title: Exponential backoff

text: Here, is the time delay applied between actions, is the multiplicative factor or "base", is the number of adverse events observed, and is the frequency (or rate) of the process (i.e. number of actions per unit of time). The value of is incremented each time an adverse event is observed, leading to an exponential rise in delay and, therefore, an inversely proportionate rate. An exponential backoff algorithm where is referred to as a "binary" exponential backoff algorithm.


title: Exponential backoff

text: When the rate has been reduced in response to an adverse event, it usually does not remain at that reduced level forever. If no adverse events are observed for some period of time, often referred to as the "recovery time" or "cooling-off period", the rate may be increased again. The time period that must elapse before attempting to increase the rate again may, itself, be determined by an exponential backoff algorithm. Typically, recovery of the rate occurs more slowly than reduction of the rate due to backoff, and often requires careful tuning to avoid oscillation of the rate. The exact recovery behaviour is implementation-specific and may be informed by any number of environmental factors.


title: Exponential backoff

text: The mechanism by which rate reduction is practically achieved in a system may be more complex than a simple time delay. In some cases the value may refer to an upper bound to the time delay, rather than a specific time delay value. The name "expontential backoff" refers to the exponential growth characteristic of the backoff, rather than an exact numeric relationship between adverse event counts and delay times.


title: Exponential backoff

text: Exponential backoff is commonly utilised as part of rate limiting mechanisms in computer systems such as web services, to help enforce fair distribution of access to resources and prevent network congestion. Each time a service informs a client that it is sending requests too frequently, the client reduces its rate by some predetermined factor, until the client's request rate reaches an acceptable equilibrium. The service may enforce rate limiting by refusing to respond to requests when the client is sending them too frequently, so that misbehaving clients are not allowed to exceed their allotted resources.


title: Exponential backoff

text: A benefit of utilising an exponential backoff algorithm, over of a fixed rate limit, is that rate limits can be achieved dynamically without providing any prior information to the client. In the event that resources are unexpectedly constrained, e.g. due to heavy load or a service disruption, backoff requests and error responses from the service can automatically decrease the request rate from clients. This can help maintain some level of availability rather than overloading the service. In addition, quality of service can be prioritised to certain clients based on their individual importance, e.g. by reducing the backoff for emergency calls on a telephone network during periods of high load.


title: Exponential backoff

text: In a simple version of the algorithm, messages are delayed by predetermined (non-random) time. For example, in SIP protocol over unreliable transport (such as UDP) the client retransmits requests at an interval that starts at T1 seconds (usually, 500 ms, which is the estimate of the round-trip time) and doubles after every retransmission until it reaches T2 seconds (which defaults to 4 s). This results in retransmission intervals of 500 ms, 1 s, 2 s, 4 s, 4 s, 4 s, etc.


title: Exponential backoff

text: Exponential backoff algorithms can be used to avoid network collisions. In a point-to-multipoint or multiplexed network, multiple senders communicate over a single shared channel. If two senders attempt to transmit a message at the same time, or "talk over" each other, a collision occurs and the messages are damaged or lost. Each sender can then back off before attempting to retransmit the same message again.


title: Exponential backoff

text: A deterministic exponential backoff algorithm is unsuitable for this use case, since each sender would back off for the same time period, leading them to retransmit simultaneously and cause another collision. Instead, for purposes of collision avoidance, the time between retransmissions is randomized and the exponential backoff algorithm sets the "range" of delay values that are possible. The time delay is usually measured in slots, which are fixed-length periods (or "slices") of time on the network. In a binary exponential backoff algorithm (i.e. one where ), after collisions, each retransmission is delayed by a random number of slot times between and . After the first collision, each sender will wait 0 or 1 slot times. After the second collision, the senders will wait anywhere from 0 to 3 slot times (inclusive). After the third collision, the senders will wait anywhere from 0 to 7 slot times (inclusive), and so forth. As the number of retransmission attempts increases, the number of possibilities for delay increases exponentially. This decreases the probability of a collision, but increases the average latency.


title: Exponential backoff

text: Exponential backoff is utilised during retransmission of frames in carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) networks, where this algorithm is part of the channel access method used to send data on these networks. In Ethernet networks, the algorithm is commonly used to schedule retransmissions after collisions. The retransmission is delayed by an amount of time derived from the slot time (for example, the time it takes to send 512 bits; i.e., 512 bit-times) and the number of attempts to retransmit.


title: Exponential backoff

text: This example is from the Ethernet protocol, where a sending host is able to know when a collision has occurred (that is, another host has tried to transmit), when it is sending a frame. If both hosts attempted to re-transmit as soon as a collision occurred, there would be yet another collision — and the pattern would continue forever. The hosts must choose a random value within an acceptable range to ensure that this situation doesn't happen. An exponential backoff algorithm is therefore used. The value 51.2 μs is used as an example here because it is the slot time for a 10 Mbit/s Ethernet line. However, 51.2 μs could be replaced by any positive value, in practice.


title: Exponential backoff

text: The 'truncated' variant of the algorithm introduces a limit on . This simply means that after a certain number of increases, the exponentiation stops. Without a limit on , the delay between transmissions may become undesirably long if a sender repeatedly observes adverse events, e.g. due to a degradation in network service. In a randomized system this may occur by chance, leading to unpredictable latency; longer delays due to unbounded increases in are exponentially less probable, but they are effectively inevitable on a busy network due to the law of large numbers. Limiting helps to reduce the possibility of unexpectedly long transmission latencies and improve recovery times after a transient outage.


title: Exponential backoff

text: For example, if the ceiling is set at in a truncated binary exponential backoff algorithm, (as it is in the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD standard), then the maximum delay is 1023 slot times, i.e. .


title: Exponential backoff

text: Selecting an appropriate backoff limit for a system involves striking a balance between collision probability and latency. By increasing the ceiling there is an exponential reduction in probability of collision on each transmission attempt. At the same time, increasing the limit also exponentially increases the range of possible latency times for a transmission, leading to less deterministic performance and an increase in the average latency. The optimal limit value for a system is specific to both the implementation and environment.


title: Exponential backoff

text: Given a uniform distribution of backoff times, the expected backoff time is the mean of the possibilities. After "c" collisions in a binary exponential backoff algorithm, the delay is randomly chosen from slots, where , and the expected backoff time (in slots) is


title: Exponential backoff

text: For example, the expected backoff time for the third () collision, one could first calculate the maximum backoff time, "N":


title: S-segment

text: S-segment cars are a European car spotter for "sport cars". The cars are often described as sports cars and the equivalent Euro NCAP class is called "roadster sport".


title: S-segment

text: S-segment cars have a sporting appearance and are usually designed to have superior handling and/or straight-line acceleration compared to other segments. The most common body styles for S-segment cars are coupé and convertible. Rear passenger accommodation is not a priority for S-segment cars, therefore many models are either two-seat cars or have a 2+2 layout with relatively cramped rear seating.


title: S-segment

text: Most recent S-segment cars use the commonplace front-engine design (as either an FF layout, FR layout or F4 layout), however the majority of cars with a Mid-engine design or rear-engine design belong to the S-segment.


title: S-segment

text: The five highest selling S-segment cars in Europe are the Mazda MX-5, Porsche 911, Ford Mustang and Porsche Boxster/Cayman.


title: S-segment

text: In 2014, the five highest selling coupé models were the BMW 4 Series, Opel Astra GTC, BMW 2 Series, Renault Mégane Coupé and Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204). The five highest selling convertible models in 2014 were the Fiat 500C, Mini Hatch, BMW 4 Series (F32), Volkswagen Beetle (A5) and Volkswagen Golf Mk6.


title: Podaa Podi

text: Podaa Podi ( Go boy, go girl) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language musical romantic comedy film written and directed by debutant Vignesh Shivan, starring Silambarasan and Varalaxmi Sarathkumar. The score and soundtrack of the film were composed by Dharan Kumar, while cinematography and editing were handled by Duncan Telford and Anthony Gonsalves, respectively. The film started production in 2008 and was released on 13 November 2012, as a Diwali release. the film received mixed reviews.


title: Podaa Podi

text: Arjun, an animation artist living in London with his uncle, meets Nisha in a pub and tries to impress her by showing his wallet full of fake currency. She is an aspiring dancer who is living with her aunt Veena. After going around together for a day, Nisha proposes a relationship, and Arjun agrees. Arjun hates Nisha attending salsa classes with her friend Mojo as her partner. However, he agrees to marry her.


title: Podaa Podi

text: After their marriage, Nisha makes it clear that she still wants to dance and enter the UK competition "Let's Dance", and make a career for herself. Arjun suddenly discovers that he is, at bottom, a "Pachai Thamizhan" (True Tamilian) who believes that a woman's place is in the home. On the advice of his uncle, he impregnates her, so that she stays away from dancing.


title: Podaa Podi

text: The birth of their first child brings happiness to their family. They go to Hong Kong Disneyland for their babymoon. After they return, in a family conversation, Arjun's uncle mentions his "advice" of making Nisha pregnant so that she would not dance anymore. Realising that the child was the result of Arjun's cheap plan and not love towards her, Nisha walks out. Arjun tries to console her, but gets angry when she meets a friend who greets her with a hug. Arjun, who gets immediately jealous, goes and starts fighting with her friend, while she pleads him to stop. Nisha crosses the road with her baby, which is then suddenly killed by a car. Nisha and Arjun separate and live in sorrow.


title: Podaa Podi

text: Several months later, Arjun comes to Nisha and pleads her aunt to make her come back and says that if he ever has another child (which he definitely wants) it will be only with her. She comes back, on the condition that she continues dancing. However, during her practices she becomes self-conscious due to the things Arjun said to her. Her partner, Mojo, refuses to work with her so Arjun tries to convince him to come back. Arjun then ends up beating Mojo, so that she will be left without a partner and leave the competition. She convinces Arjun to be her partner, but his steps fail in the first round. Impressed by Nisha dancing skills, judges give her another chance, provided she changes her partner. Arjun convinces her to do a dappan koothu dance, which impresses the judges. But she is not happy, because they have to clear 14 rounds to win the competition. Suddenly, Arjun decides to impregnate her again. The film ends with both of them living with their new child.


