title: New Mexico State University

text: Regulated by the New Mexico Constitution, the NMSU Board of Regents constitutes a corporate body ("Regents of New Mexico State University”) that implements legislation over the control and management of NMSU. The board is made of up 5 persons appointed by the governor of New Mexico with the consent of the senate. Four members are qualified electors of the state of New Mexico, and one is a member of the student body. Non-student members serve six years and student members serve two years.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The NMSU faculty senate consists of 60 elected faculty and has legal authority over all academic policies across the NMSU system.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The main campus of New Mexico State University occupies a core of in the city of Las Cruces, New Mexico. It is located adjacent to Interstate 25, surrounded by desert landscape and greenhouses. The main campus is also bordered by Interstate 10, which is the main east–west interstate highway across the southern part of the United States. To the east of Interstate 25, the campus facilities consist of the President's residence, NMSU Golf Course, the "A" Mountain west slope, and the New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Museum. South of University Avenue are Pan American Plaza, 48 acres of horse farm, and the Fabian Garcia Science center, which houses the Chile Pepper Institute's research, teaching and demonstration garden, algal biofuels research equipment, grape vineyards and gazebos, and fields and greenhouses for plant research projects. About six miles south of campus, on 203 acres of land, is the Leyendecker Plant Science Research Center.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The Las Cruces campus is home to a nesting population of Swainson's hawks, a raptor species currently protected by federal law. In defense of their nest, the hawks are often mistaken for attacking pedestrians. Pedestrians are advised to be careful when walking on Stewart Street, as signs have been posted all across. Umbrellas are also being provided to students for their convenience, as well as protection from the aggressive nesting hawks.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The first master plan of the university was to create a "Horseshoe", a U-shaped drive, in an open large lawn. At the center was Old Main, the original campus building, originally known as McFie Hall, which was destroyed by fire in 1910 (the remains are now a college landmark). The cornerstone and remains of Mcfie Hall stand near the flagpole in the middle of the Horseshoe. Today, the Horseshoe is the center of campus and is the location of the main administration building, Hadley Hall, which sits at the top of the Horseshoe, and other classroom buildings.


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU is a land-grant institution with a presence in all 33 counties of New Mexico, a satellite learning center in Albuquerque, 13 research and science centers, distance education opportunities, and five campuses in Alamogordo, Carlsbad, Grants, Doña Ana County, and Las Cruces.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine at New Mexico State University (BCOM), a private medical school, is located on NMSU's main campus. Medical students can utilize the facilities and amenities of NMSU's campus, including on-campus student housing. BCOM began instruction in August 2016 and will graduate its first class in May 2020. BCOM and NMSU created a pipeline program whereby NMSU students who meet certain qualifications during their undergraduate studies are guaranteed a seat at the medical school following graduating from NMSU. In addition, BCOM has established a scholarship fund at NMSU. BCOM is the first osteopathic medical school in New Mexico and just one of two medical schools in the state, the other being in Albuquerque at the University of New Mexico.


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU Housing is available to students who choose to live on campus. There are several residential areas to choose from, including residential halls, apartments, graduate housing, family communities, living learning communities, and theme communities. Housing includes:


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU has two major libraries on the main campus, Branson Hall Library and Zuhl Library. Both libraries have a total collection of more than 1 million volumes.


title: New Mexico State University

text: Branson Hall Library was built in 1951 and houses texts and resources related to engineering, business, agriculture, science, special collections, maps, government publications, and archives. A sculpture made of bronze named "Joy of Learning", created by Grant Kinzer, former Department Head of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, can be found on the north side of Branson Hall.


title: New Mexico State University

text: Zuhl Library was built in 1992 at a cost of $3 million. The library houses texts and resources related to the arts, humanities, and sciences. North of Zuhl Library is a 20-foot-wide steel and granite sculpture, named "A Quest for Knowledge", which was created by Federico Armijo, an Albuquerque native.


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU is home to several museums, collections, and galleries. The NMSU Arthropod Museum, which houses more than 150,000 research and 5,000 teaching specimens, is housed in Skeen Hall. Specimens are used globally for taxonomic research and within the state for community outreach. The University Museum (established in 1959) serves the community as a repository and exhibitor of local and regional culture and history. The Klipsch Museum is a tribute to Paul and Valerie Klipsch, who provided materials representing more than 80 years of audio engineering. It is located in NMSU's Foreman Engineering Complex. The Zuhl Collection combines the functions of an art gallery and natural history museum and showcases thousands of specimens of petrified wood, fossils, and minerals.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The university has a dedicated police department employing 35 people, including 22 full-time commissioned police officers. The number of employed personnel expands greatly during special events such as concerts or sporting events, with as many as 50 security guards and dozens of additional officers from other departments. In addition to the Las Cruces campus, the department also has authority for all university-owned campuses, lands, and facilities around the state.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The department also offers personal defense courses for females on campus, including training in rape prevention, escape and the proper use of pepper sprays. Campus officers receive training on gender identity/expression issues, which has helped the university achieve an overall score of 4 out of 5 for LGBT friendliness.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The university offers a wide variety of programs through the Graduate School and the colleges: Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Arts and Sciences, Business, Education, Engineering, Extended Learning and Health and Social Services.


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU offers 28 doctoral programs across multiple disciplines including agriculture, education, engineering, and the sciences. A specialist in education degree is offered in four study areas. An education doctorate degree is offered in three study areas. There are 58 master's degree programs and 96 baccalaureate degree programs.


title: New Mexico State University

text: At its four branch community colleges, Alamogordo, Carlsbad, Doña Ana Community College and Grants, New Mexico State University offers academic, vocational/technical, and continuing education programs. In accord with its land-grant mission, New Mexico State University provides informal, off-campus educational programs through the Cooperative Extension Service. Through a statewide network of nine research facilities, the Agricultural Experiment Station conducts basic and applied research supporting agriculture, natural resources management, environmental quality, and improved quality of life.


title: New Mexico State University

text: As of 2022, NMSU is tied for 263 among National Universities, and tied for 132 among public universities, in the U.S. by "U.S. News & World Report"' "USN&WR" ranked several programs among the top 200 in the nation, including the College of Engineering's graduate program at 149, the Nursing School for master's degrees (139; tied) and Doctoral degrees (109), and the College of Education's graduate program (125; tied). "Forbes" listed NMSU as one of "America's Top Colleges in 2021", based on indicators such as alumni salary, debt, return on investment, and graduation rate.


title: New Mexico State University

text: In 2015, "Business Insider" ranked NMSU 42 among the "50 most underrated colleges in America", based on a comparison "USN&WR"’s rankings of Best Colleges with PayScale’s 2015-16 College Salary Report, which ranked more than 1,000 institutions based on mid-career salaries of graduates. The same year, New Mexico State was listed among the top 12 percent of schools that help improve students’ economic status, according CollegeNET’s "Social Mobility Index", based on factors such as tuition, economic background, graduation rate, early career salary, and endowment. In 2022, NMSU was among the top 35 percent of schools in the SMI rankings.


