title: Peristaltic pump

text: A peristaltic pump, also commonly known as a roller pump, is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids. The fluid is contained in a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing. Most peristaltic pumps work through rotary motion, though linear peristaltic pumps have also been made. The rotor has a number of "wipers" or "rollers" attached to its external circumference, which compress the flexible tube as they rotate by. The part of the tube under compression is closed, forcing the fluid to move through the tube. Additionally, as the tube opens to its natural state after the rollers pass, more fluid is drawn into the tube. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract. Typically, there will be two or more rollers compressing the tube, trapping a body of fluid between them. The body of fluid is transported through the tube, toward the pump outlet. Peristaltic pumps may run continuously, or they may be indexed through partial revolutions to deliver smaller amounts of fluid.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: A form of peristaltic pump was described in "The Mechanics Magazine" in 1845. The pump used a leather hose which did not need to self-open when released by the rollers, instead relying on the incoming water having sufficient pressure to fill the open inlet end on each cycle. The peristaltic pump was first patented in the United States by Rufus Porter and J.D. Bradley in 1855 (U.S. Patent number 12753) as a well pump, and later by Eugene Allen in 1881 (U.S. Patent number 249285) for blood transfusions. It was developed by heart surgeon Dr. Michael DeBakey for blood transfusions while he was a medical student in 1932 and later used by him for cardiopulmonary bypass systems. A specialized nonocclusive roller pump (US Patent 5222880) using soft flat tubing was developed in 1992 for cardiopulmonary bypass systems.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Peristaltic pumps are typically used to pump clean/sterile or highly reactive fluids without exposing those fluids to contamination from exposed pump components. Some common applications include pumping IV fluids through an infusion device, apheresis, highly reactive chemicals, high solids slurries, and other materials where isolation of the product from the environment are critical. They are also used in heart-lung machines to circulate blood during bypass surgery, and in hemodialysis systems, since the pump does not cause significant hemolysis, or rupture of the blood cells.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The ideal peristaltic pump should have an infinite diameter of the pump head and the largest possible diameter of the rollers. Such an ideal peristaltic pump would offer the longest possible tubing lifetime and provide a constant and pulsation-free flow rate.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Such an ideal peristaltic pump can not be constructed in reality. However, peristaltic pumps can be designed to approach these ideal peristaltic pump parameters.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Careful design can offer constant accurate flow rates for several weeks together with a long tubing lifetime without the risk of tubing rupture.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The pumped fluid contacts only the inside surface of the tubing. This eliminates fluid compatibility concerns with other pump components such as valves, O-rings, and seals, which must be considered for other pump designs. Therefore, only the composition of the tubing that the pumped medium travels through is considered for chemical compatibility.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The tubing needs to be elastomeric to maintain the circular cross-section after millions of cycles of squeezing in the pump. This requirement eliminates a variety of non-elastomeric polymers that have compatibility with a wide range of chemicals, such as PTFE, polyolefins, PVDF, etc. from consideration as material for pump tubing. The popular elastomers for pump tubing are nitrile (NBR), Hypalon, Viton, silicone, PVC, EPDM, EPDM+polypropylene (as in Santoprene), polyurethane and natural rubber. Of these materials, natural rubber has the best fatigue resistance, and EPDM and Hypalon have the best chemical compatibility. Silicone is popular with water-based fluids, such as in bio-pharma industry, but has a limited range of chemical compatibility in other industries.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Extruded fluoropolymer tubes such as FKM (Viton, Fluorel, etc.) have good compatibility with acids, hydrocarbons, and petroleum fuels, but have insufficient fatigue resistance to achieve an effective tube life.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: There are a couple of newer tubing developments that offer broad chemical compatibility using lined tubing and fluoroelastomers.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: With lined tubing, the thin inside liner is made of a chemically resistant material such as poly-olefin and PTFE that form a barrier for the rest of the tubing wall from coming in contact with the pumped fluid. These liners are materials that are often not elastomeric, therefore the entire tube wall cannot be made with this material for peristaltic pump applications. This tubing provides adequate chemical compatibility and life to be used in chemically challenging applications. There are a few things to keep in mind when using these tubes - any pinholes in the liner during manufacturing could render the tubing vulnerable to chemical attack. In the case of stiff plastic liners like the polyolefins, with repeated flexing in the peristaltic pump they can develop cracks, rendering the bulk material again vulnerable to chemical attack. A common issue with all lined tubing is the delamination of the liner with repeated flexing that signals the end of the tube's life. For those with the need for chemically compatible tubing, these lined tubings offer a good solution.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: With fluoroelastomer tubing, the elastomer itself has the chemical resistance. In the case of e.g. Chem-Sure, it is made of a perfluoroelastomer, that has the broadest chemical compatibility of all elastomers. The two fluoroelastomer tubes listed above combine the chemical compatibility with a very long tube life stemming from their reinforcement technology but come at a pretty high initial cost. One has to justify the cost with the total value derived over the long tube life and compare with other options such as other tubing or even other pump technologies.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: There are many online sites for checking the chemical compatibility of the tubing material with the pumped fluid. The tubing manufacturers may also have compatibility charts specific to their tubing production method, coating, material, and the fluid being pumped.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: While these charts cover a list of commonly encountered fluids, they may not have all the fluids. If there is a fluid whose compatibility is not listed anywhere, then a common test of compatibility is the immersion testing. A 1 to 2 inch sample of the tubing is immersed in the fluid to be pumped for anywhere from 24 to 48 hours, and the amount of weight change from before and after the immersion is measured. If the weight change is greater than 10% of the initial weight, then that tube is not compatible with the fluid, and should not be used in that application. This test is still a one-way test, in the sense that there is still a remote chance that the tubing that passes this test can still be incompatible for the application since the combination of borderline compatibility and mechanical flexing can push the tube over the edge, resulting in premature tube failure.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: In general, recent tubing developments have brought broad chemical compatibility to the peristaltic pump option that many chemical dosing applications can benefit over other current pump technologies.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The minimum gap between the roller and the housing determines the maximum squeeze applied on the tubing. The amount of squeeze applied to the tubing affects pumping performance and the tube life - more squeezing decreases the tubing life dramatically, while less squeezing can cause the pumped medium to slip back, especially in high-pressure pumping, and decreases the efficiency of the pump dramatically and the high velocity of the slip back typically causes premature failure of the hose. Therefore, this amount of squeeze becomes an important design parameter.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The term "occlusion" is used to measure the amount of squeeze. It is either expressed as a percentage of twice the wall thickness, or as an absolute amount of the wall that is squeezed.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The occlusion is typically 10% to 20%, with a higher occlusion for a softer tube material and a lower occlusion for a harder tube material.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Thus for a given pump, the most critical tubing dimension becomes the wall thickness. An interesting point here is that the inside diameter (ID) of the tubing is not an important design parameter for the suitability of the tubing for the pump. Therefore, it is common for more than one ID be used with a pump, as long as the wall thickness remains the same.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: For a given rotational speed of the pump, a tube with a larger inside diameter (ID) will give a higher flow rate than one with a smaller inside diameter. The flow rate is a function of the cross-section area of the tube bore.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The flow rate is an important parameter for a pump. The flow rate in a peristaltic pump is determined by many factors, such as:


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Increasing the number of rollers does not increase the flow rate, instead it will decrease the flow rate somewhat by reducing the effective (i.e. fluid-pumping) circumference of the head. Increasing rollers does tend to decrease the amplitude of the fluid pulsing at the outlet by increasing the frequency of the pulsed flow.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The length of the tube (measured from the initial pinch point near the inlet to the final release point near the outlet) does not affect the flow rate. However, a longer tube implies more pinch points between inlet and outlet, increasing the pressure that the pump can generate.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The flow rate of a peristaltic pump is in most cases not linear. The effect of pulsation at the inlet of the pump changes the filling degree of the peristaltic hose. With high inlet pulsation, the peristaltic hose may become oval-shaped, resulting in less flow.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Accurate metering with a peristaltic pump is therefore only possible when the pump has a constant flow rate, or when inlet pulsation is eliminated with the use of correct designed pulsation dampeners.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Pulsation is an important side effect of the peristaltic pump. The pulsation in a peristaltic pump is determined by many factors, such as:


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Higher pressure peristaltic hose pumps which can typically operate against up to in continuous service, use shoes (rollers only used on low-pressure types) and have casings filled with lubricant to prevent abrasion of the exterior of the pump tube and to aid in the dissipation of heat, and use reinforced tubes, often called "hoses". This class of pump is often called a "hose pump".