title: Podaa Podi

text: Vignesh Shivan made a short film and after getting Dharan to compose music for it; showed the film to producers, Gemini Film Circuit, and then to his childhood friend, Silambarasan and both parties agreed to collaborate to make it a feature film. The joint producers of the film, Shanaya Telefilms, released a series of posters in June 2008 publicising the film, while Silambarasan and Vignesh toured in Canada scouting for locations and agreeing a deal with Mayor Ron Stevens to film in Orillia and Toronto. In June 2008, reports emerged that Varalaxmi, daughter of prominent actor-politician Sarathkumar, would play the lead role in the film of a ballet dancer. For his look in the film, Silambarasan worked with Toni & Guy salon and for the initial photo shoot of the film in Mumbai, the producers had stylists from the international brand fly down in August 2008 to give him a new hair cut and styling for his hair. The title of the film went from "Podaa Podi" to "Thiru Poda Thirumathi Podi", before the makers changed it back to the original title.


title: Podaa Podi

text: By December 2008, the film failed to start and reports emerged that Silambarasan would restart "Kettavan", a film which he had stalled before. Poor weather in Canada initially delayed the production of the film, with Gemini Films making a statement in June 2009 that the film was not dropped, after media speculation. The film's delays led to Varalaxmi opting out of the film, with her father stating that he would decide when to launch her in the film industry. Subsequently, the film was temporarily put on hold with Silambarasan opting to prioritise other ventures.


title: Podaa Podi

text: The film resurfaced and finally began shoot in August 2010 in London and the team shot scenes in a 45-day schedule, with Silambarasan learning salsa for the film under the guidance of Jeffrey Vardon – other choreography was staged by Regan Shepherd The team also shot further scenes in Spain in April 2011, after Silambarasan had temporarily put the film on hold to finish the multi-starrer "Vaanam". A song was filmed in Chennai in November 2011, with Santhanam and Premji Amaren making special appearances in the music video. The film went through further delays after Silambarasan committed schedules to finish "Osthe" and "Vettai Mannan", with the film being touted as a Valentine's Day 2012 release. In January 2012, the actor left for the US to work on his studio album "The Love Anthem", resulting in his ongoing film projects getting postponed again. The final portion of the film is to be shot in a ten-day schedule in Macau, Hong Kong from 20 March 2012 onwards. Silambarasan's one-year-old nephew (Silambarasan cousin's Child) Samarth was revealed to play his son in the film. A song depicting the relationship between a father and son, written by Vaali and sung by Silambarasan himself, was shot with him and Samarth at Hong Kong Disneyland, making "Podaa Podi" the first Tamil film to be shot there.


title: Podaa Podi

text: In April 2010, Dharan stated that the soundtrack album would consist of six tracks, further adding that the film's lead actor Silambarasan had sung two songs and that composer-singer Yuvan Shankar Raja would also sing one of the songs. The album finally features eight tracks, including an instrumental, while Silambarasan has sung three songs, of which two were penned by him; a song by Yuvan Shankar Raja was not featured. The title track had been sung by Benny Dayal and actress-singer Andrea Jeremiah. Besides Silambarasan, director Vignesh Shivan had penned the lyrics for four songs, while Na. Muthukumar and Vaali had written each one song.


title: Podaa Podi

text: The film's satellite rights were sold to Star Vijay. "Podaa Podi" was scheduled to be released on the occasion of Valentine's Day, 14 February 2012. But the film was delayed due to his commitments with other projects. In September 2012, the makers announced that the film will be released on the Diwali festival season, which falls on 13 November 2012, along with Vijay-starrer "Thuppakki" (2012). Initially, Silambarasan's another film "Vaalu" was scheduled to be released on the same day, but later pushed it to January 2013. The film released in United States and Canada on 16 November 2012, three days after the original release.


title: Podaa Podi

text: The film opened to mixed reviews from critics. "The Times of India" gave 3 out of 5 stating ""Podaa Podi" is strictly a movie for youngsters. The story is lopsided at most times, titling towards the man's point-of-view. It might win loud applause in the theatres, but it is doubtful as to how many viewers will support it otherwise." Behindwoods gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and stated "Podaa Podi is an ideal festival outing for youth, which has good looking cast, fun moments, nice songs and a few peppy dance numbers. Malathi Ranganathan of "The Hindu" stated "More than half a dozen times in the film, the hero says, 'Very good Ma!' But you can't say the same about PP." Sify gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated ""Podaa Podi" is a lovely romantic ride with some peppy music." Pavithra Srinivasan of "Rediff" gave 2.5 out of 5 reviewed "Despite Varu's great performance, "Poda Podi" ends in a disappointing fashion." Moviecrow gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 stating "Once out of the theatre, nothing about Poda Podi remains in your mind. It however keeps you quite entertained during its running time. If that was the intention of Vignesh he has succeeded to a great extent. The film might not appeal to the family audiences but should click with the youngsters, with its short duration being a major plus."


title: Choked (film)

text: Choked: Paisa Bolta Hai () is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed and co-produced by Anurag Kashyap, written by Nihit Bhave, and jointly produced by Netflix and Good Bad Films (in their debut production). The film stars Saiyami Kher and Roshan Mathew, with Amruta Subhash and Rajshri Deshpande appearing in supporting roles. Set against the backdrop of 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation, the film tells the story of a bank cashier who discovers a stash of cash hidden in her kitchen sink. It released on Netflix on 5 June 2020.


title: Choked (film)

text: Sarita Pillai and Sushant Pillai are a married couple that live in a lower-middle-class neighborhood of Mumbai, trying to make ends meet with their young son. While the movie shows the daily struggles of a lower-middle-class family in Mumbai with all its up and downs, a flashback shows that Sarita and Sushant have a musical background and during a reality singing show, Sarita freezes onstage when the lights reveal a large audience. This past experience chokes her frequently, bringing stress and anxiety. Sarita is now the breadwinner of the family, working as a bank teller while Sushant remains frequently unemployed or engages in small schemes to make money with his neighbors. The burden on Sarita to work long hours at the bank with full responsibility at home causes frequent fights and issues between them. In midst of this, viewers learn that an unknown man brings a heavy suitcase in the same building as the Pillai's who rolls up large cash bundles in a ziploc bag and stuffs it in the bathroom drain. This hidden location is meant to imply hiding of black-money, which is learned to be the cause of choking the water sewage pipe, often causing unusual noises in Pillai's kitchen sink. One night, Sarita wakes up to drink water and she hears loud noises in the same pipe. She goes to check and starts to open and clean up the dirty water. To her surprise, she finds those hidden stuffed bags containing cash. She is astounded and after verifying the validity of the cash at her bank, she uses that cash to pay off Sushant's debt and indulge in buying high-end items for her home. Upon Sushant's inquiry, she responds that she has extra cash from her mother's fixed deposit.


title: Choked (film)

text: Amidst this, episodes of the struggles of her neighbors and continued acrimony between them is shown. In particular, she shares a friendly yet stressful relationship with her neighbor downstairs, whom she adoringly calls Tai (meaning sister in Marathi). With nightly rituals of waking up and un-choking her kitchen pipeline, she continues to benefit from the new source of endless cash and uses it to indulge herself. However, all this free money ends abruptly, when she learns that Prime Minister Modi has introduced demonetization with banning notes of Rs. 500 and 1000. She and her neighbor Tai are distraught as Tai is preparing for her daughter's wedding and Sarita finds her free money ending, putting her back in the same struggle filled life that seemed to resolve with new money.


title: Choked (film)

text: Sarita's life becomes even worse than before with angry customers, long hours and stress at the bank from the demonetization. Meanwhile, Sushant suspects that Sarita is having an extra-marital affair after being shown a video from Sarita's encounter with Reddy, a man from whom Sushant has borrowed money that Sarita had previously paid off from the "choked" money. Sarita goes to check the kitchen pipe and finds new currency notes of Rs. 2000 denomination, exciting her that despite cash restrictions imposed by the national government, she continues to get this "choked money" and uses it. Sarita goes to great lengths to hide this secret, even from Sushant by frequently locking up her kitchen and preventing unwanted guests from even sleeping in the kitchen.


title: Choked (film)

text: Unfortunately for Sarita - her cash gathering comes to an abrupt end when thieves hold bank employees at gunpoint and steal all the money, including the cash that Sarita kept with her in her purse. She returns home saddened and dismayed that she loses at the most important moments in her life - during the reality singing show and now with this cash that gave her hope. Despite reassurance from Sushant, she hides the new money information and remains home. Unknown to her, the police are engaging in a criminal investigation into large sums of Rs. 2000 denomination notes haven been given to a local politician who extracted that from a corrupt bank officer in a different city. When questioned by the police, Sarita is dumbfounded, as she feels that her mere use of the "choked money" will now lead to an unnecessary criminal act against her as police inquire about the large sums of money that she had kept with her. However, Sushant intervenes and tells the police about the ziplock bagged money. During this revelation, the Pillai's neighbor deduce that the large bags being brought in their building were indeed by an assistant of the local politician that were actually newly minted money. They run up and take large sums of cash with them and return to their homes uncaught. After the police encounter the large bags of cash in the house of the assistant, then get Sushant's details.


title: Choked (film)

text: One year later - upon returning from a trip, the Pillai's happily learn that they have been asked to come and collect 10% of the cash that the police encountered during their raid. Upon asking how much money that would be - the movie ends.


title: Choked (film)

text: "The Indian Express" gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 stating that, ""Choked" doesn’t quite live up to its premise: it has some fine elements, but the connective tissue that binds it all together is a weak stretch." Anupama Chopra of Film Companion praised Anurag Kashyap's ability to get good performances from the cast but said that the film fell short from his previous filmography, "Essentially, "Choked" is Anurag in minor key. There are sporadic moments of stylistic flashiness but mostly the storytelling, like Sarita, is subdued. There is little of the raw, visceral energy we associate with the filmmaker. But as usual, he elicits solid performances from his actors." Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South wrote "The film is rife with symbols, ripe for readings. But when the plot kicks in, it goes all over the place".


