title: Restoration Movement

text: The Fellowship of Churches of Christ and some Australian and New Zealand Churches advocate a "missional" emphasis with an ideal of "Five Fold Leadership." Many people in more traditional Churches of Christ see these groups as having more in common with Pentecostal churches. The main publishing organs of traditional Churches of Christ in Britain are "The Christian Worker" magazine and the "Scripture Standard" magazine. A history of the Association of Churches of Christ, "Let Sects and Parties Fall", was written by David M Thompson.


title: Restoration Movement

text: Although Barton W. Stone, Thomas and Alexander Campbell, and Walter Scott were to become the best-known and most influential early leaders of the movement, others preceded them and laid the foundation for their work.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Melanie Ann Sykes (born 7 August 1970) is an English television and radio presenter. She is best known for co-hosting "Today with Des and Mel" with Des O'Connor and "Let's Do Lunch" with Gino D'Acampo. She also co-hosted "Going Out with Alan Carr" on BBC Radio 2 with Alan Carr from May 2010 until it ended in March 2012, and returned with him for "Alan and Mel's Summer Escape" from 2017. Sykes currently co-presents "Shop Well For Less" alongside Joanna Page on BBC One.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes was born in 1970 at Ashton-under-Lyne to an English father and a Catholic Anglo-Indian mother. She attended Mossley Hollins High School and studied A-level Religious Studies at Ashton Sixth Form College. Sykes was a member of the Ashtonian Brass Band, along with her father, mother and two sisters, playing the baritone horn.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In the mid-1990s Sykes first came to public attention as the face of the Boddingtons Bitter advertisements.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes' TV presenting career started by hosting Sky One's Real TV UK series in the mid-90s. After first reporting for "The Big Breakfast", Sykes has continued her television career, including presenting stints on "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" and as presenter of "EastEnders Revealed". In 1999, Sykes presented "Melanie Sykes' Southall Stories", a documentary for BBC Two on Asian culture in Great Britain. She has also hosted a variety of awards ceremonies, including Miss World, the BAFTA Awards and the Q Awards.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes' television career stalled for a period, although she made a successful comeback as host of "Today with Des and Mel" with Des O'Connor in 2002. On 12 May 2006, ITV announced that the show would be one of a number to be axed in a "painful, but utterly necessary" move.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes' other work for ITV has included hosting shows "The Vault" (2003–2004), "Celebrities Under Pressure" (2003–2004) and "The British Soap Awards" (2003).


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes appeared as a guest panellist on "Loose Women" in October and November 2005 and later returned as a guest anchor in October 2008 and May 2009.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: From 2006 to 2009, Sykes regularly filled in for Paul O'Grady as presenter of "The Paul O'Grady Show" when O'Grady was unable to appear. She presented the show on eleven occasions.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes was the presenter of the daytime series "Gene Detectives" for BBC One. In 2008, Sykes was a judge on 'The Sofa Factor', an item for "GMTV", where viewers sent in short clips and the winner got to present TV Pick of the Day and win a trip to Las Vegas.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In 2010, Sykes guest presented five episodes of "The 5 O'Clock Show" with Denise van Outen on Channel 4.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In August 2011, Sykes returned to daytime television, co-hosting "Let's Do Lunch with Gino & Mel" and "Let's Do Christmas with Gino & Mel" with Gino D'Acampo on ITV. The show was cancelled in 2014.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: On 13 September 2011, Sykes co-hosted the three-part series "Missing Millions" with Paul Heiney on ITV.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In February 2014, BT Sport announced that Sykes would become part of their MotoGP team. Due to other work commitments, she left the channel in May 2014.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In 2014, Sykes took part in the fourteenth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" where she finished in third place, behind runner-up Jake Quickenden and winner Carl Fogarty.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In 2015, Sykes co-presented "Humble Pie", a cookery series for Watch, alongside Marco Pierre White. On 4 April 2017, Sykes was confirmed as the new voice of "Blind Date", taking over the role most famously held by Graham Skidmore in the original series. The show is broadcast on Saturday nights on Channel 5.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In 2017, Sykes appeared on a "celebrity" charity edition of TV quiz show, "The Chase." She departed early and did not make the final round.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In 2021 Sykes alongside Joanna Page were the new presenters of BBC One's consumer series Shop Well for Less.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In August 2021 it was announced that Sykes would be a competitor on BBC's "Celebrity MasterChef". She progressed to the semi-final where she won Star Chef on the fourth day.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes presented "The A List", a national radio chart show based on total sales, produced by Unique the Production Company at the studios of London's Heart 106.2. She left the show towards the end of 2006 and was replaced by Gail Porter.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes was heard on BBC Radio 2 with Aled Jones sitting in for "Steve Wright in the Afternoon" on 22, 23 and 24 December 2008. In May 2010, she began co-hosting the BBC Radio 2 show "Going Out with Alan Carr" after Emma Forbes' resignation. Sykes continued on the show until its end in March 2012. She returned on Boxing Day 2015 with Alan Carr for a one-off show on BBC Radio 2. In January/February 2017 she and Carr again returned to Radio 2 to sit in for Paul O'Grady for 4 weeks.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes and Carr presented their own Saturday morning show called "Alan and Mel's Summer Escape" on BBC Radio 2 for 10 weeks during the summer of 2017. She presented a show with Carr on BBC Radio 2 on Christmas Eve and another on New Year's Eve in 2017. Sykes and Carr returned for further specials for Easter, for the Royal Wedding, and for further runs of "Alan and Mel's Summer Escape" in 2018, 2019 and 2020.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes has been the face of Head & Shoulders shampoo in Britain, appearing in print and television advertising and the high street chain Matalan. She has also appeared in advertisements for Morrisons, Wynsors World of Shoes and Churchill Insurance.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In 2006, the book "Blooming Beautiful: My Plan for Looking Great, Being Healthy and Surviving Hormonal Havoc, Throughout Pregnancy and as a New Mum", co-written by Sykes with Hilary Boyd, was published by Michael Joseph.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In June 2016, Sykes created FRANK Magazine, "the magazine for open-minded women of all ages across the world".


title: Melanie Sykes

text: Sykes married actor Daniel Caltagirone in January 2001. The couple have two sons, Roman born in 2002 and Valentino born in 2004. In July 2008, it was reported that the couple had separated, with Sykes having "grown apart" from Caltagirone, who had moved out of their Hampstead, London home. They divorced in June 2009. Sykes married her boyfriend Jack Cockings on 18 May 2013 at Sherborne Castle in Dorset.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In November 2013, Sykes was arrested and cautioned by police over an alleged common assault against Cockings. Soon after the caution, after less than one year of marriage, Sykes began the process of filing for divorce. The caution was later revoked and deleted from police records, and Sykes has since campaigned for better treatment of women facing domestic violence, including from partners who make spurious allegations of assault so as to legally and financially harm their victims. She has said that the police handled her case badly and misled her into accepting a caution as the quickest way out of her situation.


title: Melanie Sykes

text: In November 2021, Sykes received an autism diagnosis, which she said gave her a "deeper understanding of myself, my life, and the things I have endured". Her younger son Tino is also autistic, having been diagnosed at three years old.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: "7 Years" is a song by Danish soul-pop band Lukas Graham from their second studio album, "Lukas Graham". The song was released as a digital download on 18 September 2015 by Copenhagen Records. The lyric video was uploaded to YouTube on 17 November 2015, and the music video was uploaded on 15 December 2015. It has since garnered over 1 billion views on YouTube.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: Despite receiving mixed reviews from music critics, "7 Years" topped the Danish Singles Chart. Outside Denmark, the singles topped the charts in Australia, Austria, Canada, Italy, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom, while peaking within the top ten of the charts in many other European countries and the United States. The song was written by Lukas Forchhammer, Stefan Forrest, Morten Ristorp, and Morten "Pilo" Pilegaard. The song was produced by Stefan Forrest and Morten Ristorp under their stage name Future Animals, and Pilegaard. The song was mixed by Delbert Bowers and Morten Pilegaard.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: On 12 February 2017, "7 Years" was nominated for three Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), "7 Years" was the seventh best-selling song of 2016 worldwide with 10.4 million digital downloads and track-equivalent streams.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: Frontman Lukas Forchhammer described "7 Years" as a song that summarises his life so far and what he hopes to achieve in the future. He continued: "It's a song about growing older. I'm also coming to a realisation that being a father is the most important thing. My biggest dream is not to be some negative old dude, but to have my kids' friends say, 'You're going to visit your dad? Say hi! He's awesome.' I had a perfect father."


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: Regarding the band's prior failure to break into the international market Forchhammer stated, "It's like my father died at exactly the right moment – and I know that's something I shouldn't say, but I just did! If my dad hadn't died in 2012 I wouldn't have written our song 'Happy Home', which catapulted us into a Scandinavian success story. I wouldn't have written '7 Years', which got us signed to a publisher in America and ultimately signed to Warner Bros."


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: "7 Years" is a soul-pop song with hip hop influences, written in the key of G minor with a chord progression of Gm-Bb-Eb-F. It runs at 130 bpm. It is accompanied by a midtempo piano line, a percussion backbeat, slideshow projector incorporations, and a synthesized string section.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: "7 Years" received mixed reviews from critics. Danish newspaper "Jyllands-Posten" critic compared the song to the Beatles' "When I'm Sixty-Four": " '7 Years' bubbles with ignited storytelling about life's fast speed, when the daydreams of childhood and youth suddenly becomes replaced by retirement-melancholia. Graham finds his own path between sweet sentimentality and heartbreaking empathy, and like a young McCartney, Graham also has a similar instinctive ability to craft superglue-sticking choruses."


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: However, "Time" magazine named "7 Years" one of the Top 10 Worst Songs of 2016, saying, "Good luck explaining the meteoric popularity of this (yes, catchy) chewy contemporary pop-rock ballad, which makes a listener yearn for the artistic integrity of a band like Maroon 5."


