title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: On September 27, 2013, Jackson Lee introduced the Essential Transportation Worker Identification Credential Assessment Act (H.R. 3202; 113th Congress), a bill that would direct the United States Department of Homeland Security to assess the effectiveness of the Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program. The bill would require an independent assessment of how well the TWIC program improves security and reduces risks at the facilities and vessels it is responsible for.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: On January 4, 2021, Jackson Lee introduced the Sabika Sheikh Firearm Licensing and Registration Act (H.R. 127; 117th Congress), a bill that expanded requirements for firearm licensing to every firearm and banned any ammunition of .50 caliber BMG or larger.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: Jackson Lee supports LGBT rights. In 2009, she voted for the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a bill that expanded the federal hate crime law to cover crimes biased by the victim's sexual orientation or gender identity. In 2010, she voted for the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: Jackson Lee supports the Equality Act, a bill that would expand the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. She voted for the bill in 2019. Jackson Lee criticized Republican representatives who opposed the legislation on religious grounds.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: In 2001, Jackson Lee and other House members objected to counting Florida's electoral votes, which George W. Bush narrowly won after a contentious recount in the 2000 presidential election. Because no senator joined the objection, it was dismissed by Senate President Al Gore.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: In 2005, Jackson Lee was one of the 31 House Democrats who voted not to count Ohio's electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election. Without Ohio's electoral votes, the election would have been decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, with each state having one vote in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: During the 2017 United States Electoral College vote count, Jackson Lee objected to counting North Carolina's, South Carolina's and Wyoming's electoral votes in the 2016 presidential election. Because no senator joined her objections, they were dismissed.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: In 2003, Jackson Lee complained that storm names were too white. "All racial groups should be represented", she said, and asked officials to "try to be inclusive of African-American names."


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: On July 9, 2015, Jackson Lee and others who were engaged in a debate over the Confederate battle flag produced an erroneous reproduction of the original flag. The original battle flag contained 13 stars representing each state of the Confederacy as of 1861. The flag that Jackson Lee presented to members of Congress contained 17 stars.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: On December 24, 2017, United Airlines allegedly gave a passenger's first class seat away to Jackson Lee. United Airlines claimed that the 63-year-old passenger had canceled her flight, which the passenger denied, alleging that the airline threatened to kick her off the flight for her complaint and for trying to take a picture of Jackson Lee. Jackson Lee released the following statement:


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: In 1998, "The Houston Press" reported that five of Jackson Lee's staffers had quit that spring: "According to Lee's former Capitol office executive assistant and events scheduler Rhiannon Burruss, the congresswoman's abrasive ways not only drove off staff members but irritated Continental Airlines staffers to the point where one suggested she fly on a competitor instead."


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: In 2011, Jackson Lee was reported to have one of the highest staff turnover rates in Congress. "The Huffington Post" and "Houston Chronicle" reported that she had gone through 11 chiefs of staff in 11 years. A 2013 report concluded that "the veteran Texas Democrat had the highest turnover rate for all of Congress over the past decade." She again topped the 2017 edition of the biennial "Washingtonian" survey and 2018 turnover statistics.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: In January 2019, "The New York Times" reported that Jackson Lee planned to resign as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation. The move came in the wake of a lawsuit filed by a former staffer earlier in January that claimed the staffer was fired in retaliation for her planned legal action related to an alleged rape by a supervisor in 2015. The resignation came the day after the National Alliance to End Sexual Violence announced it would not support making Jackson Lee the lead sponsor of a law to reauthorize the federal Violence Against Women Act. She also stepped down from her chairmanship of the House Judiciary subcommittee.


title: Sheila Jackson Lee

text: Jackson Lee moved to Houston after her husband, Elwyn Lee, took a job at the University of Houston. Her husband is now Vice Chancellor and Vice President for Student Affairs of the University of Houston System and the University of Houston, respectively. They have two children.


title: Cinema 4D

text: As of R21, only one version of Cinema 4D is available. It replaces all previous variants, including BodyPaint 3D, and includes all features of the past 'Studio' variant. With R21, all binaries were unified. There is no technical difference between commercial, educational, or demo versions. The difference is now only in licensing.


title: Cinema 4D

text: 2014 saw the release of Cinema 4D Lite, which came packaged with Adobe After Effects Creative Cloud 2014. "Lite" acts as an introductory version, with many features withheld. This is part of a partnership between the two companies, where a Maxon-produced plug-in, called Cineware, allows any variant to create a seamless workflow with After Effects. The "Lite" variant is dependent on After Effects CC, needing the latter application running to launch, and is only sold as a package component included with AE CS through Adobe.


title: Cinema 4D

text: Initially, Cinema 4D was developed for Amiga computers in the early 1990s, and the first three versions of the program were available exclusively for that platform. With v4, however, Maxon began to develop the application for Windows and Macintosh computers as well, citing the wish to reach a wider audience and the growing instability of the Amiga market following Commodore's bankruptcy.


title: Cinema 4D

text: From R12 to R20, Cinema 4D was available in four variants. A core Cinema 4D 'Prime' application, a 'Broadcast' version with additional motion-graphics features, 'Visualize,' which adds functions for architectural design and 'Studio,' which includes all modules.


title: Cinema 4D

text: From Release 8 until Release 11.5, Cinema 4D had a modular approach to the application, with the ability to expand upon the core application with various modules. This ended with Release 12, though the functionality of these modules remains in the different flavors of Cinema 4D (Prime, Broadcast, Visualize, Studio)


title: Cinema 4D

text: Cinebench is a cross-platform test suite which tests a computer's hardware capabilities. It can be used as a test for Cinema 4D's 3D modeling, animation, motion graphic and rendering performance on multiple CPU cores. The program "target[s] a certain niche and [is] better suited for high-end desktop and workstation platforms".


title: Cinema 4D

text: Cinebench is commonly used to demonstrate hardware capabilities at tech shows to show a CPU performance, especially by Tech YouTubers and review sites.


title: Kuntilanak

text: The Kuntilanak (Indonesian name), also called Pontianak (Malay name), is a mythological creature in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. It is similar to Langsuir in other Southeast Asia regions. The Pontianak usually takes the form of a pregnant woman who is unable to give birth to a child. Alternatively, it is often described as a vampiric, vengeful female spirit. Another form of the Pontianak refers to the ghost or white lady of Southeast Asian folklore.


title: Kuntilanak

text: The Pontianak is often depicted as a long-haired woman dressed in white, and it represents local variations of a vampire. She lures in unsuspecting men to incite fear and enact revenge. Signs that a Pontianak is nearby include the sound of an infant crying and the smell of a decaying corpse or the plumeria flower.


title: Kuntilanak

text: Kuntilanak or Pontianak is often described as an astral female spirit; another version of this figure is a woman spirit with long sharp fingernails. It is similar to the spirit of a woman unable to give birth while her stillborn child was inside her womb. This figure is mainly known to reside in the Kalimantan region containing the city of Pontianak.


title: Kuntilanak

text: The Pontianak can disguise herself using the appearance of a beautiful woman to lure her prey. In Malaysia, lore depicts them as "vampiric" blood-suckers that rip through the internal organs of men.


title: Kuntilanak

text: The Pontianak is derived from myths and folktales, some of which are particularly popular in Kalimantan (Borneo). Being one of the most famous pieces of Indonesian folklore, it inspired the name of a capital city in the Western Kalimantan region, called Pontianak. The city of Pontianak had a long history, it was founded and infested by ghosts, until Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie fended off the ghosts. After the two shots were fired at the exact same spot, then the sultanate had planned to construct the foundation of a mosque and a palace there at the forest. The first sultan of the Pontianak Sultanate, whose reign lasted from 1771-1808, was haunted by these wicked creatures. Today, the place is covered in trees and locals still believe it is haunted by the Pontianak. It is tradition to shoot carbide cannons made from logs to pay tribute to the Sultan.


title: Kuntilanak

text: The Kuntilanak (Pontianak) is often depicted as a beautiful woman with pale skin, red eyes, and long black hair. She is often dressed in a blood-smeared white dress. The Pontianak is also described as changing into a more monstrous form when she captures her prey which is typically men or helpless people. Because she is bloodthirsty and has a carnivorous nature, a Pontianak can also appear as a beast or a ghost, resembling the Dracula vampire.


title: Kuntilanak

text: Pontianak only appears under the full moon and typically announces her presence with the cries of infants or feminine laughter. It is said that if the sounds are quiet, she is nearby, but if they are loud, she is far away. Some sources also state that a dog howling at night indicates that a Pontianak is present, but not too close; if the dog whines, then a Pontianak is near. Its presence is also said to be heralded by a floral fragrance, identifiable as that of the Plumeria flower, followed by a stench similar to that of a decaying corpse.


title: Kuntilanak

text: The Pontianak kills her victims by using her long fingernails to physically remove their internal organs to be eaten. In cases where the Pontianak desires revenge and retribution against a man, it is said to eviscerate the victim with its hands. If a victim has their eyes open when a Pontianak is near, she will suck them out of their head. The Pontianak is said to locate her prey by the scent of their clean laundry; because of this, some Malaysians refuse to leave any piece of clothing outside their house overnight.


title: Kuntilanak

text: The Pontianak is associated with banana trees, and her spirit is said to reside in them during the day. According to folklore, a Pontianak can be fought off by driving a nail into the hole on the nape of her neck, which causes her to turn into a beautiful woman and a good wife until the nail is removed.


title: Kuntilanak

text: The Indonesian Kuntilanak is similar to the Pontianak in Malaysia, but commonly takes the form of a bird and sucks the blood of virgins and young women. The bird, which makes a "Ke-ke-ke" sound as it flies, may be sent through black magic to make a woman fall ill; the characteristic symptom being vaginal bleeding. When a man approaches her in her female form, the Kuntilanak suddenly turns and reveals that her back is hollow, much like the Sundel bolong the prostitute ghost with her large gaping hole on her back. A Kuntilanak can be subdued by plunging a sharp nail into the top of her head.


title: Kuntilanak

text: The Kuntilanak has been portrayed in Indonesian and Malaysian horror films and on Indonesian and Malaysian television.