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The biggest advantage with the hose pumps over the roller pumps is the high operating pressure of up to 16 bar. With rollers, max pressure can arrive up to without any problem. If the high operating pressure is not required, a tubing pump is a better option than a hose pump if the pumped medium is not abrasive. With recent advances made in the tubing technology for pressure, life, and chemical compatibility, as well as the higher flow rate ranges, the advantages that hose pumps had over roller pumps continues to erode.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Lower pressure peristaltic pumps typically have dry casings and use rollers along with non-reinforced, extruded tubing. This class of pump is sometimes called a "tube pump" or "tubing pump". These pumps employ rollers to squeeze the tube. Except for the 360° eccentric pump design as described below, these pumps have a minimum of 2 rollers 180° apart and may have as many as 8, or even 12 rollers. Increasing the number of rollers increases the pressure pulse frequency of the pumped fluid at the outlet, thereby decreasing the amplitude of pulsing. The downside to increasing the number of rollers it that it proportionately increases the number of squeezes, or occlusions, on the tubing for a given cumulative flow through that tube, thereby reducing the tubing life.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: The operating pressure of these pumps is determined by the tubing and by the motor's ability to overcome the hoop strength of the tubing and the fluid pressure.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: In microfluidics, it is often desirable to minimize the circulating volume of fluid. Traditional pumps require a large volume of liquid external to the microfluidic circuit. This can lead to problems due to dilution of analytes and already dilute biological signalling molecules.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: For this reason, among others, it is desirable to integrate a micro-pumping structure into the microfluidic circuit. "Wu et al." presented in 2008 a pneumatically actuated peristaltic micropump which eliminates the need for large external circulating fluid volumes.


title: Peristaltic pump

text: Considerations for selecting peristaltic pump tubing include appropriate chemical resistance towards the liquid being pumped, whether the pump will be used continuously or intermittently, and cost. Types of tubing commonly used in peristaltic pumps include:


title: Peristaltic pump

text: For continuous use, most of the materials perform similarly over short time frames. This suggests that overlooked low cost materials such as PVC might meet the needs of a short-term, one time use medical applications. For intermittent use, compression set is important and Silicone is an optimal material choice.


title: Aviation call signs

text: Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation and whether or not the caller is in an aircraft or at a ground facility. In most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircraft's registration number (also called "N-number" in the U.S., or "tail number"). In this case, the call sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, followed by a unique identifier made up of letters and numbers. For example, an aircraft registered as "N978CP" conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign "November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa". However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit to say "November", and instead use the name of the aircraft manufacturer or the specific model. At times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields (those without control towers) when reporting traffic pattern positions, or at towered airports after establishing two-way communication with the tower controller. For example, "Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa left base" (see below).


title: Aviation call signs

text: In most countries, the aircraft call sign or "tail number"/"tail letters" (also known as registration marks) are linked to the international radio call sign allocation table and follow a convention that aircraft radio stations (and, by extension, the aircraft itself) receive call signs consisting of five letters. For example, all British civil aircraft have a five-letter call sign beginning with the letter G. Canadian aircraft have a call sign beginning with C–F or C–G, such as C–FABC. Ground-effect vehicles (hovercraft) in Canada are eligible to receive C–Hxxx call signs, and ultralight aircraft receive C-Ixxx call signs. In days gone by, even American aircraft used five letter call signs, such as KH–ABC, but they were replaced prior to World War II by the current American system of civilian aircraft call signs (see below).


title: Aviation call signs

text: The dash ("-") in the registration is only included on the fuselage of the airplane for readability. In air traffic management systems (ATC radar screen, flow management systems, etc.) and on flight plan forms, the dash is not used (e.g. "PHVHA", "FABCD", "CFABC").


title: Aviation call signs

text: After an aircraft has made contact with an air traffic control facility, the call sign may be abbreviated. Sometimes the aircraft make or model is used in front of the full or abbreviated call sign, for instance, the American aircraft mentioned above might then use "Cessna Eight-Charlie-Papa". Alternatively, the initial letter of the call sign can be concatenated with the final two or three characters, for instance a British aircraft registered G–BFRM may identify as "Golf–Romeo–Mike" while the American aircraft might use "November–Eight-Charlie-Papa". The use of abbreviated call signs has its dangers, in the case when aircraft with similar call signs are in the same vicinity. Therefore, abbreviated signs are used only so long as it is unambiguous.


title: Aviation call signs

text: Commercial operators, including scheduled airline, air cargo and air taxi operators, will usually use an ICAO or FAA-registered call sign for their company. By ICAO Annex 10 Chapter 5.2.1.7.2.1 - Full call signs type C, a call sign consists of the telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the flight identification. The flight identification is very often the same as the flight number, but could be different due to call sign confusion, if two or more flights close to each other have similar flight numbers (e.g. KLM649 and KLM645 or BAW466 and BAW646). For example, British Airways flight 75 would use the call sign "Speedbird Seven–Five", since "Speed-bird" is the telephony designator for British Airways and 75 would be the flight identification. (The telephony designator is not the same as the call sign, although the two are sometimes conflated). Pan Am had the telephony designator of "Clipper". (see list)


title: Aviation call signs

text: For these call signs, proper usage varies by country. In some countries, such as the United States, numbers are spoken normally (for the example above, "Speed-bird Seventy-five") instead of being spelled out digit by digit, leading to the possibility of confusion. In most other countries, including the United Kingdom, they are spelled out. Air taxi operators in the United States sometimes do not have a registered call sign, in which case the prefix "T" is used, followed by the aircraft registration number (e.g. "Tango- November-Niner-Seven-Eight-Charlie-Papa").


title: Aviation call signs

text: Some variations of call signs exist to express safety concerns to all operators and controllers monitoring the transmissions. Aircraft call signs will use the suffix "heavy" for heavy aircraft, to indicate an aircraft that is going to cause significant wake turbulence, e.g. "United Two-Five Heavy"; All aircraft capable of operating with a gross take-off weight of more than must use this suffix whether or not they are operating at this weight during a particular phase of flight. These are typically Boeing 747, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Boeing 787,


title: Aviation call signs

text: Airbus A300, Airbus A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A350, DC-10, MD-11, Lockheed L-1011 aircraft. Although the Boeing 757's MTOW doesn't reach 136 tons, due to its strong Wake Turbulence, it has been listed as a heavy aircraft. The suffix "super" is used for the Airbus A380 and the Antonov An-225.


title: Aviation call signs

text: For air ambulance services or other flights involving the safety of life (such as aircraft carrying a person who has suffered a heart attack), "Medevac" is prefixed to the call sign For flights in which life is not in direct danger (such as transporting organs for transplant), the call sign prefix "Pan-Pan-Medical" is used before the normal call sign, e.g. "Pan-Pan-Medical Three-Three-Alpha", "Pan-Pan-Medical Northwest Four-Five-Eight", or "Pan-Pan-Medical Singapore Niner-Two-Three". Pan Pan (pronounced "pahn-pahn") is the voice radio signal for "urgent", while Mayday is the voice radio signal for "distress". The word may be omitted for air ambulance services with assigned call signs, especially when they have notified air traffic control operators that they are on an air ambulance mission at the beginning of their flight and do not change from one controller to another. The Life Flight air ambulance service, for example, might simply identify as "Life-Flight Three". An aircraft that has declared an in-flight emergency will sometimes prefix the word "Mayday" to its call sign.


title: Aviation call signs

text: Australia's Royal Flying Doctors Service (RFDS) is using "FlyDoc" following by three numbers assigned to the aircraft as their call signs. An example of this is FlyDoc425, which is based in Bundaberg, Queensland, and used as part of their air ambulance services for the State of Queensland.


title: Aviation call signs

text: Formerly one of the rarest call signs, "Concorde", was once used to identify British Airways' Concorde aircraft. The intent of this call sign was to raise the air traffic control operators' awareness of the unique performance of the aircraft and the special attention it required. The call sign was appended to British Airways' normal radio call sign, e.g. ""Speedbird-Concorde One"". Air France, the only other airline to operate the Concorde commercially, did not use the "Concorde" call sign at all in normal service; its Concorde flights simply used the standard "Airfrans" call sign.


title: Aviation call signs

text: Glider pilots often can use any of three different call signs. Since most (not all) gliders now show standard CAA general aviation registrations e.g. G-xxxx they can call using the same call sign and abbreviation rules as other light aircraft. This has long been in the case in the United States. Before these registrations came in (between 2004 and 2008) they used to use and normally still do use either a three letter code issued to all gliders by the British Gliding Association known as the aircraft's Trigraph e.g. XYZ normally calling ATC as "Glider X-ray, Yankee, Zulu" or if they paid extra could get from the BGA a numeric or mixed numeric and letter code known as a competition number for marking their aircraft and as a call sign. For Example R4 "Romeo Four", or 26 "Two Six" or F1 "Foxtrot One". Optionally gliders will normally tag on the "Glider" in front of their call sign when calling ATC units so that the controller knows for example that the glider will be unable to maintain a particular height as Gliders are normally either descending in a straight glide or circling to climb. Some gliders are still not required to carry a CAA General Aviation type registration as they are older designs or prototypes and can therefore only continue to just use their Trigraph or Competition number as a call sign. These are known as Annex II aircraft as they are listed in EASA Annex II.


title: Aviation call signs

text: Military flights often use more than one call sign during a flight. Administrative call signs are used with air traffic control facilities similar to those of commercial operators. e.g. "Navy Alpha-Golf-Two-Zero-One", "Reach-Three-One-Seven-Niner Two".


title: Aviation call signs

text: Tactical call signs are used during tactical portions of a flight, and they often indicate the mission of the flight and/or an aircraft's position in a formation.


title: Aviation call signs

text: For example, Royal Canadian Air Force 442 Rescue Squadron, based at Comox, British Columbia uses the call sign "Snake 90x" depending on the tail number of the helicopter: 901, 902, etc. When tasked on a search and rescue (SAR) mission, however, the aircraft call sign becomes "Rescue 90x".


title: Aviation call signs

text: Ground facilities identify themselves by the name and function of the facility: e.g. "Seattle Tower" for the tower air traffic control operators' position, "SoCal Approach" for a TRACON, or "Boston Center" for an area control center. All other ICAO countries around the world, for example the European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA), use "control" or "radar" instead of "center" in their airspace: ("Langen Radar", "Brussels Control", "Paris Control", ...). London Centre (center) is the emergency frequency call sign for London Terminal Control TC.


title: The Premise

text: The Premise is an American anthology series created by B. J. Novak. It premiered on FX on Hulu on September 16, 2021.


title: The Premise

text: In July 2019, FX ordered a two-episode pilot order for an anthology created by B. J. Novak and produced by FXP. In May 2020, FX picked up the series. Lucas Hedges, Kaitlyn Dever, Jon Bernthal, and Boyd Holbrook were cast for pilot episodes in 2019 while Ben Platt, Tracee Ellis Ross, and Daniel Dae Kim, among others, were announced to be starring in the series in August 2021. During the summer TCA press tour, Novak shed light on his efforts to cast Jack Nicholson in the series and explained that they had scrapped the episode after they couldn't cast him. Music is by Emily Bear and Brooke Blair.