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: For the issue dated 6 February 2016, "7 Years" debuted at number 96 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It became Lukas Graham's first single on the Hot 100. The song peaked at number two on the chart dated 9 April 2016, and became the highest-charting Danish act since "Apache" (1961) by Jørgen Ingmann. The song stayed there for four non-consecutive weeks, being held off of the top spot by Rihanna and Drake's "Work" and Desiigner's "Panda". "7 Years" also debuted at number 28 on the US Digital Songs chart with 26,000 digital copies sold. During 2016, the song sold 2.089 million copies in the US, making it the fourth best-selling song of the year. "7 Years" was biggest hit in the US by a foreign-born act since Gotye's "Somebody That I Used to Know" in 2012.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: On 12 February 2016, "7 Years" peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart, with combined weekly sales of 105,000 units (including 3.65 million streams). The song became the first number-one single by a Danish act since Aqua's "Turn Back Time" (1998). On 11 March 2016, "7 Years" spent its fifth consecutive week at number-one, becoming the longest-running number-one single by a Danish act. On 18 March 2016, "7 Years" was replaced by Mike Posner's "I Took a Pill in Ibiza" at number one, selling 261 copies fewer than Posner. It was the best-selling song in the UK in 2016 with 856,559 copies sold that year, although as it had fewer streams than Drake's "One Dance", which gave "7 Years" a combined total 1.49 million units against "One Dance"'s 1.95 million, it was ranked number 2 on the chart.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: "7 Years" peaked at number one on the Australian Singles Chart, which makes Lukas Graham only the third Danish act to chart at number one (since Cut 'N' Move's "Give It Up", and Aqua's "Barbie Girl" and "Doctor Jones"). On the chart issue dated 11 April 2016, "7 Years" spent its eighth consecutive week at number one, becoming the longest-running number-one single by a Danish act. It overtook the previous record set by Aqua's "Doctor Jones", which spent seven consecutive weeks at number one in 1997–98.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: A music video to accompany the release of "7 Years" was first released on YouTube on 15 December 2015 at a total length of four minutes.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: The video is written, directed and edited by Danish Film Director René Sascha Johannsen and the music video was recorded in Copenhagen, and Los Angeles. As of October 2022, it has received over 1.3 billion views on YouTube.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: British singer Jasmine Thompson released a cover version of the song on 22 April 2016 through Atlantic Records.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: On 24 April 2016, Dutch singer Jan Versteegh released a cover version of the song through 8Ball Music, which was later included on his debut album, "It Takes Swing", which was released on 13 May 2016.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: British singer Conor Maynard covered the song on the album "Covers", which was released on 5 August 2016 by Parlophone.


title: 7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

text: Linkin' Bridge, an American musical group from Louisville, Kentucky, covered the song during the semi-finals of NBC's "America's Got Talent" season 11 on 14 September 2016.


title: Best Western

text: Best Western International, Inc. owns the Best Western Hotels & Resorts brand, which it licenses to over 4,700 hotels worldwide. The franchise, with its corporate headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona, includes more than 2,000 hotels in North America. The brand was founded by M. K. Guertin in 1946. As of December 2021, Larry Cuculic is the president and CEO of Best Western.


title: Best Western

text: In 1964, Canadian hotel owners joined the system. Best Western then expanded to Mexico, Australia, and New Zealand in 1976.


title: Best Western

text: In 2002, Best Western International launched "Best Western Premier" in Europe and Asia. (The other hotels in the chain were known as "Best Western".) In 2011, the chain's branding system-wide changed to a three-tiered system: "Best Western", "Best Western Plus", and "Best Western Premier".


title: Best Western

text: Best Western began in the years following World War II. At the time, most hotels were either large urban properties or smaller family-owned roadside hotels. In California, a network of independent hotel operators began making referrals of each other to travelers. This "referral system" consisted of phone calls between one desk operator and another. This small and informal network eventually grew into the modern Best Western hotel brand founded by M.K. Guertin in 1946.


title: Best Western

text: The name "Best Western" originated from the fact that most of the chain's original operators were west of the Mississippi River in the United States. By 1962, Best Western had the only hospitality reservations service covering the entire United States, and in 1963, was the largest motel brand in the industry with 699 member properties and 35,201 rooms. From 1946 to 1964, Best Western had a marketing partnership with Quality Courts, the forerunner of the chain known today as Quality Inns, whose properties were located mostly east of the Mississippi River, and thus not in direct competition with Best Western. This partnership made sense geographically, but was not successful in the long run, and was eventually abandoned. In 1964, Best Western launched an expansion effort of its own operations east of the Mississippi under the name "Best Eastern" for those properties with the same typeset and Gold Crown logo as "Best Western." By 1967, the "Best Eastern" name was dropped and all motels from coast-to-coast got the "Best Western" name and Gold Crown, a move that would further enhance an already successful marketing brand into the "World's Largest Hotel Chain" by the 1970s.


title: Best Western

text: Best Western's "Gold Crown" logo was introduced in 1964 and would continue with a few minor revisions over the next 32 years, until it was replaced by a blue and yellow logo in 1996. In 2015, Best Western introduced a new family of logos, replacing the core logo and adding signage for Best Western Plus and Best Western Premier.


title: Best Western

text: Best Western purchased WorldHotels in February 2019 adding approximately 360 additional hotels and 81,248 more rooms to its brand. BWH Hotel Group was formed as the parent company of Best Western and WorldHotels following this acquisition.


title: Best Western

text: Best Western used to call itself a cooperative membership association and, as such, could be seen as a co-op. Around 1985, it abandoned the "cooperative" terminology after courts insisted on calling it a franchisor despite its nonprofit status. The most dramatic example of this was "Quist v. Best Western Int'l, Inc.", 354 N.W.2d 656 (N.D. 1984), in which the North Dakota Supreme Court decided that Best Western was a franchisor and had to comply with the appropriate laws and regulations.


title: Best Western

text: Best Western GB began in 1978 when Interchange Hotels of the United Kingdom consisting of independent hoteliers from key locations in the UK elected to trade under the brand name Best Western United Kingdom, effectively an affiliate of Best Western International in the US. Now there are over 260 Best Western hotels within Great Britain.


title: Best Western

text: In 1981, Homestead Motor Inns of Australia affiliated with Best Western. This move put 'International' after the Best Western name. The company has since been known as Best Western International.


title: Best Western

text: In early 2007, Best Western Australia took over the rights to operate Best Western properties in New Zealand from the previous company, the Motel Federation of New Zealand. This was a bold but beneficial move for the brand as it made way for better quality properties to be brought into the brand. Currently, Best Western Australia has 205 properties in the group (11 in New Zealand and 194 in Australia).


title: Best Western

text: On May 21, 2013, Best Western International announced that it will take over management of the Green Hill Hotel in Yangon, Myanmar. The acquisition gave the Best Western brand a place presence in Myanmar (Burma) as its first hotel establishment in the country.


title: Best Western

text: As of September 2020, Best Western Hotels and Resorts has 18 brands and logos. Since 1948 the Best Western logo has had approximately 13 modification to the main brand logo, with the last brand logo change made in 2015. In 2010 Best Western divided the brand into 3 descriptors.


title: Best Western

text: The logo stayed the same, but the descriptors of Plus and Premier were added, and all hotels were either a Best Western, Best Western Plus, or Best Western Premier. In 2015, a complete overhaul of the Best Western logo resulted in a very different logo from the previous years, with the most notable change being the removal of the crown which had been a part of the logo since 1962.


title: Best Western

text: Since 2014 the brand has created 11 additional brands, for a total of 14 brands with distinctive logos. The Best Western website has a picture of all of their past logos in their "timeline and story" section. Best Western also owns (acquired in February 2019) the WorldHotels Collection which includes 4 additional brands, whose logos are all the same, except for the addition of the distinguishing descriptors of Luxury, Elite, Distinctive, and Crafted.


title: The Dream of the Blue Turtles

text: The Dream of the Blue Turtles is the first solo album by English musician Sting, released in June 1985. The album reached number three on the UK Albums Chart and number two on the US "Billboard" 200.


title: The Dream of the Blue Turtles

text: Five singles were released from the album: "If You Love Somebody Set Them Free," "Fortress Around Your Heart," "Russians," "Moon Over Bourbon Street," and "Love Is the Seventh Wave". The album earned Grammy nominations for Album of the Year, Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, Best Jazz Instrumental Performance and Best Engineered Recording.


title: The Dream of the Blue Turtles

text: Sting initially worked on tracks for his debut solo album with producers Torch Song: William Orbit, Laurie Mayer and Grant Gilbert. These sessions were more synth-driven and 'electrofunk' in nature than what eventually was recorded and released; Sting eventually decided against this direction, and instead decided to pursue more jazz-oriented music. The initial 1984 Torch Song sessions remain unreleased.


title: The Dream of the Blue Turtles

text: Although the single "If You Love Somebody Set Them Free" reached No. 3 in the US, it only reached 26 in the UK, where the album's track "Russians" (about Cold War nuclear anxieties, which had peaked in the 1980s) proved more popular.


title: The Dream of the Blue Turtles

text: In the UK the album was kept off No. 1 in the week of its release by Marillion's "Misplaced Childhood" and "Born in the U.S.A." by Bruce Springsteen occupying the top two places. However, in the US, the album reached No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: The Dream of the Blue Turtles

text: The film "Bring On the Night" documents some of the recording work that produced this album, as well as the subsequent tour.


title: The Dream of the Blue Turtles

text: The songs include "Children's Crusade" (paralleling the destruction of the younger generation in World War I to the devastation brought about by heroin addiction in modern-day London); the original uptempo arrangement of The Police song "Shadows in the Rain"; "We Work the Black Seam" (about the UK miners' strike of 1984–85, and musically based on "Savage Beast", a song dating back to Sting's days in Last Exit); and "Moon Over Bourbon Street", a song inspired by Anne Rice's novel "Interview with the Vampire" and on which he plays double bass. "Consider Me Gone" references the first quatrain of Shakespeare's Sonnet 35.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: The question of whether the historical Jesus was in good mental health has been explored by multiple psychologists, philosophers, historians, and writers. The first person to openly question Jesus' sanity was French psychologist Charles Binet-Sanglé, the chief physician of Paris and author of the book "La Folie de Jésus". This view finds both supporters and opponents.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: The assessment of the sanity of Jesus first occurs in the gospels. The Gospel of Mark reports the opinion of members of his family who believe that Jesus "is beside himself." Some psychiatrists, religious scholars and writers explain that Jesus' family, followers (John 7:20), and contemporaries seriously regarded him as delusional, possessed by demons, or insane.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: , a lecturer at the University of Cambridge, suggests in his article ″The Madness of King Jesus: Why was Jesus Put to Death, but his Followers were not?″ (2007) and in his book "The Madness of King Jesus: The Real Reasons for His Execution" (2010) that Pilate and the other Roman people regarded Jesus as an insane deceived lunatic. According to the Gospels, Jesus was presented to Pilate and sentenced to death as a royal pretender, but the standard Roman procedure was the prosecution and execution of would-be insurgents with their leaders. Therefore, to suggest that Jesus was put to death by the Roman authorities as some kind of royal pretender does not explain sufficiently why he was killed, unlike his disciples.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: Jean Meslier (1664–1729) had similar thoughts in the 18th century. In chapters 33 and 34 of his "Testament", he provides evidence for his conclusion that Jesus ″was really a madman, a fanatic″ ().


