title: Holocaust trains

text: In 2004/2005, German historians and journalists began publicly demanding that at the German passenger train stations commemorative exhibits be set up, after the railroad companies in France and the Netherlands began commemorations of mass deportations in their own train stations. The "Deutsche Bahn" AG (DB AG), the state-owned successor of the "Deutsche Reichsbahn" replied: "we do not have either the personnel or the financial resources" for that kind of commemoration. Demonstrations then began at railway stations in Frankfurt am Main and in Cologne as well as inside the long-distance border-crossing trains. Because the DB AG had responded by having its security personnel repress the protests, German citizens' initiatives rented a historical steam locomotive and installed their own exhibition in remodeled passenger cars. This "Train of Commemoration" made its first journey on the 2007 International Holocaust Remembrance Day of January 27. The "Deutsche Bahn" AG refused it access to the main stations in Hamburg and Berlin. German Jewish communities protested against the company levying mileage tariffs and hourly fees for the exhibit (which by December 31, 2013, reached approx. US $290,000).


title: Holocaust trains

text: Parliamentarians of all parties in the German national parliament called on the DB AG to rethink its behavior. Federal Transport Minister Wolfgang Tiefensee proposed an exhibition by artist Jan Philipp Reemtsma on the railways' role in the deportation of 11,000 Jewish children to their deaths in Nazi concentration and extermination camps throughout World War II. Because the CEO of the railroad company maintained his refusal, a "serious rift" occurred between himself and the Minister of Transport. On January 23, 2008, a compromise was reached, wherein the DB AG established its own stationary exhibit "Sonderzüge in den Tod" [Chartered Trains to Death – Deportation with the German Reichsbahn]. As national press journals pointed out, the exhibit "contained nearly nothing about the culprits". The post-war careers of those in charge of the railroad remained "totally obscured". Since 2009, the civil society association "Train of Commemoration" which, with its donations financed the exhibition "Train of Commemoration" presented at 130 German stations with 445,000 visitors, has been demanding cumulative compensation for the survivors of these deportations by train. The railroad's proprietors (the German Minister of Transport and the German Minister of Finances) reject this demand.


title: Holocaust trains

text: Nederlandse Spoorwegen used its 29 September 2005 apology for its role in the "Final Solution" to launch an equal opportunities and anti-Discrimination policy, in part to be monitored by the Dutch council of Jews.


title: Holocaust trains

text: All railway lines leading to death camps built in occupied Poland are ceremonially cut off from the existing railway system in the country, similar to the well-preserved arrival point at Auschwitz known as the "Judenrampe" platform. The commemorative monuments are traditionally erected at collection points elsewhere. In 1988, a national monument was created at the "Umschlagplatz" of the Warsaw Ghetto. Designed by architect Hanna Szmalenberg and sculptor Władysław Klamerus, it consists of a stone structure symbolizing an open freight car. In Kraków, the memorial to Jews from the Kraków Ghetto deported during the Holocaust spreads over the entire deportation site known as the Square of the Ghetto Heroes ("Plac Bohaterow Getta"). Inaugurated in December 2005, it consists of oversized steel chairs (each representing 1,000 victims), designed by architects Piotr Lewicki and Kazimierz Latak. At the former Łódź Ghetto, the monument was built at the Radegast train station ("Bahnhof Radegast"), where approximately 200,000 Polish, Austrian, German, Luxemburg and Czech Jews boarded the trains on the way to their deaths in the period from 16 January 1942, to 29 August 1944.


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: Poor Richard's Almanack (sometimes "Almanac") was a yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose. The publication appeared continually from 1732 to 1758. It sold exceptionally well for a pamphlet published in the Thirteen Colonies; print runs reached 10,000 per year. Franklin, the American inventor, statesman, and accomplished publisher and printer, achieved success with "Poor Richard's Almanack". Almanacks were very popular books in colonial America, offering a mixture of seasonal weather forecasts, practical household hints, puzzles, and other amusements. "Poor Richard's Almanack" was also popular for its extensive use of wordplay, and some of the witty phrases coined in the work survive in the contemporary American vernacular.


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: On December 28, 1732, Benjamin Franklin announced in "The Pennsylvania Gazette" that he had just printed and published the first edition of "The Poor Richard", by Richard Saunders, Philomath. Franklin published the first "Poor Richard's Almanack" on December 28, 1732, and continued to publish new editions for 25 years, bringing him much economic success and popularity. The almanack sold as many as 10,000 copies a year. In 1735, upon the death of Franklin's brother, James, Franklin sent 500 copies of "Poor Richard's" to his widow for free, so that she could make money selling them.


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: The "Almanack" contained the calendar, weather, poems, sayings and astronomical and astrological information that a typical almanac of the period would contain. Franklin also included the occasional mathematical exercise, and the "Almanack" from 1750 features an early example of demographics. It is chiefly remembered, however, for being a repository of Franklin's aphorisms and proverbs, many of which live on in American English. These maxims typically counsel thrift and courtesy, with a dash of cynicism.


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: In the spaces that occurred between noted calendar days, Franklin included proverbial sentences about industry and frugality. Several of these sayings were borrowed from an earlier writer, Lord Halifax, many of whose aphorisms sprang from, "... [a] basic skepticism directed against the motives of men, manners, and the age." In 1757, Franklin made a selection of these and prefixed them to the almanac as the address of an old man to the people attending an auction. This was later published as "The Way to Wealth", and was popular in both America and England.


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: Franklin borrowed the name "Richard Saunders" from the seventeenth-century author of "Rider's British Merlin", a popular London almanac which continued to be published throughout the eighteenth century. Franklin created the Poor Richard persona based in part on Jonathan Swift's pseudonymous character, "Isaac Bickerstaff". In a series of three letters in 1708 and 1709, known as the Bickerstaff papers, "Bickerstaff" predicted the imminent death of astrologer and almanac maker John Partridge. Franklin's Poor Richard, like Bickerstaff, claimed to be a philomath and astrologer and, like Bickerstaff, predicted the deaths of actual astrologers who wrote traditional almanacs. In the early editions of "Poor Richard's Almanack", predicting and falsely reporting the deaths of these astrologers—much to their dismay—was something of a running joke. However, Franklin's endearing character of "Poor" Richard Saunders, along with his wife Bridget, was ultimately used to frame (if comically) what was intended as a serious resource that people would buy year after year. To that end, the satirical edge of Swift's character is largely absent in Poor Richard. Richard was presented as distinct from Franklin himself, occasionally referring to the latter as his printer.


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: In later editions, the original Richard Saunders character gradually disappeared, replaced by a Poor Richard, who largely stood in for Franklin and his own practical scientific and business perspectives. By 1758, the original character was even more distant from the practical advice and proverbs of the almanac, which Franklin presented as coming from "Father Abraham," who in turn got his sayings from Poor Richard.


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: One of the appeals of the "Almanack" was that it contained various "news stories" in serial format, so that readers would purchase it year after year to find out what happened to the protagonists. One of the earliest of these was the "prediction" that the author's "good Friend and Fellow-Student, Mr. Titan Leeds" would die on October 17 of that year, followed by the rebuttal of Mr. Leeds himself that he would die, not on the 17th, but on October 26. Appealing to his readers, Franklin urged them to purchase the next year or two or three or four editions to show their support for his prediction. The following year, Franklin expressed his regret that he was too ill to learn whether he or Leeds was correct. Nevertheless, the ruse had its desired effect: people purchased the "Almanack" to find out who was correct. (Later editions of the "Almanack" would claim that Leeds had died and that the person claiming to be Leeds was an impostor; Leeds, in fact, died in 1738, which prompted Franklin to applaud the supposed impostor for ending his ruse.)


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: For some writers the content of the "Almanack" became inextricably linked with Franklin's character—and not always to favorable effect. Both Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville caricatured the "Almanack"—and Franklin by extension—in their writings, while James Russell Lowell, reflecting on the public unveiling in Boston of a statue to honor Franklin, wrote:


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: The "Almanack" was also a reflection of the norms and social mores of his times, rather than a philosophical document setting a path for new-freedoms, as the works of Franklin's contemporaries, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, or Thomas Paine were. Historian Howard Zinn offers, as an example, the adage "Let thy maidservant be faithful, strong, and homely" as indication of Franklin's belief in the legitimacy of controlling the sexual lives of servants for the economic benefit of their masters.


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: At least one modern biographer has published the claim that Franklin "stole", not borrowed, the name of Richard Saunders from the deceased astrologer-doctor. Franklin also "borrowed—apparently without asking—and adapted the title of an almanac his brother James Franklin was publishing at Newport: "Poor Robin's Almanack" (itself appropriated from a seventeenth-century almanac published under the same title in London)".


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: Louis XVI of France gave a ship to John Paul Jones who renamed it after the "Almanack" author—"Bonhomme Richard", or "Goodman (that is, a polite title of address for a commoner who is not a member of the gentry) Richard" (the first of several US warships so named). The "Almanack" was translated into Italian, along with the Pennsylvania State Constitution (which Franklin helped draft) at the establishment of the Cisalpine Republic. It was also twice translated into French, reprinted in Great Britain in broadside for ease of posting, and was distributed by members of the clergy to poor parishioners. It was the first work of English literature to be translated into Slovene, translated in 1812 by Janez Nepomuk Primic (1785–1823).


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: The "Almanack" also had a strong cultural and economic impact in the years following publication. In Pennsylvania, changes in monetary policy in regard to foreign expenses were evident for years after the issuing of the "Almanack". Later writers such as Noah Webster were inspired by the almanac, and it went on to influence other publications of this type such as the "Old Farmer's Almanac".