title: Josh Helman

text: Joshua Helman (born 22 February 1986) is an Australian television and film actor. Helman played William Stryker in "", and its sequel, "". He has also appeared in the 2015 installment of the "Mad Max" franchise, "", as Slit. Helman has also appeared on a number of television series and mini-series, including recurring roles in "Home and Away", "The Pacific", "Flesh and Bone" and "Wayward Pines".


title: Josh Helman

text: Helman started acting when he got a recurring role on the Australian television show "Home and Away" in 2007, playing Denni Maitland. He then got a small role in a short film "Aidan's View" where he played the role of an intruder trying to break into the house of the protagonist. A few years later, he was cast as "Cpl. Lew "Chuckler" Juergens" in the American television show, "The Pacific". He appeared in 6 episodes. He was then signed on by American talent agency The Gersh Agency. He made his major studio motion picture debut in 2012 when he was cast as Jeb Oliver in "Jack Reacher". He returned to Australia and was cast in "Blinder", a film based on Australian rules football drama. In 2011, Helman acted in the original production of "Small Engine Repair" at Theatre Theater in Los Angeles; he will also take part in its film adaption, filmed Winter 2019.


title: Josh Helman

text: He co-starred in the ensemble Marvel Comics film, "", as William Stryker—shown, through footage, to be the younger/1973 version of the Stryker played by Brian Cox in "X2" (2003). He later played Slit, alongside two-time fellow "X-Men" actor Nicholas Hoult, in the Mad Max sequel "" (2015). In 2016, he had a main role in season two of the television series "Wayward Pines".


title: Mita Vashisht

text: Mita Vashisht (born 2 November 1967) is an Indian actress. Known for her work on screen, stage and television, she has played a wide range of roles. Her most prominent appearances includes; sci-fi television series "Space City Sigma" (1989-1991), Pachpan Khambe Laal Deewarein, Swabhimaan, Alaan (Kirdaar) to Trishna in Kahani Ghar Ghar Ki and Jethi Maa in "Kaala Teeka" to film roles with a wide spectrum of directors with different cinema styles.


title: Mita Vashisht

text: Mita Vashisht was born on 2 November 1967 in Pune, Maharashtra, India to Captain Rajeshwar Dutt Vashisht, who retired as a colonel from the Indian Army and Meenakshi Mehta (née) Vashisht, a teacher and a singer (Indian Classical).


title: Mita Vashisht

text: She has done her post-graduation in literature from Punjab University, Chandigarh and graduated from the National School of Drama (Delhi) in 1987, Vashisht was for several years (1990–2010) also visiting faculty to some of the premier design, film and theatre institutes of India – the NIFT (Delhi), FTII (Pune), NSD (Delhi) and the NID (Ahmedabad). She has also conducted theatre workshops in the UK (London, Birmingham, Leicester) and in Damascus. She teaches students of fashion design, film direction and acting, using theatre techniques. She is married to filmmaker Anup Singh.


title: Mita Vashisht

text: Vashisht has played the lead roles in the avant-garde cinemas (notably Kumar Shahani and Mani Kaul films), the middle of the road cinemas (Notably Govind Nihalani's films) as well as in successful big budget Bollywood films. She has worked in theatre as actress and director too. She researches and writes her scripts as well. Since 2004, she has performed her solo play in English and Hindi, titled, "Lal Ded", based on life of medieval Kashmiri mystic "Lal Ded", all over India.


title: Mita Vashisht

text: Vashisht has written and produced three short films, as well as a serial for television. She was the executive producer of the film "The Name of a River", a BFI (London) - NFDC (India) - Bangladesh film co-production.


title: Mita Vashisht

text: In June 2001, Vashisht established Mandala, space for arts collaborations research and education. Its aim was to spearhead a new movement in the arts, to centre stage and individuate the performing arts in society (she considers that imperative, in the face of an electronic media onslaught) and to aid artistic collaborations.


title: Mita Vashisht

text: Her first project under Mandala however took an unusual twist. A chance theatre workshop that she conducted with trafficked minors in a remand home in Mumbai led to four years of her full-time involvement with the cause of self- empowerment and rehabilitation of trafficked minors. (trafficked minors i.e. minor girls rescued from prostitution from the city brothels).


title: Mita Vashisht

text: As artistic director of Mandala she created Mandala TAM (theatre arts module), a methodology and a training process based on the performing arts that proved to be highly successful in helping the trafficked minors to heal and transform mentally, physically, emotionally and intellectually.


title: Mita Vashisht

text: In wanting to mainstream the marginalized she created a theatre troupe of the trafficked young women who performed the comedy play 'the coffin is too big for the grave' to national and international audiences and at international theatre festivals).


title: Mita Vashisht

text: She has performed in the 75 minute solo theatre performance "Lal Ded", based on the life and poetry of the iconic woman mystic and poet of Kashmir Lal Ded. "Lal Ded" performances have been invited to and featured in the following National/International theatre festivals in India and abroad.


title: Mita Vashisht

text: She has also produced and directed television programs and documentaries. In 2012 she directed the documentary film "She, of the Four Names", commissioned by Public Services Broadcasting Trust, India. (PSBT) based on Lal Ded.


title: Mita Vashisht

text: In recent years Vashisht played a key role in Ekta Kapoor's "Kahani Ghar Ghar ki". The portrayal of Trishna took the serial to new TRP heights, beating the sister rival serial Kyonki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi for the first time in six years of its running. She played the role of the principal on the show "Suvreen Guggal" on Channel V India and Akbar's evil stepmother in the serial, "Jodha Akbar" on Zee TV. She was highly appreciated by the audience for her negative portrayal of Jethi Maa from TV Series "Kaala Teeka".


title: King Kong by Starship

text: King Kong by Starship (), formerly known as King Kong Entertainment () before the merge in 2017, is a South Korean actors agency that was founded in 2009.


title: King Kong by Starship

text: It was founded in 2009 by Lee Jin-sung, then an employee of IHQ Inc., and having Kim Bum as the company's first artist.


title: King Kong by Starship

text: In 2015, the company was acquired by Starship Entertainment, a subsidiary of Kakao M (now Kakao Entertainment). In 2017, upon the merger of the businesses of the two companies, the company was relaunched as "King Kong by Starship".


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: Parliament is an American brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Philip Morris USA in the United States and Philip Morris International outside of the United States.


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: The brand was launched in 1931 and is distinctive for its recessed paper filters. It was originally used as an advertising gimmick when cigarettes did not have filters. The first commercial cigarette filters came into use in 1935.


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: Until the late 1950s, Parliament was packaged in a two-layer "hard" pack. That packaging continued under the Benson & Hedges brand after Parliament adopted a conventional paper pack.


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: Parliament is one of few brands of cigarettes on the mainstream market to feature a recessed paper filter. Cigarette filters became common in most cigarettes in the 1950s. In the 1940s and 1950s, the brand was marketed for its unique filters, with advertisements reading, ""Only the flavor touches your lips"", and ""Tobacco tastes best when the filter's recessed"". The brand also claimed that the recessed filter prevented tar from making contact with the smoker's mouth, unlike standard filters.


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: In Korea, brands like Marlboro , Philip Morris, Dunhill, Parliament and various other Western cigarettes were sold in 1987 as import opening to prepare for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: Parliament makes up 1.9% of U.S. cigarette sales, in contrast to Marlboro, which represent 41.1% of the U.S. cigarette sales. From the 1950s on the cigarette had a reputation for being popular among affluent smokers.


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: It is the 12th best-selling international brand and the 4th largest PMI brand. In 2016, the volume of produced Parliament cigarettes was 46 billion. The brand is sold in more than 30 countries.


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: In the television commercials that were once broadcast in Japan, the image of New York was strongly issued. From the early to the mid-1980s, things like CG animation, which had been the package designs of Parliament, ranged from the cityscape of New York to roads and bridges, etc. From around the end of the 1980s, the aerial photographs of New York by live action turned into things to be used. Since entering the 1990s, under the image strategy of being even more expensive, BGM was shedding the number of AOR artists such as Bobby Caldwell with beautiful images. Among them were included a self-cover version by Bobby of ""Stay With Me"" for KA, GU, YA (the theme song of the movie Bamboo Story) that was offered to Peter Cetera. Kyōzō Nagatsuka was in charge of the narration at that time.


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: Parliament cigarettes appeared in the 1956 James Bond novel Diamonds Are Forever. Ian Fleming specifically mentions the brand with the line ""She (Tiffany Case) picked up her third Martini and looked at it. Then very slowly, in three swallows, she drank it down. She put down the glass and took a Parliament out of the box beside her plate and bent towards the flame of Bond’s lighter."".


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: Parliament was also mentioned in the 1962 Bond novel The Spy Who Loved Me. The brand is referenced when Vivienne Michel enjoys a Parliament while settling in for her planned evening alone. ""Then I pulled the most comfortable armchair over from the reception side of the room to stand beside the radio, turned the radio up, lit a Parliament from the last five in my box, took a stiff pull at my drink, and curled myself into the armchair.""


