title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Two other "écoles normales supérieures" were established in the 20th century: the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon (sciences and humanities); and the École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay (pure and applied sciences, sociology, economics and management, English language). More recently, the fourth "école normale supérieure" was created in January 2014 under the name of École Normale Supérieure de Rennes (pure and applied sciences, economics and management, law school, sport) in Brittany. All four together form the informal ENS-group.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: The "École normale supérieure" is also an institution of PSL Research University, a union of several higher education institutions, all located in Paris, which aims at achieving cooperation and developing synergies between its member institutions to promote French research abroad. In addition to this, the "École normale supérieure" cooperates in Atomium Culture, the first permanent platform for European excellence that brings together some of Europe's leading universities, newspapers and businesses. The school is a member of the Conference of University Presidents and of the Conference of Grandes Écoles.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Its educational project being based on research, ENS seeks to train its students to become researchers. The main objective of the education given is getting a doctorate, and more than 85% of "normaliens" achieve this. The students are free to choose their own course of study but must at least attain a master's degree in research. Since, traditionally, the institution does not have the powers to grand university degrees, students have to follow courses in other universities in Paris. To this end, ENS cultivates a large number of partnerships and conventions with other higher education institutions to create master's degrees which are co-presided by two institutions. ENS works closely with the "École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales" (EHESS), the Paris-Sorbonne University, the Panthéon-Sorbonne University, HEC Paris and ESSEC Business School in particular to deliver joint diplomas to a certain number of students who have followed courses shared between the two institutions. It is also the main partner in the Paris School of Economics project which it has launched along with the EHESS, the "École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique" (ENSAE) and the "École des Ponts". This project seeks to create a unified Master's-level economics school in Paris.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: The "Scuola Normale Superiore" in Pisa was founded in 1810 as a branch of the "École normale supérieure" by Napoleon and later gained independence. ENS and its Italian twin have retained very close links since this time and since 1988 a special partnership has 80 "normaliens" going to Pisa every year while half the class of the SNS spend a year at the Paris school. During its history and due to the far reach of the French Empire during the colonial era, many schools have been created around the world based on the ENS model, from Haiti (in Port-au-Prince) to Vietnam (in Hanoi) to the Maghreb (in Tunis, Casablanca, Oran, and Rabat to name but a few) and Subsaharan Africa (in Nouakchott, Libreville, Yaoundé, Dakar, Niamey, Bangui for example). ENS maintains good relations and close links with these institutions. In 2005, ENS opened a branch at the East China Normal University (ECNU) in Shanghai, whose French name was changed to "École normale supérieure de l'Est de la Chine" to reflect the agreement, and a joint doctoral program between the two institutions was launched.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: ENS welcomes international researchers for one-year stays through the mediation of the Paris Institute of Advanced Research and the Villa Louis-Pasteur. The Blaise Pascal, Marie Curie, Condorcet and Lagrange research places ("chaires") also allow researchers from abroad to stay for more than a year at ENS laboratories. ENS also is a member of the Franco-Chinese laboratory Saladyn since 2013. It has been hosting an antenna of New York University's Erich Maria Remarque Institute since 2007.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Furthermore, ENS has partnerships for research at Master's and Doctorate levels, sending its students to universities around the world to complete their tuition. It also shares thesis habilitation with universities abroad, meaning that somes theses can be written with support from both the ENS and one of its partner institutions. It is also customary for students in the literary and linguistic subjects to go to teach for one year in universities abroad with the position of junior fellows. These exchange and cooperation programs link ENS with universities such as the University of Beijing in China, Freie Universität Berlin in Germany, the universities of Cambridge, Edinburgh and Oxford in the United Kingdom, Trinity College in Dublin, McGill University in Montréal, and the universities at Berkeley, Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Princeton, Stanford, and Yale in the United States.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Since 2001, the "École normale supérieure's" internet portal, called "Diffusion des savoirs" ("Spreading knowledge") has offered access to more than 2000 recordings of conferences and seminars that have taken place at the school, in all sciences natural and social. The school also has launched its own short conference platform, "Les Ernest", which shows renowned specialists speaking for fifteen minutes on a given subject in a wide scope of disciplines.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: In 1975 the school founded its university press, first called "Presses de l'ENS" then renamed in 1997 to "Editions Rue d'Ulm". This press, which operates on a small scale, publishes specialist academic books mainly in the spheres of literature and the social sciences. Some 300 works are available on line on in the press's bookshop, and about 25 new titles are published every year.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: In 1986, an ENS foundation was created and recognised as a "fondation d'utilité publique" by law. It contributes to the development of the school, most notably by encouraging and facilitating the reception of foreign students and researchers. The Foundation, presided by Alain-Gérard Slama, manages some investments into financed positions for foreign researchers in ENS-associated laboratories. It has for example financed the Louis Pasteur villa, situated close by ENS, which welcomes foreign researchers for extended stays. It has also contributed to financing several positions for scientists in ENS laboratories, for instance in research on telecom network security with France Télécom and on "artificial vision" with the Airbus foundation.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: In France, ENS has been regarded since the late 19th century as one of foremost "grandes écoles". However, the ENS system is different from that of most higher education systems outside France, thus making it difficult to compare with foreign institutions; in particular, it is much smaller than a typical English collegiate university. It is ranked as the second "small university" worldwide behind California Institute of Technology by the 2016 Times Higher Education Smaller Universities Ranking (a ranking of institutions of fewer than 5000 students). It is generally regarded as the premier French institute for higher education and research, and it is currently ranked first among French universities by the ARWU and Times.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Throughout its history, a sizeable number of ENS alumni, some of them known as "normaliens", have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise, ranging from Louis Pasteur, the chemist and microbiologist famed for inventing pasteurisation, to philologist Georges Dumézil, novelist Julien Gracq and socialist Prime Minister Léon Blum.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Évariste Galois, the founder of Galois theory and group theory, was an early student at ENS, then still called "École préparatoire", in the 1820s, at the same time as fellow mathematician Augustin Cournot. Though mathematics continued to be taught at the school throughout the 19th century, its real dominance of the mathematic sphere would not emerge until after the First World War, with a young generation of mathematicians led by André Weil, known for his foundational work in number theory and algebraic geometry (also the brother of fellow student, philosopher Simone Weil). This rejuvenation continued into the 1930s, as exemplified by the 1935 launch of the influential Nicolas Bourbaki project, whose work permeated the field of mathematics throughout the 20th century. In 1940 former student Henri Cartan was appointed professor at the school like his father Élie Cartan, carrying the school's importance in the field still further with his work in algebraic topology. His teaching, which continued until 1965, was vastly influential in shaping his students, who included Yvonne Bruhat, Gustave Choquet, Jacques Dixmier, Roger Godement, René Thom and Jean-Pierre Serre. Denis Auroux, a famous symplectic geometer at Harvard University, is also an acclaimed Normalien.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Since the 1936 establishment of the Fields Medal, often called the "Nobel Prize for mathematics", eleven "normaliens" have been recipients, contributing to ENS's reputation as one of the world's foremost training grounds for mathematicians: Laurent Schwartz, Jean-Pierre Serre (also a recipient of the inaugural Abel Prize in 2003), René Thom, Alain Connes, Jean-Christophe Yoccoz, Pierre-Louis Lions, Laurent Lafforgue, Wendelin Werner, Cédric Villani, Ngô Bảo Châu and Hugo Duminil-Copin. Alexander Grothendieck, also a Fields medallist, though he was not a "normalien", received a substantial part of his training at the school. These twelve former students have made ENS the institution with the most Fields medallist alumni of any institution worldwide. Former student Yves Meyer was also awarded the Abel prize.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: In addition, eight "normaliens" have gone on to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics: Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Albert Fert, Alfred Kastler, Gabriel Lippmann, Louis Néel, Jean Baptiste Perrin and Serge Haroche, while other ENS physicists include such major figures as Paul Langevin, famous for developing Langevin dynamics and the Langevin equation. Alumnus Paul Sabatier won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Its position as a leading institution in the training of the critical spirit has made ENS into France's premier training ground for future philosophers and producers of what has been called by some "French theory". Its position as a philosophical birthplace can be traced back to its very beginnings, with Victor Cousin a student in the early 19th century. Two ENS philosophers won the Nobel Prize in Literature for their writings, Henri Bergson and Jean-Paul Sartre. Raymond Aron, the founder of French anti-communist thought in the 1960s and Sartre's great adversary, was a student from the same year as Sartre, and they were both near contemporaries of phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty, musicologist Vladimir Jankélévitch and historian of philosophy Maurice de Gandillac. In Sèvres, in the ENS for young women, philosopher and mystic Simone Weil was accomplishing her years of study at the same time. Jean Hyppolite, the founder of Hegelian studies in France, also studied at the school at this time and later influenced many of its students. Epistemologists Georges Canguilhem and Jean Cavaillès, the latter also known as a Résistance hero, were educated at ENS as well.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Later, Marxist political thinker Louis Althusser was a student at ENS and taught there for many years, and many of his disciples later became known for their own thought: among them were Étienne Balibar, philosopher Alain Badiou, who still teaches at the school as an emeritus professor, and Jacques Rancière. Still later, in the 1940s and 1950s, the world-renowned thinker Michel Foucault, founder of the history of systems of thought and future professor at the Collège de France was a student a few years ahead of the founder of deconstruction, Jacques Derrida and the thinker of individuation Gilbert Simondon. The tradition continues today through such philosophers as Jacques Bouveresse, Jean-Luc Marion, Claudine Tiercelin, Francis Wolff and Quentin Meillassoux, and the school has also produced prominent public intellectuals like Stéphane Hessel and such New Philosophers as Bernard-Henri Lévy and Benny Lévy.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: Contributing to ENS's role as the centre of the structuralist school of thought, alongside Althusser and Foucault, major psychoanalyst and psychiatrist Jacques Lacan taught there in the 1960s, notably giving his course, "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", in 1964. This period of his teaching is significant as it is the one in which it acquired "a much larger audience" than before and represented a "change of front" from his previous work. During this time the school became a focal point of the École freudienne de Paris, and many of Lacan's disciples were educated there, including psychoanalysts Jacques-Alain Miller and Jean-Claude Milner, the first president of the World Association of Psychoanalysis.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: One of the school's foremost specialities has always been the teaching of history, and as such it has produced a large number of renowned historians who have been important in the development of their subject, starting with Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, Ernest Lavisse and Jérôme Carcopino, all students of the school in the second half of the nineteenth century who later would come back to direct it. Around the turn of the century two men who would become the founders of the Annales School, Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, studied at the school. Jacqueline de Romilly and Pierre Grimal, respectively historians of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, were both students at the school starting in 1933. Sinologist Marcel Granet, medievalist Jacques Le Goff, Egyptologist Gaston Maspero, archeologist Paul Veyne, "Ancien Régime" specialist Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie and Pre-Columbian civilisation anthropologist Jacques Soustelle were all students at the school, as well as Georges Dumézil, who revolutionised comparative philology and mythography with his analyses of sovereignty in Proto-Indo-European religion and formulated the trifunctional hypothesis of social class in ancient societies.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: The school has a long-standing reputation as a training ground for men and women of letters, and its alumni include novelist and dramatist Jean Giraudoux, many of whose plays among which "The Trojan War Will Not Take Place" and "Amphitryon 38" have become staple elements of the French theatrical repertory; and acclaimed novelist Julien Gracq, whose 1951 novel "The Opposing Shore" is now considered a classic. Poet Paul Celan and Nobel Prize in Literature winner Samuel Beckett were both teachers at the school. Jules Romains, the founder of "Unanimism", essayists Paul Nizan and Robert Brasillach, novelist Nobel Prize in Literature winner Romain Rolland and poet Charles Péguy are a few other examples of major authors who were educated there. The school has also long been a centre for literary criticism and theory, from one-time director Gustave Lanson to major twentieth-century figures of the field such as Paul Bénichou, Jean-Pierre Richard and Gérard Genette. The founder of the influential "Négritude" movement, Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, prepared and passed the entrance exam from the "Lycée Louis-le-Grand" where he was friends with future President of Senegal and fellow "Négritude" author Léopold Sédar Senghor, who failed the entrance exam. Around this same period Algerian novelist, essayist and filmmaker Assia Djebar, who would become one of the most prominent voices of Arab feminism, was a student at the school, as well as Belgian writer Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: There is a tradition of social sciences at the school, and Émile Durkheim, regarded as one of the founders of the discipline of sociology, was a student at the school in 1879, around the same time as Théodule Ribot, a psychologist well known for developing Ribot's Law. Pierre Bourdieu, who studied dynamics of power in society and its transmission over generations and became a vocal critic of the French system of "grandes écoles" and notably ENS as the standard-bearer of that system, studied at ENS in the early 1950s, at the same time as his later intellectual adversary, individualist Raymond Boudon, both of them having taken and passed the "agrégation" in philosophy at the end of their studies at the school. Other major ENS sociologists and anthropologists include Maurice Halbwachs, Alain Touraine and Philippe Descola. The school also has a tradition of geography, with the founder of modern French geography and of the French School of Geopolitics Paul Vidal de La Blache having been a student at the school starting in 1863.