title: Choked (film)

text: Rohan Naahar from "Hindustan Times" gave a mixed response saying, ""Choked" might not be up there with the filmmaker’s finest, but it’s his most unusual movie since "No Smoking" — and it most certainly fulfils its duty and performs the Heimlich on a streamer that is gasping for air after a string of back-to-back blunders.." Shikhar Verma from High On Films gave a mixed review saying "In Choked, the theme and metaphors feel stamped-on rather than organically infused."


title: Henry the Lion

text: Henry the Lion (; 1129/1131 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Welf dynasty who ruled as the duke of Saxony and Bavaria from 1142 and 1156, respectively, until 1180.


title: Henry the Lion

text: Henry was one of the most powerful German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and of Frederick's son and successor Henry VI.


title: Henry the Lion

text: At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the North and Baltic Seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania. Henry achieved this great power in part by his political and military acumen and in part through the legacies of his four grandparents.


title: Henry the Lion

text: Born in Ravensburg, in 1129 or 1131, he was the son of Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria and Saxony, who was the heir of the Billungs, former dukes of Saxony. Henry's mother was Gertrude, only daughter of Emperor Lothair II and Empress Richenza, heiress of the Saxon territories of Northeim and the properties of the Brunones, counts of Brunswick.


title: Henry the Lion

text: Henry's father died in 1139, aged 32, when Henry was still a child. King Conrad III had dispossessed Henry the Proud of his duchies in 1138 and 1139, handing Saxony to Albert the Bear and Bavaria to Leopold of Austria. This was because Henry the Proud had been his rival for the Crown in 1138.


title: Henry the Lion

text: Henry the Lion did not relinquish his claims to his inheritance, and Conrad returned Saxony to him in 1142. A participant in the 1147 Wendish Crusade, Henry also reacquired Bavaria by a decision of the new emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, in 1156. However, the East Mark was not returned and became the Duchy of Austria.


title: Henry the Lion

text: Henry was the founder of Munich (1157) and Lübeck (1159); he also founded and developed numerous other cities in Northern Germany and Bavaria, a.o. Augsburg, Hildesheim, Stade, Kassel, Güstrow, Lüneburg, Salzwedel, Schwerin and Brunswick. In Brunswick, his capital, he had a bronze lion, his heraldic animal, erected in the courtyard of his castle Dankwarderode in 1166 – the first bronze statue north of the Alps. Later, he had Brunswick Cathedral built close to the statue.


title: Henry the Lion

text: In 1147, Henry married Clementia of Zähringen, thereby gaining her hereditary territories in Swabia. He divorced her in 1162, apparently under pressure from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who did not cherish Guelphish possessions in his home area and offered Henry several fortresses in Saxony in exchange. In 1168, Henry married Matilda (1156–1189), the daughter of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine and sister of King Richard I of England.


title: Henry the Lion

text: Henry faithfully supported Emperor Frederick in his attempts to solidify his hold on the Imperial Crown and his repeated wars with the cities of Lombardy and the popes, several times turning the tide of battle in Frederick's favor with his Saxon knights. During Frederick's first invasion of northern Italy, Henry took part, among the others, in the victorious sieges of Crema and Milan.


title: Henry the Lion

text: In 1172, Henry took a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (June–July), meeting with the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller, and spending Easter of that year in Constantinople. By December 1172, he was back in Bavaria and in 1174, he refused to aid Frederick in a renewed invasion of Lombardy because he was preoccupied with securing his own borders in the East. He did not consider these Italian adventures worth the effort, unless Barbarossa presented Henry with the Saxon imperial city Goslar: a request Barbarossa refused.


title: Henry the Lion

text: Barbarossa's expedition into Lombardy ultimately ended in failure. He bitterly resented Henry for failing to support him. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, who had successfully established a powerful and contiguous state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany, Frederick had Henry tried "in absentia" for insubordination by a court of bishops and princes in 1180. Declaring that Imperial law overruled traditional German law, the court had Henry stripped of his lands and declared him an outlaw. Frederick then invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to bring Henry to his knees. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit in November 1181 at an Imperial Diet in Erfurt. He was exiled from Germany in 1182 for three years, and stayed with his father-in-law in Normandy before being allowed back into Germany in 1185. At Whitsun 1184 he visited the Diet of Pentecost in Mainz, probably as a mediator for his father-in-law Henry II. He was exiled again in 1188. His wife Matilda died in 1189.


title: Henry the Lion

text: When Frederick Barbarossa went on the Crusade of 1189, Henry returned to Saxony, mobilized an army of his faithful, and conquered the rich city of Bardowick as punishment for its disloyalty. Only the churches were left standing. Barbarossa's son, Emperor Henry VI, again defeated Duke Henry, but in 1194, with his end approaching, he made his peace with the Emperor, and returned to his much diminished lands around Brunswick, where he peacefully sponsored arts and architecture.


title: Henry the Lion

text: By his first wife, Clementia of Zähringen (divorced 1162), daughter of Duke Conrad I of Zähringen and Clemence of Namur, Henry had:


title: Henry the Lion

text: By his second wife, Matilda (married 1168), daughter of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine:


title: Henry the Lion

text: By his lover, Ida von Blieskastel, he had a daughter, Matilda, who married Lord Henry Borwin I of Mecklenburg.


title: Henry the Lion

text: The Henry the Lion Bible is preserved in near mint condition from the year 1170; it is located in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, a town in Lower Saxony.


title: Henry the Lion

text: Henry the Lion remains a popular figure to this day. During World War I, a nail man depicting Henry the Lion, called "Eiserner Heinrich", was used in Brunswick to raise funds for the German war effort.


title: Henry the Lion

text: Nazi propaganda later declared Henry an antecessor of the Nazi's "Lebensraum" policy and turned Brunswick Cathedral and Henry's tomb into a "National Place of Consecration".


title: Henry the Lion

text: Shortly after his death, Henry the Lion became the subject of a folktale, the so-called "Heinrichssage". The tale was later also turned into the opera "Enrico Leone" by Italian composer Agostino Steffani. The "Heinrichssage" details a fictional account of Henry's pilgrimage to the Holy Land. A popular part of the tale deals with the Brunswick Lion. According to legend, Henry witnessed a fight between a lion and a dragon while on pilgrimage. He joins the lion in its fight and they slay the dragon. The faithful lion then accompanies Henry on his return home. After its master's death, the lion refuses all food and dies of grief on Henry's grave. The people of Brunswick then erect a statue in the lion's honour. The legend of Henry the Lion also inspired the Czech tale of the knight , which is depicted on a column on Charles Bridge in Prague.


title: The Manhattans

text: The Manhattans are an American popular R&B vocal group. Their work "Kiss and Say Goodbye", recorded in 1976, and 1980's "Shining Star", both sold millions of copies. The Manhattans have recorded 45 hits on the "Billboard" R&B Chart, including twelve top-10 R&B hits in the United States, starting in 1965. Sixteen of their songs have reached the "Billboard" Hot 100, including two top 10s and a number-one hit with their song "Kiss and Say Goodbye". They also charted eight U.S. R&B top 20 Albums, three of which were RIAA certified gold.


title: The Manhattans

text: The Manhattans, originally from Jersey City, New Jersey, formed in 1962 with members George "Smitty" Smith (December 28, 1939 – December 16, 1970), Edward "Sonny" Bivins (January 15, 1936 – December 3, 2014), Winfred "Blue" Lovett (November 16, 1936 – December 9, 2014), Kenny "Wally" Kelly (January 9, 1941 – February 17, 2015), and Richard "Ricky" Taylor (1940 – December 7, 1987). Bivins, Lovett, and Kelly graduated from Lincoln High School, while Taylor and Smith graduated from Snyder High School. All five enlisted in the armed forces and came together as a group following their discharges from their respective branches.


title: The Manhattans

text: The group's first single was "For the Very First Time", released in 1964 by Carnival Records. The Manhattans continued recording successfully with songs written by various members of the group. In 1968, the group received the "Most Promising Group" award by NATRA (the National Association of Television and Radio Announcers). In 1969, the group moved to the De Luxe record label, a subsidiary of King Records, and subsequently embarked on a college tour. While playing at Kittrell College in North Carolina, the group met another group, the New Imperials, featuring Gerald Alston, nephew of The Shirelles' lead singer, Shirley Alston-Reeves. They were so impressed with Alston that they asked him to join the group, but he declined.


title: The Manhattans

text: Misfortune hit the group late in 1970 when Smith fell ill. With him unable to perform, the group began to search for a new lead. First they attempted to woo The Cymbals' lead, Lee Williams, but he was unwilling to leave his current group. The group then renewed their request to Gerald Alston (born November 8, 1951), who accepted and took over the lead spot. Smith died of a brain tumor on December 16, 1970, 12 days before his 31st birthday.


title: The Manhattans

text: The Manhattans continued recording throughout the 1970s with Alston singing lead vocals. They struck chart gold in 1973 with the Bivins-written song "There's No Me Without You". Then their biggest song was their March 1976 release "Kiss and Say Goodbye", written by Blue Lovett and arranged/co-produced with the group by the Philadelphia-based record producer Bobby Martin, a former member of the MFSB band of session musicians. The song quickly became a number-1 chart-topper on both the US "Billboard" Pop and R&B charts. It also became the second ever single to go platinum, after the RIAA introduced that certification level in 1976. Taylor left in 1976 to concentrate on his conversion to Islam. He died in 1987 after a long illness.


title: The Manhattans

text: The group continued as a quartet, and found further success in March 1980 with the release of "Shining Star", which reached number 5 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 4 on the R&B Chart. Produced and co-written by the Chicago-based record producer, Leo Graham, it received a Grammy Award the following spring.