title: The Premise

text: The series premiered on September 16, 2021, on FX on Hulu in the United States. Internationally, the series is available through Disney+ under the dedicated streaming hub Star in select markets whereas Disney+ Hotstar premiered the series in India on September 17, 2021. In Latin America, the series premieres as a Star+ original.


title: The Premise

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 41% approval rating with an average rating of 5.6/10, based on 17 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "A mixed bag of good intentions that ultimately falls flat, "The Premise"s attempts to grapple with complex social issues aren't funny enough to work as satire, but lack the dramatic heft necessary to be satisfying melodrama." Metacritic gave the series a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 based on 14 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Erewhon Market

text: Erewhon Market (pronounced AIR-wahn) is a California luxury supermarket chain with eight locations, all in Los Angeles County. Erewhon focuses on niche, locally produced, organic foods catering to a wealthy clientele and offering foods appealing to raw, vegan, keto, kosher, and other alternative diets. It is known for offering products that are often exclusively sold at Erewhon.


title: Erewhon Market

text: The name "Erewhon" is derived from the 1872 satirical novel "Erewhon" by Samuel Butler. In the novel, Erewhon (an anagram of "nowhere") is a utopia in which individuals are responsible for their own health. Still a small chain with just eight stores, the brand has been compared to the early years of Whole Foods Market. The Erewhon Organic brand was originally a health foods producer with just a single store. In 2011, Tony Antoci bought the company after initially looking into being a Dean & DeLuca franchisee; he currently serves as CEO. Following several years of increasing financial performance, New York–based private equity firm Stripes Group purchased a substantial minority stake in Erewhon in 2019. In April 2021, Erewhon announced plans to open their first Beverly Hills location in the former Williams-Sonoma space, which is Erewhon's eighth store. The Beverly Hills store opened in August 2022.


title: Erewhon Market

text: Erewhon is alluded to as "Anavrin" in the Netflix original series "You"; protagonist Joe Goldberg works at the store.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: "Hello, Goodbye" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Backed by John Lennon's "I Am the Walrus", it was issued as a non-album single in November 1967, the group's first release since the death of their manager, Brian Epstein. The single was commercially successful around the world, topping charts in the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, Australia and several other countries.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: McCartney later said that the lyrics take duality as their theme. The song originated when, in response to a question from Beatles aide Alistair Taylor about songwriting, McCartney sat down at a harmonium and asked Taylor to say the opposite of whatever he said. The completed song includes a musical coda, which was improvised by the Beatles when they were recording the track in October 1967. Unimpressed with the composition, Lennon pushed for "I Am the Walrus" to be the single's A-side, before reluctantly accepting that "Hello, Goodbye" was the more commercial-sounding of the two sides. The Beatles produced three promotional films for the song, one of which was shown on "The Ed Sullivan Show" in America. Due to the regulations against lip-syncing on British television, none of the clips were aired there.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: "Hello, Goodbye" has traditionally received a varied response from music critics. While some reviewers praise the song for its classic pop qualities, others deem it unadventurous by the Beatles' standards, and inconsequential. The track was included on the expanded US release of the "Magical Mystery Tour" soundtrack EP, and later appeared on compilation albums such as "1967–1970" and "1". McCartney has often performed "Hello, Goodbye" in concert, beginning with his Driving World Tour in 2002. James Last, Bud Shank, Allen Toussaint, the Cure and the cast of "Glee" are among the acts who have also recorded the song.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: Although "Hello, Goodbye" is credited to Lennon–McCartney, the song was written solely by Paul McCartney. The composition came about through an exercise in word association between McCartney and Alistair Taylor, an assistant of the Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein. It originated during a period when, following the completion of their album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" in April 1967, the Beatles typically embraced randomness and simplicity as part of the creative process.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: According to Taylor's recollection, he was visiting McCartney at his home in St John's Wood, London, and asked the Beatle how he went about writing a song. In response, McCartney took Taylor into the dining room, where they both sat at a harmonium; McCartney then began playing the instrument and asked Taylor to call out the opposite to each word he happened to sing. Author Steve Turner writes of the result: "And so it went – black and white, yes and no, stop and go, hello and goodbye." Taylor later reflected: "I've no memory at all of the tune ... I wonder whether Paul really made up [the melody to] that song as he went along or whether it was running through his head already."


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: Talking in the 1990s to his official biographer, Barry Miles, McCartney said that the lyrics address duality, reflecting his astrological sign of Gemini. He added: "It's such a deep theme in the universe, duality – man woman, black white, ebony ivory, high low, right wrong, up down, hello goodbye – that it was a very easy song to write." McCartney also said that, in "Hello, Goodbye", he was promoting "the more positive side of the duality".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: Among Beatles biographers, Ian MacDonald dates the composition to late September 1967, while Bob Spitz says it was written in time for the "Our World" international television broadcast, in June that year. According to Spitz, McCartney suggested "Hello, Goodbye" as the Beatles' contribution to "Our World", an honour that instead went to the John Lennon-composed "All You Need Is Love".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: "Hello, Goodbye" is in the key of C major and in 4/4 time. MacDonald describes the musical structure as "characteristically scalar" and founded on "a descending sequence in C", with "a brief touchdown on A flat as its only surprise". Musicologist Walter Everett writes that the bassline in the chorus is an inverted form of the descending scale, which is accentuated on the Beatles' recording by the lead guitar part.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: In Everett's estimation, much of "Hello, Goodbye" references previous Lennon–McCartney compositions: over the verses, the parallel thirds in the vocal recall the band's unreleased song "Love of the Loved", among others; melodically, the chorus is similar to the keyboard part on "For No One"; and the complementary vocal parts in the final verse recall "Help!" Everett also suggests that, early in "Hello, Goodbye", McCartney appears to be imitating the V–VI chord "ambivalence" of "Strawberry Fields Forever". Everett describes the composition as "derivative McCartney", for the most part, "freshened up" primarily through the use of phrase lengths that deviate from a standard eight bars.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: Consistent with the song title, the lyrics comprise a series of antonyms – such as yes–no, high–low and stop–go. With the narrative perspective alternating between first and second person, the composition also recalls George and Ira Gershwin's "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: Following the third chorus, at 2:36 on the released recording, the bassline descends chromatically to mark the start of what musicologist Alan Pollack terms the "first outro" and Everett calls a "codetta". After this false ending, the song returns with a 45-second coda, which MacDonald identifies as a "Maori finale – a mistake for 'Hawaiian' ("aloha")". The coda consists of a repeated musical phrase over a pedal point in C major, accompanied by the vocal refrain "Helaheba-hello-a".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: The Beatles began recording "Hello, Goodbye" at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) in October 1967, towards the end of filming for their "Magical Mystery Tour" television special. The latter was a film project that McCartney had initiated in an effort to focus the group in the wake of Epstein's death that August. Under the working title "Hello Hello", the Beatles taped the basic track for the song on 2 October, with George Martin producing the session and Geoff Emerick and Ken Scott as engineers. Author Richie Unterberger comments that the production and recording was unusually straightforward, relative to the experimentalism that had characterised much of the Beatles' studio work since completing "Sgt. Pepper". The line-up on the take selected for overdubs, take 14, was McCartney on piano, Lennon on Hammond organ, George Harrison on maracas, and Ringo Starr on drums.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: The band members then added tambourine, conga drum and bongos over the coda. This last section of the song came about while the group were working in the studio. Lennon, who was otherwise highly critical of "Hello, Goodbye", approved of the addition, saying: "The best bit was the end, which we all ad-libbed in the studio, where I played the piano. Like one of my favourite bits on 'Ticket to Ride', where we just threw something in at the end." In McCartney's recollection, the coda "didn't sound quite right" until Emerick increased the reverberation on the tom-tom drums, at which point, "it just came ." Everett cites the "Maori finale" as an example of the Beatles' pioneering use of codas in their recordings; in this instance, they provided "the cold ending followed by an unrelated coda", having similarly pioneered the "fade-out–fade-in coda" at the end of "Rain" and "Strawberry Fields Forever".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: The Beatles returned to the song on 19 October, two days after attending a memorial service for Epstein at the New London Synagogue on Abbey Road. At this session, Harrison added his lead guitar parts (treated with Leslie effect), McCartney recorded the lead vocal, and Lennon, McCartney and Harrison supplied backing vocals; handclaps were also overdubbed. With two reduction mixes having been carried out since 2 October, to free up space on the four-track tape for these and later overdubs, the master take was now nominally take 16. This version of the song appeared on the 1996 outtakes compilation "Anthology 2". In his book "The Unreleased Beatles", Unterberger writes that take 16 features a more "active" guitar line from Harrison, who answers McCartney's vocal phrasing over the opening verse with a series of descending fills. Also present on this version is a short guitar solo, which would be replaced on the official release by what Unterberger terms "some inspired Paul scat-tinged singing". Unterberger speculates that the removal of these guitar parts may have caused tension between McCartney and Harrison, anticipating the pair's disagreements regarding the lead guitarist's role on McCartney compositions such as "Hey Jude" and "Two of Us" over 1968–69.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: Two violas were added to "Hello, Goodbye" at Abbey Road on 20 October. These string parts were played by classical musicians Kenneth Essex and Leo Brinbaum, and scored by Martin, who based the arrangement on a melody McCartney supplied on piano. McCartney overdubbed bass guitar on 25 October and, following a trip to Nice in France to film his "Fool on the Hill" segment for "Magical Mystery Tour", added further bass to the track on 2 November. A mono mix of "Hello, Goodbye" was completed that same day, and the stereo version on 6 November.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: "Hello, Goodbye" was selected as the Beatles' single for the 1967 Christmas season, their first release since Epstein's death. Lennon pushed for his composition "I Am the Walrus" to be the A-side instead, but then ceded to McCartney and Martin's insistence that "Hello, Goodbye" was the more commercial of the two tracks. Lennon remained dismissive of the song; he later said: Hello, Goodbye' beat out 'I Am the Walrus' ... Can you believe that? I began to submerge." Everett writes that, had "I Am the Walrus" been the A-side, "[it] would probably have encouraged Lennon to lead the Beatles to new heights", whereas the decision to choose "Hello, Goodbye" was "one more nail in the Beatles coffin".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: In Britain, Parlophone issued "Hello, Goodbye" backed by "I Am the Walrus" on 24 November 1967, with the catalogue number R 5655. Within a day of its release, the record had sold over 300,000 copies there. It went on to top the national chart compiled by "Record Retailer" (later the UK Singles Chart) for seven weeks, through to 23 January 1968, giving the Beatles their longest run at number 1 on that chart since "She Loves You" in 1963. In the process, the song became the group's fourth Christmas number 1 single in five years. For three weeks from 27 December 1967, the band held the top two positions in the UK, with the "Magical Mystery Tour" soundtrack EP trailing "Hello, Goodbye".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: The single was released on 27 November in the United States, as Capitol 2056, and in the issue dated 30 December replaced the Monkees' "Daydream Believer" at number one on "Billboard"'s Hot 100, where it remained for three weeks, becoming the band's fifteenth American chart-topper. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 15 December 1967. It was later listed by "Billboard" magazine as the band's seventh biggest US chart hit. The single was successful in many other countries, topping charts in Australia, Canada, West Germany, Holland and Norway. It also peaked at number 2 in Ireland, Austria, Belgium and Switzerland.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: "Hello, Goodbye" was included on the American "Magical Mystery Tour" album, which Capitol Records compiled by adding five non-album singles tracks from 1967 to the six songs issued in most other countries on the double EP. In the "Magical Mystery Tour" film, which aired on British television on 26 December 1967, the song's coda plays over the end credits. "Hello, Goodbye" subsequently appeared on Beatles compilation albums such as "1967–1970" and "1". As part of EMI's policy of celebrating the 20th anniversary of each Beatles single, "Hello, Goodbye" was reissued in the UK in November 1987 and peaked at number 63 on the UK Singles Chart. "Hello, Goodbye" was released in America as "Hello Goodbye" on both the single and the parent LP.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: The band made three promotional clips for "Hello, Goodbye". Filmed on 10 November 1967 at the Saville Theatre in London, a theatre leased by Epstein since 1966, the clips were directed by McCartney. The first one shows the Beatles dressed in their "Sgt. Pepper" uniforms, apart from a brief cut-away where the group are wearing their 1963-era matching collarless suits. In author John Winn's description of the three clips, this version shows the Beatles performing the song against a psychedelic backdrop, while over the coda they are joined on the stage by female hula dancers. Starr is seen playing a miniature drum kit and, unusually, Lennon appears without his granny glasses. In the second clip, the Beatles mime to the song dressed in more conventional attire and with the stage backdrop depicting a rural setting. The third version combines footage shot during these two scenes with the band playing the song before what Winn terms a "glittery pastel backdrop".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: In the US, the first promo for "Hello, Goodbye" was premiered on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on 26 November. Author Mark Hertsgaard describes the film as "a slapdash affair featuring the hula dancers that was salvaged only by some ludicrously spastic dancing by Lennon". Music critic Robert Christgau was also unimpressed; speculating in the May 1968 issue of "Esquire" on the content of the "Magical Mystery Tour" film, which had yet to air in America, Christgau wrote: "But if Paul McCartney's work on the film clip of 'Hello Goodbye' is any indication, we would be wise not to hope for too much." In his book "Rock, Counterculture and the Avant-Garde", author Doyle Greene finds it significant that Starr's miniature bass drum lacks the familiar Beatles logo, and he interprets the band's waving to the viewer while dressed in their 1963 stage attire as the Beatles "waving 'goodbye' to the mop-top era and 'hello' to the counterculture".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: In Britain, the Beatles ran foul of the Musicians Union's ban on miming on television. With the first clip scheduled to premier on the 23 November edition of "Top of the Pops", George Martin mixed a version of the track without violas, since no musician was seen to be playing those instruments; the Beatles then allowed the BBC to film them at work editing "Magical Mystery Tour" on 21 November, in the hope that this new footage would replace any sections that contravened the ban. Instead, "Top of the Pops" aired the song over scenes from the band's 1964 film "A Hard Day's Night". For the 7 December edition of the same show, the BBC ran a clip comprising still photographs mixed with some of the editing-suite film – a combination that served as the promo for "Hello, Goodbye" throughout the remainder of its UK chart run.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: The clip included in the 1996 "Beatles Anthology" video release consists of the Beatles' first Saville Theatre film, until the song's coda, which incorporates footage from all three of the original promo films. The first of the original promos was included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation "1", and all three were included in the three-disc versions of the compilation, titled "1+". The BBC-compiled clip appeared as a bonus feature on the 2012 DVD reissue of "Magical Mystery Tour", under the title "Top of the Pops 1967". In May 2013, a Vox electric guitar used by Lennon during part of the filming for "Hello, Goodbye" sold for US$408,000 at an auction in New York.