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: On JTBC's Knowing Bros Episode 31, guest star Jessi said other guest star Seo In Young is a Parliament Light smoker, which is untrue according to the latter. The brand name's calling was supposed to be censored per Korea Communications Commission's regulation but was left uncensored by the editing crew.


title: Parliament (cigarette)

text: Parliament was or still is sold in the following countries: United States, Bulgaria, Serbia, Brazil, Cyprus, Uruguay, Argentina, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Romania, Moldova, Estonia, Armenia, India, Lithuania, Latvia, Kuwait, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mongolia, China, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Shea Christopher Patterson (born January 17, 1997) is an American football quarterback for the New Orleans Breakers of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football for the Michigan Wolverines (2018–2019) and the Ole Miss Rebels (2016–2017). He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2020. He was drafted in the 2018 Major League Baseball draft by the Texas Rangers and they retain his rights until 2024. The Michigan Panthers drafted Patterson with the first pick in the 2022 USFL Draft.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson was considered among the top 5 high school class of 2016 football prospects in the entire country. He earned the Pete Dawkins Trophy as a high school senior. Patterson began his college football career at the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) before transferring to the University of Michigan. Among his collegiate highlights are the Ole Miss single-game passing yards record and the Michigan records for single-game (regulation) passing touchdowns, consecutive 300-yard passing games and consecutive 4-touchdown passing games. His senior season passing yardage total was second in school history. He was a two-time third-team All-Big Ten Conference selection.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson grew up in Toledo, Ohio before moving to Brownsville, Texas for a few years and then Hidalgo, Texas to attend Hidalgo High School as a freshman in 2012. In December of that year, he committed to the University of Arizona to play college football. After his freshman year, his family moved to Shreveport, Louisiana after his father moved the family for a new job. In Shreveport, he attended Calvary Baptist Academy, where he was a standout on the football team. Patterson threw for 2,655 yards with 34 touchdowns as a sophomore and 2,428 passing yards, 38 touchdowns as a junior. In July 2014, he decomitted from Arizona. In February 2015, he committed to the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss). In 2015, Patterson transferred to IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida for his senior year.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson was regarded as a 5-star prospect by Scout, Rivals, and 247Sports, and a 4-star by ESPN. He was the highest rated recruit at his position by all four recruiting services (as a pro-style quarterback on 247Sports and Scout, and a dual-threat quarterback by Rivals and ESPN). Patterson was the 4th-highest rated recruit overall in the class of 2016 on the 247Sports Composite, which aggregates the ratings of the four recruiting services.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson enrolled early at the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) and was tabbed as the second quarterback on the depth chart, along with second-year freshman Jason Pellerin, going into 2016 fall camp.


title: Shea Patterson

text: With Chad Kelly as the starting quarterback, Patterson was slated to sit out 2016 as a redshirt freshman. He became the starting quarterback after Kelly tore his ACL, losing Patterson's redshirt season. Patterson made his debut on November 12, 2016, leading the Rebels to a comeback victory over Texas A&M while completing 25 of 42 pass attempts for 338 yards, two touchdowns, and an interception. His first career touchdown was a six-yard pass to wide receiver Damore'ea Stringfellow. Later in the game, Patterson cut the Aggies' lead to 28–26 when he threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to Van Jefferson with 5:17 remaining in the game. The Rebels went ahead 39-yard field goal with only 37 seconds remaining, and the score would hold.


title: Shea Patterson

text: The following week, Patterson earned his second career start, against Vanderbilt, and completed 20 of 42 pass attempts for 222 yards and two touchdowns during the Rebels' 38–17 loss. On November 27, 2016, Patterson completed 27 of 48 pass attempts for 320 passing yards and two touchdowns and two interceptions in a 55–20 loss to Mississippi State. He finished his true freshman season completing 72 of 132 pass attempts for 880 passing yards, six touchdowns, and three interceptions in three starts and one victory.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson was named the starter for Ole Miss heading into the 2017 season as a sophomore. Before the season began, Ole Miss was mired in controversy due to an NCAA investigation that found numerous violations of organization rules, including a lack of institutional control. In response, in February 2017, Ole Miss self-imposed a bowl ban for the 2017 season. In another controversy, Ole Miss head coach Hugh Freeze resigned in July 2017 after it was reported that he made several calls to escort services using university phones. Co-offensive coordinator/offensive line coach Matt Luke was named interim head coach.


title: Shea Patterson

text: In the first two games of the season, Shea garnered national attention by throwing for a combined 918 yards and 9 touchdown passes against South Alabama and UT Martin. In his game against UT Martin, he set the Ole Miss school record for passing yards in a single game with 489 yards. Patterson's success began to taper, however, as the Rebels lost four of their next five games, with Patterson throwing eight interceptions to his eight touchdowns during that span. The sole win came against Vanderbilt, where Patterson threw for 351 yards and 4 touchdowns in the 57–35 victory.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson went down with a knee injury in Ole Miss's game against LSU on October 21. The next day it was revealed that Patterson had suffered a torn PCL and would miss the remainder of the season. At the time of his injury, he led the SEC in passing yards with 2,259 yards.


title: Shea Patterson

text: After the conclusion of the 2017 season, it was announced that Ole Miss would be banned from the postseason again in 2018 due to the NCAA violations. Shortly thereafter, Patterson sought and was granted permission to explore a transfer to another school.


title: Shea Patterson

text: On December 11, 2017, Patterson announced he would be transferring to the University of Michigan to play for the Michigan Wolverines.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Normally, NCAA football student-athletes who transfer schools with more than a year of eligibility remaining must sit out a year before being eligible to play. Patterson sought a waiver in order to be eligible for play immediately at Michigan, claiming that he had been misled by Ole Miss coaches during his recruitment regarding the ongoing NCAA investigation. Ole Miss formally objected to Patterson's waiver appeal, saying they did not agree with Patterson's stated reasons for transferring. On April 27, 2018, it was announced that Patterson would be immediately eligible to play for Michigan. A new amendment to transfer waiver guidelines approved by the NCAA led to the withdrawal of Patterson's first waiver application and the submission of a new application supported by both Michigan and Ole Miss, which was approved by the NCAA.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson was named the starting quarterback going into Michigan's 2018 season opener against Notre Dame. He struggled to get the Wolverine offense moving in that game, as Michigan scored only one offensive touchdown in a 24–17 loss to the Fighting Irish. Patterson threw for 227 yards and one interception in the game. Following the loss, Patterson's fortunes improved along with the rest of the Michigan team, as the Wolverines won the following ten games and rose to fourth in the College Football Playoff rankings. In a 45–20 victory over SMU on September 15, Patterson posted a career high in passer efficiency rating (232.3) to go along with 237 passing yards, two touchdowns and an interception. On November 3, Patterson threw two touchdown passes and ran for another on the ground in a blowout 42–7 victory over then-No. 14 Penn State. He was named Big Ten Player of the Week by the Rose Bowl Game Football Committee following the win. In a regular season-ending loss to rival Ohio State that knocked Michigan out of contention for a Big Ten title, Patterson threw for 187 yards, three touchdowns, and one interception. In the Peach Bowl against Florida, Patterson posted a season-low in passer efficiency rating (114.2) as he threw for 236 yards, one touchdown, and two interceptions in a 15–41 loss for the Wolverines.


title: Shea Patterson

text: During the 2018 season, Patterson recorded 2,600 yards passing and 273 yards on the ground. He totaled 24 touchdowns with 22 passing scores and two rushing touchdowns and had a 64.4 percent completion rate. He generated a pass efficiency rating of 149.4, second in the Big Ten in 2018. Following the regular season, he was named to the All-Big Ten offensive third-team by the coaches.


title: Shea Patterson

text: On December 21, 2018, Patterson announced that he would be returning to Michigan for his senior year.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Under the leadership of new offensive coordinator Josh Gattis, Patterson and the Wolverine offense struggled in the first part of the 2019 season. In the second game of the season, Michigan escaped with a win in overtime against Army, with Patterson throwing for 207 yards in the game. After a bye week, the Wolverines were soundly defeated by Wisconsin on the road, 35–14; at points, Patterson traded snaps with backup Dylan McCaffrey. On September 28, 2019, in a 52–0 victory over Rutgers, Patterson rushed for three touchdowns, becoming the sixth quarterback in program history to rush for three touchdowns in a game, and the first to do so since Devin Gardner in 2013. In a 44–10 victory against rival Michigan State on November 16, Patterson threw for 384 yards and four touchdowns, both of which were highs for him since transferring to Michigan. He was named Big Ten Co-Offensive Player of the Week (with Jonathan Taylor) following the performance. On November 23, in a 39–14 victory over Indiana, Patterson threw for 366 yards and five touchdowns, becoming the first Michigan quarterback with consecutive 300-yard games since Jake Rudock in 2015. He also became the first quarterback in program history to record four touchdown passes in consecutive games. Patterson's five touchdown passes were the second most by any quarterback in program history and the most during a regulation game. On November 30, in a 56–27 loss to Ohio State, Patterson threw for 305 yards and one touchdown, becoming the first quarterback in program history to throw for 300 or more yards in three consecutive games. In Patterson's last game for the Wolverines in the 2020 Citrus Bowl against Alabama, Patterson led the team to a 16–14 lead at half-time, but the offense sputtered in the second half as they went on to lose 35–16. Patterson completed 17 of 37 passes for 233 yards and a touchdown in the game.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Following the regular season, Patterson was named to the All-Big Ten offensive third-team by both the coaches and media. Patterson ended his senior year with 3,061 passing yards and 23 touchdowns, becoming the third quarterback in program history to pass for over 3,000 yards in a season after John Navarre (3,331 yards in 2003) and Jake Rudock (3,017 yards in 2015). Patterson ended his career at seventh on the all-time Michigan passing yards leaderboard with 5,661 career yards. He passed Tom Brady in his last game against Ohio State and passed his head coach Jim Harbaugh in the Citrus Bowl.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson played baseball in high school, and during the offseason before his first year at Michigan, Patterson was selected in the 39th round of the 2018 MLB Draft by the Texas Rangers. Patterson signed a contract with the Texas Rangers that allowed him to play out his final two years of eligibility at Michigan, while not appearing in any minor-league games during that time. Patterson spent a few games with the Round Rock Express between the end of summer football and the start of fall camp in July 2018; taking hitting and fielding practice, and being in the dugout during the games. Patterson reported to 2019 minor league spring training, before attending spring football practice at Michigan. Patterson's 2018 contract was for 6 years and requires him to spend one week per year with the Rangers to remain in good standing.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson went undrafted in the 2020 NFL Draft. On May 3, 2020, he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs where he joined former Michigan quarterback Chad Henne and former Ole Miss teammate Jordan Ta'amu as backups to Patrick Mahomes. Patterson was waived on July 10, 2020.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Patterson was selected by the Blues of The Spring League during its player selection draft on October 12, 2020. He signed with the BC Lions of the CFL on June 16, 2021. He was assigned to the practice roster after training camp as the fourth-string quarterback. Patterson was released on September 10, 2021, without having played in a game.


title: Shea Patterson

text: On September 21, 2021, Patterson signed with the Montreal Alouettes. Due to injuries to Vernon Adams and Matthew Shiltz, he dressed in 5 games as a short yardage quarterback and rushed for 18 yards on 11 carries. He was released during the off-season.