title: The Manhattans

text: In 1983, The Manhattans released the album "Forever by Your Side", by Columbia Records, which had two singles that year. The first was the song "Crazy", the great success of this album, peaked at number 4 on the R&B chart. The second single was the title track "Forever by Your Side", which had moderate success in the United States, peaked at number 30 on the R&B chart, but has become a great success and a romantic classic in Brazil two years later, when it was included as part of the soundtrack of a soap opera in the country. The success led to a Portuguese version the following year, called "Pra Sempre Vou Te Amar", which also was successful in Brazil, and has been recorded by several Brazilian artists. Another highlight of this album "Forever by Your Side" was the song "Just the Lonely Talking Again", written by the American singer and songwriter Sam Dees, which was originally recorded by The Manhattans for this 1983 album and was later re-recorded by Whitney Houston on her second studio album, "Whitney", in 1987.


title: The Manhattans

text: The group celebrated its 20th anniversary in 1985 with the release of "Too Hot to Stop It". It included the Evans/Smith-penned "When We're Made as One", originally recorded in 1966 but covered in an a cappella, doo wop style to emphasize the group's doo wop roots. The album was also dedicated to George Smith.


title: The Manhattans

text: The group continued until 1988. That year, Alston left to record as a solo artist, scoring with several major R&B hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s for Motown. Roger Harris was recruited as the new lead singer for the group, which moved to the new label, Valley Vue, when their Columbia recording contract expired.


title: The Manhattans

text: The group's largest shake-up was in December 1990, when Blue Lovett left the group, upon his doctor's request, for health reasons. Kenny Kelly left to return to college to pursue his PhD. Bivins continued along with lead singer Roger Harris who had replaced Gerald Alston in 1988–89 along with new members. He recruited new members Charles Hardy and Harsey Hemphill, who in October 1990 had auditioned for Bivins but didn't come aboard until after Lovett and Kelly left at the end of 1990. In early 1991 Bivins added Alvin Pazant, bringing the group back to a quintet. Harris proved to be only a short-term lead, and in April 1991 he was replaced by Wade Taylor. Taylor was replaced in July 1991 when Bivins recruited Lee Williams, the person whom they had originally wanted to replace George Smith.


title: The Manhattans

text: In the 2000s, there were two versions of The Manhattans. One version featured original founding member Bivins, plus Hardy, Hemphill, Pazant and Williams. They released the CD "Manhattans Now" in 1994. In 1996, the group formed their own full-service music corporation company called Manhattan Entertainment Inc. In 2003 and 2007, they were featured artists in two theater plays, "Girl He Aint Worth It" and "The Chicken Shack". In June 2013, the group released a single called "Just for Tonite" written by Bivins and Pazant and produced and arranged by Leroy Burgess. In 2015, Lee Williams retired and was replaced by Keni Jackson as the new lead singer. And they still continue to perform, with the same line up in 2018.


title: The Manhattans

text: The other version of The Manhattans featured original member Blue Lovett, plus Gerald Alston, the lead singer on the group's biggest hits. Other members include Troy May and David Tyson (died 2022), brother of The Temptations' Ron Tyson. In the past, the group also featured Eban Brown, who later spent 18 years as lead vocalist for The Stylistics. This group has also released some CDs, including "Even Now". This version of the group was featured in two PBS specials and performed at casinos and theaters across the United States. Alston appeared on Wu-Tang Clan's album, "8 Diagrams", on the song "Stick Me for My Riches" in 2007.


title: The Manhattans

text: Edward "Sonny" Bivins, founding member of the Manhattans, died on December 3, 2014, at the age of 78. He sang on every Manhattans hit since the group's inception, and wrote many of their hit songs. He led the Manhattans up until his death.


title: The Manhattans

text: Winfred "Blue" Lovett, the group's original bass singer and songwriter, died on December 9, 2014, at the age of 78. His bass voice was heard on many Manhattans hits, including the spoken word intro to "Kiss and Say Goodbye".


title: The Manhattans

text: Kenneth "Wally" Kelly, the last surviving original member of the group, died on February 17, 2015, at the age of 74.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The game is the product of a partnership between Namco and Capcom that previously produced the role-playing game "Namco × Capcom". As "Street Fighter X Tekken" was made by Capcom (with Namco being involved more in the licensing of the "Tekken" cast), the gameplay is based on the 2D gameplay of "Street Fighter", with projectile moves such as the Hadouken, as opposed to the "Tekken" series. Unique features in "Street Fighter X Tekken" include: the Gem System, which allows players to equip special gems to power-up various character attributes and Pandora Mode, in which a character's strength and abilities are temporarily augmented. Namco was also set to produce their own take on the crossover, "Tekken X Street Fighter", which would follow their 3D style of gameplay; however, development has been on hold since 2016.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The game was well received by critics, who complimented the roster and deep game mechanics. Nevertheless, it fell short of Capcom's sales expectations. In addition, Capcom's release of downloadable content (DLC) for the game was met with criticism when it was revealed that the company was charging for access to characters that were already on the game disc.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: Developed by Capcom, the core gameplay is similar to that of the "Street Fighter" series, incorporating elements such as Super Combos and EX Attacks. Players each choose two fighters from the "Street Fighter" and "Tekken" series. Both sets of characters are controlled using the "Street Fighter" six-button system, but the "Tekken" characters are able to perform "Tekken" style combos using the primary four buttons in a similar fashion to the "Tekken" four-button system. These fighters can be switched out normally, or during certain combos. As fights go on, players build up power in a three-sectioned meter at the bottom of the screen referred to as the Cross Gauge, which allow the player to perform various techniques depending on how much of the gauge is filled, such as EX Attacks, Cancels, Super Arts and various Cross techniques detailed below. Additionally, each fighter possesses one special attack that can be charged into an EX Attack or Super Art without any cost to the Cross Gauge. As opposed to the other crossover fighting games released by Capcom, in which the player must eliminate all the opponent's fighters to win, victory conditions are more similar to "Tekken Tag Tournament", in which the first player to have one of their fighters' health bars reduced to zero loses the round, thereby the player who wins the most rounds wins the match.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The tag team element of the game is heavily emphasized, with players being able to switch between the two characters in their team in a variety of manners. Switch Cancel allows players to switch partners in the middle of a combo, whilst Cross Rush combos involve launching the opponent into the air before swapping partners and continuing the combo. Cross Arts, which require a full Cross Gauge, allows players to chain together each character's Super Combo in one straight attack, whilst the Cross Assault mechanic allows players to simultaneously control both characters in their team until the Cross Gauge runs out.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The game also has two new game mechanics: the Gem System and Pandora Mode. Players equip up to three gems to their characters, which provide different stat boosts depending on the type of gem. Six varieties of gems exist: attack, defense, speed, vitality, assist, and Cross Gauge. Each gem and its effects are designated by a specific color, and will activate as the players fulfill certain conditions during battle. When a character on a player's team has less than 25% health remaining, that character can be sacrificed in order to activate Pandora Mode, which gives the remaining fighter increased strength and an infinite Cross Gauge. However, this state has a time limit and the player automatically loses the round if they cannot defeat the opponent before the Pandora state runs out.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The game features a basic color edit mode. It also has various online options. Two players can battle on the same team, one controlling each character, and face off in four player matches. Scramble mode allows four players to fight simultaneously in pairs of two. The game also supported online training modes which can be played competitively or cooperatively with two players, as well as support the Fight Request feature.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The center of the conflict between the "Street Fighter" and "Tekken" universes is a cubical object that crash-lands in Antarctica. The object is of a mysterious origin and researchers worldwide are unable to determine what purpose it serves. The only thing that can be understood is that when beings come into conflict around this object, it releases a water-like energy that brings more power to the combatants. Due to the object's tendency to react to conflict between beings, they name it "Pandora". Whilst a standard story is given to most combinations of fighters, specific teams, such as Ryu and Ken or Kazuya and Nina, receive their own unique story elements and rival battles cutscenes.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: "Street Fighter X Tekken"'s base roster includes 19 characters from each franchise for a total of 38.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: An additional 12 fighters, six from each side, were released as DLC for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on July 31, 2012, and for the PC on February 6, 2013. A code to download all 12 DLC fighters is packaged with the PlayStation Vita version of the game, with owners of the PlayStation 3 version able to obtain the characters for free if they download them through the Vita version. "Street Fighter"s Dan, seen in the initial "Street Fighter X Tekken" reveal trailer, also makes a non-playable appearance as the instructor in the game's tutorial mode.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita versions also feature five exclusive playable characters, including Cole MacGrath from Sucker Punch's "Infamous" series; Sony mascots Toro Inoue and his rival Kuro, who dress up as Ryu and Kazuya respectively; Bandai Namco's mascot Pac-Man, who pilots a Mokujin-style mech; and Capcom's mascot Mega Man, who takes his appearance from the North American box art for the first game. Both Mega Man and Pac-Man became available as free downloadable content (DLC) for the PlayStation 3 version on March 13, 2012. Nathan Drake from the "Uncharted" series was also considered for inclusion as a guest character, but the idea was scrapped during development. Yoshinori Ono stated that there is no exclusive character for the Xbox 360 version, stating: "We do have the exclusive characters for the Sony platform. We have Cole, the two Sony cats, Kuro and Toro. But basically for the Xbox 360, we were in discussions with them (Microsoft) for which character to put in as an exclusive, but we weren't able to decide on a character because of differences in timing and things like that."


