title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: "True Crime" was a large box-office bomb domestically; with an opening weekend gross of $5.3 million and a total domestic gross of $16.6 million, against a $55 million budget.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""True Crime" has the potential for a gripping character-driven mystery, but a pedestrian story and a miscast Clint Eastwood undermine its effectiveness." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Richard Roeper

text: Richard E. Roeper (born October 17, 1959) is an American columnist and film critic for the "Chicago Sun-Times". He co-hosted the television series "At the Movies" with Roger Ebert from 2000 to 2008, serving as the late Gene Siskel's successor. From 2010 to 2014, he co-hosted "The Roe and Roeper Show" with Roe Conn on WLS-AM. From October 2015 to October 2017, Roeper served as the host of the FOX 32 morning show "Good Day Chicago."


title: Richard Roeper

text: Roeper was born in Chicago, Illinois. He grew up in south suburban Dolton, Illinois and attended Thornridge High School, before graduating from Illinois State University in 1982 with a bachelor's degree in journalism. While still a student at the university, he auditioned for the movie review program "Sneak Previews" when Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert (his future co-host on "At the Movies") left the program, which he was obviously turned down.


title: Richard Roeper

text: Roeper began working as a columnist for the "Chicago Sun-Times" in 1986. The topics of his columns ranged from politics to media to entertainment.


title: Richard Roeper

text: He has also written seven books on topics ranging from movies to urban legends to conspiracy theories to the Chicago White Sox. In 2009, Roeper appeared on Howard Stern's show and said he had written a book on gambling, entitled "Bet the House", which was released in the first quarter of 2010.


title: Richard Roeper

text: Roeper was a radio host on WLS AM 890 in Chicago. He also hosted shows on WLUP-FM, WLS-FM, and WMVP-AM in Chicago. He won three Emmy awards for his news commentaries on Fox in the 1990s and was the film critic for CBS in Chicago for three years in the early 2000s. He won the National Headliner Award as the top newspaper columnist in the country in 1992 and has been voted the best columnist in Illinois by the Associated Press on numerous occasions.


title: Richard Roeper

text: His columns have been syndicated by "The New York Times" to publications throughout the world. Roeper has written for a number of magazines, including "Esquire", "Spy", "TV Guide", "Playboy", "Maxim", and "Entertainment Weekly". He was once named one of "People" magazine's most eligible bachelors.


title: Richard Roeper

text: Roeper was a frequent guest on "The Tonight Show", "Live with Regis and Kelly", "The O'Reilly Factor", and countless other national programs. He also hosted "Starz Inside", a monthly documentary series that aired on the Starz network. Roeper appeared on the first episode of the fifth season of "Entourage", where he reviewed a fake movie titled "Medellin" with Michael Phillips on "At the Movies". In April 2008, Roeper was the central figure on an episode of "Top Chef", where contestants served up movie-themed dishes to Roeper and his friends (including Aisha Tyler).


title: Richard Roeper

text: In February 2009, Roeper launched his own website, which features movie reviews, blog entries, photos, and Twitter posts. In December 2009, he launched a video section, which featured on-camera reviews of movies. The video segments were originally produced in partnership with the Starz premium cable channel. Roeper announced that the reviews would appear first on his site, then on the Starz channel.


title: Richard Roeper

text: In December 2009, it was reported that Roeper had signed with ReelzChannel to be a regular contributor. Beginning in December 2010, Roeper began producing video reviews for ReelzChannel. He stopped reviewing movies for ReelzChannel in February 2015; his final review was for the Jude Law disaster film "Black Sea".


title: Richard Roeper

text: From April 12, 2010 to October 7, 2014, he co-hosted "The Roe & Roeper Show" with Roe Conn on Chicago's WLS 890 radio station from 2-6pm CST.


title: Richard Roeper

text: In October 2015, Roeper joined the cast of the Fox Chicago morning TV show "Good Day Chicago". He signed off from that morning TV show on October 18, 2017.


title: Richard Roeper

text: Roeper was suspended from the "Sun-Times" on January 29, 2018, pending an investigation into allegations that he had purchased Twitter followers. On February 2, the "Sun-Times" released a statement stating that their investigation did find that Roeper purchased over 25,000 fake followers. He was later reinstated by the paper, though he was required to begin using a new account on which he was explicitly disallowed from buying followers.


title: Richard Roeper

text: After Gene Siskel of "Siskel & Ebert" died on Saturday, February 20, 1999, Roger Ebert co-hosted the show with nearly 30 guest critics. After ten appearances on the program, Roeper was offered the opportunity to permanently co-host the popular film review show with Ebert. The series was renamed "Ebert & Roeper and the Movies" in 2000. The title was shortened to "Ebert & Roeper" in 2001. Prior to this, he got to conduct an interview in 1995 with Siskel and Ebert to commemorate the 20th anniversary of their partnership.


title: Richard Roeper

text: Beginning in August 2006, while his co-host Roger Ebert was recovering from cancer surgery, Roeper was joined by numerous guest critics, including "Clerks" director Kevin Smith, "The Tonight Show" host Jay Leno, and singer-songwriter John Mellencamp. On Sunday, July 20, 2008, Roeper announced that he was leaving the show in mid-August and would return with a new show later in the year. However, plans for a new program starring Roeper failed to materialize.


title: Richard Roeper

text: Between 2009 and late 2010, Roeper contributed video reviews to Starz. In December 2010, he moved to ReelzChannel, where he contributed a segment titled "Richard Roeper's Reviews" every weekday at 5:00 PM ET. Roeper remained with the network until early 2015. In early 2013, Roeper began contributed film reviews to "RogerEbert.com". On September 12, 2013, it was announced that Roeper will replace Roger Ebert as the main movie critic for the "Chicago Sun-Times" after his death on April 4, 2013 at the age of 70. In August 2014, Roeper became first-string film critic for the "Chicago Sun-Times", where he made his debut reviewing "Guardians of the Galaxy".


title: Richard Roeper

text: On July 11, 2016, Roeper gave the 2016 reboot of "Ghostbusters" a negative review, giving the film one out of four stars (a D- in his radio review), criticizing its acting, script, and "cheesy" special effects. Afterwards, his review was met with criticism on social media and from the website "Salon", who accused him of male bias and misogyny. Roeper responded to the criticisms stating, "How insulting would it be to give a film a pass because of good intentions and diversity in the casting? That's not equal treatment; that's condescension."


title: Richard Roeper

text: Roeper has cited "The Maltese Falcon", "The Godfather" trilogy, and "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" as among his favorite films. On "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" he stated that, "It has one of the highest 'repeatability' factors of any film I've ever seen...I can watch it again and again. There's also this, and I say in all sincerity: "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" is something of a suicide prevention film, or at the very least a story about a young man trying to help his friend gain some measure of self-worth...Ferris has made it his mission to show Cameron that the whole world in front of him is passing him by, and that life can be pretty sweet if you wake up and embrace it. That's the lasting message of "Ferris Bueller's Day Off"." Roeper pays homage to the film with a license plate that says "SVFRRIS". In a 2000 interview, he cited Woody Allen as a hero of filmmaking. Among his favorite films from the 1990s are "Goodfellas", "Pulp Fiction", "Heat", "Good Will Hunting", and "Notting Hill". In November 2004, on a special segment of "Ebert & Roeper", Roeper stated that his all-time favorite film about Thanksgiving is "Planes, Trains and Automobiles". In December 2009, Roeper selected "The Departed" as the best film of the 2000s. In December 2019, Roeper selected "The Social Network" as the best film of the 2010s.


title: Richard Roeper

text: Since 2000, Roeper compiled "best of the year" film lists which helped to provide an overview of his critical preferences. His top choices were:


title: DRDO Rustom

text: The DRDO Rustom (English: "Warrior") is a Medium Altitude Long Endurance unmanned air vehicle (UAV) being developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation for the three services, Indian Army, Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force of the Indian Armed Forces. Rustom is derived from the NAL's LCRA (Light Canard Research Aircraft) developed by a team under the leadership of late Prof Rustom Damania in the 1980s. The UAV will have structural changes and a new engine. Rustom will replace/supplement the Heron UAVs in service with the Indian armed forces.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: Rustom-1's basic design is derived from the NAL light canard research aircraft (LCRA). The aircraft has been named after Rustom Damania, a former professor of IISc, Bangalore who died in 2001. DRDO decided to name the UAV after him because it is derived from National Aerospace Laboratories' light canard research aircraft (LCRA) developed under Rustom Damania's leadership in the 1980s.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: With the Rustom MALE UAV project, DRDO intends to move away from traditional ways of developing products whereby laboratories under DRDO, like the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), which is involved in this project, develop and finalize the product and transfer technology to a production agency.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: DRDO will follow a practice of concurrent engineering where initial design efforts also take into consideration production issues, with the production agency participating in the development of the system right from the design stage. The agency will also follow up issues related to infrastructure and expertise for the product and its support, thereby overcoming time delays in crucial projects.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: Rustom-1 has a wingspan of and weighs , will be launched by the conventional method and not the launcher as in the case of the DRDO Lakshya. Rustom will be able to see the enemy territory up to a distance of and carry a variety of cameras and radar for surveillance.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: Rustom-H, built on a different design, is a Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MALE UAV), a twin engine system designed to carry out surveillance and reconnaissance missions. Rustom H will have a payload capacity of .