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: Writing in December 1967, Richard Goldstein of "The New York Times" said that "Hello, Goodbye" "sounds like a B-side" and described it as "interesting but subordinate". In his single review for "Melody Maker", Nick Jones wrote: "Superficially it's a very 'ordinary' Beatles record without cascading sitars, and the involved, weaving hallucinogenic sounds that we've grown to love so much. However, all the Beatles soul and feeling is shining through ..." Derek Johnson of the "NME" welcomed the simplicity of "Hello, Goodbye", describing it as "Supremely commercial, and the answer to those who feel The Beatles are going too way out". "Cash Box"s reviewer said that the song's closing section was "brilliant" and wrote: "Minimum of words, minimum of melody and practically no subject at all, yet the Beatles have a new side that packs a panchromatic rainbow of sound into the narrow limits that Lennon & McCartney have chosen to work with …"


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: In his book "Revolution in the Head", Ian MacDonald views the track as "blandly catchy" and comments that its long stay at number 1 in Britain "says more about the sudden decline of the singles chart than the quality of the song itself". Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" considers that, at this stage in their career, "the Beatles didn't need to push – they could have hit #1 with a tape of themselves blowing their noses", which, he suggests, "would have been catchier" than both "Hello, Goodbye" and the band's next single, "Lady Madonna". Writing for Rough Guides, Chris Ingham describes "Hello, Goodbye" as a "harmless, facile word and chord-play that kept the far more challenging 'Walrus' from being the A-side of the [Beatles'] first post-Epstein single". In the opinion of cultural commentator Steven D. Stark, the song has "the catchiest of tunes" but "insipid" lyrics, which, had the Beatles' two principal songwriters been collaborating in the manner of previous years, Lennon would have insisted that McCartney rework. Peter Doggett labels it "commercial but rather inconsequential ... three minutes of contradictions and meaningless juxtapositions, with a tune that was impossible to forget".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: In a 2005 review of the "Magical Mystery Tour" album, Sputnikmusic lauded the song for "encapsulating everything that made the Beatles such a great pop band", and praised its piano line, Starr's drumming, and the coda. Writing for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger names "Hello, Goodbye" as one of the "huge, glorious, and innovative singles" on "Magical Mystery Tour", while "Billboard"s Chris Payne rates the track among the band's "most perfect pop songs". Scott Plagenhoef of "Pitchfork" cites it as an example of how McCartney "excelled at selling simplistic lyrics that risk seeming cloying", although he adds: "the kaleidoscopic, carnival-ride melody and interplay between lead and backing vocals ensure it's a much better record than it is a song."


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: In the "NME"s 2015 list of the "100 Greatest Beatles Songs" as selected by other musicians, "Hello, Goodbye" was chosen by the Cure and ranked 91st. "Ultimate Classic Rock" website places the track at number 45 on its list of the "Top 50 Beatles Songs", while "Rolling Stone" ranks it last on the magazine's "100 Greatest Beatles Songs" list, with the editor remarking: "McCartney never claimed that the irresistibly bouncy 'Hello, Goodbye' was his most profound songwriting moment." In 2006, the track appeared at number 36 in a similar list compiled by "Mojo", accompanied by commentary from Alan McGee, who described it as "the greatest-ever pop song, bar none". "Hello, Goodbye" is ranked 76th by Stephen Spignesi and Michael Lewis in their book "100 Best Beatles Songs", where the authors call it a "classic" and a "fine, fresh, fun piece of pop".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: James Last, the Hollyridge Strings, Bud Shank and the Soulful Strings were all among the artists who covered "Hello, Goodbye" in the year following its release in 1967. Allen Toussaint, with whom McCartney worked briefly on his and Wings' 1975 album "Venus and Mars", released a version of the song in 1989. More recent covers include recordings by Dwight Twilley and the band Ash, and a novelty version by "Looney Tunes" characters credited to "Bugs & Friends".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: The cast of the US television show "Glee" released a recording of "Hello, Goodbye" as the opening track of their 2010 album "". This version became a hit when issued as a single. In 2014, the Cure recorded the song with McCartney's son James, for inclusion on the multi-artist compilation "The Art of McCartney". "Classic Rock" magazine described it as "Sufficiently clattery and 'Love Cats'-ish to escape comparisons with the original". Evanescence's co-founder and lead vocalist Amy Lee included a cover of "Hello, Goodbye" on her 2016 children's album "Dream Too Much".


title: Hello, Goodbye

text: McCartney has performed "Hello, Goodbye" on many of his tours as a solo artist. These include 2002's Driving World Tour and 2003's Back in the World Tour, when he opened his concerts with the song, and the On the Run Tour in 2011–12. In addition, throughout his 1989–90 world tour, McCartney segued the coda onto the end of "Put It There". This medley was included on McCartney's 1990 triple album "Tripping the Live Fantastic", while a full live rendition of "Hello, Goodbye" appeared on "Back in the U.S." in 2002.