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU is recognized as a top institution for minority students. In 2016, it was among the top 10 universities in awarding bachelor’s degrees awarded to Hispanics—including for communications technologies/technicians and support services (seventh); agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences (eighth); hospitality administration/management (ninth); engineering technologies and engineering-related fields (10); and education (10)—and in awarding bachelor’s degrees to Native Americans, including for marketing (fourth); engineering (fourth); agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences (fourth); physical sciences (fifth); engineering technologies and engineering-related fields (fifth); and computer and information sciences and support services (ninth). The school also ranked ninth for conferring bachelor’s degrees to minorities overall for agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences. A 2017 report by the National Science Foundation’s National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics ranked NMSU first for federal funding for science and engineering activities for minority-serving institutions. In 2021, the school was recognized on the Top 100 Colleges and Universities for Hispanics by "Hispanic Outlook on Education Magazine".


title: New Mexico State University

text: In 2010, the NMSU Physical Sciences Laboratory secured a study contract with Reaction Engines Limited, a British aerospace company that is developing technology for an airbreathing single stage to orbit, precooled air turboramjet based spaceplane.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The NMSU Department of Astronomy operates the Sunspot Solar Observatory and Apache Point Observatory, in Sunspot, New Mexico, including the site of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU is a research active university, with $150 million per year in externally funded research programs. Its estimated annual economic impact in New Mexico is $1 billion. Anchoring the southern end of New Mexico's Rio Grande Research Corridor, NMSU is the only university to reach the platinum, or highest, level of service to NASA's Space Alliance Technology Outreach Program. SATOP makes the expertise of corporate and university researchers available to small businesses.


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU student organizations include a Greek system and several religious organizations. The Associated Students of New Mexico State University (ASNMSU) is the student government and is considered a departmental organization. It consists of an elected student body president, vice president, 30 senators, and an appointed student supreme court. Senators are elected to two semester terms, with two elections each school year, in each, 15 senators are elected. There are 12 different departments within ASNMSU, who manage various events such as the homecoming parade, free student concerts, a free cab program for students, and many others. Each department is overseen by a director, who is appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. ASNMSU manages a budget of over $1 million.


title: New Mexico State University

text: Founded in 1907, "The Round Up" is the oldest student-run news publication at New Mexico State University. In fall 2017, it reduced its printing frequency and now provides current online news coverage as well as special print editions.


title: New Mexico State University

text: KRWG-TV is a full-service television station in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and is operated and owned by New Mexico State University. It is a member station of PBS (Public Broadcasting Service).


title: New Mexico State University

text: "Puerto del Sol" is a literary magazine run by graduate students in the English Department. It has been in print for over fifty years and currently publishes biannually. The magazine also curates a Black Voices series on its website.


title: New Mexico State University

text: News22 is a student-run television newscast that airs live on KRWG-TV three days per week during the nine-month academic year. The broadcast is produced by New Mexico State University journalism students. In 2011, News22 added Noticias22 en Español, a Spanish language broadcast that airs Tuesdays and Wednesdays in Las Cruces, Silver City and El Paso, Texas.


title: New Mexico State University

text: Kokopelli is an online news publication produced by New Mexico State University journalism students. Kokopelli provides breaking news, features and weekly sports coverage during the nine-month academic year. Kokopelli is a member of the Associated Collegiate Press.


title: New Mexico State University

text: KRUX is an entirely student–run, non-commercial radio station located in Las Cruces, New Mexico, that was founded in 1989. KRUX is financed through student fees administered by the Associated Students of New Mexico State University, the student government of NMSU. KRUX is a member of the Collegiate Music Journal Network.


title: New Mexico State University

text: KRWG-FM (90.7 FM) is a public, non-commercial, full-service FM radio station. It serves the area within southwestern New Mexico and Far West Texas. It is an affiliated station of National Public Radio and features NPR programming.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The nickname was derived from its roots and beginnings as an agricultural school and the state's only designated land-grant university.


title: New Mexico State University

text: In the 1940s, the Victory Bell, a gift of the Class of 1939, was housed in an open-sided structure on the Horseshoe and rung to announce Aggie victories. In 1972, the bell was rededicated as the NMSU Engineer's Bell and mounted on a platform near Goddard Hall. On game days, various school organizations took turns in toting the ringing bell around Las Cruces before kick-off. The Bell was then taken to Aggie Memorial Stadium where it rang after Aggie touchdowns. More recently, the bell has been permanently mounted at field level just behind the south goal post of the stadium.


title: New Mexico State University

text: In 1920, students of then New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts scouted for an appropriate place to display their school letter. Tortugas Mountain, located three miles (5 km) east of campus, seemed a natural spot. Brave males gathered enough stones to form a big "A" easily visible from campus and the surrounding area. On the following day, April 1, students trudged up the mountain side with their five-gallon cans of whitewash and splashed it on the stones, turning them into a gleaming white "A". For many years, giving the "A" its annual fresh coat of whitewash was an all-school effort. The seniors mixed lime and water at the foot of the mountain and the freshmen and sophomores toted the mixture up to the juniors who splashed it on the "A." With the growth of the university through the years, the tradition was taken over by the Greek Council.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The marching band of New Mexico State University is known as the Pride of New Mexico. It is composed of approximately 200 musicians, dancers, and auxiliary. They provide entertainment at football games, parades, and other NMSU events. Timothy Lautzenheiser was director of the band, naming it the Pride of New Mexico, from 1976 to 1979. The Pride Marching Band was the first collegiate marching band to be invited to the London New Year's Day Parade in 1987 and has performed at dozens of NFL halftimes, including most recently a Denver Broncos-San Francisco 49ers game in 2014 and a San Diego Chargers-Jacksonville Jaguars game in 2016.


title: New Mexico State University

text: At kickoff of every NMSU home football game, Aggie fans await the "Wonder Dog" to retrieve the kicking tee from the football field. This tradition started in the mid 1990s. The first "Wonder Dog" was Smoki, a border collie-Australian shepherd mix born in Capitan, New Mexico, and trained by Joel Sims, an NMSU alumni. Smoki "The Wonder Dog" entertained the Aggie crowd for six years and retired in 2002. She also debut in a Hollywood film which co-starred Kevin Costner and Dennis Quaid, entitled "Wyatt Earp", as a town dog. Smoki "The Wonder Dog" died at the age of 15 in 2005. Since then, the tradition ended until 2012, when a tryout for the next "Wonder Dog" took place. A panel of celebrity judges chose a four-year old border collie, Striking as the next "Wonder Dog". Striking first appeared on August 30, 2012, at the NMSU-Sacramento State home game.