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: Prior to tournament EVO 2010 at Las Vegas, Nevada, "Street Fighter IV" producer Yoshinori Ono was teasing a yet to be announced game which was initially believed to be a new "Darkstalkers" entry. Before EVO 2010's "Super Street Fighter IV" finals, Ono was confronted by "Tekken" producer Katsuhiro Harada on stage after teasing more of the game that would officially be announced at the 2010 Comic-Con. During the "Super Street Fighter IV" panel at Comic-Con, Harada appeared out of the crowd and went towards the stage while handing out free copies of "Tekken 6", which was met with cheers and boos. Ono and Harada then confirmed the existence of "Street Fighter X Tekken". Both the teaser trailer and early gaming footage of "Street Fighter X Tekken" was also shown at Comic-Con. During the announcement, Harada also revealed his own related project, "Tekken X Street Fighter", which was being developed by Namco and would feature gameplay similar to that of "Tekken". Other Capcom games are referenced in "Street Fighter X Tekken", such as "Dino Crisis", which has a stage based around one of its levels.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The PC port of "Street Fighter X Tekken" was developed by Polish studio QLOC. A portable version of the game was announced for the PlayStation Vita at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011. Downloadable content is cross-compatible between both the PlayStation 3 and Vita versions of the game.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: Prior to the release of "Street Fighter X Tekken", Capcom allowed players to try the game at several Fight Night events. At one such event, Capcom raised over £5,000 for UK charity GamesAid. The music featured in cinematic trailers included "Honest Eyes" by Black Tide, "Knock Me Out" by Street Drum Corps, "In Love With You" by Jared Evan, "My Town" by Hollywood Undead, and "From Heads Unworthy" by Rise Against.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: In collaboration with fighting game production groups iPlayWinner and Team Spooky, Capcom announced a special reality show titled "Cross Assault", broadcast live via Twitch. The show had ten players chosen by video submission to participate for either "Team Street Fighter" or "Team Tekken" in challenges based on "Street Fighter X Tekken". The final four players earned Evo Championship Series seeding points for the game's appearance at Evo 2012 with the last player standing winning a $25,000 grand prize. The show ran from February 22–28 with the final taking place at Road to Evo Tournament Season event, Final Round on March 3, 3 days before the game's release.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: In PlayStation Home, the PlayStation 3's online social gaming platform, users could pre-order "Street Fighter X Tekken" directly from Home and receive the in-game bonus, "Boost Gem Trial Pack 1", as part of Home's Total Game Integration. In addition, a portion of The Hub (North America's central meeting point) was redesigned featuring a "Street Fighter X Tekken" fighting game where users could use their Home avatars to fight each other and unlock Ryu and Kazuya costumes for their avatars (which allow users to throw fireballs and perform custom jump kick attacks) by completing all ten challenges.<ref name="2/14/12"></ref> In 2012, the Total Game Integration received its own dedicated game space.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The "Special Edition" features a "build-it-yourself arcade cabinet bank" (approximately five inches high), prequel comic book by UDON and 36 gems, which includes all pre-order DLC packs ("World Warrior", "Iron Curtain" and "Lightning Legs") plus an exclusive "Special Edition" DLC pack ("King of Iron Fist"). The "Special Edition" also comes with nine exclusive gems ("Cross Arts" DLC) only available as a pre-order bonus for the edition, making it total of 45 gems if the edition is pre-ordered. The "Collectors Edition" features the "World Warrior" DLC, which includes nine gems, all of which provide characters with different attributes and properties. Also included is a 46 track original soundtrack spanning two discs and a 44-page art book.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: In the Asian market the special edition includes DLC for a complete pack of gems, a two-disc soundtrack, 41 character cards with art on one side and move details on the other, and Bobble Budds bobble heads modeled after "Street Fighter" producer Yoshinori Ono and "Tekken" producer Katsuhiro Harada. The three big game retailers in Australia, EB Games, JB Hi-Fi and Game shared three pre-order bonuses. EB Games offers the exclusive "Special Edition", JB Hi-Fi offered the standard edition, along with a 60 cm x 90 cm wall scroll featuring Ryu and Kazuya Mishima, while Game offered the standard edition bundled with a Kazuya and Ken T-shirt.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: Capcom senior VP Christian Svensson stated that there would be no North American retail release for the PC version and that it would instead be sold digitally through Steam. However, Asia and Europe would receive a retail box release of the PC version. Ono stated that the reason is that he does not want an on-disc DLC for the PC version and fears that hackers may create mods to crack the game and access the DLC.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: Both console versions of "Street Fighter X Tekken" received positive reviews from critics. The game received an aggregated score of 84 out of 100 from Metacritic for the PlayStation 3 version and 83 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version. It was also one of the four games nominated at the 2012 Spike TV Video Game Awards in the category Best Fighting Game, losing to "Persona 4 Arena".


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: IGN's Steven Hopper called it "a fantastic fighting game that nails the basic fighting mechanics while daring to take a few risks with the formula as we know it." GameSpot stated it is "fun for a wide range of players while still offering the complexity serious fighting fans have come to expect." GamesRadar called it "another fast, fun, and technical Capcom fighting experience." "Game Informer" claimed that "moderate to hardcore players are going to find a lot to absorb in "Street Fighter X Tekken", and players with patience will be rewarded for it." Simon Parkin of Eurogamer wrote: "This ripped, boisterous crossover game arrives in a blaze of creativity, one of an intensity rarely seen in Japanese game output of late. A fierce, passionate marriage then – but one that just might last."


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: According to "PlayStation Official Magazine", ""SFXT" offers finely tuned and emergent action and a positively regal rumble of the genre's celebrated a-listers." The "Official Xbox Magazine" stated: "The tag mechanic is brilliantly robust, there are loads of new moves to master and the "Tekken" characters slot in more comfortably than a bum in a favourite armchair."


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: PC Gamer said that "Visually it's an astounding achievement", but also said that it was not fun, because the "skill ceiling is so low that almost every combo can end up being a huge one". Game Revolution and Giant Bomb both criticised the gem acquisition system. Destructoid praised the game's modes, drawing attention to the fun four-player Scramble mode, and the training/trial modes.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The PlayStation Vita version, however, received lesser reviews than its console counterparts. IGN's Vincent Ingenito liked everything from the console version (including the DLC characters) are in the version, but criticized the graphics, saying that they lost their luster when transitioning to the portable, long loading times, the controls were a bit clunky to get used to, and its "poor competitive balance."


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: By two months after its release, "Street Fighter x Tekken" sold over 1 million copies. However, this was about 40% short of Capcom's expectations.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: Initially, as of March 31, 2012, "Street Fighter X Tekken" had sold 1.4 million units worldwide, in contrast to Capcom's expectations that it would sell 2 million units (though sales have since continued to rise to 1.7 million as of March 31, 2014). Capcom has stated that the game's poor performance may be in part due to "cannibalism" of the fighting game genre, meaning too many fighting games were released in too short a time. The PlayStation 3 version got to number 3 in the UK physical sales charts. The PlayStation Vita version received a lukewarm response, selling only 5,420 copies during its first week in Japan. However, in May 2017, following the release of "Tekken 7", this version of the game topped the European download chart.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: The inclusion of characters on the disc that can only be used by paying more resulted in criticism by fans and publishers as gamers would pay an additional amount of money for something that was completed before release and on disc. Capcom responded stating they intended to add the characters locked in the retail versions to save hard drive space. Play UK harshly criticized the response by Capcom. ScrewAttack included this on their 2012 list of top ten Capcom mistakes.


title: Street Fighter X Tekken

text: Another subject of criticism has been that online tag-team matches are not available for the Xbox 360 version although the feature was advertised and printed in the manual. Capcom stated this will not be fixed with a patch.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: "Whenever, Wherever" is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira from her fifth studio album and English-language debut, "Laundry Service" (2001). It was released on 2 October 2001 by Epic Records as the lead single from the album. The song was written, composed, and produced by Shakira and Tim Mitchell, with additional songwriting from Gloria Estefan. "Whenever, Wherever" is a mix of Latin music and worldbeat that is heavily influenced by Andean music. The Spanish version of the song, titled "Suerte" (literally "Luck"), lyrically discusses how fortunate Shakira is to have found her romantic partner.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: Upon its release, "Whenever, Wherever" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who complimented its production. The song became her breakthrough hit in the United States, peaking at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In doing so, it became her most successful single in the country, though it was eventually surpassed after "Hips Don't Lie" peaked at number one on the chart in 2006. The selection, additionally, topped charts in 29 countries, including her native Colombia and the majority of Latin America, Europe, Middle East and Oceania. It is recognized as one of Shakira's signature songs, and was one of the most successful songs in the world in 2002. Globally, it has sold over 8.5 million copies.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: After the 1998 release of her second major album, "¿Dónde Están los Ladrones?", achieved major success, Shakira released her first live album, "MTV Unplugged: Shakira", in 2000. However, Shakira wanted a breakthrough in America and the world with songs in English. Shakira explained: Then, "Whenever, Wherever" was released as her debut English single on 27 September 2001. At the same time, she also released the selection's Spanish version, titled "Suerte", meaning "Luck", for Spanish markets.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: "Whenever, Wherever" was written, arranged, and produced by Shakira and Tim Mitchell, with additional co-writing credits by Cuban-born American singer Gloria Estefan. Sonically, the song is a mix of Latin music and worldbeat, with distinctive Latin instruments like the Charango and Quena Flute. "Whenever, Wherever" is composed in the key of C# minor. The song is heavily influenced by Andean music, and includes the charango and panpipes in its instrumentation.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: Lyrically, "Whenever, Wherever" talks about fate and how it has played a major role in Shakira's romance. It starts with a guitar, similar to the 4-note riff from Pink Floyd's "Shine On, You Crazy Diamond," leading, beginning with baritone-range panpipes, to the explosive melody. Then, Shakira talks that she would follow her boyfriend to the top of the highest mountain, risking life and limb to be intimate with him. In the chorus, she sings, "Whenever, wherever/We're meant to be together/I'll be there and you'll be near/And that's the deal my dear."


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: "Whenever, Wherever" received mainly positive reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson of AllMusic picked the song as a highlight, writing that it's "infectious" and "it's to Shakira what 'Livin' la Vida Loca' was to Ricky Martin: the major hit that brought her to English-speaking audiences in a big way." Lisa Oliver of "Yahoo! Music" called it "the top track from the album by miles," writing that, "Despite such bemusement-inducing lyrics as 'lucky that my breasts are small and humble so you don't confuse them with mountains,' it still manages to make you sit up and fancy the synthetic-fiber trousers off her." The phrase was praised by "The Guardian"'s Alexis Petridis, who called it "the most thought-provoking line of recent memory." The website "Bland Is Out There" also enjoyed the phrase, writing that "it's the most clever, self-confident couplet to hit radio in the long time." The review also wrote that the Spanish version, "Suerte", was far superior, explaining, "In English, Shakira's vocals are breathy and nasal. But in her native tongue, she's commanding and willowy." For David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly," the song has a "shameless Latin-pop hook."