title: DRDO Rustom

text: The Indian government has allowed the development of the Rustom MALE UAV project in association with a production agency cum development partner (PADP). The ADE officials indicated that the requests for proposals (RFP) would shortly be issued to four vendors which are the Tata Power Strategic Engineering Division, Larsen & Toubro Limited, Godrej Aerospace Limited and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited-Bharat Electronics Limited (joint bid) who were chosen out of the 23 firms that responded.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: Currently, negotiations are underway between these companies and the three Indian armed forces since the private majors are looking for support and commitment from them before they start executing any development and production plans. This is because the chosen PADP will also have a financial stake in the Rustom project. The Armed Forces would also be asked to take up a financial stake and the Indian government may have to guarantee that a specific number of Rustom UAVs will be bought.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: On 09 Nov 21 the project achieved the rare distinction of indigenously developing Automatic Take off and Landing (ATOL) using GAGAN SBAS. On 09 Mar 22 the programme achieved a double digit Endurance clocking 10:20hr surpassing the previous time of 08:05hr which was achieved in 2020.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: The first flight of Rustom-I UAV took place on 16 November 2009 at the Taneja Aerospace Air Field near Hosur. The demonstration resulted in the prototype crashing to the ground. Stated by the DRDO, the taxiing and takeoff was exactly as planned. Due to misjudgment of altitude of the flight, the on-board engine was switched off through ground command which made the on-board thrust developed to go to zero.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: Despite the mishap, the state-owned Defence Research and Development Organisation stated: "The flight proved the functioning of a number of systems such as aerodynamics, redundant flight control, engine and datalink, which go a long way towards the development of a complex UAV."


title: DRDO Rustom

text: The second "maiden" flight took place on 15 Oct 2010. In this test flight, the UAV flew for 30 minutes at an altitude of . The test was conducted in Hosur. The Indian army was impressed with Rustom-1 and will use it as a MALE UAV.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: Rustom-1 made its 5th successful flight on morning of 12 November 2011, flying for 25 minutes at AGL at a speed . It completed its 8th successful flight on 8 Dec 2011. It flew at an altitude of (max) and at a speed of (max) during its 30 minutes flight near Hosur, claims DRDO. The highlight of the flight was that Rustom-1 was test flown with the 'gimbal payload assembly carrying daylight TV & Infra-Red camera for the first time. Good quality pictures were received from the camera in gimbal payload assembly.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: The 14th Successful Flight of Rustom-1 was reported on 8 May 2012, with the attainment of about above ground level and speed of above during 2 hours 10 minutes of operation.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: DRDO carried out a successful test flight of TAPAS-BH-201 on 25 February 2018, at the Aeronautical Test Range (ATR) located in Chalakere, Chitradurga district. This was the first flight of the UAV in user configuration with higher power engine.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: During its development trials Rustom 2 crashed near Jodichikkenahalli in Karnataka's Chitradurga district on 17 September 2019. No one was hurt. The UAV was being tested at Challakere Aeronautical Test Range, a DRDO outdoor testing facility. TAPAS-BH-201 completed satellite communication (SATCOM) mode trial and flew with long range electro-optical payload as of 16 August 2020.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: In December 2021, Rustom- II had reached an altitude of 25,000 feet and had achieved an endurance of 10 hours.


title: DRDO Rustom

text: On March 12th 2022, it demonstrated its flight altitude above 27,500 feet with an endurance of 18 hours.


title: Jim Rogers

text: James Beeland Rogers Jr. (born October 19, 1942) is an American investor and financial commentator based in Singapore. Rogers is the chairman of Beeland Interests, Inc. He was the co-founder of the Quantum Fund and Soros Fund Management. He was also the creator of the Rogers International Commodities Index (RICI).


title: Jim Rogers

text: Rogers does not consider himself a member of any school of economic thought, but has acknowledged that his views best fit the label of the Austrian School of economics.


title: Jim Rogers

text: In 1964, Rogers graduated with a bachelor's degree cum laude in history from Yale University. He got his first job on Wall Street, at Dominick & Dominick.


title: Jim Rogers

text: In 1966, Rogers then acquired a second BA degree in philosophy, politics and economics from the University of Oxford, as a member of Balliol College.


title: Jim Rogers

text: In April 2019, he received an honorary Ph.D. from Pusan National University for his books containing positive messages on Korean reunification.


title: Jim Rogers

text: In 1964, Rogers joined Dominick & Dominick LLC on Wall Street, where he first learned about stocks and bonds. From 1966 to 1968, Rogers was in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War.


title: Jim Rogers

text: In 1970, Rogers joined investment bank Arnhold and S. Bleichroder, where he worked with George Soros.


title: Jim Rogers

text: In 1973, Soros and Rogers both left and founded the Quantum Fund. From 1973 to 1980, the portfolio gained 4,200% while the S&P advanced about 47%. The Quantum Fund was one of the first truly global funds. In 1980, Rogers decided to "retire" and traveled on a motorcycle around the world. He has since been a guest professor of finance at the Columbia Business School.


title: Jim Rogers

text: In 1989 and 1990, Rogers was the moderator of WCBS' "The Dreyfus Roundtable" and FNN's "The Profit Motive with Jim Rogers". From 1990 to 1992, he traveled through China again and around the world on motorcycle, covering over 100,000 miles (160,000 km) across six continents. His journey was listed in the "Guinness Book of World Records". He tells of his adventures and worldwide investments in the bestseller "Investment Biker."


title: Jim Rogers

text: In 1998, Rogers founded the Rogers International Commodity Index. In 2007, the index and its three sub-indices were linked to exchange-traded notes under the banner ELEMENTS. The notes track the total return of the indices as an accessible way to invest in the index. Rogers is an outspoken advocate of agriculture investments.


title: Jim Rogers

text: Between January 1, 1999, and January 5, 2002, Rogers went on another Guinness-recognized journey through 116 countries, covering 245,000 kilometers with his wife Paige Parker in a custom-made Mercedes. The trip began in Iceland, which was about to celebrate the millennial anniversary of Leif Eriksson's first trip to America. On January 5, 2002, the couple returned to their New York home on Riverside Drive. He wrote "Adventure Capitalist" following this around-the-world adventure.


title: Jim Rogers

text: On his return in 2002, Rogers became a regular guest on Fox News' "Cavuto on Business" and other financial TV shows. In 2005, Rogers wrote "Hot Commodities: How Anyone Can Invest Profitably in the World's Best Market", in which Rogers quotes a "Financial Analysts Journal" academic paper co-authored by Yale School of Management professor, Geert Rouwenhorst, entitled "Facts and Fantasies about Commodity Futures".


title: Jim Rogers

text: In December 2007, Rogers sold his mansion in New York City for about $16 million and moved to Singapore. Rogers said he moved because now is a groundbreaking time for investment potential in Asian markets. His daughters speak fluent Mandarin to prepare them for the future. He said, "If you were smart in 1807, you moved to London, if you were smart in 1907, you moved to New York City, and if you are smart in 2007, you move to Asia."


title: Jim Rogers

text: In a CNBC interview with Maria Bartiromo broadcast on May 5, 2008, Rogers said people in China are extremely motivated and driven, and that he wants to be in that type of environment so his daughters are motivated and driven. He added that this is how America and Europe used to be. He chose not to move to Chinese cities like Hong Kong or Shanghai due to high pollution potentially causing health problems for his family. However, he remains skeptical of India's future, saying in 2001, "India as we know it will not survive another 30 or 40 years".


title: Jim Rogers

text: Rogers has been married three times. In 1966, he married his first wife, Lois Biener; they divorced in 1969. In 1974, he married Jennifer Skolnik; they divorced in 1977. He married Paige Parker in 2000; they have two daughters.


title: Jim Rogers

text: In September 2012 Rogers was appointed by VTB Capital as an advisor to the agricultural division of its global private equity unit. Rogers noted: "Russia and the CIS region have all the ingredients needed to become the world's agriculture powerhouse. It seems that everything may now be coming together under VTB Capital to make this happen, so I am keen to participate, if the fund gets off the ground."


title: Jim Rogers

text: In 2002, Rogers said that Fed chairman Alan Greenspan's "reaction to the stock-market bubble has caused two more bubbles to grow: a real-estate bubble and a consumer-debt bubble." In 2006, Rogers said he was shorting US financials, home builders and Fannie Mae.


title: Jim Rogers

text: On November 4, 2010, speaking at Balliol College, Oxford, Rogers urged students to scrap career plans for Wall Street or the City, London's financial district, and to study agriculture and mining instead. "The power is shifting again from the financial centers to the producers of real goods. The place to be is in commodities, raw materials, natural resources."


title: Jim Rogers

text: In May 2012 he remarked during an interview with "Forbes" magazine that "there's going to be a huge shift in American society, American culture, in the places where one is going to get rich. The stock brokers are going to be driving taxis. The smart ones will learn to drive tractors so they can work for the smart farmers. The farmers are going to be driving Lamborghinis. I'm telling you. You should start Forbes Farming." Rogers has been periodically bearish on the US stock market since the 1980s, notably 1987, 1998, 1999 & 2008. In February 2018, he reportedly predicted that the next bear market would be "the worst in our lifetime."


title: Jim Rogers

text: Jim Rogers spoke to Forks Daily about market correction and his thoughts about Blockchain and Crypto Assets in September 2022


title: Kumbhakarna

text: Kumbhakarna (Sanskrit: कुम्भकर्ण, lit. "pot-eared") is a powerful rakshasa and younger brother of Ravana from the Hindu epic "Ramayana". Despite his gigantic size and appetite, he is described as a virtuous character and a great warrior in Hindu texts. He is said to have slaughtered 8,000 vanaras over the course of Rama's invasion of Lanka.


title: Kumbhakarna

text: Vibhishana narrated that Kumbhakarna had been born with immense strength, having subdued both Indra and Yama, striking the former in the chest with the broken tusk of Airavata. At the bequest of Indra, Brahma cursed the rakshasa to "sleep like he is dead". On Ravana's request, he commuted the curse to have the rakshasa sleep for six months at a time, and wake up for exactly one day to wreak havoc and devour to his heart's content.


title: Kumbhakarna

text: In a popular retelling of this tale, Kumbhakarna, accompanied by his brothers Ravana and Vibhishana, performed a major yajna to please Brahma. Indra was worried and jealous of his strength so he went to Brahma before Kumbhakarna's boon could come to fruition.


