title: Control engineering

text: According to a "Control Engineering" survey, most of the people who answered were control engineers in various forms of their own career. There are not very many careers that are classified as "control engineer," most of them are specific careers that have a small semblance to the overarching career of control engineering. A majority of the control engineers that took the survey in 2019 are system or product designers, or even control or instrument engineers. Most of the jobs involve process engineering or production or even maintenance, they are some variation of control engineering.


title: Control engineering

text: Originally, control engineering was all about continuous systems. Development of computer control tools posed a requirement of discrete control system engineering because the communications between the computer-based digital controller and the physical system are governed by a computer clock. The equivalent to Laplace transform in the discrete domain is the Z-transform. Today, many of the control systems are computer controlled and they consist of both digital and analog components.


title: Control engineering

text: Therefore, at the design stage either digital components are mapped into the continuous domain and the design is carried out in the continuous domain, or analog components are mapped into discrete domain and design is carried out there. The first of these two methods is more commonly encountered in practice because many industrial systems have many continuous systems components, including mechanical, fluid, biological and analog electrical components, with a few digital controllers.


title: Control engineering

text: Similarly, the design technique has progressed from paper-and-ruler based manual design to computer-aided design and now to computer-automated design or CAD which has been made possible by evolutionary computation. CAD can be applied not just to tuning a predefined control scheme, but also to controller structure optimisation, system identification and invention of novel control systems, based purely upon a performance requirement, independent of any specific control scheme.


title: Control engineering

text: Resilient control systems extend the traditional focus of addressing only planned disturbances to frameworks and attempt to address multiple types of unexpected disturbance; in particular, adapting and transforming behaviors of the control system in response to malicious actors, abnormal failure modes, undesirable human action, etc.


title: Japanese New Year

text: The is an annual festival with its own customs. Since 1873, the official Japanese New Year has been celebrated according to the Gregorian calendar, on January 1 of each year, . However, some traditional events of the Japanese New Year are partially celebrated on the first day of the year on the modern Tenpō calendar, the last official lunisolar calendar which was used until 1872 in Japan.


title: Japanese New Year

text: Prior to the Meiji period, the date of the Japanese New Year had been based on Japanese versions of lunisolar calendar (the last of which was the Tenpō calendar) and, prior to Jōkyō calendar, the Chinese version. However, in 1873, five years after the Meiji Restoration, Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar and the first day of January became the official and cultural New Year's Day in Japan.


title: Japanese New Year

text: The Japanese eat a selection of dishes during the New Year celebration called , typically shortened to "osechi." Many of these dishes are sweet, sour, or dried, so they can keep without refrigeration: the culinary traditions date to a time before households had refrigerators and when most stores closed for the holidays. There are many variations of "osechi", and some foods eaten in one region are not eaten in other places (or are even considered inauspicious or banned) on New Year's Day. Another popular dish is , a soup with "mochi" rice cake and other ingredients, which differ in various regions of Japan. It is also very common to eat buckwheat noodles called toshikoshi soba on ōmisoka (New Year's Eve). Today, sashimi and sushi are often eaten, as well as non-Japanese foods. To let the overworked stomach rest, is prepared on the seventh day of January, a day known as .


title: Japanese New Year

text: Another custom is to create and eat . Steamed is put into a wooden container and patted with water by one person while another person hits it with a large wooden mallet. Mashing the rice, it forms a sticky white dumpling. This is made before New Year's Day and eaten during the beginning of January.


title: Japanese New Year

text: "Mochi" is made into a New Year's decoration called , formed from two round cakes of mochi with a placed on top. The name "daidai" is supposed to be auspicious since it means "several generations."


title: Japanese New Year

text: At midnight on December 31, Buddhist temples all over Japan ring their bells a total of 108 times ( ) to symbolize the 108 earthly temptations in Buddhist belief, and to get rid of the 108 worldly desires regarding sense and feeling in every Japanese citizen. A major attraction is The Watched Night bell, in Tokyo. A traditional Japanese belief is that ringing bells can rid the sins of the passing year. The bell is rung 107 times on the 31st and once past midnight.


title: Japanese New Year

text: The end of December and the beginning of January are the busiest for Japanese post offices. The Japanese have a custom of sending to their friends and relatives, similar to the Western custom of sending Christmas cards. The original purpose was to give faraway friends and relatives tidings of oneself and one's immediate family— to tell those whom one did not often meet that he/she was alive and well.


title: Japanese New Year

text: Sending these greetings is timed so they will arrive on January 1st. The post office guarantees delivery on that day if the cards are marked with the word "nengajō" and mailed between mid-December and a few days before year's end. To deliver them on time, the post office usually hires students part-time.


title: Japanese New Year

text: It is customary to refrain from sending these postcards when there has been a death in the family during the year. In this case, a family member sends a simple to inform friends and relatives that they should not send New Year's cards, out of respect for the deceased.


title: Japanese New Year

text: People get their "nengajō" from many sources. Stationers sell preprinted cards. Most of these have the Chinese zodiac sign of the New Year as their design, conventional greetings, or both. The Chinese zodiac has a cycle of 12 years. Each year is represented by an animal. The animals are, in order: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig. 2020 was the year of the Rat and the most recent start of the cycle. Famous characters like Snoopy, (2006) and other cartoon characters like Mickey and Minnie Mouse, (2008) have been especially popular in their celebrated years.


title: Japanese New Year

text: Addressing is generally done by hand, and is an opportunity to demonstrate one's handwriting (see "shodō"). The postcards may have spaces for the sender to write a personal message. Blank cards are available, so people can hand-write or draw their own. Rubber stamps with conventional messages and with the annual animal are on sale at department stores and other outlets, and many people buy ink brushes for personal greetings. Special printing devices are popular, especially among people who practice crafts. Computer software also lets artists create and print their own designs. Very social individuals, who have hundreds of cards to write, may go to print shops and choose from a wide variety of cards prepared with short messages, so the sender only has to address them. Despite the omnipresence of email, the "nengajō" remains very popular, although the younger generation sends hardly any cards. They prefer to exchange digital greetings via mobile phones, and in recent years the wider society gradually has come to accept digital greetings.


title: Japanese New Year

text: On New Year's Day, Japanese people have a custom known as "" where adult relatives give money to children. It is handed out in small decorated envelopes called "pochibukuro", similar to Shūgi-bukuro or Chinese hóngbāo and to the Scottish handsel. In the Edo period, large stores and wealthy families would give out a small bag of mochi and a Mandarin orange to spread happiness all around. The amount of money given depends on the age of the child but is usually the same if there is more than one child so that no one feels slighted. It is not uncommon for amounts greater than ¥5,000 (approximately US$50) to be given.


title: Japanese New Year

text: The New Year traditions are also a part of Japanese poetry, including haiku (poems with 17 syllables, in three lines of five, seven and five) and renga (linked poetry). All of the traditions above would be appropriate to include in haiku as "kigo" (season words). There are also haiku that celebrate many of the "first" of the New Year, such as the "first sun" ("hatsuhi") or "first sunrise", "first laughter" ("waraizome"—starting the New Year with a smile is considered a good sign), and first dream ("hatsuyume"). Since the traditional New Year was later in the year than the current date, many of these mention the beginning of spring.


title: Japanese New Year

text: Along with the New Year's Day postcard, haiku might mention "first letter" ("hatsudayori"—meaning the first exchange of letters), "first calligraphy" ("kakizome"), and "first brush" ("fude hajime").


title: Japanese New Year

text: During the first three days of the New Year the Seven Lucky Gods are said to pilot through the heavens to human ports on the "Takarabune" or Treasure Ship. A picture of the ship forms an essential part of traditional Japanese New Year celebrations.


title: Japanese New Year

text: It was also customary to play many New Year's games. These include "hanetsuki", "takoage" (kite flying), "koma" (spinning top), "sugoroku", "fukuwarai" (whereby a blindfolded person places paper parts of a face, such as eyes, eyebrows, a nose and a mouth, on a paper face), and "karuta" (Japanese playing cards).


title: Japanese New Year

text: There are many shows created as the end-of-year, and beginning-of-year entertainment, and some being a special edition of the regular shows. For many decades, it has been customary to watch the TV show "Kōhaku Uta Gassen" aired on NHK on New Year's Eve. The show features two teams, red and white, of popular music artists competing against each other.


title: Japanese New Year

text: Mixed martial arts in Japan organizations such as Pride FC and Dream have held events on New Year's Eve and Rizin Fighting Federation has held New Year's Eve events since its founding in 2015.


title: Japanese New Year

text: Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, with accompanying chorus, is traditionally performed throughout Japan during the New Year's season. In December 2009, for example, there were 55 performances of the symphony by various major orchestras and choirs in Japan.


title: Japanese New Year

text: The Ninth was introduced to Japan during World War I by German prisoners held at the Bandō prisoner-of-war camp.


title: Japanese New Year

text: Japanese orchestras, notably the NHK Symphony Orchestra, began performing the symphony in 1925. During World War II, the Imperial government promoted performances of the symphony, including on New Year's Eve, to encourage allegiance to Japanese nationalism. After the war, orchestras and choruses, undergoing economic hard times during the reconstruction of Japan, promoted performances of the piece around New Years because of the popularity of the music with the public. In the 1960s, performances of the symphony at New Years became more widespread, including participation by local choirs and orchestras, and established the tradition which continues to this day.


title: Japanese New Year

text: There is also an associated festival of , traditionally celebrating the first full moon of the new year, on the 15th day of the first lunar month (approximately mid-February). This is now sometimes celebrated on January 15, in various respects. The main events of Koshōgatsu are rites and practices praying for a bountiful harvest; is traditionally eaten in the morning and is involved in the rice gruel divination ceremony. Further, New Year decorations are taken down around this date, and some temples hold events, such as at Tōrin-in.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: The Colorado potato beetle ("Leptinotarsa decemlineata"), also known as the Colorado beetle, the ten-striped spearman, the ten-lined potato beetle, or the potato bug, is a major pest of potato crops. It is about long, with a bright yellow/orange body and five bold brown stripes along the length of each of its elytra. Native to the Rocky Mountains, it spread rapidly in potato crops across America and then Europe from 1859 onwards.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: The Colorado potato beetle was first observed in 1811 by Thomas Nuttall and was formally described in 1824 by American entomologist Thomas Say. The beetles were collected in the Rocky Mountains, where they were feeding on the buffalo bur, "Solanum rostratum". The genus "Leptinotarsa" is assigned to the chrysolmelid beetle tribe Chrysomelini (in subfamily Chrysomelinae).