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: In 2020, "Billboard" included Whenever, Wherever among the 50 best Latin songs of all time, stating that "with its touches of South American folklore married to a rousing, unforgettable chorus and a danceable beat, "Whenever, Wherever" is still an anthem for love that knows no boundaries."


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: "Whenever, Wherever" was Shakira's most successful single at the time, which it stayed until "Hips Don't Lie" was released in five years. In the United States, "Whenever, Wherever" debuted at number 76 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, while it peaked at number 6. In doing so, it became her first top 10 single on the chart. Additionally, the track respectively peaked at numbers 1, 3, and 4 on the "Billboard" Hot Latin Tracks, Latin Pop Airplay, Hot Dance Club Play, and Top 40 Tracks component charts. In Canada, the song peaked at number 4. According to Sony Music Canada, the song has sold over 2 million copies in the United States. In Australia, the song debuted at number 1, on 10 February 2002, remaining at the top for six weeks. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 39 on the RIANZ chart, on 20 January 2002, while it reached the number-1 spot in its fourth week. It spent 8 non-consecutive weeks at the top, becoming her highest-charting single.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: In Europe, "Whenever, Wherever" became a major success, topping the charts of more than 15 countries, quickly establishing Shakira's presence in the European mainstream. In the United Kingdom, the song became Shakira's first top three hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number two for two consecutive weeks, and eventually spent ten weeks in the top 10 of the chart, as well as 19 weeks in the top 75. The song currently stands as the seventh bestselling song by a female artist in the 21st century in the United Kingdom. It is also the 38th bestselling single of the 2000s decade in the UK. In Austria, the song remained at the top for seven weeks, while in France, it remained for four weeks. In Italy, the song debuted at number 1, staying at the top for one further week. Later, it fell to number 4, climbed to number 2 and reached the top again. Later, it fell to number 2 and attained the top once again. Later, the song fell to number 2 and climbed to number 1, where it remained for two further weeks, spending seven non-consecutive weeks at the top, and becoming the best-selling single of 2002. In Switzerland, the song debuted at number 9 on the singles chart, and the following week, it reached the number-one position, where it remained for a total of seventeen consecutive weeks, becoming the 22nd most successful song of the decade in that country. Topping the charts for 17 weeks, it also set a record in being the longest time on the number one spot in the country. In February 2014 "Whenever, Wherever" entered the UK Singles Chart again at number 99.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: The Spanish version of the song, "Suerte", also written and produced by Shakira and Mitchell, was released as a single in Spain, Mexico as well as in several countries in South America. It too became a huge hit, peaking at number 1 on "Billboard's" Hot Latin Tracks chart for seven non-consecutive weeks and remained within the top 10 of the chart for over four months. It also topped the charts in almost all of the Spanish-speaking countries where it was released.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: In 2020 "Billboard" revealed that "Suerte" was the 16th most successful Latin song of all time on the Hot Latin Songs.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: Following Shakira's Super Bowl LIV halftime show performance co-headlined with American singer Jennifer Lopez, "Whenever, Wherever" became the highest-selling song performed at the Super Bowl halftime show with 4,000 digital downloads on the first day up by 1,264%. The following week, the song became the highest-charting song performed at the Super Bowl halftime show on "Billboard" Digital Song Sales chart, peaking at number 4. The same week the Spanish version of the song, "Suerte", topped "Billboard" Latin Digital Songs chart.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence in front of a blue screen, and features Shakira surrounded by Earth's natural wonders. It begins with her submerged in the ocean, the only part of the video that is not shot on a blue screen; the underwater part is real as her hair is flowing freely and she is blowing soft bubbles from her nose and mouth. She leaps out of the water onto the surrounding rocks and observing a landscape of mountains; a falcon flies down towards her.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: Shakira then proceeds to walk barefoot into the desert while belly-dancing, where she is soon seen dancing amid a stampede of horses. The stampede suddenly stops, and she kneels into a shallow pool of mud, and begins crawling through it. As the video nears its conclusion, she is on top of a snowy mountain before jumping off, descending into water and submerging herself once more, as the video comes full circle. The video was shot twice, the other version being for "Suerte"/"Luck", with Lawrence directing both versions.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: The video became an instant hit on several music programs. It became Shakira's first video to retire on MTV's "TRL," and in Canada, reached number one for a single week on the MuchMusic program "Countdown." It won the 2002 Latin Grammy Award for "Best Short Form Music Video." There are 2 remix videos using the "Tracy Young Spin Cycle Mix" and the "Tracy Young Tribal Mix."


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: In 2018, "Billboard" included "Whenever, Wherever" among the 100 greatest music videos of the 21st century, stating that it "introduced Shakira's swiveling hips to the world", and that its "minimalist production, which memorably featured Shakira dancing alone without props, musicians or other dancers, was enough to catapult her to international stardom."


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: Shakira recorded a studio recording of the live version of "Whenever, Wherever", which was used for television performances, for both the English and Spanish versions of the song. It was called the "TV Edit". She sang the original CD version only once, on the 2001 Radio Music Awards, where she performed the song live for the first time. A remix of the song was included on the re-release of "Laundry Service", "". This was titled the "Sahara Mix", and was completely transformed from the original version, instead being given a heavy Middle Eastern feel. For her world tour, the Tour of the Mongoose, Shakira took the drums that begin the "Sahara Mix" and incorporated them into an intro for the original version of "Whenever, Wherever/Suerte", which extended the amount of time Shakira had to interact with the audience. She also included the same intro for "Whenever, Wherever/Suerte" for her second world tour, the Oral Fixation Tour. However, for this tour, she danced to the drums with a rope, as opposed to dancing with a candelabra on her head as she did during the Tour of the Mongoose. To promote the DVD "Live & Off the Record", Shakira used the song as a second single, editing the original live version to a radio edit version and video edit version, which was included in the "Poem to a Horse" promo. During "The Sun Comes Out World Tour", Shakira gave the song a more rock-oriented sound, mixed it with a cover of the English band EMF's "Unbelievable", and brought select men and women from the audience on stage for a short dance lesson.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: The song was performed by Shakira during the Super Bowl LIV halftime show. Following that performance, the song went number one on the iTunes singles chart.


title: Whenever, Wherever

text: "Whenever" is a song by Kris Kross Amsterdam and The Boy Next Door released in 2018 featuring vocals by British Conor Maynard. The song was released by Virgin Records and Spinnin' Records. It is an adaptation and rearrangement of the Shakira song "Whenever, Wherever" with new lyrics and new musical compositions. The refrain samples Shakira's release. The song was a hit all over Europe and also appeared on United States "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Songs.


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: The New Nintendo 2DS XL (branded as New Nintendo 2DS LL in Japan) is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo. It is the sixth and final system in the Nintendo 3DS family of handheld consoles, and was released in Australia and New Zealand on 15 June 2017, in Japan and South Korea on 13 July 2017, and in North America and Europe on 28 July 2017.


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: Serving as a companion to the Nintendo 2DS, the New Nintendo 2DS XL is based on the hardware of the New Nintendo 3DS, but with no autostereoscopic 3D display, its microphone and camera moved to the hinge, and speakers moved to the lower half of the device. As with the New Nintendo 3DS, it has an updated processor, an analog pointing stick and additional shoulder triggers, and near-field communications (NFC) support for Amiibo.


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: The New 2DS XL received positive reviews, with critics noting that it combined traits of the 2DS and New Nintendo 3DS XL into a more ergonomic and aesthetically-pleasing device over the slate-shaped 2DS, but noting slight regressions in display and speaker quality.


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: Nintendo has presented versions of the console in black with blue accents for the North American market, and white with orange-gold accents for the Japanese, South Korean and PAL region market, as well as a Japan-exclusive "Dragon Quest XI" limited edition. Later, the White + Orange variant came to North America, as well as Lavender + White, Black + Green (both Japan-exclusive) as well as Poké Ball and Pikachu variants to coincide with the launch of "Pokémon Ultra Sun" and "Ultra Moon" (the former also coming to that region).


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: In July 2018, a "Hylian Shield" variant was released as a GameStop exclusive in North America, bundled with a pre-installed copy of "". This came alongside an "" variant for Europe and Japan, and red/black "Mario Kart 7" and "Minecraft" Creeper styles exclusive to Japan.


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: A month later, in August, Nintendo announced a new version of the console in purple with silver accents, which would release in September 2018. Additionally, Nintendo confirmed that all future shipments of the Black + Blue, White + Orange and Purple + Silver models would come with a pre-installed copy of "Mario Kart 7".


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: As of 17 September 2020, the New 2DS XL and all other remaining models in the 3DS family have been discontinued by Nintendo.


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: The system software of the New Nintendo 2DS XL is otherwise identical to that of the New Nintendo 3DS, remaining compatible with all games released for the 3DS (in two-dimensional mode only), DSi (including games with 3DS enhancements), DS (excluding those requiring the Game Boy Advance cartridge slot), and New Nintendo 3DS (such as "Xenoblade Chronicles 3D" and "Fire Emblem Warriors"), and offering online features such as Nintendo Network for multiplayer and online gaming, Nintendo eShop for downloading and purchasing games, and SpotPass and StreetPass.