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: Sociologist Max Weber considered "Poor Richard's Almanack" and Franklin to reflect the "spirit of capitalism" in a form of "classical" purity." This is why he filled the pages of Chapter 2 of his 1905 book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" with illustrative quotations from Franklin's almanacks.


title: Poor Richard's Almanack

text: Numerous farmer's almanacs trace their format and tradition to "Poor Richard's Almanack;" the "Old Farmer's Almanac", for instance, has included a picture of Franklin on its cover since 1851.


title: The Good German

text: The Good German is a 2006 American neo-noir crime film. A film adaptation of Joseph Kanon's 2001 novel of the same name, it was directed by Steven Soderbergh, and stars George Clooney, Cate Blanchett, and Tobey Maguire. Set in Berlin following the Allied victory over the Nazis, it begins as a murder mystery but weaves in elements involving the American postwar employment of Nazi rocket scientists in Operation Paperclip.


title: The Good German

text: The film was shot in black-and-white and is designed to imitate the appearance of film noir from the 1940s, although it also includes material – such as sex scenes and swearing – that would have been prohibited by the Production Code. Its poster is a homage to the poster for the classic film "Casablanca" (1942, also a Warner Bros. film), as is the closing scene at an airport. The DVD release presents the film in the 1.33:1 aspect ratio which declined in use from about 1953, though the theatrical release, and other DVD Releases, used the slightly more modern but still unusual 1.66:1 ratio.


title: The Good German

text: Jacob "Jake" Geismer, an American war correspondent for "The New Republic", returns to Berlin during the Potsdam negotiations between the Allied powers after World War II was over in Europe (May 1945) but before hostilities ended in Asia (August 1945). Jacob witnesses his murdered driver, a black-marketeering American soldier named Tully, being fished from a river eddy, suspiciously adjacent to the Potsdam conference grounds. The corpse is discovered to be in possession of 50,000 German reichsmarks — which are later revealed to have been printed by the U.S occupying forces.


title: The Good German

text: Geismer becomes entwined in both the mystery of his murdered driver and the clandestine search by both Soviet and American forces for the missing German Emil Brandt. He becomes more involved in both mysteries as his investigation intersects with his search for Lena Brandt, a Jew — and Emil's wife — with whom Geismer had been in a relationship during his first stint as a journalist in pre-war Berlin. Lena has survived the Holocaust by doing "what she had to" to stay alive — early in the film this is assumed to be prostitution, but Lena (based loosely on the Jewish collaborator Stella Goldschlag) is later revealed to be secretly complicit in the deportation of her fellow Jews.


title: The Good German

text: In the film, Emil Brandt is a former SS officer who had been the secretary of Franz Bettmann, Chief Production Engineer of the V-2 rocket at concentration camp Mittelbau-Dora/Mittelwerk. (Bettmann is only a minor character in the film; he appears to be based on the real Arthur Rudolph.) The Soviets, the Americans, and the British all try to get hold of Emil Brandt, for different reasons. The Americans have already detained Bettmann in a safehouse and intend to transport him to the U.S. as part of their Operation Overcast/Paperclip to have him work on their own rocket program (cf. Wernher von Braun). In the film, they are fully aware of Bettmann's role at Camp Dora and know about the slave labor used in the V-2 program, but want to cover up his involvement (because they could not lawfully employ a known war criminal), which includes eliminating Emil Brandt, whose testimony or written notes would prevent their whitewashing of Bettmann.


title: The Good German

text: Geismer, in his attempts to get his former lover, Lena, out of Berlin, gets more and more involved in the search for Emil Brandt. At one point, Lena gives Emil's notes on Camp Dora to Geismer. When Lena and Geismer try to hand Emil Brandt over to the American prosecutor charged with handling war crimes cases, they are intercepted by the American authorities who want to protect Bettmann, and Brandt is murdered. But Geismer still has Brandt's notebooks, which he now trades in to the war crimes investigators of the U.S. Army (who have turned out to be in league with the other American authorities — the ones who want to keep that evidence confidential to whitewash Bettmann) in exchange for a "Persilschein" (a denazification document) and a visa for Lena, such that she can leave Germany.


title: The Good German

text: Through a minor character of a Jewish owner of a pawn shop who survived the Holocaust with his legs amputated, the film refers to the Nazi human experimentation, in particular to bone transplantation experiments as they were done at the Ravensbrück concentration camp.


title: The Good German

text: The film imitates the appearance of films from Classical Hollywood studio-era. Most of the scenes were shot on soundstages and on Universal Studios' backlot, and were then edited with archival Russian footage and archived film from Corbis. Although the finished film is in black and white, it was shot in color because this allowed the use of faster film than available black-and-white film stocks, and afforded the ability to use 'green screen' techniques. The color was then reduced in post-production through the use of a digital intermediate to a grainier black and white, in order to blend with the carefully restored archival material.


title: The Good German

text: Unlike modern films that are shot with significant "coverage" and mostly with close-ups or two shots, "The Good German" was shot with 1940s era wide angle lenses, such as a 32 mm, with deep focus, "strongly accented camera angles" and entire scenes staged. Director Steven Soderbergh said:


title: The Good German

text: The set lighting was entirely incandescent and the audio was recorded on a boom mike instead of the more modern body mikes or automated dialogue replacement (ADR). These decisions, combined with the limited coverage, allowed the rough cut to be produced in two days after wrapping up filming.


title: The Good German

text: "Good Germans" is a term referring to German citizens during and after World War II who claimed not to have supported the Nazi regime, but remained silent and did not resist in a meaningful way. In addition, the title is an allusion to the phrase common among soldiers of the Allied Powers during the invasion of Europe after D-Day, that "The only good German is a dead German" — and the consequences of this death are seed for all that follows in the story of the film. Thematically, the film centers on guilt, and whether it is possible to survive the atrocities while being unaware of and not complicit in them.


title: The Good German

text: "The Good German" received generally mixed reviews, with many critics complaining that it was too reliant on style and did not concentrate on the building of characters. , the film holds a 34% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 153 reviews with an average rating of 5.04/10. The site's consensus states: "Though Steven Soderbergh succeeds in emulating the glossy look of 1940s noirs, "The Good German" ultimately ends up as a self-conscious exercise in style that forgets to develop compelling characters." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 49 out of 100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Good German

text: The film made $76,817 in its opening weekend in five US theaters. It had a worldwide gross of $5,914,908, of which $1,308,696 was in the US, against a $32 million budget.


title: The Good German

text: The film was nominated for the Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score.


title: Amita Suman

text: Amita Suman (born 19 July 1997) is a Nepal–born British actress. She stars as Inej Ghafa in the Netflix series "Shadow and Bone". She had a recurring role as Naya in The CW series "The Outpost".


title: Amita Suman

text: Suman was born in Kalikamai Rural Municipality (formerly Bhedihari VDC) of Parsa District in southern region of Nepal, to a Bhojpuri-speaking family, and is also fluent in the language herself. She went to Saint Xavier School in Birgunj. At the age of seven, Suman moved to Brighton, England. She attended Sussex Downs College (now East Sussex College Lewes) before going on to train at the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, graduating in 2018.


title: Amita Suman

text: Shortly after graduating, Suman made her television debut with minor roles in "Casualty" and "Ackley Bridge". She landed a major guest role in the "Doctor Who" series 11 episode "Demons of the Punjab" as a young version of companion Yasmin Khan's grandmother, Umbreen. Suman took over the recurring role of Naya from Medalion Rahimi in season 2 of the CW series "The Outpost". In October 2019, it was announced Suman would star as Inej Ghafa in the 2021 Netflix series "Shadow and Bone", an adaptation of the fantasy book series "The Grisha Trilogy" and the "Six of Crows Duology" by Leigh Bardugo.


title: Thackeray (film)

text: Thackeray is a 2019 Indian biographical film written and directed by Abhijit Panse and made simultaneously in Marathi and Hindi. The film follows the life of Balasaheb Thackeray, the founder of the Indian political party Shiv Sena. The film stars Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Thackeray and Amrita Rao as his wife. The film released on 25 January 2019, right after the 93rd birthday of Bal Thackeray.


title: Thackeray (film)

text: The music of the film was composed by Rohan-Rohan and Sandeep Shirodkar with lyrics by Dr Sunil Jogi, Manoj Yadav and Manndar Cholkar. The film's score was composed by Amar Mohile.


title: Thackeray (film)

text: Thackeray received mixed reviews from critics. Times of India gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and states: "While the honesty is commendable, it comes across that the lead character's political motivations lack clarity. Perhaps a more seasoned writer, could have fleshed out Thackeray's characters and eccentricities a lot better. But, its Nawaz's nonchalant performance that overshadows the flaws and leaves a lasting impact."


title: Thackeray (film)

text: Times Now went with 2.5 stars out of 5 and has to say: "A lot of focus is put on making the film a tearjerker by emphasizing the aftermath of the riots, violence and fights that pretty much summed up Shiv Sena's history under the guidance of founder, Bal Thackeray. The film is good because of Nawazuddin's performance but it cannot be considered as one of the best biopics ever created."


title: Thackeray (film)

text: The life time domestic Box office collection is as per Taran Adarsh. Raut also plans to continue the film with a sequel.


title: Thackeray (film)

text: Popular Tamil and Telugu actor Siddharth has slammed Bal Thackeray for abusing South Indians. “Nawazuddin has repeated 'Uthao lungi bajao pungi' (lift the lungi and *'#$ him) in the film #Thackeray. Clearly hate speech against South Indians... In a film glorifying the person who said it! Are you planning to make money out of this propaganda? Stop selling hate! Scary stuff!"


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: Steyr-Daimler-Puch () was a large manufacturing conglomerate based in Steyr, Austria, which was broken up in stages between 1987 and 2001. The component parts and operations continued to exist under separate ownership and new names.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: The company, initially known as Josef und Franz Werndl and Company was founded in 1864 as a rifle manufacturer. It grew rapidly during the First World War, by the end of which it employed 14,000 people. The company began producing bicycles in 1894. Steyr automobiles were made after 1918. In September 1917 Steyr recruited Hans Ledwinka, now remembered as one of the great automobile engineers of the twentieth century, but then relatively unknown, to the position of "Chefkonstrukteur", to lead the creation of their automobile manufacturing business


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: The first Steyr car, the six cylinder Type II "12/40" appeared in 1920. It was heavy and well-built, if a little cumbersome. It spawned sports versions with an impressive list of international achievements. The small but luxurious 1.5 L six Type XII of the late twenties won international motor press acclaim.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: The company changed its name to Steyr-Werke AG in 1926. In 1934, Steyr merged with Austro-Daimler-Puch to form Steyr-Daimler-Puch. The range produced in these years mainly consisted of very modern designs, sporting partially or complete unit construction bodies in streamlined livery, from the one-litre Steyr 50 to the 2.3 L Steyr 220 "six".