title: Kumbhakarna

text: When Kumbhakarna asked for his boon, his tongue was tied by the goddess Saraswati, who acted on Indra's request. Instead of asking for "Indraasana" (the throne of Indra), he asked for "Nidraasana" (bed for sleeping). It is also said that he intended to ask for "Nirdevatvam" (annihilation of the devas) and instead asked for "Nidravatvam" (sleep). His request was instantly granted. However, his brother Ravana requested Brahma to undo this curse as a boon and Brahma reduced it to sleeping for six months, after which he would sleep again as soon as his appetite was satisfied.


title: Kumbhakarna

text: In the Bhagavata Purana, Kumbhakarna is said to be the incarnation of the gatekeeper deity Vijaya. Vijaya, along with his brother and fellow gatekeeper Jaya, was punished by the Four Kumaras for impiety while they guarded the sacred realm of Vishnu. Vijaya was initially sentenced to mortality, but after appealing to Vishnu, their sentences were reduced to just three lifetimes, allowing them to return to Vaikuntha. While his brother Jaya became Ravana, Vijaya became Kumbhakarna during their second of three incarnations on Earth.


title: Kumbhakarna

text: Kumbhakarna is portrayed as a loyal, powerful, and fearless character who fought to defend his brother and land out of obligation and affection. He had an grand appetite and slept for months at a time.


title: Kumbhakarna

text: Kumbhakarna's father is Vishrava, and his siblings are Ravana, Vibhishana, and Shurpanakha. He has two sons, Kumbha and Nikumbha, with his wife Vajrajwala, the daughter of Bali and granddaughter of Virochana, who also fought in the war against Rama and was killed.


title: Kumbhakarna

text: In defense of his kingdom, Ravana charged into battle and was humiliated by Rama and his army after underestimating his enemy. He decided he needed the help of his brother Kumbhakarna, who woke up only after 1,000 elephants walked over him.


title: Kumbhakarna

text: When informed of Ravana's war with Rama, Kumbhakarna tried to convince Ravana that what he is doing was wrong, that Rama is the avatar of Vishnu, and that Sita is an avatar of Lakshmi. However, Ravana was deaf to these words and Kumbhakarna chose to fight in the battle due to loyalty and affection to his brother and homeland. He joined the battle and devastated Rama's army. After a battle against Hanuman and Sugriva, he knocked the latter unconscious and took him prisoner.


title: Kumbhakarna

text: Lakshmana and Kumbhakarna dueled for a long period, leaving both of them exhausted. In his battle against Rama, Kumbhakarna had one arm cut off by the "Vayuastra" and the other mutilated by the Indrastra. Still, he raged towards Rama, opening his mouth to swallow him whole, and was met with a volley of arrows. In the Kamba Ramayanam, Kumbhakarna acknowledges the divinity of Rama, but informs him of his dharma to fight for his brother, and only urges the prince to keep Vibhishana safe from harm. With his desire granted, he charged against Rama with his feet severed by crescent arrows. He was slain only when the Indrastra was deployed by Rama. Kumbakarna's head was decapitated, and is described to have smashed several buildings and fortifications before descending towards the sea. When Ravana heard of his brother's death, he fainted and later proclaimed that he was doomed.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: Anthony Patrick Knockaert (born 20 November 1991) is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger for Super League Greece club Volos, on loan from side Fulham.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: Knockaert, who was born in Roubaix, began his professional career with Guingamp, having previously spent his youth career at Wasquehal, Leers, Lens, Mouscron and Lesquin. While progressing in the youth at Lesquin, he almost joined Leeds United in September 2008, but both parties could not agree terms after Lens intervened in the transfer and demanded a compensatory fee. At some point on progressing his youth career, Knockaert thought about considering quitting football after being told by the Lens' management that he was released because he was small at the time.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: It was not until the summer of 2009 when he moved to Guingamp, where he signed his first professional contract. It was not until on 30 July 2010 when he made his Guingamp debut in the first round of the Coupe de la Ligue, scoring in a 2–1 win over Grenoble. After playing 120 minutes, in a 3–2 win over Evian in the second round of the Coupe de la Ligue, he scored his second goal in the Coupe de la Ligue, in a 3–2 win over on 22 September 2010. Seven days later, on 29 September 2010, he made his league debut, making his first start and played 69 minutes before being substituted, in a 5–0 win over Gap. Soon after, he signed a three-year contract with the club on 6 October 2010 Knockaert then scored his first league goals, in a 6–0 win over Maccabi Paris Métropole on 22 April 2011. After helping the club's promotion to Ligue 2, he made 27 appearances scoring 4 times in all competitions.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: In the 2011–12 season, Knockaert started the season well when he scored twice in a 2–0 win over Vannes in the second round of the Coupe de la Ligue on 9 August 2011. Weeks later, on 9 September 2011, he scored his first goal of the season, in a 2–1 loss against Reims. It was not until on 17 October 2011 when he scored again, in a 4–1 win over AS Monaco. In the ten matches between 19 December 2011 and 16 March 2012, he scored six times against Sedan, Istres, Boulogne, Le Havre, Troyes and Lens. Knockaert then scored three more goals later in the season, scoring twice against Metz and once against Clermont. He finished the 2011–12 season making 38 appearances and scoring thirteen times in all competitions.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: At the end of the season, Knockaert's performance at Guingamp attracted interests from clubs around Europe, such as English side Newcastle United, and Portuguese side Benfica, as well as being linked with his native country side Montpellier.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: On 1 August 2012, Knockaert moved to Leicester City on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was undisclosed before the transfer fee was revealed as £2.5 million.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: Knockaert made his Leicester City debut on 18 August 2012, where he came on as a substitute for Lloyd Dyer in the second half, in a 2–0 win over Peterborough United. he then scored his first goal for Leicester with a free-kick against Burton Albion in the League Cup on 28 August 2012. His first league goals came in a 2–0 win at Huddersfield Town on 2 October 2012. The first was a 35-yard shot into the top corner, while the second saw him flick the ball in from behind with his left heel, after a cross from left-back Paul Konchesky. By the end 2012, he scored two more goals against Ipswich Town and Barnsley. On 1 January 2013, he scored another two league goals for the club in the reverse fixture against Huddersfield Town with Leicester City winning 6–1 and then scored another by the end of January, with a 2–1 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 4 May 2013, he scored the winning goal in a 3–2 victory over Nottingham Forest at the City Ground that got Leicester City into a playoff place. Following his performance against Forest, which also contained an assist for Andy King's 50th Leicester goal, Knockaert was named in the Championship Team of the Week, alongside King. However, in the 2013 Playoff semi-final second leg, with the aggregate scores level he won a penalty for Leicester City deep into stoppage time. He opted to take the penalty himself but it was saved by Watford goalkeeper Manuel Almunia who also saved the follow-up. Despite this, he went on to win both Young Player of the Year and Goal of the Season against Huddersfield Town and finished his first season making 47 appearances and scoring nine times in all competitions.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: In the 2013–14 season, Knockaert scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season in the 5–2 League Cup victory away to Carlisle United and scored again in the second round of the League Cup with a 30-yard free kick at home to Derby County and then assisted Danny Drinkwater's winning goal in a 2nd half come back in the 3rd round victory. Despite his good performances, he did not score his first league goal until Leicester's 3–0 away win against Watford. After scoring three more goals from December to early-January against Sheffield Wednesday, Bolton Wanderers and Millwall, He was a regular member of a settled side that went unbeaten from early December until 5 April, when promotion was assured after losses by third placed QPR and fourth placed Derby County. Knockaert had scored the winning goal from a free-kick in a Friday night fixture the day before, at home to Sheffield Wednesday. He went on to finish the 2014–15 season making 50 appearances and scoring 7 times in all competitions.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: In the 2014–15 season, Knockaert made his first Premier League appearance in the opening game of the season, where he played 64 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–2 draw against Everton. However, he struggled to regain his first team place, owing to the performances of Nick Powell, Marc Albrighton and Danny Simpson. In effort to fight for the first team place, he was sent to play for the club's reserves, which he did for the most of the season. Despite being rumoured to be loaned out to clubs in the Championship throughout the season, manager Pearson blocked his loan move from happening unless the squad was strengthened. Nevertheless, Knockaert made 11 appearances in the 2014–15 season in all competitions.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: At the end of the 2014–15 season, Knockaert's contract was set to expire and he began talks with the club over a new contract, with manager Pearson revealing that he was given a "fair contract offer". However, he rejected a contract, revealing he had been offered a four-year contract. Despite this, Knockaert made a farewell message to Leicester City supporters upon leaving the club, stating that he would not forget the club.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: On 4 June 2015, it was announced that Knockaert had joined Standard Liège on a free transfer. It came after the club had begun to open talks with Knockaert the month before.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: Knockaert started well on his Standard Liège debut when he scored his first goal for the club despite losing 2–1 to Kortrijk in the opening game of the season. Five days later, he scored again, but this time in an UEFA Europa League match against Željezničar Sarajevo, as well as setting up a goal in a 2–1 win. Following this, he scored again in the league on 15 August 2015, in a 1–1 draw against Mouscron and scoring two weeks later, in a UEFA Europa League against Molde in the return leg, in a 3–1 win, but was eliminated following an away goal from Molde. Despite this, he scored three more goals by the end of 2015 against Gent, Genk and Mechelen. However, in a match against Oud-Heverlee Leuven on 26 September 2015, Knockaert reacted furiously via Twitter when he substituted during the second half, in a 2–2 draw. Following, he soon apologised the way he behaved and vowed to be calmer next time.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: Between July 2015 and January 2016, Knockaert made 20 appearances and scored 5 goals in 2015–16 for the club despite missing out a game, due to suspension after picking a yellow card for the fifth time this season against Anderlecht on 8 November 2015. On 6 January 2016, Standard confirmed they had accepted an offer from Championship side Brighton & Hove Albion with the player set to travel to England to agree personal terms.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: On 7 January 2016, Brighton & Hove Albion confirmed the signing of Knockaert for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. Upon joining the club, he said the move interested him, citing the club's ambition as the reason he returned to England.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: Knockaert made his Brighton debut five days after signing with the club on 12 January 2016, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 defeat against Rotherham United. He soon began to have an impact at Brighton, setting up two assists for his team in a 2–1 win over Huddersfield Town on 23 January 2016. He scored his first goal for Brighton in a 3–0 win over Brentford on 5 February 2016.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: Knockaert was a key performer for Brighton in April 2016, scoring against Burnley, Fulham and twice against Queens Park Rangers, as the club pushed for automatic promotion. His performances in April earned him the Player of the Month award. Despite Brighton's unsuccessful attempt to reach promotion to the Premier League after losing in the play-offs to Sheffield Wednesday, Knockaert impressed for the club, making 16 appearances and scoring 5 times.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: In the 2016–17 season, Knockaert was linked with a move to recently relegated side Newcastle United, but Brighton rejected their bid. He began the season well, scoring three goals for Brighton in their first five matches against Nottingham Forest, Rotherham United and Reading. He also began playing in advanced role behind Tomer Hemed up front. He scored again for Brighton on 13 September 2016, in a 1–0 win over Huddersfield Town. In October 2016, Knockaert scored against Sheffield Wednesday, and also contributed to Brighton's 5–0 drubbing of Norwich City.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: On 3 March 2017, Knockaert signed a new four-year contract extension with the club, expiring in June 2021. On 9 April 2017, he was named EFL's Championship Player of the Year having scored 13 goals in 40 games at that stage of the season.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: He finished the season with 15 goals in 45 appearances in the league and overall where Brighton were promoted to the Premier League.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: Brighton's first match in the top flight for 34 years was at home to eventual champions Manchester City. Knockaert was brought on to replace Solly March in the 75th minute with Brighton trailing 2–0, the scoreline that the game finished. Knockaert scored his first Premier League goal on 15 October 2017, in a 1–1 home draw against Everton. He scored his second Premier League goal for Brighton on 1 January 2018, the opening goal in a 2–2 draw against AFC Bournemouth. On 10 March, Knockaert was sent off for the first time in the Premier League away against Everton as a result of an in air two footed challenge. (Brighton were already 2–0 down in the 2–0 defeat). Knockaert played in the 1–0 home victory over Manchester Utd on 4 May 2018 which secured Albion's Premier League status. BBC Sport's Emlyn Begley described Knockaert and fellow winger Jose Izquierdo as "fantastic" in this game.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: On 5 January 2019 Knockaert scored his first ever FA Cup goal in a 3–1 away win against south coast rivals Bournemouth in the third round. On 9 March Knockaert scored a screamer which turned out to be the winner against bitter rivals Crystal Palace where it finished 2–1 at Selhurst Park. This win meant Brighton won the double over Palace. Knockaert's goal also won the Premier League Goal Of The Month for March. On 13 April Knockaert was sent off for the second time in his Premier League career. Albion were 2–0 down against Bournemouth at the time of the red card and went on to be beaten 5–0 at home.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: On 21 July 2019, Knockaert joined Fulham on a season-long loan from Brighton & Hove Albion with an option to make the move permanent. On 3 August, Knockaert made his debut, coming on as a sub in a 1–0 away loss to Barnsley. Knockaert scored his first goal for Fulham in a 4–0 home victory against Millwall on 21 August.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: On 8 July 2020, Fulham completed the permanent transfer of Knockaert in a deal worth up to £15 million with add-ons. With the deal, Knockaert signed a three-year contract. Knockaert played in all three of Fulham's play off matches, coming on in the 81st minute as a substitute in the final where Fulham beat rivals Brentford after extra time to earn an immediate return to the Premier League. The promotion meant that Knockaert has been promoted to the top flight with all three English clubs for whom he has played.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: On 16 October 2020, Knockaert joined Championship side Nottingham Forest on a loan until 7 January 2021 in where he was to play under former Brighton manager Chris Hughton. He made his debut for the "Tricky Trees" coming on as a substitute in a 1–1 home draw against Derby County on 23 October. Knockaert scored his first goal for "Forest" in a 2–1 away loss at Norwich on 9 December. Three days later he set up a 90+2 minute header with Joe Worrall scoring the consolation, before being sent off for a second yellow for diving in 90+5 minute a 3–1 home defeat against Brentford. On 12 January 2021, it was announced that Knockaert's loan with Nottingham Forest had been extended until the end of the 2020–21 season. 11 days later he scored his second "Forest" goal in a 5–1 FA Cup fourth round defeat at Swansea City on 23 January. He scored his third goal for "Forest" in a 3–0 away win over Wycombe Wanderers on 6 February, in a match where former Brighton teammate Glenn Murray scored his first two goals for the club and other former Brighton teammate Gaëtan Bong picked up an assist in the victory.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: After representing France under-20, Knockaert was called up by France under-21 for the first time and made his France under-21 debut, scoring in a 2–1 win over Chile under-20 on 10 September 2012. He went on to make two more France under-21 appearances against Norway under-21 on 12 October 2012 and 16 October 2012.