title: Shea Patterson

text: On February 22, 2022, Patterson was drafted first overall by the Michigan Panthers in the 2022 USFL Draft. He was released on May 25, 2022.


title: Shea Patterson

text: Shea Patterson's parents are Sean and Karen Patterson and his grandfather, George Patterson, played for the Detroit Pistons. His older brother, Sean, was an associate player personnel analyst with the Ole Miss football staff. He has two older sisters, Abby Ehrlich and Kacie Patterson, and one younger brother, Nick Patterson. In 2020, Nick Patterson committed to play football at Princeton after withdrawing a previous commitment to Michigan.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: Nandi Hills (Anglicised forms include "Nandidurg" and "Nandydoorg") is an ancient hill station built by Ganga Dynasty in the Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka state. It is 10 km from Chickballapur town and approximately 60 km from Bengaluru. The hills are near the town Nandi. In traditional belief, the hills are the origin of the Arkavathy river, Ponnaiyar River, Palar River, Papagni River and Penna River. Watching the sunrise at Nandi Hills is popular with tourists. The first ever SAARC summit hosted by India was held at Nandi Hills in 1986.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: There are many stories about the origin of the name Nandi Hills. During the Chola period, Nandi Hills was called Anandagiri meaning The Hill of Happiness. It is also perhaps called Nandi Hills because the hills resemble a sleeping bull. Another theory holds that the hill gets its name from an ancient, 1300-year-old, Dravidian-style temple, and for the Nandi (bull), statue situated on this hill.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: Nandi Hills was developed by Ganga Dynasty in 11th century. It was also used by Tipu Sultan as a summer retreat.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: Nandidurga was traditionally held impregnable, and its storming by the army of Cornwallis on 19 October 1791 was one of the most notable incidents of the first war against Tipu Sultan of Mysore. A description of the siege is given in Browne's History of Scotland and the records of the 71st Highlanders.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: It later became a retreat for British Raj officials during the hot season. Francis Cunningham built the summer residence here for Sir Mark Cubbon.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: The climate at the top of the hill made it of interest to horticulturists. Several species of plant were introduced into an experimental garden. Firminger's manual notes that several species of "Anona" were grown at this garden and also notes the peculiarity of "Hypericum mysorense":


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: Potato cultivation was introduced for the first time in the neighbourhood of Bangalore by a Colonel Cuppage and continued by the botanist Benjamin Heyne. Heyne brought seeds from St. Helena and these grew well enough that they were supplied in Madras and preferred to those obtained from Bengal. In 1860, tea plants were tried on Nandi Hills by Hugh Cleghorn.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: The Department of Horticulture is setting up a one-crore food court. A 30-lakh music stage, located on a three-and-a-half acre grove, will be used to conduct cultural programmes. Furthermore, the Horticulture Department is developing of land in the Nandi Hills region with the creation of a large-scale exotic botanical garden. A planetarium with an initial one-crore investment is also being constructed. A gondola lift system will connect the peak of the Nandi Hill with the nearby Muddenahalli. Other projects including Prestige Golfshire and QVC Nandi Hills are coming up near Nandi Hills. There are also proposals to construct cable cars, at the cost of 15 to 20 crore, to protect the local environment and reduce the number of vehicles going to the hills.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: Places of interest in the area include Yoga Nandeeshwara Temple (a Hindu temple in Chikkaballapur district), Tipu's Summer Palace, Tipu Drop, and Skandagiri.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: The vegetation of the hills is typical of high hills. Inside the fort at the summit, many of the large trees are planted exotics such as "Eucalyptus" and the undergrowth consists of "Coffea arabica" along with some native species. The forest acts as a substrate for cloud condensation and every morning the trees are covered in water. This allows for many moist forest species of plants and animals.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: The hills are very rich in birdlife making it a popular location for birdwatchers and bird photographers. The evergreen forest patch on top of the hill being a favoured wintering location for many migrant species of warblers, flycatchers and thrushes. The forest patch is also home for a relict population of the Nilgiri woodpigeon. A breeding pair of shaheen falcon, the resident race of the peregrine falcon is also often seen at the Nandi Hills. The Malabar whistling thrush, Uropeltid snakes and pill millipedes which are otherwise known only from the Western Ghats ranges are also found here. The hill slopes are the home of the yellow-throated bulbul, a species endemic to the hills of peninsular India.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: Nandi Hills is a destination for hiking and trekking for beginners to intermediate level. Trails in the area include the staircase-based trekking path which starts near Sultanpet village.


title: Nandi Hills, India

text: , visitors require prior District administration passes to visit Nandi hills on weekends to manage parking and reduce overcrowding on the hill station. Only 1,000 two-wheelers and 300 light motor vehicles parking is allowed on the hill station. Passes can be purchased at the Ticket counter at the base of the hill station or through KSTDC website. Earlier Nandi Hills was closed due to Covid restrictions.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: Rash Behari Bose (; 25 May 1886 – 21 January 1945) was an Indian revolutionary leader against the British Raj. He was one of the key organisers of the Ghadar Mutiny and founded the First Indian National Army during World War 2. The Indian National Army(INA) was formed in 1942 under Bose which he later handed over as the Indian National Army to Subhas Chandra Bose. He also founded the Japanese branch of the Hindu Mahasabha, becoming its first president.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: Rash Behari Bose was born in parala-bighati village of Hoogly district of west Bengal, on 25 May 1886 in a Bengali Kayastha family. Bose grew up during the severe pandemics and famines of the British Raj. It nutured his dislike for British Rule. His father's name was Binod Behari Bose and mother was Bhubaneswari Devi. Tinkori Dasi was Rashbehari Bose's foster mother. Rash Behari Bose passed his childhood in his paternal home at his native village of Subaldaha under the care of his grandparents Kali Charan Bose and Bidhumukhi Debi.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: Rashbehari Bose and his sister Sushila (later, Sushila Sarkar) spent their childhood in the village of Subaldaha. They lived in the house of madam Bidhumukhi and his paternal house. Bidhumukhi was a widow from her early life. Bidhumukhi was the sister-in-law of Kalicharan Bose. So that his grandson would arrive safely to them. So his grandson was given by another name of Lord Krishna. His early education was completed under the supervision of his grandfather, Kalicharan Bose, at village Pathsala (Presently "Subaldaha Rashbehari Bose F.P School"). Rash Behari Bose got an education of Lathi Khela in his child at Subaldaha, primarily under the guidance of his grandfather. He got the inspiration of revolutionary movement hearing stories from his grandfather and teacher (Bakkeswar) at his birthplace Subaldaha. He was the cynosure of all villagers. His nickname was Rasu. He was stubborn and the villagers loved him very much. It is heard from villagers that he was at Subaldaha till he was 12 or 14 years old. His father, Binod Behari Bose, was stationed in Hooghly district for few years. During this time, Rashbehari had to move to his maternal house in Chandernagar.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: In Chandernagar, Rashbehari Bose studied at Dupleix College with his cousin and friend Shrish Chandra Ghosh. The principal Charu Chandra Roy inspired them into revolutionary politics. Later he joined "Morton school" in Kolkata. Bose later earned degrees in the medical sciences as well as in Engineering from France and Germany.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: He was interested in revolutionary activities from early on in his life, he left Bengal to shun the Alipore bomb case trials of (1908). At Dehradun he worked as a head clerk at the Forest Research Institute. There, through Amarendra Chatterjee of the Jugantar led by Jatin Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin), he secretly got involved with the revolutionaries of Bengal and he came across eminent revolutionary members of the Arya Samaj in the United Provinces (currently Uttar Pradesh) and the Punjab.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: Following the attempt to assassinate Lord Hardinge, Rash Behari was forced to go into hiding. The attempt was made on 23 December 1912 in Delhi when Lord Hardinge was in a ceremonial procession transferring the capital from Calcutta to New Delhi. He was attacked near the Red Fort by Basanta Kumar Biswas, a disciple of Amrendar Chatterjee, but missed the target. The bomb was made by Manindra Nath Nayak. Bose was hunted by the colonial police due to his active participation in the failed assassination attempt directed at the Governor General and Viceroy Lord Charles Hardinge in Delhi. He returned to Dehradun by the night train and joined the office the next day as though nothing had happened. Further, he organized a meeting of loyal citizens of Dehradun to condemn the dastardly attack on the Viceroy.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: Lord Hardinge, in his "My Indian Years", described the whole incident in an interesting way. During the flood relief work in Bengal in 1913, he came in contact with Jatin Mukherjee in whom he "discovered a real leader of men," who "added a new impulse" to Rash Behari's failing zeal. Thus during World War I he became extensively involved as one of the leading figures of the Gadar Revolution that attempted to trigger a mutiny in India in February 1915. Trusted and tried Ghadrites were sent to several cantonments to infiltrate into the army. The idea of the Gadar leaders was that with the war raging in Europe most of the soldiers had gone out of India and the rest could be easily won over. The revolution failed and most of the revolutionaries were arrested. But Rash Behari managed to escape British intelligence and reached Japan in 1915.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: Bose fled to Japan in 1915, under the alias of Priyanath Thakur, a relative of Rabindranath Thakur. There, Bose found shelter with various Pan-Asian groups. From 1915 to 1918, he changed residences and identities numerous times, as the British kept pressing the Japanese government for his extradition. He married the daughter of Aizō Sōma and Kokkō Sōma, the owners of Nakamuraya bakery in Tokyo and noted Pan-Asian supporters in 1918, and became a Japanese citizen in 1923, living as a journalist and writer. It is also significant that he was instrumental in introducing Indian-style curry in Japan. Though more expensive than the usual "British-style" curry, it became quite popular, with Rash Bihari becoming known as "Bose of Nakamuraya".


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: Bose along with A M Nair was instrumental in persuading the Japanese authorities to stand by the Indian patriots and ultimately to officially actively support the Indian independence struggle abroad. Bose convened a conference in Tokyo on 28–30 March 1942, which decided to establish the "Indian Independence League". At the conference, he moved a motion to raise an army for Indian independence. He convened the second conference of the League at Bangkok on 22 June 1942. It was at this conference that a resolution was adopted to invite Subhas Chandra Bose to join the League and take its command as its president.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: The Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in the Malaya and Burma fronts were encouraged to join the Indian Independence League and become the soldiers of the Indian National Army (INA), formed on 1 September 1942 as the military wing of Rash Behari Bose's Indian National League. He selected the flag for the Azad Hind movement and handed over the flag to Subhas Chandra Bose. But although he handed over the power, his organizational structure remained, and it was on the organizational spadework of Rash Behari Bose. Rash Behari Bose built the Indian National Army (also called 'Azad Hind Fauj'). Prior to his death caused by tuberculosis, the Japanese Government honoured him with the Order of the Rising Sun (2nd grade).