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: Adult beetles typically are in length and in width. They weigh 50-170 mg. The beetles are orange-yellow in colour with 10 characteristic black stripes on their elytra. The specific name "decemlineata", meaning 'ten-lined', derives from this feature. Adult beetles may, however, be visually confused with "L. juncta", the false potato beetle, which is not an agricultural pest. "L. juncta" also has alternating black and white strips on its back, but one of the white strips in the center of each wing cover is missing and replaced by a light brown strip.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: The orange-pink larvae have a large, 9-segmented abdomen, black head, and prominent spiracles, and may measure up to in length in their final instar stage. The beetle larva has four instar stages. The head remains black throughout these stages, but the pronotum changes colour from black in first- and second-instar larvae to having an orange-brown edge in its third-instar. In fourth-instar larvae, about half the pronotum is coloured light brown. This tribe is characterised within the subfamily by round to oval-shaped convex bodies, which are usually brightly coloured, simple claws which separate at the base, open cavities behind the procoxae, and a variable apical segment of the maxillary palp.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: The beetle is most likely native to the area between Colorado and northern Mexico, and was discovered in 1824 by Thomas Say in the Rocky Mountains. It is found in North America, and is present in every state and province except Alaska, California, Hawaii, and Nevada. It now has a wide distribution across Europe and Asia, totalling over 16 million km.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: Its first association with the potato plant ("Solanum tuberosum") was not made until about 1859, when it began destroying potato crops in the region of Omaha, Nebraska. Its spread eastward was rapid, at an average distance of 140 km per year. By 1874 it had reached the Atlantic Coast. From 1871, American entomologist Charles Valentine Riley warned Europeans about the potential for an accidental infestation caused by the transportation of the beetle from America. From 1875, several Western European countries, including Germany, Belgium, France, and Switzerland, banned imports of American potatoes to avoid infestation by "L. decemlineata".


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: These controls proved ineffective, as the beetle soon reached Europe. In 1877, "L. decemlineata" reached the United Kingdom and was first recorded from Liverpool docks, but it did not become established. Many further outbreaks have occurred; the species has been eradicated in the UK at least 163 times. The last major outbreak was in 1976. It remains as a notifiable quarantine pest in the United Kingdom and is monitored by DEFRA to prevent it from becoming established. A cost-benefit analysis from 1981 suggested that the cost of the measures used to exclude "L. decemlineata" from the UK was less than the likely costs of control if it became established.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: Elsewhere in Europe, the beetle became established near USA military bases in Bordeaux during or immediately following World War I and had proceeded to spread by the beginning of World War II to Belgium, the Netherlands, and Spain. The population increased dramatically during and immediately following World War II and spread eastward, and the beetle is now found over much of the continent. After World War II, in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, almost half of all potato fields were infested by the beetle by 1950. In East Germany, they were known as "Amikäfer" ('Yankee beetles') following a governmental claim that the beetles were dropped by American planes. In the European Union, it remains a regulated (quarantine) pest for the Republic of Ireland, Balearic Islands, Cyprus, Malta, and southern parts of Sweden and Finland. It is not established in any of these member states, but occasional infestations can occur when, for example, wind blows adults from Russia to Finland.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: The beetle has the potential to spread to temperate areas of East Asia, India, South America, Africa, New Zealand, and Australia.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: Colorado potato beetle females are very prolific and are capable of laying over 500 eggs in a 4- to 5-week period. The eggs are yellow to orange, and are about long. They are usually deposited in batches of about 30 on the underside of host leaves. Development of all life stages depends on temperature. After 4–15 days, the eggs hatch into reddish-brown larvae with humped backs and two rows of dark brown spots on either side. They feed on the leaves of their host plants. Larvae progress through four distinct growth stages (instars). First instars measure about long, and the last (fourth) instars measure in length. The first through third instars each last about 2–3 days duration; the fourth lasts 4–7 days. Upon reaching full size, each fourth instar spends several days as a nonfeeding prepupa, which can be recognized by its inactivity and lighter coloration. The prepupae drop to the soil and burrow to a depth of several inches, then pupate. In 5 to 10 days, the adult beetle emerges to feed and mate. This beetle can thus go from egg to adult in as little as 21 days. Depending on temperature, light conditions, and host quality, the adults may enter diapause and delay emergence until spring. They then return to their host plants to mate and feed; overwintering adults may begin mating within 24 hours of spring emergence. In some locations, three or more generations may occur each growing season.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: "L. decemlineata" has a strong association with plants in the family Solanaceae, particularly those of the genus "Solanum". It is directly associated with


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: "Solanum cornutum" (buffalo-bur), "Solanum nigrum" (black nightshade), "Solanum melongena" (eggplant or aubergine), "Solanum dulcamara" (bittersweet nightshade), "Solanum luteum" (hairy nightshade), "Solanum tuberosum" (potato), and "Solanum elaeagnifolium" (silverleaf nightshade). They are also associated with other plants in this family, namely the species "Solanum lycopersicum" (tomato) and the genus "Capsicum" (pepper).


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: At least 13 insect genera, three spider families, one phalangid (Opiliones), and one mite have been recorded as either generalist or specialized predators of the varying stages of "L. decemlineata". These include the ground beetle "Lebia grandis", the coccinellid beetles "Coleomegilla maculata" and "Hippodamia convergens", the shield bugs "Perillus bioculatus" and "Podisus maculiventris", various species of the lacewing genus "Chrysopa", the wasp genus "Polistes", and the damsel bug genus "Nabis".


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: The predatory ground beetle "L. grandis" is a predator of both the eggs and larvae of "L. decemlineata", and its larvae are parasitoids of the pupae. An adult "L. grandis" may consume up to 23 eggs or 3.3 larvae in a single day.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: In a laboratory experiment, "Podisus maculiventris" was used as a predatory threat to female "L. decemlineata" specimens, resulting in the production of unviable trophic eggs alongside viable ones; this response to a predator ensured that additional food was available for newly hatched offspring to increase their survival rate. The same experiment also demonstrated the cannibalism of unhatched eggs by newly hatched "L. decemlineata" larvae as an antipredator response.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: Around 1840, "L. decemlineata" adopted the cultivated potato into its host range and it rapidly became a most destructive pest of potato crops. It is today considered to be the most important insect defoliator of potatoes. It may also cause considerable damage to tomato and eggplant crops with both adults and larvae feeding on the plant's foliage. Larvae may defoliate potato plants resulting in yield losses up to 100% if the damage occurs prior to tuber formation. Larvae may consume 40 cm of potato leaves during the entire larval stage, but adults are capable of consuming 10 cm of foliage per day.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: The economic cost of insecticide resistance is significant, but published data on the subject are minimal. In 1994, total costs of the insecticide and crop losses in the US state of Michigan were $13.3 million, representing 13.7% of the total value of the crop. The estimate of the cost implication of insecticides and crop losses per hectare is $138–368. Long-term increased cost to the Michigan potato industry caused by insecticide resistance in Colorado potato beetle was estimated at $0.9 to $1.4 million each year.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: The large-scale use of insecticides in agricultural crops effectively controlled the pest until it became resistant to DDT in 1952 and dieldrin in 1958. Insecticides remain the main method of pest control on commercial farms. However, many chemicals are often unsuccessful when used against this pest because of the beetle's ability to rapidly develop insecticide resistance. Different populations in different geographic regions have, between them, developed resistance to all major classes of insecticide, although not every population is resistant to every chemical. The species as a whole has evolved resistance to 56 different chemical insecticides. The mechanisms used include improved metabolism of the chemicals, reduced sensitivity of target sites, less penetration and greater excretion of the pesticides, and some changes in the behavior of the beetles.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: Bacterial insecticides can be effective if application is targeted towards the vulnerable early-instar larvae. Two strains of the bacterium "Bacillus thuringiensis" produce toxins that kill the larvae. Other forms of pest control, through nonpesticidal management are available. Feeding can be inhibited by applying antifeedants, such as fungicides or products derived from Neem ("Azadirachta indica"), but these may have negative effects on the plants, as well. The steam distillate of fresh leaves and flowers of tansy ("Tanacetum vulgare") contains high levels of camphor and umbellulone, and these chemicals are strongly repellent to "L. decemlineata".


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: "Beauveria bassiana" (Hyphomycetes) is a pathogenic fungus that infects a wide range of insect species, including the Colorado potato beetle. It has shown to be particularly effective as a biological pesticide for "L. decemlineata" when used in combination with "B. thuringiensis".