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Ronald Alfred Pickup (7 June 1940 – 24 February 2021) was an English actor. He was active in television, film, and theatre, beginning with a 1964 appearance in "Doctor Who". Theatre critic Michael Billington described him as "a terrific stage star and an essential member of Laurence Olivier's National Theatre company". His major screen roles included the title role in "The Life of Verdi" and Prince Yakimov in "Fortunes of War" (1987).


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup was born in Chester on 7 June 1940. His father, Eric, worked as a lecturer; his mother was Daisy (née Williams). Pickup attended the King's School, Chester, and went on to study English at the University of Leeds, graduating in 1962. He then trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London, receiving the annual Bancroft Medal (silver) on graduation in 1964. He met his wife at RADA and became a member of the RADA Academy.


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup's television work began with an episode during the first series of "Doctor Who" (as a physician in part 4 of "The Reign of Terror") in 1964. He was paid £30, in what is regarded as the breakthrough in his acting career. He went on to star in the BBC drama series "The Dragon's Opponent" in 1973, playing Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk, a World War II bomb disposal expert. In 1976, he appeared in the Thames Television serial "" playing Lord Randolph Churchill to Lee Remick's Jennie. Almost a decade later, Pickup had the starring role as composer Giuseppe Verdi in the acclaimed "The Life of Verdi", written and directed by Renato Castellani.


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup appeared opposite Penelope Keith in "Moving" and as Friedrich Nietzsche in "Wagner" in 1983; existing in several versions, "Wagner" has also been released as a film. The following year, Pickup portrayed Jan Tyranowski in the TV movie "Pope John Paul II" and Albert Einstein in the TV mini series "Einstein". He also acted the part of George Orwell in ""; Pickup later revealed in 2012 that this was his favourite role. He went on to play Prince Yakimov, a hapless, down-at-heel Russo-British aristocrat, opposite Emma Thompson and Kenneth Branagh in the BBC serial "Fortunes of War" (1987), based on a novel cycle by Olivia Manning. He was the voice of Aslan in the BBC adaptation of "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" (1988) and later in "The Chronicles of Narnia", both serials derived from the books by C. S. Lewis. Pickup starred in the short lived sit-com "Not with a Bang", broadcast in 1990, and appeared opposite Michael Caine in "Jekyll & Hyde" the same year. In 1992 he appeared alongside Dervla Kirwan in the television adaptation of Melvyn Bragg's book "A Time To Dance", considered by some to be one of his best performances.


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup's other roles included parts in "Hornblower", "The Riff Raff Element", "Hustle", "Foyle's War", "Midsomer Murders", "Lovejoy", "Waking the Dead", "The Bill", "Silent Witness", "Sherlock Holmes", "Doc Martin", "Inspector Morse", "Rector's Wife", the 1991 television adaptation of John le Carré's "A Murder of Quality", and the BBC's 2004 drama for children, "Feather Boy". He also appeared in "The Ruth Rendell Mysteries" series, playing Chief Inspector Moore in "A Case of Coincidence".


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup played a regular part, Fraser Cook in the 2004 BBC sitcom "The Worst Week of My Life". He starred opposite Judi Dench in the 1989 Channel 4 serial "Behaving Badly". In February 2010, he also appeared as Pegleg in the BBC's period drama "Lark Rise to Candleford". He played Fr. Moreno Mancini in “Wild Justice”, S5:E2 of "Lewis", which aired April 2011.


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup appeared in the fifth series of "Young Dracula" in early 2014, portraying Morgan, chairman of the vampire high council, who later becomes the host of the Blood Seed, the main antagonist of the series finale. He appeared in "Holby City" as Charles, Lord Byrne, and in November 2014 appeared on "Coronation Street" in a cameo role as an OAP arranging a birthday party with Michelle Connor in the Rovers Return. Pickup, in 2015, appeared as Sir Michael Reresby an episode of the 6th season of "Downton Abbey". In 2016, he played the role of Geoffrey Fisher, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in four episodes of the Netflix series "The Crown".


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup was also an accomplished stage actor. His first professional role was in 1964 as Friendly in "Virtue in Danger" at the Phoenix Theatre, Leicester. His London debut was in November 1964 as Octavius in "Julius Caesar", for director Lindsay Anderson at the Royal Court Theatre. He worked with Laurence Olivier at the Royal National Theatre, most notably as Baron Tusenbach in "Three Sisters" (1967) and "Long Day's Journey into Night". His first appearance with the company was a minor part in Michael Elliott's production of "Miss Julie" (1965 Chichester Festival; 1966 Old Vic). This was followed by a role which brought him to popular attention: again at the Old Vic he was Rosalind in Clifford William's all-male production of "As You Like It", portraying "serious emotion" in an otherwise "comic" production in 1967. He was nominated for a 1998 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for his performance in "Amy's View".


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Between March and August 2009, Pickup starred as Lucky in Sean Mathias's production of "Waiting for Godot" by Samuel Beckett opposite Sir Ian McKellen (Estragon), Patrick Stewart (Vladimir), and Simon Callow (Pozzo). The tour opened in Malvern, Worcestershire, before travelling to Milton Keynes, Brighton, Bath, Norwich, Edinburgh, and Newcastle; its run at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, was extended due to popular demand.


title: Ronald Pickup

text: His last stage appearance was as Mazzini Dunn in "Heartbreak House" at the Chichester Festival in 2012.


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup appeared as a forger in "The Day of the Jackal" in 1973. The following year he was seen in Ken Russell's film "Mahler", and also appeared in "Joseph Andrews" in 1977. Pickup played one of the Prussian agents conspiring to blow up the Houses of Parliament in "The Thirty Nine Steps" (1978).


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup played Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury in the BBC Television Shakespeare version of "Henry VIII" (1979). He played Lt. Harford in "Zulu Dawn" (1979), Igor Stravinsky in "Nijinsky" (1980), Prince John in "Ivanhoe" (1982), and a government official in the James Bond film "Never Say Never Again" (1983) opposite Sean Connery. He portrayed Portuguese governor Don Hontar in "The Mission" (1986). Three years later, he played Captain Lancaster, a very strict teacher in "Danny, the Champion of the World", and also appeared as a state advocate in "A Dry White Season" the same year.


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup appeared in the film "Secret Passage" in 2004 alongside John Turturro. The following year, he had a supporting role in the family-based film, "The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby", and the science fiction TV movie "Supernova".


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup gained international recognition playing one of the main characters, bachelor Norman Cousins, in "The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" (2012). He reprised the role in the sequel, "The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel", released in 2015. In the 2017 film "Darkest Hour", Pickup portrayed Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain as he cedes power to Winston Churchill in the early months of World War II.


title: Ronald Pickup

text: Pickup married Lans Traverse in 1964 and they had two children: Rachel Pickup, an actress, and Simon Pickup. Ronald and Rachel appeared together in two productions: the "Midsomer Murders" episode "The Magician's Nephew" (2008), and the motion picture "Schadenfreude" (2016).


title: 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: The 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan a member of the East Division of the Big Ten Conference during the 2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season. In their seventh year under head coach Jim Harbaugh, the team compiled an overall record of 12–2 record with a mark of 8–1 against conference opponents, won the Big Ten championship, outscored opponents by a total of 501 to 243, and was ranked No. 3 in the final AP and Coaches Polls. The Wolverines advanced to the College Football Playoff for the first time in program history, losing to eventual national champion Georgia in the Orange Bowl.


title: 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: After starting the season unranked, Michigan won its first seven games, including victories on the road against Wisconsin and Nebraska. On October 30, Michigan (ranked No. 6) lost to Michigan State (ranked No. 8). The Wolverines rebounded with five consecutive wins, including a 42–27 victory over No. 2 Ohio State – Michigan's first victory over its rival since 2011. The Wolverines advanced to the Big Ten Football Championship Game, defeating Iowa, 42–3. It was Michigan's first conference championship since 2004 and its first outright title since 2003.


title: 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: The team's statistical leaders included Cade McNamara with 2,576 passing yards, Hassan Haskins with 1,327 rushing yards, Cornelius Johnson with 627 receiving yards, Jake Moody with 125 points scored, Josh Ross with 106 total tackles, and Aidan Hutchinson with 14 quarterback sacks.


title: 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: Aidan Hutchinson won the Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year award, was a unanimous first-team All-American, and finished second in the voting for the Heisman Trophy. Jake Moody was also a consensus first-team All-American and the recipient of the Lou Groza Award as the nation's top kicker. Harbaugh won the Associated Press College Football Coach of the Year Award, and offensive coordinator Josh Gattis won the Broyles Award as the nation's top assistant coach. The Wolverines' offensive line won the Joe Moore Award. Six Michigan players received first-team honors on the All-Big Ten football team: Hutchinson, Moody, Haskins, David Ojabo, Daxton Hill, and Andrew Stueber.


title: 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: The 2020 Michigan Wolverines football team compiled a 2–4 record in the COVID-19-shortened season. It was the program's worst record since 2008. The defense gave up an average of 34.5 points per game, ranking 95th among the nation's 128 major college football programs.


title: 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: On December 22, 2020, Michigan fired defensive coordinator Don Brown. Brown had taken over as defensive coordinator in 2016 and led the 2016 squad to a No. 1 national ranking.


title: 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: On January 8, 2021, head coach Jim Harbaugh signed a four-year contract extension with Michigan, continuing through the 2025 season. The extension reduced Harbaugh's $8-million base salary to $4 million for the 2021 season but added incentive bonuses of $500,000 for winning the Big Ten East, $1 million for winning the Big Ten championship, $500,000 for reaching the College Football Playoff semifinal, $1 million for winning the College Football Playoff, $75,000 for winning National Coach of the Year honors, and $50,000 for winning Big Ten Coach of the Year honors. The new agreement also lowered the buyout that the university would be required to pay if it fired him before the end of the contract.