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: Bose met Toshiko Soma when he was hiding at her house in Shinjuku City. She was the daughter of Aizō Sōma and Kokkō Sōma, the owners of Nakamuraya bakery () in Tokyo and noted Pan-Asian supporters in 1918. At that time, Bose was a fugitive with the British searching for him. Their initial contact was during those intense moments of hiding though without any interactions. In 1916, when Bose was a fugitive no more, he invited the Soma family to his house as a gesture of gratitude. That was the first instance of their interaction in a social context.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: However, Bose stuck out like a sore thumb in Japan. People would consider them with suspicion. Mitsuru Toyama, as a solution proposed to the Soma's a marriage between Toshiko and Rashbehari. He thought that marriage with a Japanese citizen would make it easy for Bose to apply for citizenship. Despite their initial reservations, the Somas agreed to the match. When asked, Toshiko took three weeks to give her consent.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: They had a happy marriage lasting eight years. Bose taught Toshiko Bengali and how to wear a sari. Bose got Japanese citizenship in 1923. Toshiko's health declined soon after and it claimed her life in 1924. After her death, he never remarried. They were buried together after Bose's death.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: They had two children together. Masahide Bose (Bharatchandra) was born in 1920. He died in World War II aged 24. Their daughter Tetsuko was born in 1922.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: In the year of 1943, the Japanese government honoured him with the highest title given to a foreigner – "The Second Order of Merit of the Rising Sun".


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: On 26 December 1967, the Posts and Telegraphs Department of India issued a special postage stamp in honour of Rash Behari Bose.


title: Rash Behari Bose

text: In the 2019 Indian Bengali-language television series titled "Netaji" which depicts the life of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, Fahim Mirza played the role of Rash Behari Bose.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over a single strand of fiber, also called wavelength-division duplexing, as well as multiplication of capacity.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: The term WDM is commonly applied to an optical carrier, which is typically described by its wavelength, whereas frequency-division multiplexing typically applies to a radio carrier which is more often described by frequency. This is purely conventional because wavelength and frequency communicate the same information. Specifically, frequency (in Hertz, which is cycles per second) multiplied by wavelength (the physical length of one cycle) equals the velocity of the carrier wave. In a vacuum, this is the speed of light, usually denoted by the lowercase letter, c. In glass fiber, it is substantially slower, usually about 0.7 times c. The data rate in practical systems is a fraction of the carrier frequency.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the several signals together and a demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart. With the right type of fiber, it is possible to have a device that does both simultaneously and can function as an optical add-drop multiplexer. The optical filtering devices used have conventionally been etalons (stable solid-state single-frequency Fabry–Pérot interferometers in the form of thin-film-coated optical glass). As there are three different WDM types, whereof one is called "WDM", the notation "xWDM" is normally used when discussing the technology as such.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: The concept was first published in 1978, and by 1980 WDM systems were being realized in the laboratory. The first WDM systems combined only two signals. Modern systems can handle 160 signals and can thus expand a basic 100 Gbit/s system over a single fiber pair to over 16 Tbit/s. A system of 320 channels is also present (12.5 GHz channel spacing, see below.)


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: WDM systems are popular with telecommunications companies because they allow them to expand the capacity of the network without laying more fiber. By using WDM and optical amplifiers, they can accommodate several generations of technology development in their optical infrastructure without having to overhaul the backbone network. The capacity of a given link can be expanded simply by upgrading the multiplexers and demultiplexers at each end.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: This is often done by the use of optical-to-electrical-to-optical (O/E/O) translation at the very edge of the transport network, thus permitting interoperation with existing equipment with optical interfaces.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Most WDM systems operate on single-mode fiber optical cables which have a core diameter of 9 µm. Certain forms of WDM can also be used in multi-mode fiber cables (also known as premises cables) which have core diameters of 50 or 62.5 µm.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Early WDM systems were expensive and complicated to run. However, recent standardization and a better understanding of the dynamics of WDM systems have made WDM less expensive to deploy.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Optical receivers, in contrast to laser sources, tend to be wideband devices. Therefore, the demultiplexer must provide the wavelength selectivity of the receiver in the WDM system.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: WDM systems are divided into three different wavelength patterns: normal (WDM), coarse (CWDM) and dense (DWDM). Normal WDM (sometimes called BWDM) uses the two normal wavelengths 1310 and 1550 nm on one fiber. Coarse WDM provides up to 16 channels across multiple transmission windows of silica fibers. "Dense WDM" (DWDM) uses the C-Band (1530 nm-1565 nm) transmission window but with denser channel spacing. Channel plans vary, but a typical DWDM system would use 40 channels at 100 GHz spacing or 80 channels with 50 GHz spacing. Some technologies are capable of 12.5 GHz spacing (sometimes called ultra-dense WDM). New amplification options (Raman amplification) enable the extension of the usable wavelengths to the L-band (1565–1625 nm), more or less doubling these numbers.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM), in contrast to DWDM, uses increased channel spacing to allow less-sophisticated and thus cheaper transceiver designs. To provide 16 channels on a single fiber, CWDM uses the entire frequency band spanning the second and third transmission windows (1310/1550 nm respectively) including the critical frequencies where OH scattering may occur. OH-free silica fibers are recommended if the wavelengths between second and third transmission windows are to be used. Avoiding this region, the channels 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61 remain and these are the most commonly used. With OS2 fibers the water peak problem is overcome, and all possible 18 channels can be used.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: WDM, CWDM and DWDM are based on the same concept of using multiple wavelengths of light on a single fiber but differ in the spacing of the wavelengths, number of channels, and the ability to amplify the multiplexed signals in the optical space. EDFA provide an efficient wideband amplification for the C-band, Raman amplification adds a mechanism for amplification in the L-band. For CWDM, wideband optical amplification is not available, limiting the optical spans to several tens of kilometres.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Originally, the term "coarse wavelength division multiplexing" (CWDM) was fairly generic and described a number of different channel configurations. In general, the choice of channel spacings and frequency in these configurations precluded the use of erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). Prior to the relatively recent ITU standardization of the term, one common definition for CWDM was two or more signals multiplexed onto a single fiber, with one signal in the 1550 nm band and the other in the 1310 nm band.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: In 2002, the ITU standardized a channel spacing grid for CWDM (ITU-T G.694.2) using the wavelengths from 1270 nm through 1610 nm with a channel spacing of 20 nm. ITU G.694.2 was revised in 2003 to shift the channel centers by 1 nm so, strictly speaking, the center wavelengths are 1271 to 1611 nm. Many CWDM wavelengths below 1470 nm are considered unusable on older G.652 specification fibers, due to the increased attenuation in the 1270–1470 nm bands. Newer fibers which conform to the G.652.C and G.652.D standards, such as Corning SMF-28e and Samsung Widepass, nearly eliminate the "water peak" attenuation peak at 1383 nm and allow for full operation of all 18 ITU CWDM channels in metropolitan networks.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: The main characteristic of the recent ITU CWDM standard is that the signals are not spaced appropriately for amplification by EDFAs. This limits the total CWDM optical span to somewhere near 60 km for a 2.5 Gbit/s signal, which is suitable for use in metropolitan applications. The relaxed optical frequency stabilization requirements allow the associated costs of CWDM to approach those of non-WDM optical components.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: CWDM is being used in cable television networks, where different wavelengths are used for the "downstream" and "upstream" signals. In these systems, the wavelengths used are often widely separated. For example, the downstream signal might be at 1310 nm while the upstream signal is at 1550 nm.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Some GBIC and small form factor pluggable (SFP) transceivers utilize standardized CWDM wavelengths. GBIC and SFP CWDM optics allow a legacy switch system to be "converted" to enable wavelength multiplexed transport over a fiber by selecting compatible transceiver wavelengths for use with an inexpensive passive optical multiplexing device.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: The 10GBASE-LX4 10 Gbit/s physical layer standard is an example of a CWDM system in which four wavelengths near 1310 nm, each carrying a 3.125 gigabit-per-second (Gbit/s) data stream, are used to carry 10 Gbit/s of aggregate data.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Passive CWDM is an implementation of CWDM that uses no electrical power. It separates the wavelengths using passive optical components such as bandpass filters and prisms. Many manufacturers are promoting passive CWDM to deploy fiber to the home.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: "Dense wavelength division multiplexing" (DWDM) refers originally to optical signals multiplexed within the 1550 nm band so as to leverage the capabilities (and cost) of erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which are effective for wavelengths between approximately 1525–1565 nm (C band), or 1570–1610 nm (L band). EDFAs were originally developed to replace SONET/SDH optical-electrical-optical (OEO) regenerators, which they have made practically obsolete. EDFAs can amplify any optical signal in their operating range, regardless of the modulated bit rate. In terms of multi-wavelength signals, so long as the EDFA has enough pump energy available to it, it can amplify as many optical signals as can be multiplexed into its amplification band (though signal densities are limited by choice of modulation format). EDFAs therefore allow a single-channel optical link to be upgraded in bit rate by replacing only equipment at the ends of the link, while retaining the existing EDFA or series of EDFAs through a long haul route. Furthermore, single-wavelength links using EDFAs can similarly be upgraded to WDM links at reasonable cost. The EDFA's cost is thus leveraged across as many channels as can be multiplexed into the 1550 nm band.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: The introduction of the ITU-T G.694.1 frequency grid in 2002 has made it easier to integrate WDM with older but more standard SONET/SDH systems. WDM wavelengths are positioned in a grid having exactly 100 GHz (about 0.8 nm) spacing in optical frequency, with a reference frequency fixed at 193.10 THz (1,552.52 nm). The main grid is placed inside the optical fiber amplifier bandwidth, but can be extended to wider bandwidths. The first commercial deployment of DWDM was made by Ciena Corporation on the Sprint network in June 1996. Today's DWDM systems use 50 GHz or even 25 GHz channel spacing for up to 160 channel operation.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: DWDM systems have to maintain more stable wavelength or frequency than those needed for CWDM because of the closer spacing of the wavelengths. Precision temperature control of laser transmitter is required in DWDM systems to prevent "drift" off a very narrow frequency window of the order of a few GHz. In addition, since DWDM provides greater maximum capacity it tends to be used at a higher level in the communications hierarchy than CWDM, for example on the Internet backbone and is therefore associated with higher modulation rates, thus creating a smaller market for DWDM devices with very high performance. These factors of smaller volume and higher performance result in DWDM systems typically being more expensive than CWDM.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Recent innovations in DWDM transport systems include pluggable and software-tunable transceiver modules capable of operating on 40 or 80 channels. This dramatically reduces the need for discrete spare pluggable modules, when a handful of pluggable devices can handle the full range of wavelengths.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: At this stage, some details concerning wavelength-converting transponders should be discussed, as this will clarify the role played by current DWDM technology as an additional optical transport layer. It will also serve to outline the evolution of such systems over the last 10 or so years.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: As stated above, wavelength-converting transponders served originally to translate the transmit wavelength of a client-layer signal into one of the DWDM system's internal wavelengths in the 1,550 nm band (note that even external wavelengths in the 1,550 nm will most likely need to be translated, as they will almost certainly not have the required frequency stability tolerances nor will it have the optical power necessary for the system's EDFA).