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: Crop rotation is, however, the most important cultural control of "L. decemlineata". Rotation may delay the infestation of potatoes and can reduce the build-up of early-season beetle populations because the adults emerging from diapause can only disperse to new food sources by walking. One 1984 study showed that rotating potatoes with nonhost plants reduced the density of early-season adults by 95.8%.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: Other cultural controls may be used in combination with crop rotation: Mulching the potato crop with straw early in the growing season may reduce the beetle's ability to locate potato fields, and the mulch creates an environment that favours beetle's predators; Plastic-lined trenches have been used as pitfall traps to catch the beetles as they move toward a field of potatoes in the spring, exploiting their inability to fly immediately after emergence; flamethrowers may also be used to kill the beetles when they are visible at the top of the plant's foliage.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: During the Cold War, some countries in the Warsaw Pact claimed that the beetles had been introduced by the CIA in an attempt to reduce food security by destroying the agriculture of the Soviet Union. A widespread campaign was launched against the beetles; posters were put up and school children were mobilized to gather the pests and kill them in benzene or spirit.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: "L. decemlineata" is an iconic species and has been used as an image on stamps because of its association with the recent history of both North America and Europe. For example, in 1956, Romania issued a set of four stamps calling attention to the campaign against insect pests, and it was featured on a 1967 stamp issued in Austria. The beetle also appeared on stamps issued in Benin, Tanzania, the United Arab Emirates, and Mozambique.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: Neapolitan mandolins (also called Italian mandolins) are often called "tater bugs", a nickname given by American luthier Orville Gibson, because the shape and stripes of the different color wood strips resemble the back of the Colorado beetle.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: The fans of Alemannia Aachen carry the nickname "Kartoffelkäfer", from the German name for the Colorado beetle, because of striped yellow-black jerseys of the team.


title: Colorado potato beetle

text: During the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, the word , from the Ukrainian and Russian term for Colorado beetle, (, ) gained popularity among Ukrainians as a derogatory term to describe pro-Russian separatists in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts (provinces) of Eastern Ukraine. The nickname reflects the similarity of black and orange stripes on St. George's ribbons worn by many of the separatists.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: Emmanuel Yaw Frimpong () (born 10 January 1992) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, most recently for Ermis Aradippou.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: He began his career at Arsenal, where he won a FA Youth Cup and two Premier Academy League titles. He also played for English sides Wolverhampton Wanderers, Charlton Athletic and Fulham. In January 2014, Frimpong moved to Barnsley, then to Russian team Ufa in September of that year. He then featured for Arsenal Tula and subsequently that of AFC Eskilstuna of the Swedish Allsvenskan.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: Although Frimpong represented England at youth level, in March 2013 he made his full international debut for Ghana, his country of birth. He holds both a Ghanaian and a British passport.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: Frimpong was born in Kumasi, Ghana, but moved to Tottenham at a young age where he was originally discovered by Arsenal and enrolled at the Hale End Academy at the age of nine alongside fellow graduate Jack Wilshere. He attended Gladesmore Community School in Tottenham until he was 14, when he left to focus on playing football full-time at Arsenal's youth academy.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: Frimpong began his Arsenal career in their youth academy aged nine. He scored against Coventry City, in 2007, and Milton Keynes Dons, amongst others. Arsenal added him to their reserve team in 2008, whereupon he made his debut for the reserves on 5 October 2009 against Chelsea. Frimpong as well as fellow academy member Jay Emmanuel-Thomas were on the bench for the match against Sheffield United.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: On 22 May 2009, Frimpong was injured on the quarter-hour mark of the FA Youth Cup Final against Liverpool and was substituted. He went on to win a league and cup double as Arsenal went on to win the Youth Cup together with that of the Premier Academy League of 2009. Frimpong again won the League with Arsenal in the following year being 2010.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: He featured heavily in Arsenal's pre-season in Austria and received praise from senior manager Arsène Wenger for his performances at the 2010 Emirates Cup: "I believe Frimpong has done really well as well. He is a bit less of a dribbler but he is a fighter and he is a winner".


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: On 19 August 2010, Frimpong injured an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in training and was out injured for nine months. After returning from the injury, on 17 June 2011, Frimpong claimed he was in talks with Championship club Cardiff City and League One side Charlton Athletic over a possible loan deal, which could provide him with regular football.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: Frimpong made his Premier League debut for Arsenal in their match against Newcastle United on 13 August 2011, coming on as a second-half substitute for Tomáš Rosický. On 16 August 2011, Frimpong came on as a second-half substitute for Rosický again, this time in the UEFA Champions League match against Udinese. He made his first start in the Premier League on 20 August 2011 against Liverpool, but ended up being sent off in the 69th minute of the match after receiving a second yellow card for a challenge on Lucas. Following Arsenal's loss to Manchester City in the League Cup quarter-finals, Frimpong and then-teammate Samir Nasri clashed in the tunnel. They had tussled throughout the tie and at the end of the match they appeared to start arguing as the teams walked off the pitch, before continuing their disagreement in the tunnel. Following the incident, Nasri and Frimpong were not disciplined over the incident.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: On 1 January 2012, it was confirmed that Frimpong had joined fellow Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan until the end of the season. The following day, he made his debut, starting in a 2–1 loss to Chelsea. In only his fifth appearance for the club, however, he ruptured a cruciate ligament in his right knee during a 2–1 win at Queens Park Rangers, effectively ending his season. He was then returned from his loan early to Arsenal, as his injury would rule him out for the rest of his time at Wolves.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: On 19 November 2012, Frimpong joined Championship side Charlton Athletic on a six-week loan deal until 1 January 2013 and a few weeks later, on 25 January 2013, joined Fulham on a season-long loan deal.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: Frimpong joined Barnsley for an undisclosed fee on 31 January 2014. He went straight into the squad for the Yorkshire derby against Sheffield Wednesday, but was sent off after 31 minutes. Following Barnsley's relegation from the Championship, Frimpong was released after only four months at the club.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: On 1 September 2014, Frimpong signed a three-year contract with Russian Premier League side FC Ufa. In the first game of the 2015–16 Russian Premier League, a match against Spartak Moscow, Frimpong was sent off in the 31st minute for making an obscene gesture at a Spartak supporter. Afterwards, Frimpong took to social media to apologize for his action, but at the same time blamed racist abuse from the fans for what provoked him to make that gesture. Frimpong later received a two-match ban for the incident, a punishment he called "a joke." He was released from his Ufa contract on 4 April 2016 by mutual consent.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: On 21 February 2017, Frimpong signed a two-year contract with Swedish Allsvenskan side AFC Eskilstuna.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: Frimpong played six matches with England's under-16 team in 2007. In March 2008, Frimpong scored a 71st-minute goal for England against Germany's under-16 team in the Montaigu Tournament to give England a 1–0 win.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: In 2009, Frimpong said, "No matter what, I will always play for Ghana because at the end of the day, from what I believe, I am a Ghanaian."


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: In August 2010, Frimpong was called up for the England under-19 squad to face Slovakia the following month, though he was later forced to withdraw from the squad after suffering his ACL injury.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: In February 2011, Frimpong said, "I have always told my family that if Ghana calls me, I will personally ride my own bicycle from England to Ghana [to play for the Black Stars]." In August, Frimpong had planned to spectate at a friendly match between Ghana and Nigeria at Vicarage Road in Watford, but the game was postponed due to the 2011 England riots. Later that month, Frimpong received his first call-up for the England under-21 team.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: On 6 September 2011, it was announced by the Ghana Football Association (GFA) that Frimpong has pledged his future to Ghana. FIFA cleared him to play for Ghana in November 2012. He made his Ghana international debut on 24 March 2013 during a 2014 World Cup qualifying match against Sudan.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: Frimpong was compared with Alex Song and other African midfielders who have much pace and stamina. He has also been called a younger version of Michael Essien because of his hard work in the defensive midfielder role.


title: Emmanuel Frimpong

text: Frimpong is the cousin of Norwegian-Ghanaian professional footballer Yaw Amankwah, who plays as a centre back for Norwegian club Stabæk. He is also a cousin to Lethal Bizzle. In 2012, Frimpong contributed a rap verse to the remix of Bizzle's track "Leave It Yeah."


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: Robert Lansing (; born Robert Howell Brown, June 5, 1928 – October 23, 1994) was an American stage, film, and television actor.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: Lansing is probably best remembered as the authoritarian Brigadier General Frank Savage in "12 O'Clock High" (1964), the television drama series about American bomber pilots during World War II. During his long career, which spanned five decades, Lansing appeared in 245 episodes of 73 television series, 11 TV movies, and 19 motion pictures. Other notable television roles included "87th Precinct" (1961-62), "Automan" (1983-84) and "The Equalizer" (1985-89).


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: While living in Los Angeles, California, he attended University High School. As a young actor in New York City, he was hired to join a stock company in Michigan but was told he would first have to join the Actors' Equity Association. Equity would not allow him to join as "Robert Brown" because another actor was using that name. Because the stock company was based in Lansing, this became the actor's new surname.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: Lansing served two years in the United States Army and was stationed in Osaka, Japan, where he worked at Armed Forces Radio.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: During the late 1940s and early 1950s, he worked under his real name Bob Brown as a radio announcer at WANE in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He also was active as an actor in a Fort Wayne theater group. Lansing first appeared on Broadway in the play "Stalag 17" (1951) directed by José Ferrer, replacing Mark Roberts in the role of Dunbar at the 48th Street Theater. He gained early acting experience at the Actors Studio.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: His rugged good looks, commanding stage presence and stentorian voice earned him continuing stage work and throughout his film career he periodically returned to the New York stage, making his last such appearance in 1991.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: He played the lead in the 1973 Roundabout Theater production of August Strindberg's "The Father", staged by Gene Feist. "New York Times" critic Clive Barnes praised Lansing's "mannered, tortured and racked portrait of the Captain" as "superlative," comparing it favorably with a Michael Redgrave performance years earlier. Also that year he starred with Barbara Bel Geddes in the Broadway production of Jean Kerr's comedy "Finishing Touches". In 1977, Lansing appeared in a one-man show as coal miner union leader John L. Lewis.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: José Ferrer asked Lansing to perform in a series of plays at the New York City Center, including as a Cadet of Gascoyne in "Cyrano de Bergerac" and as the Marquis of Dorset in "Richard III." He appeared in Tennessee Williams' "Suddenly, Last Summer" and Eugene O'Neill's "The Great God Brown" in the title role. Other stage performances included roles in Charley's Aunt, Elmer Rice's "Cue for Passion", "The Lovers", and "The Cut of the Axe". Off-Broadway, his work included "The Father", the "Sea Plays" of Eugene O'Neill and two one-man shows, "Damien" and "The Disciple of Discontent".


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: In 1989, Lansing appeared at the Williamstown Theater Festival in a dramatization of "John Brown's Body". The three-person cast also included Christopher Reeve and Laurie Kennedy.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: On film, Lansing starred in the 1959 science fiction film "4D Man". He also starred as marine biologist Hank Donner in the 1966 nature drama film "Namu, the Killer Whale", which featured one of the first orcas ever displayed in captivity. His other films included "Under the Yum Yum Tree", "A Gathering of Eagles", "The Grissom Gang", "Bittersweet Love", "Scalpel" (a.k.a. "False Face"), "Empire of the Ants" and "The Nest".