title: Anthony Knockaert

text: He holds dual French-Belgian citizenship. In 2015, Knockaert was given a personal leave by the club after his father, Jamie, became ill. The following year, when his father died on 3 November 2016, he sat out of the match against Bristol City. It was not the first time he suffered a tragedy: he lost his elder brother, Steve, in 2011 and after scoring in a 3–0 win against Nottingham Forest, Knockaert dedicated his goal to his late brother.


title: Inner London

text: Inner London is the name for the group of London boroughs which form the interior part of Greater London and are surrounded by Outer London. With its origins in the bills of mortality, it became fixed as an area for statistics in 1847 and was used as an area of local government from 1855 to 1965 principally as the County of London or earlier as the Metropolitan Board of Works Area (metropolis). It now has two common definitions. The first is the statutory definition delineated in the London Government Act 1963, coming into force on 1 April 1965, comprising twelve Inner London boroughs and almost identical to the County of London that was abolished at the same time. The second is the definition used by the Office for National Statistics comprising eleven of the statutory Inner London boroughs and two of the statutory Outer London boroughs, and the City of London.


title: Inner London

text: Inner London is smaller than Outer London both in terms of population and area, but the density of population is more than double that of Outer London. Inner London is officially the wealthiest area in Europe with the most expensive street in Europe: GDP per capita is more than €80,000 while the UK GDP per capita is around €27,000.


title: Inner London

text: The area that is now Inner London was defined by the Registrar General as a collection of parishes called "London" and appeared in the 1851 Census. At the time the metropolitan area—commonly called the Metropolis—had its origins in the area of the Bills of mortality that had expanded from the tiny City of London into three surrounding counties over the previous several hundred years. The area become fixed in 1847 with the addition of Lewisham Poor Law Union and the parish of Hampstead. In 1855 the Registrar General area, with the addition of Penge, was used to define the district of the Metropolitan Board of Works. The Metropolis was also described as Inner London from the 1881 Census. In 1889 this area became the County of London. The area was adjusted in 1900 when Penge was transferred to Kent and South Hornsey was gained from Middlesex.


title: Inner London

text: The "Inner London boroughs" were defined by the London Government Act 1963. The Inner London boroughs occupied the same area as the County of London that was abolished as they were created. North Woolwich was an anomaly as it was part of the County of London, but became part of an Outer London borough.


title: Inner London

text: The main difference between Inner and Outer London boroughs between 1965 and 1990 was that the councils of the inner boroughs were not local education authorities and there was a single Inner London Education Authority for the area, including the City of London. The inner borough councils became local education authorities on 1 April 1990.


title: Inner London

text: The statutory definition is used as part of the grant settlement used to finance local government. Newham London Borough Council campaigns for recognition as an Inner London borough council for central government grants, as this would have financial benefits for the borough. It is heavily considered an Inner London borough although only north woolwich was part of the county of london, Newham did not form part of the County of London but it is considered inner london by the ONS(Office for national statistics) and Eurostar.


title: Inner London

text: The City of London was not designated as an Inner London borough, but the Corporation of London is usually classed as an inner London local authority.


title: Inner London

text: The Office for National Statistics and Eurostat define Inner London differently, explicitly including the City of London, adding Haringey and Newham, but excluding Greenwich. The land area is 319 km (123 sq. miles) and the population in 2011 was 3,231,901.


title: Inner London

text: Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are ONS midyear estimates (revised as of 2010).


title: Inner London

text: After centuries of increase, the population of Inner London reached its peak of 4,998,237 in 1911. The area's population from World War I began a steady decline as that of Outer London continued to increase. The census of 1951 showed the damage inflicted by the 1940s Blitz as the population of Greater London switched into decline which was reversed in Outer London with house building and territory expansion whereas in Inner London continued. The war damage and early 20th century slums had physical and psychological hence property price effects and focus on New Towns and suburban development reflected a drive among urban planners for greener, less dense settlements. Inner London reached a post-War nadir, a population not seen since the early 19th century in 1981 having 2,550,100 residents, after which an upward trend ensued and Inner London residents numbered 3,231,901 in 2011 — 1,766,336 short of the 1911 peak.


title: Inner London

text: For the purposes of the London Plan planning document produced by the Mayor of London, Inner London consists of the City of London, all the statutory Inner London boroughs, and Newham.


title: Inner London

text: The area covered by the London postal district is sometimes referred to as 'Inner London'. However it is not coterminous with other definitions of Inner London as its area is somewhat larger and covers 624 km (241 sq. miles). The southern part of the London Borough of Lewisham as well as a small part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich fall outside its boundaries whilst 44 of its 119 districts are in Outer London and its irregular shape stretches to the Greater London boundary at Mill Hill and Scratch Wood and beyond it at Sewardstone.