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: As for economics, its history at the school is less long, as it was not among the subjects first taught at the school. However, Gérard Debreu won the 1983 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, and there is a growing output of economists from ENS, as evidenced by the young generation of French economists represented by Emmanuel Saez, winner of the 2009 John Bates Clark Medal, Esther Duflo, who won the same medal in 2010 and the Nobel prize in 2019, and Thomas Piketty, author of the 2013 bestseller "Capital in the Twenty-First Century". Since its creation in 2000, ten of the twenty recipients of the Prize of the best young French economist have been ENS alumni, including Antoine Bozio (who now teaches at EHESS), Camille Landais (LSE), Emmanuel Farhi (Harvard), Pascaline Dupas (Stanford) and Xavier Gabaix (Harvard).


title: École normale supérieure (Paris)

text: ENS has never had a public policy division, but some of its students have become leading statesmen and politicians. Third Republic Prime Ministers Jules Simon, Léon Blum, Édouard Herriot and Paul Painlevé as well as socialist leader Jean Jaurès were early examples of this trend. At this time, quite a few ENS former students and intellectuals were drawn to socialism, such as Pierre Brossolette who became a "Résistance" hero and a major national leader during World War II. The institution has continued to be seen as a left-wing school since then. Later, as ENS came increasingly to be seen by some as an antechamber to the "École nationale d'administration", more young students drawn to politics and public policy began to be attracted to it, such as future President of the Republic Georges Pompidou, Prime Ministers Alain Juppé and Laurent Fabius, and ministers such as Bruno Le Maire and Michel Sapin, respectively the current and former Ministers of Finance of France.


title: Motsi Mabuse

text: Motshegetsi "Motsi" Mabuse (born 11 April 1981) is a South African-German dancer. She has appeared on "Let's Dance", the German version of "Strictly Come Dancing", originally appearing as a professional dancer but later became a judge on the show. On 22 July 2019, it was announced that Mabuse would replace Darcey Bussell as a judge on the 17th series of "Strictly Come Dancing".


title: Motsi Mabuse

text: Mabuse was born in Mankwe in 1981 in what was then the Republic of Bophutatswana, whose independence was internationally unrecognised by any country other than South Africa. Bophuthatswana became part of South Africa and her family moved to Pretoria when she was five. Whilst in Pretoria, her sister Oti Mabuse was born, and they both took an interest in dancing. Motsi was educated at Hillview High School, Pretoria.


title: Motsi Mabuse

text: Mabuse was expected to become a lawyer and join the family law firm, but she became intrigued by dancing whilst studying at the University of Pretoria. Her education moved to dancing, and in 1998, she was the runner up in the national championships. The following year, she found her dance and romantic partner, Timo Kulczak at the British Open Championships in Blackpool. They married in 2003, and they competed in international dance competitions from their home in Germany. In 2013 she won the German Latin dance contest with the Ukrainian dancer Evgenij Voznyuk.


title: Motsi Mabuse

text: Mabuse became known in Germany in 2007 through the second season of the RTL dance show "Let's Dance", in which she danced with singer and former Eurovision Song Contest participant Guildo Horn. The couple were eliminated in the fifth show, and finished in 6th place. In 2010, she danced in the third season on the show with Rolf Scheider, a former juror of "Germany's Next Topmodel", and reached fifth place. In the first episode, they had already been eliminated, but returned after the voluntary retirement of Arthur Abraham. Since 2011, Mabuse has sat on the judging panel with Joachim Llambi and Jorge Gonzalez.


title: Motsi Mabuse

text: Mabuse was among the ARD broadcasting team for the 2010 FIFA World Cup and delivered background reports from South Africa. In 2011, she replaced Bruce Darnell on the jury of the fifth season of "Das Supertalent". She was also a judge on the German version of "Stepping Out" in 2015.


title: Motsi Mabuse

text: In 2016, she made her debut as an actress at the 66th Bad Hersfelder Festspiele in "The Crucible" directed by Dieter Wedel. The same year she was a jury member of the RTL II plus-size model casting show "Curvy Supermodel – Real. Nice. Curvy". In 2018, she became the presenter of the new styling show, "Who Makes Me Beautiful" on RTLplus.


title: Motsi Mabuse

text: Since series 17 in 2019, Mabuse has been a judge on BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" replacing Darcey Bussell. Her sister, Oti, was a professional dancer on the show.


title: Motsi Mabuse

text: From 2003, she was married to her dancing partner, Timo Kulczak. The pair divorced after 11 years of marriage in 2014.


title: Motsi Mabuse

text: In 2015, it was confirmed she was in a romantic relationship with her dance partner, Evgenij Voznyuk. She became Motsi Mabuse-Voznyuk in a small legal ceremony before celebrating with more guests in Mallorca in 2017, and had their daughter the following year. Between her television commitments, the couple run a dance school together in Germany, where Mabuse has been based for over 20 years.


title: Chayce Beckham

text: Chayce Beckham (born July 16, 1996) is a singer-songwriter from Apple Valley, California, who rose to fame after winning the nineteenth season of the singing reality show "American Idol".


title: Chayce Beckham

text: Beckham was born in Victorville to Windie Petersen and spent his childhood in Victorville, Hesperia, and Apple Valley, California. He went to Carmel Elementary School in Hesperia, Vanguard Preparatory School and Sitting Bull Academy in Apple Valley, before moving to Glendora High School at the age of 12, and continuing at Whitcomb High School, where he graduated in 2014. He worked as a heavy machinery operator and formed a reggae band called the Sinking Sailors when he was 19 or 20. He cited Jim Morrison, Bob Marley, Bob Dylan, Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Hank Williams Jr., and Hank Williams Sr. as his musical influences, In late 2020, two weeks before he auditioned for "American Idol", he was involved in a near-fatal car wreck.


title: Chayce Beckham

text: Beckham auditioned for the nineteenth season of the singing reality show "American Idol" in Los Angeles, California. After surviving Hollywood Week and making it into the Top 5, Beckham received the most votes to win, and on May 23, 2021, he was crowned the winner of the nineteenth season of "American Idol", beating runner-up Willie Spence.


title: Chayce Beckham

text: On "American Idol", he performed "23", which he wrote a year prior, and the song reached No. 1 on the iTunes chart after he performed the song. The song was released as his single. The song made him the first "Idol" winner to do so with an original song.


title: Cleaver

text: A cleaver is a large knife that varies in its shape but usually resembles a rectangular-bladed hatchet. It is largely used as a kitchen or butcher knife and is mostly intended for splitting up large pieces of soft bones and slashing through thick pieces of meat. The knife's broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation (such as garlic) and can also be used to scoop up chopped items.


title: Cleaver

text: Tools described as cleavers have been in use since the Acheulean period. "Cleaver" was commonly spelled "clever" in the late 17th century.


title: Cleaver

text: In contrast to other kitchen knives, the cleaver has an especially tough edge meant to withstand repeated blows directly into thick meat, dense cartilage, bone, and the cutting board below. This resilience is accomplished by using a softer, tougher steel and a thicker blade, because a harder steel or thinner blade might fracture or buckle under hard use.