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: Challenging the sanity of Jesus continued in the 19th century with the first quest for the historical Jesus. David Friedrich Strauss (, second edition, 1864) claimed that Jesus was a fanatic. Lemuel K. Washburn ("Was Jesus insane?") concluded, "Jesus was not divine, but insane". Oskar Panizza introduced Jesus as a psychopathological and paranoid case. Oskar Holtzmann (1903) diagnosed Jesus to be "ecstatic", which he described to be a pathologically-strong excitability of the imagination and the power of will. (as George de Loosten, 1905) attempted to retrospectively diagnose Jesus as generally mentally ill, similarly to Jean Meslier. (1905) determined Jesus to be either epileptic or paranoid. Using a few examples, he developed a description of the typical pathological prophet ("Prophetentypus") and applied it to Jesus. (1908) hypothesised that the abnormalities he found in Jesus' behaviour could be explained by a nerve overstimulation (). However, it was not until the publication of Charles Binet-Sanglé's four-volume work from 1908 to 1915 that the topic was extensively and visibly discussed.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: His view was shared by the New York psychiatrist William Hirsch, who in 1912 published his study, "Religion and Civilization: The Conclusions of a Psychiatrist", which enumerated a number of Jesus' mentally-aberrant behaviours. Hirsch agreed with Binet-Sanglé in that Jesus had been afflicted with hallucinations and pointed to his "megalomania, which mounted ceaselessly and immeasurably". Hirsch concluded that Jesus was just a "paranoid":


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: The Soviet psychiatrist Y. V. Mints (1927) also diagnosed Jesus as suffering from paranoia. The literature of the Soviet Union in the 1920s, following the tradition of the demythologization of Jesus in the works of Strauss, Renan, Nietzsche, and Binet-Sanglé, put forward two main themes: mental illness and deception. That was reflected in Mikhail Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" in which Jesus is depicted by Pontius Pilate as a harmless madman. It was only at the turn of the 1920s and the 1930s that the mythological option, the denial of the existence of Jesus, won the upper hand in Soviet propaganda.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: Jesus' mental health was also questioned by the British psychiatrists William Sargant and Raj Persaud, a number of psychologists of the psychoanalytic orientation, like in his study .


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: Władysław Witwicki, a rationalist philosopher and psychologist, in the comments to his own translation of the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, (""), which is in fact a psychobiography of Jesus, attributed that Jesus had subjectivism, an increased sense of his own power and superiority over others, egocentrism and the tendency to subjugate other people. He also had difficulties communicating with the outside world and dissociative identity disorder, which made him a schizothymic or even schizophrenic type (according to Ernst Kretschmer's typology).


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: The English psychiatrist Anthony Storr in his final book "Feet of Clay; Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: A Study of Gurus" (1996) suggested that there are psychological similarities between crazy "messiahs" such as Jim Jones and David Koresh and respected religious leaders including Jesus. Storr tracks typical patterns, often involving psychotic disorders that shape the development of the guru. His study is an attempt to look at Jesus as one of many gurus. Storr agrees with most scholars of historical Jesus, who are inclined to the hypothesis of Jesus as apocalyptic prophet:


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: Storr recognises Jesus' many similarities to other gurus. It was, for example, going through a period of internal conflict during his fasting in the desert. According to Storr, if Jesus really considered himself a deputy for God and believed that one day he would come down from heaven to rule, he was very similar to the gurus whom he had previously described as preachers of delusions possessed by mania of greatness. He notes that Jesus was not ideal in family life (Mark 3:31–35, Mark 13:12–13). Gurus often remain indifferent to family ties. Other similarities, according to Storr, include Jesus' faith in receiving a special revelation from God and a tendency to elitism, in the sense that Jesus believed that he had been specially marked by God.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: In 1998–2000, Leszek Nowak (born 1962) from Poznań, Poland authored a study in which, based on his own history of religious delusion of mission and overvalued ideas and information communicated in the Gospels, made an attempt at reconstructing Jesus' psyche, with the view of Jesus as apocalyptic prophet, taking into account the hypothesis of "suicide by proxy". He does so in chapters containing, in sequence, an analysis of character traits of the "savior of mankind", a description of the possible course of events from the period of Jesus' public activity, and a naturalistic explanation of his miracles.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: In 2012, a team of psychiatrists, behavioral psychologists, neurologists and neuropsychiatrists from the Harvard Medical School published a research that suggested the development of a new diagnostic category of psychiatric disorders related to religious delusion and hyperreligiosity. They compared the thoughts and behaviors of the most important figures in the Bible (Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Paul) with patients affected by mental disorders related to the psychotic spectrum using different clusters of disorders and diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV-TR), and concluded that these Biblical figures "may have had psychotic symptoms that contributed inspiration for their revelations", such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, delusional disorder, delusions of grandeur, auditory-visual hallucinations, paranoia, Geschwind syndrome (especially Paul) and abnormal experiences associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The authors hypothesised that Jesus may have sought death through "suicide by proxy".


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: Opinions and publications questioning the sanity of Jesus, especially Charles Binet-Sanglé and William Hirsch, triggered polemical reactions. They were first challenged by Albert Schweitzer in his doctoral thesis, "The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism", (, 1913) and by the American theologian in his 1922 book, "The psychic health of Jesus". Bundy summarized his defense of Jesus′ sanity:


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: In 1908, Philipp Kneib, in his book, , defended the sanity of Jesus against the arguments of Holtzmann, Lomer, Rasmussen and Baumann.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: The mental health of Jesus is also defended by psychiatrists Olivier Quentin Hyder, also by Pablo Martinez and Andrew Sims in their book "Mad or God? Jesus: The healthiest mind of all" (2018). Christian apologists, such as Josh McDowell and Lee Strobel, also take up the subject of Jesus' sanity defense.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: The defense of Jesus' mental health was devoted to an editorial in the magazine of Italian Jesuits , published November 5, 1994. To the title question ("What if Jesus was deceived?") the editors replied in the negative by arguing that Jesus was not a fanatic or megalomaniac but a mentally-healthy and very realistic person. Therefore, he did not deceive himself by saying that he was the messiah and the Son of God.


title: Mental health of Jesus

text: C. S. Lewis famously considered Jesus' mental health in what is known as Lewis's trilemma (the formulation quoted here is by John Duncan):


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Belvoir Castle ( ) is a faux historic castle and stately home in Leicestershire, England, situated west of the town of Grantham and northeast of Melton Mowbray. The Castle was first built immediately after the Norman Conquest of 1066 and has since been rebuilt at least three times, the surviving structure, a grade I listed mock castle, dating from the early 19th century. It is the seat of David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland (the tiny county of Rutland lies south of Belvoir Castle), whose direct male ancestor inherited it in 1508. The traditional burial place of the Manners family was in the parish church of St Mary the Virgin, Bottesford, situated to the north of the Castle, but since 1825 they have been buried in the ducal mausoleum built next to the Castle in that year, to which their ancient monuments were moved. It remains the private property of the Duke of Rutland but is open to the general public.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: The castle is situated at the extreme northern corner of the county of Leicestershire and is sandwiched between Lincolnshire to the east and Nottinghamshire at west, and overlooks the Vale of Belvoir to the northwest on the Nottinghamshire border. It is surrounded by the villages of Redmile, Woolsthorpe, Knipton, Harston, Harlaxton, Croxton Kerrial and Bottesford. The antiquarian John Leland (d.1552) stated: "the Castle stands on the very nape of a high hill, steep up each way, partly by nature, partly by the working of men's hands."


title: Belvoir Castle

text: The 15,000 acre (6,000 hectare) Belvoir estate, situated in the heart of England's prime fox-hunting terrain is the headquarters of the famous Belvoir Hunt ("the Duke of Rutland's Hounds"), established in 1750 and now kennelled southeast of the Castle.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: A Norman castle originally stood on the high ground within the wapentake of Framland, overlooking the adjacent wapentake of Winnibriggs. in Lincolnshire and dominating both. It was built on the land of Robert de Todeni, mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and inherited from him by William d'Aubigny. It then eventually passed to William's granddaughter Isabel, who married Robert de Ros circa 1234.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Belvoir was a royal manor until it was granted to Robert de Ros in 1257. He was given a licence to crenellate in 1267. When the male de Ros line died out in 1508, the manor and castle passed to George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros, nephew of the last de Ros baron, who inherited the castle and barony through his mother. His son was created Earl of Rutland in 1525.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: By 1464, the Norman castle was recorded to be ruins. In 1528, Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland started construction of a large Tudor manor house. It was completed in 1555. Much of the stone for this building came from Croxton Abbey and Belvoir Priory following their dissolution.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Two local carpenters refurbished the billiard table in 1602 and a new baize cloth was bought from a merchant in Grantham. James VI and I, Prince Henry and the Venetian ambassador Antonio Foscarini stayed in August 1612. In the early 17th century, servants Joan, Margaret and Phillipa Flower were accused of murdering the 6th Earl's two young sons by witchcraft. Joan died while in prison and Margaret and Phillipa were hanged.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: During the English Civil War, it was one of the more notable strongholds of the king's supporters and King Charles spent a night here on his way into Lincolnshire.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: In 1649, the Tudor building was raized by Parliamentarians because of the family's support for the Royalists. But six years later, construction on a large family home - designed by the architect John Webb - was started in 1654. Work was completed by 1668 and cost £11,730 (£ million today).


title: Belvoir Castle

text: The 9th Earl was created Duke of Rutland in 1703. Belvoir Castle has been the home of the Manners family for five hundred years and seat of the Dukes of Rutland for over three centuries.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: In 1799, the 5th Duke of Rutland married Lady Elizabeth Howard. The new Duchess of Rutland soon chose architect James Wyatt to rebuild the castle in the romantic Gothic Revival style. The Duke, one of the wealthiest landholders in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, sold seven assorted villages and their surrounding lands to fund the massive project. The project was nearing completion when, on 26 October 1816, it was almost destroyed by a fire. The loss - including pictures by Titian, Rubens, van Dyck, and Reynolds - was estimated at £120,000 (£ million today).