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: Lansing first appeared on TV on "Kraft Television Theatre" in 1956. In the 1961–1962 television season, Lansing was cast as Detective Steve Carella on NBC's "87th Precinct" series, based on the Ed McBain detective novels. His costars were Gena Rowlands, Ron Harper, Gregory Walcott, and Norman Fell. Also in 1961, he played Jed Trask, a troubled shooter, in the "Bonanza" episode, "Cutthroat Junction". He guest starred in two other episodes of the NBC's western series: "Danger Road" (1970) as Gunny O'Riley and "Heritage of Anger" (1972) as John Dundee. He played Doc Holliday in an episode of NBC's "The Tall Man", with Barry Sullivan and Clu Gulager. Lansing would star alongside Clu Gulager again in a 1965 episode of NBC's "The Virginian" TV series titled "The Brothers". Again on NBC, in 1966, Lansing guest-starred as General Custer in a three episode segment of "Branded" called "Call to Glory".


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: Robert Lansing is probably best known for his role as Brigadier General Frank Savage in the first season of the Quinn Martin production, "12 O'Clock High", which aired on the ABC Television Network from 1964 to 1967. At the end of that season, the studio executives reported that a younger-looking lead actor was needed. But another account states that he was fired for being difficult to work with and not showing enough respect. In the first episode of the second season, General Savage was killed in action and replaced by Colonel Joe Gallagher, played by Paul Burke. Burke, though considered more youthful-looking than Lansing, was actually two years older, a fact TV critics were quick to point out.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: Other television roles include portrayals of an alcoholic college professor in ABC's drama "Channing", as Gil Green in the 1963 episode "Fear Begins at Forty" on the NBC medical drama "The Eleventh Hour", as a bounty hunter on "Gunsmoke", and as a parole officer in a 1968 episode ("A Time to Love — A Time to Cry") of "The Mod Squad."


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: He was the interstellar secret agent Gary Seven in a "" episode ("", 1968), which also featured Teri Garr, and was originally intended as a backdoor pilot for an unsold new series.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: Lansing played an international secret agent in "The Man Who Never Was", and Lt. Jack Curtis on "Automan". He also played a recurring role, known only as "Control", on 29 episodes of "The Equalizer" between 1985 and 1989, which then was spun-off into the made-for-TV movie "Memories of Manon" which aired on 13 February 1989. He guest-starred in "The Twilight Zone" episode "The Long Morrow" and in the "Thriller" episode "Fatal Impulse." He also guest-starred on other television productions such as NBC's "Law & Order".


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: In the 1980s he did a series of television commercials for Liberty National Bank in Louisville, Kentucky as well as the popular supermarket chain Giant Eagle.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: Lansing's final television role was that of Police Captain Paul Blaisdell, on the series "". The role was written specifically for Lansing by series writer and Executive Producer Michael Sloan, who had worked with Lansing on the series "The Equalizer" in the 1980s although Lansing had already been diagnosed with cancer. Despite continuing health problems, Lansing performed in 24 episodes in the first and second season. In the final episode of season 2, titled "Retribution", Lansing's character of Blaisdell was written out, with the possibility of the character returning if the actor's health improved. Unfortunately, the final episode filmed in February 1994, was Lansing's final acting performance. The episode aired on November 28, 1994, a month after the actor died, and was dedicated to his memory.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: Lansing had a son, Robert Frederick Orin Lansing, with his first wife, actress Emily McLaughlin; the couple eventually divorced. About a year and a half later, he married Gari Hardy, but this marriage also ended in divorce. The couple had a daughter, Alice Lucille Lansing. His last wife was Anne Pivar, with whom he remained until his death.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: From 1991 to 1993, he was president of The Players Club, a theatrical fraternal organization founded by Edwin Booth in 1888.


title: Robert Lansing (actor)

text: A long-time smoker, Lansing died in a Bronx, New York, hospice while undergoing treatment for lung cancer. He was 66 and one year into his last regular series, "Kung Fu: The Legend Continues". His funeral was at Congregation Rodelph Shalom in Manhattan, after which he was buried at Union Field Cemetery in Ridgewood, Queens.


title: Tunnel rat

text: The tunnel rats were American, Australian, New Zealander, and South Vietnamese soldiers who performed underground search and destroy missions during the Vietnam War.


title: Tunnel rat

text: Later, similar teams were used by the Soviet Army during the Soviet–Afghan War and by the Israel Defense Forces in campaigns in the Middle East.


title: Tunnel rat

text: During the Vietnam War, "tunnel rat" became an unofficial specialty for volunteer combat engineers and infantrymen from the Australian Army and the U.S. Army who cleared and destroyed enemy tunnel complexes. Their motto was the tongue-in-cheek Latin phrase "Non Gratus Anus Rodentum" ("not worth a rat's ass").


title: Tunnel rat

text: In the early stages of the war against the French colonial forces, the Viet Minh created an extensive underground system of tunnels, which was later expanded and improved by the Viet Cong. By the 1960s, the tunnel complexes included hospitals, training areas, storage facilities, headquarters, and barracks. These diverse facilities, coupled with sophisticated ventilation systems, allowed VC guerrillas to remain hidden underground for months at a time.


title: Tunnel rat

text: During the Vietnam War, ANZUS troops uncovered a great number of enemy tunnels while patrolling or conducting larger operations. The men of the 3 Field Troop, an Australian combat engineering unit that served in Vietnam from 1965-1966, have made a convincing argument that they were the first allied troops to enter the tunnels. Tunnel rats were given the task of destroying them, gathering intelligence within them, and killing or capturing their occupants—often in conditions of close combat. Typically, a tunnel rat was equipped with only a standard issue M1911 pistol or M1917 revolver, a bayonet, a flashlight, and explosives.


title: Tunnel rat

text: Many tunnel rats reportedly came to dislike the intense muzzle blast of the relatively large .45 caliber round, as the .45's loud report could often leave one temporarily deaf when fired in a confined space. Consequently, some preferred to clear tunnels armed with a .38 Special revolver equipped with a sound suppressor and other non-standard weapons. "A few of the OSS-ordered World War II era suppressed High Standard HD .22 automatics made their way into Tunnel Rat hands. But these weapons were very few in number and wanted by a number of other special units. Personal weapons were used by the rats, ranging from .25 caliber automatics to sawn-off shotguns."


title: Tunnel rat

text: Besides enemy combatants, the tunnels themselves presented many potential dangers to tunnel rats. Sometimes they were poorly constructed and they would simply collapse. Tunnels were often booby trapped with hand grenades, anti-personnel mines, and punji sticks. The VC would even use venomous snakes (placed as living booby traps). Rats, spiders, scorpions, and ants also posed threats to tunnel rats. Bats also roosted in the tunnels, although they were generally more of a nuisance than a threat. Tunnel construction occasionally included anti-intruder features such as U-bends that could be flooded quickly to trap and drown the tunnel rat. Sometimes poison gases were used. A tunnel rat might therefore choose to enter the tunnels wearing a gas mask (donning one within was frequently impossible in such a confined space). According to U.S. tunnel rat veterans, however, most tunnel rats usually went without gas masks because wearing one made it even harder to see, hear, and breathe in the narrow dark passages.


title: Tunnel rat

text: Tunnel rats were generally men of smaller stature ( and under), who were able to maneuver more comfortably in the narrow tunnels. Tom Mangold and John Penycate, authors of one of the definitive accounts of tunnel warfare during the Vietnam War, reported that the U.S. tunnel rats were almost exclusively soldiers of European or Hispanic descent, many of whom were Puerto Rican or Mexican American.


title: Tunnel rat

text: By Mangold and Penycate's account, the contributions of tunnel rats first garnered public attention in January 1966, after a combined U.S. and Australian operation against the Củ Chi tunnels in Bình Dương Province, known as Operation Crimp. The "Diehards" of the U.S. Army's 1st Engineer Battalion, whose exploits are featured in Mangold and Penycate's book, later claimed a special place for tunnel rats in American military history during their rotation through the Củ Chi District of South Vietnam in 1969.


title: Tunnel rat

text: In the years since the Vietnam War ended, tunnel rats have suffered from a high percentage of Agent Orange injuries and diseases due to soldiers' exposure to the chemicals on the ground, or that leached from topsoil into the tunnel environment. While in the tunnels, soldiers were breathing air heavily saturated with Agent Orange.


title: Tunnel rat

text: Afghanistan features an extensive series of historic tunnels used for transporting water and the "kariz." During the 1979–1989 Soviet war in Afghanistan, such tunnels were used by Mujahideen fighters. The Soviet 40th Army therefore fielded their own tunnel clearance and demolition units, which were given the task of clearing the tunnels of enemy combatants, disarming booby traps, and destroying the underground complexes. According to contemporary accounts, the U.S. Marine Corps and British Royal Marines were involved in similar work in the war in Afghanistan.


title: Tunnel rat

text: SAMOOR (, "weasel"), a formation within Israel's Yahalom elite combat engineer unit, is charged with many of the same missions that tunnel rats performed during the Vietnam War.


title: João Goulart

text: João Belchior Marques Goulart (1 March 1919 – 6 December 1976), commonly known as Jango, was a Brazilian politician who served as the 24th president of Brazil until a military coup d'état deposed him on 1 April 1964. He was considered the last left-wing president of Brazil until Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office in 2003.


title: João Goulart

text: João Goulart was nicknamed Jango (), a common nickname to João in the south of Brazil. The Jânio Quadros–João Goulart presidential bid was thus called "Jan–Jan" (, an amalgamation of Jânio and Jango.


title: João Goulart

text: His childhood nickname was "Janguinho" (little Jango). Years later, when he entered politics, he was supported and advised by Getúlio Vargas, and his friends and colleagues started to call him Jango. In his informality and affection, Getúlio Vargas also called him "Janguinho".