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: In the mid-1990s, however, wavelength converting transponders rapidly took on the additional function of signal regeneration. Signal regeneration in transponders quickly evolved through 1R to 2R to 3R and into overhead-monitoring multi-bitrate 3R regenerators. These differences are outlined below:


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: As mentioned above, intermediate optical amplification sites in DWDM systems may allow for the dropping and adding of certain wavelength channels. In most systems deployed as of August 2006 this is done infrequently, because adding or dropping wavelengths requires manually inserting or replacing wavelength-selective cards. This is costly, and in some systems requires that all active traffic be removed from the DWDM system, because inserting or removing the wavelength-specific cards interrupts the multi-wavelength optical signal.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: With a ROADM, network operators can remotely reconfigure the multiplexer by sending soft commands. The architecture of the ROADM is such that dropping or adding wavelengths does not interrupt the "pass-through" channels. Numerous technological approaches are utilized for various commercial ROADMs, the tradeoff being between cost, optical power, and flexibility.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: When the network topology is a mesh, where nodes are interconnected by fibers to form an arbitrary graph, an additional fiber interconnection device is needed to route the signals from an input port to the desired output port. These devices are called optical crossconnectors (OXCs). Various categories of OXCs include electronic ("opaque"), optical ("transparent"), and wavelength selective devices.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Cisco's Enhanced WDM system combines 1 Gb Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM) connections using SFPs and GBICs with 10 Gb Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) connections using XENPAK, X2 or XFP DWDM modules. These DWDM connections can either be passive or boosted to allow a longer range for the connection. In addition to this, CFP modules deliver 100 Gbit/s Ethernet suitable for high speed Internet backbone connections.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: Shortwave WDM uses vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) transceivers with four wavelengths in the 846 to 953 nm range over single OM5 fiber, or 2-fiber connectivity for OM3/OM4 fiber.


title: Wavelength-division multiplexing

text: See also transponders (optical communications) for different functional views on the meaning of optical transponders.


title: Sarah Jones (drummer)

text: Sarah Jones (born 31 August 1985) is an English musician based in London, best known for her work as a session and touring drummer. She is a founding member of NYPC, and has also served as a touring drummer for musicians such as Harry Styles, Bat for Lashes, post-punk revival band Bloc Party, and synthpop band Hot Chip. Additionally, she has released several solo singles under the moniker Pillow Person. In 2020, she played drums on the new Puscifer album, titled "Existential Reckoning".


title: Sarah Jones (drummer)

text: Jones showed an interest in music from an early age. In an interview with "Tom Tom Mag", she stated that she started off playing the piano, and "although [she] liked it", the piano "wasn't exactly what [she] was looking for." Jones began learning the drums after a family friend left a kit at her house, having been taught basic beats by her cousin. She also noted: "My dad had some friends who would come around and play together on the weekends. I'd sit and watch them, and soon I started joining in." Not long after, Jones began drumming in local bands and subsequently touring the UK and Europe.


title: Sarah Jones (drummer)

text: Jones played drums and provided backing vocals for Harry Styles's , including an April 2017 performance on "Saturday Night Live", playing "Sign of the Times" and "Ever Since New York". The tour itself began on 19 September 2017 and ended on 14 July 2018.


title: Sarah Jones (drummer)

text: Jones has continued as drummer for Styles following his sophomore record, "Fine Line" (2019), including its promotion and subsequent international Love on Tour (2020–2022).


title: Sarah Jones (drummer)

text: Jones has written and performed three electropop songs – "Go Ahead" (2016), "On Your Way" (2017) and "Kitchen" (2017)—under the name Pillow Person.


title: Sarah Jones (drummer)

text: Jones is a member of NYPC (originally New Young Pony Club), an electronic music band that released three albums between 2007 and 2013.


title: Sarah Jones (drummer)

text: Jones is married to Styles's guitarist, Mitch Rowland. In 2021, they announced they were having a baby together.


title: Jumbo

text: Jumbo (about December 25, 1860 – September 15, 1885), also known as Jumbo the Elephant and Jumbo the Circus Elephant, was a 19th-century male African bush elephant born in Sudan. Jumbo was exported to Jardin des Plantes, a zoo in Paris, and then transferred in 1865 to London Zoo in England. Despite public protest, Jumbo was sold to P. T. Barnum, who took him to the United States for exhibition in March 1882.


title: Jumbo

text: The giant elephant's name spawned the common word "jumbo," meaning large in size. Examples of his lexical impact are phrases like "jumbo jet", "jumbo shrimp," "jumbo marshmallows," and "jumbotron." Jumbo's shoulder height has been estimated to have been at the time of his death, and was claimed to be about by Barnum.


title: Jumbo

text: Jumbo was born around December 25, 1860 in Sudan, and after his mother was killed by hunters, the infant Jumbo was captured by Sudanese elephant hunter Taher Sheriff and German big-game hunter Johann Schmidt. The calf was sold to Lorenzo Casanova, an Italian animal dealer and explorer. Casanova transported the animals that he had bought from Sudan north to Suez, and then across the Mediterranean Sea to Trieste.


title: Jumbo

text: This collection was sold to Gottlieb Christian Kreutzberg's "Menagerie Kreutzberg" in Germany. Soon after, the elephant was imported to France and kept in the Paris zoo Jardin des Plantes. In 1865, he was transferred to the London Zoo and arrived on 26 June. In the following years, Jumbo became a crowd favorite due to his size, and would give rides to children on his back, including those of Queen Victoria.


title: Jumbo

text: While in London, Jumbo broke both tusks, and when they regrew, he ground them down against the stonework of his enclosure. His keeper in London was Matthew Scott, whose 1885 autobiography details his life with Jumbo.


title: Jumbo

text: In 1882, Abraham Bartlett, superintendent of the London zoo, sparked national controversy with his decision to sell Jumbo to the American entertainer Phineas T. Barnum of the Barnum & Bailey Circus for £2,000 (US$10,000). This decision came as a result of concern surrounding Jumbo's growing aggression and potential to cause a public disaster. The sale of Jumbo, however, sent the citizens of London into a panic, because they viewed the transaction as an enormous loss for the British empire. 100,000 school children wrote to Queen Victoria begging her not to sell the elephant.


title: Jumbo

text: John Ruskin, a fellow of the Zoological Society, wrote in "The Morning Post" in February 1882: "I, for one of the said fellows, am not in the habit of selling my old pets or parting with my old servants because I find them subject occasionally, perhaps even "periodically," to fits of ill temper; and I not only "regret" the proceedings of the council, but disclaim them utterly, as disgraceful to the city of London and dishonourable to common humanity." Despite a lawsuit against the Zoological Gardens alleging the sale was in violation of multiple zoo bylaws, and the zoo's attempt to renege on the sale, the court upheld the sale. Matthew Scott elected to go with Jumbo to the United States. The London-based newspaper "The Daily Telegraph" begged Barnum to lay down terms on which he would return Jumbo; however, no such terms existed in the eyes of Barnum.


title: Jumbo

text: In New York, Barnum exhibited Jumbo at Madison Square Garden, earning enough in three weeks from the enormous crowds to recoup the money he spent to buy the animal. In the 31-week season, the circus earned $1.75M, largely due to its star attraction. On May 17, 1884, Jumbo was one of Barnum's 21 elephants that crossed the Brooklyn Bridge to prove that it was safe after 12 people died during a stampede caused by mass panic over collapse fears a year earlier.


title: Jumbo

text: Jumbo died at a railway classification yard in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada, on September 15, 1885. In those days the circus crisscrossed North America by train. St. Thomas was the perfect location for a circus because many rail lines converged there. Jumbo and the other animals had finished their performances that night, and as they were being led to their box car, a train came down the track. Jumbo was hit and mortally wounded, dying within minutes.


title: Jumbo

text: Barnum told the story that Tom Thumb, a young circus elephant, was walking on the railroad tracks and Jumbo was attempting to lead him to safety. Barnum claimed that the locomotive hit and killed Tom Thumb before it derailed and hit Jumbo, and other witnesses supported Barnum's account. According to newspapers, the freight train hit Jumbo directly, killing him, while Tom Thumb suffered a broken leg.


title: Jumbo

text: Many metallic objects were found in the elephant's stomach, including English pennies, keys, rivets, and a police whistle.


title: Jumbo

text: Ever the showman, Barnum had portions of his star attraction separated, to have multiple sites attracting curious spectators. After touring with Barnum's circus, the skeleton was donated to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, where it remains. The elephant's heart was sold to Cornell University. Jumbo's hide was stuffed by William J. Critchley and Carl Akeley, both of Ward's Natural Science, who stretched it during the mounting process; the mounted specimen traveled with Barnum's circus for two years.