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Rebuilt, again, to largely the same designs, at a cost of an additional £82,000 (£ million today), the castle was largely completed by 1832. The architect Sir James Thornton (who was the Duke's friend and chaplain and Vicar of nearby Bottesford) was chiefly responsible for this rebuilding, and the result bears a superficial resemblance to a medieval castle, its central tower reminiscent of Windsor Castle.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Whilst visiting Belvoir castle in the 1840s, Anna, Duchess of Bedford, found that the normal time for dinner was between 7:00 and 8:30 p.m. An extra meal called luncheon had been created to fill the midday gap between breakfast and dinner, but as this new meal was very light, the long afternoon with no refreshment at all left people feeling hungry. She found a light meal of tea (usually Darjeeling) and cakes or sandwiches was the perfect balance. The Duchess found taking an afternoon snack to be such a perfect refreshment that she soon began inviting her friends to join her. Afternoon tea quickly became an established and convivial repast in many middle and upper class households.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: The castle is open to the public and contains many works of art. The highlights of the tour are the lavish staterooms, the most famous being the Elizabeth Saloon (named after the wife of the 5th Duke), the Regents Gallery and the Roman-inspired State Dining Room.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: The Queen's Royal Lancers regimental museum of the 17th and 21st Lancers was established here in 1964, but was required to leave in October 2007. The Royal Lancers and Nottinghamshire Yeomanry Museum is now at Thoresby Hall.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Belvoir Gardens were designed and landscaped by Elizabeth Howard, 5th Duchess of Rutland, who was married to John Manners, the 5th Duke of Rutland. They were created in 1799, the year Belvoir Castle was built. There are many unusual features to the gardens, for example the natural amphitheatre which faces the estate was formed by the moraines of glaciers and a 'root house' or summer house which survives to this day. This natural amphitheatre is embedded with fresh water springs to ensure blooming plants throughout the year.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Belvoir Gardens were also the first site of mass spring flower bedding, a concept developed by Mr Divers, head gardener of the gardens at the time.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: The once thriving gardens are now slowly being restored to their former glory. "Friends of Belvoir Gardens" is a programme which encourages enthusiasts with green fingers to volunteer to help manage the beautifully preserved gardens.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: The castle's name means "beautiful view". In 2018, the 11th Duchess of Rutland gave a televised tour of the castle to journalist Phil Spencer, explaining how the name "Belvoir" is a Norman import by the French-speaking invaders of the 11th century, but the native Anglo-Saxon population was unable to pronounce such a foreign word, preferring to call it "Beaver Castle"a usage which persists today.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: The traditional burial place of the Manners family was St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bottesford. Since elevation to the dukedom in 1703 most Dukes have been buried in the grounds of the mausoleum at Belvoir Castle. The mausoleum at Belvoir Castle was built by The 5th Duke of Rutland, following the death of his wife, Elizabeth Howard (1780-1825), daughter of The 5th Earl of Carlisle. After its construction, most of the 18th century monuments in Belton Church were moved to the mausoleum which then became the family's main place of burial.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: A corner of the castle is still used as the family home of the Manners family. Several films and television programmes have used it as a location, notably the 1980 film "Little Lord Fauntleroy" starring Alec Guinness and Ricky Schroder. The castle was used as a location for "The Da Vinci Code"; it represented Castel Gandolfo, the Pope's summer residence. It also featured in the 1985 film "Young Sherlock Holmes" starring Nicholas Rowe and Alan Cox. In September 2007, it was used as a location for "The Young Victoria". In the 2001 Jim Henson production of "", the castle is where the giant bones have been discovered. The kitchen scenes of Hill House were filmed here for the 1999 version of "The Haunting" which is a remake of the 1963 version. The castle was used as one of several stand-ins for Buckingham Palace for the 1991 comedy film "King Ralph".


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Belvoir Castle is the host of Belvoir Fireworks, an annual pyrotechnic and firework competition that takes place in mid-August. The grounds also host Belvoir Cricket Club in Knipton, a village cricket club with teams playing in various leagues across Nottinghamshire. The 1st XI play in the Nottinghamshire Premier League.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: In 2009, Belvoir Castle hosted the CLA Game Fair. In August 2010, the castle's website was mistakenly hacked and taken over by an Algerian group who blanked the pages and inserted anti-Semitic texts in Arabic. The hackers had mistaken Belvoir Castle for Belvoir Fortress, which is located in Israel.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: In November 2014, Emma Manners, Duchess of Rutland appointed Timothy Grayson as the castle's poet-in-residence.


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Belvoir Castle was used as a stand-in for Windsor Castle in the second series of British television series "The Crown".


title: Belvoir Castle

text: Each year since 2013 (with the exception of 2020 due to Covid restriction), over the autumnal equinox the Equinox24, a 24-hour ultra marathon, has been held, with runners covering a circuit through the country estate, with the castle as a backdrop.


title: Humbucker

text: A humbucking pickup, humbucker, or double coil, is a type of guitar pickup that uses two wire coils to cancel out the noisy interference picked up by coil pickups. In addition to electric guitar pickups, humbucking coils are sometimes used in dynamic microphones to cancel electromagnetic hum. Humbuckers are one of the two main types of guitar pickup, the other being single coil.


title: Humbucker

text: The "humbucking coil" was invented in 1934 by Electro-Voice, an American professional audio company based in South Bend, Indiana that Al Kahn and Lou Burroughs incorporated in 1930 for the purpose of manufacturing portable public address equipment, including microphones and loudspeakers.


title: Humbucker

text: The twin coiled guitar pickup invented by Arnold Lesti in 1935 is arranged as a humbucker, and the patent USRE20070 describes the noise cancellation and current summation principles of such a design. This "Electric Translating Device" employed the solenoid windings of the pickup to magnetize the steel strings by means of switching on a short D.C. charge before switching over to amplification.


title: Humbucker

text: In 1938, A.F. Knoblaugh invented a pickup for stringed instruments involving two stacked coils . This pickup was to be used in pianos, since he was working for Baldwin Piano at the time.


title: Humbucker

text: The 1939 April copy of "Radio Craft Magazine" shows how to construct a guitar pickup made with two identical coils wrapped around self-magnetized iron cores, where one is then flipped over to create a reverse-wound, reverse-polarity, humbucking orientation. The iron cores of these pickups were magnetized to have their north-south poles at the opposite ends of the core, rather than the now more common top-bottom orientation.


title: Humbucker

text: To overcome the hum problem for guitars, a humbucking pickup was invented by Seth Lover of Gibson under instruction of then-president Ted McCarty. About the same time, Ray Butts developed a similar pickup that was taken up by Gretsch guitars. Although Gibson's patent was filed almost two years before Gretsch's, Gibson's patent was issued four weeks after Gretsch's. Both patents describe a reverse-wound and reverse-polarity pair of coils.


title: Humbucker

text: A successful early humbucking pickup was the type which is nowadays known as the "PAF" (literally "Patent Applied For") invented by Seth Lover in 1955. Because of this, and because of its use on the Gibson Les Paul guitar, popularization of the humbucker is strongly associated with Gibson, although humbuckers had been used in many different guitar designs by many different manufacturers before. Rickenbacker offered dual coil pickups arranged in a humbucking pattern beginning in late 1953 but dropped the design in 1954 due to the perceived distorted sound, which had stronger mid-range presence.


title: Humbucker

text: The Gibson Les Paul was the first guitar to use humbuckers in substantial production. Over the following decades, variants of practically every important type of electric guitar have also been factory-equipped with humbuckers, even the types which are traditionally most associated with single-coil pickups, like Fender Stratocasters and Telecasters.


title: Humbucker

text: In particular, the replacement of the bridge pickup in a Stratocaster-type guitar with a humbucker, resulting in a pickup configuration noted as H-S-S (starting at bridge pickup: H for humbucker, S for single coil) has gained much popularity. Guitars in this configuration are sometimes referred to as "Fat Strats", because of the "fatter", "rounder" tone offered by the humbucking pickup, and are also closely related to the development of the "Superstrat" style of guitar.


title: Humbucker

text: In any magnetic pickup, a vibrating guitar string, magnetized by a fixed magnet within the pickup, induces an alternating voltage across its coil. However, wire coils also make excellent antennas and are therefore sensitive to electromagnetic interference caused by alternating magnetic fields from mains wiring (mains hum) and electrical appliances like transformers, motors, and computer screens, especially older CRT monitors. Guitar pickups reproduce this noise, which can be quite audible, sounding like a constant hum or buzz. This is most noticeable when using distortion, fuzz, compressors, or other effects which reduce the signal-to-noise ratio and therefore amplify the unwanted interference relative to the signal from the strings.