title: New Mexico State University

text: Every Friday, some students, faculties, staff, and alumni of NMSU wear crimson colors to show support for the university and the school's sports programs.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The official ring of New Mexico State University is given to students with junior and senior standing, and alumni of NMSU, to celebrate and commemorate their achievements and NMSU traditions. The official Ring Ceremony is sponsored by the Alumni Association, which is held every spring and fall Semester at the Aggie Memorial Tower.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The official ring is manufactured by Balfour, which comes with white gold and yellow gold, with an optional stone; diamond or cubic zirconia at the centerpiece of the ring; and is presented with Hatch Chile Ristra. The top of the ring highlights the NMSU three triangles school seal, encircled with the school name. The three triangles represent NMSU's role as a land-grant university – teaching, research, and service. It also represents the connection of Spanish, American Indian, and Anglo cultures in New Mexico, and the triangulation of NMSU campus with Interstate 10 linking Interstate 25 in the first principle interchange of the Pan American Highway in North America. The one side of the ring shows the Aggie Memorial Tower, in honor of Aggies who died for the country, and the other side of the ring displays the majestic Organ Mountains. Students wear the ring facing the school name. Upon granting of degrees, graduates should turn the ring around facing outward, which symbolizes that they are ready to face the world.


title: New Mexico State University

text: A tradition that signals the beginning of the holiday season is the "Noche de Luminarias" or "Night of Lights". A university tradition that started as the President's Holiday Reception in 1984, which starts the holiday season with a night of entertainment and festivities. It is considered one of the largest luminaria displays in the state of New Mexico.


title: New Mexico State University

text: Each candle set is lit inside a paper bag. With more than 6,000 luminarias, it begins at the Educational Services Building, extends towards the International Mall and then encircles the Corbett Center Student Union. The display is set up by the Las Cruces High School band and serenades visitors as they walk through the lighted path by the Las Cruces High School Brass Choir.


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU's teams are called the Aggies, a nickname derived from the university's agricultural beginnings. New Mexico State is a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC), except in football where NMSU competes as an independent. The Western Athletic Conference was the fifth conference NMSU has been affiliated with in its football history. New Mexico State spent the past six seasons as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. Before that, NMSU was a member of the Big West Conference (called the Pacific Coast Athletic Association until 1988), Sun Belt Conference, Missouri Valley Conference and the Border Conference. Another athletic program at New Mexico State was the women's Equestrian Team. The Equestrian Team was first established in 2004. The Equestrian team was cut following the 2016–2017 season due to budget cuts.


title: New Mexico State University

text: NMSU maintains strong athletic rivalries with the University of New Mexico. The UNM-NMSU rivalry is called the Rio Grande Rivalry (aka Battle of I-25), a competitive series based on points awarded to the winners of head-to-head competitions between the two universities in every sport. A rotating trophy is granted to the winning university for a period of one year, until the award presentation the following year. Different traditions take place at each school the night before game day.


title: New Mexico State University

text: The university also has a strong rivalry with the University of Texas at El Paso known as The Battle of I-10. UTEP and NMSU are located just over 40 miles apart.


title: New Mexico State University

text: There are approximately 120,000 living NMSU alumni. The NMSU Alumni Association is one of the university's oldest organizations, dating from May 24, 1898. Notable alumnae include Kevin Johnson, President and CEO of Starbucks Corporation; Paul Wilbur Klipsch, founder of Klipsch Audio Technologies; Jerome Shaw, EVP/COO of Volt Information Sciences, Inc; Christine Aguilera, president of SkyMall; Jorge Gardea-Torresdey, a nanoparticle researcher and professor at the University of Texas at El Paso; Alvy Ray Smith, co-founder of Pixar; and Kathy Lueders, the first woman to head NASA's human spaceflight program as the Associate Administrator of the Human Exploration and Operations (HEO) Mission Directorate.


title: Willie Sutton

text: William Francis Sutton Jr. (June 30, 1901 – November 2, 1980) was an American bank robber. During his forty-year robbery career he stole an estimated $2 million, and he eventually spent more than half of his adult life in prison and escaped three times. For his talent at executing robberies in disguises, he gained two nicknames, "Willie the Actor" and "Slick Willie". Sutton is also known as the namesake of the so-called Sutton's law although he denied originating it.


title: Willie Sutton

text: Sutton was born into an Irish-American family on June 30, 1901 in Brooklyn, New York to William Francis Sutton Sr., a blacksmith, and Mary Ellen Bowles. His family lived on the corner of Gold and Nassau Streets in the neighborhood of Irishtown, Brooklyn, now called Vinegar Hill. According to his biography, "Where the Money Was", at the age of three the family relocated to High Street. His mother was, according to the biography, born in Ireland; however, according to the 1910 U.S. Census, she was born in Maryland and her parents were born in Ireland. By 1910, she had given birth to five children, of whom three were still alive. According to the 1910 Census, his maternal grandfather, James Bowles, and his two maternal uncles were also living with the family. Sutton was the fourth of five children, and did not attend school after the 8th grade.


title: Willie Sutton

text: Sutton became a criminal at an early age, though throughout his professional criminal career, he did not kill anyone. He was described by Mafioso Donald Frankos as "a little bright-eyed guy, just 5'7" and always talking, chain-smoking ... cigarettes with Bull Durham tobacco." Frankos stated also that Sutton "dispensed mounds of legal advice" to any convict willing to listen. Inmates considered Sutton a "wise old head" in the prison population. When incarcerated at "The Tombs" (Manhattan House of Detention) he did not have to worry about assault because Mafia friends protected him. In conversation with Donald Frankos he would sadly reminisce about the 1920s and 1930s when he was most active in robbing banks and would always tell fellow convicts that in his opinion, during the days of Al Capone and Charles Luciano, better known as Lucky Luciano, the criminals were the bloodiest. Gangsters from the time period, and many incarcerated organized crime inmates, enjoyed having Sutton for companionship. He was witty and non-violent. Frankos declared that Sutton made legendary bank thieves Jesse James and John Dillinger seem like amateurs.


title: Willie Sutton

text: Sutton was an accomplished bank robber. He usually carried a pistol or a Thompson submachine gun. "You can't rob a bank on charm and personality," he once observed. In an interview in the Reader's Digest published shortly before his death, Sutton was asked if the guns that he used in his robberies were loaded. He responded that he never carried a loaded gun because somebody might get hurt. He stole from the rich and kept it, though public opinion later made him into a type of gentleman thief, like Robin Hood. He allegedly never robbed a bank when a woman screamed or a baby cried.


title: Willie Sutton

text: Sutton was captured and recommitted in June 1931, charged with assault and robbery. He failed to complete his 30-year sentence, however, escaping on December 11, 1932, using a smuggled gun and holding a prison guard hostage. With the guard as leverage, Sutton acquired a 45-ft (13.5 meter) ladder to scale the 30-ft (9 meter) wall of the prison grounds.


