title: Hashim Thaçi

text: On 24 April 2020, the Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor's Office located in The Hague filed a ten-count Indictment for the Court’s consideration, charging Hashim Thaçi, Kadri Veseli and others for crimes against humanity and war crimes, including murder, enforced disappearance of persons, persecution, and torture. The indictment charges the suspects with approximately 100 murders of Kosovo Albanians, Serbs, Roma, and political opponents. According to the press release, the Specialist Prosecutor stated that it was necessary to make the issue public due to repeated efforts by Thaçi and Veseli to obstruct and undermine the work of the Kosovo Specialist Chambers.


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: Kosovo elections were held on 17 November 2007. After early results based on 90 percent of the votes, Hashim Thaçi, who was on course to gain 34 percent, claimed victory for the PDK. He stated his intention to declare independence without delay on 10 December, the date set by the United Nations for the end of negotiations with Serbia. At 45 percent, the turnout at the election was particularly low, as most Serbs refused to vote.


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: On 19 November 2007, several EU foreign ministers warned Thaçi and his allies against proceeding with their declaration of independence without consultations. Luxembourg's Jean Asselborn and Sweden's Carl Bildt urged the PDK not to make any hasty moves, while the EU foreign policy chief Javier Solana stressed the importance of proper preparations prior to formal independence. After EU talks on Kosovo in London on 19 November 2007, the UK's Europe minister, Jim Murphy, said independence without foreign support could isolate the breakaway province.


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: Hashim Thaçi was designated as the next leader of Kosovo's government on 11 December 2007 by the Kosovar President Fatmir Sejdiu and told to form a government "as soon as possible". His Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) began coalition talks with the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) as well as the Alliance for New Kosovo (AKR). Those parties together control 75 seats of 120 in the assembly.


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: On 9 January 2008, Thaçi was elected as Prime Minister by parliament, with 85 votes in favor and 22 against. On this occasion, he stated his intention to achieve independence for Kosovo in the first half of 2008.


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: On 16 February 2008, Thaçi announced that the next day, 17 February, would be key for "implementing the will of the citizens of Kosovo", strongly implying the province would declare independence from Serbia. On 17 February 2008, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia. Thaçi became Prime Minister of the newly independent state.


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: Thaçi was elected the President of Kosovo in February 2016, and took office on 7 April 2016. In August 2019, Thaçi asserted that his nation would hold parliamentary elections on 6 October. The President cited that the nation is in need of a "functional and accountable government," which is capable enough to face challenges of the state and society.


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: In January 2018, Thaçi said that Kosovo would have supported U.S. President Trump's decision to relocate the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, which would have made it the only Muslim-majority nation to do so. But Thaçi told the Albanian newspaper "Express" that if his country was handed full membership of the global body, it would vote "all the time" with the U.S., even on the resolution motioned last month to protest Trump's decision. Thaçi met with Donald Trump on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2017 in New York, and invited Trump to visit Pristina, the capital of Kosovo. According to local media, he said their meeting was "exceptionally friendly, warm."


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: “The Head of State thanked President Trump for his personal support for Kosovo,” his office said in a statement, calling the U.S. a "strategic partner" and saying the support of Washington was "crucial to the peace, stability and overall development of Kosovo and the region." Thaçi told Pristina-based broadcaster "RTV21", "President Trump, like all other U.S. presidents, has a clear vision for Kosovo. It is unique support to our country. He said that Kosovo is a wonderful country and that we are a wonderful people."


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: On 26 November 2019, an earthquake struck Albania. President Thaçi was part of a presidential delegation that visited the earthquake epicentre and expressed his condolences on behalf of Kosovo.


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: On 24 April 2020, the Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor's Office located in The Hague filed a ten-count Indictment for the Court’s consideration, charging Hashim Thaçi, Kadri Veseli and others for crimes against humanity and war crimes, including murder, enforced disappearance of persons, persecution, and torture. The indictment charges the suspects with approximately 100 murders of Kosovo Albanians, Serbs, Roma, and political opponents.


title: Hashim Thaçi

text: On 5 November 2020, Thaçi announced his resignation to reporters “to protect the integrity of the presidency of Kosovo”. He was replaced by the Speaker of the Assembly of Kosovo Vjosa Osmani.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: The military career of Muhammad ("c." 570 – 8 June 632), the Islamic prophet, encompasses several expeditions and battles throughout the Hejaz region in the western Arabian Peninsula which took place in the final ten years of his life, from 622 to 632. His primary campaign was against his own tribe in Mecca, the Quraysh. Muhammad proclaimed prophethood around 610 and later migrated to Medina after being persecuted by the Quraysh in 622. After several battles against the Quraysh, Muhammad conquered Mecca in 629, ending his campaign against the tribe.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: Alongside his campaign against the Quraysh, Muhammad led campaigns against several other tribes of Arabia, most notably the three Arabian Jewish tribes of Medina and the Jewish fortress at Khaybar. He expelled the Banu Qaynuqa tribe for violating the Constitution of Medina in 624, followed by the Banu Nadir who were expelled in May 625 after being accused of plotting to assassinate him. Finally, in 628, he besieged and invaded the Jewish fortress of Khaybar, which hosted more than 10,000 Jews, which Muslim sources say was retaliation for planning to ally themselves with the local Arab pagan tribes.In the final years of his life, Muhammad sent several armies against the Byzantine Empire and the Ghassanids in northern Arabia and the Levant, before conquering Mecca in 630 and leading a campaign against some Arab pagan tribes close to Mecca, most notably in Ta'if. The last army led by Muhammad before his death was in the Battle of Tabuk in October 630. By his death in 632, Muhammad had managed to unite most of the Arabian Peninsula, laying the foundation for the subsequent Islamic expansion under the caliphates and defining Islamic military jurisprudence.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: In his prophetic biography () titled "The Sealed Nectar ("), Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri cites Ibn Hisham in saying that Muhammad took part in the Sacrilegious Wars, which took place between an alliance of the Quraysh and the Kinanah and the Qais 'Ailan, when he was 15, saying that "his efforts were confined to picking up the arrows of the enemy as they fell, and handing them over to his uncles."


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: Medina was divided into five tribes: two of them the Khazraj and Aws, while the Jews were represented by, from smallest to largest, the Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir and Banu Quraizah. Upon his arrival in Medina, Muhammad set about the establishment of a pact known as the Constitution of Medina, to regulate the matters of governance of the city, as well as the extent and nature of inter-community relations, and signatories to it included the Muslims, the Ansar and the Jewish tribes of Medina. Significant clauses of the constitution included the mutual assistance of each other if one signatory were to be attacked by a third party, the resolution that the Muslims would profess their religion and the Jews theirs, as well as the appointment of Muhammad as the leader of the state.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: In April 624, after the Battle of Badr, the Banu Qaynuqa violated the Constitution of Medina by shaming a Muslim woman by pinning and tearing her clothes. A Muslim man who witnessed this, killed the Jewish man responsible for it in retaliation. The Jews came in group against the Muslim and killed him. After a successive chain of similar revenge killings, enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa', which led Muhammad to lay siege to their fortress. The Qaynuqa' had a strength of around 700. After being besieged for 14–15 days, the tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to capture the men of Banu Qaynuqa', but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn 'Ubayy and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa'. The tribe eventually went northward toward Der'aa in modern-day Syria and assimilated themselves into the local Jewish population.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: In May 625, Muhammad laid siege to the Banu Nadir, after he came to know that they were plotting to assassinate him. The siege is said to have lasted anywhere between six and fifteen days. Enjoying their strategic advantage due to the thick foliage of palm trees surrounding their castles, the Banu Nadir pelted the Muslims with stones and showered arrows upon them from their castles. In response, Muhammad is said to have commanded the burning of the palm trees. The tribe eventually surrendered and was expelled, moving northward toward Khaybar, another Jewish fort city around 150 km (95 mi) north of Medina and was captured again during the Battle of Khaybar. They were allowed to live around Khaybar until the Rashidun caliph, 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, expelled them for a second time.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: During the Battle of the Trench in December 626 and January 627, the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza, whose forts were located in southern Medina, were caught conspiring to ally themselves with the confederates and were charged with treachery. After the retreat of the coalition, Muslims besieged their forts, and they were the last of the Jewish tribes of Medina. The Banu Qurayza surrendered and all the men and one woman were beheaded, apart from a few who converted to Islam, while all the other women and children were enslaved.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: In dealing with Muhammad's treatment of the Jews of Medina, aside from political explanations, western historians and biographers have explained it as "the punishment of the Medinan Jews, who were invited to convert and refused, perfectly exemplify the Quran's tales of what happened to those who rejected the prophets of old." Francis Edward Peters adds that Muhammad was possibly emboldened by his military successes and also wanted to push his advantage. Economical motivations according to Peters also existed since the poorness of the Meccan migrants was a source of concern for Muhammad. Peters argues that Muhammad's treatment of the Jews of Medina was "quite extraordinary" and is "quite at odds with Muhammad's treatment of the Jews he encountered outside Medina."


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: According to Welch, Muhammad's treatment of the three major Jewish tribes brought Muhammad closer to his goal of organizing a community strictly on a religious basis.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: In March 628, according to Muslims sources, the Jews of Khaybar, along with the Banu Nadir, who were exiled from Medina by Muhammad for violating the Constitution of Medina, and the Banu Ghatafan, were planning to attack the Muslims. When Muhammad learned of their alliance, he gathered an army of 1,500 soldiers and besieged the Jewish fortress at Khaybar. Scottish historian and orientalist, William Montgomery Watt agrees with this view. Italian orientalist Laura Veccia Vaglieri claims other motives pushed Muhammad to invade the forts of Khaybar.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: On the other side, the Banu Ghatafan were afraid that the Muslims would attack them at any time, so they refused to help the Jews at Khaybar. After capturing six of the eight Jewish forts in Medina, the Jews of Khaybar finally surrendered and were allowed to live in the oasis on the condition that they would give one-half of their produce to the Muslims. Two Jewish commanders were killed in the siege.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: They continued to live in the oasis for several more years until they were expelled by caliph 'Umar ibn al-Khattab. The imposition of tribute upon the conquered Jews served as a precedent for provisions in the Islamic law for the "jizya".