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: IGN considered the New 2DS XL to be an improvement over the "ugly doorstop-like" 2DS, praising its incorporation of features from the New 3DS XL into a device with a thinner and more "comfortable" form factor. Other changes were noted, such as using flaps to protect the game and SD card slots (the latter also removing the need to use tools to access it), and better-feeling shoulder buttons than the New 3DS XL. Regressions were also noted, however, such as its screens having a "washed out" appearance and lacking contrast, the top screen having a mirror-like coat that diminished viewing angles, the speakers sounding "muffled", and the short length of the included stylus. The New 2DS XL was recommended for users who did not need 3D but still wanted to play the platform's exclusive titles.


title: New Nintendo 2DS XL

text: "TechRadar" was similarly positive, but also noting that the hinge now protruded from the back of the device (thus making it look less streamlined when closed), its battery life was "underwhelming", and the timing of its launch was at odds with the release of Nintendo Switch.


title: Pennie Lane Trumbull

text: Pennie Ann Trumbull (born July 3, 1954), also known as Pennie Lane, is an American socialite, philanthropist, businesswoman, and entrepreneur. During the 1970s she formed the group The Flying Garter Girls, which traveled around the country as groupies for famous rock bands. Her time as a groupie was chronicled in the 2000 film "Almost Famous" and its 2019 stage musical adaptation. She was also portrayed by actress Kate Hudson in the film and Solea Pfeiffer in the musical.


title: Pennie Lane Trumbull

text: Trumbull was born and raised in Portland, Oregon. She was an only child and attended Roosevelt High School, where she was an award-winning equestrian and tried out for the Olympic team. Her love of music began at an early age, and she started attending concerts at 16. She moved to Los Angeles when she was 18 with a touring musician who was in a rock band, Steppenwolf, and returned to Portland a few months later.


title: Pennie Lane Trumbull

text: In the early 1970s, she became immersed in the rock music scene. She and four other girls decided to form a group and began pursuing bands. They each gave themselves nicknames, and Trumbull chose the name Pennie Lane in part from the song by the Beatles. The other girls in the group were Marvelous Meg, Sexy Sandy, The Real Camille, Miss Julia, and Caroline Can-Can. The girls had matchbooks made with The Flying Garter Girls printed on them to promote themselves, and quickly became successful and slept with countless rock bands over a period of three years, after which the girls left the rock music world behind them.


title: Pennie Lane Trumbull

text: Trumbull lived in San Diego for many years. She obtained her bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Cal State Northridge, where she was a competitive fencer, and an MBA in Marketing from Alliant International University in 1988. She owned her own marketing firm for a time. Upon her divorce in the early 1990s, she moved back home to be closer to her parents. She bought property on Sauvie Island, Oregon and built a ranch, which she describes as a "Rock n Roll Ranch". Lane owns her own wine label named Swallows and grows her own Pinot noir grapes. She continues to be involved in the music scene in the Portland area. Trumbull is an ordained minister and officiates weddings at her ranch.


title: Pennie Lane Trumbull

text: She is a longtime member of the Sauvie Island Grange Association and various other community organizations.


title: Pennie Lane Trumbull

text: Her friend, film director Cameron Crowe, asked for her permission to use her name and likeness in a feature film he was creating. Crowe used her as a consultant on the film. Trumbull was hesitant about losing her privacy, but Crowe insisted that the character be named Penny Lane and agreed to change the spelling from Trumbull to Trumble. Crowe and Trumbull had met in the 1970s while Crowe was working as a journalist covering rock music for "Rolling Stone", and he wanted to create a film about that time period. When Crowe suggested that actress Kate Hudson be cast as Pennie, she was initially reluctant, but later agreed that she was the right choice. Hudson was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for her performance as Penny Lane. In 2019, the film was adapted by Crowe into a stage musical, in which Solea Pfeiffer played Penny Lane.


title: Pennie Lane Trumbull

text: In 2012, Trumbull was the special guest at the San Diego Film Festival, which featured a special screening of "Almost Famous". She continues to make appearances discussing the film and her life in the 1970s.


title: Johnson County War

text: The Johnson County War, also known as the War on Powder River and the Wyoming Range War, was a range conflict that took place in Johnson County, Wyoming from 1889 to 1893. The conflict began when cattle companies started ruthlessly persecuting alleged rustlers in the area, many of whom were settlers who competed with them for livestock, land and water rights. As violence swelled between the large established ranchers and the smaller settlers in the state, it culminated in the Powder River Country when the former hired gunmen to invade the county. The gunmen's initial incursion in the territory aroused the small farmers and ranchers, as well as the state lawmen, and they formed a posse of 200 men that led to a grueling stand-off. The siege ended when the United States Cavalry on the orders of President Benjamin Harrison relieved the two forces, although further fighting persisted in the following months.


title: Johnson County War

text: The events have since become a highly mythologized and symbolic story of the Wild West and over the years variations of the story have come to include some of its most famous historical figures. In addition to being one of the best-known range wars of the American frontier, its themes, especially class warfare, served as a basis for numerous popular novels, films and television shows in the Western genre.


title: Johnson County War

text: Conflict over land was a common occurrence in the development of the American West, but was particularly prevalent during the late 19th century, when large portions of the West were being settled by new immigrants


title: Johnson County War

text: for the first time through the Homestead Acts. It is a period that one historian, Richard Maxwell Brown, has called the "Western Civil War of Incorporation", of which the Johnson County War was a part.


title: Johnson County War

text: In the early days of Wyoming most of the land was in public domain, which was open to stock raising as an open range and farmlands for homesteading. Large numbers of cattle were turned loose on the open range by large ranches. Each spring, round-ups were held to separate the cattle belonging to different ranches. Before a round-up, an orphan or stray calf was sometimes surreptitiously branded, which was the common way to identify the cow's owners. Lands and water rights were usually distributed to whoever settled the property first, and farmers and ranchers had to respect these boundaries (the doctrine was known as Prior Appropriation). However, as more and more homesteaders called "grangers" moved into Wyoming, competition for land and water soon enveloped the state, and the cattle companies reacted by monopolizing large areas of the open range to prevent homesteaders from using it.


title: Johnson County War

text: The often uneasy relationship between the larger, wealthier ranches and smaller ranch settlers became steadily worse after the harsh winter of 1886–1887, when a series of blizzards and temperatures of –50 to –40 °F (–45 to –40 °C) followed by an extremely hot and dry summer, ravaged the frontier. Thousands of cattle were lost in the calamity. To protect what remained, the cattle companies reacted with a catch-all allegation of rustling against their competition. Hostilities worsened when the Wyoming legislature passed the Maverick Act, which stated that all unbranded cattle in the open range automatically belonged to the cattlemen's association. The cattlemen also held a firm grip on Wyoming's stock interests by limiting the number of small ranchers that could participate, including the annual round-ups. They also forbade their employees from owning cattle for fear of additional competition, and threatened anyone they suspected to be rustlers.


title: Johnson County War

text: Many of the large ranching outfits in Wyoming were organized as the Wyoming Stock Growers Association (the WSGA) and gathered socially at the Cheyenne Club in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Comprising some of the state's wealthiest and most influential residents, the organization held a great deal of political sway in the state and region. The WSGA organized the cattle industry by scheduling roundups and cattle shipments. The WSGA also employed an agency of detectives to investigate cases of cattle theft from its members' holdings. Grangers and rustlers often intermixed with one another in the community, making it more difficult for the detectives to differentiate the criminals and the innocent homesteaders.


title: Johnson County War

text: Rustling in the local area was likely increasing due to the harsh grazing conditions, and the illegal exploits of organized groups of rustlers were becoming well publicized in the late 1880s. Well-armed outfits of horse and cattle rustlers roamed across various portions of Wyoming and Montana, with Montana vigilantes such as the infamous Stuart's Stranglers declaring "War on the Rustlers" in 1884. Bandits taking refuge in the infamous hideout known as the Hole-in-the-Wall were also preying upon the herds. Frank M. Canton, Sheriff of Johnson County in the early 1880s and better known as a detective for the WSGA, was a prominent figure in eliminating these supposed criminals from Wyoming. Before the events in Johnson County, Canton had already developed a reputation as a lethal gunman. At a young age he had worked as a cowboy in Texas, and in 1871 started a career in robbery and cattle rustling, as well as killing a Buffalo Soldier on October 10, 1874. Historian Harry Sinclair Drago described Canton as a "merciless, congenital, emotionless killer. For pay, he murdered eight—very likely ten—men."


title: Johnson County War

text: On July 20, 1889, a range detective from the Association named George Henderson accused Ella Watson, a local rancher, of stealing cattle from a fellow rancher by the name of Albert John Bothwell. The cattlemen sent riders to seize Ella before capturing her husband Jim Averell as well. Both of them were subsequently hanged from a tree. This gruesome act was one of the rare cases in the Old West in which a woman was lynched, an event that appalled many of the local residents and paved the way for future events in the war. County Sheriff Frank Hadsell arrested six men for the lynching and a trial date was set. However, before the trial, threats were sent to the witnesses who would testify against the aggressors. One of those witnesses was young Gene Crowder, who mysteriously disappeared under unknown circumstances before the trial. Another, Jim's nephew and foreman Frank Buchanan, disappeared from the county as well after a shoot-out with unknown suspects, and was presumed to be hiding or murdered. Ralph Cole, another nephew of Averell's, died on the day of the trial from poisoning.


title: Johnson County War

text: Enemies of the Association soon fought back. George Henderson, the range detective who had accused Ella Watson, was murdered near Sweetwater Creek in October 1890. The cattle barons soon tightened their control and hunted down those who tried to oppose them. The double lynching of the Averells was followed by the lynching of Tom Waggoner, a horse trader from Newcastle, in June 1891. A friend of Waggoner named Jimmy the Butcher, who was once arrested for rustling from the Standard Cattle Company, was also murdered. Range detective Tom Smith killed a suspected rustler, and when he was indicted for murder, political connections of the Association secured his release. These killings would precipitate more hostilities and violence in the years to come.


title: Johnson County War

text: After the lynchings of their prominent competitors, the WSGA's control over the range was undisputed, until a group of smaller ranchers formed the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers' Association (NWFSGA) to compete with the WSGA, led by a local cowboy named Nate Champion. Upon hearing this, the WSGA immediately viewed the new association as a threat to their hold on the stock interests. The WSGA then blacklisted members of the NWFSGA from the round-ups in order to stop their operations. However, the latter refused the orders to disband and instead publicly announced their plans to hold their own round-up in the spring of 1892.