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: During World War II, when Austria was part of the Third Reich, Steyr-Daimler-Puch's Generaldirektor Georg Meindl became one of the first German industrialists to suggest the use of slave labour from concentration camps to boost manpower at Steyr. The request was approved and prisoners were brought by guarded train from the Mauthausen-Gusen camp complex at Gusen 30 km distant. Later, on 5 January 1942, Meindl wrote a letter to SS Gruppenführer Ernst Kaltenbrunner recommending a new 'satellite' prison camp be constructed to house prisoners nearer the Steyr factory complex, explaining how this would reduce the time and loss of prisoners in transit to and from work while also reducing security and transport overhead costs.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: This was approved and prisoners were used for facilities construction (bomb shelters, etc.), and to supplant manufacturing labor. This practice was not yet common at other larger German companies, though others followed suit including Mercedes-Benz and MAN. The vehicle range was for military use, including the Steyr RSO Raupenschlepper Ost with an air-cooled 3.5 L V8 engine designed by Ferdinand Porsche, who worked for the company at that time. War-time production there included small arms, assault rifles, machine guns, and aircraft engines.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: After the war, Steyr-Daimler-Puch built diesel engined trucks and buses, small and heavy tractors and resumed passenger car production. First, Steyr assembled the FIAT 1100E, then put their own engine in a Fiat 1400, renaming the car the "Steyr 2000". From 1957 through to the early 1970s it produced the tiny Puch 500 under license from FIAT, again with an engine of Austrian design.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: Most prominent was its range of off-road cars, from the two-cylinder Haflinger and the 4 x 4 or 6 x 6 Pinzgauer, the Fiat Panda 4x4 (999 cc) to the Mercedes-Puch G. SDP was the initial designer and manufacturer of these utility vehicles. The Haflinger was produced from 1959–1974, the Pinzgauer from 1971–2000, and the Puch G (also known as Mercedes G-Class) from 1979.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: The company's Puch division produced a line of motorcycles, mopeds, and motor scooters marketed in the United States through Sears Roebuck including the Puch 250 SGS which was delivered in a cardboard crate box to the customer's home. The Austro-Daimler branch built heavy tractors and trucks for the imperial Austrian army (before 1915). The main Steyr civil agricultural tractor production started in 1947.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: After the war Steyr-Daimler-Puch resumed manufacturing bicycles and mopeds, gradually establishing distributors in several countries to manage their sales. Steyr made bicycles for sale for other retailers, most notably Sears. In the mid 1970s "Steyr-Daimler-Puch America" was incorporated in Connecticut to manage importation and distribution of bicycles and mopeds. Puch Austro-Daimler bicycles remained in production at Graz in Austria until the motorcycle and bicycle fabrication portions of the company there were sold in the mid 1987 to Piaggio & C. S.p.A. of Italy.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: In 1987, Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG began selling portions of its different production lines to form separate companies, which included Steyr Nutzfahrzeuge AG ("Steyr Commercial Vehicles", SNF; still based in Steyr) for truck manufacturing, Steyr Bus GmbH (in Vienna) for bus manufacturing, Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik AG (SFT) and the EUROSTAR joint venture in Graz-Liebenau for assembly of automobiles and, in 1990, Steyr Tractor (Steyr Landmaschinentechnik AG).


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: Other production lines were spun off or sold outright to form independent companies, including Puch's motorcycle division going to Piaggio and Steyr Mannlicher producing weapons. In 1990, the diesel engine division was spun off into Steyr Motorentechnik GmbH, which in 2001 became an independent company, renaming itself Steyr Motors GmbH. Steyr Landmaschinentechnik AG (Steyr Tractor) was sold to Case Corporation in 1996 and renamed Case Steyr Landmaschinentechnik (and is part of CNH since 1999).


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: Automobile production remained with Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik (SFT) until Magna International acquired a majority holding in 1998. In 2001–2002 SFT was absorbed fully by Magna, becoming Magna Steyr.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: In 1998, the production of military vehicles was sold to an Austrian investor company, which named it Steyr-Daimler-Puch Spezialfahrzeug GmbH (SSF). In 2003, SSF was sold to the U.S. company General Dynamics, a defence-equipment manufacturer and into General Dynamics Land Systems.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: Steyr's first truck was the Typ III, presented in 1920. Steyr built traditional bonneted trucks in the post war years. In 1968 the distinctive cab over Steyr 90 series was introduced. This was followed by the 91 and the 92 series, built until MAN took over Steyr's truck production in 1990. A version of the 92 series is still built as the 12M18/12S18 for a number of military users, and was sold by Britain's ERF as the ES-series.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: Some MAN trucks are still available with "Steyr" branding for the Austrian market. The smaller 590/690-series of trucks utilized the cabin of the Hanomag-Henschel F-series; they were facelifted in 1982 and became the 591/691.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: Beginning in 1994, Steyr used MAN's F2000 cab for the NSK series ("Neue Schwere Klasse", or "new heavy class"), while the light and medium duty trucks were the NLK and NMK ("Neue Leichte Klasse" and "Neue Mittlere Klasse"), based on MAN's similarly situated L2000 and M2000 ranges respectively. The NLK ranged from the 6S10 (6.5 tons, 102 PS) to the 11S23 (11 tons, 233 PS). The NMK range was from 12 tonners up to the three-axle 25S26. These cabins were referred to as "Typ 152" in Steyr's internal parlance.


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

text: Steyr Daimler Puch produced handguns as well, e.g. the pistols Steyr SP (1957) and Steyr GB (designing began in 1968), the sniper rifle Steyr SSG 69 (1969) and the assault rifle Steyr AUG (1977). Steyr-Mannlicher, founded in 1989, continued the production of handguns until 2019, then the name of the company was changed to Steyr Arms.


title: Heptane

text: Heptane or "n"-heptane is the straight-chain alkane with the chemical formula HC(CH)CH or CH. When used as a test fuel component in anti-knock test engines, a 100% heptane fuel is the zero point of the octane rating scale (the 100 point is 100% iso-octane). Octane number equates to the anti-knock qualities of a comparison mixture of heptane and isooctane which is expressed as the percentage of isooctane in heptane and is listed on pumps for gasoline (petrol) dispensed globally.


title: Heptane

text: Heptane (and its many isomers) is widely used in laboratories as a non-polar solvent. As a liquid, it is ideal for transport and storage. In the grease spot test, heptane is used to dissolve an oil spot to show the previous presence of organic compounds on a stained paper. This is done by shaking the stained paper in a heptane solution for about half a minute.


title: Heptane

text: Aqueous bromine may be distinguished from aqueous iodine by its appearance after extraction into heptane. In water, both bromine and iodine appear brown. However, iodine turns purple when dissolved in heptane, whereas the bromine solution remains brown.


title: Heptane

text: Heptane is commercially available as mixed isomers for use in paints and coatings, as the rubber cement solvent "Bestine", the outdoor stove fuel "Powerfuel" by Primus, as pure "n"-heptane for research and development and pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a minor component of gasoline (petrol). On average, gasoline is about 1% heptane.


title: Heptane

text: Heptane is also used as an adhesive remover by stamp collectors. Since 1974, the United States Postal Service has issued self-adhesive stamps that some collectors find difficult to separate from envelopes via the traditional method of soaking in water. Heptane-based products like Bestine, as well as limonene-based products, have become popular solvents for removing stamps more easily.


title: Heptane

text: "n"-Heptane is defined as the zero point of the octane rating scale. It is a lighter component in gasoline, burns more explosively, causing engine pre-ignition (knocking) in its pure form, as opposed to octane isomers, which burn more slowly and give less knocking. It was originally chosen as the zero point of the scale because of the availability of very high purity "n"-heptane, unmixed with other isomers of heptane or other alkanes, distilled from the resin of Jeffrey pine and from the fruit of "Pittosporum resiniferum". Other sources of heptane and octane, produced from crude oil, contain a mixture of different isomers with greatly differing ratings, and do not give as precise a zero point.


title: Heptane

text: The linear "n"-heptane can be obtained from Jeffrey pine oil. The six branched isomers without a quaternary carbon can be prepared by creating a suitable secondary or tertiary alcohol by the Grignard reaction, converting it to an alkene by dehydration, and hydrogenating the latter. The 2,2-dimethylpentane isomer can be prepared by reacting "tert"-butyl chloride with "n"-propyl magnesium bromide. The 3,3-dimethylpentane isomer can be prepared from "tert"-amyl chloride and ethyl magnesium bromide.


title: Heptane

text: Acute exposure to heptane vapors can cause dizziness, stupor, incoordination, loss of appetite, nausea, dermatitis, chemical pneumonitis, unconsciousness, or possible peripheral neuropathy.


title: Heptane

text: In a CDC study, it was found that prolonged exposure to heptane may also cause a state of intoxication and uncontrolled hilarity in some participants and a stupor lasting for 30 minutes after exposure for others.


title: Heptane

text: According to information from the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, n-heptane can penetrate through the skin and further health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to it. Exposure to n-Heptane may lead to:


title: Heptane

text: a)      Short term health effects like irritation of the eyes, nose, or throat, headache, dizziness, or loss of consciousness.


title: Heptane

text: b)     Chronic health effects that may last for months or years, like reduced memory and concentration, sleep disturbance, or reduced coordination due to its effects on the nervous system.


title: Cole Younger

text: Thomas Coleman Younger (January 15, 1844 – March 21, 1916) was an American Confederate guerrilla during the American Civil War and later an outlaw leader with the James–Younger Gang. He was the elder brother of Jim, John and Bob Younger, who were also members of the gang.


title: Cole Younger

text: Younger was born on January 15, 1844 on the Younger family farm in Jackson County, Missouri. He was a son of Henry Washington Younger, a prosperous farmer from Greenwood, Missouri and Bersheba Leighton Fristoe, daughter of a prominent Jackson County farmer. Cole was the seventh of fourteen children.