title: João Goulart

text: His grandfather, Belchior Rodrigues Goulart, descended from Portuguese immigrants from the Azores who arrived in Rio Grande do Sul in the second half of the 18th century. There were at least three immigrants with the surname Govaert (latter adapted to Goulart or Gularte in Portuguese) of Flemish-Azorean origins in the group of first Azoreans established in the state.


title: João Goulart

text: It is believed that Goulart’s family have Azorean ascendency, while it is possible that his family came from France.


title: João Goulart

text: Goulart was born at Yguariaçá Farm, in Itacurubi, São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, on 1 March 1919. His parents were Vicentina Marques Goulart, a housewife, and Vicente Rodrigues Goulart, an estancieiro (a rancher who owned large rural properties) who had been a National Guard colonel fighting on the side of Governor Borges de Medeiros during the 1923 Revolution. Most sources indicate that João was born in 1918, but his birth year is actually 1919; his father ordered a second birth certificate adding a year to his son's age so that he could attend the law school at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.


title: João Goulart

text: Yguariaçá Farm was isolated and his mother had no medical care at his birth, only the assistance of her mother, Maria Thomaz Vasquez Marques. According to João's sister Yolanda, "my grandmother was the one able to revive little João who, at birth, already looked like he was dying." Like most Azorean descendants, Maria Thomaz was a devout Catholic. While trying to revive her grandson, warming him, she prayed to John the Baptist, promising that if the newborn survived, he would be his namesake and would not cut his hair until the age of three, when he would march in the procession of 24 June dressed as the saint. Following the beliefs of the region, his mother dressed him in women's clothes in his first year of life.


title: João Goulart

text: João grew up as a skinny boy in Yguariaçá along with his six sisters, Eufrides, Maria, Nair, Yolanda, Cila, and Neuza. Both of his younger brothers died prematurely. Rivadávia (born 1920) died of Meningitis in childhood, and Ivan (born 1925), to whom he was deeply attached, died of leukemia at 33.


title: João Goulart

text: João left for the nearby town of Itaqui, because his father Vicente wished to form a partnership with Protásio Vargas, Getúlio's brother, after both leased a small refrigerator house in Itaqui from an English businessman. While Vicente ran the business for the following years, João attended the School of the Teresian Sisters of Mary, along with his sisters. Although it was a mixed-sex school during the day, he could not stay overnight at the boarding school with his sisters; he had to sleep at the house of couple of English people, friends of his family. It was in Itaqui that João developed a taste for both football and swimming.


title: João Goulart

text: Upon his return to São Borja, ending his experience as a partner in the refrigerator house, Vicente sent João to the Ginásio Santana, run by the Marist Brothers in Uruguaiana. João attended first to fourth grade in the Santana boarding school, but failed to be approved for the fifth grade in 1931. Angry with his son's poor achievements at school, Vicente sent him to attend the Colégio Anchieta in Porto Alegre. In the state capital, João lived at a pension with friends Almir Palmeiro and Abadé dos Santos Ayub, the latter of whom was very attached to him.


title: João Goulart

text: Aware of João's football skills at school, where he played the right-back position, Almir and Abadé convinced him to try out for Sport Club Internacional. João was selected for the club's juvenile team. In 1932, he became a juvenile state champion. That same year, he finished the third grade of the ginásio (high school) at Colégio Anchieta, with an irregular academic record that would be repeated when he attended the law school at Rio Grande do Sul Federal University. João graduated from high school at Ginásio Santana after being sent back to Uruguaiana.


title: João Goulart

text: As a businessman, he built his fortune between 1941 and 1945, making loans at the National Bank of Commerce, Bank of Rio Grande do Sul and Bank of Brazil, using as collateral all the cattle he had. With this he generated a fortune in cattle, in 1946, of US$506,630.001. Despite ascending to this position, he was a kind man with his employees and humble with those in need, and he did not accept any kind of discrimination.


title: João Goulart

text: Sent back to Porto Alegre after graduating from high school, Goulart attended law school to satisfy his father, who desired that he earn a degree. While there, Goulart restored contact with his youth friends Abadé Ayub and Salvador Arísio, and made new friends and explored the state capital's nightlife. It was during that time of a bohemian lifestyle that Goulart acquired a venereal disease, syphilis, which paralyzed his left knee almost entirely. He paid for expensive medical treatment, including a surgery in São Paulo, but he expected that he would never walk normally again. Because of the paralysis of his knee, Goulart graduated separately from the rest of his class in 1939. He would never fully practice law.


title: João Goulart

text: After graduating, Goulart returned to São Borja. According to Yolanda Goulart, his depression because of the leg problem was visible. He isolated himself at Yguariaçá Farm. According to his sister Yolanda, his depression did not last long. In the early 1940s, he decided to make fun of his own walking disability in the Carnival, participating in the parade of the block Comigo Ninguém Pode.


title: João Goulart

text: Goulart's father died in 1943, and he inherited rural properties that made him one of the most influential "estancieiros" of the region. Upon the resignation of President Getúlio Vargas and his return to São Borja in October 1945, Goulart was already a wealthy man. He did not need to enter politics to rise socially, but the frequent meetings with Vargas, a close friend of his father, were decisive in Goulart's pursuit of a public life.


title: João Goulart

text: The first invitation Goulart received to enter a political party was made by Protásio Vargas, Getúlio's brother, who was in charge of organizing the Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrático – PSD) in São Borja. Goulart declined but later accepted Getúlio Vargas's invitation to join the Brazilian Labour Party (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro – PTB). He was the first president of the local PTB, and would later become the statewide, then national, president of the party.


title: João Goulart

text: In 1947, Getúlio Vargas convinced Goulart to run for a seat in the state assembly. He was elected with 4,150 votes, becoming the fifth-most of 23 deputies. He received more votes than had his future brother-in-law Leonel Brizola, another rising star of the PTB, who was married to Goulart's sister Neusa until her death in 1993. Goulart was not an active member of the assembly, only discoursing once on the defensive interests of small cattle farmers in São Borja. He soon became a confidant and political protégé of Vargas, becoming one of the party members who most insistently urged him to launch a presidential candidacy for the 1950 elections. On 18 April 1950, Goulart launched Vargas's candidacy for president and, in the next day, a birthday party was held for the former president at Granja São Vicente, which was owned by Goulart.


title: João Goulart

text: In 1950, Goulart was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. He received 39,832 votes, second-most in the PTB in Rio Grande do Sul, and took office as a deputy in February 1951. He soon became secretary of the interior and a justice in the administration of Governor Ernesto Dornelles. During his time as secretary, which lasted until 7 March 1952, Goulart restructured the prison system to improve the living conditions of prisoners. He later resigned his job as secretary, at the request of Vargas, to help the president with a political deadlock at the ministry of labor, using his influence on the labor-union movement.


title: João Goulart

text: In 1953, after becoming aggravated with the deadlock, Vargas appointed Goulart minister of labor. The Vargas administration was in a deep crisis; the workers, unsatisfied with their low wages, were promoting strikes, and the right-wing party National Democratic Union (União Democrática Nacional – UDN) was mobilizing a coup d'état among the mass media, the upper-middle class, and the military forces.


title: João Goulart

text: As he took office, Goulart replied to accusations from several newspapers, including "The New York Times". As minister of labor, Goulart held the first Brazilian Congress of Social Security. He signed a series of decrees favoring social security, such as housing financing, regulation of loans by the Institute of Retirement and Pensions of Bank Employees (Instituto de Aposentadoria e Pensões dos Bancários – IAPB), and recognizing the employees of the Audit Committee of the Institute of Retirement and Pensions of Industry Employees (Conselho Fiscal do Instituto de Aposentadoria e Pensões dos Industriários).


title: João Goulart

text: In his time in the ministry, as witnessed by Hugo de Faria, João Goulart was willing to wear out his prestige with the Minister of Finance in defense of the working class. Goulart was willing to take money out of his own pocket to help anyone who asked for help, but he was " half greedy" with the public money, as his minister-administrative, Hugo de Faria, said. and elected Hugo de Faria to participate in the formalities in his place - Hugo considered him one of the "most patient men in the world" in his dealings with the general public and according to historian Jorge Ferreira: "The minister soon became known for his sincere way of not discriminating against people."


title: João Goulart

text: The way he received "workers, unionists and ordinary people" in his office shocked the conservative civil and military sectors, in something that mixed so much class and ethnic prejudice. As a minister, he also opted for negotiations between strikers and bosses, rather than repressive methods. In response to the accusation that he would oppose the capitalist regime, he said that he was always willing to applaud the capitalists who invested in the means of production and who legally "created wealth in a social, human and patriotic sense," but that he was against "parasitic, speculative, exorbitant and short-sighted capitalism in profit".


title: João Goulart

text: In late 1953, Goulart began studies for review of the minimum wage, facing two types of pressure: the mobilization of workers in larger cities to claim a readjustment of 100% that would increase the minimum wage from ₢$1,200 to ₢$2,400, and entrepreneurs' refusal to review the policy since the Eurico Gaspar Dutra administration, which allegedly contributed to the impoverishment of several segments of the Brazilian society. The business community said that it would agree to a 42% raise in the minimum wage to match the cost of living in 1951. On May Day, Vargas signed the new minimum wage into law, which was a 100% increase as demanded by the working class.


title: João Goulart

text: On 22 February 1954, Goulart handed his resignation letter to President Vargas, and Vargas named Hugo de Faria to succeed him in an interim manner, and resumed his term as a federal deputy, as a result of the strong reaction of the media and military against the new minimum wage.


title: João Goulart

text: The political crisis of the Vargas administration deepened after one of his bodyguards was involved in an assassination attempt against UDN leader Carlos Lacerda on 5 August 1954. Vargas was put under pressure by the media, which demanded his resignation. On the early morning of 24 August 1954, Vargas called Goulart to Catete Palace and handed him a document to be read only after he arrived back in Rio Grande do Sul. It was his suicide letter "Carta Testamento".