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: In the final years of his life, after suppressing the two main factions that were leading in the opposition against him; the Meccans and the Jews, Muhammad led an active campaign against the main force in the north, the Byzantine Empire, which was involved in several wars against the Sasanian Empire, known as the Roman–Persian Wars.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: Following a defeat in the Battle of Mu'tah in Muhammad's campaign against the Byzantine began with the final expedition led by Muhammad himself, the Tabuk expedition, which is also known as the Usra expedition. Muhammad heard of the gathering of a large Byzantine–Ghassanid alliance against the Muslims in Tabuk and led a force of some 30,000 men to look for them. After waiting and scouting for the enemy for twenty days, Muhammad returned to Medina.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: The number of all casualties on all sides, in all the battles of Muhammad, is approximately 1,000. A contemporary Islamic scholar, Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, says that "during the 23-years in which this revolution was completed, 80 military expeditions took place. Fewer than 20 expeditions actually involved any fighting. 259 Muslims and 759 non-Muslims died in these battles – a total of 1018 dead."


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: Most of those killed were men from the Banu Qurayza tribe after they surrendered to a siege as an aftermath of the Invasion of Banu Qurayza.


title: Military career of Muhammad

text: Javed Ahmed Ghamidi writes in Mizan that there are certain directives of the Qur’an pertaining to war which were specific only to Muhammad against divinely-specified peoples of his times (the polytheists and the Israelites and Nazarites of Arabia and some other Jews, Christians, et al.) as a form of divine punishment—for they had persistently denied the truth of Muhammad's mission even after it had been made conclusively evident to them by Allah through Muhammad, and asked the polytheists of Arabia for submission to Islam as a condition for exoneration and the others for jizya and submission to the political authority of the Muslims for military protection as the "dhimmis" of the Muslims. Therefore, after Muhammad and his companions, there is no concept in Islam obliging Muslims to wage war for propagation or implementation of Islam, hence now, the only valid reason for war is to end oppression when all other measures have failed or, "jihad".


title: Centwine of Wessex

text: Centwine (died after 685) was King of Wessex from c. 676 to 685 or 686, although he was perhaps not the only king of the West Saxons at the time.


title: Centwine of Wessex

text: The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" reports that Centwine became king c. 676, succeeding Æscwine. Bede states that after the death of King Cenwalh: "his under-rulers took upon them the kingdom of the people, and dividing it among themselves, held it ten years". Bede's dismissal of Æscwine and Centwine as merely sub-kings may represent the views of the supporters of the King Ine, whose family ruled Wessex in Bede's time. However, if the West Saxon kingdom did fragment following Cenwalh's death, it appears that it was reunited during Centwine's reign.


title: Centwine of Wessex

text: An entry under 682 in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" records that "Centwine drove the Britons to the sea". This is the only event recorded in his reign. The "Carmina Ecclesiastica" of Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne (died 709), written a generation after Centwine's reign, records that he won three great battles. In addition, it states that he was a pagan for part of his reign, adopting Christianity and becoming a patron of the church. The "Chronicle's" version of his ancestry makes Centwine a son of King Cynegils, and thus a brother of King Cenwalh and maybe of Cwichelm, King of the Gewisse, but Aldhelm does not record any such relationship.


title: Centwine of Wessex

text: Chapter 40 of Eddius Stephanus's "Life of Wilfrid" records that Centwine was married to a sister of Queen Iurminburh, second wife of King Ecgfrith of Northumbria. Her name is not reliably recorded, and the suggestion that she is to be identified with Dunna, Abbess of Withington, is broadly rejected. Their daughter Bugga was certainly a nun when Aldhelm dedicated verses to her, and was probably an Abbess.


title: Centwine of Wessex

text: Centwine is reported to have abdicated and become a monk. Aldhelm writes that he "gave up riches and the reins of government and left his own kingdom in the name of Christ". The date of his death is unknown. He was succeeded by Caedwalla.


title: Hardware description language

text: In computer engineering, a hardware description language (HDL) is a specialized computer language used to describe the structure and behavior of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits.


title: Hardware description language

text: A hardware description language enables a precise, formal description of an electronic circuit that allows for the automated analysis and simulation of an electronic circuit. It also allows for the synthesis of an HDL description into a netlist (a specification of physical electronic components and how they are connected together), which can then be placed and routed to produce the set of masks used to create an integrated circuit.


title: Hardware description language

text: A hardware description language looks much like a programming language such as C or ALGOL; it is a textual description consisting of expressions, statements and control structures. One important difference between most programming languages and HDLs is that HDLs explicitly include the notion of time.


title: Hardware description language

text: HDLs form an integral part of electronic design automation (EDA) systems, especially for complex circuits, such as application-specific integrated circuits, microprocessors, and programmable logic devices.


title: Hardware description language

text: Due to the exploding complexity of digital electronic circuits since the 1970s (see Moore's law), circuit designers needed digital logic descriptions to be performed at a high level without being tied to a specific electronic technology, such as ECL, TTL or CMOS. HDLs were created to implement register-transfer level abstraction, a model of the data flow and timing of a circuit.


title: Hardware description language

text: There are two major hardware description languages: VHDL and Verilog. There are different types of description in them: "dataflow, behavioral and structural".


title: Hardware description language

text: HDLs are standard text-based expressions of the structure of electronic systems and their behaviour over time. Like concurrent programming languages, HDL syntax and semantics include explicit notations for expressing concurrency. However, in contrast to most software programming languages, HDLs also include an explicit notion of time, which is a primary attribute of hardware. Languages whose only characteristic is to express circuit connectivity between a hierarchy of blocks are properly classified as netlist languages used in electric computer-aided design. HDL can be used to express designs in structural, behavioral or register-transfer-level architectures for the same circuit functionality; in the latter two cases the synthesizer decides the architecture and logic gate layout.


title: Hardware description language

text: HDLs are used to write executable specifications for hardware. A program designed to implement the underlying semantics of the language statements and simulate the progress of time provides the hardware designer with the ability to model a piece of hardware before it is created physically. It is this executability that gives HDLs the illusion of being programming languages, when they are more precisely classified as specification languages or modeling languages. Simulators capable of supporting discrete-event (digital) and continuous-time (analog) modeling exist, and HDLs targeted for each are available.


title: Hardware description language

text: It is certainly possible to represent hardware semantics using traditional programming languages such as C++, which operate on control flow semantics as opposed to data flow, although to function as such, programs must be augmented with extensive and unwieldy class libraries. Generally, however, software programming languages do not include any capability for explicitly expressing time, and thus cannot function as hardware description languages. Before the introduction of System Verilog in 2002, C++ integration with a logic simulator was one of the few ways to use object-oriented programming in hardware verification. System Verilog is the first major HDL to offer object orientation and garbage collection.


title: Hardware description language

text: Using the proper subset of hardware description language, a program called a synthesizer, or logic synthesis tool, can infer hardware logic operations from the language statements and produce an equivalent netlist of generic hardware primitives to implement the specified behaviour. Synthesizers generally ignore the expression of any timing constructs in the text. Digital logic synthesizers, for example, generally use clock edges as the way to time the circuit, ignoring any timing constructs. The ability to have a synthesizable subset of the language does not itself make a hardware description language.


title: Hardware description language

text: The first hardware description languages appeared in the late 1960s, looking like more traditional languages. The first that had a lasting effect was described in 1971 in C. Gordon Bell and Allen Newell's text "Computer Structures". This text introduced the concept of register transfer level, first used in the ISP language to describe the behavior of the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8.


title: Hardware description language

text: The language became more widespread with the introduction of DEC's PDP-16 RT-Level Modules (RTMs) and a book describing their use.


title: Hardware description language

text: ISPS was well suited to describe relations between the inputs and the outputs of the design and was quickly adopted by commercial teams at DEC, as well as by a number of research teams both in the US and among its NATO allies.


title: Hardware description language

text: The RTM products never took off commercially and DEC stopped marketing them in the mid-1980s, as new techniques and in particular very-large-scale integration (VLSI) became more popular.


title: Hardware description language

text: Separate work done about 1979 at the University of Kaiserslautern produced a language called KARL ("KAiserslautern Register Transfer Language"), which included design calculus language features supporting VLSI chip floorplanning and structured hardware design. This work was also the basis of KARL's interactive graphic sister language ABL, whose name was an initialism for "A Block diagram Language". ABL was implemented in the early 1980s by the Centro Studi e Laboratori Telecomunicazioni (CSELT) in Torino, Italy, producing the ABLED graphic VLSI design editor. In the mid-1980s, a VLSI design framework was implemented around KARL and ABL by an international consortium funded by the Commission of the European Union.


title: Hardware description language

text: By the late 1970s, design using programmable logic devices (PLDs) became popular, although these designs were primarily limited to designing finite-state machines. The work at Data General in 1980 used these same devices to design the Data General Eclipse MV/8000, and commercial need began to grow for a language that could map well to them. By 1983 Data I/O introduced ABEL to fill that need.