title: 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: Following his four-year extension, Harbaugh led a major overhaul of the Michigan coaching staff. The overhaul shifted away from older coaches (Don Brown was 65, Ed Warinner was 59) to younger with 10 assistants under age 40. The moves included the following:


title: 2021 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: Offensive coordinator Josh Gattis (age 38) and defensive line coach Shaun Nua (age 40) were the only two assistants who remained in their prior positions.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: The Combat Action Badge (CAB) is a United States military award given to soldiers of the U.S. Army of any rank and who are not members of an infantry or special forces MOS, for being "present and actively engaging or being engaged by the enemy, and performing satisfactorily in accordance with prescribed rules of engagement" at any point in time after 18 September 2001.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: On 2 May 2005, the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army (CSA) approved the creation of the CAB to provide special recognition to U.S. soldiers who personally engaged, or are engaged by, the enemy. The CAB is intended to serve as a companion to the Combat Infantryman Badge (CIB) and Combat Medical Badge (CMB) and was created to recognize the greatly expanded role of non-infantry soldiers in active, ground combat.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: U.S. Army infantrymen or special forces soldiers with the rank of colonel or below and who are a member of a brigade-sized or smaller infantry or special forces unit, receive the Combat Infantryman Badge (CIB) instead of the CAB.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: Since the Combat Infantryman Badge was introduced in 1943, followed by the Combat Medical Badge in 1945, other army branches argued in favor of their own badges, but a War Department review board just after the war ruled these out. Unofficial combat badges for non-infantry soldiers were in some instances worn in violation of uniform regulations or included in personal award displays wherein the rifle and blue field of the CIB were replaced with the appropriate army branch insignia and color. These unofficial combat badges began to appear shortly after the creation of the Combat Infantryman Badge and while the practice continued until the creation of an official non-infantry combat badge it never became widespread.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: Throughout the Vietnam War and afterward, soldiers serving in combat engineer and armored units continued to lobby for their own version of the EIB/CIB. Despite numerous staff studies and recommendations, the request never gained the support of senior U.S. Army leadership. However, as soldiers from across the spectrum of military occupational specialties engaged in direct contact with enemy forces in the Global War on Terrorism, the proposal gained new traction.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: It appears that the concept for the current Combat Action Badge came when Captain Shawn Monien reignited the debate on establishing combat/expert badges for all soldiers of the United States Army in his September–October 2003 "Armor" magazine article, "Reinstating the Combat Tanker Badge" drawing historical references to General George S. Patton in World War I and other historical vignettes from World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Persian Gulf War. Monien's article encouraged former United States Army Chief of Armor, Major General Thomas H. Tait to re-join the effort:


title: Combat Action Badge

text: Major Matthew De Pirro continued the narrative of a combat badge in 2004 with an article written for "Armor" magazine in Spring 2004 describing the need for such a badge based upon the evolving face of warfare and the ongoing transformation of the army. De Pirro stated:


title: Combat Action Badge

text: The Combat Action Badge was originally planned as a ribbon which was to have been known as the "Combat Recognition Ribbon" (similar to the Navy/Marine Corps Combat Action Ribbon created in 1969). However, as ribbons are generally seen as less prestigious than medals and badges, the CAB was then proposed as the "Close Combat Badge" (or CCB), thus granting the award badge status vice ribbon. This was to be a combat award only for soldiers who did not hold the infantry military occupational specialty (MOS), but who were deployed specifically to fulfill an infantry duty. This was in response to the large number of non-infantry (Tank crews, Field Artillerymen example) who were deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and whose units were reorganized to function as infantry (motorized or light) due to the lack of need for tanks, Artillery and shortage of infantry. The change from the Close Combat Badge to the Combat Action Badge may have come about thanks to a question put to Donald Rumsfeld in an April 2005 Afghanistan town hall meeting by a female military policeman as to why the CCB would not include military police soldiers in its awarding criteria despite the combat nature of the military police's job in Afghanistan and Iraq's 360-degree battlefield.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: The Combat Action Badge was approved on May 2, 2005, and was retroactively awarded to soldiers who were engaged in combat after September 18, 2001. On June 29, 2005, General Peter J. Schoomaker awarded the CAB for the first time to Sergeants April Pashley, Michael Buyas, Manuel J. Montano, Timothy Gustafson and Sean Steans. Over one hundred thousand CABs have been awarded since the creation of the award. Most commanders do not issue the CAB to qualified soldiers unless they are directly engaged in combat. Notably, it is granted exclusively for contact with enemy combatants, so actions by noncombatants like detainees or rioting civilians do not qualify. The soldier must be personally present and actively engaging or being engaged by the enemy, and performing satisfactorily in accordance with the prescribed rules of engagement. There is no specific requirement for the enemy hostile contact to be direct.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: The Combat Action Badge may be awarded to any soldier not assigned or attached to a unit that would qualify the soldier for the Combat Infantryman Badge (CIB) or Combat Medical Badge (CMB) after the date of September 18, 2001, and:


title: Combat Action Badge

text: The CAB may be awarded to any army branch or military occupational specialty including infantrymen except when serving in a role where they would be eligible for the CIB. In addition to Army soldiers, the CAB may also be awarded to Servicemembers of other U.S. Armed Forces and foreign military personnel assigned to a U.S. Army unit, provided they meet the above criteria (for example, KATUSA in the 2d Infantry Division).


title: Combat Action Badge

text: The Combat Action badge is unique in that unlike the Combat Infantryman and Combat Medical badges, it can be awarded to soldiers of any rank, including general officers, whereas the CIB and CMB are both restricted to colonels and below.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: The only current qualifying period for the CAB is the Global War on Terrorism. Thus, only one CAB can be awarded to any soldier at this time. Retroactive awards of the CAB are not authorized prior to 18 September 2001. Award of the CAB is authorized for the following qualifying wars, conflicts, and operations. To date, a separate award of the CAB has been authorized for qualified soldiers in the following qualifying period:


title: Combat Action Badge

text: Award for qualifying service in any previous conflict is not authorized. Subsequent award of the CAB is not authorized for the same qualifying period, as outlined above.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: The emblem features both an M9 bayonet and M67 grenade. A silver badge 2 inches (5.08 cm) in width overall consisting of an oak wreath supporting a rectangle bearing a bayonet surmounting a grenade, all silver. In comparison to the CIB, the CAB has a silver rectangle backing rather than blue, and the CAB is 1 inch shorter in length than the CIB. Second and subsequent award of the CAB will be indicated by superimposing one and two stars respectively, centered at the top of the badge between the points of the oak wreath; one star for the second award and two stars for the third award. However, like the CIB and CMB, only one can be awarded per "qualifying period;" as defined in AR 600-8-22. When worn, the CAB is worn on the left side of a jacket or blouse. On combat uniforms it is worn on the blouse above the "U.S. ARMY" nametape and on dress and service uniforms it is worn on the shirt or jacket above any ribbons and medals.


title: Combat Action Badge

text: Since 2013, U.S. Navy sailors who were formerly soldiers in the U.S. Army and were awarded the CAB cannot wear it on their uniform though they may convert it to the Combat Action Ribbon by submitting a request to the Chief of Naval Operations through their commanding officer. If said sailors were awarded the CIB however, approval is only necessary by the commanding officer. U.S. Marine Corps personnel who were formerly U.S. Army soldiers and were awarded the CAB cannot convert it to a CAR, though if they were awarded the CIB or CMB they can, by submitting a request to their commanding officer.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Marion Jeanne Caroline Maréchal (; born Le Pen, 10 December 1989), known as Marion Maréchal-Le Pen from 2010 to 2018, is a French politician, part of the Le Pen family, granddaughter of National Front (renamed National Rally in 2018) founder Jean-Marie Le Pen and niece of its current leader Marine Le Pen.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: She is a former member of the National Front and served as the member of the National Assembly for the 3rd constituency of Vaucluse from 2012 to 2017. Aged 22 years at the time of her election, she became France's youngest parliamentarian in modern political history. After the 2015 regional election, for which she received the best result for a FN candidate, she became the Leader of the Opposition in the Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In 2017, she did not seek reelection as a member of the National Assembly and resigned as a regional councillor. She is currently involved in the education sector with her private school, the (ISSEP).