title: Willie Sutton

text: On February 15, 1933, Sutton attempted to rob the Corn Exchange Bank and Trust Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He came in disguised as a postman, but an alert passerby foiled the crime. Sutton escaped. On January 15, 1934, he and two companions broke into the same bank through a skylight.


title: Willie Sutton

text: Sutton also conducted a Broadway jewelry store robbery in broad daylight, impersonating a postal telegraph messenger. Sutton's other disguises included a police officer, messenger and maintenance man. He usually arrived at banks or stores shortly before they opened for business.


title: Willie Sutton

text: Sutton was apprehended on February 5, 1934, and was sentenced to serve 25 to 50 years in the Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for the machine gun robbery of the Corn Exchange Bank. On April 3, 1945, Sutton was one of 12 convicts who escaped the institution through a tunnel. The convicts broke through to the other side during daylight hours, and were spotted immediately by a passing police patrol. The 12 men were forced to quickly flee the scene, with all being quickly apprehended. Sutton was recaptured the same day by Philadelphia police officer Mark Kehoe.


title: Willie Sutton

text: Sentenced to life imprisonment as a fourth time offender, Sutton was transferred to the Philadelphia County Prison, Holmesburg section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On February 10, 1947, Sutton and other prisoners dressed as prison guards carried two ladders across the prison yard to the wall after dark. When the prison's searchlights hit him, Sutton yelled, "It's all right!" No one stopped him.


title: Willie Sutton

text: On March 20, 1950, Sutton was the eleventh listed of the FBI's FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, created only a week earlier, on March 14.


title: Willie Sutton

text: During February 1952, Sutton was captured by police after having been recognized on a subway and followed by Arnold Schuster, a 24-year-old Brooklyn clothing salesman and amateur detective. Schuster later appeared on television and described how he had assisted in Sutton's apprehension. Albert Anastasia, Mafia boss of the Gambino crime family, disliked Schuster because he was a "rat" and a "squealer". According to Mafia renegade and first major government informant, Joe Valachi, Anastasia ordered the murder of Schuster, who was then shot dead outside his home on March 9, 1952.


title: Willie Sutton

text: Judge Peter T. Farrell presided over a 1952 trial in which Sutton was convicted of the 1950 robbery of $63,942 (equal to $ presently) from a bank of the Manufacturers Trust Company in Sunnyside, Queens. He received a sentence of 30 to 120 years in Attica State Prison.


title: Willie Sutton

text: In December of 1969, Farrell ruled that Sutton's good behavior, along with his deteriorating health, justified commuting his sentence to time served. At the hearing Sutton responded, "Thank you, your Honor. God bless you," and wept as he was led out of the court building.


title: Willie Sutton

text: After his release, Sutton delivered lectures on prison reform and consulted with banks on theft-deterrent techniques. He made a television commercial for New Britain Bank and Trust Company in Connecticut for their credit card with picture identification on it. His lines were, "They call it the 'face card.' Now when I say I'm Willie Sutton, people believe me."


title: Willie Sutton

text: Sutton married Louise Leudemann in 1929. She divorced him while he was in jail. Their daughter Jeanie was born the next year. His second wife was Olga Kowalska, whom he married during 1933. His longest period of (legal) employment lasted for 18 months.


title: Willie Sutton

text: A series of decisions by the United States Supreme Court during the 1960s resulted in his release on Christmas Eve, 1969, from Attica State Prison. He was in ill health at the time, suffering from emphysema and in need of an operation on the arteries of his legs.


title: Willie Sutton

text: Sutton died in 1980 at the age of 79; before this, he had spent his last years with his sister in Spring Hill, Florida. He frequented the Spring Hill Restaurant where he kept to himself. After Sutton's death, his family arranged a quiet burial in Brooklyn in the family plot.


title: Willie Sutton

text: A famous apocryphal story is that Sutton was asked by reporter Mitch Ohnstad why he robbed banks. According to Ohnstad, he replied, "Because that's where the money is". The quote evolved into Sutton's law, which is often invoked to medical students as a metaphor for emphasizing the most likely diagnosis, rather than wasting time and money investigating every conceivable possibility.


title: Willie Sutton

text: The "Redlands Daily Facts" published the earliest documented example of Sutton's law on March 15, 1952 in Redlands, California.


title: Willie Sutton

text: A corollary, the "Willie Sutton rule," used in management accounting, stipulates that activity-based costing (in which activities are prioritized by necessity, and budgeted accordingly) should be applied where the greatest costs occur, because that is where the greatest savings can be found.


title: Toys for Bob

text: Toys for Bob, Inc. is an American video game developer based in Novato, California. As the creators of the award-winning "Star Control" and "Skylanders" series, the studio originated as a partnership between Paul Reiche III and Fred Ford. They had separately attended the University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s, before entering the video game industry in the early 1980s. They later met through mutual friends in 1988, when Reiche was seeking a programmer to develop "Star Control" for Accolade. This led to the creation of their partnership in 1989 and the debut of "Star Control" in 1990. The release was considered a landmark science fiction game and led to the 1992 sequel "Star Control II", which greatly expanded the series' story and scale. "Star Control II" is celebrated as one of the greatest games of all time and is featured on several "best of" lists for music, writing, world design, and character design.


title: Toys for Bob

text: The studio adopted the name Toys for Bob, as a way to stimulate curiosity and differentiate themselves from other studios. With Crystal Dynamics as their publisher, they developed several games, including "The Horde", "Pandemonium!", and "The Unholy War". In the early 2000s, the studio transitioned to working on licensed games before being laid off by Crystal Dynamics. With Terry Falls as a co-owner, Reiche and Ford incorporated the studio in 2002. Activision became their publisher soon after, and eventually acquired the studio in 2005. Toys for Bob created the "Skylanders" series when Activision merged with Vivendi Games and acquired the "Spyro" franchise. The developers at Toys for Bob had already been experimenting with using physical toys to interact with video games and believed that this technology would be ideal for "Spyro"s universe of characters. Credited with inventing the toys-to-life genre, the 2011 release of "" was considered a technological and commercial breakthrough. This led to a spinoff series with several successful games, generating a billion dollars in revenue for Activision in the first 15 months and winning several awards. In 2018, Toys for Bob assisted with the development of the remaster compilations "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy" and "Spyro Reignited Trilogy," earning a reputation leading a revival of properties from the original PlayStation.


title: Toys for Bob

text: After the release of "" in 2020, Reiche and Ford left the company to start an independent studio. Toys for Bob took on new leadership under Paul Yan and Avery Lodato while working on the "Call of Duty" series. After their parent company Activision faced lawsuits over workplace harassment and discrimination, Microsoft purchased Activision Blizzard in 2022, which included Toys for Bob in the $68.7 billion deal.