title: Cole Younger

text: During the American Civil War, savage guerrilla warfare wracked the state of Missouri. Younger's father was a Union supporter, but he was shot dead by a Union soldier from Kansas. After that, Cole Younger sought revenge as a pro-Confederate guerrilla or "bushwhacker" under William Clarke Quantrill. By 1862, the Confederate Army had been forced to withdraw from the state, and most of the fighting involved pro-Union and pro-Confederate partisans rather than regular armies. However, the bushwhackers held a special hatred for the "red leg" Union troops from Kansas who frequently entered Missouri and earned a reputation for ruthlessness. Younger rode with Quantrill in a retaliatory raid on Lawrence, Kansas on August 21, 1863, during which about 200 citizens were killed and the town looted and burned.


title: Cole Younger

text: Younger later claimed to have eventually left the bushwhackers and enlisted in the Confederate Army. He claimed he was sent to California on a recruiting mission, and returned after the war's end to find Missouri ruled by a militant faction of Unionist Radicals. In the last days of the war, the Radicals had pushed through a new state constitution that barred all Confederate sympathizers from voting, serving on juries, holding public office, preaching the gospel, or carrying out other public roles. The constitution freed all slaves in Missouri in advance of the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It enacted a number of reforms, but the restrictions on former Confederates created disunity.


title: Cole Younger

text: Most of the former bushwhackers returned to peaceful lives. Many left Missouri for friendlier places, particularly Kentucky, where they had relatives. Most of their former leaders, including Quantrill and William "Bloody Bill" Anderson, had been killed during the war. But a small core of Anderson's men, led by the ruthless Archie Clement, remained together. State authorities believed that Clement planned and led the first daylight peacetime armed bank robbery in U.S. history when he held up the Clay County Savings Association on February 13, 1866. The bank was run by the leading citizens of Clay County, who had just held a public meeting for their association. The governor posted a reward for Clement, but he and his band of outlaws conducted further robberies that year. On election day of 1866, Clement led his men to polling places in Lexington, Missouri, where they intimidated citizens and secured the election of a slate of candidates. A state militia unit entered the town shortly thereafter and killed Clement when he resisted arrest.


title: Cole Younger

text: It is uncertain when the Younger brothers joined the Clement gang. The first mention of their involvement came in 1868, when authorities identified Cole as a member of a gang that robbed Nimrod Long & Co., a bank in Russellville, Kentucky. Former guerrillas John Jarrett (Younger's brother-in-law), Arthur McCoy, and George and Oliver Shepard were also implicated. Oliver Shepard was killed resisting arrest and George was imprisoned. Once the more senior members of the gang had been killed, captured, or quit, its core thereafter consisted of the Younger brothers and Frank and Jesse James.


title: Cole Younger

text: Witnesses repeatedly gave identifications that matched Cole Younger in robberies carried out over the next few years, as the outlaws robbed banks and stagecoaches in Missouri and Kentucky. On July 21, 1873, they turned to train robbery, derailing a locomotive and looting the express car on the Rock Island Railroad in Adair, Iowa. Younger and his brothers were also suspects in robberies in Missouri, Kentucky, Kansas, and West Virginia.


title: Cole Younger

text: Following the robbery of the Iron Mountain Railroad at Gad's Hill, Missouri in 1874, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency began to pursue the so-called James–Younger Gang. Two agents (Louis J. Lull and John Boyle) engaged John and Jim Younger in a gunfight on a Missouri road on March 17, 1874. Lull and John Younger were killed and Boyle and Jim Younger fled the scene. Another Pinkerton agent who pursued the James brothers, W. J. Whicher, was abducted and later found dead alongside a rural road in Jackson County, Missouri.


title: Cole Younger

text: Some Younger families changed their last names to Jungers to avoid a family association with the gangsters. The James and Younger brothers survived capture longer than most Western outlaws because of their strong support among former Confederates. Jesse James became the public face of the James–Younger Gang, appealing to the public in letters to the press.


title: Cole Younger

text: On September 7, 1876, the James–Younger Gang attempted to rob a bank in Northfield, Minnesota. Cole Younger and his brother Bob both later said that they selected the bank because of its connection to two former Union generals and Radical politicians, Benjamin Butler, a Democrat, and Adelbert Ames a Republican. Three of the outlaws entered the bank, as the remaining five, led by Cole Younger, remained on the street to provide cover. The crime soon went awry, however, when the townspeople sent up the alarm and ran for their guns. Younger and his brothers began to fire in the air to clear the streets, but the townspeople (shooting from behind cover, through windows and around the corners of buildings) opened a deadly fusillade, killing gang members Clell Miller and William Chadwell and badly wounding Bob Younger through the elbow. Herb Potter rode off in a hail of bullets.


title: Cole Younger

text: The outlaws killed two townspeople, including the acting cashier of the bank, and fled empty-handed. As hundreds of Minnesotans formed posses to pursue the fleeing gang, the outlaws separated. The James brothers made it back to Missouri, but the three Youngers (Cole, Bob, and Jim) did not. They and another gang member, Charlie Pitts, waged a gun battle with a local posse in a wooded ravine along the Watonwan River west of Madelia, Minnesota. Pitts was killed, and Cole, Jim, and Bob Younger were badly wounded and captured. Cole, asked about the robbery, responded, "We tried a desperate game and lost. But we are rough men used to rough ways, and we will abide by the consequences."


title: Cole Younger

text: Cole, Jim and Bob pleaded guilty to their crimes to avoid being hanged. They were sentenced to life in prison at the Minnesota Territorial Prison at Stillwater on November 18, 1876. Frank and Jesse James fled to Nashville, Tennessee, where they lived peacefully for the next three years. In 1879, Jesse returned to a life of crime, which ended with his death on April 3, 1882, in Saint Joseph, Missouri. Frank James surrendered to Missouri Governor Thomas T. Crittenden on October 4, 1882. Eventually Frank James was acquitted, and lived quietly and peacefully thereafter.


title: Cole Younger

text: Bob Younger died in Stillwater prison on September 16, 1889, of tuberculosis. Cole and Jim were paroled on July 10, 1901, with the help of the prison warden. Jim committed suicide in a hotel room in St. Paul, Minnesota, on October 19, 1902. Cole wrote a memoir that portrayed himself as a Confederate avenger more than an outlaw, admitting to only one crime, that at Northfield. He lectured and toured the south with Frank James in a wild west show, The Cole Younger and Frank James Wild West Company, in 1903. On August 21, 1912, Cole declared that he had become a Christian and repented of his criminal past. He was baptised at Lee’s Summit Christian Church on 16 August 1913.


title: Cole Younger

text: Frank James died February 18, 1915. A year later, Cole Younger died, on March 21, 1916, in his hometown of Lee's Summit, Missouri, and is buried in the Lee's Summit Historical Cemetery.


title: Seventh son of a seventh son

text: The seventh son of a seventh son is a concept from folklore regarding special powers given to, or held by, such a son. To qualify as "the seventh son of a seventh son" one must be the seventh male child born in an unbroken line with no female siblings born between, and to a father who himself is the seventh male child born in an unbroken line with no female siblings born between. The number has a long history of mystical and biblical significance, such as seven virtues, seven deadly sins, Seven Sleepers and Seven Heavens.


title: Seventh son of a seventh son

text: In some beliefs, the special powers are inborn, inherited simply by virtue of his birth order; in others, the powers are granted to him by God or the gods because of his birth order.


title: Seventh son of a seventh son

text: The seventh son of a seventh son is gifted as a healer. The seventh son of a seventh son is part of a more general phenomenon known as the "cure" (sometimes also called the "charm").


title: Seventh son of a seventh son

text: According to Edward Augustus Kendall in "Travels through the Northern Parts of the United States, in the year 1807–1808" while visiting the Newgate copper mine and prison, the author met an innkeeper who told him that "there was to be found in the surrounding hills, a black stone, of a certain species, through which a seventh son of a seventh son, born in the month of February, with a caul on his head, can discern everything that lies in the depths and interior of the globe." The author speculates that the importance of mining to the community gave rise to this localized belief.


title: Seventh son of a seventh son

text: In some Latin American countries, the seventh son of a seventh son is believed to be cursed to be a werewolf, , (in Paraguay) or (the Portuguese word for "werewolf"). To prevent this, the newborn should be baptized in seven different churches. Alternately, he may be baptized under the name "Benito", with his eldest brother (the eldest son of their father) as his godfather. It is important to note that the local myth of the is not connected to the custom that began over 100 years ago by which every seventh son (or seventh daughter) born in Argentina to "legitimately married parents of good conduct and moral character" is eligible to become godchild to the president.


title: Seventh son of a seventh son

text: In Italian legend, "Ciarallo" was a seventh son of a seventh son who had the power to enchant and recall snakes, and who was immune to snake venom. Ciarallo was not only a seventh son, but underwent a special initiation rite called ""inciaramazione"". Customarily, one would ask Ciarallo's intercession when a snake was discovered in the house. Ciarallo would answer these requests by attracting the snake with a whistle. He would also perform the "inciaramazione" rite on other people to ensure protection from snakes by spreading a special oil on their arm. Children were led to Ciarallo by their mothers to get protection.


title: Seventh son of a seventh son

text: Raymond T. McNally and Radu Florescu describe the Transylvanian folk belief that "the seventh son of a seventh son is doomed to become a vampire."


title: TwitchCon

text: TwitchCon is a semi-annual gaming convention for the livestreaming video platform Twitch. The convention is organized by Twitch Interactive and focuses on the general culture of livestreaming and video gaming. TwitchCon also serves as an opportunity for streamers and content creators to improve their stream quality and grow their brand. TwitchCon is open to industry professionals, streamers, and fans; the convention allows community members to meet streamers, discover new products, and trial new games. The first convention was held in 2015 in San Francisco. In 2019, the first European convention was held in Berlin. The most recent convention was held in October 2022, in San Diego. TwitchCon is normally hosted twice a year, once in North America for three days and once in Europe for two days. All North American conventions have been held in California, while the European conventions cycle between countries.