title: João Goulart

text: After the suicide of Vargas, from whom he received a copy of the Carta Testamento, Goulart became very depressed, thought about moving away from politics and, according to Maria Thereza, it took him two months to recover from the shock, after retreating to his resort in São Borja and taking care of business. At Vargas' funeral, Goulart declared that "We, within order and law, will know how to fight with patriotism and dignity, inspired by the example you bequeathed to us".


title: João Goulart

text: Goulart decided to continue in politics after receiving a letter from Oswaldo Aranha, delivered by Leonel Brizola and José Gomes Talarico. In October, Goulart participated in the legislative elections, but was defeated.


title: João Goulart

text: After Vargas's suicide, a new generation starts to make PTB grow. This generation led by Goulart turned the PTB into a party of "reformist features," in a direction that came to radicalize until 1964.


title: João Goulart

text: In order to gain power as President of the PTB, Goulart began to concentrate in the National Directory people loyal to him, thus transforming the PTB into one of the parties "most undemocratic and centralized in the Brazilian political framework," in the words of historian Jorge Ferreira. However, Goulart helped the party have a more consistent political and ideological profile. Goulart and the PTB also reinvented the "trabalhismo" for the context of their generation, more concerned with social causes.


title: João Goulart

text: Willing to hold elections in October 1955, President Café Filho tried to present, after a military suggestion, a "national union" candidate. In response to conservative groups, the PSD launched Juscelino Kubitschek as a presidential candidate. Goulart was launched as a candidate for the vice presidency, which caused controversy in conservative groups such as the Armed Forces, a feeling that increased after the support of the General Seretary of the Brazilian Communist Party Luís Carlos Prestes.


title: João Goulart

text: In April 1955 the party agreement was approved. Within the PTB there were dissatisfactions because of Goulart's control and fear that the coalition would provoke a military coup, but Goulart succeeded in dialogue among parties, doing things like demanding federal positions for sectors of the PTB.


title: João Goulart

text: In an attempt to remove Kubitschek, President Café Filho told him to withdraw his candidacy, or there would be a military coup—which JK refused. Civil and military groups preached the coup. A large part of the media in Rio de Janeiro has positioned itself for legality and the Minister of War, General Henrique Teixeira Lott, has sought to keep the Armed Forces out of the crisis. Army officials spoke openly about coups in the "Tribuna da Imprensa", while Aeronautics began helping Kubitschek and Goulart with the campaign.


title: João Goulart

text: Due to the impossibility of assuming the position as a bachelor, Goulart had to get married. However, Maria Thereza, then 17, felt insecure and took a while to accept the idea, which was already arranged. The civil ceremony took place on 14 May 1955, but it was by proxy, as a storm prevented Goulart's plane from arriving. Four days later the wedding took place at the religious, followed by a short honeymoon due to the campaign.


title: João Goulart

text: In the same year, Carlos Lacerda, in Congress, denounced Goulart, saying that Goulart was stockpiling weapons. However, an investigation showed that the weapons were stolen by an army officer and passed on to Lacerda. Despite the demonstrations against him, Juscelino Kubitschek was elected president of Brazil with 37% of the votes on 3 October, and Goulart was elected as vice president with more than 44% of the vote. Following this, the UDN began to fight against their inauguration.


title: João Goulart

text: With Armed Forces officers in favor of an institutional breakdown, General Euclides Zenóbio da Costa issued a statement around the legality surrounding General Henrique Teixeira Lott. However, following the discipline, Lott punished Euclides for this act.


title: João Goulart

text: In November 1955, President Café Filho, due to a heart crisis, was replaced by Carlos Luz, who was close to conservative groups interested in the coup.


title: João Goulart

text: Officials in favor of the coup take over the Armed Forces and Lott joins with legalistic military in a counter coup against Carlos Luz, where they expected no bloodshed. Carlos Luz has his "impediment" fulfilled by the Deputy Chamber, thus assuming Nereu Ramos. Carlos Luz and 11 other people then went to Santos on the Tamandaré cruiser in order to establish the government there.


title: João Goulart

text: When Nereu was made effective, Carlos Cruz did not get support from the Governor of São Paulo Jânio Quadros, and when he realized that the leaders of Army groups were legalists, he ended the coup attempt. There were no punishments and Carlos Luz had his impediment voted. With the successful counter-coup, Lott has gained much prestige.


title: João Goulart

text: After leaving the hospital, Café Filho tried to return to the presidency, but has its impediment voted by Congress, which also voted for the duration of one month of the state of siege, until Kubitschek and Goulart took office on 31 January 1956.


title: João Goulart

text: At the inauguration, JK, after receiving the banner and greeting the people, ordered the gates to be opened. Goulart and Kubitschek had a similar tact in contact with the humble people, but at first Kubitschek, jealous of Goulart's election result, tried to isolate him politically. but he went back, and as Hugo de Faria said, Goulart didn't want to run for president. Goulart did not allow anyone to disrespectfully speak of Kubitschek.


title: João Goulart

text: For his ability to negotiate with the trade union movement, Goulart was largely responsible for the political stability of the JK government. However, due to this contact, conservative groups accused him of being a strike promoter. Nevertheless, Goulart acted as a negotiator and supporter of the Kubitschek government in the union area. João Goulart used to receive union leaders in his home for meetings, which also represented a union between communists and trabalhists for the workers.


title: João Goulart

text: As Vice-President, João Goulart was also President of the Federal Senate of Brazil, in accordance with the 1946 Constitution. In the JK Government, the PTB occupied the ministries of Labor, Agriculture and Goulart nominated the first level of Social Security.


title: João Goulart

text: As a result of the counter coup, in March 1956 the "Frente de Novembro" was founded by Colonel Canabarro Lucas, with legalist, nationalist and left-wing military personnel, led by Lott (declared anti-communist) and with Vice-President João Goulart as "President of Honor". The group began to rival right-wing groups.


title: João Goulart

text: In April 1956, Goulart went to the U.S., in return for Richard Nixon's visit, where he also discussed the issue of communism which, in his view, was a matter of internal concern for Brazil, while for the United States this was a problem that concerned them both in the diplomatic and military area. After his visit to the United States, he went, with his wife, to Canada and unofficially to Europe, Mexico and Uruguay. There was an attempted military coup two weeks after the inauguration. In July 1956, he assumed the interim presidency of the Republic due to a trip by Kubitschek to Panama and left that position with his return on the 27th. Lacerda exposed another complaint against Goulart, that ended nowhere.


title: João Goulart

text: Economically Goulart was in favor of avoiding US dependence on foreign trade. Within the PTB, several members were expelled due to their criticism. Due to functional precariousness, subordinates of the Armed Forces began to approach the trabalhism. Despite the conservative officiality, there were nationalist officers and in 1956, the sergeants achieved their stability. Despite being in power, the PTB acted as the opposition, making open criticism of the government.


title: João Goulart

text: During this time João Vicente and Denise were born. Despite his position, Goulart had no bodyguard. In contrast to his progressive views in the political field, in private life he was a traditional man, especially in the dynamics between husband and wife, making Maria Thereza have to stand out for herself. However, with the birth of his children, he became a participative and loving father, besides changing his relationship with Maria Thereza, which according to her, was when he assumed the role of husband. However, Goulart had several extramarital cases.


title: João Goulart

text: One year after the preventive coup, Goulart participated in the tributes to General Lott, who received a golden sword. By not allowing other officers to make political statements, Lott caused a crisis that ended with Kubitschek putting both the "Frente de Novembro" and the "Clube da Lanterna" into illegality.


title: João Goulart

text: At the end of the government, the economy became unstable and in the difficulty of implementing measures that would help the poorest sectors of the population, Goulart began to believe that the 1946 Constitution no longer represented social reality.


title: João Goulart

text: In the same year, discussions on candidacies for the next elections began. Kubitschek planned to introduce Juracy Magalhães as a candidate, planning to return after five years, but was frustrated on 5 May with the introducion of Jânio Quadros's candidacy.


title: João Goulart

text: In February 1959, Lott's candidacy was introduced, but Goulart considered him to be a weak candidate. However, in February 1960, the PTB homologated Marshal Lott's candidacy, with Goulart as Vice-President. For researcher Maria Celina D'Araujo, the PTB "sought a militarized democracy, through the alliance of military units, union and party..."


title: João Goulart

text: Due to Lott's electoral weakness, the informal candidacy "Jan-Jan", or "Jânio-Jango", appeared. Due to Quadros's threats to give up the candidacy and rumors that Brizola would stage a coup d'état, the FAB tried to invest against the institutions in the episode known as "Aragarças", which did not get adhesions and the officers went into exile abroad.


title: João Goulart

text: Quadros inherited a bankrupt country and in the inauguration ceremony, with his formalism, tried to mark his distance from the vice president. Quadros created a conservative ministry composed of military personnel, made moral prohibitions – such as banning the wearing of bikinis on television – and in foreign policy sought to be independent, which caused sympathy from the left.


title: João Goulart

text: In commissions initiated to "punish acts of corruption and embezzlement of public money," Goulart was hit by investigations that pointed to him as a beneficiary of electoral propaganda and had his response denied by the president.


title: João Goulart

text: The PTB came to take its side of opposition and left, also approaching the PCB and due to criticism on the right and left, along with dissatisfaction with the investigations, Quadros became more and more isolated in the National Congress. The Goulart family came to live at Granja do Torto in the recently inaugurated, but still incomplete, Brasilia. In December 1960, accompanied by his advisor, journalist Raul Riff, he visited Czechoslovakia. StB (Czech intelligence) kept itself informed in detail about his government.


title: João Goulart

text: Despite reservations, Goulart accepted the invitation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Afonso Arinos to head a trade mission to China in July 1961. On a scale in the USSR, Goulart was received with honors as Head of State by Nikita Khrushchev, where he also met cosmonaut Gherman Titov, who had just carried out the mission Vostok 2 and Yuri Gagarin.


title: João Goulart

text: In Beijing, among other things, Goulart spoke "for the daily increase of friendship between the Brazilian and Chinese people". According to Evandro Lins e Silva, when speaking for the friendship of the two peoples, "the West saw it as a declaration of support for communism".