title: Cleaver

text: In use, it is swung like a meat tenderizer or hammer the knife's design relies on sheer momentum to cut efficiently; to chop straight through rather than slicing in a sawing motion. Part of the momentum derives from how hard the user swings the cleaver, and the other part from how heavy the cleaver is. Because of this, the edge of a meat cleaver does not need to be particularly sharp in fact, a knife-sharp edge on a cleaver is undesirable. The grind for a meat cleaver, at approximately 25°, is much blunter than for other kitchen knives.


title: Cleaver

text: The tough metal and thick blade of a cleaver also make it a suitable tool for crushing with the side of the blade, whereas some hard, thin slicing knives could crack under such repeated stress.


title: Cleaver

text: Some cleavers have a small hole, at the top front corner, for hanging them on a wall. A butcher does not typically lay them flat, as the blade may dull or get damaged.


title: Cleaver

text: Cleavers are primarily used for cutting through thin or soft bones and sinew. With a chicken, for example, it can be used to chop through the bird's thin bones or to separate ribs. Cleavers can also be used in preparation of hard vegetables and other foods, such as squash, where a thin slicing blade runs the risk of shattering.


title: Cleaver

text: Cleavers are not used for cutting through solid, thick and hard bones – instead a bone saw, either manual or powered, is used.


title: Cleaver

text: A story from the Zhuangzi on the proper use of a cleaver tells of a butcher who effortlessly cut ox carcasses apart, without ever needing to sharpen his cleaver. When asked how he did so, he replied that he did not cut "through" the bones, but rather in the space "between" the bones.


title: Cleaver

text: In explaining his ideal of junzi, Kǒng Fūzǐ remarked "Why use an ox-cleaver to carve a chicken?" on the futility of the common people seeking to emulate noblemen.


title: Cleaver

text: The Chinese chef's knife is frequently incorrectly referred to as a "cleaver", due its similar rectangular shape. However Chinese chef knives are much thinner in cross-section and are intended more as general-purpose kitchen knives, and mostly used to slice boneless meats, chop, slice, dice, or mince vegetables, and to flatten garlic bulbs or ginger; while also serving as a spatula to carry prepared ingredients to the wok.


title: Cleaver

text: For butchering tasks and to prepare boned meats, there is a heavier Chinese "cleaver", used in similar fashion to the Western one.


title: Cleaver

text: In Japanese cutlery, the main cleaver used is the light-duty deba bocho, primarily for cutting the head off fish.


title: Kausalya (actress)

text: Nandini (born Kavitha; 30 December 1979), commonly known as Kausalya, is an Indian actress and model, who has starred mainly in South Indian cinema. She is known as Nandini in Malayalam film Industry. After starting her career as a lead heroine, she has since gone on to portray supporting roles.


title: Kausalya (actress)

text: Nandini was pursuing a modelling career, before she debuted in the 1996 Malayalam film "April 19" by Balachandra Menon. The following year, she appeared in her first Tamil film "Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga" (1997) with Murali and went on to star in several successful films in Tamil like "Nerukku Ner" (1997), "Priyamudan" (1998), "Sollamale" (1998), "Pooveli" (1998), "Vaanathaippola" (2000) and "Kutty" (2001).


title: Kausalya (actress)

text: "Karumadikkuttan" (2001), "Sundara Purushan" (2001), "Shivam" (2002), "Udayam" (2004), "Vajram" (2004), "Maanikyan" (2004) and "Sooryan" (2007).


title: Kausalya (actress)

text: She had starred in over 30 films in Tamil and Malayalam, while securing a Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil for her performance in "Pooveli". She mostly acted in saree-clad and conservative roles. By the mid-2000s, she turned character artiste and went on to portray supporting roles in films such as "Thirumalai" (2003) and "Santosh Subramaniam" (2008) and ventured into television with the series "Manaivi" which aired 436 episodes on Sun TV.


title: Kausalya (actress)

text: In 2004, she attempted to make a comeback as a lead actress but unfortunately several of her projects became delayed. Films such as Thiagarajan's "Police" which starred her alongside Prashanth, "Manadhil" with Karthik, "Vendumadi Nee Enakku" and "Rosappoo Chinna Rosappoo" with Sathyaraj, were readied but then stalled in quick succession.


title: Kausalya (actress)

text: Kausalya was born in Bangalore, Karnataka state. Her father Shivashankar Siddalingappa, a Bangalorean, worked as a depot manager at Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation. Her mother is half Marathi and half Kannada, and was born and brought up in Sri Lanka. Her grandmother was from Sri Lanka. Kausalya remains unmarried.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The American University of Beirut (AUB) () is a private, non-sectarian, and independent university chartered in New York with its campus in Beirut, Lebanon. AUB is governed by a private, autonomous board of trustees and offers programs leading to bachelor's, master's, MD, and PhD degrees.


title: American University of Beirut

text: AUB has an operating budget of $423 million with an endowment of approximately $768 million. The campus is composed of 64 buildings, including the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC, formerly known as AUH – American University Hospital) (420 beds), four libraries, three museums and seven dormitories. Almost one-fifth of AUB's students attended secondary school or university outside Lebanon before coming to AUB. AUB graduates reside in more than 120 countries worldwide. The language of instruction is English. Degrees awarded at the university are officially registered with the New York Board of Regents.


title: American University of Beirut

text: On January 23, 1862, W. M. Thomson proposed to a meeting of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions that a college of higher learning, that would include medical training, should be established in Beirut with Dr. Daniel Bliss as its president. On April 24, 1863, while Bliss was raising money for the new college in the United States and England, the State of New York granted a charter for the Syrian Protestant College. The college, which was renamed the American University of Beirut in 1920, opened with a class of 16 students on December 3, 1866. Bliss served as its first president, from 1866 until 1902. In the beginning Arabic was used as the language of instruction because it was the common language of the ethnic groups of the region, and prospective students needed to be fluent in Ottoman Turkish or in French as well as in English. In 1887 the language of instruction became English.


title: American University of Beirut

text: AUB alumni have had a broad and significant impact on the region and the world for many years. For example, 20 AUB alumni were delegates to the signing of the United Nations Charter in 1945—more than any other university in the world. AUB graduates continue to serve in leadership positions as presidents of their countries, prime ministers, members of parliament, ambassadors, governors of central banks, presidents and deans of colleges and universities, academics, business people, scientists, engineers, doctors, teachers, and nurses. They work in governments, the private sector, and in nongovernmental organizations.


title: American University of Beirut

text: During the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) AUB pursued various means to preserve the continuity of studies, including enrollment agreements with universities in the United States. In 1982 acting president David S. Dodge was kidnapped on campus by pro-Iranian Shiite Muslim extremists. On January 18, 1984, AUB President Malcolm H. Kerr was murdered outside his office by members of Islamic Jihad, which preceded the Hezbollah. In 1984 and 1985 a number of university staff were kidnapped, including electrical engineering professor Frank Regier, professor J. Leigh Douglas, professor Philip Padfield, professor Joseph Cicippio, dean of the faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences Thomas Sutherland (held captive from 1985 to 1991), director David Jacobsen, and librarian Peter Kilburn (killed by his captors). In all, 30 university-connected people were kidnapped during the war.


title: American University of Beirut

text: On 8 November 1991 a car-bomb demolished the main administrative building, killing one member of staff. The New York Times reported that it was believed to have been set off by pro-Iranian Muslim fundamentalists. Another source states that Hassan Abd al-Nabih, a senior intelligence officer in the South Lebanon Army was accused of being responsible.


title: American University of Beirut

text: After initially announcing that it would stay open in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, and ignoring the Lebanese Ministry of Education and Higher Education's request that it shut down, in early March 2020 the university announced that it would close down. AUB later announced the creation of an expert committee. A research portal was also created to help in studying COVID-19 pandemic related issues.


title: American University of Beirut

text: On May 5, 2020, AUB's President Fadlo Khuri announced a projected 60% decline in AUB's revenue in the next academic year and added that furloughs, layoffs, and the elimination of departments and programs will be necessary for financial survival. Initially, Khuri announced that AUB would "fire 22–25%" of its staff due to severe financial difficulties; in July, the university cut 850 jobs, including 650 staff layoffs and a further 200 employees not having their contracts renewed or taking retirement and not being replaced.


title: American University of Beirut

text: Later that same year, in December, AUB adjusted the LBP-USD exchange rate at which its dollar-pegged tuition was charged, from an official rate of £L1,515 to the dollar to a £L3,900 rate used by banks for electronic transactions. This was interpreted by some as a 160% increase in tuition fees. Although the university announced significant increases in financial aid, some students protested the administration's decision and were blocked from entering campus, eventually being teargassed by the Lebanese Internal Security Forces and riot police.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The American University of Beirut campus is on a hill overlooking the Mediterranean Sea on one side and bordering Bliss Street on the other. AUB's campus in Ras Beirut consists of 64 buildings, seven dormitories and several libraries. In addition, the university also houses the Charles W. Hostler Student Center, an Archaeological Museum as well as the widely renowned Natural History Museum. Students also have a range of recreational and research facilities, such as the 247 acre research farm and educational complex hosted by the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences' AREC (Advancing Research Enabling Communities Center) in Beqaa, Lebanon.


title: American University of Beirut

text: In fall 2018, there were over 9,000 students enrolled at AUB: 7,180 undergraduates and 1,922 graduate students.


title: American University of Beirut

text: AUB offers 141 undergraduate/graduate programs and 36 certificates and diplomas. In 2007, the university reintroduced PhD programs. AUB also includes dozens of research centers and institute that sponsor and promote research in a variety of fields.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The AUB Medical Center (AUBMC) is the private, not-for-profit teaching center of the Faculty of Medicine. AUBMC, which is accredited by the Joint Commission International (JCIA) on hospital accreditation, includes a 420-bed hospital and offers comprehensive tertiary/quaternary medical care and referral services in a wide range of specialties and medical, nursing, and paramedical training programs at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels.