title: Inner London

text: From 1990 to 2000 London used two separate telephone dialling codes with one code designated for "Inner London", however the area covered by this code was widely different from all of the above definitions and most of Greater London is now covered by a single "020" dialling code.


title: Inner London

text: There are approximately 200,000 businesses with around 2,000,000 employees in Inner London. 56% of all private sector jobs in Greater London are located in Inner London. There is significant commuting of workers from Outer London and from outside Greater London. Much of the commercial activity is focused on Central London and Canary Wharf. 10% of public sector employment is focused on Westminster around the Government of the United Kingdom.


title: White nigger

text: White nigger is an ethnic slur with somewhat different meanings in different parts of the English-speaking world.


title: White nigger

text: Dating from the nineteenth century, "white nigger" was a derogatory and often considered offensive term for a black person who deferred to white people or a white person who did menial work.


title: White nigger

text: It was later used as a slur against white activists involved in the civil rights movement such as James Groppi of Milwaukee.


title: White nigger

text: The term "white niggers" was uttered twice by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia in an interview on national television in 2001.


title: White nigger

text: During all the 19th century until the early part of the 20th, Italian immigrants in the United States were often referred to as "white niggers".


title: White nigger

text: In another use of the term, Pierre Vallières's work "White Niggers of America" refers to French Canadians.


title: White nigger

text: The term was applied to Irish immigrants and their descendants. Irish were also nicknamed "Negroes turned inside-out" (while African Americans would be referred to as "smoked Irish").


title: White nigger

text: "White Nigger" was a nickname given to the nineteenth-century English explorer Richard Burton by colleagues in the East India Company Army.


title: White nigger

text: "White nigger" was sometimes used to refer to Irish Catholics, in the context of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. An example of this term is found in the lyrics of the Elvis Costello song Oliver's Army: "Only takes one itchy trigger. / One more widow, one less white nigger."


title: White nigger

text: In May 2016, Irish politician Gerry Adams, the president of Sinn Féin, attracted controversy after tweeting: "Watching "Django Unchained" — A Ballymurphy Nigger!" After criticism for the use of a racial slur, Adams deleted the tweet and, from a Belfast press conference, he issued a statement saying, "I have acknowledged that the use of the N-word was inappropriate. That is why I deleted the tweet. I apologise for any offence caused." Adams added, "I stand over the context and main point of my tweet, which were the parallels between people in struggle. Like African Americans, Irish nationalists were denied basic rights. I have long been inspired by Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, who stood up for themselves and for justice."


title: White nigger

text: Haiti's first head of state Jean-Jacques Dessalines called Polish people "the White Negroes of Europe", which was then regarded a great honour as it meant brotherhood between Poles and Haitians after Polish Legionnaires joined the black Haitian slaves during the Haitian Revolution.


title: White nigger

text: About 160 years later, in the mid-20th century, François Duvalier, the president of Haiti who was known for his black nationalist and Pan-African views, used the same concept of "European white Negroes" while referring to Polish people and glorifying their patriotism.


title: Pyroxene

text: The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated to "Px") are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks. Pyroxenes have the general formula , where X represents calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron (Fe II) or magnesium (Mg) and more rarely zinc, manganese or lithium, and Y represents ions of smaller size, such as chromium (Cr), aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) or even iron (Fe II) or (Fe III). Although aluminium substitutes extensively for silicon in silicates such as feldspars and amphiboles, the substitution occurs only to a limited extent in most pyroxenes. They share a common structure consisting of single chains of silica tetrahedra. Pyroxenes that crystallize in the monoclinic system are known as clinopyroxenes and those that crystallize in the orthorhombic system are known as orthopyroxenes.


title: Pyroxene

text: The name "pyroxene" is derived from the Ancient Greek words for 'fire' ( ) and 'stranger' ( ). Pyroxenes were so named because of their presence in volcanic lavas, where they are sometimes found as crystals embedded in volcanic glass; it was assumed they were impurities in the glass, hence the name meaning 'fire-strangers'. However, they are simply early-forming minerals that crystallized before the lava erupted.


title: Pyroxene

text: The upper mantle of Earth is composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene minerals. Pyroxene and feldspar are the major minerals in basalt, andesite, and gabbro rocks.


title: Pyroxene

text: Pyroxenes are the most common single-chain silicate minerals. (The only other important group of single-chain silicates, the pyroxenoids, are much less common.) Their structure consists of parallel chains of negatively-charged silica tetrahedra bonded together by metal cations. In other words, each silicon ion in a pyroxene crystal is surrounded by four oxygen ions forming a tetrahedron around the relatively small silicon ion. Each silicon ion shares two oxygen ions with neighboring silicon ions in the chain.


title: Pyroxene

text: The tetrahedra in the chain all face in the same direction, so that two oxygen ions are located on one face of the chain for every oxygen ion on the other face of the chain. The oxygen ions on the narrower face are described as apical oxygen ions. Pairs of chains are bound together on their apical sides by Y cations, with each Y cation surrounded by six oxygen ions. The resulting pairs of single chains have sometimes been likened to I-beams. The I-beams interlock, with additional X cations bonding the outer faces of the I-beams to neighboring I-beams and providing the remaining charge balance. This binding is relatively weak and gives pyroxenes their characteristic cleavage.


title: Pyroxene

text: The chain silicate structure of the pyroxenes offers much flexibility in the incorporation of various cations and the names of the pyroxene minerals are primarily defined by their chemical composition.


title: Pyroxene

text: Pyroxene minerals are named according to the chemical species occupying the X (or M2) site, the Y (or M1) site, and the tetrahedral T site. Cations in Y (M1) site are closely bound to 6 oxygens in octahedral coordination. Cations in the X (M2) site can be coordinated with 6 to 8 oxygen atoms, depending on the cation size. Twenty mineral names are recognised by the International Mineralogical Association's Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and 105 previously used names have been discarded.


title: Pyroxene

text: A typical pyroxene has mostly silicon in the tetrahedral site and predominately ions with a charge of +2 in both the X and Y sites, giving the approximate formula . The names of the common calciumironmagnesium pyroxenes are defined in the 'pyroxene quadrilateral'. The enstatite-ferrosilite series () includes the common rock-forming mineral Hypersthene, contains up to 5 mol.% calcium and exists in three polymorphs, orthorhombic orthoenstatite and protoenstatite and monoclinic clinoenstatite (and the ferrosilite equivalents). Increasing the calcium content prevents the formation of the orthorhombic phases and pigeonite () only crystallises in the monoclinic system. There is not complete solid solution in calcium content and Mg-Fe-Ca pyroxenes with calcium contents between about 15 and 25 mol.% are not stable with respect to a pair of exolved crystals. This leads to a miscibility gap between pigeonite and augite compositions. There is an arbitrary separation between augite and the diopside-hedenbergite () solid solution. The divide is taken at >45 mol.% Ca. As the calcium ion cannot occupy the Y site, pyroxenes with more than 50 mol.% calcium are not possible. A related mineral wollastonite has the formula of the hypothetical calcium end member but important structural differences mean that it is instead classified as a pyroxenoid.


title: Pyroxene

text: Magnesium, calcium and iron are by no means the only cations that can occupy the X and Y sites in the pyroxene structure. A second important series of pyroxene minerals are the sodium-rich pyroxenes, corresponding to the 'pyroxene triangle' nomenclature. The inclusion of sodium, which has a charge of +1, into the pyroxene implies the need for a mechanism to make up the "missing" positive charge. In jadeite and aegirine this is added by the inclusion of a +3 cation (aluminium and iron(III) respectively) on the Y site. Sodium pyroxenes with more than 20 mol.% calcium, magnesium or iron(II) components are known as omphacite and aegirine-augite, with 80% or more of these components the pyroxene falls in the quadrilateral.


title: Pyroxene

text: A wide range of other cations that can be accommodated in the different sites of pyroxene structures.


title: Pyroxene

text: In assigning ions to sites, the basic rule is to work from left to right in this table, first assigning all silicon to the T site and then filling the site with the remaining aluminium and finally iron(III); extra aluminium or iron can be accommodated in the Y site and bulkier ions on the X site.


title: Pyroxene

text: Not all the resulting mechanisms to achieve charge neutrality follow the sodium example above, and there are several alternative schemes:


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: The 2015–16 La Liga football season (known as the "Liga BBVA" for sponsorship reasons) was the 85th since its establishment. Barcelona were the defending champions. It started on 21 August 2015 and concluded on 15 May 2016. Barcelona retained the title (their 24th Liga title) after beating Granada 3–0 on the final matchday. Barcelona, Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid were engaged in an intense title race, with the three teams finishing with 91, 90 and 88 points respectively.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: Luis Suárez finished as top scorer, being the first player apart from Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo to do so since the 2008–09 season.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: A total of twenty teams contested the league, including seventeen sides from the 2014–15 season and three promoted from the 2014–15 Segunda División. This included the two top teams from the Segunda División, Real Betis and Sporting Gijón, and the winners of the play-offs, Las Palmas.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: Almería and Córdoba were relegated to 2015–16 Segunda División in the previous season, after spending two and one years in La Liga, respectively. Elche was administratively relegated despite finishing in 13th. Following the competition rules, Eibar, who finished 18th, remained in the league.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: Real Betis was the first team from the Segunda División to achieve promotion, after a one-year absence from La Liga, on 24 May 2015 after winning 3–0 over Alcorcón.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: On 7 June 2015, Sporting Gijón secured promotion on the final matchday, after their 3–0 win against Betis allowed the club to leapfrog Girona, who drew their final match and could not retain second place and automatic promotion. Sporting returned to the top level after three years.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: Las Palmas achieved promotion on 21 June 2015, after defeating Zaragoza in the promotion play-off final on away goals. Las Palmas won the second 2–0 leg at home after losing the first leg away 3–1, and returned to the first division after thirteen years away. They also became the first island team to play in La Liga since Mallorca's relegation from the top flight in the 2012–13 season. During those thirteen seasons, the club spent two of them in the third-tier Segunda División B.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: On 14 May 2016, Barcelona won their second consecutive and 24th overall La Liga title, following a 3–0 win over Granada at the Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes on the final matchday. Real Madrid finished one point behind Barcelona as runners-up, having gone on a twelve-match win streak to close out the season. Atlético Madrid ended the season three points off the top in third place, having been eliminated from title contention after a loss to Levante on the penultimate matchday.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: Levante were the first team to be mathematically relegated to the Segunda División, following a 1–3 loss against Málaga on 2 May 2016. On 15 May 2016, Sporting Gijón ensured they would remain in the top flight after defeating Villarreal 2–0 and taking advantage of Getafe's loss against Real Betis, which saw Getafe relegated from La Liga for the first time in club history. Rayo Vallecano also went down despite winning their final match of the season.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: The Zamora Trophy was awarded by newspaper "Marca" to the goalkeeper with least goals-to-games ratio. A goalkeeper had to play at least 28 games of 60 or more minutes to be eligible for the trophy.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: La Liga's governing body, the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional, honoured the competition's best players and coach with the La Liga Awards.