title: Hardware description language

text: In 1985, as design shifted to VLSI, Gateway Design Automation introduced Verilog, and Intermetrics released the first completed version of the VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL). VHDL was developed at the behest of the United States Department of Defense's VHSIC program, and was based on the Ada programming language, as well as on the experience gained with the earlier development of ISPS. Initially, Verilog and VHDL were used to document and simulate circuit designs already captured and described in another form (such as schematic files). HDL simulation enabled engineers to work at a higher level of abstraction than simulation at the schematic level, and thus increased design capacity from hundreds of transistors to thousands. In 1986, with the support of the U.S Department of Defense, VHDL was sponsored as an IEEE standard (IEEE Std 1076), and the first IEEE-standardized version of VHDL, IEEE Std 1076-1987, was approved in December 1987. Cadence Design Systems later acquired Gateway Design Automation for the rights to Verilog-XL, the HDL simulator that would become the de facto standard of Verilog simulators for the next decade.


title: Hardware description language

text: The introduction of logic synthesis for HDLs pushed HDLs from the background into the foreground of digital design. Synthesis tools compiled HDL source files (written in a constrained format called RTL) into a manufacturable netlist description in terms of gates and transistors. Writing synthesizable RTL files required practice and discipline on the part of the designer; compared to a traditional schematic layout, synthesized RTL netlists were almost always larger in area and slower in performance. A circuit design from a skilled engineer, using labor-intensive schematic-capture/hand-layout, would almost always outperform its logically-synthesized equivalent, but the productivity advantage held by synthesis soon displaced digital schematic capture to exactly those areas that were problematic for RTL synthesis: extremely high-speed, low-power, or asynchronous circuitry.


title: Hardware description language

text: Within a few years, VHDL and Verilog emerged as the dominant HDLs in the electronics industry, while older and less capable HDLs gradually disappeared from use. However, VHDL and Verilog share many of the same limitations, such as being unsuitable for analog or mixed-signal circuit simulation. Specialized HDLs (such as Confluence) were introduced with the explicit goal of fixing specific limitations of Verilog and VHDL, though none were ever intended to replace them.


title: Hardware description language

text: Over the years, much effort has been invested in improving HDLs. The latest iteration of Verilog, formally known as IEEE 1800-2005 SystemVerilog, introduces many new features (classes, random variables, and properties/assertions) to address the growing need for better test bench randomization, design hierarchy, and reuse. A future revision of VHDL is also in development, and is expected to match SystemVerilog's improvements.


title: Hardware description language

text: As a result of the efficiency gains realized using HDL, a majority of modern digital circuit design revolves around it. Most designs begin as a set of requirements or a high-level architectural diagram. Control and decision structures are often prototyped in flowchart applications, or entered in a state diagram editor. The process of writing the HDL description is highly dependent on the nature of the circuit and the designer's preference for coding style. The HDL is merely the 'capture language', often beginning with a high-level algorithmic description such as a C++ mathematical model. Designers often use scripting languages such as Perl to automatically generate repetitive circuit structures in the HDL language. Special text editors offer features for automatic indentation, syntax-dependent coloration, and macro-based expansion of the entity/architecture/signal declaration.


title: Hardware description language

text: The HDL code then undergoes a code review, or auditing. In preparation for synthesis, the HDL description is subject to an array of automated checkers. The checkers report deviations from standardized code guidelines, identify potential ambiguous code constructs before they can cause misinterpretation, and check for common logical coding errors, such as floating ports or shorted outputs. This process aids in resolving errors before the code is synthesized.


title: Hardware description language

text: In industry parlance, HDL design generally ends at the synthesis stage. Once the synthesis tool has mapped the HDL description into a gate netlist, the netlist is passed off to the back-end stage. Depending on the physical technology (FPGA, ASIC gate array, ASIC standard cell), HDLs may or may not play a significant role in the back-end flow. In general, as the design flow progresses toward a physically realizable form, the design database becomes progressively more laden with technology-specific information, which cannot be stored in a generic HDL description. Finally, an integrated circuit is manufactured or programmed for use.


title: Hardware description language

text: Essential to HDL design is the ability to simulate HDL programs. Simulation allows an HDL description of a design (called a model) to pass design verification, an important milestone that validates the design's intended function (specification) against the code implementation in the HDL description. It also permits architectural exploration. The engineer can experiment with design choices by writing multiple variations of a base design, then comparing their behavior in simulation. Thus, simulation is critical for successful HDL design.


title: Hardware description language

text: To simulate an HDL model, an engineer writes a top-level simulation environment (called a test bench). At minimum, a testbench contains an instantiation of the model (called the device under test or DUT), pin/signal declarations for the model's I/O, and a clock waveform. The testbench code is event driven: the engineer writes HDL statements to implement the (testbench-generated) reset-signal, to model interface transactions (such as a host–bus read/write), and to monitor the DUT's output. An HDL simulator — the program that executes the testbench — maintains the simulator clock, which is the master reference for all events in the testbench simulation. Events occur only at the instants dictated by the testbench HDL (such as a reset-toggle coded into the testbench), or in reaction (by the model) to stimulus and triggering events. Modern HDL simulators have full-featured graphical user interfaces, complete with a suite of debug tools. These allow the user to stop and restart the simulation at any time, insert simulator breakpoints (independent of the HDL code), and monitor or modify any element in the HDL model hierarchy. Modern simulators can also link the HDL environment to user-compiled libraries, through a defined PLI/VHPI interface. Linking is system-dependent (x86, SPARC etc. running Windows/Linux/Solaris), as the HDL simulator and user libraries are compiled and linked outside the HDL environment.


title: Hardware description language

text: Design verification is often the most time-consuming portion of the design process, due to the disconnect between a device's functional specification, the designer's interpretation of the specification, and the imprecision of the HDL language. The majority of the initial test/debug cycle is conducted in the HDL "simulator" environment, as the early stage of the design is subject to frequent and major circuit changes. An HDL description can also be prototyped and tested in hardware — programmable logic devices are often used for this purpose. Hardware prototyping is comparatively more expensive than HDL simulation, but offers a real-world view of the design. Prototyping is the best way to check interfacing against other hardware devices and hardware prototypes. Even those running on slow FPGAs offer much shorter simulation times than pure HDL simulation.


title: Hardware description language

text: Historically, design verification was a laborious, repetitive loop of writing and running simulation test cases against the design under test. As chip designs have grown larger and more complex, the task of design verification has grown to the point where it now dominates the schedule of a design team. Looking for ways to improve design productivity, the electronic design automation industry developed the Property Specification Language.


title: Hardware description language

text: In formal verification terms, a property is a factual statement about the expected or assumed behavior of another object. Ideally, for a given HDL description, a property or properties can be proven true or false using formal mathematical methods. In practical terms, many properties cannot be proven because they occupy an unbounded solution space. However, if provided a set of operating assumptions or constraints, a property checker can prove (or disprove) certain properties by narrowing the solution space.


title: Hardware description language

text: The assertions do not model circuit activity, but capture and document the designer's intent in the HDL code. In a simulation environment, the simulator evaluates all specified assertions, reporting the location and severity of any violations. In a synthesis environment, the synthesis tool usually operates with the policy of halting synthesis upon any violation. Assertion based verification is still in its infancy, but is expected to become an integral part of the HDL design toolset.


title: Hardware description language

text: An HDL is grossly similar to a software programming language, but there are major differences. Most programming languages are inherently procedural (single-threaded), with limited syntactical and semantic support to handle concurrency. HDLs, on the other hand, resemble concurrent programming languages in their ability to model multiple parallel processes (such as flip-flops and adders) that automatically execute independently of one another. Any change to the process's input automatically triggers an update in the simulator's process stack.


title: Hardware description language

text: Both programming languages and HDLs are processed by a compiler (often called a synthesizer in the HDL case), but with different goals. For HDLs, "compiling" refers to logic synthesis; the process of transforming the HDL code listing into a physically realizable gate netlist. The netlist output can take any of many forms: a "simulation" netlist with gate-delay information, a "handoff" netlist for post-synthesis placement and routing on a semiconductor die, or a generic industry-standard Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF) (for subsequent conversion to a JEDEC-format file).


title: Hardware description language

text: On the other hand, a software compiler converts the source-code listing into a microprocessor-specific object code for execution on the target microprocessor. As HDLs and programming languages borrow concepts and features from each other, the boundary between them is becoming less distinct. However, pure HDLs are unsuitable for general purpose application software development, just as general-purpose programming languages are undesirable for modeling hardware.


title: Hardware description language

text: Yet as electronic systems grow increasingly complex, and reconfigurable systems become increasingly common, there is growing desire in the industry for a single language that can perform some tasks of both hardware design and software programming. SystemC is an example of such—embedded system hardware can be modeled as non-detailed architectural blocks (black boxes with modeled signal inputs and output drivers). The target application is written in C or C++ and natively compiled for the host-development system; as opposed to targeting the embedded CPU, which requires host-simulation of the embedded CPU or an emulated CPU.


title: Hardware description language

text: The high level of abstraction of SystemC models is well suited to early architecture exploration, as architectural modifications can be easily evaluated with little concern for signal-level implementation issues. However, the threading model used in SystemC relies on shared memory, causing the language not to handle parallel execution or low-level models well.


title: Hardware description language

text: In their level of abstraction, HDLs have been compared to assembly languages. There are attempts to raise the abstraction level of hardware design in order to reduce the complexity of programming in HDLs, creating a sub-field called "high-level synthesis".


title: Hardware description language

text: Companies such as Cadence, Synopsys and Agility Design Solutions are promoting SystemC as a way to combine high-level languages with concurrency models to allow faster design cycles for FPGAs than is possible using traditional HDLs. Approaches based on standard C or C++ (with libraries or other extensions allowing parallel programming) are found in the Catapult C tools from Mentor Graphics, and the Impulse C tools from Impulse Accelerated Technologies.


title: Hardware description language

text: A similar initiative from Intel is the use of Data Parallel C++, related to SYCL, as a high-level synthesis language.


title: Hardware description language

text: Annapolis Micro Systems, Inc.'s CoreFire Design Suite and National Instruments LabVIEW FPGA provide a graphical dataflow approach to high-level design entry and languages such as SystemVerilog, SystemVHDL, and Handel-C seek to accomplish the same goal, but are aimed at making existing hardware engineers more productive, rather than making FPGAs more accessible to existing software engineers.


title: Hardware description language

text: It is also possible to design hardware modules using MATLAB and Simulink using the MathWorks HDL Coder tool or DSP Builder for Intel FPGAs or Xilinx System Generator (XSG) from Xilinx.


title: Hardware description language

text: Several projects exist for defining printed circuit board connectivity using language based, textual-entry methods.