title: American University of Beirut

text: Throughout its history, the AUB Medical Center, which was formerly known as the American University Hospital (AUH), has played a critical role in caring for the victims of regional and local conflicts. It provided care for the sick and wounded during World War I and World War II, the Lebanese Civil War, the Palestinian conflict, and the invasion of Iraq. In recent years, it has provided care for a number of Syrian refugees at the Medical Center in Beirut, at partner hospitals, and at mobile clinics.


title: American University of Beirut

text: Since 1905, AUB's medical services have included a nursing school. In 2008, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) invited AUB's Rafic Hariri School of Nursing to become a full member, making it the first member of the AACN outside the United States. The American Nurses Credentialing Center's (ANCC) Magnet Recognition Program awarded AUBMC its prestigious Magnet designation on June 23, 2009. AUBMC is the first healthcare institution in the Middle East and the third in the world outside the United States to receive this award.


title: American University of Beirut

text: On April 4, 2011, AUB announced the AUBMC 2020 Vision, which includes the construction of a state-of-the-art medical complex consisting of 12 buildings that would increase bed capacity to almost 600. In his inaugural address in January 2016, AUB President Fadlo R. Khuri, MD, outlined Health 2025 affirming the university's commitment to be the regional leader and a key global partner in addressing global health challenges.


title: American University of Beirut

text: AUBMC now includes the Rafic Hariri School of Nursing Building, the Pierre Abu Khater Outpatient Building, the Wassef and Souad Sawwaf Building, the Medical Administration Building, the Halim and Aida Daniel Academic and Clinical Center, and the Inpatient and Outpatient hospital buildings.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The university is also home to several Clinical and Research Centers of Excellence such as the Mamdouha El-Sayed Bobst Breast Unit, the Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, the Abu-Haidar Neuroscience Institute, the Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon (affiliated with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee), the Moufid Farra Heart and Vascular Outpatient Center, the Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, and the Ahmad and Jamila Bizri Neuro Outpatient Center. They address health issues endemic to the Arab region such as cancer, heart and vascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, multiple sclerosis, blood disorders, and mental illness.


title: American University of Beirut

text: As part of the AUBMC 2020 vision, AUBMC held a groundbreaking ceremony for its New Medical Center Expansion Under the Patronage of President Michel Aoun in May 2019.


title: American University of Beirut

text: There are three museums at AUB: the Archaeological Museum, the Geology Museum, and the Natural History Museum.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The Archaeological Museum is the third oldest museum in the Near East. Its collection includes more than 16,000 objects and 10,000 coins and features pottery, prehistoric flint tools, bronze figurines, Phoenician and classical sculptures and bas-reliefs, Egyptian alabaster vases from Byblos, hairpins, and musical instruments. The museum has conducted excavations in Lebanon and Syria. The Society of the Friends of the AUB Museum organizes lectures, exhibits, and activities for children.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The Geology Museum includes rocks, minerals, and fossils from around the world. It is an important resource for AUB students and researchers and for students from other universities and schools in Lebanon.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The Natural History Museum houses a unique collection that represents the biodiversity of the area. It is especially well known for the Post Herbarium, which includes 63,000 specimens.


title: American University of Beirut

text: AUB's Archives and Special Collections includes important documents related to the founding of the Syrian Protestant College in 1866 and also many materials (documents, maps, photographs, etc.) of interest to scholars of Lebanon and the region including the Beirut Codex, a New Testament in Syriac, dating back to the ninth or tenth century; the E. W. Blatchford Collection (photographs of the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa taken between 1880 and 1900); and political and cultural posters dating back to the 1940s.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The American University of Beirut has embarked upon a new initiative (AUB Art Galleries and Collections) to play an active role in promoting fine and contemporary art in the region.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The very first step taken in this new direction coincided with the generous donation of Dr. Samir Saleeby to AUB. The Rose and Shaheen Saleeby Collection includes paintings by artists of different generations, ranging from Khalil Saleeby (1870–1928) and Cesar Gemayal (1898–1958) to Omar Onsi (1901–1969) and Saliba Douaihy (1912–1994). It also features works by Haidar Hamaoui (b. 1937), Chucrallah Fattouh (b. 1956), and Robert Khoury (b. 1923). The Saleeby donation is the cornerstone upon which AUB will establish a comprehensive collection of modern and contemporary art from the region.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The new initiative commenced with the launching of new art spaces located in and around AUB campus: the Rose and Shaheen Saleeby Museum in Sidani Street and the Byblos Bank Art Gallery, in Ada Dodge Hall (on campus).


title: American University of Beirut

text: The Agricultural Research and Education Center (AREC) in the Beqaa Valley also includes an annex to the Science and Agriculture Library.


title: American University of Beirut

text: Although many library resources are accessible remotely from on and off campus, the libraries themselves are equipped with e-classrooms, computer labs, and wireless connectivity. Trained and experienced library staff conduct classes and workshops throughout the year to introduce and train users to take advantage of the libraries' collections, information resources, and innovative technologies.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The American University of Beirut (AUB) has been publishing since its inception as the Syrian Protestant College (SPC). The earliest publication held in AUB's Nami Jafet Memorial Library was published in 1881; a study in Arabic on the management of disease, written by Dr. John Wortabet, professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the medical school of the Syrian Protestant College.


title: American University of Beirut

text: At the time, the SPC had no university press nor a centralized publication office. The earliest publications of the college were published in the name of the college by the American Mission Press, which was founded in Malta in 1822, moved to Beirut in 1832, and operated until 1965. Other publishers produced books for AUB, including the Franciscan Press in Jerusalem and the Catholic Press in Beirut.


title: American University of Beirut

text: In 1969, a formal centralized publications office was created, the Office of Publications. By 2001, a decision was made to publish books in the name of the AUB Press rather than the more general American University of Beirut name. In 2004, organizational changes at AUB resulted in the split of the Office of University Publications into two separate offices. The Office of University Publications, which became the Office of Communications, came under the jurisdiction of the Office of Development and External Relations while the AUB Press, focused on publishing academic research as books, was placed under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Provost.


title: American University of Beirut

text: "AUB Outlook" is a student newspaper circulated on campus grounds and on their website. It was established in 1949 and gained official status on July 15, 1957. by a license given to AUB under order no.113 issued by the Lebanese Minister of Information. "Outlook" is not affiliated politically and strives to not be biased toward any sect, religion, race, or ethnicity. It is run by students and is independent from the direct control of the university with an editorial board of at least 12 members appointed annually.


title: American University of Beirut

text: AUB was granted institutional accreditation in June 2004 by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. The university's accreditation was reaffirmed in 2009 and again in 2016 and 2019.


title: American University of Beirut

text: In September 2006, the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) accredited the Graduate Public Health Program in the Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS). The program was reaccredited in 2012 for seven years. The AUB Graduate Public Health Program is the first CEPH-accredited public health program outside the North American continent and the only CEPH-accredited public health program in the Arab world, Asia, and Africa.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) accredited AUB's Rafic Hariri School of Nursing's BSN and MSN programs on October 13, 2007. The accreditation was reaffirmed in 2012.


title: American University of Beirut

text: In April 2009, the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accredited the Suliman S. Olayan School of Business (OSB). The accreditation was reaffirmed in 2014. AACSB is the leading international accrediting agency for undergraduate, master's, and doctoral degree programs in business administration and accounting. Less than five percent of business schools worldwide have earned AACSB International accreditation.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture at the American University of Beirut received accreditation for its undergraduate BE civil engineering, BE computer and communications engineering, BE in electrical and computer engineering, and BE in mechanical engineering programs from the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) in 2008. The accreditation was reaffirmed in 2016. The undergraduate program in chemical engineering was accredited in 2013.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences' undergraduate Nutrition and Dietetics Coordinated Program (NDCP) was accredited by the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) in 2013. It was reaccredited in 2017.


title: American University of Beirut

text: 20 AUB graduates or former students were delegates to the signing of the United Nations Charter in San Francisco in 1945, including notable woman alumna Angela Jurdak Khoury, Lebanon's first woman diplomat. During its 150th celebration in 2016, the university identified "History Makers" – men and women who have distinguished themselves in the areas of Leading, Innovating, and Serving by their accomplishments as scholars, politicians, artists, and in many other fields as well.


title: American University of Beirut

text: The most notable woman alumna of the American University of Beirut is Angela Jurdak Khoury, who completed her undergraduate studies in 1937 and her master's degree in 1938. She is the first known woman to graduate with a master's degree from the American University of Beirut. She went on to become Lebanon's first woman diplomat and was awarded the National Order of the Cedar, Lebanon's highest ranking state award, in 1959.


title: American University of Beirut

text: Many other notable women alumni reached high positions in various fields. One of these women is Reem Acra an American University of Beirut business graduate that was awarded with the Fashion Design Department's award and Ellis Island award.


title: American University of Beirut

text: Another notable woman alumni is Zaha Hadid who studied mathematics at the American University of Beirut. In addition, she received an Honorary Degree from AUB, and one of her completed projects is the Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs Building which is currently present at AUB. Another honorable mention is Rula Ghani. Ms. Ghani is a former first lady of Afghanistan, and listed as the Top 100 world's most influential people by Time magazine. Moreover, Ghada El Samman is a famous female Arab writer. She received her master's degree from the American University of Beirut, and she founded her own publishing house. Another well known female AUB alumni is Karimeh Abbud. Karimeh, who was born in 1893, graduated from AUB with a degree in Arabic Literature. She is also considered to be the first female photographer in the Arab world. She received her first camera as a gift when she was 17 years old. Moreover, her work includes hundreds of photos regarding the Palestinian History. Moreover, Dr. Amal Mudallali is another honorable mention. Dr. Mudallali graduated from the American University of Beirut with a degree in political science. She is the first Lebanese female to ever become Lebanon's UN ambassador. Another notable female alumni was Edvick Jureidini Shayboub. She was an activist, educator, and journalist well known for her dedication and fight for women's right.


title: Spike Lee filmography

text: Spike Lee is an American film director, producer, writer, and actor, known for films that deal with controversial social and political issues. Each of Lee's films is typically referred to as "A Spike Lee Joint" and the closing credits always end with the phrases "By Any Means Necessary," "Ya Dig," and "Sho Nuff."


title: Spike Lee filmography

text: Lee received a Master of Fine Arts from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, which culminated in his thesis film "", the first student film to be showcased in Lincoln Center's New Directors/New Films Festival. Lee's first feature-film "She's Gotta Have It" was released three years later in 1986. Lee directed, produced, wrote, and acted in his first three feature-films: "She's Gotta Have It", "School Daze", and "Do the Right Thing". Lee has starred or acted in many of his own films, including the role of Mars Blackmon, which he reprised for a series of Nike commercials that also starred Michael Jordan.


title: Spike Lee filmography

text: In addition to his feature-film credits, Lee has directed music videos by artists such as Prince, Michael Jackson, Anita Baker and Eminem. He has also directed music videos for songs featured in films he has directed, including "Fight the Power" by Public Enemy, which was featured heavily in the 1989 film "Do the Right Thing".