title: Toys for Bob

text: Toys for Bob began as a partnership between Paul Reiche III and Fred Ford. The two founders separately attended the University of California, Berkeley, around the same time, and both entered the video game industry in the early 1980s. Ford started his career creating games for Japanese personal computers before transitioning to more corporate work, but after a few years working at graphics companies in Silicon Valley, Ford realized he missed working in the game industry. Meanwhile, Reiche had started his career working for "Dungeons & Dragons" publisher TSR before developing PC games for Free Fall Associates. Reiche's producer at Free Fall took a new job at Accolade and helped Reiche secure a three-game agreement with the publisher. At this point, Reiche needed a programmer and Ford was seeking a designer/artist, so their mutual friends set up a board game night to introduce them. Those friends included fantasy artist Erol Otus, as well as game designer Greg Johnson, who hosted the meet-up. Soon after, Reiche and Ford formed their studio in 1989.


title: Toys for Bob

text: Reiche and Ford's first collaboration was "Star Control", released for MS-DOS in 1990. Originally called "Starcon", the game began as an evolution of the concepts that Reiche first created in "". "Archon"s strategic elements were adapted for "Star Control" into a space setting, with one-on-one ship combat inspired by the classic 1962 game "Spacewar!". During production, Reiche and Ford spent time working on their collaborative process, and this was partly why the game was limited in scope compared to its sequel. Upon its release, "Star Control" was voted the "Best Science Fiction Game" by "Video Games and Computer Entertainment", and decades later, it is remembered as one of the greatest games of all time, with numerous game developers citing it as an influence on their work.


title: Toys for Bob

text: The success of "Star Control" led to a more ambitious sequel, "Star Control II". Reiche and Ford aimed to expand on the first game's combat system with deeper storytelling. Their goal of creating a dynamic space adventure was largely inspired by "Starflight," designed by Greg Johnson in 1986. While developing "Starflight", Johnson had shared office space with Reiche, who became so fascinated with the project that he helped Johnson build the game's communication system. Years later, this friendship led Reiche to ask Johnson to work on "Star Control II", and Johnson became one of the game's most significant contributors. "Star Control"s story and characters were vastly expanded from those of the first game. As Reiche and Ford worked on the first version of the game's dialog, they recognized they needed help with the writing and art and decided to enlist the help of close friends. In addition to Johnson, they recruited Otus, who contributed art, music, and text (as well as voice acting, in a later release). Through mutual friends, they acquired the talents of fantasy artist George Barr. The project eventually ran over schedule, and the budget from Accolade ran out. During the final months of development, Ford supported the team financially.


title: Toys for Bob

text: "Star Control II" received even more acclaim than the first game, earning recognition as one of the best games of all time by numerous publications since its release. It is also ranked among the best games in several specific areas, including writing, world design, character design, and music. "Star Control II" has also inspired the design of numerous games, including the open-ended gameplay of "Fallout", the world design of "Mass Effect", and the story events of "Stellaris". After finishing a "Star Control II" port to the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (with additional voice acting and game improvements), Accolade offered Ford and Reiche the same budget to produce a third game, which they turned down to pursue other projects. As the pair had retained the rights to their characters and stories from the first two games, they licensed their content to Accolade so that the publisher could produce "Star Control 3" without their involvement.


title: Toys for Bob

text: The studio pitched their next game to Sega, but their contacts at the company had already left for Crystal Dynamics, which led the studio to pursue a publishing agreement with them instead. Around this time, the studio was operating with Reiche, Ford, and Ford's brother Ken, with additional freelancers hired for key tasks. Whereas their previous games were released as a partnership under their legal names, their subsequent games began to refer to their studio as Toys for Bob. They initially wanted a name that would distinguish them from their competitors. Reiche's wife Laurie suggested the name "Toys for Bob", which was chosen to stimulate curiosity and allude to Reiche and Ford's appreciation for toys.


title: Toys for Bob

text: The studio's first game under Crystal Dynamics was "The Horde" (1994), a full-motion video action and strategy game. Aiming to take advantage of Crystal Dynamics's Hollywood connections and the increased storage size of CD-ROMs for the video scenes, they hired a cast of professional actors including Martin Short and Kirk Cameron. The game received two awards from "Computer Gaming World": "Best Musical Score" for Burke Trieschmann's music and "Best On Screen Performance" for Michael Gregory's role as Kronus Maelor. In 1996, Toys for Bob released "Pandemonium!", a 2.5D platform game for consoles. Their team expanded to nearly 30 people to complete the project, with substantial efforts to learn the mechanics of 3D game design. As the company grew, so did the mythology around their name. According to Reiche, since people frequently asked about the truth behind "Toys for Bob", he instructed his team to invent their own "Bob" and swear he is the only one, with the goal of "further confusing people".


title: Toys for Bob

text: As the studio prepared to release "The Unholy War" in 1998, Crystal Dynamics was acquired by Eidos Interactive. "Unholy War" was a fighting game with a strategic meta-game, similar to the combination of game modes seen in Reiche's game "Archon", and the original "Star Control". Reiche and Ford thought the gameplay could be used for an adaptation of a Japanese license such as "SD Gundam", and Crystal Dynamics helped them get in touch with Bandai, who promised them an "even bigger license". Bandai ultimately had them produce "," a game based on magical girl characters from Japanese anime created in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Bandai's choice of license came as a surprise to Toys for Bob, and the development process was fraught with translation challenges. As the project dragged on, the studio continued to receive bug reports in Japanese until they simply unplugged their fax machine, thus ending development. "Majokko Daisakusen" was released exclusively in Japan, and Toys for Bob never learned how well the game performed.


title: Toys for Bob

text: Their next release was "", another major license that was considered of a higher quality than other licensed games. Soon after the release, Crystal Dynamics decided to fire the entire Toys for Bob team. After operating as a partnership for more than a decade, Reiche, Ford, and Terry Falls incorporated Toys for Bob in 2002, and announced that they were seeking a new publisher after parting ways with Crystal Dynamics and Eidos Interactive.


title: Toys for Bob

text: Soon after re-establishing their studio as an independent company, Reiche and Ford released the source code for the 3DO version of "Star Control II" as open-source software under the GNU General Public Licence (GPL) and enlisted the fan community to port it to modern operating systems. The result was the 2002 open source game "The Ur-Quan Masters", released under a new title since the "Star Control" trademark was owned by Atari, who had acquired Accolade. An intern at Toys for Bob began porting the game to various modern operating systems, and the fan community continued the project with further support and modifications. Reiche and Ford retained the original copyrighted content within the first two "Star Control" games, and granted the fan-operated project a free, perpetual license to the "Star Control II" content and the "Ur-Quan Masters" trademark.


title: Toys for Bob

text: Toys for Bob secured Activision as their new publisher, thanks to an introduction from former staff who had founded Shaba Games and sold it to Activision. As the industry found a thriving market for licensed game adaptations, Activision asked Toys for Bob to work on "Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure", which combined the publisher's game engine from "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4" with the studio's experience working on Disney properties. The game was released in 2003 and gave the studio more experience creating games for a younger audience.