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL (; short for "Algorithmic Language") is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in 1958. ALGOL heavily influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in textbooks and academic sources for more than thirty years.


title: ALGOL

text: In the sense that the syntax of most modern languages is "Algol-like", it was arguably more influential than three other high-level programming languages among which it was roughly contemporary: FORTRAN, Lisp, and COBOL. It was designed to avoid some of the perceived problems with FORTRAN and eventually gave rise to many other programming languages, including PL/I, Simula, BCPL, B, Pascal, and C.


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL introduced code blocks and the codice_1...codice_2 pairs for delimiting them. It was also the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope. Moreover, it was the first programming language which gave detailed attention to formal language definition and through the "Algol 60 Report" introduced Backus–Naur form, a principal formal grammar notation for language design.


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL 68 is substantially different from ALGOL 60 and was not well received, so in general "Algol" means ALGOL 60 and its dialects.


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL was developed jointly by a committee of European and American computer scientists in a meeting in 1958 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (cf. ALGOL 58). It specified three different syntaxes: a reference syntax, a publication syntax, and an implementation syntax. The different syntaxes permitted it to use different keyword names and conventions for decimal points (commas vs periods) for different languages.


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL was used mostly by research computer scientists in the United States and in Europe. Its use in commercial applications was hindered by the absence of standard input/output facilities in its description and the lack of interest in the language by large computer vendors other than Burroughs Corporation. ALGOL 60 did however become the standard for the publication of algorithms and had a profound effect on future language development.


title: ALGOL

text: John Backus developed the "Backus normal form" method of describing programming languages specifically for ALGOL 58. It was revised and expanded by Peter Naur for ALGOL 60, and at Donald Knuth's suggestion renamed Backus–Naur form.


title: ALGOL

text: Peter Naur: "As editor of the ALGOL Bulletin I was drawn into the international discussions of the language and was selected to be member of the European language design group in November 1959. In this capacity I was the editor of the ALGOL 60 report, produced as the result of the ALGOL 60 meeting in Paris in January 1960."


title: ALGOL

text: Alan Perlis gave a vivid description of the meeting: "The meetings were exhausting, interminable, and exhilarating. One became aggravated when one's good ideas were discarded along with the bad ones of others. Nevertheless, diligence persisted during the entire period. The chemistry of the 13 was excellent."


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL 60 inspired many languages that followed it. Tony Hoare remarked: "Here is a language so far ahead of its time that it was not only an improvement on its predecessors but also on nearly all its successors." The Scheme programming language, a variant of Lisp that adopted the block structure and lexical scope of ALGOL, also adopted the wording "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme" for its standards documents in homage to ALGOL.


title: ALGOL

text: As Peter Landin noted, ALGOL was the first language to combine seamlessly imperative effects with the (call-by-name) lambda calculus. Perhaps the most elegant formulation of the language is due to John C. Reynolds, and it best exhibits its syntactic and semantic purity. Reynolds's idealized ALGOL also made a convincing methodologic argument regarding the suitability of local effects in the context of call-by-name languages, in contrast with the global effects used by call-by-value languages such as ML. The conceptual integrity of the language made it one of the main objects of semantic research, along with Programming Computable Functions (PCF) and ML.


title: ALGOL

text: To date there have been at least 70 augmentations, extensions, derivations and sublanguages of Algol 60.


title: ALGOL

text: The Burroughs dialects included special Bootstrapping dialects such as ESPOL and NEWP. The latter is still used for Unisys MCP system software.


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL 60 as officially defined had no I/O facilities; implementations defined their own in ways that were rarely compatible with each other. In contrast, ALGOL 68 offered an extensive library of "transput" (input/output) facilities.


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL 60 allowed for two evaluation strategies for parameter passing: the common call-by-value, and call-by-name. Call-by-name has certain effects in contrast to call-by-reference. For example, without specifying the parameters as "value" or "reference", it is impossible to develop a procedure that will swap the values of two parameters if the actual parameters that are passed in are an integer variable and an array that is indexed by that same integer variable. Think of passing a pointer to swap(i, A[i]) in to a function. Now that every time swap is referenced, it is reevaluated. Say i := 1 and A[i] := 2, so every time swap is referenced it will return the other combination of the values ([1,2], [2,1], [1,2] and so on). A similar situation occurs with a random function passed as actual argument.


title: ALGOL

text: Call-by-name is known by many compiler designers for the interesting "thunks" that are used to implement it. Donald Knuth devised the "man or boy test" to separate compilers that correctly implemented "recursion and non-local references." This test contains an example of call-by-name.


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL 68 was defined using a two-level grammar formalism invented by Adriaan van Wijngaarden and which bears his name. Van Wijngaarden grammars use a context-free grammar to generate an infinite set of productions that will recognize a particular ALGOL 68 program; notably, they are able to express the kind of requirements that in many other programming language standards are labelled "semantics" and have to be expressed in ambiguity-prone natural language prose, and then implemented in compilers as "ad hoc" code attached to the formal language parser.


title: ALGOL

text: ALGOL 68 implementations used ALGOL 60's approaches to stropping. In ALGOL 68's case tokens with the bold typeface are reserved words, types (modes) or operators.


title: ALGOL

text: Note: lower (⌊) and upper (⌈) bounds of an array, and array slicing, are directly available to the programmer.


title: ALGOL

text: The variations and lack of portability of the programs from one implementation to another is easily demonstrated by the classic hello world program.


title: ALGOL

text: The next three examples are in Burroughs Extended Algol. The first two direct output at the interactive terminal they are run on. The first uses a character array, similar to C. The language allows the array identifier to be used as a pointer to the array, and hence in a REPLACE statement.


title: ALGOL

text: An even simpler program using the Display statement. Note that its output would end up at the system console ('SPO'):


title: ALGOL

text: An alternative example, using Elliott Algol I/O is as follows. Elliott Algol used different characters for "open-string-quote" and "close-string-quote", represented here by and .


title: ALGOL

text: Below is a version from Elliott 803 Algol (A104). The standard Elliott 803 used five-hole paper tape and thus only had upper case. The code lacked any quote characters so £ (UK Pound Sign) was used for open quote and ? (Question Mark) for close quote. Special sequences were placed in double quotes (e.g. ££L?? produced a new line on the teleprinter).


title: ALGOL

text: The ICT 1900 series Algol I/O version allowed input from paper tape or punched card. Paper tape 'full' mode allowed lower case. Output was to a line printer. The open and close quote characters were represented using '(' and ')' and spaces by %.


title: ALGOL

text: In the language of the "Algol 68 Report" the input/output facilities were collectively called the "Transput".


title: ALGOL

text: The ALGOLs were conceived at a time when character sets were diverse and evolving rapidly; also, the ALGOLs were defined so that only "uppercase" letters were required.


title: ALGOL

text: 1960: IFIP – The Algol 60 language and report included several mathematical symbols which are available on modern computers and operating systems, but, unfortunately, were unsupported on most computing systems at the time. For instance: ×, ÷, ≤, ≥, ≠, ¬, ∨, ∧, ⊂, ≡, ␣ and ⏨.


title: ALGOL

text: 1961 September: ASCII – The ASCII character set, then in an early stage of development, had the \ (Back slash) character added to it in order to support ALGOL's boolean operators /\ and \/.


title: ALGOL

text: 1962: ALCOR – This character set included the unusual "᛭" runic cross character for multiplication and the "⏨" Decimal Exponent Symbol for floating point notation.


title: ALGOL

text: 1964: GOST – The 1964 Soviet standard GOST 10859 allowed the encoding of 4-bit, 5-bit, 6-bit and 7-bit characters in ALGOL.


title: ALGOL

text: 1968: The "Algol 68 Report" – used extant ALGOL characters, and further adopted →, ↓, ↑, □, ⌊, ⌈, ⎩, ⎧, ○, ⊥, and ¢ characters which can be found on the IBM 2741 keyboard with "typeball" (or "golf ball") print heads inserted (such as the APL golf ball). These became available in the mid-1960s while ALGOL 68 was being drafted. The report was translated into Russian, German, French, and Bulgarian, and allowed programming in languages with larger character sets, e.g., Cyrillic alphabet of the Soviet BESM-4. All ALGOL's characters are also part of the Unicode standard and most of them are available in several popular fonts.