title: João Goulart

text: On his last day in the capital, Mao Tse-tung visited him at the Beijing Hotel to say goodbye, an unprecedented act. On 24 August, the Brazilian media published a letter from Goulart to President Quadros announcing the success of the mission in China. The next day, Quadros had resigned.


title: João Goulart

text: Quadros resigned hoping that his vice president, who was aligned with the left, would not be accepted and with that, he would remain in power. However, the National Congress accepted the resignation.


title: João Goulart

text: At the suggestion of Quadros, military ministers Odílio Denys (Army), Gabriel Grün Moss (Aeronautics) and Silvio Heck (Navy) formed a military junta. President of Chamber of Deputies Ranieri Mazzilli took interim office as Brazilian President and read to Congress a communiqué from military ministers in which they said Goulart would be arrested if he returned to the United States of Brazil. The military expected the National Congress to declare Goulart's impeachment which did not happen.


title: João Goulart

text: Due to the time zone, Goulart knew about the resignation in the early hours of 26 August. For Senator Diz-Huit Rosado, Goulart did not seem to be intimidated. When he arrived in France and learned more details, Hugo de Faria said that Goulart thought of resigning, but gave up with the attempted military coup.


title: João Goulart

text: On the morning of 25 August, after having confirmed the resignation of Quadros, Brizola began to act. Marshal Lott, speaking in favor of the law, was arrested-as were also several officers of the Three Forces.


title: João Goulart

text: With the support of some colonels and the public, Brizola starts the Legality Campaign. On the morning of the 26th, "the country dawned in an unofficial state of siege", according to Jorge Ferreira.


title: João Goulart

text: On the 27th, in Zurich, Goulart learned by telephone through Brizola about the threat of imprisonment, that did not withdraw his will to return. On the same day, the headquarters of the III Army announced to Brasilia the actions of Brizola, and the next day there was the risk of bombing. Brizola made a transmission announcing the visit of the commander of the III Army Machado Lopes. The military started to search airplanes throughout the country in search of Goulart.


title: João Goulart

text: The Legality Chain began to be transmitted throughout Brazil and abroad, despite the federal government's attempt at censorship, gaining international sympathy and national public adherence.


title: João Goulart

text: In Paris, on 28 August, Goulart's public statements were superficial, as he knew little about the situation in Brazil, but with the arrival of Congressman Carlos Jereissati, he decided to delay his return, sensing a civil war. By telephone, San Tiago Dantas spoke of the "possibility of the collapse of the democratic regime in Brazil" and Kubitschek gave the idea of parliamentarianism, which Goulart accepted as a non-violent option.


title: João Goulart

text: In Rio Grande do Sul, Machado Lopes put the III Army in favor of legality, temporarily avoiding a civil war. In reprisal, Odílio Denys dismissed him from command.


title: João Goulart

text: On the 28th, Goulart was still in Paris receiving news. On 29 August, Goulart embarked from Paris to New York and on the same day the National Congress rejected his impeachment.


title: João Goulart

text: In Argentina, Goulart was isolated from the public and his family by the military. From there, he boarded a DC-3 to Montevideu. There, by Brizola's plan, there was a plane with national and international journalists, to prevent the army from taking him down. In "Manifesto to the Nation" on 30 August, the military ministers spoke about the "inconvenience of Jango's return to the country".


title: João Goulart

text: On the 31st, the risk of civil war increased, as soldiers from all over the country stood by the law and there was a risk of conflict between the forces of Brizola and the government. At Canoas Air Base insubordinate sergeants punctured the tires and disarmed the planes that would be used in the bombing of the Piratini Palace.


title: João Goulart

text: In the National Congress, the parliamentary amendment was put on the voting agenda. Since the resignation of Quadros, the police have reacted violently against demonstrators, with Guanabara suffering the harshest repression. In the Chamber of Deputies, deputy Adauto Lúcio Cardoso spoke in favor of impeachment of Mazilli and military ministers for crime of responsibility.


title: João Goulart

text: On 1 September, Tancredo Neves and others went to Uruguay to discuss with João Goulart, who kept Brizola and Lopes updated on what they discussed. According to Tancredo Neves, Goulart had resistance to parliamentarianism, but ended up accepting due to the risk of deaths. The military was against Goulart speaking to the people and Brizola going into inauguration and in the early morning of the same day, the National Congress approved the parliamentary amendment.


title: João Goulart

text: On the evening of the same day, a Varig plane landed at Salgado Filho airport with Goulart. Despite the desire of the population, he did not speak to the people and men from the press had resistance against the idea of accepting parliamentarianism, and the people became stressed. Despite wanting to march on Brasilia and close the National Congress, upset, Brizola accepted the decision of his brother-in-law.


title: João Goulart

text: Groups of FAB officers planned Operation Mosquito, which was not carried out, as an attempt to kill Goulart. The plane that transported Goulart to Brasilia flew at 11,100 meters of altitude, thus being out of range of the fighters. Goulart arrived in the capital on 5 September and took over on 7 September.


title: João Goulart

text: In his inauguration speech, he called for "unity, democracy and reform". Goulart took over the country in a military crisis, external and internal debts and powerless to carry out his reformist projects, but having a majority in the National Congress, he hoped to be successful on the basis of agreements, besides showing the unfeasibility of the new system of government.


title: João Goulart

text: The first cabinet, called "National Conciliation", was appointed on 8 September and with Tancredo Neves as prime minister. On 26 June 1962, the first cabinet resigned to run in the October elections. Brochado da Rocha had his appointment as prime minister approved by Congress on 10 July. Brochado resigned and Hermes Lima was sworn in on 19 September 1962.


title: João Goulart

text: During this period, Goulart and his prime minister chose the three-year plan as the economic plan of his government under the advisement of Celso Furtado, his minister of planning. In order to strengthen the energy sector and to foster Brazilian development, Eletrobrás, Latin America's largest power utility company, was created in 1962.


title: João Goulart

text: As part of the compromise that installed a parliamentary system of government in 1961, a plebiscite was set for 1963 to confirm or reverse the changes made to the constitution. The parliamentary system of government was overwhelmingly rejected in the referendum, and Goulart assumed full presidential powers.


title: João Goulart

text: The presidential government of Goulart initiated in 1963 was marked politically by the administration's closer ties to center-left political groups, and conflict with more conservative sectors of the society, specifically the National Democratic Union.


title: João Goulart

text: Goulart also led Brazil in the drive for a nuclear-free Latin America, providing the impetus for the Five Presidents' Declaration and the Treaty of Tlatelolco. Brazil's leadership on nuclear disarmament was a casualty of the military coup, and Mexico eventually stepped in to continue to drive for a nuclear-free region.


title: João Goulart

text: Goulart's Basic Reforms plan ("Reformas de Base") was a group of social and economic measures of nationalist character that ushered in a greater state intervention in the economy. Among the reforms were:


title: João Goulart

text: With the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy sent a letter to Goulart proposing the participation of the Brazilian military in the possible invasion of the island. In response, Goulart demonstrated that he opposed this plan and instead supported the self-determination of the peoples. In a reply he stated that "we will never recognize war as an instrument capable of resolving conflicts between nations" and sent a letter to Fidel Castro with the same concerns as the US government, but standing against the invasion. With this position, Kennedy began to develop a personal hostility against Goulart and began to believe that the Brazilian president was a threat to the security of the United States.


title: João Goulart

text: In the early hours of 31 March 1964, General Olímpio Mourão Filho, in charge of the 4th Military Region, headquartered in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, ordered his troops to start moving toward Rio de Janeiro to depose Goulart.


title: João Goulart

text: On 1 April, at 12:45 p.m., João Goulart left Rio for the capital, Brasília, in an attempt to stop the coup politically. When he reached Brasília, Goulart realized that he lacked any political support. The Senate president, Auro de Moura Andrade, was already calling for congressional support of the coup. Goulart stayed for a short time in Brasília, gathering his wife and two children, and flying to Porto Alegre in an Air Force Avro 748 aircraft. Soon after Goulart's plane took off, Auro de Moura Andrade declared the position of President of Brazil "vacant".


title: João Goulart

text: In the first hours of 2 April, Auro de Moura Andrade, along with the president of the Supreme Federal Court, swore in Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli, the speaker of the house, as president. This move was arguably unconstitutional at the time, as João Goulart was still in the country.


title: João Goulart

text: At the same time, Goulart, now in the headquarters of the 3rd Army in Porto Alegre, still loyal to him at the time, contemplated resistance and counter-moves with Leonel Brizola, who argued for armed resistance. In the morning, General Floriano Machado informed the president that troops loyal to the coup were moving from Curitiba to Porto Alegre and that he had to leave the country, otherwise risking arrest. At 11:45 am, Goulart boarded a Douglas C-47 transport for his farm bordering Uruguay. Goulart would stay on his farmland until 4 April, when he finally boarded the plane for the last time, heading for Montevideo.


title: João Goulart

text: The coup installed successive right-wing hardliners as heads of state who suspended civil rights and liberties of the Brazilian people. They abolished all political parties and replaced them with only two, the military government's party called the National Renewal Alliance Party (Aliança Renovadora Nacional – ARENA) and the consented opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (Movimento Democrático Brasileiro – MDB). The MDB, however, had no real power, and the military rule was marked by widespread disappearance, torture, and exile of many politicians, university students, writers, singers, painters, filmmakers, and other artists.


title: João Goulart

text: President João Goulart was not favorably viewed in Washington. He took an independent stance in foreign policy, resuming relations with socialist countries and opposing sanctions against Cuba; his administration passed a law limiting the amount of profits multinationals could transmit outside the country; a subsidiary of ITT was nationalized; he promoted economic and social reforms.