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: Wicker Park is a 2004 American romantic thriller drama film directed by Paul McGuigan and starring Josh Hartnett, Rose Byrne, Diane Kruger and Matthew Lillard. It is a remake of the 1996 French film "L'Appartement", which in turn is loosely based on Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream". It was nominated for the at the Montreal World Film Festival, the city in which the film was partially filmed.


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: Matt Simon, a young advertising executive, returns to Chicago with his fiancée Rebecca, after spending the last two years in New York. He bumps into his old friend Luke on the way into a meeting at a restaurant, in preparation for a business trip to China. Once inside, Matt thinks he overhears Lisa, the beautiful dancer he was in love with two years before, who had vanished overnight. Unable to confront the woman he believes may be Lisa, he blows off the trip and instead embarks on an obsessive search for her, as the story of Matt and Lisa's romance unfolds in flashbacks.


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: A key card which the woman leaves at the restaurant leads Matt to a hotel, where he finds Lisa's silver compact and an article marked in a newspaper. He leaves a note for Lisa at the restaurant bar, borrows Luke's car, and trails the man from the newspaper article to an apartment. There Matt discovers a note to Lisa under the door, with her key enclosed. The apartment is deserted, but he leaves Lisa a note himself, to meet him in Wicker Park, and keeps the key. An ecstatic Matt returns the car to Luke, who is furious because he has missed a date with his new girlfriend Alex. When Alex calls, Matt takes the blame and Luke is mollified.


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: The next day, after waiting in vain at Wicker Park, Matt goes back to the apartment and is caught by a woman who is also named Lisa. She says the apartment is hers, but she has a coat and red-soled shoes with a broken heel identical to Lisa's—shoes that came from Luke's shop, where Lisa first met Matt. She says that she was at the hotel because the man in the newspaper was stalking her, and asks Matt to stay the night. They end up sleeping together. Flashbacks reveal that this "Lisa" is actually Alex, Lisa's old neighbor and friend. Alex had fallen in love with Matt from afar, but he met and fell for Lisa before Alex found the courage to speak to him. The man from the newspaper was stalking Lisa, and Alex agreed to swap apartments with her for a few days before Lisa left for a new job in London.


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: Luke persuades Matt to come with him that night to see Alex perform in "Twelfth Night". She is unrecognizable in stage makeup, but panics after she sees Matt in the audience with Luke. Matt returns to the apartment, feels the real Lisa's presence in spite of its emptiness, and spends the night. Alex sleeps with Luke that night; in the morning, when Matt calls Luke, she answers the phone then drops it in a panic. She overhears Luke say Matt is at the apartment, and runs out to call him and meet him there. After receiving Matt's note at the restaurant, the real Lisa calls and asks Luke to tell Matt to meet her at three o'clock, saying he will know where. When Alex arrives at the apartment, Matt gives her another pair of red-soled shoes, Lisa's size, but they are too big. She realizes he suspects something, but Matt says he can exchange them and leaves. Alex then calls Luke and asks him to meet her at the restaurant.


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: Now suspicious, Matt follows "Lisa" (Alex), bumps into Luke, and follows him into the restaurant to finally meet Alex, the girl Luke is in love with. Matt confronts Alex, her deception revealed. A flashback reveals that two years ago, the same day that Matt asked Lisa to move in with him, Lisa was offered a last minute job touring with a show in Europe and had to jump on a plane. Lisa had given Alex a note to deliver to Matt, telling him she loved him and wanted to live with him. Instead, Alex had kept the note, deleted all the messages Lisa had left for Matt on his answering machine, and told Lisa that she had caught Matt in bed with another woman. Matt never learned why Lisa left, seemingly without a word. In the present, a confused Luke tells Matt that Lisa called and wants him to meet her at three o'clock before she returns to London. Matt is unsure where to meet, but Alex gives him Lisa's old note and he realizes that Lisa is at Wicker Park. Arriving too late, Matt then races to the airport, and is met by Rebecca, who has come to pick him up from the business trip to China he never went on. He confesses that he still loves someone else and cannot marry her. Lisa is nearby on the phone, listening to Alex admit what she has done and apologize. Matt sees Lisa through the crowd and comes up behind her. She senses he is there, turns to kiss him, and they are reunited.


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: Calling "L'Appartement" "among the most absorbing and ingeniously constructed thrillers in years," "Variety" noted that the film "was tapped for a Hollywood redo almost immediately," but then went into development hell with multiple directors (Joel Schumacher, Steven Spielberg, Joan Chen and Danny Cannon) and stars (Brendan Fraser, Freddie Prinze, Jr. and Paul Walker) attached at different times.


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: "Wicker Park" has been given 27% approval based on reviews from 137 critics from Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 4.4 out of 10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Implausible coincidences and an overly convoluted structure make the movie hard to follow or believe." At Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: Main criticisms are directed towards the film's complex plot and unconvincingly implausible coincidences. The Associated Press says, "the characters do incredibly stupid things simply for the sake of plot contrivance." "The Arizona Republic" calls it "a film with more unbelievable coincidences than a Henry Fielding novel, more plot holes than a Swiss cheese and populated with the stock characters of that Hollywood world, that cinematic parallel universe." McGuigan's direction is also criticised, with the "Denver Rocky Mountain News" saying he "seems to have invested more in the youth and glamour of his cast than in a plausible and exacting script", whereas "The New York Times" says "Directorial touches can't do much to salvage a project as poorly conceived as this one."


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: Though calling the film inferior to "L'Appartement", Scott Foundas wrote in "Variety" that both "Wicker Park" directing and screenplay were faithful to the French original, praising the way the film's second half "jumps back and forth in time and shifts between various characters' points-of-view, until finally the disparate pieces of the pic's fragmented puzzle come together." He added, "And while cynical viewers will no doubt suggest that [the] pic's entire mystery could be remedied with a single e-mail or cell phone call, the same might be said for "Vertigo", and there's something refreshing and timeless about the way "Wicker Park" allows its characters to rely on their own wits rather than those increasingly common technological aids."


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: The non-linear narrative received a mixed response. In a mixed review, "The Boston Globe" says, "The preview audience I saw it with hooted in disbelief at the outrageous bits, then happily dug in to see what would happen next." Conversely, "The Washington Post" says, "This is a smart movie, full of astonishing reverses and switchbacks, and it adroitly walks the thin line between too clever by half and not clever enough by three-quarters." In a favorable review, Roger Ebert says "Wicker Park" "works because the actors invest their scenes with what is, under the circumstances, astonishing emotional realism."


title: Wicker Park (film)

text: "Wicker Park" was nominated for the Grand Prix des Amériques at the Montreal World Film Festival, the city in which it was partially filmed.


title: Lisa Dwan

text: Lisa Dwan is an Irish stage, film and television actress, director, and writer. She is best known for her performances and adaptations of the work of Samuel Beckett and other theatre.


title: Lisa Dwan

text: Dwan was born in Coosan, Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland, and originally trained as a ballet dancer. She was chosen to dance with Rudolf Nureyev in the Ballet San Jose's production of "Coppélia" in Dublin when she was 12 years old. She left school at 14 after winning a scholarship to attend the Dorothy Stevens School of Ballet in Leeds, and also danced with the London Lewis Ballet Company. Dwan began acting professionally as a teenager.


title: Lisa Dwan

text: Dwan's first movie was playing the role of Agnes in an adaptation of "Oliver Twist," co-starring Elijah Wood and Richard Dreyfuss.


title: Lisa Dwan

text: Dwan's first regular series role was as Princess Deirdre, the Mystic Knight of Air, on Saban's "Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog". She played the role of Orla in eight episodes of RTÉ's "The Big Bow Wow" in 2004, the role of Zoe Burke in 28 episodes of the Irish soap opera "Fair City" from 2006 to 2007, and the role of Angel Islington on "Rock Rivals".


title: Lisa Dwan

text: Dwan is most well known internationally for her performances and adaptations of Samuel Beckett's works; Kate Kellaway has called her an "Irish actor and Beckett interpreter of the first rank". She performed in Beckett's "Not I" in London's Battersea Arts Centre in 2005, and was interviewed with Billie Whitelaw, whom Beckett called the "perfect actress", as part of the Beckett celebrations on BBC Radio 3.


title: Lisa Dwan

text: Beginning in 2006, Whitelaw mentored Dwan on her work on Beckett. Dwan performed the piece again in July 2009 at the Southbank Centre in London in a time of nine minutes and fifty seconds, and again at the International Beckett Festival in 2012. The event was repeated at Reading University in May 2013.


title: Lisa Dwan

text: In October 2016, Dwan adapted and starred in "No's Knife", a one-woman production adapted from Beckett's Stories and Texts for Nothing at London's Old Vic and Abbey Theatre Dublin. Dwan is the first woman to perform Beckett's Stories and Texts for Nothing.


title: Lisa Dwan

text: In 2017, Dwan starred in Harold Pinter's "The Lover" and "The Collection" at the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, D.C., for which she won Shakespeare Theatre Company's Emery Battis Award for Acting Excellence. In 2016, Dwan starred in Marina Carr's stage adaptation of "Anna Karenina" for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. Other recent theatre appearances include "Shining City" off-Broadway and at the Irish Repertory Theatre in 2016, "Beside the Sea" at the Southbank Centre in London in 2012, "Margot, Diary of an Unhappy Queen" in at the Barbican Centre in London in 2012, "The Journey Between Us" at Southbank Theatre in London in 2016, "Illusions" by Ivan Viripaev at the Bush Theatre in London, "The Soldier's Tale" at the Hay Festival in 2013, "The Importance of Being Earnest" on tour in Ireland in 1999, and "The History of the World at 3am" at Andrews Lane Theatre in Dublin in 1996, among others.