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Her grandfather, Jean-Marie Le Pen, founded the Front National party on 5 October 1972. Her aunt Marine Le Pen has been FN president since 16 January 2011, with Jean-Marie Le Pen first becoming honorary chairman and later excluded in August 2015. Her mother Yann Le Pen, Jean-Marie Le Pen's second daughter, does not carry out any official duties within the FN. Her father was the leader of the Front National Youth movement (FNJ) for seven years (1992–1999). She featured with her grandfather in a campaign poster at the age of two.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In a book entitled "The Conquerors" ("Les Conquérantes") launched on 18 November 2013, the French journalist revealed that Samuel Maréchal is not her biological father. On 7 November 2013, the French weekly news magazine "L'Express" disclosed that her biological father was Roger Auque, a French diplomat and investigative journalist. On 8 November, Marion Maréchal-Le Pen announced that she was suing "L'Express" for a "serious invasion of her privacy". She won her case in April 2015.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal-Le Pen married businessman Matthieu Decosse on 29 July 2014, at the Saint-Cloud town hall. Their daughter was born that September. They divorced in 2016.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal-Le Pen became engaged to Italian politician Vincenzo Sofo in 2018. The couple married on September 11, 2021.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Until 2012, she was enrolled in Panthéon-Assas University's masters of public business law. On 14 November 2012, she wrote in an official statement that she had decided to put aside her studies in order to dedicate herself to her office.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: After retiring from politics in 2017, Marion Marechal-Le Pen enrolled in a Master of Business Administration (MBA) at Emlyon Business School.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: About her early interest in politics, Maréchal-Le Pen explained: "Contrary to what everyone thinks, in my family we didn’t talk about politics at home and we were free to make our own choices. I became interested in politics around 15 or 16 and in various approaches, not necessarily FN". As a teenager she once attended a meeting addressed by Nicolas Sarkozy, "out of curiosity" because he "intrigued" her. She added: "I very quickly came down to earth." At the age of 18, she became a member of the FN.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: She was a candidate in seventh position on the FN list in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, in the 2008 municipal elections. She was not elected, for the FN list only got 6.29% with one municipal councillor elected from the first round.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In the 2010 regional elections, she figured in second position on the FN departmental list in the Yvelines, Île-de-France. Marie-Christine Arnautu's FN list, which polled 9.29% in the whole of Île-de-France in the first round, could not take part in the run-off, given that a list must cross a threshold of 10% of the valid votes at a regional level. Because of the process of elimination, she was not elected in the Île-de-France's regional council.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal-Le Pen's parliamentary candidacy in Vaucluse's 3rd constituency was publicly confirmed on 25 April 2012, between the first round of the presidential election and its run-off. After her candidacy was made official by the FN nomination committee, she then campaigned in this constituency which includes the southern part of Carpentras. In the first round of the presidential elections, Marine Le Pen had achieved her highest national performance in Vaucluse (27.03%) and most notably in this constituency (31.50%) where she outdistanced the UMP incumbent president Nicolas Sarkozy (27.60%).


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In the run-off on 17 June 2012, she defeated the incumbent MP Jean-Michel Ferrand, who had continuously sat in the National Assembly for twenty-six years (Rally for the Republic: 1986–2002, Union for a Popular Movement: 2002–2012). At the age of 22, she became the youngest person to enter the French Parliament in modern political history (Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, at 24 years old in 1791, was the previous youngest MP).


title: Marion Maréchal

text: She and Gilbert Collard became the first members of the National Front to win seats in the National Assembly since 1997.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In early July 2012 Maréchal-Le Pen became a member of the National Front's executive board. On 23 September 2012, she made her first public speech in front of 1,000 participants at the FN summer school in La Baule-Escoublac.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: During a press conference held on 30 October 2013, she officially announced her appearance as a fellow candidate on a municipal list at Sorgues, a town of 18,000 inhabitants located to the north of Avignon in the western part of her constituency. She decided to figure in tenth position on this local list led by Gérard Gérent, then an independent councillor belonging to the UMP municipal majority and a former deputy mayor of Sorgues.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In the first round of the 2012 presidential elections, Marine Le Pen had polled 36.02% at Sorgues whereas Marion Maréchal-Le Pen got there 37.65% in the first round and 44.36% in the run-off of the following legislative elections.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In the first round on 23 March 2014, the FN list led by Gérard Gérent, which was defeated by the one of the UMP incumbent mayor Thierry Lagneau, came second with 33.80% (2,861 votes) with the election of five municipal councillors and two community councillors. Consequently, she was not elected as a municipal councillor at Sorgues.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In April 2015, Marion Maréchal-Le Pen was chosen by her party to be the leading FN candidate in the southeastern region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur in that year's regional elections, after her grandfather was expelled for his remarks on the Holocaust. She did not support his expulsion. The elections came a month after an Islamist terror attack which killed 130 people in Paris. Maréchal-Le Pen reacted on television by declaring that "Today, we can see that immigration has become favorable terrain for the development of Islamism".


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In the first round of voting, she won 40.55% of the vote, becoming one of six FN candidates to lead a region. Socialist candidate Christophe Castaner then withdrew, to avoid splitting the vote for The Republicans' mayor of Nice, Christian Estrosi. In the second round of voting, no FN candidate won a region, with Maréchal-Le Pen losing to Estrosi by 54.78% to 45.22%. She received the best result for a National Front candidate, Marine Le Pen in comparison obtaining 42% in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie region.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: After a hiatus of two years from political life, Marion Maréchal appeared at a political convention in Paris on 28 September 2019 with right-wing political writer Éric Zemmour. The convention was part of an effort by members of the French far-right to unite the extreme and moderate wings of right-wing politics in France and develop a viable conservative candidacy for the 2022 French presidential election. Marion Maréchal has since become a leading figure of the Union of the Rights ("l’Union des droites") project to form a unified conservative front in France.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal signed the "Madrid Charter", a document drafted by the far-right Spanish party Vox that describes left-wing groups as enemies of Ibero-America involved in a "criminal project" that are "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal re-entered the political scene in March 2022, supporting the candidacy of Éric Zemmour in the 2022 French presidential election. She formalised her support for Zemmour at a large rally in Toulon on 6 March 2022, after a long period of speculation about her political future.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal-Le Pen's political, cultural and foreign policy views reflect the general consensus of her party.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal-Le Pen has stated that her party has supported the 'defense of the family' for a very long time. Along with Gilbert Collard and other FN senior executives, she took part in the mass demonstrations against same-sex marriage organized in Paris by "La Manif pour tous" movement in the first half of the year 2013.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal-Le Pen believes that Muslims can be French only if they follow the Christianity-shaped culture, saying that "In our country, we don't wear djellaba clothing, we don't wear a veil, and we don't impose cathedral-sized mosques".


title: Marion Maréchal

text: She is opposed to the reinstatement of capital punishment: "In a private capacity, I am against the reinstatement of capital punishment, since this would impose an extremely difficult choice on judges. And whatever happens, the horrifying possibility of a miscarriage of justice is ever-present, no matter how minimally. I prefer the alternative of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole."


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Academic Cécile Alduy described Maréchal-Le Pen as a "paradoxical character" who dresses and speaks in a modern way while promoting social conservatism. Conservative American former vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin praised Maréchal-Le Pen for her societal beliefs, and compared her to Joan of Arc. Former Counselor to the President and former executive chair of Breitbart News Steve Bannon also praised her, referring to her as "the new rising star"; afterwards Maréchal Le-Pen said on Twitter that she was willing to work with him.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal-Le Pen was a member of the France–Russia and France−Ivory Coast parliamentary friendship groups.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: On 10 December 2012, Maréchal-Le Pen took part in an international parliamentary forum organized in Moscow by the State Duma. On 22 January 2013, she was present in the Reichstag at the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Élysée Treaty by French President Charles de Gaulle and German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. In a written statement, she said that the treaty was originally based on the cooperation and partnership between two sovereign states and denounced the "forced march towards a German federal Europe".


title: Marion Maréchal

text: On 29 September 2013, Maréchal-Le Pen attended a political event organized by the Vlaams Belang in Boom, near Antwerp. On this occasion, she explained: "It is important that a front of patriotic and euro-critical parties form in sight of European elections, which is the case, and get some good results in order to lead resistance to Euro and globalism".


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Along with Gilbert Collard, Maréchal-Le Pen introduced on 7 December 2012 a constitutional private member's bill concerning the appointment of the members of the Constitutional Council of France.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: For the beginning of the fourteenth legislature, Maréchal-Le Pen cosigned four private member's bills including one constitutional forbidding marriage between same-sex persons and one organic which aims at enforcing the article 68 of the Constitution of France establishing a process of impeachment for the President of the Republic.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: According to the rules of the National Assembly, an unregistered person sitting in Parliament can question the government orally every eight sessions. Maréchal-Le Pen asked three oral questions for the beginning of the legislature: in 2013, to Manuel Valls, Minister of the Interior about the policy regarding Romani people and to Marisol Touraine, Minister of Health and Social Affairs about the fight against welfare fraud; in 2014, to Nicole Bricq, Minister for Foreign Trade about the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In a written parliamentary question addressed in May 2013 to Valérie Fourneyron, Minister of Sports, Youth Affairs, Popular Education and Community life, Maréchal-Le Pen drew her attention to the poor treatment rugby league receives in France from the government and the media, regretting the banning of this sport during the Vichy regime.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: In April 2015, because of his intense anti-FN campaign in the departmental elections, Maréchal-Le Pen criticized the "cretinous contempt" ("mépris crétin") of Socialist Prime Minister Manuel Valls in parliament, which appeared to fluster Valls. After it had become a viral video, Maréchal-Le Pen explained it was a reference to Michel Onfray, who had called Valls a "crétin" when the Prime Minister accused him of "losing his bearings".


title: Marion Maréchal

text: One of the six youngest members of the new Assembly, Maréchal-Le Pen served on 26 June 2012 as a secretary during the opening of the fourteenth legislature presided over by the most senior member François Scellier.


title: Marion Maréchal

text: Maréchal-Le Pen was a Non-Attached member of the National Assembly. Her seat (number 67) was located between the ones of Gilbert Collard (number 66, on her right) and Jacques Bompard (number 68, on her left). The National Assembly has included eight unregistered MPs since 30 August 2013.


title: Patricia McPherson

text: Patricia McPherson is a former American actress and activist best known for her role in the 1980s TV series "Knight Rider" as Bonnie Barstow.


title: Patricia McPherson

text: McPherson was born in Oak Harbor, Washington. She is the daughter of a naval officer. She graduated from San Diego State University with a degree in advertising.


title: Patricia McPherson

text: McPherson has made guest appearances in a variety of television shows including "Dynasty", "Starman", "Murder She Wrote", "MacGyver", "Matlock", and "".


title: Patricia McPherson

text: McPherson retired from acting in 1991, although she made a cameo appearance as a Regent in the Syfy television series "Warehouse 13" in 2009. Aside from that, she has stated in recent interviews that she has no plans to return to acting; however, she has appeared at a few "Knight Rider" events over the years.


title: Patricia McPherson

text: McPherson is best remembered for her role in the 1980s TV series "Knight Rider" as Bonnie Barstow, KITT's mechanic. She appeared in season one and was absent from season two. She returned in the season three opener and remained until the end of the series in 1986. "Knight Rider" has appeared in syndication in over 200 countries throughout the world, most notably in Australia, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom.


title: Patricia McPherson

text: After McPherson retired from acting in the early 1990s, she decided to pursue conserving wildlife and the forests; her efforts have included helping in attempts to preserve the Ballona Wetlands in southern California and working with the Ballona Wetlands Trust to sue the Playa Vista community for failure to take action concerning methane.