title: João Goulart

text: Lincoln Gordon served as U.S. Ambassador to Brazil (1961–66), where he played a major role for the support of the opposition against the government of President João Goulart and during the 1964 Brazilian "coup d'état". On 27 March 1964, he wrote a top secret cable to the US government, urging it to support the coup of Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco with a "clandestine delivery of arms" and shipments of gas and oil, to possibly be supplemented by CIA covert operations. Gordon believed that Goulart, wanting to "seize dictatorial power," was working with the Brazilian Communist Party. Gordon wrote: "If our influence is to be brought to bear to help avert a major disaster here--which might make Brazil the China of the 1960s--this is where both I and all my senior advisors believe our support should be placed." In the years after the coup, Gordon, Gordon's staff, and the CIA repeatedly denied that they had been involved, and President Lyndon B. Johnson praised Gordon's service in Brazil as "a rare combination of experience and scholarship, idealism and practical judgment." In 1976, Gordon stated that the Johnson Administration "had been prepared to intervene militarily to prevent a leftist takeover of the government," but did not directly state that it had or had not intervened.


title: João Goulart

text: Circa 2004 many documents were declassified and placed online at the GWU National Security Archive, indicating the involvement of Johnson, McNamara, Gordon, and others. In 2005, Stansfield Turner's book described the involvement of ITT Corporation president Harold Geneen and CIA Director John McCone. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy was uneasy about Goulart allowing "communists" to hold positions in government agencies. US President Lyndon Johnson and his Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara were also worried. Kennedy, who had made plans for the coup when his brother John was president, characterized Goulart as a "wily" politician in a White House tape.


title: João Goulart

text: The president of ITT, Harold Geneen, was a friend of the Director of Central Intelligence, John McCone. Between 1961 and 1964, the CIA performed psyops against Goulart, performed character assassination, pumped money into opposition groups, and enlisted the help of the Agency for International Development and the AFL-CIO. It has also been acknowledged that the Kennedy Administration was the architect of the coup and that President Johnson inherited plans for it. US President John F. Kennedy had discussed options on how to deal with Goulart with Gordon and his chief Latin America advisor Richard N. Goodwin in July 1962 and determined in December 1962 that the coup was necessary in order to advance US interests.


title: João Goulart

text: On 4 April 1964, Goulart and his family landed in Uruguay seeking political asylum. After his first years in Montevideo, he bought a farm on the Uruguay-Brazil border, where he devoted himself to farming cattle. In 1966 he took part in the Frente Ampla ("Broad Front") political movement, which aimed to fully restore democratic rule in Brazil through peaceful means. The end of Frente Ampla also resulted in the end of Goulart's political activity. He decided to focus on managing his farms located in Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.


title: João Goulart

text: In late 1973, Argentine president Juan Domingo Perón invited Goulart to live in Buenos Aires and asked him to collaborate on a plan to expand Argentine meat exports to Europe and other markets that would not traditionally buy the Argentine commodity. However, Perón's minister of social welfare and private secretary José López Rega opposed the designation. Nevertheless, Goulart decided to stay in Buenos Aires.


title: João Goulart

text: In March 1976 in the town of La Plata, the Argentine Army dismantled a group of right-wing terrorists planning to kidnap Goulart's son and demand a high ransom in cash. With his personal security compromised, the former president distanced himself from Buenos Aires. This experience led Goulart to arrange new steps for his safe return to Brazil. However, this was delayed because of upcoming elections.


title: João Goulart

text: On 6 December 1976, Goulart died in his apartment La Villa, in the Argentine municipality of Mercedes, province of Corrientes, supposedly of a heart attack. Since Goulart's body was not submitted to an autopsy, the cause of his death is unconfirmed. Around 30,000 people attended his funeral service, which was censored from press coverage by the military dictatorship.


title: João Goulart

text: On 26 April 2000, the former governor of Rio Grande do Sul and Rio de Janeiro, Leonel Brizola, said that former presidents Goulart and Kubitschek were assassinated as part of Operation Condor and requested investigations into their deaths.


title: João Goulart

text: On 27 January 2008, the newspaper "Folha de S.Paulo" printed a story with a statement from Mario Neira Barreiro, a former intelligence service member under Uruguay's dictatorship. Barreiro said that Goulart was poisoned, confirming Brizola's allegations. Barreiro also said that the order to assassinate Goulart came from Sérgio Paranhos Fleury, head of the Departamento de Ordem Política e Social (Department of Political and Social Order), and the license to kill came from president Ernesto Geisel. In July 2008, a special commission of the legislative assembly of Rio Grande do Sul, Goulart's home state, concluded that "the evidence that Jango was willfully assassinated, with knowledge of the Geisel government, is strong."


title: João Goulart

text: In March 2009, the magazine "CartaCapital" published previously unreleased documents of the National Intelligence Service, created by an undercover agent who was present at Goulart's properties in Uruguay. This revelation reinforces the theory that the former president was poisoned. The Goulart family has not yet identified who could be the "B Agent" that is mentioned in the documents. The agent acted as a close friend to Goulart and described in detail an argument during the former president's 56th birthday party with his son stemming from a fight between two employees. As a result of the story, the Human Rights Commission of the Chamber of Deputies decided to investigate Goulart's death.


title: João Goulart

text: Later, "CartaCapital" published an interview with Goulart's widow, Maria Teresa Fontela Goulart, who revealed documents from the Uruguayan government that documented her complaints that her family was being monitored. The Uruguayan government was monitoring Goulart's travel and his business and political activities. These files were from 1965, a year after the coup in Brazil, and suggest that he could have been deliberately attacked. The Movement for Justice and Human Rights and the President João Goulart Institute have requested a document in which the Uruguayan interior ministry said that "serious and responsible Brazilian sources" talked about an "alleged plot against the former Brazilian president."


title: João Goulart

text: Closeness to poor people, especially poor Afro-Brazilians, was a normal behavior for the young Goulart. The main leader of his Carnival block "Comigo Ninguém Pode", mãe-de-santo Jorgina Vieira, declared in an interview with the newspaper "Zero Hora" that Goulart was one of the only white boys of São Borja to be a member of the block. In a particular Carnival celebration in the 1940s, he broke the high society rules and led the block inside the aristocratic Clube Comercial, which would not allow blacks in their halls until the late 1960s.


title: João Goulart

text: Like many other leftist politicians of the Cold War era, Goulart was accused of being a communist at various times. As a response to Carlos Lacerda, his most frequent accuser, he cited right-wing politicians also supported by the Brazilian Communist Party whom the latter [Lacerda] would not criticize. In an interview with the newspaper "O Jornal", Goulart declared, "regarding the communists, they have supported indistinctly candidates of several political affiliations, conservatives or populists. I do not wish to distinguish such support, but I will only allow myself this question: is perhaps Colonel a communist, just because, ostensibly, he accepts the support of communists in Ceará? How to say that the illustrious patriot of UDN is communist, for accepting, as he did in Minas, the same votes requested by Mr. here in Rio?" But in 1967, Lacerda acknowledged that Goulart wasn't "a man from the Communist Party".


title: João Goulart

text: In 1984, exactly twenty years after the coup, filmmaker Sílvio Tendler directed a documentary chronicling Goulart's political career through archive footage and interviews with influential politicians. "Jango" was viewed in theaters by over half a million people, becoming the sixth-largest grossing Brazilian documentary. It was critically acclaimed, receiving three awards at the Gramado Film Festival and one at the Havana Film Festival, as well as the Silver Daisy, given by the National Conference of Brazilian Bishops (Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil).


title: João Goulart

text: There are at least ten schools throughout Brazil named after Goulart. Most are located on Rio Grande do Sul, in the municipalities of Alvorada, Ijuí, Novo Hamburgo, Porto Alegre, Viamão, and in Goulart's native São Borja. There are three schools named after Goulart in Rio de Janeiro, Balneário Camboriú and Santa Catarina, and another in São João de Meriti in Rio de Janeiro. On 6 December 2007, exactly 31 years after Goulart's death, a monument was erected in Balneário Camboriú depicting Goulart sitting on a bench on the Avenida Atlântica (in front of the Atlantic Ocean) with his two children. It was designed by artist Jorge Schroder upon the request of mayor Rubens Spernau.


title: João Goulart

text: On 28 June 2008, the Avenida Presidente João Goulart (President João Goulart Avenue) in Osasco was inaugurated in São Paulo. The boulevard is about 760 meters long and is the first of the city with a bicycle path. Other cities, such as Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Cuiabá, Lages, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Porto Velho, Ribeirão Preto, Rio de Janeiro, Rondonópolis, São Borja, São Leopoldo, São Paulo, and Sobral already have roads honoring Goulart.


title: João Goulart

text: On 15 November 2008, Goulart and his widow Maria Teresa received political amnesty from the federal government at the 20th National Congress of Lawyers in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. The former First Lady received a restitution of R$ 644,000 (around US$322,000) to be paid in pensions of R$5,425 (around US$2,712) per month for Goulart having been restrained from practicing as a lawyer. She also received a restitution of R$100,000 (around US$50,000) for the 15 years in which her family was forbidden to return to Brazil.


title: Barrow Gang

text: The Barrow Gang was an American gang active between 1932 and 1934. They were well known outlaws, robbers, murderers and criminals who as a gang traveled the Central United States during the Great Depression. Their exploits were known all over the nation. They captured the attention of the American press and its readership during what is sometimes referred to as the 'public enemy era'. Though the gang was notorious for the bank robberies they committed, they preferred to rob small stores or gas stations over banks. The gang was believed to have killed at least nine police officers, among several other murders.


title: Barrow Gang

text: The gang was best known for two of its members, Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, an unmarried couple. Clyde Barrow was the leader. Other members included:


title: Sodor (fictional island)

text: The Island of Sodor is a fictional island featured as the setting for "The Railway Series" books by the Rev. Wilbert Awdry (and his son Christopher), begun in 1945, and for the popular "Thomas & Friends" television series since 1984, although the Television series depiction of the island is significantly different and is widely understood that the Railway series and the TV series are different canons. It is depicted as being located in the Irish Sea, between the Isle of Man and the English mainland near Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria, with the real-life Walney Island depicted as part of Sodor.


title: Sodor (fictional island)

text: The need for consistency in the locations for "The Railway Series" necessitated the creation of a suitable location. Awdry required a setting for his books that would be within Great Britain, but would be sufficiently isolated from the rest of British Railways to allow him to do as he wished with the location.