title: TwitchCon

text: The inaugural TwitchCon was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco on September 25 and 26, 2015. The event was organized by Twitch, and featured a keynote by Twitch CEO Emmett Shear. All of the convention's panels were livestreamed on Twitch.


title: TwitchCon

text: In 2016, the convention was moved to the San Diego Convention Center and expanded to a three-day annual event. This TwitchCon introduced sponsors such as Xbox, Truth, and Amazon Game Studios.


title: TwitchCon

text: In 2017, TwitchCon took place at Long Beach, CA. This included the first esports tournaments to be held at TwitchCon included H1Z1 Arena, Lineage 2: Revolution 30 vs 30 Fortress Siege Showcase, and Power Rangers: Legacy Wars Showdown.


title: TwitchCon

text: TwitchCon 2018 took place at the McEnery Convention Center in San Jose, California. The main presentation was held on the first day of the event by djWHEAT, director of Twitch studios, who made numerous statements about forthcoming features for the platform. Twitch Speaks, a speaking series first presented at TwitchCon 2018, featured Tony Hawk, Kevin Smith, Felicia Day, Emmett Shear, and Ninja. The "Fall Skirmish" final, a competitive Fortnite tournament final, was held at TwitchCon 2018, at the time making it the second largest Fortnite LAN event held.


title: TwitchCon

text: The inaugural TwitchCon Europe took place at CityCube Berlin in Germany on April 13–14, 2019. American actor, singer, producer, and businessman David Hasselhoff appeared as a motivational speaker at the event. Attendees had to be over the age of 18 to enter TwitchCon Europe, Berlin.


title: TwitchCon

text: TwitchCon (North America) took place from September 27–29, 2019 it introduced the debut of an updated Twitch logo, TwitchCon logo, and brand design. This was the second time the event had been held in San Diego, with the first being held in 2016. This was also the first time a TwitchCon event was held at a venue more than one time.


title: TwitchCon

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, TwitchCon San Diego 2020, which was scheduled to occur at the San Diego Convention Center between September 25 and 27, 2020, as well as TwitchCon Europe, which was scheduled to occur at RAI Amsterdam Convention Centre in Amsterdam between May 2 and 3, 2020, were cancelled. On November 14, 2020, in lieu of TwitchCon, Twitch held a 12-hour virtual convention named "GlitchCon." Over 425 streamers participated in the event. Notable activities included Twitch Rivals tournaments for "Fortnite" and "Fall Guys", the Austin Talent Show featuring judges T-Pain and Andy Milonakis, and a US$1 million donation being made to the AbleGamers foundation.


title: TwitchCon

text: Neither a GlitchCon or TwitchCon event occurred in 2021. The next event would be held in Amsterdam in 2022.


title: TwitchCon

text: After a two-year hiatus, TwitchCon Amsterdam took place in July 2022 at the RAI Amsterdam Convention Centre.


title: TwitchCon

text: TwitchCon San Diego took place at the San Diego Convention Center in October 2022. This was the third time the event has been held in San Diego. The events required face coverings and had numerous COVID-19 prevention protocols in place.


title: TwitchCon

text: The TwitchCon San Diego party was held at Petco Park, and featured the artists Meet Me at The Altar, Kim Petras, and Megan Thee Stallion. The party gained significant media attention when an attendee cosplaying as Master Chief from the Halo series of video games was allowed on stage during a performance with Megan Thee Stallion.


title: TwitchCon

text: However, many people were critical of the San Diego event. One of the more notable criticisms of the event was the lack of security protocols in place for exhibitors, resulting in overcrowded venues and reported stalking incidents. Legion by Lenovo and Intel hosted an interactive exhibit that involved attendees dueling in an arena using large padded instruments and landing in a pit of foam cubes. However, the arena was not padded properly, causing people to land on hard ground, resulting in various injuries. Of the two injured, streamer Adriana Chechik reported that she had broken her back after landing, and had to undergo surgery to set the fracture with a rod implant. Lenovo and Intel both remained silent on the matter. Chechik posted on social media that neither Intel, Lenovo, or Twitch had contacted her directly about the incident.


title: TwitchCon

text: At TwitchCon San Diego, Twitch did not announce a location for a potential TwitchCon North America event in 2023 during the closing ceremony, breaking years-old tradition.


title: TwitchCon

text: Little is known about TwitchCon Paris other than the fact it is scheduled to take place sometime in 2023. Unlike previous years, a location in North America has not been announced, and it is unknown if a second event will take place in 2023.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: The Status Quo (, ) is an understanding among religious communities with respect to nine shared religious sites in Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Other Holy Places in Israel and Palestine were not deemed subject to the Status Quo, because the authorities of one religion or community within a religion are in recognized or effective possession of them.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: The "status quo" stemmed from a "firman" (decree) of Ottoman sultan Osman III in 1757 that preserved the division of ownership and responsibilities of various Christian holy places. Further firmans issued in 1852 and 1853 affirmed that no changes could be made without consensus from all six Christian communities; these firmans received international recognition in Article 9 of the Treaty of Paris (1856). The term "status quo" was first used in regards to the Holy Places in the Treaty of Berlin (1878).


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: The 1929 summary prepared by L. G. A. Cust, "The Status Quo in the Holy Places", became the standard text on the subject, and the details were further formalized in the 1949 United Nations Conciliation Commission after the 1947–1949 Palestine war.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: Controlled by the Roman Empire and then, following its division, by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, these eastern sites first became a point of contention in the centuries following 1054, when the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church separated. Following the seizure of the Holy Land by knights from the West in the First Crusade, the Catholic church became the custodian of the churches in Jerusalem. With the defeat of the crusader states and the rise of the Ottoman Empire, control of the sites oscillated between the Catholic (Latin) and the Orthodox (Greek) churches, depending upon which could obtain a favorable "firman" (decree) from the Ottoman "Sublime Porte" at a particular time, often through outright bribery. Violent clashes were not uncommon. There was no agreement about this question, although it was discussed at the negotiations to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: During the Holy Week of 1757, Orthodox Christians reportedly took over some of the Franciscan-controlled church, possibly leading Sultan Osman III to write a 1757 decree forming the basis of the "status quo". In the years preceding the Crimean War (1853–1856), Napoleon III of France pressured the sultan to invalidate the 1757 "status quo" in favor of the Catholic church, leading in part to Nicholas I of Russia declaring war in favor of the Orthodox church's rights. This resulted in 1852 and 1853 "firmans" by Sultan Abdülmecid I which received international recognition in Article 9 of the Treaty of Paris (1856) leaving the status quo intact. The existing territorial division was solidified amongst the communities, the treaty stating that "The actual status quo will be maintained and the Jerusalem shrines, whether owned in common or exclusively by the Greek, Latin, and Armenian communities, will all remain forever in their present state." Despite this declaration, there are no unanimous terms defining the status quo, sometimes causing contradictory differences of opinion.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: Despite the arguments over who would control what aspects of these sites, the Status Quo has remained largely intact from the 18th century to the present.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: The term "status quo" was first used in regards to the Holy Places in Article 62 of the Treaty of Berlin (1878). A summary of the Status Quo prepared by L. G. A. Cust, a civil servant of the British Mandate, "The Status Quo in the Holy Places", quickly became the standard text on the subject.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: According to the United Nations Conciliation Commission, the Status Quo applies to nine sites in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, which Cust separates into three categories:


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: The so-called immovable ladder under the window of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, made of Lebanon cedar wood, was in place by 1728 and has remained there ever since the 1757 status quo was established, aside from being temporarily moved twice. The ladder is referred to as immovable due to the agreement of the Status Quo that no cleric of the six Churches may move, rearrange, or alter any property without the consent of the other five orders.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: According to various accounts, the ladder once belonged to a mason who was doing restoration work in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Jerome Murphy-O'Connor states that "the ladder was first introduced at a time when the Ottomans taxed Christian clergy every time they left and entered the Holy Sepulchre." The Catholics adapted by setting up quarters inside the church. O'Connor continues:


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: The window, ladder and ledge all belong to the Armenians. The ledge served as a balcony for the Armenian clergy resident in the Holy Sepulchre, and they reached it via the ladder. It was their only opportunity to get fresh air and sunshine. At one stage, apparently, they also grew fresh vegetables on the ledge.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: The earliest record of the ladder is in by Elzearius Horn. In 1757, the same year the Status Quo was introduced, Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid I mentioned the ladder in a "firman", and because everything was to be left “as it was” according to the royal decree, the ladder had to stay as it was too.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: During his pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1964, Pope Paul VI described the ladder as a visible symbol of Christian division. In 1997, the ladder was supposedly pulled in through the window and hidden behind an altar by a Protestant Christian intending "to make a point of the silliness of the argument over whose ledge it is." It was returned to the ledge weeks later, and a grate was installed in the window.


title: Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)

text: In 2009, the ladder was placed against the left window for a short period before being moved back again.


title: Tony Burrows

text: Anthony Burrows (born 14 April 1942) is an English pop singer and recording artist. As a prolific session musician, Burrows was involved in the production of numerous transatlantic hit singles throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, most of which were one-hit wonders, including "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" by Edison Lighthouse, "United We Stand" by Brotherhood of Man, "My Baby Loves Lovin'" by White Plains, "Gimme Dat Ding" by The Pipkins and "Beach Baby" by The First Class. During 1970, four singles by four different acts for whom he served as lead vocalist all charted at or near the top of the UK Singles Chart and additionally reached the top 20 in the United States.


title: Tony Burrows

text: Burrows was born in Exeter, Devon, England. In the early 1960s, he was a member of The Kestrels, a vocal harmony group which also included the future songwriting team Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook. Subsequently, he joined the Ivy League, singing lead on their last hit "Willow Tree", which peaked at UK No. 50 in 1966. Burrows was still with them when they metamorphosed into the Flower Pot Men. The Flower Pot Men had only one hit, "Let's Go to San Francisco", which reached No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart in the autumn of 1967. However, Burrows had no involvement with the single, which was created in the studio by the band's producers. He did feature on a few later Flower Pot Men singles which were not hits. Two founding members of Deep Purple, Jon Lord and Nick Simper, were also part of this early band for live shows.