title: 2015–16 La Liga

text: Telefónica purchased the exclusive television broadcasting rights to telecast the 2015–16 season in Spain. Sky Sports have exclusive rights in the United Kingdom and beIN Sports have exclusive rights to air the season in various countries, including the United States, Canada, MENA, France and the Middle East. KBSN Sports have the exclusive television broadcasting rights in South Korea except internet broadcasting.


title: Industrial society

text: In sociology, industrial society is a society driven by the use of technology and machinery to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour. Such a structure developed in the Western world in the period of time following the Industrial Revolution, and replaced the agrarian societies of the pre-modern, pre-industrial age. Industrial societies are generally mass societies, and may be succeeded by an information society. They are often contrasted with traditional societies.


title: Industrial society

text: Industrial societies use external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to increase the rate and scale of production. The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine harvesters and fossil fuel-based fertilizers, are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. No longer needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved into these factories where mechanization is utilized to further increase efficiency. As populations grow, and mechanization is further refined, often to the level of automation, many workers shift to expanding service industries.


title: Industrial society

text: Industrial society makes urbanization desirable, in part so that workers can be closer to centers of production, and the service industry can provide labor to workers and those that benefit financially from them, in exchange for a piece of production profits with which they can buy goods. This leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburb areas with a high rate of economic activity.


title: Industrial society

text: These urban centers require the input of external energy sources in order to overcome the diminishing returns of agricultural consolidation, due partially to the lack of nearby arable land, associated transportation and storage costs, and are otherwise unsustainable. This makes the reliable availability of the needed energy resources high priority in industrial government policies.


title: Industrial society

text: Prior to the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America, followed by further industrialization throughout the world in the 20th century, most economies were largely agrarian. Basics were often made within the household and most other manufacturing was carried out in smaller workshops by artisans with limited specialization or machinery.


title: Industrial society

text: In Europe during the late Middle Ages, artisans in many towns formed guilds to self-regulate their trades and collectively pursue their business interests. Economic historian Sheilagh Ogilvie has suggested the guilds further restrained the quality and productivity of manufacturing. There is some evidence, however, that even in ancient times, large economies such as the Roman empire or Chinese Han dynasty had developed factories for more centralized production in certain industries.


title: Industrial society

text: With the Industrial Revolution, the manufacturing sector became a major part of European and North American economies, both in terms of labor and production, contributing possibly a third of all economic activity. Along with rapid advances in technology, such as steam power and mass steel production, the new manufacturing drastically reconfigured previously mercantile and feudal economies. Even today, industrial manufacturing is significant to many developed and semi-developed economies.


title: Industrial society

text: Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when the automobile was mass-produced.


title: Industrial society

text: A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations towards a post-industrial society. This has come with a major shift in labor and production away from manufacturing and towards the service sector, a process dubbed "tertiarization". Additionally, since the late 20th century, rapid changes in communication and information technology (sometimes called an information revolution) have allowed sections of some economies to specialize in a quaternary sector of knowledge and information-based services. For these and other reasons, in a post-industrial society, manufacturers can and often do relocate their industrial operations to lower-cost regions in a process known as off-shoring.


title: Industrial society

text: Measurements of manufacturing industries outputs and economic effect are not historically stable. Traditionally, success has been measured in the number of jobs created. The reduced number of employees in the manufacturing sector has been assumed to result from a decline in the competitiveness of the sector, or the introduction of the lean manufacturing process.


title: Industrial society

text: Related to this change is the upgrading of the quality of the product being manufactured. While it is possible to produce a low-technology product with low-skill labour, the ability to manufacture high-technology products well is dependent on a highly skilled staff.


title: Industrial society

text: Today, as industry is an important part of most societies and nations, many governments will have at least some role in planning and regulating industry. This can include issues such as industrial pollution, financing, vocational education, and labour law.


title: Industrial society

text: In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and other working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts with employers. This movement first rose among industrial workers.


title: Industrial society

text: Rome and other ancient Mediterranean cultures in particular relied on slavery throughout their economy. While serfdom largely supplanted the practice in Europe during the Middle Ages, several European powers reintroduced slavery extensively in the early modern period, particularly for the harshest labor in their colonies. The Industrial revolution played a central role in the later abolition of slavery, partly because domestic manufacturing's new economic dominance undercut interests in the slave trade.


title: Industrial society

text: Additionally, the new industrial methods required a complex division of labor with less worker supervision, which may have been incompatible with forced labor.


title: Industrial society

text: The Industrial Revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, mobilization, the total war concept and weapons of mass destruction. Early instances of industrial warfare were the Crimean War and the American Civil War, but its full potential showed during the world wars. See also military-industrial complex, arms industries, military industry and modern warfare.


title: Industrial society

text: “Industrial society” took on a more specific meaning after World War II in the context of the Cold War, the internationalization of sociology through organizations like UNESCO, and the spread of American industrial relations to Europe. The cementation of the Soviet Union’s position as a world power inspired reflection on whether the sociological association of highly-developed industrial economies with capitalism required updating. The transformation of capitalist societies in Europe and the United States to state-managed, regulated welfare capitalism, often with significant sectors of nationalized industry, also contributed to the impression that they might be evolving beyond capitalism, or toward some sort of “convergence” common to all “types” of industrial societies, whether capitalist or communist. State management, automation, bureaucracy, institutionalized collective bargaining, and the rise of the tertiary sector were taken as common markers of industrial society.


title: Industrial society

text: The “industrial society” paradigm of the 1950s and 1960s was strongly marked by the unprecedented economic growth in Europe and the United States after World War II, and drew heavily on the work of economists like Colin Clark, John Kenneth Galbraith, W.W. Rostow, and Jean Fourastié. The fusion of sociology with development economics gave the industrial society paradigm strong resemblances to modernization theory, which achieved major influence in social science in the context of postwar decolonization and the development of post-colonial states.


title: Industrial society

text: The French sociologist Raymond Aron, who gave the most developed definition to the concept of “industrial society” in the 1950s, used the term as a comparative method to identify common features of the Western capitalist and Soviet-style communist societies. Other sociologists, including Daniel Bell, Reinhard Bendix, Ralf Dahrendorf, Georges Friedmann, Seymour Martin Lipset, and Alain Touraine, used similar ideas in their own work, though with sometimes very different definitions and emphases. The principal notions of industrial-society theory were also commonly expressed in the ideas of reformists in European social-democratic parties who advocated a turn away from Marxism and an end to revolutionary politics.


title: Industrial society

text: Because of its association with non-Marxist modernization theory and American anticommunist organizations like the Congress for Cultural Freedom, “industrial society” theory was often criticized by left-wing sociologists and Communists as a liberal ideology that aimed to justify the postwar status quo and undermine opposition to capitalism. However, some left-wing thinkers like André Gorz, Serge Mallet, Herbert Marcuse, and the Frankfurt School used aspects of industrial society theory in their critiques of capitalism.


title: Marisa Ryan

text: Marisa Ryan (born November 20, 1974) is an American actress, best known for her role as Nina Grabowski in the HBO series "Sex and the City", as Elizabeth Cooper-MacGillis in the CBS sitcom "Major Dad" (1989–1993), and as Abby Bernstein in the 2001 comedy film "Wet Hot American Summer", its Netflix prequel series, "" (2015) and its Netflix sequel series "" (2017).


title: Marisa Ryan

text: Ryan made her screen debut in a small role in the 1983 film "Without a Trace". From 1989 to 1993, she starred as Elizabeth Cooper-MacGillis in the CBS sitcom "Major Dad" opposite Gerald McRaney. She later went to star in the Independent films "Love Always" (1996), "Slaves to the Underground" (1997), "Taylor's Return" (1997), and "With or Without You" (1998). In 1998, Ryan joined the cast of Fox police drama series, "New York Undercover" as Det. Nell Delaney, during the show's fourth and final season. She later guest-starred on "The Practice", "Sex and the City", "", and "Law & Order".


title: Marisa Ryan

text: In 2001, Ryan co-starred as Abby Bernstein in the ensemble cast satirical comedy film "Wet Hot American Summer". She reprised her role in the Netflix prequel series, "" in 2015. She also appeared in films "Don's Plum" (2001), "Riding in Cars with Boys" (2001), and "Brooklyn Lobster" (2005). In 1997, she made her directorial debut with the independent short film "Three Women of Pain" which she also co-wrote.