title: ALGOL

text: 2009 October: Unicode – The codice_3 (Decimal Exponent Symbol) for floating point notation was added to Unicode 5.2 for backward compatibility with historic Buran programme ALGOL software.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: Ideguchi started his youth career at Aburayama Kameriazu. He joined the Gamba Osaka academy in 2009. He made his first team debut with Gamba Osaka in 2014, he joined J.League U22's on loan in 2014 to get first team experience.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: During the 2016 JLeague season Ideguchi was named 'New Hero Award' and the prestigious 'Rookie of the Year' award for the JLeague. After almost ten years spent with Gamba Osaka between youth ranks and senior team he left the club after 60 appearances in the JLeague scoring 8 goals.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: On 9 January 2018, Ideguchi joined Championship side Leeds United on a four-and-a-half year deal for an undisclosed fee.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: The same day after signing for Leeds, he went on a half a season loan to Leeds's feeder team in Spain, Aspire Academy owned club Cultural Leonesa with the club wanting to ready Ideguchi for European style football. On 28 January 2018, Ideguchi made his debut for Cultural Leonesa against CA Osasuna in a 2–1 defeat.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: After returning for the start of pre-season under new Leeds Head Coach Marcelo Bielsa, Ideguchi made his first appearance in a Leeds shirt when he started for Leeds in the pre-season friendly 1–1 draw against York City on 20 July 2018. Despite starting for Leeds in three of their pre-season friendlies, on 26 July 2018, Ideguchi was seemingly not given a shirt number for Leeds for the upcoming 2018–19 season for Leeds. However, the following day 27 July, he was listed with shirt number 16 shirt in the club's online store. By early August, Bielsa praised Ideguchi's professionalism and hard work since his joining Leeds United, but admitted he did not see him as first or second choice for any position, and indicated he did not think it would be fair to ask him to stay at the club.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: On 21 August 2018, Ideguchi joined 2. Bundesliga side Greuther Fürth on a season-long loan deal with an option to make the deal permanent. On 15 September, he scored on his Greuther Fürth debut in the 4–1 win against Holstein Kiel. On 30 September, he was substituted in a 1–0 win over Dynamo Dresden with what later was revealed to be a posterior cruciate ligament injury, expected to keep him out for most of the season.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: Having spent the initial part of his rehabilitation in Japan, Ideguchi returned to Germany at the start of 2019. On 6 May 2019, he made his first competitive appearance after the injury, coming on as a substitute as Greuther Fürth lost 4–0 at home to 1. FC Köln.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: In total, he made seven appearances, scoring one goal for Greuther Fürth in 2. Bundesliga, with Ideguchi missing the majority of the season due to his posterior cruciate ligament injury.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: On 31 December 2021, Ideguchi was announced to have signed for Scottish Premiership club Celtic for an undisclosed fee.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: After featuring for Japan U19, in 2016, Ideguchi was promoted to Japan U23's and was part of the Japan U23's that won the AFC U-23 Championship on 31 January 2016, he played in the final for Japan U23's in a 3–2 victory against South Korea U23.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: Ideguchi got his first call up to the senior Japan squad for matches against Oman and Saudi Arabia in November 2016. On 31 August 2017, he scored the second goal when Japan beat Australia 2–0 and qualified for the 2018 World Cup in the process. On 9 December 2017, Ideguchi scored the winner for Japan in a 1–0 victory against North Korea in the 2017 EAFF E-1 Football Championship.


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: On 15 March 2018, Vahid Halilhodzic surprisingly left out Ideguchi and Takuma Asano for the Japan squad for friendly matches with Mali and Ukraine in preparation for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, with Halilhodzic describing Ideguchi's lack of regular game time at Cultural Leonesa he proclaimed 'It makes me sad that Asano and Ideguchi are not playing, They were the heroes of our qualifying game against Australia. They haven't been chosen this time, and if things continue the way they are, there is a chance that they won't be chosen for the World Cup."


title: Yosuke Ideguchi

text: On 17 May 2018, Ideguchi was named in new Japan Manager's Akira Nishino's preliminary 35 man squad for Japan for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. Japan's squad was cut from 35 to 26, Ideguchi was named in the 26, and played for Japan on 31 May in a 2–0 defeat to Ghana in a pre-2018 FIFA World Cup friendly, the following day, the squad was cut from 26 to the final 23 man squad with Ideguchi missing out.


title: Katie Finneran

text: Katie Finneran (born January 22, 1971) is an American actress best known for her Tony Award-winning performances in the Broadway play "Noises Off" in 2002, and the musical "Promises, Promises" in 2010.


title: Katie Finneran

text: Finneran was born in Chicago, Illinois, of Irish Catholic extraction. She was raised in Miami, Florida, where she attended the New World School of the Arts High School. She attended Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh for one year before moving to New York City at age 19 to study acting with Uta Hagen at HB Studio.


title: Katie Finneran

text: Outside of acting, Finneran has had many "day jobs" to augment her income, including a ringside girl at a boxing ring, waitress, and perfume spray girl at Bloomingdale's. Finneran and actor Darren Goldstein married on August 22, 2010; the couple have two children.


title: Katie Finneran

text: Finneran's biggest film role was as Judy Rose in the remake of George A. Romero's "Night of the Living Dead". Her film credits include "You've Got Mail", "Chicken Little", "Liberty Heights", "Bewitched", "", and "Death to Smoochy".


title: Katie Finneran

text: She co-starred in television series "Wonderfalls". She was also featured as a part of the cast on the Fox show "The Inside", in the short-lived CBS sitcom "Bram & Alice", and in many guest roles in shows like "Frasier", "Sex and the City" and "Oz". In 2007 Finneran was featured in the new series "Drive". She played the sister of the main character, Alex Tully (Nathan Fillion).


title: Katie Finneran

text: In an interview for the DVD of the full series of "Wonderfalls", Finneran said that when asked if she felt nervous about playing lesbian immigration attorney Sharon Tyler on "Wonderfalls" she replied, "I'd rather have people think that I'm a lesbian than a lawyer."


title: Katie Finneran

text: In 2012, she co-starred in the Fox sitcom "I Hate My Teenage Daughter". From 2013 to 2014, she played Leigh Henry on the NBC sitcom, "The Michael J. Fox Show". She has also appeared in the Netflix series "Bloodline".


title: Katie Finneran

text: In April 2019, CBS announced that Finneran would be starring in a recurring role as Naomi in the CBS All Access series "Why Women Kill".


title: Katie Finneran

text: She played a "lovely but dim fashion model" in the original Broadway production of Neil Simon's "Proposals" in 1997–98, Sally Bowles in the 1998 Broadway revival of "Cabaret" (from November 21, 2000 to January 18, 2001), and call girl Cora in the 1999 Broadway revival of "The Iceman Cometh", opposite Kevin Spacey. She also has appeared in "My Favorite Year" with Tim Curry, John Guare's "Bosoms and Neglect", and "Smell of the Kill", with Kristen Johnston.


title: Katie Finneran

text: She won the Tony Award and the Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play in 2002 for her role as Brooke Ashton in the Broadway revival of "Noises Off".


title: Katie Finneran

text: Finneran appeared Off-Broadway at the Laura Pels Theater in the Greg Kotis play "Pig Farm", in the original opening cast as Tina. The play opened in June 2006 and ran through September 23, 2006.


title: Katie Finneran

text: Finneran appeared in the original cast of "Love, Loss, and What I Wore", which opened Off-Broadway at the Westside Theater in September 19, 2009 for a four-week engagement ending on October 18, 2009. The play "...is performed by a rotating cast of five. For the first four weeks of the run Ms. [Rosie] O'Donnell is joined by the actresses Tyne Daly, Katie Finneran and Natasha Lyonne, and Samantha Bee..." Finneran returned to the show (after her initial four-week engagement) on November 18, 2009, to fill in for Kristin Chenoweth, and continued on in the play in the next four-week rotation as well (from December 14, 2009, to January 3, 2010). She appeared in the first Broadway revival of the musical "Promises, Promises" as Marge MacDougall, opposite Kristin Chenoweth and Sean Hayes. The show opened March 27, 2010 and Finneran left the show on October 10, 2010 because of her pregnancy. She won the 2010 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for this role.


title: Katie Finneran

text: Finneran played the role of Miss Hannigan in the 2012 Broadway revival of the musical "Annie". She left the role in May 2013 to pursue a TV pilot.


title: Katie Finneran

text: Finneran returned to Broadway in 2015 to star in Terrence McNally's "It's Only a Play" as Julia Budder.


title: Polish notation

text: Polish notation (PN), also known as normal Polish notation (NPN), Łukasiewicz notation, Warsaw notation, Polish prefix notation or simply prefix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators "precede" their operands, in contrast to the more common infix notation, in which operators are placed "between" operands, as well as reverse Polish notation (RPN), in which operators "follow" their operands. It does not need any parentheses as long as each operator has a fixed number of operands. The description "Polish" refers to the nationality of logician Jan Łukasiewicz, who invented Polish notation in 1924.


title: Polish notation

text: The term "Polish notation" is sometimes taken (as the opposite of "infix notation") to also include reverse Polish notation.


title: Polish notation

text: When Polish notation is used as a syntax for mathematical expressions by programming language interpreters, it is readily parsed into abstract syntax trees and can, in fact, define a one-to-one representation for the same. Because of this, Lisp (see below) and related programming languages define their entire syntax in prefix notation (and others use postfix notation).


title: Polish notation

text: A quotation from a paper by Jan Łukasiewicz, "Remarks on Nicod's Axiom and on "Generalizing Deduction"", page 180, states how the notation was invented:


title: Polish notation

text: I came upon the idea of a parenthesis-free notation in 1924. I used that notation for the first time in my article Łukasiewicz(1), p. 610, footnote.


title: Polish notation

text: The reference cited by Łukasiewicz is apparently a lithographed report in Polish. The referring paper by Łukasiewicz "Remarks on Nicod's Axiom and on "Generalizing Deduction"" was reviewed by Henry A. Pogorzelski in the "Journal of Symbolic Logic" in 1965. Heinrich Behmann, editor in 1924 of the article of Moses Schönfinkel, already had the idea of eliminating parentheses in logic formulas. In one of his papers Łukasiewicz stated that his notation is the most compact and the first linearly written parentheses-free notation, but not the first one as Gottlob Frege proposed his parentheses-free Begriffsschrift notation in 1879 already.


title: Polish notation

text: Alonzo Church mentions this notation in his classic book on mathematical logic as worthy of remark in notational systems even contrasted to Alfred Whitehead and Bertrand Russell's logical notational exposition and work in Principia Mathematica.