title: Toys for Bob

text: Working with Activision, Toys for Bob continued to focus on licensed games, such as "Madagascar." Their growing relationship with the publisher led them to be acquired in 2005: the studio became a wholly owned subsidiary under Activision, and the management team and employees signed long-term contracts under the new corporate structure. However, the release of "Madagascar" showed that the market for licensed games was beginning to dry up, in part due to the negative reputation created by a flood of low quality licensed games. By this time, the company was operating with 27 employees, and needed a game that was successful enough to justify their growing team.


title: Toys for Bob

text: Activision asked the studio to generate a new idea, and the company felt pressure to find the right opportunity. One idea came from Toys for Bob character designer I-Wei Huang, who had been creating toys and robots in his spare time. The company saw the potential to adapt these toys and character designs into a game, with technical engineer Robert Leyland applying his hobby in building electronics. Coincidentally, Activision merged with Vivendi Games in 2008, and asked Toys for Bob to create a new game around Vivendi's "Spyro" franchise. The studio saw the potential for toy–game interaction and suggested to Activision that it would be ideal for "Spyro"s universe of characters. Their team also saw it as an opportunity to make use of their passion for and experience in creating monsters. Activision CEO Bobby Kotick responded well to the idea and gave them an additional year of development to better refine the gameplay, technology, and manufacturing process. Activision believed that the technology would be ideal for Nintendo's properties: they asked Toys for Bob to present the concept to Nintendo early in its development cycle, but Nintendo decided to limit their role to marketing the title for the Wii.


title: Toys for Bob

text: This culminated in the 2011 release of "", which became a breakthrough success. They followed this with "" in 2012, allowing the series to earn a billion dollars in sales just 15 months after the release of the first game. These successes led "Gamasutra" to list Toys for Bob among their top developers for 2012, stating, "we're not just impressed that Toys for Bob successfully pulled "Skylanders" off—it sold massively, after all—we're impressed by how ballsy it was to begin with". Multiple publications have credited "Skylanders" with creating the toys-to-life genre, attracting competitors such as Nintendo, Disney, and the Lego Group to the multi-billion-dollar market sector.


title: Toys for Bob

text: In the years that followed, Toys for Bob created several successful "Skylanders" video games, including "". Their last game in this series was "" in 2016, which won several awards. However, slower sales and increased competition suggested that toys-to-life games might have hit their peak, and Activision decided to discontinue the "Skylanders" series. Still, the "Skylanders" series became one of the best-selling video game franchises of all time. In late 2018, Toys for Bob donated hundreds of "Skylanders" toys to The Strong National Museum of Play, which planned to use them as an exhibit to document "one of the most significant game franchises of the last decade".


title: Toys for Bob

text: Toys for Bob continued their development for important licenses under Activision. They worked on a re-packaged "Spyro Reignited Trilogy" with updated sound and visuals, in consultation with developers from the original "Spyro" trilogy. Its 2018 release was considered one of the best video game remakes of all time. Having ported the "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy" to the Nintendo Switch, Toys for Bob sought to maintain the momentum of that title's success by developing "", a direct continuation of the original "Crash Bandicoot" trilogy. Upon its release in 2020, the studio earned a reputation for leading a revival of properties from the original PlayStation as part of a recent trend.


title: Toys for Bob

text: Co-founders Reiche and Ford left Toys for Bob at the end of 2020 to create an independent studio and commence development on a sequel to "The Ur-Quan Masters". Paul Yan and Avery Lodato became Toys for Bob's studio heads, and the studio continues to operate with an estimated 180 employees. In April 2021, it was announced that Toys for Bob would be working on "" as a support studio alongside Raven Software, Infinity Ward, and Treyarch. This led to the release of "" in December 2021, with some of the game contents also included in "Warzone". Throughout 2021, allegations of workplace harassment surfaced at Activision's parent company, Activision Blizzard, and Toys for Bob employees were among 500 employees calling for the resignation of Kotick. Reiche agreed with the need for a change in leadership at Activision Blizzard.


title: Toys for Bob

text: On January 18, 2022, Microsoft announced that it intended to acquire Activision Blizzard for $68.7 billion. Microsoft promised to strive towards safer and more inclusive working conditions among Activision's studios, including Toys for Bob. As the CEO of Microsoft's gaming division, Phil Spencer expressed interest in having Toys for Bob revive older game properties now owned by the conglomerate. Kotick also expressed his long-term desire to revive the "Skylanders" series, believing this was now possible thanks to Microsoft's hardware manufacturing and supply chain.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: The Wonderful World of Disney Presents The Little Mermaid Live!, or simply The Little Mermaid Live! is a musical television special created for ABC, based on the 1989 film "The Little Mermaid". It is produced by Done and Dusted and directed by Hamish Hamilton, who also executive produced alongside Katy Mullan, David Jammy, Raj Kapoor, Ian Stewart, and Richard Kraft, with the original voice of Ariel, Jodi Benson, introducing the special.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: Aulii Cravalho stars as Princess Ariel, alongside Queen Latifah, Shaggy, John Stamos, Amber Riley and Graham Phillips. The hybrid format special was performed in front of a live audience on the Disney lot, where the film was projected on a giant projection surface and interwoven with live musical performances of songs from the film and the Broadway stage version.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: "The Little Mermaid Live!" aired on ABC on November 5, 2019, as part of "The Wonderful World of Disney" brand, and according to Nielsen Media Research, was watched by 9.01 million viewers, making it the highest-rated made-for-TV musical on any network since "" in January 2016. It was the highest-rated entertainment telecast since the series finale of "The Big Bang Theory" in May 2019. The special received mixed reviews, particularly for the limited amount of live portions.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: Ariel's fish best friend Flounder and Ursula's pet eels Flotsam and Jetsam appear as puppets, but they are silent. Guillermo Rodriguez from "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" has a cameo as "dat blowfish" during "Under the Sea".