title: Humbucker

text: Humbuckers work by pairing a coil that has the "north" poles of its magnets oriented "up" (toward the strings) with another coil alongside it with the "south" pole of its magnets oriented up. By connecting the coils together out of phase, the interference is significantly reduced via phase cancellation: the string signals from both coils add up instead of canceling, because the magnets are placed in opposite polarity. This dramatically improves the signal-to-noise ratio. The technique has something in common with what electrical engineers call "common-mode rejection", and is also found in the balanced lines used in audio equipment. By convention, humbucker coils are both wound counterclockwise. The coils can be connected in series or in parallel in order to achieve this hum-cancellation effect, but humbucker pickups tend to be connected in series because that doubles the signal of the strings while keeping the hum reduced.


title: Humbucker

text: Many solid-body guitars feature cavities only for single-coil pickups. Installing full-sized humbuckers in this type of guitar requires additional routing of the woodwork, and/or cutting of the pickguard if the instrument has one. If the process is not carefully done, the instrument's body and pickguard may be damaged. In many situations, to maintain the guitars aesthetics and/or functionality the process would not be carried out, to prevent the associated risk. As a result, many pickup manufacturers now produce humbucking pickups compacted into the size of a single coil. Many different kinds of mini-humbuckers are available from numerous manufacturers, and they produce a wide range of different tones. The most common design is very similar to a traditional humbucker.


title: Humbucker

text: As a concept Stacks are similar to side-by-side humbuckers since a stacked pickup uses anti-phase hum signals to cancel hum. The notion that Stacks offer the more subtle and delicate sound of a single coil, while still retaining the hum-cancellation properties of a humbucker is not at all accurate. Firstly, when one of the stacked coils has no magnets there is a great imbalance of inductance and the offset hum voltage renders hum cancellation ineffective, and secondly, since the stacked coils are magnetically coupled string signal is present in both coils and is canceled along with the hum signal. Most Stacks have rod magnets extending through the cores of both coils, but while this improves hum cancellation it causes a huge additional degradation of the resultant sound because of common-mode signal cancellation. Thus people often refer to these type of pickups as Crude Stacks, meaning lacking sophisticated design.


title: Humbucker

text: Seymour Duncan is the most notable purveyor of crude Stacks and he gave them the name Stack. Duncan Stacks, as well as Fender's Noiseless pickups, have Alnico rod magnets that extend through both upper and lower coils. All Fender's noiseless however have a significantly improved design which produces a better quality Fender sound. Although it is not 100% authentic since guitar players find the attack envelope to lack the rapid 'snap' of good sounding Fender non noiseless pickups. DiMarzio's HS-1, HS-2 and HS-3 are examples of vertical humbuckers aka Stacks that have magnets only in the top coil.


title: Humbucker

text: The sound of Crude Stacks bears little resemblance to Fender sound. There are many other brands of crude Stacks including EMG and Fishman Fluence, however both of those have active electronic circuits build in to artificially re-constitute the signal generated by the coils to resemble the intended advertised sound.


title: Humbucker

text: Another design known as the rail humbucker features a single magnetic component spanning across the entire string width of the instrument. These pickups look like a normal mini-humbucker, except without the typical dots corresponding to the magnetic pole-pieces. This is sometimes expanded into a normal-size "quadrail", or double humbucker, effectively combining 4 coils connected in series to produce an extremely high-output pickup. The Kent Armstrong "Motherbucker" is an example of such an overpowered pickup.


title: Humbucker

text: The same type of rails can also be found in a normal-size humbucker, however. Heavy metal guitarist Dimebag Darrell made heavy use of this type of pickup wired in the bridge position. These tend to also sound fuller and have a higher output and bass response than the single coil-size version. DiMarzio has designed and sold many such pickups.


title: Humbucker

text: Some guitars which have humbucking pickups feature "coil splits", which allow the pickups to act as "pseudo-single" coils by either short-circuiting or bypassing one coil. The electrical circuit of the pickup is reduced to that of a true single coil so there is no hum canceling effect. Usually, this feature is activated using a miniature toggle switch or a DPDT push-pull switch mounted on a potentiometer. Some guitars (e.g., the Peavey T-60 and the Fender Classic Player Jaguar HH) make use of a variable coil split circuit that allows the guitarist to dial a variable amount of signal from the second coil, from purely single coil to full humbucker and everything in-between.


title: Humbucker

text: Another similar option is a series/parallel switch, which in one position causes the coils to be connected in parallel rather than in series. This retains the humbucker's noise-cancellation properties, and gives a sound closer to that of two single-coil pickups used together.


title: Humbucker

text: Coil splitting is often wrongly referred to as a "coil tapping". Coil taps are most commonly found on single coil pickups, and involve an extra hook-up wire being included during the manufacture of the pickup so the guitarist can choose to have all the windings of the pickup included in the circuit, for a fatter, higher output sound with more midrange; or switch the output to "Tap" into the windings at a point that is less than the full coil for a brighter, lower output, cleaner sound. For example: a full pickup coil may be 10,000 turns of wire and the "Tap" may be at 8000 turns. Because of the confusion between coil splits and coil taps—and the rareness of coil taps in general—it is difficult to find tappable single-coil pickups for sale. However, pickup manufacturer Seymour Duncan offers tapped versions of many of their Telecaster and Stratocaster pickups.


title: Humbucker

text: Note the split single coil bears little resemblance to popular single coil pickups such as those made by Fender and the P-90 made by Gibson.


title: Humbucker

text: However, after 6 years of development Kinman Guitar Electrix in 2021 released the Converge-3, a fully hum-canceling splitting humbucker that also produces highly convincing Fender and P-90 sounds.


title: Humbucker

text: While the original humbucker remains the most common noise-reducing pickup design, inventors have tried many other approaches to reducing noise in guitar pickups.


title: Humbucker

text: Many instruments combine separate single-coil pickups in a hum reducing configuration by reversing the electrical phase of one of the pickups. This arrangement is similar to that of a humbucking pickup and effectively reduces noise. Examples of this include the Fender Jazz Bass, introduced in 1960, which has used a pair of single-coil pickups, one near the bridge and another one about halfway between the bridge and the neck—and many Stratocaster style guitars, which often have 3 pickups with the middle one reversed electrically and magnetically. The (usually) five-way selector switch provides two humbucking settings, using the reversed middle pickup in parallel with either the bridge or neck pickup.


title: Humbucker

text: If the pickups are wired in series instead of parallel, the resulting sound is close to that of a normal humbucker. It is even closer to a humbucker-type sound if you put the coils closer together.


title: Humbucker

text: In 1957, Fender introduced a split pickup to its Precision Bass, where one coil is serving the E and A strings, and the other one the D and G strings. This configuration is often referred to as a "split coil" pickup, which should not be confused with the possibility of "coil-splitting" a regular humbucker as discussed above. Both coils see nearly identical extraneous electromagnetic disturbances, and since they are wired in humbucking fashion, can effectively cancel them. However, the majority of the sound signal of any single note will mostly be generated just by one of the coils, so that output level and tonal qualities are much closer to a regular single-coil pickup. The resulting "P-Style" pickup is usually regarded as the main ingredient of the "P-Bass" sound, and many variants of the design are being offered by many manufacturers. The concept was later developed into G&L's "Z-coil" pickup, which is used for standard guitars such as their Comanche model.


title: Humbucker

text: In 1985, Lace Music Products introduced the Lace Sensor pickup, which uses proprietary screened bobbins to reduce hum while preserving single-coil tone.


title: Humbucker

text: In the early 1980s DiMarzio introduced replacement pickups for Stratocaster and Telecaster guitars. These were of the stacked humbucker design, where the lower pickup coil functions solely to cancel hum.


title: Humbucker

text: The DiMarzio "Super Distortion" pickup, introduced in 1972, was the first after-market replacement guitar pickup. With its much-increased output compared to the humbuckers that came installed in guitars of the time, it became an instant favourite of many hard-rock guitarists, and it remains a popular choice for a pickup upgrade decades later.


title: Humbucker

text: The "Super Distortion" is noteworthy for its trademarked looks: two uncovered cream coloured bobbins. Other manufacturers were since limited to selling pickups with two black bobbins, or in the "zebra" look: with one bobbin black and one bobbin cream. (Of course, they were still free to use wilder colours, but only in rare cases is such a choice regarded as befitting the look of any serious professional instrument.)


title: Sivas

text: Sivas (Latin and Greek: "Sebastia", "Sebastea", Σεβάστεια, Σεβαστή, ) is a city in central Turkey and the seat of Sivas Province.


title: Sivas

text: The city, which lies at an elevation of in the broad valley of the Kızılırmak river, is a moderately-sized trade centre and industrial city, although the economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Rail repair shops and a thriving manufacturing industry of rugs, bricks, cement, and cotton and woolen textiles form the mainstays of the city's economy. The surrounding region is a cereal-producing area with large deposits of iron ore which are worked at Divriği.


title: Sivas

text: Sivas is also a communications hub for the north–south and east–west trade routes to Iraq and Iran, respectively. With the development of railways, the city gained new economic importance as junction of important rail lines linking the cities of Ankara, Kayseri, Samsun, and Erzurum. The city is linked by air to Istanbul. The popular name Sebastian derives from "Sebastianòs", Σεβαστιανός, meaning someone from the city.


title: Sivas

text: The name of the city is a truncated form of its Byzantine Greek name Sivasteia from the Koine Greek name Sebasteia (Σεβαστεία), meaning that it was named in honour of an emperor using the title Sebastos, the Greek equivalent of Augustus. In Kurdish it is called Sêwas.