title: Lisa Dwan

text: In 2021, Dwan played Tori Matthews opposite James Nesbitt in Bloodlands, an acclaimed four-part BBC drama.


title: Lisa Dwan

text: Dwan regularly writes, lectures, and teaches on theatre, gender, and Beckett. Recent speaking engagements include appearances on BBC radio and television and WNYC. Dwan also writes about Beckett and the arts, including an in The Guardian. She has lectured at the École Normale Supérieure, University of Reading and the University of Oxford, and recently completed a residency at Princeton University's Lewis Center for the Arts, where she taught a class on adapting Beckett's prose work. Dwan was also a 2017–2018 artist in residence at Columbia University, where she worked with Irish writer Colm Toibin on "Pale Sister", a play derived from the class they taught called "The Antigone Project". Dwan was a resident fellow at the School of Art and Ballet at New York University from 2017 to 2018.


title: Tom Fulp

text: Thomas Charles Fulp (born April 30, 1978) is an American programmer known for creating the website Newgrounds, as well as co-founding the video game and Movies company The Behemoth. He has been credited with "changing the landscape of the Internet forever" and kickstarting the browser game scene in the late 1990s, both with the releases of his own advanced Flash games, along with the launch of the Newgrounds Portal, which made Newgrounds one of the very first sites that allowed creators to easily share their creations with a large online audience.


title: Tom Fulp

text: Fulp was born and raised in Perkasie, Pennsylvania, on April 30, 1978. In 1991, Fulp launched a Neo Geo fanzine called "New Ground" and sent issues to approximately 100 members of a club originating on the online service Prodigy.


title: Tom Fulp

text: Using a hosting service, he launched a website called New Ground Remix in 1995, which increased in popularity during the summer of 1996 after Fulp created the BBS games "Club a Seal" and "Assassin", after graduating from Pennridge High School. Eventually, this site turned into Newgrounds.com.


title: Tom Fulp

text: In 1999, Fulp created the game "Pico's School" in Shockwave Flash 3, before the launch of the scripting language ActionScript that subsequent Flash game developers would use. The game "exhibited a complexity of design and polish in presentation that was virtually unseen in amateur Flash game development" until then and has been credited both with helping kickstarting the Flash games scene and launching Newgrounds as a "public force".


title: Tom Fulp

text: Fulp co-created the Flash game "Alien Hominid", which he later developed for consoles under The Behemoth, and the console game "Castle Crashers".


title: Tom Fulp

text: Fulp received the Pioneer award at the 2021 Game Developers Choice Awards for the creation of Newgrounds and for being a trailblazer of the Macromedia Flash games that helped define a generation of indie developers.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: A nine-dart finish, also known as a nine-darter, is a perfect leg or single game in the sport of darts. The object of the game is to score a set number of points, most commonly 501; in order to win, a player must reach the target total exactly and hit a double scoring area with their last dart. When the target is 501, the minimum number of darts needed to reach it is nine. For example, one way to achieve a nine-dart finish is to score 60 (triple 20) on each of the first seven throws, then a 57 (triple 19) on the eighth, and lastly a 24 (double 12) on the ninth. It is regarded as an extremely difficult feat to achieve even for the sport's top players, and is considered the highest single-game achievement in the sport, similar to a maximum 147 break in snooker or a 300-point game in bowling.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: The feat was first achieved on television by John Lowe in 1984, and has since been via this medium a total 64 times. Paul Lim was the first to hit a nine-darter in the World Championship, making history during the 1990 BDO World Darts Championship in a second-round victory over Jack McKenna. Phil Taylor has achieved the most on television with 15, his first coming in 2002 and his last in 2015. Taylor is the only player to achieve two nine-darters in the same match, doing so in the final of the 2010 Premier League against James Wade. The following year, Brendan Dolan became the first to accomplish a nine-darter by starting and finishing with a double, as per the format of the World Grand Prix event of that year.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: To date, Adrian Lewis is the only player to hit a nine-darter in a World Championship final, doing so during the 2011 PDC World Darts Championship final against Gary Anderson. In 2013, Terry Jenkins and Kyle Anderson were the first players to hit a nine-darter on the same day, doing so on the second day of the 2014 PDC World Darts Championship. Wade and Robert Thornton were the first players to both achieve a perfect leg in the same match, doing so during the 2014 World Grand Prix.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: A single game of darts (known as a leg) requires a player to score exactly 501 points, ending with either the bullseye or a double. Each shot consists of exactly three darts, and 60 is the maximum that can be scored with any one dart. Thus 180 is the maximum score from a shot, and nine throws are the minimum necessary to win.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: Although many other combinations are possible, the traditional nine-dart finish requires a score of 60 (triple 20) with each of the first six throws: that is, with the first two shots of three. That leaves 141 to score on the final shot (of three darts), known as the outshot.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: Another way is to score 167 with each set of three darts, scoring a perfect 501 total, in the following way:


title: Nine-dart finish

text: By throwing each dart of a shot to a different place on the board, this eliminates the chance of any dart being deflected by an already thrown dart into the wrong scoring area but it is usually seen only in exhibition matches, as in tournaments, players are inclined to aim for the treble 20, only switching to the treble 19 for a cover shot.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: Arguably the most difficult nine-dart finish would be 180 (3×T20), 171 (3×T19), and 150 (3×bullseye) – owing to the difficulty of getting all three darts in the bullseye: it is the smallest double on the board.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: A nine-dart finish is also attainable in games which require a double to start scoring (a "double-in"; such games are thus termed "double-in double-out" with the existing double-out requirement). In such games, throwing for double 20 first can lead to a maximum score of 160 with the first shot, leaving the thrower commonly requiring 180 then 161 (T20, T17, bullseye) with their remaining six darts, though other outshots are possible. It is worth noting that in these games, only throwing for double 20, double 17, or bullseye to start the leg can result in a nine-dart finish, and if the bullseye is not the "double-in", it must be the "double-out" (it can be both).