Microsoft Endpoint Configuration Manager, formerly System Center Configuration Manager and Systems Management Server (SMS) is a systems management software product developed by Microsoft for managing large groups of computers providing remote control, patch management, software distribution, operating system deployment, and hardware and software inventory.


title: Microsoft Endpoint Configuration Manager

text: Configuration Manager supports the Microsoft Windows and Windows Embedded operating systems. Previous versions also supported macOS (OS X), Linux or UNIX, as well as Windows Phone, Symbian, iOS and Android mobile operating systems.


text: Configuration Manager has evolved since Microsoft originally released it as "Systems Management Server" in 1994. Significant releases include:


text: The most frequently used feature is a software deployment, which provides installation and updating of Windows Apps, legacy applications, and Operating Systems across a business enterprise.


text: SMS 2003 saw the introduction of the Advanced Client. The Advanced Client communicates with a more scalable management infrastructure, namely the Management Point. (A Management Point (MP) can manage up to 25000 Advanced Clients.) Microsoft introduced the Advanced Client to provide a solution to the problem where a managed laptop might connect to a corporate network from multiple locations and thus should not always download content from the same place within the enterprise (though it should always receive policy from its own site). When an Advanced Client is within another location (SMS Site), it may use a local distribution point to download or run a program, which can conserve bandwidth across a WAN.


text: The requirements for Configuration Manager are always changing as the system becomes more and more complex. An up-to-date, detailed dive into the requirements can be found on the Microsoft Website Documentation here.


text: Microsoft Configuration Management has gone through two brand changes. Both resulted in reducing confusion with other initialism as well as including the software in a Microsoft systems management portfolio.


text: In 2007, System Management Service (SMS) became System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM). This helped avoid confusion with the Short Message Service (SMS) initialism and added the product, along with other system management tools, under a unified System Center brand.


text: In 2019 Configuration Manager moved to the Microsoft Endpoint Manager suite to better align it with Microsoft Intune and related endpoint management solutions. This change also helped reduce confusion of the oft used initialism SCCM that is common in other industries such as The Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM).


text: Throughout the life of the product, many acronyms, initialisms, and abbreviations have been used to refer to the software including


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: To All the Boys I've Loved Before is a 2014 young adult romance novel by American author Jenny Han, first published by Simon & Schuster and released on April 15, 2014. Han was inspired to write the book based on her own habit of writing love letters to boys she had crushes on as a teenager. The novel was followed by two sequels, "P.S. I Still Love You", released on May 26, 2015, and "Always and Forever, Lara Jean", released on May 2, 2017.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: A film adaptation of the book was released on Netflix in 2018. Its plot is similar to the original book with a few changes.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: Lara Jean Song Covey is a sixteen-year-old half-Korean American girl living in Virginia. She is extremely close to her older sister Margot and younger sister Kitty. Lara Jean keeps love letters to all the boys she has ever loved in a teal hatbox given to her by her late mother who died of a head injury when Lara Jean was just 9. There are 5 boys, Josh her sister's boyfriend, a boy named Kenny from camp,Peter from 7th grade, Lucas from homecoming, and John ambrose from model UN. Just before Margot leaves for university in Scotland, she breaks up with her boyfriend Josh Sanderson, who is also their next-door neighbor, and Lara Jean's friend.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: Lara Jean, who once had a crush on Josh, finds her feelings for him coming back after Margot leaves for school, and Josh admits during a conversation about crushes that his first serious crush was on Lara Jean. To cope with her feelings, Lara Jean writes a long postscript for the letter she wrote when she was fourteen after Josh asked Margot out instead of her.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: Peter Kavinsky, one of the guys Lara Jean wrote a letter to, approaches her and tells her he does not have any sort of attraction to her. Lara Jean is confused but realizes he is referring to a letter she wrote him years ago after receiving it in the mail. Horrified, she tells him she wrote it a long time ago. Lara Jean recounts what prompted her to write the letter: when she was in seventh grade, she and Peter were with a group of mutual friends when Peter kissed her.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: Lara Jean cannot find her hatbox at home. That night, she hears Josh come over and hides in a treehouse she used to spend a lot of time as a kid. The next morning at school, Josh asks her about the letter to him. She lies and says she no longer has feelings for him and that she is dating someone else. When he asks who it is, she says Peter as he's the first person she thinks of while he walks down the hallway. Lara Jean spontaneously jumps onto Peter and kisses him in front of Josh, and Peter kisses her back. At school, Lara Jean explains her situation to Peter, who decides to go along with the lie, as he has just broken up with his long-term girlfriend Genevieve (also Lara Jean’s enemy) and wants a clean break.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: Lara Jean and Peter set up a list of ground rules for acting around each other. The more time they spend together, the more confused Lara Jean gets about her feelings. As Lara Jean and Peter begin to genuinely fall for each other, Josh becomes jealous of Peter, and when Lara Jean confronts him about it, he kisses her and tells her he wants to be with her, which makes Lara Jean realize that she no longer likes Josh and that she wants to date Peter for real.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: On a school ski trip, Peter tells Lara Jean he does want to date her and they kiss in a hot tub. The following day, Genevieve tells her that there is a rumor that the two had sex in the hot tub, and Peter did not deny it. Humiliated, Lara Jean avoids Peter during Christmas break. Kitty invites him over to the Covey's recital party, which they had every year before their mother died. When Peter tries to talk to Lara Jean, Josh steps in to try and protect her, and Margot ends up hearing about how Josh and Lara Jean kissed.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: Margot and Lara Jean eventually reconcile, but Lara Jean remains angry at Peter until Kitty admits that she stole her sister's hatbox and mailed the letters to try and get back at Lara Jean for almost revealing Kitty's crush on Josh. Lara Jean forgives Kitty. Kitty tells Lara Jean that Peter really cares for her and returns the hatbox that is now filled with notes that Peter gave Lara Jean while they were fake-dating. Reading them over, Lara Jean has a change of heart and takes out her pen and paper to write a real love letter to Peter. Peter and Lara Jean date after it.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: The novel spent 40 weeks on "The New York Times" Best Seller list in the Young Adult fiction section. It has been published in 30 languages.


title: To All the Boys I've Loved Before

text: In June 2014, it was reported that Overbrook Entertainment, actor Will Smith's production company, had secured the film rights to the novel, with Annie Neal hired to adapt the book for the screen. Smith and Overbrook's James Lassiter produced. "Carrie Pilby" director Susan Johnson directed the film, from a screenplay by Sofia Alvarez, with Lana Condor, Janel Parrish, Anna Cathcart, Noah Centineo, Israel Broussard, and John Corbett starring. Production began in Vancouver in July 2017, and the film was released by Netflix on August 17, 2018. The film received positive reviews.


title: Burgas

text: Burgas (, ), sometimes transliterated as "Bourgas", is the second largest city on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the region of Northern Thrace and the fourth-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia, Plovdiv, and Varna, with a population of 202,694 inhabitants, while 277,922 live in its urban area. It is the capital of Burgas Province and an important industrial, transport, cultural and tourist centre.


title: Burgas

text: The city is surrounded by the Burgas Lakes and located at the westernmost point of the Black Sea, at the large Burgas Bay. LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas is the largest oil refinery in southeastern Europe and the largest industrial enterprise. The Port of Burgas is the largest port in Bulgaria, and Burgas Airport is the second most important in the country. Burgas is the centre of the Bulgarian fishing and fish processing industry.


title: Burgas

text: A similar literal composition have the cities Burgos in Spain and numerous cities containing the Germanic burg "city" such as Hamburg.


title: Burgas

text: It is widely considered, including by the city's official website, that the name of the city is derived from the Latin word ""burgus"" as meaning a "tower", after a local ancient Roman travel post, which used to be in the area of today's Burgas Port. 15 centuries later, the settlement was mentioned by the Byzantine poet Manuel Phil as ""Pyrgos"" (Greek: Πύργος), a word identical in meaning with the Greek word for tower. The name passed to Bulgarian through the Turkish Burgaz.


title: Burgas

text: There are several alternative explanations for the name's origin. By one of them, the city's name comes from Gothic name "baurgs" as meaning "signified consolidated walled villages". According to Bulgarian prof. Kiril Vlahov, the name of the city comes from the Thracian word ""pyurg"" as meaning "fortification of wooden beams". It is also suggested that the name ultimately comes from the name of khan Burtaz (683-633 BC).


title: Burgas

text: Burgas is situated at the westernmost point of the bay by the same name and in the eastern part of the Burgas Plain, in the east of the Upper Thracian Plain. Burgas is located some from Sofia, from Plovdiv, and from Istanbul. To the west, south and north, the city is surrounded by the Burgas Lakes: Burgas, Atanasovsko and Mandrensko, which are home to several hundred bird species. Pan-European corridor 8 passes through the city, the European routes E87 and E773, and the longest national rout I/6.


title: Burgas

text: Burgas has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa") but with continental influences. The summertime in Burgas lasts about five months from mid-May until late September. Average temperatures during high season is . Summertime sea temperatures stay around at sunrise and go up to at dawn, averaging . Winters are milder compared with the inland part of the country, with average temperatures of and below during the night. Snow is possible in December, January, February and rarely in March; however, it can quickly melt. The highest temperature was recorded in June 2007, at and the lowest at in January 1942.


title: Burgas

text: The Burgas Wetlands are highly recognized for their significance to biodiversity and as a resource pool for products used by people.