title: Sivas

text: Little is known of Sivas' history prior to its emergence in the Roman period. In 64 BC, as part of his reorganization of Asia Minor after the Third Mithridatic War, Pompey the Great founded a city on the site called "Megalopolis". Numismatic evidence suggests that Megalopolis changed its name in the last years of the 1st century BC to "Sebaste", the feminine form Sebastos, the Greek equivalent of Augustus. The name "Sivas" is the Turkish version deriving from the name Sebasteia, as the city was known during the late Roman (Byzantine) empire. Sebasteia became the capital of the province of Armenia Minor under the emperor Diocletian, was a town of some importance in the early history of the Christian Church; in the 4th century it was the home of Saint Blaise and Saint Peter of Sebaste, bishops of the town, and of Eustathius, one of the early founders of monasticism in Asia Minor. It was also the place of martyrdom of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, also 4th century. Justinian I had a fortified wall around it rebuilt in the 6th century. In the early 1020s, Basil II delivered the region around Sebasteia in exchange for Vaspurakan to King Seneqerim Ardzruni, who settled in Sebasteia with thousands of his Armenian followers.


title: Sivas

text: Sebasteia was the first important city to be plundered by Turkish tribes in 1059. In August of that year the troops of various emirs gathered before the unwalled city. Initially they hesitated to sack it, mistaking the domes of the city's several Christian churches for tents of military camps. As soon as they realized that the city was defenceless they burned it for eight days, slaughtered a large part of its population and took many prisoners. The city came under the domain of Turkmen Danishmend dynasty (1071–1174) after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. After the death of Danişmend Gazi, Sivas passed to Nizamettin Yağıbasan who won it after a struggle with Danişmend Gazi's successors. In 1174, the city was captured by Seljuk ruler Kilij Arslan II and periodically served as capital of the Seljuk empire along with Konya. Under Seljuk rule, Sivas was an important center of trade along the silk road and site of a citadel, along with mosques and madrasas (Islamic educational institutions), four of which survive today and one of which houses the Sivas Museum. Then it passed to the Ilkhanids, Eretna and Kadı Burhanettin.


title: Sivas

text: The city was acquired by Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I (1389–1402). In 1398, Tamerlane swept into the area and his forces destroyed the city in 1400, after which it was recaptured by the Ottomans in 1408. Under the Ottomans, Sivas served as the administrative center of the Eyalet of Rum until about the late 19th century. The Armenian Apostolic Church maintained six Armenian churches in Sivas, being the Meryemana, Surp Sarkis, Surp Minas, Surp Prgitsh, Surp Hagop, and Surp Kevork; four monasteries, Surp Nschan, Surp Hreshdagabed, Surp Anabad, and Surp Hntragadar; an Armenian Apostolic orphanage, and several schools. The Armenian Catholic Church and the Latins also had one church and a metropolitan of Sebastea, as did the Greek Orthodox Church. Two Protestant churches and eight, mostly German- and American-staffed, schools. During the genocide against Armenians as well as against Greek Christians from July 5, 1915 onwards, the Christian community of Sivas was exterminated by deportations and mass executions.


title: Sivas

text: The Sivas Congress ("Heyet-i Temsiliye") was held in this city 4–11 September 1919. With the arrival of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), the founder of the Turkish Republic, from Amasya, the Congress of Sivas is considered a turning point in the formation of the Turkish Republic. It was at this congress that Atatürk's position as chair of the executive committee of the national resistance was confirmed ("see Turkish War of Independence"). Sivas was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 500 lira banknote of 1927–1939.


title: Sivas

text: On 2 July 1993, 37 participants in an Alevi cultural and literary festival were killed when a mob of demonstrators set fire to the Madımak hotel in Sivas during a violent protest by some 15,000 members of various radical Islamist groups against the presence of Aziz Nesin. The deaths resulted in the Turkish government taking a harder stance against religious fanaticism, militant Islam, and antisecularism. In late 2006, there was a campaign by the Pir Sultan Abdal Cultural Institute to convert the former hotel into a museum to commemorate the tragedy, now known as the Sivas massacre.


title: Sivas

text: Sivas has a continental climate (Köppen: "Dsb," Trewartha: "Dc"), with warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. The driest months are July and August and the wettest are April and May.


title: Sivas

text: A cultural hub as well as an industrial one, Sivas contains many examples of 12th and 13th-century Seljuk architecture. The Great Mosque ("Ulu Cami") of Sivas was first built in 1197. The Sifaiye Medresesi was completed in 1217–1218 and served as a "darüşşifa" (hospital and medical school). It has a four-iwan layout typical of Seljuk madrasas and is fronted by an elaborately-carved entrance portal. It also contains the tomb of its founder, the Seljuk sultan Izz al-Din Kayka'us I (d. 1220). In 1271–1272, when the city was under Ilkhanid influence, three different madrasas were built by competing patrons: the Buruciye Medrese, the "Çifte Minare Medresesi", and the Gök Medrese ("Blue Madrasa"; depicted on the obverse of the Turkish 500 lira banknote of 1927–1939). All three have elaborate entrance portals.


title: Sivas

text: The city also contains some fine examples of the Ottoman architectural style. The most prominent example of Ottoman architecture in the city is the Kale Camii ("Citadel Mosque"), built in 1580 by Mehmet Pasha, an Ottoman vizier. "Kurşunlu Hamamı" ("Leaden Bath") which was completed in 1576, is the largest historic bathhouse in the city and it contains many details from the classical Ottoman bath building. "Behrampaşa Hanı" (a caravanserai), was completed in 1573 and it is famous for the lion motifs around its windows.


title: Sivas

text: Atatürk Congress and Ethnography Museum ("Atatürk Kongre ve Etnografya Müzesi") is a museum with two sections. One is a dedicated to the Ottoman heritage of Sivas. The other is to the Sivas Congress, one of the pivotal moments in the Turkish national movement. Other museums include the Sivas Congress and Ethnography Museum and the Sivas Archaeology Museum. The Madımak Science and Culture Centre is housed in the former Madımak Hotel.


title: Sivas

text: The modern heart of the city is Hükümet Square (Hükümet Meydanı, also called Konak Meydanı) located just next to the Governor's mansion. This area is also home to many of the city's high end hotels and restaurants. The city's shoppers usually head to Atatürk Avenue.


title: Sivas

text: Sivas is also famous for its thermal springs which have a respectable percentage in the city's income. People believe that the water of these thermal springs can cure many illnesses. The most famous thermal areas are, "Sıcak Çermik", "Soğuk Çermik" and "Kangal Balıklı Kaplıca".


title: Sivas

text: Football is the most popular sport: in the older districts above the city centre children often kick balls around in the evenings in the smallest streets. The city's football club is Sivasspor, which plays its games at the New Sivas 4 Eylül Stadium. The club currently plays in Süper Lig.