title: Marisa Ryan

text: Ryan was born in Manhattan, New York. In 1993, Ryan married actor Jeremy Sisto. They divorced in 2002, after nine years of marriage.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: The Magus (1965) is a postmodern novel by British author John Fowles, telling the story of Nicholas Urfe, a young British graduate who is teaching English on a small Greek island. Urfe becomes embroiled in the psychological illusions of a master trickster, which become increasingly dark and serious. Considered an example of metafiction, it was the first novel written by Fowles, but the third he published. In 1977 he published a revised edition.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: In 1999, "The Magus" was ranked on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels, reaching number 93 on the editors' list and number 71 on the readers' list. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 67 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: "The Magus" was the first book John Fowles wrote, but his third to be published, after "The Collector" (1963) and "The Aristos" (1964). He started writing it in the 1950s, under the original title of "The Godgame". He based it partly on his experiences on the Greek island of Spetses, where he taught English for two years at the Anargyrios School. He worked on it for twelve years before its publication in 1965. Despite gaining critical and commercial success, he continued to rework it, publishing a final revision in 1977.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: The story reflects the perspective of Nicholas Urfe, a young Oxford graduate and aspiring poet. After graduation, he briefly works as a teacher at a small school, but becomes bored and decides to leave England. While looking for another job, Nicholas takes up with Alison Kelly, an Australian girl he met at a party in London. He goes on to accept a post teaching English at the Lord Byron School on the Greek island of Phraxos. After beginning his new post, he becomes bored, depressed, disillusioned, and overwhelmed by his life on the Mediterranean island; Nicholas struggles with loneliness and contemplates suicide. While habitually wandering around the island, he stumbles upon an estate and soon meets its owner, Maurice Conchis, a wealthy Greek recluse. They develop a sort of friendship, and Conchis slowly reveals that he may have collaborated with the Nazis during World War II.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: Nicholas is gradually drawn into Conchis's psychological games, his paradoxical views on life, his mysterious persona, and his eccentric masques. At first, Nicholas takes these machinations of Conchis, what the novel terms the "godgame", to be a joke, but they grow more elaborate and intense. Nicholas loses his ability to determine what is real and what is artifice. Against his will and knowledge, he becomes a performer in the godgame. Eventually, Nicholas realises that the re-enactments of the Nazi occupation, the absurd playlets after Sade, and the obscene parodies of Greek myths are not about Conchis's life, but his own.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: The book ends indeterminately. Fowles received many letters from readers wanting to know which of the two apparently possible outcomes occur. He refused to answer the question conclusively, however, sometimes changing his answer to suit the inquirer. The novel ends quoting the refrain of the "Pervigilium Veneris", an anonymous work of fourth-century Latin poetry, which has been taken as indicating the possible preferred resolution of the ending's ambiguity.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: John Fowles wrote an article about his experiences in the island of Spetses and their influence on the book. He acknowledged some literary works as influences in his foreword to the 1977 revised edition of "The Magus", including Alain-Fournier's "Le Grand Meaulnes," for showing a secret hidden world to be explored, and Richard Jefferies's "Bevis" (1882), for projecting a very different world. In the revised edition, Fowles referred to a "Miss Havisham", a likely reference to the character Miss Havisham in Charles Dickens's "Great Expectations" (1861).


title: The Magus (novel)

text: In Jasper Fforde's comic detective novel "The Well of Lost Plots" (part of the Thursday Next series), "The Magus" wins the "Most Incomprehensible Plot" Award at the annual "Bookie" Awards, the awards programme that characters in literature give one another.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: The novel was adapted for film with a screenplay by Fowles, directed by Guy Green, and released in 1968. It starred Michael Caine as Nicholas Urfe, Anthony Quinn as Maurice Conchis, Anna Karina as Alison, Candice Bergen as Lily / Julie, and Julian Glover as Anton. It was filmed on the island of Majorca. The adaptation generally was considered a failure as film; when Woody Allen was asked if he would do anything differently with his life, he said he'd do "everything exactly the same, with the exception of watching "The Magus"".


title: The Magus (novel)

text: Caine said that it was one of the worst films in which he had been involved because no one knew what it was about. Despite the critical failure, the film was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: BBC Radio 4 broadcast in 2016 a dramatization by Adrian Hodges, with Charles Dance in the role of Conchis.


title: The Magus (novel)

text: In 2020, a new television miniseries adaptation of "The Magus" was announced to be in development at Neal Street Productions, with Johan Renck being looked at to direct based on a screenplay written by Tom Edge.


title: Payment card

text: Payment cards are part of a payment system issued by financial institutions, such as a bank, to a customer that enables its owner (the cardholder) to access the funds in the customer's designated bank accounts, or through a credit account and make payments by electronic transfer and access automated teller machines (ATMs). Such cards are known by a variety of names including bank cards, ATM cards, client cards, key cards or cash cards.


title: Payment card

text: There are a number of types of payment cards, the most common being credit cards, debit cards, charge cards, and prepaid cards. Most commonly, a payment card is electronically linked to an account or accounts belonging to the cardholder. These accounts may be deposit accounts or loan or credit accounts, and the card is a means of authenticating the cardholder. However, stored-value cards store money on the card itself and are not necessarily linked to an account at a financial institution.


title: Payment card

text: It can also be a smart card that contains a unique card number and some security information such as an expiration date or with a magnetic strip on the back enabling various machines to read and access information. Depending on the issuing bank and the preferences of the client, this may allow the card to be used as an ATM card, enabling transactions at automatic teller machines; or as a debit card, linked to the client's bank account and able to be used for making purchases at the point of sale; or as a credit card attached to a revolving credit line supplied by the bank. In 2017, there were 20.48 billion payments cards (mainly prepaid cards) in the world.


title: Payment card

text: Historically, bank cards have also served the purpose of a cheque guarantee card, a now almost defunct system to guarantee cheques at point of sale.


title: Payment card

text: The first bank cards were automated teller machine (ATM) cards issued by Barclays in London in 1967, and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969. In 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip, using a personal identification number (PIN) for security.


title: Payment card

text: The smart card, which was introduced in the 1970s, was adapted for use as a payment card. Smart payment cards were introduced to the banking sector in 1979, and came into wider use in the mid-1980s.


title: Payment card

text: In some banking networks, the two functions of ATM cards and debit cards are combined into a single card, simply called a "debit card" or also commonly a "bank card". These are able to perform banking tasks at ATMs and also make point-of-sale transactions, with both features using a PIN.


title: Payment card

text: Canada's Interac and Europe's Debit Mastercard are examples of networks that link bank accounts with point-of-sale equipment.


title: Payment card

text: Some debit card networks also started their lives as ATM card networks before evolving into full-fledged debit card networks, example of these networks are: Development Bank of Singapore (DBS)'s Network for Electronic Transfers (NETS) and Bank Central Asia (BCA)'s Debit BCA, both of them were later on adopted by other banks (with Prima Debit being the Prima interbank network version of Debit BCA).


title: Payment card

text: Payment cards are usually plastic cards, and rounded corners with a radius of 2.88–3.48 mm, in accordance with ISO/IEC 7810#ID-1 standard.


title: Payment card

text: They usually also have a unique embossed card number conforming with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard, the cardholder’s name and the card expiry date, in addition to other security features.


title: Payment card

text: Payment cards have features in common, as well as distinguishing features. Types of payment cards can be distinguished on the basis of the features of each type of card, including:


title: Payment card

text: A credit card is linked to a line of credit (usually called a credit limit) created by the issuer of the credit card for the cardholder on which the cardholder can draw (i.e. borrow), either for payment to a merchant for a purchase or as a cash advance to the cardholder. Most credit cards are issued by or through local banks or credit unions, but some non-bank financial institutions also offer cards directly to the public.


title: Payment card

text: The cardholder can either repay the full outstanding balance or a lesser amount by the payment due date. The amount paid cannot be less than the ”minimum payment,” either a fixed amount or a percentage of the outstanding balance. Interest is charged on the portion of the balance not paid off by the due date. The rate of interest and method of calculating the charge vary between credit cards, even for different types of card issued by the same company. Many credit cards can also be used to take cash advances through ATMs, which also attract interest charges, usually calculated from the date of cash withdrawal. Some merchants charge a fee for purchases by credit card, as they will be charged a fee by the card issuer.


title: Payment card

text: With a debit card (also known as a "bank card", "check card" or "plastic card") when a cardholder makes a purchase, funds are withdrawn directly either from the cardholder's bank account, or from the remaining balance on the card, instead of the holder repaying the money at a later date. In some cases, the "cards" are designed exclusively for use on the Internet, and so there is no physical card.


title: Payment card

text: The use of debit cards has become widespread in many countries and has overtaken use of cheques, and in some instances cash transactions, by volume. Like credit cards, debit cards are used widely for telephone and internet purchases.


title: Payment card

text: Debit cards can also allow instant withdrawal of cash, acting as the ATM card, and as a cheque guarantee card. Merchants can also offer "cashback"/"cashout" facilities to customers, where a customer can withdraw cash along with their purchase. Merchants usually do not charge a fee for purchases by debit card.


title: Payment card

text: With charge cards, the cardholder is required to pay the full balance shown on the statement, which is usually issued monthly, by the payment due date. It is a form of short-term loan to cover the cardholder's purchases, from the date of the purchase and the payment due date, which may typically be up to 55 days. Interest is usually not charged on charge cards and there is usually no limit on the total amount that may be charged. If payment is not made in full, this may result in a late payment fee, the possible restriction of future transactions, and perhaps the cancellation of the card.


title: Payment card

text: An ATM card (known under a number of names) is any card that can be used in automated teller machines (ATMs) for transactions such as deposits, cash withdrawals, obtaining account information, and other types of transactions, often through interbank networks. Cards may be issued solely to access ATMs, and most debit or credit cards may also be used at ATMs, but most charge and proprietary cards cannot.


title: Payment card

text: The use of a credit card to withdraw cash at an ATM is treated differently to an POS transaction, usually attracting interest charges from the date of the cash withdrawal. The use of a debit card usually does not attract interest. Third party ATM owners may charge a fee for the use of their ATM.