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: In May 2017, ABC announced plans to broadcast a live adaptation of the 1989 musical film "The Little Mermaid" for the 2017–18 season titled "The Wonderful World of Disney: The Little Mermaid Live". The title is a nod to ABC's long-running "The Wonderful World of Disney" brand used over the years for various Disney specials. The two-hour special, produced by Done and Dusted and set to air on October 3, 2017, would intertwine the film with live musical performances via cutting-edge technology. It would be similar to the format of the live concerts at the Hollywood Bowl, which combined a screening of the film with live accompaniment by guest musicians and celebrities. The Hollywood Bowl's production of The Little Mermaid Live-to-Film featured Lea Michele (as Ariel), Harvey Fierstein (as Ursula), Cheech Marin (as Chef Louis), Joshua Turchin (as Flounder), Peter Gallagher (as King Triton), Leo Gallo (as Prince Eric), Ken Page (as Sebastian) and composer Alan Menken. The special aimed to appeal to the recent trend of live made-for-television productions of Broadway musicals on network television, such as those of NBC. In August 2017, it was announced that the special had been postponed due to budget issues.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: In August 2019, ABC announced that the project had been revived to mark the 30th anniversary of the film's original release, and would air on November 5, 2019. The special was a mix of live action, animation and puppetry, and feature performances of songs from the film and its 2007 Broadway stage version. It was produced by Done and Dusted and directed by Hamish Hamilton, who is also executive producing alongside Katy Mullan, David Jammy, Raj Kapoor, Ian Stewart, and Richard Kraft.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: In August 2019, Auliʻi Cravalho was cast as Princess Ariel, along with Queen Latifah as Ursula and Shaggy as Sebastian. The following month, John Stamos was announced as reprising his role of Chef Louis from the Hollywood Bowl production and Graham Phillips joining the cast as Prince Eric. In October, Amber Riley was announced as an original character called Emcee, erroneously reported to be the host of the special. In November 2019, Jodi Benson, the original voice of Ariel, announced that she would be making a special appearance in the live spectacular.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: At the Television Critics Association, Hamilton explained that the special will be half-live musical and half-original animated feature–an "interesting hybrid". He elaborated that a live audience would be invited to a "Little Mermaid" "dive-in theater" built on the Disney lot in Burbank, California, where the film was projected on a giant projection surface and "when we get to one of [the] songs, essentially we transition beautifully and smoothly into a world of live performance." In September 2019, Nick Florez and RJ Durell joined as choreographers.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: "The Little Mermaid Live!" aired in the United States on ABC on November 5, 2019. In August 2019, ABC Entertainment president Karey Burke stated that in addition to marking the film's anniversary, the special would also be used as a pre-launch promotional push for the new streaming service Disney+, which would launch the following week. Burke said, "We wanted to launch it in November, in time to coincide with the launch of Disney+. It felt like a great promotional platform to speak to that." The special was subsequently released for streaming on Disney+ on November 27.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: In the United States, the telecast received a 2.6/12 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, meaning that it was seen by 2.6 percent of all households, and 12 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast. It was watched by 9.01 million viewers. The special was the highest-rated made-for-TV musical on any network since "" in January 2016, and was the top-rated entertainment telecast since the series finale of "The Big Bang Theory" in May 2019. It ranked fourth in the modern era of live televised musicals among adults 18-49, and seventh in terms of total viewers.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: The special received mixed reviews by both critics and social media. On Metacritic, the special has received a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". "Deadline"s Dino-Ray Ramos called the production "enjoyable" and "could very well be a solid". "The Hollywood Reporter"s Robyn Bahr criticized ABC's decision to just show the musical numbers live, but applauded the live performances, saying they were "so engaging it's a shame most of this show was spent replaying the animated film". Kelly Lawler of "USA Today" also gave a negative review, saying the special was "a solid, full-throated effort by the actors and chorus members, but a spectacular failure of a live TV event that couldn't get past its own awkwardness." Daniel D'Addario of "Variety", however, was more positive in his review, calling it "often-jittery" but "ultimately charming". Noel Murray of "The New York Times" also gave the special a mixed review, essentially stating that while it worked in concept, and the performers did an admirable job, the execution was muddled. Darren Franich of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the special a "D" grade, stating it "felt like watching [the original film] with regular interruptions for commercials and karaoke."


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: On social media, particular attention was given toward the "creepy-looking" Flounder puppet and Shaggy's costume. In the latter's case, the common complaint was that during "Les Poissons" the audience was wearing crab claws while Shaggy did not during "Under the Sea", even though he was supposed to be portraying a crab. In response to this, ABC senior vice president Robert Mills responded on Twitter that Shaggy did wear crab claws during the dress rehearsal, but they were removed because it was thought they "looked ridiculous", and at the end of the special, shared a photo of Shaggy with the crab claws on.


title: The Little Mermaid Live!

text: Queen Latifah was widely praised for her performance, even in reviews criticizing the overall production, with "The Hollywood Reporter" calling her performance "the best moment of the evening".


title: Family Plot

text: Family Plot is a 1976 American black comedy thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock in his final directing role. It was based on Victor Canning's 1972 novel "The Rainbird Pattern", which Ernest Lehman adapted for the screen. The film stars Karen Black, Bruce Dern, Barbara Harris and William Devane; it was screened at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival, but was not entered into the main competition.


title: Family Plot

text: The story involves two couples: one a "fake" psychic and her cab-driving boyfriend, the other a pair of professional thieves and kidnappers. Their lives come into conflict because of a search for a missing heir. The film's title is a pun: "family plot" can refer to an area in a cemetery that has been bought by one family for the burial of its various relatives; in this case it also means a dramatic plot line involving various family members.


title: Family Plot

text: Fake psychic Blanche Tyler (Barbara Harris) and her boyfriend George Lumley (Bruce Dern) attempt to locate the nephew of wealthy, guilt-ridden, elderly Julia Rainbird (Cathleen Nesbitt). Julia's recently-deceased sister gave the baby boy up for adoption, but Julia now wants to make him her heir and will pay Blanche $10,000 to find him. Julia knows almost nothing about the infant. During his investigation George discovers that the boy was given the name Edward Shoebridge, and is thought to have died while still young. However George tracks down a man, Joseph Maloney (Ed Lauter), who paid for Edward's tombstone years after his supposed death, and George comes to think the grave is empty. George and Blanche bicker frequently, but he is as good an investigator as she is a psychic, and their relationship is solid.


title: Family Plot

text: Meanwhile, it has been revealed to the viewers that Shoebridge murdered his adoptive parents and faked his own death, and is now a successful jeweler in San Francisco known as Arthur Adamson (William Devane). He and his live-in girlfriend Fran (Karen Black) kidnap millionaires and dignitaries, confining them in a secure room in the cellar of their home, and return them in exchange for ransoms in the form of valuable gemstones. Arthur conceals the latest ransom, a large diamond, "in plain sight" within a crystal chandelier hanging above the home's main staircase.


title: Family Plot

text: When Adamson learns that George is investigating him, he enlists Maloney (the two had murdered Adamson's adoptive parents long ago) to kill Blanche and George. Maloney initially refuses to help, then contacts Blanche and George, telling them to meet him at a café on a mountain road. He cuts the brakeline of Blanche's car, but they manage to survive their dangerous high-speed descent. Maloney tries to run them over, but dies in a fiery explosion when he swerves to avoid an oncoming car and his car goes over the edge.


title: Family Plot

text: At Maloney's funeral, his wife (Katherine Helmond) tearfully confesses, under pressure of George's questioning, that Shoebridge's name is now Arthur Adamson. George must go to work driving his taxi for an evening shift, so Blanche tracks down various A. Adamsons in San Francisco, eventually reaching the jewelry store as it closes for the day. Arthur's assistant Mrs. Clay (Edith Atwater) offers to let Blanche leave a note. Blanche tricks Mrs. Clay into giving her his home address.