title: Tony Burrows

text: Later, Burrows sang the lead vocals on several other one-hit wonder songs under different group names, Edison Lighthouse's "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" (February 1970); White Plains' "My Baby Loves Lovin'" (March 1970); the Pipkins' novelty song "Gimme Dat Ding" (April 1970); and the First Class' "Beach Baby" (July 1974). He also sang lead vocals on Brotherhood of Man's "United We Stand", which reached No. 10 on the UK chart and also reached No. 13 in the U.S.


title: Tony Burrows

text: A published interview with Burrows claims that he became the first (and still the only) recording artist to appear on BBC Television's "Top of the Pops" fronting three different group acts appearing almost sequentially in a single broadcast show: Edison Lighthouse (the No. 1 British-charted hit that week), White Plains, and Brotherhood of Man. However records show that this did not happen. He did, however, have two of his bands on the same "Top of the Pops" four times between 29 January and 26 February 1970. Appearing alongside Edison Lighthouse on the shows were Brotherhood of Man (29 January 1970 and 19 February 1970) and White Plains (12 February 1970 and 26 February 1970). The recordings of his appearances on 29 January, 5 February and 26 February 1970 are all still in existence.


title: Tony Burrows

text: Although he hit the top 40 as the lead singer of five different groups, he only managed to have one chart single as a solo artist in the US. In 1970, he hit the "Billboard" Hot 100 with "Melanie Makes Me Smile", which peaked at No. 87. As well as fronting various hit-making acts, Burrows has also contributed vocals as a session singer to many other hits, claiming to have sung on 100 top 20 hits in the 1970s.


title: Tony Burrows

text: He has also recorded as a session harmony singer with Elton John on the songs "Levon" and "Tiny Dancer", with Cliff Richard, and James Last. In 2011, Burrows was awarded the BASCA Gold Badge Award in recognition of his contribution to music.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: The history of the Big Bang theory began with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations. Much of the theoretical work in cosmology now involves extensions and refinements to the basic Big Bang model. The theory itself was originally formalised by Belgian Catholic priest, theoretical physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and professor of physics Georges Lemaître. Hubble's Law of the expansion of the universe provided foundational support for the theory.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: In medieval philosophy, there was much debate over whether the universe had a finite or infinite past (see Temporal finitism). The philosophy of Aristotle held that the universe had an infinite past, which caused problems for past Jewish and Islamic philosophers who were unable to reconcile the Aristotelian conception of the eternal with the Abrahamic view of creation. As a result, a variety of logical arguments for the universe having a finite past were developed by John Philoponus, Al-Kindi, Saadia Gaon, Al-Ghazali and Immanuel Kant, among others.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: In his 1225 treatise "De Luce" ("On Light"), English theologian Robert Grosseteste explored the nature of matter and the cosmos. He described the birth of the universe in an explosion and the crystallization of matter to form stars and planets in a set of nested spheres around Earth. "De Luce" is the first attempt to describe the heavens and Earth using a single set of physical laws.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: In 1610, Johannes Kepler used the dark night sky to argue for a finite universe. Seventy-seven years later, Isaac Newton described large-scale motion throughout the universe.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: The description of a universe that expanded and contracted in a cyclic manner was first put forward in a poem published in 1791 by Erasmus Darwin. Edgar Allan Poe presented a similar cyclic system in his 1848 essay titled ""; it is obviously not a scientific work, but Poe, while starting from metaphysical principles, tried to explain the universe using contemporary physical and mental knowledge. Ignored by the scientific community and often misunderstood by literary critics, its scientific implications have been reevaluated in recent times.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: According to Poe, the initial state of matter was a single "Primordial Particle". "Divine Volition", manifesting itself as a repulsive force, fragmented the Primordial Particle into atoms. Atoms spread evenly throughout space, until the repulsive force stops, and attraction appears as a reaction: then matter begins to clump together forming stars and star systems, while the material universe is drawn back together by gravity, finally collapsing and ending eventually returning to the Primordial Particle stage in order to begin the process of repulsion and attraction once again. This part of Eureka describes a Newtonian evolving universe which shares a number of properties with relativistic models, and for this reason Poe anticipates some themes of modern cosmology.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: Observationally, in the 1910s, Vesto Slipher and later, Carl Wilhelm Wirtz, determined that most spiral nebulae (now correctly called spiral galaxies) were receding from Earth. Slipher used spectroscopy to investigate the rotation periods of planets, the composition of planetary atmospheres, and was the first to observe the radial velocities of galaxies. Wirtz observed a systematic redshift of nebulae, which was difficult to interpret in terms of a cosmology in which the universe is filled more or less uniformly with stars and nebulae. They weren't aware of the cosmological implications, nor that the supposed nebulae were actually galaxies outside our own Milky Way.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: Also in that decade, Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity was found to admit no static cosmological solutions, given the basic assumptions of cosmology described in the Big Bang's theoretical underpinnings. The universe (i.e., the space-time metric) was described by a metric tensor that was either expanding or shrinking (i.e., was not constant or invariant). This result, coming from an evaluation of the field equations of the general theory, at first led Einstein himself to consider that his formulation of the field equations of the general theory may be in error, and he tried to correct it by adding a cosmological constant. This constant would restore to the general theory's description of space-time an invariant metric tensor for the fabric of space/existence. The first person to seriously apply general relativity to cosmology without the stabilizing cosmological constant was Alexander Friedmann. Friedmann derived the expanding-universe solution to general relativity field equations in 1922. Friedmann's 1924 papers included ""Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes"" ("About the possibility of a world with constant negative curvature") which was published by the Berlin Academy of Sciences on 7 January 1924. Friedmann's equations describe the Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker universe.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: In 1927, the Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaitre proposed an expanding model for the universe to explain the observed redshifts of spiral nebulae, and calculated the Hubble law. He based his theory on the work of Einstein and De Sitter, and independently derived Friedmann's equations for an expanding universe. Also, the red shifts themselves were not constant, but varied in such manner as to lead to the conclusion that there was a definite relationship between amount of red-shift of nebulae, and their distance from observers.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: In 1929, Edwin Hubble provided a comprehensive observational foundation for Lemaitre's theory. Hubble's experimental observations discovered that, relative to the Earth and all other observed bodies, galaxies are receding in every direction at velocities (calculated from their observed red-shifts) directly proportional to their distance from the Earth and each other. In 1929, Hubble and Milton Humason formulated the empirical Redshift Distance Law of galaxies, nowadays known as Hubble's law, which, once the Redshift is interpreted as a measure of recession speed, is consistent with the solutions of Einstein's General Relativity Equations for a homogeneous, isotropic expanding space. The isotropic nature of the expansion was direct proof that it was the space (the fabric of existence) itself that was expanding, not the bodies in space that were simply moving further outward and apart into an infinitely larger preexisting empty void. It was this interpretation that led to the concept of the expanding universe. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that most of the universe was expanding and moving away from everything else. If everything is moving away from everything else, then it should be thought that everything was once closer together. The logical conclusion is that at some point, all matter started from a single point a few millimetres across before exploding outward. It was so hot that it consisted of only raw energy for hundreds of thousands of years before the matter could form. Whatever happened had to unleash an unfathomable force, since the universe is still expanding billions of years later. The theory he devised to explain what he found is called the Big Bang theory.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: In 1931, Lemaître proposed in his ""hypothèse de l'atome primitif"" (hypothesis of the primeval atom) that the universe began with the "explosion" of the "primeval atom" — what was later called the Big Bang. Lemaître first took cosmic rays to be the remnants of the event, although it is now known that they originate within the local galaxy. Lemaitre had to wait until shortly before his death to learn of the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, the remnant radiation of a dense and hot phase in the early universe.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: Hubble's Law had suggested that the universe was expanding, contradicting the cosmological principle whereby the universe, when viewed on sufficiently large distance scales, has no preferred directions or preferred places. Hubble's idea allowed for two opposing hypotheses to be suggested. One was Lemaître's Big Bang, advocated and developed by George Gamow. The other model was Fred Hoyle's Steady State theory, in which new matter would be created as the galaxies moved away from each other. In this model, the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. It was actually Hoyle who coined the name of Lemaître's theory, referring to it as "this 'big bang' idea" during a radio broadcast on 28 March 1949, on the BBC Third Programme. It is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative "steady state" cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: Hoyle repeated the term in further broadcasts in early 1950, as part of a series of five lectures entitled "The Nature of The Universe". The text of each lecture was published in "The Listener" a week after the broadcast, the first time that the term "big bang" appeared in print. As evidence in favour of the Big Bang model mounted, and the consensus became widespread, Hoyle himself, albeit somewhat reluctantly, admitted to it by formulating a new cosmological model that other scientists later referred to as the "Steady Bang".