title: Jumbo

text: Barnum eventually donated the stuffed Jumbo to Tufts University, where it was displayed at P.T. Barnum Hall there for many years. The hide was destroyed in a fire in April 1975. Ashes from that fire, which are believed to contain the elephant's remains, are kept in a 14-ounce Peter Pan Crunchy Peanut Butter jar in the office of the Tufts athletic director, while his taxidermied tail, removed during earlier renovations, resides in the holdings of the Tufts Digital Collections and Archives. Jumbo is the Tufts University mascot.


title: Jumbo

text: Remaining in the United Kingdom are statues and other memorabilia of Jumbo. The elephant – or rather his statuette in the Natural History Museum – was made holotype of Richard Lydekker's proposed subspecies ("Loxodonta africana rothschildi") for the large elephants of the eastern Sahel. Modern authorities do not recognize this (or any other subspecies of African bush elephants), considering its purportedly diagnostic large size and peculiarly shaped ears to be individual variation.


title: Jumbo

text: While Jumbo's hide resided at Tufts' P.T. Barnum Hall, a superstition held that dropping a coin into a nostril of the trunk would bring good luck on an examination or sports event. Although the hide was destroyed by a major fire, Jumbo remains the mascot of Tufts, and representations of the elephant are featured prominently throughout the campus.


title: Jumbo

text: A life-sized statue of the elephant was erected in 1985 in St. Thomas, Ontario, to commemorate the centennial of the elephant's death. It is located on Talbot Street on the west side of the city. In 2006 the Jumbo statue was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame in the category of "Railway Art Forms & Events" as having local significance.


title: Jumbo

text: Jumbo was the inspiration of the nickname of the 19th-century Jumbo Water Tower in the town of Colchester in Essex, England.


title: Jumbo

text: Jumbo is referenced by a plaque outside the old Liberal Hall, now a Wetherspoons pub, in Crediton, United Kingdom.


title: Jumbo

text: Lucy the Elephant, a six-story structure in Margate City, New Jersey, was modeled after Jumbo. Built by James V. Lafferty in 1881, Lucy is the oldest surviving roadside tourist attraction in America and a National Historic Landmark. Lafferty also made other Jumbo-shaped structures, including Elephantine Colossus, on Coney Island.


title: Jumbo

text: Jumbo has been lionized on a series of sheet-music covers from roughly 1882–83. The four-colour lithograph of Jumbo was created by Alfred Concanen of England, with the music title "Why Part With Jumbo", a song by the "lion comique" of Victorian British music halls, G. H. MacDermott. It pictured children zoo visitors riding, somewhat precariously, on Jumbo's back. Multiple American lithographic music covers were done, including by J. H. Bufford's Sons.


title: Jumbo

text: Canadian folk singer James Gordon wrote the song "Jumbo's Last Ride", which recounts the story of Jumbo's life and death. It is on his 1999 CD "Pipe Street Dreams".


title: Jumbo

text: Canadian professional ice hockey player Joe Thornton (b. 1979) from St. Thomas, Ontario is nicknamed Jumbo Joe as a homage to Jumbo.


title: Jumbo

text: The 1941 animated film "Dumbo" released by Walt Disney Animation Studios was inspired by the story of Jumbo and is regarded as one of the greatest animated films of all time. Despite the film being fictional, many people have speculated that Jumbo might have been the title character's father.


title: Jumbo

text: A television program about Jumbo, "Attenborough and the Giant Elephant", presented by the naturalist and broadcaster David Attenborough, was transmitted on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 10 December 2017. An international team of scientists examined the skeleton and found:


title: Polaris Slingshot

text: The Polaris Slingshot is a three-wheeled motorcycle. The first edition of the model was introduced in 2014 as a 2015 model.


title: Polaris Slingshot

text: The Slingshot has a tilt-adjustable steering wheel, side-by-side bucket seats, and does not lean. It has no roof, doors, or side windows and the whole interior is waterproof so it can be hosed down and drained out using drain holes in the floor.


title: Polaris Slingshot

text: The S and SL models come with a 20" x 9.0" back rim fitted with a 255mm width tire, and 18" x 7.5" front rims with 225mm wide tires. The SLR and R models have the same front rims and tires with the addition of a 20" x 11.0" rear rim fitted with a 305mm wide tire. All models have a front double wishbone suspension with anti-roll bar. An optional 5-speed automatic transmission became available in 2020 with the release of the generation two models. A small windshield is an optional extra on the base model, and fitted as standard on the SL model. There is also an optional fiberglass wind and sun cover, which Polaris calls a "Slingshade", that features inset polycarbonate windows and snaps onto the Slingshot's tube frame, acting somewhat like a hardtop roof. The steering wheel, gear stick, and brake, clutch, and throttle pedals have a conventional automobile layout.


title: Polaris Slingshot

text: Depending on jurisdiction, the Slingshot may be registered as a motorcycle or as an autocycle. It is classified as an autocycle in 44 states. Three-point seat belts are fitted; however, it has no airbags or crumple zone, and in certain jurisdictions the driver and passenger must wear motorcycle helmets.


title: Polaris Slingshot

text: Beginning with the 2020 model year, the Slingshot is powered by a 2.0 liter inline four-cylinder gasoline-powered Polaris ProStar Engine that produces 203 hp (151 kW) at 8250 RPM and 144 lb-ft (195 N•m) of torque at 6500 RPM. It can be fitted to either a conventional 5-speed manual, or an "AutoDrive" 5-speed automated manual transmission, which is the first time an automatic transmission has been made available on the Slingshot. This transmission is essentially the same standard 5-speed synchromesh-equipped manual gearbox, but the clutch and shifting are hydraulically actuated, and computer-controlled. The interior was also redesigned and the exterior updated. For the 2015 to 2019 model years, the Slingshot was powered by a GM-sourced 2.4 liter Ecotec inline four that produced 173 hp (129 kW) at 6200 RPM and 166 lb-ft (225 N⋅m) of torque at 4700 RPM.


title: Whose Line Is It Anyway?

text: Whose Line Is It Anyway? is a short-form improvisational comedy show originating as a British radio programme, before moving to British television in 1988. Following the conclusion of the British run in 1999, ABC began airing an American version, which ran until 2007 and was later revived by The CW in 2013.


title: Whose Line Is It Anyway?

text: Each version of the show consists of a panel of four performers who create characters, scenes, and songs on the spot, in the style of short-form improvisation games, many taken from theatresports. Topics for the games are based on either audience suggestions or predetermined prompts from the host. The show ostensibly takes the form of a game show, with the host arbitrarily assigning points and likewise choosing a winner at the end of each episode.


title: Frederick Heyliger

text: Frederick Theodore 'Moose' Heyliger (June 23, 1916 – November 3, 2001) was an officer with Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, in the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army during World War II. He took part in D-Day and Operation Market Garden. Heyliger was portrayed in the HBO miniseries "Band of Brothers" by Stephen McCole.


title: Frederick Heyliger

text: Heyliger was born in Concord, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Heyliger worked as a farm hand throughout his youth, and graduated from the Lawrence Academy at Groton in 1937. Heyliger completed three years of college.


title: Frederick Heyliger

text: Heyliger was assigned to E Company before it left the U.S. and was later assigned as the Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion, mortar platoon leader. After Richard Winters was assigned as 2nd Battalion Executive Officer (XO), First Lieutenant Heyliger took command of Easy Company from Winters' first replacement. Heyliger commanded Easy Company during Operation Pegasus on October 23, 1944, and oversaw the rescue and evacuation of some of the British 1st Airborne Division that were stranded on the German side of the line after the failed Operation Market Garden across the Rhine. After the successful rescue of 138 men from the British 1st Airborne Division, for which he received the British Military Cross, he was accidentally shot by one of his own men, an uneasy veteran, on October 31, 1944, while on patrol and talking with Richard Winters about commanding Easy Company. He then underwent skin and nerve grafts before being discharged in February 1947.


title: Frederick Heyliger

text: After Heyliger returned home to Massachusetts, he enrolled at the University of Massachusetts and graduated in 1950 with a degree in ornamental horticulture. Heyliger died on November 3, 2001, in Concord, Massachusetts, at the age of 85. He died one day before the 10th and final episode of Band of Brothers premiered on HBO. He is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts.


title: Sierra Leone national football team

text: The Sierra Leone national football team represents Sierra Leone in men's international association football and it is governed by the Sierra Leone Football Association. The team's nickname is Leone Stars. The team is affiliated to the West African Football Union. The team have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup; however, they have qualified for Africa Cup of Nations thrice. The team represents both FIFA and Confederation of African Football (CAF).


title: Sierra Leone national football team

text: Sierra Leone's first match was at home on 10 August 1949 against another British colony, Nigeria, and was lost 2–0. In 1954 they played another British colony and British administered U.N trust territory, Gold Coast and Trans-Volta Togoland (now Ghana), and lost 2–0 away. On 22 April 1961, they again hosted Nigeria and lost 4–2. On 12 November 1966, they hosted Liberia in their first match against a non-British colony and earned their first draw, 1–1. A week later, they lost 2–0 in Liberia. On 13 January 1971, Sierra Leone played their first match against a non-African team, West Germany's B-team. The match in Sierra Leone was won 1–0 by the Germans. Sierra Leone's first match outside Africa was also their first against an Asian nation, China. They lost 4–1 in China on 5 April 1974.


title: Sierra Leone national football team

text: Sierra Leone's golden period was during the 1990s, qualifying for both the 1994 and 1996 Africa Cup of Nations. However, they were forced to withdraw from the next two editions due to the Sierra Leone Civil War.


title: Sierra Leone national football team

text: In August 2014, the Sierra Leone FA cancelled all football matches in an effort to stop the spread of the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone, a week after the Liberian FA did the same. Sierra Leonean players playing outside Sierra Leone, such as Michael Lahoud playing in the United States, were discriminated against, with opposition players refusing to swap shirts, shake hands and allow them to certain places of the stadium just because they fear that they could be carrying the disease. The Sierra Leonean national team wasn't allowed to play home games and all players had to be foreign-based.