title: Polish notation

text: In Łukasiewicz's 1951 book, "Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic", he mentions that the principle of his notation was to write the functors before the arguments to avoid brackets and that he had employed his notation in his logical papers since 1929. He then goes on to cite, as an example, a 1930 paper he wrote with Alfred Tarski on the sentential calculus.


title: Polish notation

text: The expression for adding the numbers 1 and 2 is written in Polish notation as (prefix), rather than as (infix). In more complex expressions, the operators still precede their operands, but the operands may themselves be expressions including again operators and their operands. For instance, the expression that would be written in conventional infix notation as


title: Polish notation

text: Assuming a given arity of all involved operators (here the "−" denotes the binary operation of subtraction, not the unary function of sign-change), any well-formed prefix representation is unambiguous, and brackets within the prefix expression are unnecessary. As such, the above expression can be further simplified to


title: Polish notation

text: The processing of the product is deferred until its two operands are available (i.e., 5 minus 6, and 7). As with "any" notation, the innermost expressions are evaluated first, but in Polish notation this "innermost-ness" can be conveyed by the sequence of operators and operands rather than by bracketing.


title: Polish notation

text: In the conventional infix notation, parentheses are required to override the standard precedence rules, since, referring to the above example, moving them


title: Polish notation

text: When dealing with non-commutative operations, like division or subtraction, it is necessary to coordinate the sequential arrangement of the operands with the definition of how the operator takes its arguments, i.e., from left to right. For example, , with 10 to the left of 5, has the meaning of 10 ÷ 5 (read as "divide 10 by 5"), or , with 7 left to 6, has the meaning of 7 − 6 (read as "subtract from 7 the operand 6").


title: Polish notation

text: Prefix/postfix notation is especially popular for its innate ability to express the intended order of operations without the need for parentheses and other precedence rules, as are usually employed with infix notation. Instead, the notation uniquely indicates which operator to evaluate first. The operators are assumed to have a fixed arity each, and all necessary operands are assumed to be explicitly given. A valid prefix expression always starts with an operator and ends with an operand. Evaluation can either proceed from left to right, or in the opposite direction. Starting at the left, the input string, consisting of tokens denoting operators or operands, is pushed token for token on a stack, until the top entries of the stack contain the number of operands that fits to the top most operator (immediately beneath). This group of tokens at the stacktop (the last stacked operator and the according number of operands) is replaced by the result of executing the operator on these/this operand(s). Then the processing of the input continues in this manner. The rightmost operand in a valid prefix expression thus empties the stack, except for the result of evaluating the whole expression. When starting at the right, the pushing of tokens is performed similarly, just the evaluation is triggered by an operator, finding the appropriate number of operands that fits its arity already at the stacktop. Now the leftmost token of a valid prefix expression must be an operator, fitting to the number of operands in the stack, which again yields the result. As can be seen from the description, a push-down store with no capability of arbitrary stack inspection suffices to implement this parsing.


title: Polish notation

text: The above sketched stack manipulation works—with mirrored input—also for expressions in reverse Polish notation.


title: Polish notation

text: The table below shows the core of Jan Łukasiewicz's notation for sentential logic. Some letters in the Polish notation table stand for particular words in Polish, as shown:


title: Polish notation

text: Note that the quantifiers ranged over propositional values in Łukasiewicz's work on many-valued logics.


title: Polish notation

text: Bocheński introduced a system of Polish notation that names all 16 binary connectives of classical propositional logic. For classical propositional logic, it is a compatible extension of the notation of Łukasiewicz. But the notations are incompatible in the sense that Bocheński uses L and M (for nonimplication and converse nonimplication) in propositional logic and Łukasiewicz uses L and M in modal logic.


title: Polish notation

text: Prefix notation has seen wide application in Lisp S-expressions, where the brackets are required since the operators in the language are themselves data (first-class functions). Lisp functions may also be variadic. The Tcl programming language, much like Lisp also uses Polish notation through the mathop library. The Ambi programming language uses Polish notation for arithmetic operations and program construction. LDAP filter syntax uses Polish prefix notation.


title: Polish notation

text: Postfix notation is used in many stack-oriented programming languages like PostScript and Forth. CoffeeScript syntax also allows functions to be called using prefix notation, while still supporting the unary postfix syntax common in other languages.


title: Polish notation

text: The number of return values of an expression equals the difference between the number of operands in an expression and the total arity of the operators minus the total number of return values of the operators.


title: Polish notation

text: Polish notation, usually in postfix form, is the chosen notation of certain calculators, notably from Hewlett-Packard. At a lower level, postfix operators are used by some stack machines such as the Burroughs large systems.


title: Confidentiality

text: Confidentiality involves a set of rules or a promise usually executed through confidentiality agreements that limits the access or places restrictions on certain types of information.


title: Confidentiality

text: By law, lawyers are often required to keep confidential anything pertaining to the representation of a client. The duty of confidentiality is much broader than the attorney–client evidentiary privilege, which only covers "communications" between the attorney and the client.


title: Confidentiality

text: Both the privilege and the duty serve the purpose of encouraging clients to speak frankly about their cases. This way, lawyers can carry out their duty to provide clients with zealous representation. Otherwise, the opposing side may be able to surprise the lawyer in court with something he did not know about his client, which may weaken the client's position. Also, a distrustful client might hide a relevant fact he thinks is incriminating, but that a skilled lawyer could turn to the client's advantage (for example, by raising affirmative defenses like self-defense) However, most jurisdictions have exceptions for situations where the lawyer has reason to believe that the client may kill or seriously injure someone, may cause substantial injury to the financial interest or property of another, or is using (or seeking to use) the lawyer's services to perpetrate a crime or fraud. In such situations the lawyer has the discretion, but not the obligation, to disclose information designed to prevent the planned action. Most states have a version of this discretionary disclosure rule under Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.6 (or its equivalent). A few jurisdictions have made this traditionally discretionary duty mandatory. For example, see the New Jersey and Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.6.


title: Confidentiality

text: In some jurisdictions, the lawyer must try to convince the client to conform his or her conduct to the boundaries of the law before disclosing any otherwise confidential information. Note that these exceptions generally do not cover crimes that have already occurred, even in extreme cases where murderers have confessed the location of missing bodies to their lawyers but the police are still looking for those bodies. The U.S. Supreme Court and many state supreme courts have affirmed the right of a lawyer to withhold information in such situations. Otherwise, it would be impossible for any criminal defendant to obtain a zealous defense.


title: Confidentiality

text: California is famous for having one of the strongest duties of confidentiality in the world; its lawyers must protect client confidences at "every peril to himself [or herself]" under former California Business and Professions Code section 6068(e). Until an amendment in 2004 (which turned subsection (e) into subsection (e)(1) and added subsection (e)(2) to section 6068), California lawyers were not even permitted to disclose that a client was about to commit murder or assault. The Supreme Court of California promptly amended the California Rules of Professional Conduct to conform to the new exception in the revised statute. Recent legislation in the UK curtails the confidentiality professionals like lawyers and accountants can maintain at the expense of the state. Accountants, for example, are required to disclose to the state any suspicions of fraudulent accounting and, even, the legitimate use of tax saving schemes if those schemes are not already known to the tax authorities.


title: Confidentiality

text: The "three traditional requirements of the cause of action for breach of confidence" were identified by Megarry J in "Coco v A N Clark (Engineers) Ltd" (1968) in the following terms:


title: Confidentiality

text: The 1896 case featuring the royal "accoucheur" Dr William Smoult Playfair showed the difference between lay and medical views. Playfair was consulted by Linda Kitson; he ascertained that she had been pregnant while separated from her husband. He informed his wife, a relative of Kitson's, in order that she protect herself and their daughters from moral contagion. Kitson sued, and the case gained public notoriety, with huge damages awarded against the doctor.


title: Confidentiality

text: Confidentiality is commonly applied to conversations between doctors and patients. Legal protections prevent physicians from revealing certain discussions with patients, even under oath in court. This physician-patient privilege only applies to secrets shared between physician and patient during the course of providing medical care.


title: Confidentiality

text: The rule dates back to at least the Hippocratic Oath, which reads: "Whatever, in connection with my professional service, or not in connection with it, I see or hear, in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad, I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret."


title: Confidentiality

text: Traditionally, medical ethics has viewed the duty of confidentiality as a relatively non-negotiable tenet of medical practice.


title: Confidentiality

text: Confidentiality is standard in the United States by HIPAA laws, specifically the Privacy Rule, and various state laws, some more rigorous than HIPAA. However, numerous exceptions to the rules have been carved out over the years. For example, many American states require physicians to report gunshot wounds to the police and impaired drivers to the Department of Motor Vehicles. Confidentiality is also challenged in cases involving the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease in a patient who refuses to reveal the diagnosis to a spouse, and in the termination of a pregnancy in an underage patient, without the knowledge of the patient's parents. Many states in the U.S. have laws governing parental notification in underage abortion.


title: Confidentiality

text: Due to the EU Directive 2001/20/EC, inspectors appointed by the Member States have to maintain confidentiality whenever they gain access to confidential information as a result of the good clinical practice inspections in accordance with applicable national and international requirements.


title: Confidentiality

text: In the United Kingdom information about an individual's HIV status is kept confidential within the National Health Service. This is based in law, in the NHS Constitution, and in key NHS rules and procedures. It is also outlined in every NHS employee's contract of employment and in professional standards set by regulatory bodies. The National AIDS Trust's Confidentiality in the NHS: Your Information, Your Rights outlines these rights. All registered healthcare professionals must abide by these standards and if they are found to have breached confidentiality, they can face disciplinary action.


title: Confidentiality

text: A healthcare worker shares confidential information with someone else who is, or is about to, provide the patient directly with healthcare to make sure they get the best possible treatment. They only share information that is relevant to their care in that instance, and with consent.