title: Johnson County War

text: Soon, the prominent cattlemen sent out an assassination squad to kill Nate Champion on the morning of November 1, 1891. Champion and another man named Ross Gilbertson were sleeping in a cabin in Middle Fork of Powder River when a group of armed men went inside. Two of them went in while another stood by outside. Champion was immediately awakened by the intrusion, and as the gunmen pointed their weapons at him, Champion reached for his own pistol hidden under a pillow and a shootout commenced. Champion successfully shot two of the gunmen, mortally wounding and killing asassin Billy Lykins. The rest of the assassination squad subsequently fled. Champion was left uninjured except for some facial powder burns from the gunfight. In a subsequent investigation of the attack, the names of those involved were leaked to two ranchers: John A. Tisdale and Orley "Ranger" Jones. However, both men were ambushed while they were riding, which outraged many of the small ranchers and farmers in the county.


title: Johnson County War

text: The WSGA, led by Frank Wolcott (WSGA Member and large North Platte rancher), hired gunmen with the intention of eliminating alleged rustlers in Johnson County and breaking up the NWFSGA. By that time, prominent names in Wyoming started taking sides. Acting Governor Amos W. Barber supported the cattlemen, who blamed the small ranchers and homesteaders for the criminal activity in the state. Former cowboy, Indian War veteran, and sheriff of Buffalo (the county seat of Johnson County), William "Red" Angus, supported the homesteaders, who believed that the cattle barons were abusing the homesteaders.


title: Johnson County War

text: In March 1892, the cattlemen sent agents to Texas from Cheyenne and Idaho to recruit gunmen and finally carry out their plans for exterminating the homesteaders. The cattle barons had always used hired guns from Texas to take out suspected rustlers and scare away the nesters in Wyoming. One particular act of violence perpetrated by the Texans was recounted by cowboy John J. Baker, where the Texans ambushed and killed nine trappers whom they mistook for rustlers in Big Dry Creek, Wyoming. They received a $450 bonus for the slaughter.


title: Johnson County War

text: Soon, 23 gunmen from Paris, Texas and 4 cattle detectives from the WSGA were hired, as well as Wyoming dignitaries who also joined the expedition. State Senator Bob Tisdale, state water commissioner W. J. Clarke, as well as William C. Irvine and Hubert Teshemacher, who had both been instrumental in organizing Wyoming's statehood four years earlier, also joined the band. They were accompanied by surgeon Charles Bingham Penrose as well as Ed Towse, a reporter for the "Cheyenne Sun", and a newspaper reporter for the "Chicago Herald", Sam T. Clover, whose lurid first-hand accounts later appeared in eastern newspapers. A total expedition of 50 men was organized which consisted of cattlemen and range detectives, as well as the 23 hired guns from Texas. To lead the expedition, the WSGA hired Frank M. Canton. Canton's gripsack was later found to contain a list of 70 county residents to be either shot or hanged, and a contract to pay the Texans $5 a day plus a bonus of $50 for every rustler, real or alleged, they killed. The group became known as "The Invaders", or alternately, "Wolcott's Regulators".


title: Johnson County War

text: John Clay, a prominent Wyoming businessman, was suspected of playing a major role in planning the Johnson County invasion. Clay denied this, saying that in 1891 he advised Wolcott against the scheme and was out of the country when it was undertaken. He later helped the "Invaders" avoid punishment after their surrender. The group organized in Cheyenne and proceeded by train to Casper, Wyoming and then toward Johnson County on horseback, cutting the telegraph lines north of Douglas, Wyoming in order to prevent an alarm. While on horseback, Canton and the gunmen traveled ahead while the party of WSGA officials led by Wolcott followed a safe distance behind.


title: Johnson County War

text: The first target of the WSGA was Nate Champion, who was at the KC Ranch (also known as Kaycee) at that time. They were tasked to perform the assassination that others had failed to carry out five months before. The group traveled to the ranch late Friday, April 8, 1892, quietly surrounded the buildings, and waited for daybreak. Three men besides Champion were at the KC. Two men who were evidently going to spend the night on their way through were captured as they emerged from the cabin early that morning to collect water at the nearby Powder River, while the third, Nick Ray, was shot while standing inside the doorway of the cabin. As the gunmen opened fire on the cabin, Champion dragged the mortally wounded Nick Ray back to the cabin. The latter died hours later, and Champion was left besieged inside the log cabin alone.


title: Johnson County War

text: Champion held out for several hours, wounding three of the vigilantes, and was said to have killed four others. Another settler by the name of Jack Flagg passed by Champion's ranch on his wagon together with his stepson and witnessed the siege. The Invaders recognized Jack Flagg as one of the men on the list and they started shooting at him. Flagg then rode away and, as the Invaders gave chase, he grabbed his rifle and beat them back. During the siege, Champion kept a poignant journal which contained a number of notes he wrote to friends while taking cover inside the cabin. "Boys, I feel pretty lonesome just now. I wish there was someone here with me so we could watch all sides at once," he wrote. The last journal entry read: "Well, they have just got through shelling the house like hail. I heard them splitting wood. I guess they are going to fire the house tonight. I think I will make a break when night comes, if alive. Shooting again. It's not night yet. The house is all fired. Goodbye, boys, if I never see you again."


title: Johnson County War

text: The Invaders continued to shoot at the cabin while others set it on fire using a wagon they managed to steal from Flagg. Nate Champion signed his journal entry and put it in his pocket before running from the back door with a six-shooter in one hand and either a knife or a rifle in the other. As he emerged, the Invaders shot him dead. The killers pinned a note on Champion's bullet-riddled chest that read, "Cattle Thieves Beware". Jack Flagg, after escaping his pursuers, rode to Buffalo where he reported Champion's dilemma to the townsfolk. Sheriff Angus then raised a posse of 200 men (many of whom were Civil War veterans) over the next 24 hours and set out for the KC on Sunday night, April 10.


title: Johnson County War

text: The WSGA group then headed north on Sunday toward Buffalo to continue its show of force. By early morning of the 11th however, news quickly came of a large hostile force heading towards them. They quickly rode and took refuge in the TA Ranch in Crazy Woman Creek. During their flight, one of the Texans by the name of Jim Dudley accidentally shot himself when his horse bucked and his rifle fell to the ground, discharging and hitting his knee. He was later escorted by two others to Fort McKinney to seek treatment, but died in the fort one or two days later from gangrene.


title: Johnson County War

text: The sheriff's posse finally reached the remaining Invaders holed up in a log barn at the TA Ranch, but the latter managed to hold them back, resulting in a siege that would last for three days. The posse surrounded the whole ranch, building pits on the ground for cover and killing the Invaders' horses to prevent them from escaping. The "New York Times" reported that twenty men tried to escape behind a fusillade, but the posse beat them back and killed three to five. Another Texas gunman named Alex Lowther accidentally shot himself mortally in the groin during the fight. As the siege dragged on, a settler rode off to Fort McKinney requesting to borrow a cannon but was turned down. A blacksmith named Rap Brown tried to build his own cannon, but it exploded when he first tested it. He then built a siege engine he called the "Ark of Safety"—a large, bullet-resistant wagon that would help the settlers get close to the ranch so they could throw dynamite at the Invaders.


title: Johnson County War

text: Fortunately for the Invaders, one of their members, Mike Shonsey, managed to slip from the barn and was able to contact Governor Barber the next day. Frantic efforts to save the WSGA group ensued, and two days into the siege, late on the night of April 12, 1892, Governor Barber telegraphed President Benjamin Harrison a plea for help.


title: Johnson County War

text: Harrison immediately ordered the U.S. Secretary of War Stephen B. Elkins to address the situation under Article IV, Section 4, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, which allows for the use of U.S. forces under the President's orders for "protection from invasion and domestic violence". The Sixth Cavalry from Fort McKinney near Buffalo was ordered to proceed to the TA ranch at once and take the WSGA expedition into custody. The 6th Cavalry left Fort McKinney a few hours later at 2 am on April 13 and reached the TA ranch at 6:45 a.m. as the settlers were about to use the Ark of Safety. Colonel J.J. Van Horn, the officer in charge of the unit, negotiated with Sheriff Angus to lift the siege, and in return the Invaders were to be handed to civilian authorities. The Sixth Cavalry took possession of Wolcott and 45 other men with 45 rifles, 41 revolvers and some 5,000 rounds of ammunition, before escorting them first to Fort McKinney and then to Cheyenne.


title: Johnson County War

text: The text of Barber's telegram to the President was printed on the front page of "The New York Times" on April 14, and a first-hand account of the siege at the T.A. appeared in "The Times" and the "Chicago Herald" and other papers.


title: Johnson County War

text: The WSGA group was taken to Cheyenne to be held at the barracks of Fort D.A. Russell since the Laramie County Jail was unable to hold that many prisoners. They received preferential treatment and were allowed to roam the base by day as long as they agreed to return to the jail to sleep at night. Johnson County officials were upset that the group was not kept locally at Ft. McKinney. The general in charge of the 6th Cavalry felt that tensions were too high for the prisoners to remain in the area. Hundreds of armed locals sympathetic to both sides of the conflict were said to have gone to Ft. McKinney over the next few days under the mistaken impression the Invaders were being held there.


title: Johnson County War

text: The Johnson County attorney began to gather evidence for the case and the details of the WSGA's plan emerged. Canton's gripsack was found to contain a list of seventy alleged rustlers who were to be shot or hanged, a list of ranch houses the Invaders had burned, and a contract to pay each Texan five dollars a day plus a bonus of $50 for each person killed. The Invader’s plans reportedly included eventually murdering people as far away as Casper and Douglas. "The Times" reported on April 23 that "the evidence is said to implicate more than twenty prominent stockmen of Cheyenne whose names have not been mentioned heretofore, also several wealthy stockmen of Omaha, as well as to compromise men high in authority in the State of Wyoming. They will all be charged with aiding and abetting the invasion, and warrants will be issued for the arrest of all of them."


title: Johnson County War

text: The Invaders, however, were protected by a friendly judicial system, and they took advantage of the cattle barons' corruption. Charges against the men "high in authority" in Wyoming were never filed. Eventually they were released on bail and were told to return to Wyoming for the trial. Many fled to Texas and were never seen again. In the end, the WSGA group went free after the charges were dropped on the excuse that Johnson County refused to pay for the costs of the long prosecution. The costs of housing the men at Fort D.A. Russell were said to exceed $18,000 and the sparsely populated Johnson County was unable to pay for them