title: Sierra Leone national football team

text: In October 2015, Sierra Leone suffered a surprise defeat to Chad in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, with their home game having to be played in Nigeria. One year later, Sierra Leone very nearly qualified for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, finishing just one point behind Group I winners Ivory Coast.


title: Sierra Leone national football team

text: On 5 October 2018, the Sierra Leone Football Association was suspended by FIFA and the "Leone Stars" were excluded from the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification.


title: Sierra Leone national football team

text: The following players were called up for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification matches against Nigeria and Guinea-Bissau on 9 and 13 June 2022, respectively.


title: Sierra Leone national football team

text: The following players have also been called up to the Sierra Leone squad within the last twelve months.


title: CHAdeMO

text: CHAdeMO is a fast-charging system for battery electric vehicles, developed starting in 2010 by the CHAdeMO Association, formed by the Tokyo Electric Power Company and five major Japanese automakers. The name is an abbreviation of "CHArge de MOve" (which the organization translates as "charge for moving") and is derived from the Japanese phrase "" (), translating to English as "How about a cup of tea?", referring to the time it would take to charge a car.


title: CHAdeMO

text: It competes with the Combined Charging System (CCS), which since 2014 has been required on electric vehicles sold in the European Union, Tesla's proprietary connector used by its Supercharger network outside of Europe, and China's GB/T charging standard.


title: CHAdeMO

text: , CHAdeMO remains popular in Japan, but is being equipped on very few new cars sold in North America or Europe.


title: CHAdeMO

text: First-generation CHAdeMO connectors deliver up to 62.5 kW by 500 V, 125 A direct current through a proprietary electrical connector, adding about of range in a half an hour. It has been included in several international vehicle charging standards.


title: CHAdeMO

text: The second-generation specification allows for up to 400 kW by 1 kV, 400 A direct current. The CHAdeMO Association is currently co-developing with China Electricity Council (CEC) the third-generation standard with the working name of “ChaoJi” that aims to deliver 900 kW.


title: CHAdeMO

text: CHAdeMO originated out of a charging system design from the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). TEPCO had been participating on numerous EV infrastructure trial projects between 2006 and 2009 in collaboration with Nissan, Mitsubishi, Fuji Heavy Industries (now Subaru), and other manufacturers. These trials resulted in TEPCO developing patented technology and a specification, which would form the basis for the CHAdeMO.


title: CHAdeMO

text: The first commercial CHAdeMO charging infrastructure was commissioned in 2009 alongside the launch of the Mitsubishi i-MiEV.


title: CHAdeMO

text: In March 2010, TEPCO formed the CHAdeMO Association with Toyota along with earlier partners Nissan, Mitsubishi, and Subaru. They were later joined by Hitachi, Honda and Panasonic. CHAdeMO would be the first organization to propose a standardized DC fast charge system to be shared across diverse EVs, regardless of their brands and models.


title: CHAdeMO

text: CHAdeMO became a published international standard in 2014 when the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) adopted IEC 61851-23 for the charging system, IEC 61851-24 for communication, and IEC 62196-3 "configuration AA" for the connector. Later that year, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (EN) added CHAdeMO as a published standard, followed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016.


title: CHAdeMO

text: A major blow to the international adoption of CHAdeMO came in 2013 when European Commission designated the Combined Charging System (CCS) Combo 2 as the mandated plug for DC high-power charging in Europe. While the European Parliament had contemplated removing all CHAdeMO infrastructure by January 2019, the final mandate only required that all publicly accessible chargers in the EU be equipped with CCS Combo 2, allowing stations to offer multiple connector types.


title: CHAdeMO

text: While CHAdeMO was the first fast-charging standard to see widespread deployment and remains widely equipped on vehicles sold in Japan, it has been losing market share in other countries. Honda was the first of the CHAdeMO Association members to stop equipping the connector on vehicles sold outside of Japan starting with the Clarity Electric in 2016. Nissan also abandoned CHAdeMO on its Ariya SUV introduced in 2021. Toyota and Subaru have also equipped their jointly developed bZ4X/Solterra with the CCS connector outside of Japan. , the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV and Nissan Leaf are the only plug-in vehicles equipped with CHAdeMO for sale in North America.


title: CHAdeMO

text: Most electric vehicles (EV) have an on-board charger that uses a rectifier circuit to transform alternating current (AC) from the electrical grid to direct current (DC) suitable for recharging the EV's battery pack. Most EVs are designed with limited AC input power, typically based on the available power of consumer outlets: for example, 240 V, 30 A in the United States and Japan; 240 V, 40 A in Canada; and 230 V, 15 A or 3Φ, 400 V, 32 A in Europe and Australia. AC chargers with higher limits have been specified, for example SAE J1772-2009 has an option for 240 V, 80 A and VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 has a 3Φ, 400 V, 63 A. But these charger types have been rarely deployed.


title: CHAdeMO

text: Cost and thermal issues limit how much power the rectifier can handle, so beyond approximately 240 V AC and 75 A it is better for an external charging station to deliver DC directly to the battery. For faster charging, dedicated DC chargers can be built in permanent locations and provided with high-current connections to the grid. Such high voltage and high-current charging is called a DC fast charge (DCFC) or DC quick charging (DCQC).


title: CHAdeMO

text: While the charging system design for CHAdeMO came out of TEPCOs trials starting in 2006, the connector itself had been designed in 1993, and was specified by the 1993 Japan Electric Vehicle Standard (JEVS) G105-1993 from the JARI.


title: CHAdeMO

text: In addition to carrying power, the connector also makes a data connection using the CAN bus protocol. This performs functions such as a safety interlock to avoid energizing the connector before it is safe (similar to SAE J1772), transmitting battery parameters to the charging station including when to stop charging (top battery percentage, usually 80%), target voltage, total battery capacity, and how the station should vary its output current while charging.


title: CHAdeMO

text: The first protocol issued was CHAdeMO 0.9, which offered maximum charging power of 62.5 kW (125 A × 500 V DC). Version 1.0 followed in 2012, enhancing vehicle protection, compatibility, and reliability. Version 1.1 (2015) allowed the current to dynamically change during charging; Version 1.2 (2017) increased maximum power to 200 kW (400 A × 500 V DC).


title: CHAdeMO

text: CHAdeMO published its protocol for 400 kW (400 A × 1 kV) 'ultra-fast' charging in May 2018 as CHAdeMO 2.0. CHAdeMO 2.0 allowed the standard to better compete with the CCS 'ultra-fast' stations being built around the world as part of new networks such as IONITY charging consortium.


title: CHAdeMO

text: In 2014, CHAdeMO published its protocol for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration, which also includes applications for vehicle to load (V2L) or vehicle to home-off grid (V2H), collectively denoted V2X. The technology enables EV owners to use the car as an energy storage device, potentially lowering costs by optimising energy usage for the current time of use pricing and providing electricity to the grid. Since 2012, multiple V2X demo projects using the CHAdeMO protocol have been demonstrated worldwide. Some of the recent projects include UCSD INVENT in the United States, as well as Sciurus and e4Future in the United Kingdom that are supported by Innovate UK.


title: CHAdeMO

text: In August 2018, CHAdeMO Association announced they were co-developing the next-generation ultra-high-power protocol, named CHAdeMO 3.0, with China Electricity Council (CEC), which would harmonise the CHAdeMO standard with the CEC GB/T charging standard 20234.3-2015. This project includes a new connector with the code name ChaoJi (), and plans to increase charging rate to 900 kW (600 A x 1.5 kV), all the while ensuring backward compatibility with the current CHAdeMO and GB/T 20234.3 (IEC 62916-3 configuration BB) DC chargers, according to the Association. It was revealed that ChaoJi can also be made backward compatible with CCS and such study is under consideration as of summer 2019. The ChaoJi connector could also take the place of the DC connector of CCS Combo 2.


title: CHAdeMO

text: By adopting liquid cooling within the cable and moving the locking mechanism from the connector to the vehicle, the ChaoJi connector is significantly lighter and more compact than the prior CHAdeMO design. IEC 68151-1 prohibits the use of adapters for high power charging; an amendment was submitted by the ChaoJi alliance to allow the use of adapters. A prototype adapter was built by Fujikura, but it was inflexible and heavy at nearly because the cable did not use internal cooling.


title: CHAdeMO

text: CHAdeMO-type fast charging stations were initially installed in great numbers by TEPCO in Japan, which required the creation of an additional power distribution network to supply these stations.


title: CHAdeMO

text: Since then, CHAdeMO charger installation has expanded its geographical reach and in January 2022, the CHAdeMO Association stated that there were 44,900 CHAdeMO chargers installed in 96 countries. These included 7,700 charging stations in Japan, 22,500 in Europe, 8,000 in North America, and 1,000 elsewhere. For the historic evolution of CHAdeMO installation, see above under History.


title: CHAdeMO

text: As of January 2022, a total of 260 certified CHAdeMO charger models have been produced by 50 companies.


title: Bhaukaal (web series)

text: Bhaukaal is a 2020 Hindi-language crime drama web series directed by Jatin Wagle for MX Player. It is produced by Sameer Nair, Deepak Segal, Pammi Baweja & Harman Baweja and Vicky Bahri under Applause Entertainment & Baweja Movies Production.


title: Bhaukaal (web series)

text: The series stars Mohit Raina, Abhimanyu Singh, Siddhanth Kapoor, Bidita Bag, and Pradeep Nagar in key roles.


title: Bhaukaal (web series)

text: Naveen Sikhera (Mohit Raina) promoted to Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) and is transferred to the city. Sikhera's transfer is a punishment more than a promotion. The city is ruled by two gangs Shaukeen gang in the east and the Dedha brothers rule the west. The two gangs have divided up turf to carry on with their businesses. These two gangs' terror is on the peak, such that even the local police never dare to question them. IPS officer Naveen Sikhera makes his own way to clean the city as the new SSP.


title: Vincent Lindon

text: Vincent Lindon (born 15 July 1959) is a French actor and filmmaker. For his role in the film "The Measure of a Man" (2015), Lindon won Best Actor at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, Best Actor at the 41st César Awards and the IFFI Best Actor Award (Male) at the 46th International Film Festival of India.


title: Vincent Lindon

text: Lindon was selected as the president of the jury for the main competition section of the 2022 Cannes Film Festival.