Cole commented that the album's production "chases trends far more often than it attempts to set them" and found Wayne "not in exhilarating top form". "Los Angeles Times" writer Jeff Weiss viewed his lyrics as "predictable" and called the album "more pedestrian than embarrassing." Andy Hutchins of "The Village Voice" called it "a bad rap album" and criticized its music as "a composition of a lot of rapping styles Wayne's dabbled in and production styles that have been bubbling in rap for some time, except little of it clicks."


title: Tha Carter IV

text: In a positive review, "Rolling Stone" writer Rob Sheffield stated, "it's thrilling how unhinged Weezy sounds", adding that "even the failed moments sound like nobody else". Allmusic editor David Jeffries stated, "If "II" and "III" were the arguable masterpieces, this one is less convincing, but it is a solid, above average hip-hop album". Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" felt that the guest rappers bring "their A game" and stated, "even on this album’s weak tracks, and there are several, [Wayne] remains a commanding presence, deploying just enough of his insistent croak to tether the song together."


title: Tha Carter IV

text: "Tha Carter IV" had 300,000 downloads in its first four days online, which broke an iTunes record set by "Watch the Throne". In the United States, "Tha Carter IV" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 964,000 copies in its first week. It achieved the highest first-week album sales since Lady Gaga's "Born This Way". In its second week, the album stayed at number one on the chart, despite a 77% decrease in sales, selling 219,000 copies. By February 2012, the album had sold 3.5 million copies worldwide. By July 2013, it had sold 2,296,000 copies in the US. On September 25, 2020, the album was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over of five million units in the United States.


title: Tha Carter IV

text: In Canada, the album debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 31,000 copies in its first week.


title: Blackbird (2019 film)

text: Blackbird is a 2019 American drama film directed by Roger Michell and written by Christian Torpe. It is a remake of the 2014 Danish film "Silent Heart", also written by Torpe. It stars Susan Sarandon, Kate Winslet, Mia Wasikowska, Lindsay Duncan, Rainn Wilson, Bex Taylor-Klaus, and Sam Neill.


title: Blackbird (2019 film)

text: It had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2019. It was released on September 18, 2020, by Screen Media Films.


title: Blackbird (2019 film)

text: The remake was announced in July 2018, with Kate Winslet, Diane Keaton and Mia Wasikowska cast to play members of the family. Roger Michell was announced as director, with filming initially set to begin in August.


title: Blackbird (2019 film)

text: Filming began in October, with Keaton replaced by Susan Sarandon, and Sam Neill, Rainn Wilson, Bex Taylor-Klaus and Lindsay Duncan cast in supporting roles. The beachside house used in the film is located next to Winslet's own home near West Wittering in West Sussex, with the South Coast of England doubling for The Hamptons.


title: Blackbird (2019 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2019. In May 2020, Screen Media Films acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on September 18, 2020.


title: Blackbird (2019 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews from critics. The site's critics consensus states: "Blackbird wastes its premise on shallow storytelling, though its splendid cast adds heart to a sensitive subject." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on reviews from 18 critics, indicating "mixed of average reviews".