title: Sivas

text: Specialties of Sivas are tarhana (a soup made using sour yogurt), kelecos (a sour potato soup made with yoghurt) and katmer, a flaky pastry-bread which can be consumed on its own. One distinct feature of Sivas cooking is the use of madimak, which is a local herb used similarly to spinach. Sivas kebabı is a variety of kebab originating from Sivas.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The House of Flowers () is a Mexican black comedy-drama television series created by Manolo Caro for Netflix. It depicts a dysfunctional upper-class Mexican family that owns a prestigious floristry shop and a struggling cabaret, both called 'The House of Flowers'. The series, almost entirely written and directed by its creator, stars Verónica Castro, Cecilia Suárez, Aislinn Derbez, Darío Yazbek Bernal, Arturo Ríos, Paco León, Juan Pablo Medina, Luis de la Rosa, María León, and Isela Vega.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The 13-episode first season was released on August 10, 2018. A second and third season of the series were announced in October 2018; Verónica Castro had left the cast before the show was renewed and does not appear in later seasons. Season 2 premiered on October 18, 2019, and the final season was released on April 23, 2020. A short film special called "" premiered on November 1, 2019, and a YouTube TV special was released on April 20, 2020. The first season is exclusively set in Mexico, while the second and third seasons also feature scenes in Madrid, and the funeral special has a scene set at the Texas-Mexico border.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: It contains several LGBT+ main characters, with plots that look at homophobia and transphobia. Seen as satirizing the telenovela genre that it maintains elements of, it also subverts stereotypical presentations of race, class, sexuality, and morality in Mexico. Its genre has been described as a new creation, the "millennial telenovela", a label supported by Caro and Suárez.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The show was generally critically well-received, also winning several accolades. Cecilia Suárez and her character, Paulina de la Mora, have been particularly praised; described as a Mexican pop icon, the character's voice has been the subject of popularity and discussion, leading into its use for the show's marketing. Aspects of the show have been compared to the work of Pedro Almodóvar, and it has been analyzed by various scholars, including Paul Julian Smith and Ramon Lobato.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: At the start of season 1, Ernesto de la Mora's mistress Roberta hangs herself; shortly afterwards, Ernesto is sent to prison because of fraud she committed in his name. The eldest de la Mora child, control freak Paulina, takes over their cabaret, butting heads with Roberta's son Claudio. The rest of the family had been kept in the dark for years, with matriarch Virginia shocked to find out about the cabaret, which bears the same name, 'La Casa de las Flores' ('The House of Flowers'), as her successful florists. Though keeping Ernesto's arrest a secret, the family's accounts are frozen and reputation damaged when youngest child, son Julián, chooses to come out as bisexual; all the while, middle daughter Elena has been awkwardly keeping her African-American fiancé Dominique away from the mess. Virginia caves and asks Paulina to call her lawyer ex-husband María José, who had been banished from the family for coming out as transgender.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Jealousy and anger cause Julián's boyfriend, family accountant Diego, to break up with him; Elena, scared of settling down, begins a relationship with Claudio and breaks up with Dominique just after their impromptu wedding. Paulina is told that Dr. Cohen, her childhood therapist, is her biological father, and starts visiting him and his sockpuppet assistant Chuy again. She also starts to fall for María José again. Meanwhile, Virginia has started selling homegrown marijuana, and Julián proposes introducing strippers to the cabaret, to raise money. Having finally raised enough money at the end of the season, it goes missing and it appears that Diego stole it. However, Ernesto is freed in time for the party. Virginia reveals she sold the florists to their rivals, the Chiquis, and tells Paulina to go after María José, before mysteriously leaving.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Eight months before the outset of season 2, shortly after the events of season 1, Virginia dies. After , the children part ways. Ernesto, overcome by grief, has joined a Scientology-esque scam cult, and a challenge to Virginia's long-awaited will brings the family back together, Paulina returning from Spain to take care of business. She wants to honor her mother, support her siblings, and get revenge on Diego; to do all three, she has to re-purchase the florists from the Chiquis. Diego reappears and buys the cabaret to earn her trust, also paying for the bills associated with the birth of Julián's child with ex Lucía. Paulina makes a sketchy deal with Julián's escort agency for the cabaret, pinning the deal to Diego. She also meets a mysterious Catalan man called Alejo, who says he was a friend to her mother while both were receiving cancer treatment, and gets close to him.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Julián reignites his relationship with Diego, and works a rentboy hustle in secret. Ernesto rises the ranks in his cult, and Micaéla enters the TV competition "Talento México", taking Bruno as her guardian; Bruno has set his eyes on Rosita, a pretty teenage contestant. Elena is trying to manage her position as a senior architect while being increasingly distracted by men, and realizes she has a relationship addiction. María José finds happiness supporting the trans women and drag queens at the cabaret, though her relationship with Paulina fractures and she returns to Spain, being hounded by her overbearing sister Purificación. Paulina eventually accepts Diego's innocence and loyalty to her family, handing herself in to the police for the soliciting at the cabaret.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Paulina is threatened by different gangs in prison, including one led by the mysterious Chiva, and though Purificación has been sent as her attorney to work with local lawyer Kim, she wants to keep Paulina in prison. Elena is pregnant with Diego's child as a surrogate, and in a coma after her car wreck. Their grandmother, Victoria Aguirre, arrives to take over. Micaéla loses the final of "Talento México" to Rosita, but is invited to be part of a lip-sync group with her and Bruno. Alejo senses something wrong with Puri and calls María José, who comes to Mexico and has Paulina freed. Ernesto gives the cabaret to the drag queens. Diego is persuaded by his family to attend gay conversion therapy, to fulfill his dream of being a parent – when Julián realizes he wants children, he gets him out of therapy. When Elena wakes from her coma, Victoria tries to push the siblings apart, but they resist; Elena starts a relationship with former colleague Pablo. María José starts a relationship with Kim, while helping Paulina find out about Chiva.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: In 1979, Virginia runs away to celebrate her birthday in Acapulco, taking LSD with Ernesto, Salomón, and gay best friend Pato. Salomón fails to perform when Virginia wants to lose her virginity, and she turns to Pato. At a drag bar, new neighbor Carmelita gets close to Ernesto, and Pato becomes a drag queen called Paulina. Virginia realizes she is pregnant and confides in Chiva, the nurse for her mysteriously ill father, who Victoria soon kills. She has Chiva sent to prison for a fake theft: Chiva told Pato about the murder. Pato and Virginia grow distant as he acts out, due to a secret relationship with the closeted Agustín, whom Victoria wants Virginia to marry. At the engagement party Agustín and his friends gay bash Pato, killing him. Virginia is distraught; Ernesto, not wanting his friend to be trapped with Agustín, breaks up with Carmelita and proposes to Virginia.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: In 2019, Puri gets committed after becoming completely delusional, while Paulina and María José get close again as they interrogate the good and bad in their past relationships; Alejo leaves when he see them kiss. Ernesto tells Paulina that her real father was Pato, and the women learn about Pato before telling Chiva and being able to free her. She warns them to get Victoria away from the family. Victoria's rudeness makes Delia turn antagonistic through the season, resulting in a confrontation where Victoria falls and dies just after Chiva's warning. Julián, Diego, Elena, and Pablo decide to share the new baby, whom they name Pato. Paulina proposes to María José; with Puri seeming to improve, they tell her about the wedding, but she breaks out of hospital to kill Paulina. However, the spirit of Virginia stops her just in time.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Several cast lists have been published by both Netflix and media outlets; cast lists are also found in the credits of each episode.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The show revolves around the de la Mora family. Matriarch Virginia de la Mora, the face of the shop, is played by Verónica Castro in season 1 and by Isabel Burr in season 3. Cecilia Suárez plays Paulina de la Mora, Virginia's eldest daughter, a neurotic type with a distinctive speech pattern who becomes the main character after season 1, and Paco León plays her partner María José Riquelme, a passionate Spanish trans woman who is also the family lawyer. The other children are Aislinn Derbez as Elena de la Mora, the middle child who returns home from New York at the start of the show and gets wrapped back up in the family mess, and Darío Yazbek Bernal as Julián de la Mora, the beloved but dependent youngest child, who is bisexual and dating family accountant Diego, played by Juan Pablo Medina.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Arturo Ríos plays their quiet father, Ernesto de la Mora (also portrayed by Tiago Correa in season 3), who has been keeping a semi-secret second family with lover Roberta, played by Claudette Maillé. Roberta has an adult son from a previous relationship, the simple Claudio, played by Lucas Velázquez. The next generation of the family includes Roberta and Ernesto's young daughter, Micaéla, played by Alexa de Landa, and Paulina and María José's teenage son Bruno, played by Luis de la Rosa. Crazy aunt Purificación Riquelme is played by María León. The family psychiatrist, and Virginia's ex, Salomón Cohen, is played by David Ostrosky and Javier Jattin, and Paulina's gay drag queen father Patricio is played by Christian Chávez. Family maid and confidante Delia is played by Norma Angélica and Maya Mazariegos, while their nosy but kind-hearted neighbor Carmelita is played by Verónica Langer and Ximena Sariñana. Virginia's own manipulative and murderous mother, Victoria Aguirre, is played by Isela Vega and Rebecca Jones.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: A new Netflix original series to be created by Caro was announced in October 2016, with the title and the principal cast being announced in January 2017. "The House of Flowers" was the third Mexican Netflix original series, after "Club de Cuervos" and "Ingobernable", and the first television series that Caro has made. A second and third season of the series were announced in October 2018. On May 9, 2019, Caro signed an exclusive deal with Netflix, signing on to create more shows for the streaming service; he became only the second Spanish-speaking showrunner to receive such a deal. Caro has said that the show is something "that can only exist on Netflix", noting the themes and plots of contemporary telenovelas produced for Mexican television as being homophobic, macho, and perpetuating violence against women. The show has been described as "a deconstruction or satire of Latin American telenovelas", and Catenacci notes that, in comparison to some telenovela episodes that contain over 300 references to domestic abuse, this series' episodes are named for flowers.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Thematically, the show explores some cultural issues within Mexican society, including casual racism and homophobia and the country's class diversity, with the contrasting House of Flowers establishments used to illustrate the socio-economic and racial divides in modern-day Mexico City, and to introduce discussions of the ethics behind money. Beyond these themes, the show is driven by the overarching concept of family, with actress Suárez describing it as the main focus. "Juego de series" has suggested the show also focuses on the idea that things kept secret are not necessarily as bad as the secret-keeper thinks they are. On the theme of social facade, Suárez has said that "lies are a recurrent element in all of Manolo [Caro]'s work right from his first short. The idea of pretending to be one thing and saying another is something that obsesses him". The second season also includes more complex discussions around sex, and the third season features more prominent themes of transgender and bisexual identities. Romero says that the central theme of the final season is "forgiving, and celebrating, the complicated character of Virginia de la Mora".


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: In August 2018, Castro announced that she would not reprise the role of Virginia for potential future seasons because she felt that her "character's journey is over", with Caro later confirming the amicable departure and explaining that should the show be renewed, it would focus on the de la Mora children. As the second season began releasing promotional materials, Castro confirmed that her likeness was used, but she had not been involved. Without Castro as the lead, reviewers saw that "the closest thing the wildly entertaining comedy has to a central character now" was Cecilia Suárez's Paulina, who steps up to take control of things and who was already a fan favorite.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Caro explained in 2019 that the writers had previously outlined the stories for the children independent of Virginia, knowing Castro was only contracted for one season; he also said that exploring how the family works without the matriarch's presence is an important topic. In 2019, some of the production moved to Netflix's new Madrid headquarters, with development split between Spain and Mexico. On February 25, 2020, Netflix announced that the third season would be the show's last; Caro said that the production had expected only three seasons if it went well, and that he had planned the ending of the series when he was first writing it in 2017, but that he would leave the door open for a return to the show. The third season incorporates a story from 1979, which Caro said he had two reasons for including: he is a big fan of shows from the time, and he wanted a way to bring back Virginia de la Mora.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The casting of Verónica Castro, referred to as "Mexican telenovela royalty", was seen by Manuel Betancourt to be a real achievement on the part of creator Manolo Caro, who in effect was "getting her out of retirement" to make the show. Castro has said that getting back into acting with the show helped her mental health.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Cecilia Suárez had acted in numerous other works created by Caro before playing Paulina. The character has been critiqued as a perfect fit for the show because she has "a personality that justifies going from drama to involuntary comedy", with the same review suggesting that Suárez had to "leave her comfort zone" to play Paulina, but does so successfully. Caro has said that he thought Paulina would be "polarizing" when he wrote her, that people would either love her or hate her, not expecting the popularity she received. The concept of second chances is the "backbone" of Paulina's character, according to Suárez, who said in 2019 that Caro had concerned himself with this concept through the first two seasons. Going into the show's sophomore season, "Vogue" described Suárez as "the new queen of the telenovela".


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Cisgender actor Paco León, who plays trans woman María José Riquelme, said that the production wanted to create a non-stereotypical trans character in his role, with Caro saying that he thinks media needs to "demystify" real people from LGBT+ stereotypes. León mentioned in interviews that he did not know why a trans actress was not cast, and that he understood the controversy of his casting; Caro explained that he wanted León for the role because of the actor's own work to create more visibility and opportunities for LGBT+ people in entertainment. After the show aired, it was reported that trans people had warmed to the character, and particularly her line: "I had a change of sex, not of heart". Though León's portrayal was accepted, the actor said that he will not accept more trans roles so as to promote more trans actors, but would continue as María José in the show.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: León also commented on the use of María José's characterization, with her being a trans woman, as part of the show's narrative arc, saying that "[she] goes by the rejection she receives, but throughout the series you realize that she is the most sane and focused, is emotionally more stable, her mental balance is greater than the rest of the family's. This is how you discover that the characters that apparently have a perfect life and are socially accepted are the ones with the most emotional problems."