title: Payment card

text: Most payment cards, such as debit and credit cards, can also function as ATM cards, although ATM-only cards are also available. Most charge and proprietary cards cannot be used as ATM cards. The use of a credit card to withdraw cash at an ATM is treated differently to a POS transaction, usually attracting interest charges from the date of the cash withdrawal. Interbank networks allow the use of ATM cards at ATMs of private operators and financial institutions other than those of the institution that issued the cards.


title: Payment card

text: All ATM machines, at a minimum, will permit cash withdrawals of customers of the machine's owner (if a bank-operated machine) and for cards that are affiliated with any ATM network the machine is also affiliated. They will report the amount of the withdrawal and any fees charged by the machine on the receipt. Most banks and credit unions will permit routine account-related banking transactions at the bank's own ATM, including deposits, checking the balance of an account, and transferring money between accounts. Some may provide additional services, such as selling postage stamps.


title: Payment card

text: For other types of transactions through telephone or online banking, this may be performed with an ATM card without in-person authentication. This includes account balance inquiries, electronic bill payments, or in some cases, online purchases (see Interac Online).


title: Payment card

text: ATM cards can also be used on improvised ATMs such as "mini ATMs", merchants' card terminals that deliver ATM features without any cash drawer. These terminals can also be used as cashless scrip ATMs by cashing the receipts they issue at the merchant's point of sale. In 2017, there were 20.48 billion payment cards in circulation worldwide In 2018, the payment card fraud losses in the world were US$27.85 billion, and US$9.47 billion in the U.S.


title: Payment card

text: With a stored-value card, a monetary value is stored on the card, and not in an externally recorded account. This differs from prepaid cards where money is on deposit with the issuer similar to a debit card. One major difference between stored value cards and prepaid debit cards is that prepaid debit cards are usually issued in the name of individual account holders, while stored-value cards are usually anonymous.


title: Payment card

text: The term "stored-value card" means that the funds and or data are physically stored on the card. With prepaid cards the data is maintained on computers controlled by the card issuer. The value stored on the card can be accessed using a magnetic stripe embedded in the card, on which the card number is encoded; using radio-frequency identification (RFID); or by entering a code number, printed on the card, into a telephone or other numeric keypad.


title: Payment card

text: A fleet card is used as a payment card, most commonly for gasoline, diesel and other fuels at gas stations. Fleet cards can also be used to pay for vehicle maintenance and expenses, at the discretion of the fleet owner or manager. The use of a fleet card reduces the need to carry cash, thus increasing the security for fleet drivers. The elimination of cash also helps to prevent fraudulent transactions at the fleet owner's or manager's expense.


title: Payment card

text: Fleet cards provide convenient and comprehensive reporting, enabling fleet owners/managers to receive real time reports and set purchase controls with their cards, helping to keep them informed of all business related expenses. They may also reduce administrative work or otherwise be essential in arranging fuel taxation refunds.


title: Payment card

text: A number of International Organization for Standardization standards, ISO/IEC 7810, ISO/IEC 7811, ISO/IEC 7812, ISO/IEC 7813, ISO 8583, and ISO/IEC 4909, define the physical properties of payment cards, including size, flexibility, location of the magstripe, magnetic characteristics, and data formats. They also provide the standards for financial cards, including the allocation of card number ranges to different card issuing institutions.


title: Payment card

text: Originally charge account identification was paper-based. In 1959 American Express was the first charge card operator to issue embossed plastic cards which enabled cards to be manually imprinted for processing, making processing faster and reducing transcription errors. Other credit card issuers followed suit. The information typically embossed are the bank card number, card expiry date and cardholder's name. Though the imprinting method has been predominantly superseded by the magnetic stripe and then by the integrated chip, cards continued to be embossed in case a transaction needs to be processed manually until recently. Under manual processing, cardholder verification was by the cardholder signing the payment voucher after which the merchant would check the signature against the cardholder's signature on the back of the card. Cards conform to the ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard, ISO/IEC 7811 on embossing, and the ISO/IEC 7812 card numbering standard.


title: Payment card

text: Magnetic stripes started to be rolled out on debit cards in the 1970s with the introduction of ATMs. The magnetic stripe stores card data which can be read by physical contact and swiping past a reading head. The magnetic stripe contains all the information appearing on the card face, but allows for faster processing at point-of-sale than the then manual alternative as well as subsequently by the transaction processing company. When the magnetic stripe is being used, the cardholder will have been issued with a PIN, which is used for cardholder identification at the point-of-sale, and a signature is no longer required. The magnetic stripe is in the process of being augmented by the integrated chip.


title: Payment card

text: A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits which can process data. This implies that it can receive input which is processed — by way of the ICC applications — and delivered as an output. There are two broad categories of ICCs. Memory cards contain only non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Microprocessor cards contain volatile memory and microprocessor components. The card is made of plastic, generally PVC, but sometimes ABS. The card may embed a hologram to avoid counterfeiting. Using smart cards is also a form of strong security authentication for single sign-on within large companies and organizations.


title: Payment card

text: Proximity card (or prox card) is a generic name for contactless integrated circuit devices used for security access or payment systems. It can refer to the older 125 kHz devices or the newer 13.56 MHz contactless RFID cards, most commonly known as contactless smartcards.


title: Payment card

text: Modern proximity cards are covered by the ISO/IEC 14443 (proximity card) standard. There is also a related ISO/IEC 15693 (vicinity card) standard. Proximity cards are powered by resonant energy transfer and have a range of 0–3 inches in most instances. The user will usually be able to leave the card inside a wallet or purse. The price of the cards is also low, usually US$2–$5, allowing them to be used in applications such as identification cards, keycards, payment cards and public transit fare cards.


title: Payment card

text: Re-programmable/dynamic magnetic stripe cards are standard sized transaction cards that include a battery, a processor, and a means (inductive coupling or otherwise) of sending a variable signal to a magnetic stripe reader. Re-programmable stripe cards are often more secure than standard magnetic stripe cards and can transmit information for multiple cardholder accounts.


title: Payment card

text: Due to increased illegal copies of cards with a magnetic stripe, the European Payments Council established a Card Fraud Prevention Task Force in 2003 that spawned a commitment to migrate all ATMs and POS applications to use a chip-and-PIN solution until the end of 2010. The "SEPA for Cards" has completely removed the magnetic stripe requirement from the former Maestro debit cards.


title: Spartan (film)

text: Spartan is a 2004 American action thriller film written and directed by David Mamet and starring Val Kilmer, Derek Luke, Tia Texada, Ed O'Neill, William H. Macy, and Kristen Bell. It was released in the United States and Canada on March 12, 2004.


title: Spartan (film)

text: Robert Scott is a former United States Marine Corps Force Recon master gunnery sergeant, acting as a selection cadre member for Delta Force. While observing an exercise designed to evaluate Delta candidates, Scott meets a recruit, Curtis, as well as Sergeant Jacqueline Black, a knife fighting instructor.


title: Spartan (film)

text: Scott is drawn into a clandestine operation to find Laura Newton, the President's daughter, who is missing. He and Curtis go first to the beach house of one of Laura's professors, with whom she is said to have a relationship. They find neither person there but find two unidentified men who react aggressively, leading Curtis, who has taken up position outside with a sniper's rifle, to shoot one of the men. Scott quickly kills the other. Another lead takes them to a bar where girls are recruited as prostitutes, and Scott's team follows a middleman from the bar to a brothel that funnels some of these girls to an international sex slavery ring. The madam gives them a contact number leading to a pay phone.


title: Spartan (film)

text: Calls placed to the pay phone are traced to Tariq Asani, a Lebanese national currently in federal prison. They plan to intercept Asani during a prisoner transport for medical treatment and gain information from him about the sex trafficking operation.


title: Spartan (film)

text: When the car carrying Asani and another prisoner stops en route to its destination, Scott shows up and appears to kill the transport guard, then kills the other prisoner who was on death row. He spares Asani when Asani says he can get them on a plane out of the country that night and confirms the sex slavery ring is based in Dubai.


title: Spartan (film)

text: Scott stops at a convenience store to relay the information to the team. Curtis provides him with more ammunition, but Asani, waiting in the car, happens to spot the badge of another agent talking with Curtis and opens fire. Curtis is wounded and Scott has to kill Asani.


title: Spartan (film)

text: As the team prepares an assault in Dubai, a news broadcast reports that Laura and her college professor were discovered drowned while sailing off the coast of Martha's Vineyard. The rescue operation is called off. Scott returns home, convinced there is no more to be done, but Curtis tracks him down and insists that Laura is alive. He shows Scott an earring that was caught in his sniper's mat from the beach house identical to the earrings Laura is wearing in a news photograph.


title: Spartan (film)

text: When they return to the beach house to investigate, Curtis is killed by a sniper positioned on a nearby boat. Scott evades the sniper and when he finds Laura's unique sign on a window in the beach house indicating she was there, he realizes that she may not be dead. He takes his pager and phone apart and finds a tracking device.


title: Spartan (film)

text: He tries to contact Laura's mother, who is touring a rehab facility, but he is intercepted by a female Secret Service agent assigned to guard the First Family. When he shows the agent the earring, the agent, who knows Laura well, explains that for years the President has used visits to his daughter as a cover for extramarital affairs, and that he pulled Laura's Secret Service detail to use as extra protection for himself during the latest trip, leaving her vulnerable to the members of the sex trafficking ring.


title: Spartan (film)

text: Scott enlists Sergeant Black to help him rescue the girl from Dubai and turns to Avi, a former Israeli operative. Avi agrees to get him into Dubai and smuggle Laura out concealed in a cargo container at the airport, obtaining weapons for him and support from a local man known as Jones.


title: Spartan (film)

text: Jones is killed during the rescue and Scott flees with Laura to a safe house, where he persuades her that although he is alone, he is acting under orders. Correctly guessing that he is really acting on his own, Laura says that King Leonidas of Sparta would respond to requests for help from neighboring kingdoms by sending one man, and decides to trust him.