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: From around 1950 to 1965, the support for these theories was evenly divided, with a slight imbalance arising from the fact that the Big Bang theory could explain both the formation and the observed abundances of hydrogen and helium, whereas the Steady State could explain how they were formed, but not why they should have the observed abundances. However, the observational evidence began to support the idea that the universe evolved from a hot dense state. Objects such as quasars and radio galaxies were observed to be much more common at large distances (therefore in the distant past) than in the nearby universe, whereas the Steady State predicted that the average properties of the universe should be unchanging with time. In addition, the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964 was considered the death knell of the Steady State, although this prediction was only qualitative, and failed to predict the exact temperature of the CMB. (The key big bang prediction is the black-body spectrum of the CMB, which was not measured with high accuracy until COBE in 1990). After some reformulation, the Big Bang has been regarded as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the cosmos. Before the late 1960s, many cosmologists thought the infinitely dense and physically paradoxical singularity at the starting time of Friedmann's cosmological model could be avoided by allowing for a universe which was contracting before entering the hot dense state, and starting to expand again. This was formalized as Richard Tolman's oscillating universe. In the sixties, Stephen Hawking and others demonstrated that this idea was unworkable, and the singularity is an essential feature of the physics described by Einstein's gravity. This led the majority of cosmologists to accept the notion that the universe as currently described by the physics of general relativity has a finite age. However, due to a lack of a theory of quantum gravity, there is no way to say whether the singularity is an actual origin point for the universe, or whether the physical processes that govern the regime cause the universe to be effectively eternal in character.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: Through the 1970s and 1980s, most cosmologists accepted the Big Bang, but several puzzles remained, including the non-discovery of anisotropies in the CMB, and occasional observations hinting at deviations from a black-body spectrum; thus the theory was not very strongly confirmed.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: Huge advances in Big Bang cosmology were made in the 1990s and the early 21st century, as a result of major advances in telescope technology in combination with large amounts of satellite data, such as COBE, the Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: In 1990, measurements from the COBE satellite showed that the spectrum of the CMB matches a 2.725 K black-body to very high precision; deviations do not exceed 2 parts in . This showed that earlier claims of spectral deviations were incorrect, and essentially proved that the universe was hot and dense in the past, since no other known mechanism can produce a black-body to such high accuracy. Further observations from COBE in 1992 discovered the very small anisotropies of the CMB on large scales, approximately as predicted from Big Bang models with dark matter. From then on, models of non-standard cosmology without some form of Big Bang became very rare in the mainstream astronomy journals.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: In 1998, measurements of distant supernovae indicated that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, and this was supported by other observations including ground-based CMB observations and large galaxy red-shift surveys. In 1999–2000, the Boomerang and Maxima balloon-borne


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: 2dFGRS galaxy red-shift survey estimated the mean matter density around 25–30 percent of critical density.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: From 2001 to 2010, NASA's WMAP spacecraft took very detailed pictures of the universe by means of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The images can be interpreted to indicate that the universe is 13.7 billion years old (within one percent error) and that the Lambda-CDM model and the inflationary theory are correct. No other cosmological theory can yet explain such a wide range of observed parameters, from the ratio of the elemental abundances in the early universe to the structure of the cosmic microwave background, the observed higher abundance of active galactic nuclei in the early universe and the observed masses of clusters of galaxies.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: In 2013 and 2015, ESA's Planck spacecraft released even more detailed images of the cosmic microwave background, showing consistency with the Lambda-CDM model to still higher precision.


title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: Much of the current work in cosmology includes understanding how galaxies form in the context of the Big Bang, understanding what happened in the earliest times after the Big Bang, and reconciling observations with the basic theory. Cosmologists continue to calculate many of the parameters of the Big Bang to a new level of precision, and carry out more detailed observations which are hoped to provide clues to the nature of dark energy and dark matter, and to test the theory of General Relativity on cosmic scales.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: John Smith (born Robert Errol Van Orden, March 6, 1931 – January 25, 1995) was an American actor whose career primarily focused on westerns. He had his leading roles in two NBC western television series, "Cimarron City" and "Laramie".


title: John Smith (actor)

text: A descendant of Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor of New Netherland in the 17th century, Smith was born in Los Angeles, California, to Errol and Margaret Van Orden.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: Smith graduated from Susan Miller Dorsey High School in Los Angeles and enrolled at the University of California at Los Angeles. He sang with a dance band and played football and basketball and engaged in gymnastics during his school years.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In the early 1940s, Smith joined the Robert Mitchell Boys Choir and appeared in several films, including Bing Crosby's "Going My Way" and "The Bells of St. Mary's", as an uncredited choir member.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: By 1950, he was working as a messenger for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and in 1952, the studio cast him as James Stewart's brother in "Carbine Williams," although the part was uncredited. He was renamed by his agent Henry Willson in contrast to the more exciting names of Willson's other clients as he was "the only John Smith in the business".


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1954, Smith appeared as the newlywed Milo Buck, opposite Karen Sharpe as Nell Buck, in the Academy Award-winning airplane disaster film, "The High and the Mighty", starring and produced by John Wayne.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1955, Smith played the part of James Earp, older brother of Wyatt Earp in the film "Wichita", starring Joel McCrea and Vera Miles. That same year, he played the part of Willie McGill or the "Colfax Kid" in the episode "Paper Gunman" of NBC's anthology series "Frontier", hosted and narrated by Walter Coy.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: Smith guest-starred in 1955 in the role of John Sontag in the syndicated television series "Stories of the Century", the first western series to win an Emmy Award. The episode is entitled "Sontag and Evans," referring to Sontag's older partner in crime, Chris Evans, played by Morris Ankrum. Sontag and Evans turn to crime to fight the encroachment of the Southern Pacific Railroad.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1956, Smith had a small role as Caleb Cope in the film "Friendly Persuasion", starring Gary Cooper. He played Jeff Northrup in another 1956 film, "Hot Rod Girl". He appeared as Thursday October Christian in another film, "The Women of Pitcairn Island". That same year, he appeared as Wesley Mason in another film, "Rebel in Town", starring John Payne.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: That same year, he was the lead guest in "The Story of Lucky Swanson" on CBS's fantasy drama, "The Millionaire", and as a character called "Utah" on "Father Knows Best," the Robert Young situation comedy. He was further cast in 1956 as Steve Maguire in the episode "The Singing Preacher", with Dick Foran in the lead role, on the religion anthology series, "Crossroads". He appeared as David in the 1956 episode "Cholera" of CBS's "Gunsmoke".


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1957, Smith starred with Fay Spain as a young prizefighter, Tommy Kelly, in the film "The Crooked Circle". He was cast as Private Reynolds that year in the picture "Tomahawk Trail", starring Chuck Connors.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: Smith appeared twice on the ABC/Warner Brothers western series "Colt .45", starring Wayde Preston. He was cast as The Comanche Kid in "Gallows at Granite Gap" (November 8, 1957), with Virginia Gregg as Martha Naylor and Stuart Randall, later a recurring character with Smith on "Laramie", as Sheriff Mort Cory. The child actor Ken Osmond was cast as Tommy. Smith subsequently appeared on "Colt .45" as Shelby Taylor in "Point of Honor" (March 21, 1958). In this episode Cameron Mitchell portrayed Dr. Alan McMurdo.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1958, Smith appeared in the episode "The Irwin Brown Story" of the United States Navy television drama "Men of Annapolis".


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In the 1958–1959 television season, Smith landed a starring role as the blacksmith/deputy sheriff Lane Temple on "Cimarron City". The episodes rotated among Smith and two other stars, George Montgomery as Mayor Matt Rockford and Audrey Totter as Beth Purcell, the owner of the Cimarron City boarding house.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1958, he played the part of Smitty in "Letter of the Weak" in the detective series, Mickey Spillane's "Mike Hammer", starring Darren McGavin. In 1959, he appeared as Irving Randall in the episode of "A Night with the Boys" of CBS's "Alfred Hitchcock Presents". That same year, Smith played a pilot, Joe Walker, in the film "Island of Lost Women".


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1959, he was cast as the young rancher Slim Sherman, the lead role on "Laramie" (1959–1963) with Robert Fuller, Hoagy Carmichael, Robert L. Crawford, Jr., Stuart Randall, and later Spring Byington and Dennis Holmes. From their stint on "Laramie", Smith and Robert Fuller developed a lifelong friendship, until Smith's own death in early 1995. On the first episode of the second season "Queen of Diamonds," he introduced Julie London to Fuller, who also developed a lifelong friendship with Smith's co-star, until London's own death, late in 2000.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1964, John Wayne asked director Henry Hathaway to cast Smith in the role of Steve McCabe in Wayne's film "Circus World". According to a Smith biography, Hathaway developed an intense dislike for Smith for unknown reasons and tried to keep him from working again in Hollywood.


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1966, Smith guest-starred as Noble Vestry in the short-lived 1966 ABC comedy/western series "The Rounders", starring Chill Wills. That same year, he played the part of Joe Gore in the A. C. Lyles-produced Western "Waco".


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1967, Smith was cast as Ed Dow in three episodes of ABC's short-lived "Hondo" western series, starring Ralph Taeger. He appeared in three episodes: "Hondo and the Ghost of Ed Dow", "Hondo and the War Cry", and "Hondo and the Eagle Claw.".


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1968 and 1970, he appeared in two episode of NBC's "The Virginian", starring James Drury and Doug McClure. In 1972, he appeared in two episodes of Robert Fuller's & Julie London's "Emergency!" in the role of "Captain Hammer." He also appeared in 1968 in an episode of Robert Culp's "I Spy" crime drama. In 1971, he appeared as Dr. Carl Isenburg in the horror film "Blood Legacy".


title: John Smith (actor)

text: In 1972, he guest-starred on NBC's police drama "Adam-12". That same year, he had his last film role as Mr. Ames in Walt Disney's "Justin Morgan Had a Horse". His last television appearances came in 1974 and 1975, when he portrayed different physicians in two episodes of ABC's medical-drama "Marcus Welby, M.D.", starring Robert Young. And in 1975, he appeared on Angie Dickinson's NBC drama "Police Woman".


title: John Smith (actor)

text: Smith died on January 25, 1995, at the age of 63, of cirrhosis of the liver and heart problems. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea.


title: Lobelia

text: Lobelia () is a genus of flowering plants comprising 415 species, with a subcosmopolitan distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions. They are known generally as lobelias.


title: Lobelia

text: The genus "Lobelia" comprises a substantial number of large and small annual, perennial and shrubby species, hardy and tender, from a variety of habitats, in a range of colours. Many species appear totally dissimilar from each other. However, all have simple, alternate leaves and two-lipped tubular flowers, each with five lobes. The upper two lobes may be erect while the lower three lobes may be fanned out. Flowering is often abundant and the flower colour intense, hence their popularity as ornamental garden subjects.


title: Lobelia

text: The genus "Lobelia" was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in "Species plantarum" and was named after the Flemish botanist Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616).


title: Lobelia

text: "Lobelia" is probably the base form from which many other lobelioid genera are derived; it is therefore highly paraphyletic and not a good genus in a cladistic sense. For example, the Hawaiian species (see Hawaiian lobelioids), currently classified in several genera, originated from a single introduction to a now-submerged Hawaiian Island 15 million years ago, probably from an Asian "Lobelia" in "Lobelia" subg. "Tupa".