title: Confidentiality

text: There are two ways to give consent: "explicit consent" or "implied consent". Explicit consent is when a patient clearly communicates to a healthcare worker, verbally or in writing or in some other way, that relevant confidential information can be shared. Implied consent, means that a patient's consent to share personal confidential information is assumed. When personal confidential information is shared between healthcare workers, consent is taken as implied.


title: Confidentiality

text: If a patient doesn't want a healthcare worker to share confidential health information, they need to make this clear and discuss the matter with healthcare staff. Patients have the right, in most situations, to refuse permission for a health care professional to share their information with another healthcare professional, even one giving them care—but are advised, where appropriate, about the dangers of this course of action, due to possible drug interactions.


title: Confidentiality

text: However, in a few limited instances, a healthcare worker can share personal information without consent if it is in the public interest. These instances are set out in guidance from the General Medical Council, which is the regulatory body for doctors. Sometimes the healthcare worker has to provide the information - if required by law or in response to a court order.


title: Confidentiality

text: The National AIDS Trust has written a guide for people living with HIV to confidentiality in the NHS.


title: Confidentiality

text: The ethical principle of confidentiality requires that information shared by a client with a therapist in the course of treatment is not shared with others. This principle bolsters the therapeutic alliance, as it promotes an environment of trust. There are important exceptions to confidentiality, namely where it conflicts with the clinician's duty to warn or duty to protect. This includes instances of suicidal behavior or homicidal plans, child abuse, elder abuse and dependent adult abuse. Recently, confidentiality laws have been changed so that doctors and nurses face strict penalties if they breach confidentiality.


title: Confidentiality

text: Some legal jurisdictions recognise a category of commercial confidentiality whereby a business may withhold information on the basis of perceived harm to "commercial interests". For example: soft drink giant Coca-Cola's main syrup formula remains a trade secret.


title: Confidentiality

text: Confidentiality agreements that "seal" litigation settlements are not uncommon, but this can leave regulators and society ignorant of public hazards. In the U.S. state of Washington, for example, journalists discovered that about two dozen medical malpractice cases had been improperly sealed by judges, leading to improperly weak discipline by the state Department of Health. In the 1990s and early 2000s, the Catholic sexual abuse scandal involved a number of confidentiality agreements with victims. Some states have passed laws that limit confidentiality. For example, in 1990 Florida passed a 'Sunshine in Litigation' law that limits confidentiality from concealing public hazards. Washington state, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana have laws limiting confidentiality as well, although judicial interpretation has weakened the application of these types of laws. In the U.S. Congress, a similar federal Sunshine in Litigation Act has been proposed but not passed in 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015.


title: Marlyne Barrett

text: Marlyne Nayokah Barrett (née Afflack: born September 13, 1978) is an American actress. She had a recurring role from 2006 to 2008 as Nerese Campbell in the HBO crime drama "The Wire" and in 2007, she had a recurring role as Felicia Marquand in the FX legal drama "Damages". In 2015, she began starring as Head Charge Nurse Maggie Lockwood in the NBC medical drama "Chicago Med".


title: Marlyne Barrett

text: Barrett was born as Marlyne Nayokah Afflack in Brooklyn, New York. She began her career appearing on stage and television, before she co-starred with Hill Harper in the 2003 romantic comedy "Love, Sex and Eating the Bones". In the late 90s, she was a VJ for the TV station Musique Plus in Montreal, Canada. Later in 2000s, Barrett had a number of guest starring television roles on the New York City-filmed dramas, include the NBC police procedural drama "Law & Order" and its spin-offs "", "" and the short-lived NBC legal drama "Conviction". From 2006 to 2008, she played Nerese Campbell in the HBO crime drama "The Wire", and in 2007 also had a recurring role as attorney Felicia Marquand in the FX legal drama "Damages". In 2009, Barrett co-starred as Thomasina, the efficient palace secretary and aide-de-camp, on the short-lived NBC drama "Kings".


title: Marlyne Barrett

text: In 2015, Barrett returned to television appearing as Det. Chris Thompson in the first two episodes of the ABC crime drama "American Crime". Later that year, she was cast as Nurse Maggie Lockwood in the NBC medical drama "Chicago Med". She was credited in the recurring cast in the first thirteen episodes and was added to the main cast in the fourteenth episode.


title: Marlyne Barrett

text: On September 27, 2022, Barrett announced that she had been diagnosed with uterine and ovarian cancer, and that she was undergoing "aggressive" chemotherapy treatment to fight the disease, before undergoing a hysterectomy procedure later in the year.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The Sentinel-class cutter, also known as Fast Response Cutter due to its program name, is part of the United States Coast Guard's Deepwater program. At it is similar to, but larger than the lengthened 1980s-era s that it replaces. Up to 58 vessels are to be built by the Louisiana-based firm Bollinger Shipyards, using a design from the Netherlands-based Damen Group, with the Sentinel design based on the company's Damen Stan 4708 patrol vessel. The Department of Homeland Security's budget proposal to Congress, for the Coast Guard, for 2021, stated that, in addition to 58 vessels to serve the Continental US, they requested an additional six vessels for its portion of Patrol Forces South West Asia.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On March 14, 2007, newly appointed United States Coast Guard Commandant Thad Allen announced that the USCG had withdrawn a contract from Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman for the construction of an initial flawed design of what would eventually become the Sentinel class.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: Allen announced that instead of the initial high-tech design Bollinger would build vessels based on an existing design, and the new program would focus more on existing "off-the-shelf" technology.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On September 26, 2008, Bollinger Shipyards in Lockport, Louisiana, United States, was awarded US$88 million to build a prototype.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The vessel would be the first of a series of 24–34 cutters built to a design largely based on the Damen Stan 4708 patrol vessels from the Netherlands firm the Damen Group.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The South African government operates three similar 154 ft "Lillian Ngoyi"-class vessels for environmental and fishery patrol.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The first cutter, , and all future Sentinel-class vessels would be named after enlisted Coast Guard heroes. "Bernard C. Webber" was launched on Thursday, April 21, 2011, and commissioned on Saturday, April 14, 2012 at the Port of Miami.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: "Bernard C. Webber", and five sister ships, are stationed in Miami, Florida. The second cohort of six vessels is homeported in Key West, Florida, while the third cohort of six vessels is homeported in San Juan, Puerto Rico.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On September 26, 2013, "Marine Link" reported that the Coast Guard had placed orders with Bollinger Shipyards for additional cutters, bringing the number of such cutters ordered by then to thirty.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: As of June 23, 2016, eight more for a total of 38 FRCs have been ordered, 17 are in service, with six in Miami, Florida; six in Key West, Florida; and five in San Juan, Puerto Rico.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The 18th fast response cutter, "Joseph Tezanos", was delivered to the Coast Guard in Key West, Florida, on June 22, 2016. That cutter will be the sixth stationed in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and will complete the USCG complement there.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The Coast Guard has announced four future FRCs will be stationed in San Pedro, California by 2019 and two more will be stationed in Astoria, Oregon starting in 2021. A total of six FRCs will eventually be homeported in Alaska, with one cutter in Sitka, one in Seward, and two in Kodiak, joining two already operating from Ketchikan. Boston, Massachusetts and St. Petersburg, Florida will also eventually be FRC homeports.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: In June 2019, the United States House Committee on Armed Services approved a requirement for the US Navy to study the possibility of buying a version of the FRC, and basing them in Bahrain, where the USCG currently plans to base four FRCs.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: In 2019 Lieutenant Commander Collin Fox (USN), and columnist David Axe suggested that, when the US Navy started to develop unmanned patrol ships to replace the , which are similar in size to the Sentinel class, the hulls and other elements of the robot ships would be based on the Sentinels, and built in the same factory.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: In 2022, the Coast Guard awarded a $30 million contract to install a fixed pier and two floating docks to accommodate FRC's at East Tongue Point in Oregon. The first new cutter is expected to arrive at Astoria, Oregon in March 2024 rather than in 2021 as originally planned.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The vessels will perform various Coast Guard missions which include but are not limited to PWCS (Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security), Defense Operations, Maritime Law Enforcement (Drug/migrant interdiction and other Law Enforcement), Search and Rescue, Marine Safety, and environment protection.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The vessels are armed with a remote-control Mark 38 25 mm Machine Gun System and four crew-served .50-caliber (12.7 mm) M2HB heavy machine guns. They have a bow thruster for maneuvering in crowded anchorages and channels. They also have small underwater fins, for coping with the rolling and pitching caused by large waves. They are equipped with a stern launching ramp, like the and the eight failed expanded Island-class cutters. They are manned by a crew of 22. The Fast Response Cutter deploys the Cutter Boat - Over the Horizon (OTH-IV) for rescues and interceptions. According to "Marine Log", modifications to the Coast Guard vessels from the Stan 4708 design include an increase in speed from , fixed-pitch rather than variable-pitch propellers, stern launch capability, and watertight bulkheads. The vessels are built to ABS High Speed Naval Craft rules and some parts of the FRC also comply to ABS Naval Vessel Rules. The vessels meet Naval Sea Systems Command standards for two compartment damaged stability and also meet the Intact and Damage Stability and reserve buoyancy requirements in accordance with the “Procedures Manual for Stability Analyses of U.S. Navy Small Craft". The vessels have space, weight, and power reserved for future requirements which includes weapons and their systems. The cutters have a reduced radar cross-section through shaping.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On September 26, 2008, Bollinger Shipyards in Lockport, Louisiana, was awarded US$88 million to build the prototype first vessel in its class. That vessel became USCGC "Bernard C. Webber", which is the first of 58 planned Sentinel-class cutters to go into the U.S. Coast Guard fleet to replace their remaining 37 aging, 1980s-era 110 ft Island-class patrol boats.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On February 7, 2013, the Department of Homeland Security requested tenders from third party firms to independently inspect the cutters, during their construction, and their performance trials.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The bridge is equipped with a handheld device that allows crew members to remotely control the ship's functions, including rudder movement and docking.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On July 24, 2014, it was announced that the U.S. Coast Guard had exercised a $225 million option at Bollinger Shipyards for construction through 2017 of an additional six Sentinel-class Fast Response Cutters (FRCs), bringing the total number of FRCs under contract with Bollinger to 30. Later that number was increased to 32 cutters.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On May 4, 2016, Bollinger Shipyards announced that the U.S. Coast Guard awarded it a new contract for building the final 26 Sentinel-class fast-response cutters. That brings to 58 the total number of FRCs that the USCG ordered from Bollinger. Acquiring the 58 cutters is expected to cost the federal government $3.8 billion — an average of about $65 million per cutter.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On August 11, 2021, it was announced that U.S. Coast Guard had exercised a contract option for 4 additional FRC's, bringing the total number to 64. They will be built at Bollinger's Lockport, Louisiana facility.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On March 15, 2022, President Joe Biden signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2022, which provided $130 million in funding for two additional FRC's, bringing the total number to 66. On August 9, 2022, the Coast Guard exercised its contract option for the first of these additional cutters, to be delivered by Bollinger in 2025.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: At the September 28, 2022 commissioning of USCGC "Douglas Denman", it was announced that she had several upgrades compared to the two cutters deployed to Ketchikan, Alaska six years previously. These include an improved bow thruster and radar system and the addition of a forward-looking infrared camera. Though initially stationed at Ketchikan, "Douglas Denman" will eventually be homeported at Sitka when port infrastructure improvements have been completed there.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: Prior to the deployment of the Marine Protector class, the Coast Guard decided that all its cutters, even its smallest, should be able to accommodate mixed-gender crews, and the Sentinel-class cutters are also able to accommodate mixed-gender crews. When was commissioned, a profile in "The Philadelphia Inquirer" asserted off-duty crew members had access to satellite television broadcasts. The vessels come equipped with a desalination unit.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On October 27, 2010, the Coast Guard released the names of the first 14 Coast Guard enlisted heroes for whom the Sentinel-class FRCs will be named.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On February 10, 2015, the USCG solicited vendors to bid to provide temporary lodging services for pre-commissioning crews in Lockport for each of 19 specific cutters to be launched for 19 specific date periods per vessel from April 19, 2015, out through December 28, 2018.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: Press coverage of the vessels' operational histories suggests they have been effective at interdicting refugees who resort to dangerous overloaded small boats, and effective at capturing drug smugglers.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: The cutters have also intercepted smugglers carrying large shipments of drugs. In February 2017 "Joseph Napier" intercepted a shipment of over four tons of cocaine, reported to be the largest drug-bust in the Atlantic Ocean since 1999.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: Additionally, cutters are given tasks like looking for shipping containers full of toxic cargo that have fallen from container ships, as did in December 2015, when 25 containers fell from the barge .