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: Gran Turismo 6 is a racing video game developed by Polyphony Digital and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3. It is the sixth major release and twelfth game overall in the "Gran Turismo" video game series. It was released worldwide on December 6, 2013. It was met with positive reception and was a financial success. New features included the addition of more cars and tracks, improvements to the car customisation options, and partnerships with the Goodwood Festival of Speed, the Ayrton Senna Institute, the FIA and NASCAR.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: In November 2011, the "Gran Turismo" series' creator, Kazunori Yamauchi, said that he and his team at Polyphony Digital were working on "Gran Turismo 6". In March 2012, employees were seen on site at Mount Panorama in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia, photographing and scanning the track. They revealed that Mount Panorama would be included in "Gran Turismo 6", making it the first Australian race track to be featured in the series.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: In February 2013, Sony Computer Entertainment Europe’s senior vice president Michael Denny claimed that "Gran Turismo 6" would remain a PlayStation 3 title, despite the unveiling of the PlayStation 4.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: "Gran Turismo 6" was announced on May 15, 2013, when Sony Computer Entertainment Europe hosted a celebration of the 15th anniversary of Gran Turismo at Silverstone Circuit in the United Kingdom. Kazunori Yamauchi said at the official announcement that "Gran Turismo 6" would feature 71 layouts of 33 tracks, 1200 cars, a more flexible rendering engine that features adaptive tessellation, and a more simplistic user interface with faster loading times. An early build of Gran Turismo 6's updated physics was shown to the public when GT Academy 2013 was released on the PlayStation Store on July 2 the same year.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: The developers announced that the Goodwood Festival of Speed hill climb course would be included on the game. The 1.16 mile strip of road that runs through the grounds of the Earl of March's family home hosts the annual Festival of Speed, where a variety of cars from throughout motorsport and the automobile industry as a whole try to set the best time they can along the narrow course. This gave the game developers the idea to base a track here due to the wide variety of vehicles that use the hill climb in front of 185,000 spectators. Yamauchi said, "I have always been a huge admirer of the Festival of Speed and what Lord March has achieved, I love the incredible range of cars on display – from the priceless, rare and exotic, to the latest family hatchbacks and full on racing cars – I love the challenge of the Hill Climb and the rally stage. Goodwood represents every type of motoring and motor sport which very much mirrors what we aim to achieve with Gran Turismo and so it is very special that we have forged this partnership. There will be no better feedback than that provided by the Goodwood fans to tell me if we are heading in the right direction with "Gran Turismo 6"!" A demo of GT6 was made available at the Festival, which gave spectators a chance to challenge Nick Heidfeld's 41.6-second course record set in 1999 in a Formula 1 car.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: At 2013 Gamescom in August, it was revealed that Brands Hatch would be coming to Gran Turismo, alongside the return of Apricot Hill Raceway, a fan-favourite fictional track that was absent in Gran Turismo 5. Cars such as the Pagani Huayra, Fisker Karma, Chevrolet Corvette Stingray C7 and BMW Z8 were announced, as well as the Aston Martin One-77, Audi R18, KTM X-Bow and the 1971 Lunar Roving Vehicle (from the Apollo 15 mission). Nissan’s DeltaWing was originally announced for the game, but was briefly removed due to possible licensing issues. this decision was reversed on December 2 with the car returning in its 2012 and 2013 guises, alongside the last-minute additions of the Honda NSX Concept (Which was available as both an Acura and a Honda) and the 2008 World Rally Championship cars from "Gran Turismo 5".


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: The worldwide launch event was held in Spain at Ronda and the nearby Circuito Ascari in December 2013; the city named a street for series creator Yamauchi during the event in gratitude for the public exposure.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: Polyphony helped design Toyota's FT-1 concept car by first modelling the car in "Gran Turismo 5" and later in "Gran Turismo 6". It helped the car designers see the car in motion and sell the concept to Toyota’s management. The car was released as a free download to "Gran Turismo 6" alongside other Vision Gran Turismo cars on January 14.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: The online servers for "Gran Turismo 6" were active until March 28, 2018. All downloadable content and the digital versions of the game could not be purchased directly from Sony's PlayStation Store after this date.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: The game developers announced a long-term partnership with the Ayrton Senna Institute in October 2013, where a percentage of profits from the sale of the game went to the organization, which promoted and provided education to the impoverished communities in Brazil. A free update in May 2014 added a new feature called "Ayrton Senna Tribute", which followed the motor racing career of Ayrton Senna. The update also includes the iconic Lotus 97T, which Senna drove during the 1985 Formula One season.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: The game has 30 tracks and 1,200 cars to choose from. Among the other circuits new to the series are Willow Springs International Motorsports Park, Ascari Race Resort, and ones based in a sports stadium, in addition to several ones based in the Matterhorn, including the one near Riffelsee.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: As well as some tracks featuring variable weather and time of day, there is also a dynamic celestial sphere, so that stars in the night sky have accurate positions. With this, there is also a feature where players can drive at Hadley Rille on the moon with the Lunar Rover.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: The Top Gear test track, which appeared in Gran Turismo 5, doesn't return in the game due to the show's partnership with the Forza Motorsport franchise for the Xbox consoles.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: To commemorate the 15th anniversary of the series, "Gran Turismo 6" also features "Vision Gran Turismo" (name reused from early "GT5" trailer), a special project featuring concept cars designed for the game by top automobile companies, as well as sportswear brands Air Jordan and Nike, and automobile designing companies such as Zagato.


title: Gran Turismo 6

text: Though no downloadable content (DLC) packs have been released for sale, several free cars have been released after the launch of "Gran Turismo 6" through updates. These include the BMW M4, the Toyota FT-1 concept, and Mario Andretti's 1948 Hudson stock car.