title: Lobelia

text: A New Zealand study concluded that local species of" Hypsela, Isotoma" and "Pratia" should be treated as Lobelia.


title: Lobelia

text: "Lobelia" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Setaceous Hebrew Character.


title: Lobelia

text: Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. These include "Lobelia cardinalis" syn. "Lobelia fulgens" (cardinal flower or Indian pink), "Lobelia siphilitica" (blue lobelia), and "Lobelia erinus", which is used for edging and window boxes.


title: Lobelia

text: Numerous hybrids have been produced, notably "Lobelia" × "speciosa", a hybrid derived from "L. fulgens", "L. cardinalis" & "L. siphilitica". The term "fan hybrids" is also used. This plant is borderline hardy and requires fertile, moist soil. It is suitable for summer bedding schemes or growing in containers. The cultivars 'Kompliment Scharlach' and 'Pink Elephant'


title: Lobelia

text: The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is "Lobelia inflata" (Indian tobacco). Use of lobelia for cardiovascular diseases may cause adverse effects.


title: Lobelia

text: Lobelia has been used as "asthmador" in Appalachian traditional medicine. Two species, "L. siphilitica" and "L. cardinalis", were once considered a cure for syphilis. Herbalist Samuel Thomson popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century.


title: Lobelia

text: Many members of the genus are considered poisonous, with some containing the toxic principle lobeline. Because of lobeline's similarity to nicotine, the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women, and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting. It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner qualified in its use. It also has a chemical known as lobellicyonycin, which may cause dizziness.


title: Lobelia

text: Extracts of "Lobelia inflata" contain lobeline and those from "Lobelia chinensis" contain apigenin, lobeline, lobelanine, isolobelanine, lobelanidine, quercetin, coumarins, glucosides and other flavonoids.


title: Lobelia

text: About eleven species native to Mexico and Central America have spurs on the flowers. These spurred lobelias appear to form a monophyletic group. Most have been classified in the genera "Heterotoma" (or sometimes "Calcaratolobelia"). However, since their closest relatives such as "Lobelia anatina" are in "Lobelia", Koopman and Ayers classify them in "Lobelia".


title: Ted Griffin

text: Ted Griffin (born December 21, 1970) is an American screenwriter whose credits include "Ravenous", "Matchstick Men", and "Ocean's Eleven".


title: Ted Griffin

text: Born in Pasadena, California, Griffin graduated from Colgate University in 1993. He was scheduled to make his directorial debut with "Rumor Has It...", for which he had written the original screenplay, but was replaced by Rob Reiner 12 days after principal filming began. He did a rewrite on the Ashton Kutcher film "Killers". He moved into television by creating "Terriers" for FX. Griffin played Agent Hughes in "The Wolf of Wall Street".


title: Ted Griffin

text: His brother is screenwriter Nicholas Griffin. His maternal grandparents were director William A. Seiter and Finnish American actress Marian Nixon.


title: Ted Griffin

text: Griffin became engaged to actress Sutton Foster in August 2013. He and Foster married on October 25, 2014.


title: Pete Evans

text: Peter Daryl Evans (born 29 August 1973) is an Australian chef, and former television presenter, who was a former judge of the competitive cooking show "My Kitchen Rules". Evans has been heavily criticised for spreading misinformation about vaccinations and promoting pseudoscientific dieting ideas such as the paleolithic diet. He lives in Round Mountain, New South Wales.


title: Pete Evans

text: In 1996, Evans moved to Sydney with his brother and David Corsi and they opened Hugos Bondi in 1996, followed by Hugos Lounge in 2000 and Hugos Bar Pizza in 2004 (both in Sydney's Kings Cross) and Hugos Manly in 2008. Over 1998–2011, the restaurants in the Hugos Group were awarded eight "Sydney Morning Herald" 'Chef's Hats', 21 'Best in Australia' awards, and three 'Best pizza in Australia' awards at the Australian Fine Food Show. In 2005, Hugos won 'Best pizza in the world' at the American Pizza Challenge in New York City.


title: Pete Evans

text: While visiting Australia for her "Oprah's Ultimate Australian Adventure" (2011), Oprah Winfrey sent her 'ultimate viewers' for a pizza-making and cocktail class with Evans at Hugos Bar Pizza. Evans has cooked at several events in the US as part of the annual promotion. In 2013 Pete Evans was involved in a venture with several business partners that were reported to owe $769,000 to a multitude of different creditors, including Evans himself. In 2014, Evans overhauled the menu at the CBD apartment hotel Fraser Suites in Perth in keeping with his paleo philosophy.


title: Pete Evans

text: Beginning in 2010, Evans was a judge on the Australian Channel Seven TV kitchen game show "My Kitchen Rules" (MKR). with co-host Manu Feildel. The fourth series of MKR was shown in 2013. In 2014 the series won the Logie Award for the Most Popular Reality Program. Evans remained a judge on MKR throughout its run, which in 2015 was the highest rated reality television competition in Australia with about two million weekly viewers. Evans also hosted the show "A Moveable Feast with Fine Cooking", which aired on PBS in the United States, which was nominated in 2014 for a Daytime Emmy Award. The show first aired in 2013, in which "Evans takes viewers on a faced-paced trip, serving pop-up feasts in a multitude of settings across America".


title: Pete Evans

text: In 2017, Evans produced and narrated a Netflix documentary called "The Magic Pill", which promoted the ketogenic diet, and claimed that it can help manage autism, asthma and cancer.


title: Pete Evans

text: In May 2020, Evans' contract with Channel Seven was terminated after poor ratings from the eleventh season of "My Kitchen Rules", and the TGA fining him A$25,000 for promoting a device he claimed could cure COVID-19. Channel Seven has not announced whether Evans would appear on the network in the future. Evans has stated he will now be focusing on his alternative lifestyle business.


title: Pete Evans

text: Evans had a monthly recipe column in "The Australian Women's Weekly" (2009–12) and has been a contributor to "Selector" magazine. In October 2012, Evans began a monthly recipe column for "Home Beautiful". Evans has stated that the philosophy behind his books is that modern society is living by outdated nutritional precepts. Evans is also a motivational speaker, performing national tours in Australia. He first learned of the paleo-diet after reading the works of Nora Gedgaudas.


title: Pete Evans

text: Some of his claims on fluoride and calcium have been challenged by the Australian Medical Association.


title: Pete Evans

text: Evans' championing of alternative medicines and "activated almonds" has attracted criticism from peak medical bodies throughout Australia. In particular, his support for the paleo diet has brought about criticism from the public. Evans has stated that he completed an online course with the Institute for Integrative Nutrition, and describes himself as a "health coach" rather than a dietitian.


title: Pete Evans

text: In 2015, Evans co-authored a cookbook titled "Bubba Yum Yum: The Paleo Way for New Mums, Babies and Toddlers" which raised controversy after being called "extremely deadly for all babies" by health experts. Despite the controversy, "My Kitchen Rules" broadcaster, the Seven Network, said that public reactions to the event were not a concern and supported Evans. Following the controversy, the authors made several changes to the book, but experts noted that the recipes in the new version were still potentially dangerous for babies.


title: Pete Evans

text: Evans is the first person ever to win the Australian Skeptics' Bent Spoon Award twice, most recently in 2020 when he won for the second time for his promotion of the pseudoscientific non-medical BioCharger for treating COVID-19, and for his promotion of the anti-vaccination cause, through interviewing defrocked medico Andrew Wakefield to discuss his debunked suggestion of a link between vaccines and autism, and his support of the alarmist, conspiratorial and mis-named Medical Options Party in the Queensland election. He also won the award in 2015 for "his diet promotions, campaigns against fluoridation and support of anti-vaccinationists". A spokeswoman for the Seven Network defended Evans saying: "Pete is not anti-vaxx. His position on this, and more generally, is to further his own education on all topics regarding health."


title: Pete Evans

text: In 2016, Evans gave advice to an osteoporosis sufferer on Facebook to stop eating dairy products. His claims that the "calcium from dairy can remove the calcium from your bones" and that "most doctors do not know about this" were widely condemned by medical professionals.


title: Pete Evans

text: In 2018, Evans furthered his opposition to the use of sunscreens, and promoted brief and direct looks into the sun without any means of protection, during sunrise and sunsets, which drew criticism as it can cause vision loss.


title: Pete Evans

text: Evans is opposed to fluoridation of drinking water, and considers ingredients in many sunscreen products to be toxic.


title: Pete Evans

text: High-profile Australian medical experts have warned about the grave dangers of following Evans' advice, including Michael Gannon (the president of the Australian Medical Association), Brad McKay (host of "Embarrassing Bodies Down Under") and obstetrician Brad Robinson.


title: Pete Evans

text: In early 2020, it was reported that Evans had been photographed with prominent anti-vaxxer Robert F. Kennedy Jr admiring his work as "important". GP Brad McKay said that "Pete Evans has peddled nonsense for years" and that the community "has tolerated his anti-science rantings for long enough" and that he is contributing to an "undermining of important public health efforts". The national president of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP), Harry Nespolon, also responded that "Pete Evans should stick to talking about 'activated almonds' and leave vaccinations alone", adding that the anti-vax movement is "intensely frustrating" and undermining gains made in improving public health.


title: Pete Evans

text: Evans complained that comments Nespolon made about him had subjected him to being "laughed at and ridiculed". After the president passed away due to pancreatic cancer, Evans quipped that Nespolon didn’t know how to "deal with" his illness, and wished the doctor had a chat with him beforehand. The RACGP called on Evans to retract his comments.


title: Pete Evans

text: In May 2020, Evans received criticism from Australian Labor MP Josh Burns for promoting a video by conspiracy theorist David Icke which claimed both that the COVID-19 virus did not exist and that the virus was caused by 5G antenna installations. Burns wrote to Evans to warn him about promoting Icke's views because of Icke's history of antisemitism.


title: Pete Evans

text: In October 2020, Evans claimed he had helped a number of people come through cancer by "looking through a holistic lens" and embracing both "modern and natural" medicine, and had also helped people "get off pharmaceutical drugs" and reversed terminal illnesses by using a "holistic approach".