title: Nine-dart finish

text: The total number of different ways of achieving 501 with nine darts is 3,944, of which 2,296 finish with the bullseye, 672 end on D20, 792 on D18, 56 end on D17, 120 end on D15, and 8 end on D12. 574 of the possible ways can be used in a "double-in double-out" game. Currently, over 200 professional darts players have achieved nine-dart finishes, both televised and untelevised. Prior to 2006 there had been around 10.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: As of 27 November 2022, 71 nine-darters have been thrown in televised matches by 32 different players. 52 of those 71 hit two 180s and finished with a 141 check-out. English players have achieved a total of 34 nine-darters, 13 have been achieved by Dutch players, six by Scottish and Welsh players, three by Australian players, two by Belgian, Northern Irish and Portuguese players and one nine-darter has been achieved by players from the United States, Canada, and Lithuania. The first televised nine-dart finish was achieved at the MFI World Matchplay on 13 October 1984 by John Lowe, who checked out 141 with T17, T18, D18 after scoring two maximum 180s. For this he received a prize of £102,000, and he went on to win the whole event. This nine-dart finish was not broadcast live, nor was Paul Lim's at the 1990 BDO World Darts Championship. The first ever live broadcast nine-dart finish was performed by Shaun Greatbatch against Steve Coote in the final of the Dutch Open on 3 February 2002, while Phil Taylor achieved the first live nine-darter broadcast on British television during the 2002 World Matchplay.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: Taylor has achieved the feat more than any other darts player on television, having done so 11 times. His first came on 1 August 2002 during a quarter-final tie against Chris Mason at the 2002 World Matchplay in Blackpool, for which Taylor received £100,000. Despite having achieved the feat a record 11 times, Taylor never hit a nine-darter in the World Championship, missing a chance on the outside wire of double 12 in his last match in the 2018 Final.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: The youngest player to throw a televised nine-darter is Michael van Gerwen, who hit the perfect leg in the semi-finals of the 2007 Masters of Darts tournament in the Netherlands. The event was screened live in the Netherlands. Van Gerwen was just old at the time, and was the first televised nine-darter that did not start with two 180s. Van Gerwen has since hit seven more televised nine-darters.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: The 2007 International Darts League became the first televised tournament to witness two nine-darters when Phil Taylor's nine-dart finish against Raymond van Barneveld was matched the following day by another one from Tony O'Shea against Adrian Lewis. In the second round of the 2008 Grand Slam of Darts in Wolverhampton, James Wade hit his first televised nine-dart-finish against Gary Anderson. The event was shown live on ITV4, making it the first time a nine-darter had been seen live on free-to-air television in the United Kingdom. Mervyn King hit his first televised nine-dart finish in the 2009 South African Masters in September 2009 against Wade, becoming the first player do so outside of Europe.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: On 24 May 2010, in the Premier League final against Wade, Taylor made history by being the first player to ever hit two nine-dart finishes in a single match. These were his seventh and eighth nine-dart finishes. On 10 February 2017, Michael van Gerwen became the second player to hit two nine-dart finishes in a match, in a 2017 UK Open qualification event against Ryan Murray.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: Brendan Dolan was the first player ever to hit a nine-darter in a "double-in double-out" game, doing so in the semi-final of the 2011 World Grand Prix against James Wade on 8 October 2011. He opened with double 20, before hitting successive treble 20s (160, 180) and then finished on 161 with T20, T17 and a bullseye. He later changed his nickname to "The History Maker" to reflect his feat. In October 2014 at the World Grand Prix, Wade and his opponent Robert Thornton became the first players to both hit a nine-darter in the same match. Wade is the only player to have hit a 'standard' nine-darter and a "double-in double-out" nine-darter.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: William Borland hit a nine-darter at the 2022 PDC World Darts Championship in his first-round matchup in the last leg of the match to become the first person to win a match on TV in the PDC by hitting a nine-darter. On 17 February 2022, Gerwyn Price achieved two nine-dart finishes on the same day, doing so in two separate matches during night 3 of the 2022 Premier League Darts during a win against Michael van Gerwen in the semi-final, and then against James Wade in the final. In total, Price achieved four nine-dart finishes in 2022; no player had previously managed more than two.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: The first player to manage the outshot in the World Championship was Paul Lim on 9 January 1990 against Jack McKenna. Lim won a £52,000 bonus for the feat, more than the £24,000 Phil Taylor received for winning the event. In the 2018 PDC World Darts Championship, Lim missed double 12 in his second round match against Gary Anderson, which would have made him the first player to do a nine-dart finish in both versions of the World Darts Championship. Even with two versions of the World Championship in operation, Lim's achievement was not repeated for nearly 19 years until 2 January 2009, when Raymond van Barneveld became the second person to achieve the feat and the first since the split in darts. The finish came against Jelle Klaasen in the quarter-final of the 2009 World Championship at Alexandra Palace, and he claimed a £20,000 bonus prize. On 28 December 2009 he repeated the feat at the 2010 World Championship during his second round clash with Brendan Dolan.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: Adrian Lewis achieved a nine-dart finish in the third leg of the 2011 World Championship final against Gary Anderson. On 23 December 2012 at the 2013 World Championship, Dean Winstanley hit a nine-dart finish in the third leg of the third set in his second round defeat to Vincent van der Voort. Another nine-dart finish at this Championship was achieved by Michael van Gerwen in his semi-final victory over James Wade in the third leg of the fifth set. The leg after the nine-darter (the fourth leg of the fifth set) van Gerwen hit another eight perfect darts but missed the last dart at the double to achieve consecutive nine-dart finishes.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: On 14 December 2013 at the 2014 World Championship, Terry Jenkins and Kyle Anderson both hit nine-darters in their first round losses against Per Laursen and Ian White respectively. On 30 December 2014 in the third round of the 2015 World Championship, Adrian Lewis hit his second World Championship nine-dart finish and his third overall, though he lost the match 3–4 to Van Barneveld. On 2 January 2016 in the semi-finals of the 2016 World Championship, Gary Anderson hit a nine-dart finish to defeat Klaasen 6–0 to reach his third World Championship final.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: On 17 December 2021, during the first round of the 2022 World Championship, William Borland hit a nine-dart finish to defeat Bradley Brooks 3–2 in a last leg decider to reach the second round, becoming the first player in PDC history to win a televised match with a nine-dart finish. He described it as "the best night of my life". The following day, Darius Labanauskas achieved the feat during a 3–1 loss to Mike De Decker. In the quarter-final, defending champion Gerwyn Price hit the third of the tournament in a loss to Michael Smith.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: The following table lists the number of perfect legs recorded by players who have scored multiple nine-darter in a televised match.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: In 1984, John Lowe pocketed £102,000 for the first TV perfect leg. With nine-dart finishes now thrown on a regular basis the reward for throwing one has decreased. Until 2013 the PDC had a rolling £400 prize-pool for a nine-dart leg. As long as it wasn't won, it increased by £400 for the next event. In 2013 the bonus stopped being awarded. For all PDC Premier events, the PDC formerly had a rolling £5000 prize-pool for a nine-dart leg. As long as it isn't won, the prize for hitting a nine-dart leg is increased by £5000. If multiple players hit a nine-dart finish in one premier event, the money is split evenly across all players who achieved a nine-dart finish in that event. So the prize for a nine-darter varies for every PDC premier event. In the 2015 tournament, achieving the perfect leg in the PDC World Championships would win £10,000, (in the 2014 tournament the prize was £30,000). The reward for a nine-darter during the most recent BDO World Darts Championship was £52,000.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: In 2019, a special prize of £100,000 was available to any player who hits two nine-dart finishes at the PDC World Championships, a feat which has never previously been achieved at any World Championship. As such, it didn't happen, and by the end of 2019, all prize money for nine-dart finishes were withdrawn, owing to the ever increasing prize fund for tournaments.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: Though no female darts player has recorded a televised nine-dart finish to date, Mandy Solomons was the first woman to ever record a nine-dart finish in competition. It came in a match against Robert Hughes during the qualifying rounds for the 1996 BDO World Championship on 30 November 1995 at Earls Court, London. It was the first time female players were allowed to enter the qualifying rounds for the BDO World Championship. Hughes did end up winning the match 2–0 though. Solomons was also one of the first women to record a nine-dart finish in a regional Super League match.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: Claire Stainsby and Glen Durrant made history when they recorded the first ever nine-dart finish in mixed pairs competition at the 2013 BDO International Open in Brean, Somerset. Durrant opened up with a 177, Stainsby followed that up with a 180 to leave Durrant on 144, which he ended up taking out for the first nine-dart finish in mixed pairs competition. As a result, Claire Stainsby was inducted into the BDO 9 Dart Club, thus becoming the first and so far only female to be inducted.


title: Nine-dart finish

text: Ten-time World Champion Trina Gulliver revealed she has twice missed her last dart to record a nine-dart finish. One was a double 18 for $100,000 at an event in Canada and another missed double was for a car at an event in Ireland.


title: MSCHF

text: MSCHF (pronounced "mischief") is an American art collective based in Brooklyn, New York, United States. MSCHF has produced a wide range of artworks, ranging from browser plugins to sneakers, physical products, social media channels and photographs.


title: MSCHF

text: The group was founded in 2016 by Gabriel Whaley, who acts as its CEO. As of January 2020, MSCHF was reported to have received $11.5 million USD in funding. The group operates as a company under the name MSCHF Product Studio, Inc.


title: MSCHF

text: The group announces the availability of their work in numbered "drops". In May 2018 MSCHF released its first work, titled "The Persistence of Chaos". The work was a single 2008 Windows laptop loaded with six malware programs. The programs included were those that had purportedly caused nearly $100 billion dollars in damage to the global economy.


title: MSCHF

text: A November 2019 release called "Puff the Squeaky Chicken" consisted of a rubber chicken that was also a functional bong.


title: MSCHF

text: An April 2020 release called "Severed Spots" involved the purchase of a $30,000 USD Damien Hirst spot print. After purchasing the work, MSCHF cut the individual spots out of the print, selling them for $480 each. A second work consisting of the leftover paper, titled "88 Holes", sold for $261,400 USD.


title: MSCHF

text: In 2020, the group released a dog collar called "Cuss Collar" that turns a dog's barking into spoken swear words.


title: MSCHF

text: In June 2020 MSCHF and MrBeast released a one-time multiplayer mobile game titled "Finger on the App". In the game, players touch their phone screen and the last person to remove their finger from the screen wins $25,000. Four people ended up winning $20,000 each after keeping their finger on the app for over 70 hours. The game was reportedly so successful that a sequel titled "Finger on the App 2" was released in March 2021, featuring a grand prize of $100,000. The winner kept their finger on the phone screen for around 51 hours; the second-place finisher also received a prize of $20,000.


title: MSCHF

text: In September 2020 MSCHF released a series of paintings that were enlargements of medical bills received by American citizens. The paintings were sold for $78,000 USD, and the proceeds used to pay down the bills the work was built upon.


title: MSCHF

text: In February 2021 the group purchased a Boston Dynamics robot dog, and mounted a paintball gun on it. The robot was used in a live performance that allowed users of the MSCHF app to control the robot and its paintball gun. After MSCHF publicly criticized the potential use of robotic dogs by police forces, Boston Dynamics released a statement criticizing the use of the robot in an artwork.


title: MSCHF

text: Also in February 2021, MSCHF purchased four Birkin bags and used them to make sandals, dubbed "Birkinstocks" after the Birkenstock brand of shoes. The shoes sold for between $34,000 and $76,000 USD, depending on the size of shoe purchased.


title: MSCHF

text: Also, on March 29, 2021, MSCHF partnered with Lil Nas X, to release a pair of modified Nike Air Max 97 shoes called "Satan Shoes", in an edition of 666. The shoes sold for $1,018 USD, in an apparent reference to Bible verse Luke 10:18. They featured a reversed bronze pentagram, an inverted cross and a drop of real human blood in their sole and sold out in the first minutes of being available for sale. The shoes garnered significant controversy, which led Nike to announce that they were suing MSCHF for trademark infringement and dilution. In Nike's complaint against MSCHF and Lil Nas X, the brand argued that it had "suffered harm to its goodwill, including among consumers who believe that Nike is endorsing satanism." The two companies came to a settlement in April 2021 after a U.S. District Court in Brooklyn granted Nike a temporary restraining order against MSCHF. As part of the settlement, MSCHF agreed to accept returns of the Satan Shoes.


title: MSCHF

text: In July 2021, MSCHF released Dead Startup Toys. The drop included miniature "toy" versions of the Juicero juicer, the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) rugged laptop, Theranos miniLab, Jibo social robot, and the Coolest Cooler.


title: MSCHF

text: In October 2021 the collective offered the original Andy Warhol drawing "Fairies", which they had purchased for $20,000, along with 999 high-quality forgeries they produced, for $250 apiece. Having mixed the fakes with the lone original, MSCHF claimed not to know which was the real Warhol. Each of the forgeries and also the lone original were (re)titled "Possibly Real Copy of 'Fairies' by Andy Warhol".


title: MSCHF

text: In December 2021, they released Tontine, a morbid sort of betting pool loosely based on the 17th century investment scheme of the same name. Participants enter $10 dollars into the pot and then must log in every day lest they be eliminated. The last person remaining gets the pot.


title: MSCHF

text: In January 2022, MSCHF released OnlyBags. The drop consisted of a website where users could browse and purchase shopping bags from luxury brands. All bags sold out in under a minute.


title: Marko Livaja

text: Marko Livaja (; born 26 August 1993) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Hajduk Split and the Croatia national team. He has represented his country at every level from the under-15s to the senior team.


title: Marko Livaja

text: Livaja began at the lower-tier Croatian side GOŠK Kaštel Gomilica when he was 4 years old, and subsequently NK Omladinac Vranjic before getting a call to the Dinamo Zagreb Academy in the summer of 2008. However, before he was registered for Dinamo he received a call from his hometown club Hajduk Split Academy, long-standing rivals of Dinamo, and moved there. At the beginning of 2010, he was promoted to the full Hajduk team.