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: Similarly, "Charles Sexton" helped search for the freighter when she was lost at sea during Hurricane Joaquin in October 2015.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: In 2018 and 2019 "Oliver Berry" and "Joseph Gerczak" made voyages beyond the design range, on missions from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands and American Samoa. Both voyages took nine days.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: In August 2022, one of the ships in the Sentinel class, Oliver Henry, was stuck in the Solomon islands after the latter refused a fuel request.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard, is credited with leading the initiative of naming the vessels after enlisted rank individuals who served heroically in the Coast Guard, or one of its precursor services.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: In October 2010 the Coast Guard named the first fourteen individuals the vessels will be named after, and has provided biographies of them.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: Jacob L. A. Poroo. The 17th cutter (ex-USCGC "Richard H. Patterson") was renamed as "Donald R. Horsley" after request of the Patterson Family, and the 24th cutter (ex-USCGC "Donald R. Horsley") then was renamed as "Oliver F. Berry".


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On July 30, 2014, Coast Guard Commandant, Paul Zukunft, announced that the Coast Guard would name an additional cutter after Senior Chief Petty Officer Terrell Horne, the first Coast Guard member to be murdered in the line of duty since 1927.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: In February, 2015, the Coast Guard publicized ten more names tentatively assigned to cutters 26 through 35.


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: On December 12, 2017, the Coast Guard announced the names of the 35th through 54th cutters. The twenty namesakes are:


title: Sentinel-class cutter

text: William Sparling. The 35th cutter (ex-USCGC "Oliver F. Berry") is to be named as "Angela McShan" since the 24th cutter (ex-USCGC "Donald R. Horsley") was renamed as "Oliver F. Berry".


title: The Power of Positive Thinking

text: The Power of Positive Thinking: A Practical Guide to Mastering the Problems of Everyday Living is a 1952 self-help book by American minister Norman Vincent Peale. It provides anecdotal "case histories" of positive thinking using a biblical approach, and practical instructions which were designed to help the reader achieve a permanent and optimistic attitude. These techniques usually involved affirmations and visualizations. Peale claimed that such techniques would give the reader a higher satisfaction and quality of life. The book was negatively reviewed by scholars and health experts, but was popular among the general public and has sold well.


title: The Power of Positive Thinking

text: Norman Vincent Peale, born in 1898 in southwestern Ohio, graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University and later received his bachelor's and master's degrees in sacred theology from Boston University's School of Theology. Peale then attended Syracuse University where he received a Doctor of Divinity degree. After serving 10 years as a Methodist clergyman in New York, Peale became the pastor of New York City's Marble Collegiate Church where he stayed for 52 years, until his retirement in 1984. Throughout his career as a pastor, Peale wrote over 40 books, became a sought-after motivational speaker, started weekly radio and television shows, organized the American Foundation of Religion and Psychiatry, and co-founded the spiritual newsletter "Guideposts" with his wife, Ruth Stafford Peale.


title: The Power of Positive Thinking

text: "The Power of Positive Thinking" was published in October 1952 and continues to be Peale's most widely read work. It was on the "New York Times" bestsellers list for 186 weeks, 48 of which were spent in the No. 1 non-fiction spot. The book sold more than 5 million copies worldwide — 2.5 million from 1952 to 1956 — and was eventually translated into over 40 languages. Other books published by Peale around 1952 include "The Art of Real Happiness," published in 1950, and "Inspiring Messages for Daily Living", published in 1955. "The Power of Positive Thinking" appeared at a time when Christian church attendance was drastically increasing, national views of spirituality, individuality, and religion were shifting, and the Cold War was a growing concern for many Americans. These factors, as well as Peale's growing popularity as a motivational public figure and the book's clear prose, propelled "The Power of Positive Thinking" into a self-help book still popular today.


title: The Power of Positive Thinking

text: Peale begins by stating ten rules for “overcoming inadequacy attitudes and learning to practice faith”. The rules include the following:


title: The Power of Positive Thinking

text: The next chapter describes the importance of creating a peaceful mind, which can be done through inspirational reading, clearing one's mind, or visualization. Peale continues with how to obtain consistent energy, saying that “God is the source of all energy”. The mind controls how the body feels; thus, letting go of negative energy and emotions will give infinite energy through God. Next, Peale speaks of the healing power of prayer, and how it will heal physical and emotional problems that arise from negative circumstances. In chapters five and six, Peale asserts that happiness is created by choice and that worrying only inhibits it and should be stopped. The next step in thinking positively is to always believe in success and not to believe in defeat because most obstacles are “mental in character”. Habitual worrying is the next obstacle to overcome through emptying the mind and positive affirmations. Peale then states that asking God for help can solve one's personal problems and physically and emotionally heal them.


title: The Power of Positive Thinking

text: In chapter twelve, Peale states that letting go of anger and embracing a sense of calm can help with physical illnesses, such as eczema. Next, Peale states that letting positive thoughts in can change one's outlook on life drastically and that practicing relaxation through God's help will lead to a content life. Chapter fifteen gives concrete examples on how to get others to like you, including the following: remember names, praise others generously, become a people person, and resolve problems calmly as soon as they appear. Peale then continues with how to overcome heartache through prayer, meditation, social interactions, and keeping a daily routine. The final chapter restates the importance of reaching out to a Higher Power for help in living a peaceful, positive life. Peale ends "The Power of Positive Thinking" with an epilogue encouraging readers to follow his techniques and live more fulfilled lives. Peale writes, “I pray for you. God will help you — so believe and live successfully.”


title: The Power of Positive Thinking

text: Peale's work came under criticism from various mental health experts, theologians, and academics. One general criticism against Peale's book was the lack of verified sources. "The Power of Positive Thinking" includes many personal anecdotes that the reader has no way of validating. The book includes stories about “a business executive”, “a man, an alcoholic”, “a famous trapeze artist”, “a friend of [Peale’s], a midwestern businessman”, and other unnamed individuals which cannot be verified from the information Peale presents with each anecdote.


title: The Power of Positive Thinking

text: Psychiatrist R. C. Murphy addresses another criticism of Peale's work in an article in "The Nation" dated May 7, 1955. He compares Peale's message in "The Power of Positive Thinking" to that of hypnosis, writing that "self knowledge, in Mr. Peale's understanding, is unequivocally bad; self hypnosis is good." Murphy explains that such repeated hypnosis defeats an individual's self-motivation, sense of reality, and ability to think critically. He describes Peale's understanding of the mind as inaccurate and his description of the workings of the mind as deceptively simplistic and false. Murphy states that if man's unconscious “can be conceptualized merely as a container for a small number of psychic fragments, then ideas like 'mind-drainage' follow. So does the reliance on self-hypnosis, which is the cornerstone of Mr. Peale's philosophy.” Murphy concludes that Peale's techniques for positive thinking relate too closely to hypnosis and are inadequate for the readers’ needs of self-improvement.