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: In an interview, León said that he was enthusiastic when offered the role, that he "shaved [his] legs and started to be María José", flying to Mexico straight away; he did, though, lament having to clean-shave his face every day and take painkillers to deal with wearing bras and heels. In terms of his approach to playing María José, he also affirmed that he "left the comedy behind" from when he had played female characters before in impersonation show "", treating the role seriously. In October 2019, León confirmed that he was appearing in season 3 of the show, joking that it was becoming the "longest cameo ever"; his role was supposed to be a cameo of "only fifteen minutes", first discussed in a casual mention when meeting with Caro.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: For season 2, actress María León was cast as Purificación Riquelme, the sister of María José. The casting was praised by Spanish media for using the real sister of María José's actor, suggesting that beyond looking alike, the siblings have very noticeable light-colored eyes and it would not have made sense to cast somebody else when María León is also an accomplished actor. Casting for season 2 was announced as it began filming, first on February 5 with Spanish cast members, and then with Mexican actors on February 18. David Chaviras also returned as the popular character El Cacas in season 2, with a larger role.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: On March 6, 2020, it was revealed that season 3 would have a "completely new cast", featuring actors playing younger versions of many of the established characters. Christian Chávez was reported as part of the third season's cast in December 2019, with his character announced in April 2020, before the final season premiered, with a story and identity that the actor thought was interesting and important, as well as a challenge.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Chilean actor Tiago Correa as young Ernesto had been announced in November 2019, and he had appeared in a photograph with young Virginia and Salomón in the final episode of season 2; on March 6, 2020, Isabel Burr and Javier Jattin were revealed as the young Virginia and Salomón, with Ximena Sariñana's involvement being announced, too. Burr has previously portrayed Castro herself, in the 2016 biopic "Hasta que te conocí". The casting for the young Virginia involved Verónica Castro look-alike actresses, searching for actors that looked and felt like the older characters.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The appearances of actors returning for the third season were confirmed by Caro through a series of posts on Instagram in November 2019, and more new castings being confirmed in early 2020. Miguel Bosé, who has a cameo in the final episode, had been asked by Caro to take part four days before the scene was shot; Caro had previously discussed the show with Bosé and his mother, Lucia Bosè, who were "super fans".


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Principal photography for the series began on July 24, 2017. The main House of Flowers and de la Mora house sets are in San Andrés Totoltepec, a small town in the Tlalpan region near the edge of Mexico City. Filming for season 1 was halted for several weeks in September and October 2017 after the 2017 Puebla earthquake. The show was filming in Condesa as the quake happened and production stopped while waiting for the filming locations to be stabilized. Suárez was also injured in the earthquake and could not return to set for a month after production resumed. Season 1 finished filming at the end of November 2017.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Season 2 filming began in early February 2019, with production in Spain from February 5, and ended on July 9, 2019. Parts of the second season were filmed on location in Madrid in February 2019. Season 2 filming in Mexico largely took place in a nineteenth-century house in Condesa. The second and third seasons were filmed at the same time. Some of season 3 had been filmed in April 2019, while main photography for it began in June 2019. In October 2019, Caro announced that the third season had already wrapped up production.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The series' music supervisor was and the composer was Yamil Rezc; both previously worked with Caro on "Tales of an Immoral Couple". Fainchtein explained that since a lot of teamwork is involved with film and television music production, she tries to only work with people she knows, having produced music for Caro for many years. Caro told iHeartRadio that "music became an important part of "The House of Flowers", because, what is a funeral without Pau singing 'muévelo, muévelo, qué sabroso'?"


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Rezc composed the series' theme, also called "La Casa de las Flores", as well as its incidental music. Working closely with Caro for the show, Rezc has been described as "the specialist who identifies [from Caro's story] the best cues to dress the scene or sequence". Rezc's opening theme was described by music critic Julián Téllez as a "magnificent opening curtain that is like the introduction to a tale", which was Caro's intention; the director said that "the story had to have a certain amount of fantasy" so that it could still be intense with its blend of realistic aspects.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Caro uses a lot of eighties hits in his works, with much of the background music used in "The House of Flowers" coming from this era. There are also songs across different eras and genres, curated by Caro, Fainchtein, and Rezc, including ballads and dance tracks by Selena, Yuri, Mecano, and Gloria Trevi; a Christian Castro song is also used, being sung over by Virginia – who is played by Verónica Castro, Christian's mother. Additionally, Fainchtein and Rezc looked into new and emerging musical talent for their selections. One of the music choices led to an accidental tribute; in the season 2 finale, Alexa de Landa as Micaéla performs a cover of the José José song "El Triste", with José having died shortly before the season's release, in September 2019.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: In the third season, more music from the seventies, thanks to part of the story being set in 1979, was used. Described as "unforgettable" and "memorable", the music includes María Daniela y su Sonido Lasser, Baccara, Boney M., and Leo Dan. "Billboard"'s Griselda Flores said the third season's song choices "capture the zeitgeist of the 1970s in Mexico". Fainchtein said that acquiring some of the music was difficult because not all Spanish music from the seventies is easily cleared for use, and some is not well registered to allow this. She told "Billboard" how the team had to be creative when they found songs that were perfect for scenes but could not be used, though she had already done a lot of research into seventies Spanish music when serving as the music supervisor for "Roma", which was also set in this decade. As well as adding the seventies music to the third season, Fainchtein explained that the music team tried to create a continuity by re-using background music from the earlier seasons.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The large portraits of the de la Mora family that hang in the atrium of the house are used as plot points in the show, and versions of the artwork for each season are animated in their respective title sequences. The oil-on-canvas portraits were created by the Mexican-American surrealist painter Roberta Lobeira. The portrait for the first season is a work called "Retrato de una familia normal" (), the art for the second season is called "La vida después de ti" (), and the portrait for the final season is called "El final del cuento" (). Caro kept the third season's portrait and producer Rafael Ley kept the second season's, despite a collector wanting to buy it from them.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: "Vogue"'s Eugenia González de Henn writes that the portraits contain elements of magical realism, a consistent theme in Lobeira's work. Lobeira has known Suárez "all [her] life" and had worked with Caro and Ley before, on the film "No sé si cortarme las venas o dejármelas largas"; she said that she had been told before the commission that they may ask to use some of her work in a Netflix show, and she was moved by this but did not understand the reach and power of the platform at the time. In terms of inspiration, Lobeira said that she "likes to follow a wave, that [she] gets caught up in a character and then expresses it in a magical world", and so she got to know the characters to "capture [their] essence": before she designed the first portrait, she was sent character descriptions and a synopsis of the story. She said that the third portrait is her favorite, because by the time she made it she already knew the characters very well and could take more inspiration from them, and because the poses were fun.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: With "Retrato de una familia normal", González asserted that Lobeira "facilitated the illusion" of a perfect family but also revealed a double life; she notes the imagery of Paulina having blue blood and Virginia being dressed in gold with a crown, and Julián having a double face while Ernesto's is ripped in two. Lobeira said that the piece was inspired by "Alice in Wonderland", and also pointed out that every character but Virginia is dressed in black. The portrait was her largest work at the time, measuring , and was completed in less than a month. Lobeira would work for up to sixteen hours a day on it. According to her, the image of Julián – intentionally in black and white – was the hardest to paint, because each reference photo she was sent of Yazbek Bernal had a different expression, while Ernesto was a challenge because Ríos had not yet been cast when she started work.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: Lobeira also had little time to work on the "La vida después de ti" portrait for the second season, and told "Quién" that Caro would often ask for things to be changed during the design of the portrait, which they worked on together. Some of the imagery in this portrait includes Paulina smoking a churro with planets coming out of the smoke – Lobeira says this reflects how the character "lives in another world" – and a book on the head of María José because of her position as a lawyer. It also shows Julián with a banner saying "Lust" and a puppet of Diego, and Paulina's chest has pills inside. The hardest part of the portrait was the image of Bruno and Rosita on a carousel, with the Rosita figure being about high. Within an hour of the new portrait being shared on social media by Netflix Latinoamérica it had been viewed over 6,000 times.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The third season portrait, measuring , was also completed in about three weeks. Lobeira said that even though Caro was still a demanding partner, she managed to get her ideas through and planned all the details and the tones of the portrait. Caleb Torres García for "Quién" wrote that the imagery shows Paulina as the "matriarch and martyr" because she is positioned in the center and decorated like a saint. He also noted that it shows a pregnant Diego; María José with a mask of another woman; an elegant-looking Ernesto with a 'door' in his face, suggesting this character will find a new romance; Elena styled like the character Snow White, suggesting someone will try to poison her and referencing her coma; Delia with flowers springing from her, suggesting she is the one who is committed to floristry; Bruno covered in honey and Rosita with her head in a fish bowl; and a reference to Diego's hometown of Celaya, Guanajuato, with the frogs.


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: In October 2018, Carmen Melgar of "El País" said that the de la Mora family portrait was "one of the most-viewed paintings in the world in the last few months". "Harper's Bazaar" wrote that the show's "extremely picturesque" style was eye-catching from the first episode, and that the family portrait stuck out in particular, while Denisse Marina of "San Diego Red" said that the portraits are "a fundamental part of the aesthetics of the series".


title: The House of Flowers (TV series)

text: The full 13-episode first season was released on Netflix on August 10, 2018. Season 2 premiered on October 18, 2019, and season 3 was released on April 23, 2020. "La Verdad" wrote that the release date of the third season was earlier than expected, and suggested this may be due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. On Día de Muertos (November 1) 2019, a surprise special episode was released showing the funeral of Virginia, after references to the event through season 2 were popular among viewers. This episode also connects other plot points from the second season. The funeral episode was released as a special separate to the main series collection on Netflix, listed as a film. On April 10, 2020, Netflix announced that a TV special starring the cast as well as critics would be released on YouTube on 420 (April 20); Mexican TV critic Álvaro Cueva described the TV special as "a parody of what the big telenovela finale specials of yesteryear had been".