title: Marko Livaja

text: Later in 2010 (after joining the full Hajduk team) Livaja was sold to Internazionale, who loaned him to Swiss side FC Lugano in 2011. He was loaned again to Cesena in summer 2011 through a €250,000 deal from Hajduk Split, and made his Serie A debut for Cesena against Fiorentina in October 2011. Livaja played for Cesena in both their primary team and their youth team.


title: Marko Livaja

text: In January 2012 he returned to Inter when Cesena partially sold him to them for €2.25 million in a co-ownership deal. After Andrea Stramaccioni was appointed the coach of the first team, Livaja became a member of Inter Primavera, winning the 2011–12 NextGen series. Livaja received his first call-up as a member of the first team on 1 April 2012, where he was an unused substitute in a match against Genoa won 5–4 at San Siro.


title: Marko Livaja

text: In the 2012–13 season, Livaja made his first appearance in the opening season match against Pescara and played his first game as a team starter against Roma in January 2013. He appeared in a total of six Serie A games during the first half of the season, but without scoring a goal. Livaja got more playing time in European games, as he was the coach Stramaccioni's first choice striker for 2012–13 UEFA Europa League group matches against Rubin Kazan, FK Partizan, and Neftchi Baku.


title: Marko Livaja

text: He scored his first goal for Inter against Rubin Kazan on 20 September 2012 and became Inter's top scorer for the group stage, with four goals in six group matches. Inter finished second in Group H with 11 points, three behind Rubin Kazan.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 31 January 2013 Livaja was loaned to Atalanta, though Inter retained half his registration rights. Inter paid €1.5 million to acquire Livaja outright from Cesena but resold half his rights to Atalanta for €2.5M as part of Ezequiel Schelotto's deal for €6M. Livaja made his debut for the new club against Catania Calcio on 10 February 2013 and scored his first two goals for them on Matchday 26 against A.S. Roma.


title: Marko Livaja

text: For disciplinary reasons, he remained off the squad list in April during Atalanta's match against Sampdoria. He played his first game against his owners Inter Milan on 7 April 2013, coming on as a second-half substitute. In April, Livaja was given Atalanta's "Man of the Month" award for February 2013 by the club fans. On 7 May, before the match with Juventus, Livaja was once again expelled from the squad due to a breach of discipline.


title: Marko Livaja

text: Livaja signed with Rubin Kazan on 15 May 2014 on a five-year deal. The Russian league club paid up to €6M for him. On 31 August 2015, Rubin Kazan send him on loan at Serie A side Empoli. His spell didn't go as expected, with Livaja scoring only once in 18 matches for "Azzurri", only four as starter. That goal came on 22 November during the 2–2 away draw against Fiorentina.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 14 July 2016, Livaja joined La Liga side Las Palmas by signing a contract until June 2020. He made his debut later on 22 August, a debut which brought his first goals as well, as Las Palmas defeated Valencia 4–2 at Mestalla Stadium. Then, he endured a 613-minute scoreless run across 10 matches until 4 December 2016, when he scored he's team's only goal in the 1–1 away draw against Deportivo Alavés. Livaja made his first Copa del Rey appearance on 10 January of the following year in the returning leg of round of 16 against Atlético Madrid, scoring a brace in a 2–3 away win but 4–3 aggregate loss.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 1 July 2017, Livaja was loaned to AEK Athens, for an initial loan fee of €200,000 with a purchase option of €1.8 million for the summer of 2018. He made his debut on 25 July 2017 in a 2–0 home defeat against CSKA Moscow in the first leg of the Champions League third qualifying round. On 28 September 2017, he scored a 90th-minute equaliser for AEK, his second in a game that ends 2–2 against Austria Wien in the UEFA Europa League group stage. On 5 November 2017 he scored the only goal in the "double-headed eagle" derby against PAOK.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 19 November 2017, Livaja stole a point for AEK in an away 1–1 derby against rivals Panathinaikos with a dramatic equalizer at the last moment of the game. On 27 November 2017, he scored a brace in a 3–0 home win against Platanias, which brought his team back to the top of the league table. On 3 December 2017, with his second-half goal, AEK won 2–0 in an away clash against Levadiakos remaining on top of the 2017–18 Super League after 13 matches.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 14 January 2018, he opened the score in a 3–1 home win game against PAS Giannina. On 27 January he scored in a 2–0 home win game against Lamia. On 4 March 2018, he scored with a head in a brilliant right-wing cross from Rodrigo Galo, sealing a 1–0 home win against rivals Panionios. In his first season with AEK Athens he won the Super League, but lost the Greek Cup to PAOK, managing to reach the Round of 32 of the Europa League, where the were eliminated by Dynamo Kyiv.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 22 March 2018, impressed by his performances, AEK decided to trigger his optional transfer clause of €1.8 million and the player will reportedly earn €700,000 per year until the summer of 2021.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 14 August 2018, he headed into the net from close range to make it 2–0, and despite Scott Sinclair bringing Celtic back into the contest in the latter stages, AEK held on for dear life to earn progression to the UEFA Champions League playoffs to play Vidi in a 2–1 home win game against Celtic in the Champions League Third qualifying round, 2nd leg. Two days later an unnamed Italian team, later proved to be Sampdoria, offered €8 million for the Croatian forward, but the administration of the team turned it down. On 25 August 2018, he scored his first goal of the 2018–19 season in a 2–0 home win game against PAS Giannina as he was in the right place at the right time to convert a superb cross from right-back Michalis Bakakis after some neat approach play from Rodrigo Galo. On 20 October 2018, some excellent build-up play from forward Viktor Klonaridis allowed Livaja to score his first league goal since the opening match of the season, in a 2–0 away win against Apollon Smyrnis. A week later, he chipped in to put further gloss on the scoreline by converting a Lucas Boyé cross, added a fourth for Marinos Ouzounidis’ team in a hammering 4–0 home win game against Aris. On 2 December 2018, he came in as a substitute and scored with a wonderful solo in a 2–0 home win against Xanthi. Οn 20 December 2018, he scored a brace in a 3–1 away win against Volos in the final game of the 2018–19 Greek Cup group stage.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 20 January 2019, he opened the score in a comfortable 3–0 home win game against Asteras Tripolis. Three days later, he came in as a substitute and scored a brace in an emphatic 5–0 home win against AO Chania−Kissamikos in the Greek Cup round of 16. His team won 6–1 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter finals of the competition. On 10 February 2019, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 home win against OFI, after a fine solo effort from Christos Albanis.


title: Marko Livaja

text: He contributed a goal and an assist as AEK beat Universitatea Craiova to reach the 2019–20 Europa League play-off round, but despite his goal in that round against Trabzonspor, the tie ended 3–3 on aggregate and AEK were eliminated on away goals. On 1 September 2019 he scored his first league goal of the season in a 2–3 away win against Asteras Tripolis, after an assist from Christos Albanis. On 21 September, Livaja continued his excellent form by scoring in a 1–0 away win against Panetolikos, which was the third consecutive.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 20 October 2019, Livaja scored with a kick in a 3–2 home win game against Volos. On 18 December, Livaja helped AEK sealing a vital 2–1 home win game against Asteras Tripolis when 45 seconds into the second half a slick passing move involving Nenad Krstičić and Paulinho was finished off with a one-touch finish by the Croatian international.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 5 January 2020, Livaja was in excellent form as he netted two goals (one from the penalty spot) and won a penalty to lead AEK to 3–1 home victory over struggling Panetolikos. He was named as the Man of the match. On 19 February, he scored with a late penalty in a 4–0 home win against Panetolikos for the Greek Cup quarter finals.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 7 June, after an 80-day enforced Covid-19 break, Livaja picked up possession under close attention from Mattias Johansson, and he skillfully turned his man before beating Sokratis Dioudis with a powerful shot to equalize the score in a 1–1 home draw game against Panathinaikos for the 2019–20 Superleague playoffs. On 14 June 2020, he scored with a close header, after an excellent cross from Hélder Lopes, helping to a 2–0 away win against OFI.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 24 June, Livaja scored a brace and led his team to the cup final for the fifth consecutive year, after a dramatic 2–2 away draw against Aris at extra time. Also in June, Livaja was named as the Player of the Season in the Greek Super League.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 1 July, AEK’s were awarded a penalty when Giannis Michailidis fouled AEK’s Italian forward Daniele Verde in the PAOK box, and Livaja's excellent kick sealing a vital 2–0 away Playoffs win against rivals PAOK.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 19 August 2020, AEK rejected a €4,000,000 offer from Al Wahda, setting a price tag of €8,000,000. Rennes and Saint-Étienne, both of Ligue 1, also expressed interest in signing the player. On 19 September 2020, in the 2020–21 Super League Greece opener, Livaja scored sealing a 2–0 away win against Panetolikos.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 5 November 2020, he scored a brace and gave an assist in a 4–1 away win 2020–21 UEFA Europa League group stage game against FC Zorya Luhansk helping AEK to increase the possibility of qualifying for the next phase of the UEFA Europa League. On 29 November 2020, he opened the score in a 2–1 away win against Asteras Tripolis.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 17 February 2021, LIvaja was released from his AEK contract upon request, after being deemed surplus to requirements due to his refusal to sign a contract extension.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On the same day his AEK contract was terminated, Livaja joined Croatian club Hajduk Split until the end of the season. He managed seven goals and eight assists in his 17 appearances for Hajduk, helping the club qualify for the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League qualifying stages.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 9 June 2021, Hajduk announced that Livaja signed a new contract with the club until the summer of 2024. On 21 December 2021, Prva HNL team captains named Marko Livaja as the Best Footballer in Prva HNL. The Hajduk striker is the first from the Split club to win the best player award since 2003. Livaja finished the 2021–22 Prva HNL season as top goalscorer with 28 goals, ahead of Rijeka's Josip Drmić with 21. His 28 league goals is a Hajduk record for a single season, beating Leo Lemešić's tally of 26 in 1934–35 and Zlatko Vujović with 25. In July 2022, Livaja extended his contract for 4 more years.