title: Family Plot

text: Arthur and Fran are bundling their latest kidnap victim, Bishop Wood (William Prince), into their car when Blanche rings their doorbell. They attempt to drive out of their garage, but Blanche's car blocks their way. She tells Arthur that his aunt wants to make him her heir, and for a moment everyone seems delighted with developments. Then Blanche sees the unconscious bishop, and she is abducted by the couple. Arthur drugs her and leaves her in the cellar, to deal with after they exchange the bishop for ransom.


title: Family Plot

text: Searching for Blanche, George finds her car outside Arthur and Fran's house. When no one answers the door, he breaks in and searches for her. He finds her handbag with blood stains on it, and indications of a struggle. When Arthur and Fran return home George hides upstairs. He overhears Arthur telling Fran about his plan to kill Blanche and make her death seem a suicide. George manages to talk to Blanche, who is faking unconsciousness in the cellar (left open by Arthur when he went to check on her) and they come up with a plan. Arthur and Fran enter to carry Blanche out to the car, but she knocks them down and runs out and George locks the kidnappers in.


title: Family Plot

text: Blanche then goes into what appears to be a genuine "trance". She walks out of the basement and climbs halfway up the main staircase, stops, and points at the huge diamond hidden in the chandelier. Blanche then "wakes" and asks George what she is doing there. He excitedly tells her that she is indeed a real psychic. He calls the police to collect the reward for capturing the kidnappers and finding the jewels. A smiling Blanche winks at the camera.


title: Family Plot

text: The film was adapted for the screen by Ernest Lehman, based on Victor Canning's 1972 novel "The Rainbird Pattern". Lehman wanted the film to be sweeping, dark and dramatic, but Hitchcock kept pushing him toward lightness and comedy. Lehman's screenplay earned him a 1977 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America.


title: Family Plot

text: The novel on which the film is based had earlier been rejected by Lehman, to whom it had been submitted as a potential project for him to either produce or direct, or both. Hitchcock's other collaboration with the screenwriter, "North by Northwest" (1959), was followed by several aborted projects. Lehman had incurred the director's anger by declining an offer to write the screenplay for "No Bail for the Judge", a thriller set in London intended to star Audrey Hepburn, Laurence Harvey and actor John Williams. Although Hitchcock eventually had a fine screenplay, and pre-production (location scouting and costumes) was at an advanced stage, the film was never made; Hepburn became pregnant and Hitchcock turned to another project, "Psycho" (1960), instead.


title: Family Plot

text: By September 1973, Ernest Lehman had been persuaded to do the adaptation again — Hitchcock explained that he intended to keep only the bare-bones of Canning's novel and to relocate the story from England to California. One of the early decisions was to drop Canning's title and the project was branded "Deceit". Partway through filming, "Variety" confirmed in mid-July 1975 that the film had been retitled "Family Plot".


title: Family Plot

text: Hitchcock, who often liked to specify the locales of his films by using on-screen titles or by using recognizable landmarks, deliberately left the story's location unspecific, using sites in both San Francisco and Los Angeles. The chase scene in the movie, which writer Donald Spoto called a spoof on car chases prevalent in films at the time, was filmed on the extensive Universal backlot. The restaurant used in the film was also built on the backlot and was shown on studio tours in 1975.


title: Family Plot

text: Hitchcock's signature cameo in "Family Plot" can be seen 40 minutes into the film. He appears in silhouette through the glass door of the Registrar of Births and Deaths.


title: Family Plot

text: Following "Family Plot", Hitchcock worked on the script for a projected spy thriller, "The Short Night". His declining health prevented the filming of the screenplay, which was published in a book during Hitchcock's last years. Universal chose not to film the script with another director, although it did authorize sequels to Hitchcock's "Psycho".


title: Family Plot

text: Hitchcock considered such actors as Burt Reynolds and Roy Scheider (for Adamson), Al Pacino (for George), Faye Dunaway (for Fran), and Beverly Sills and Goldie Hawn (for Blanche) for the film. Cybill Shepherd wrote in her memoir that she had hoped to play the part of Fran, which eventually went to Karen Black. High salary demands were partly responsible for his turning to other actors. Although Liza Minnelli was among the stars recommended to Hitchcock, he was especially delighted to work with Barbara Harris as the medium. He had previously tried to hire her for other film projects.


title: Family Plot

text: Hitchcock had earlier worked with Bruce Dern on episodes of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" and on "Marnie" (1964), in which he had a brief role in a flashback playing a doomed sailor.


title: Family Plot

text: For the score, Universal's music executive, Harry Garfield, recommended John Williams to Hitchcock, following the Oscar and critical acclaim of his music score for "Jaws".


title: Family Plot

text: The film was the only Hitchcock production to be scored by Williams, who has stated that Hitchcock wanted choir voices for Madame Blanche to make her seem psychic towards the beginning, and that Hitchcock was at the scoring sessions most of the time and would often give him suggestions. For the scene in which Maloney suddenly disappears from Adamson's office, Hitchcock suggested that Williams stop the music when the camera cuts to the open window to indicate to the audience that Maloney has left through it. Hitchcock then went on to say, "Mr. Williams, murder can be fun", when he suggested that he should conduct the music lightly for a darker scene of the film. Williams stated that it was a great privilege, and that he had a wonderful working experience with the director.


title: Family Plot

text: The complete soundtrack was not released upon the film's release date. Few themes from the film were released on John Williams and Alfred Hitchcock compilation albums. For years afterwards, the original soundtrack was not available, spawning many bootleg copies of the complete scoring sessions of the film over the internet. Finally in 2010, Varèse Sarabande officially released a limited edition of the complete Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, 34 years after the film's initial release.


title: Family Plot

text: "Family Plot" has received praise from critics. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called the film "a witty, relaxed lark", adding that it was "certainly Hitchcock's most cheerful film in a long time, but it's hardly innocent." Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, saying of it: "And it's a delight for two contradictory reasons: because it's pure Hitchcock, with its meticulous construction and attention to detail, and because it's something new for Hitchcock—a macabre comedy, essentially. He doesn't go for shock here, or for violent effects, but for the gradual tightening of a narrative noose." "Variety" called the film "a dazzling achievement for Alfred Hitchcock. Masterfully controlling finely-tuned shifts from comedy to drama throughout a highly complex mystery-suspense plot, Hitchcock has created a film that has the involving detail work and teasing fascination of a novel to be read in front of a crackling fire on a rainy evening." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" praised the film as "atmospheric, characterful, precisely paced, intricately plotted, exciting and suspenseful, beautifully acted and, perhaps more than anything else, amusing." Penelope Gilliatt of "The New Yorker" called the film "one of the saltiest and most endearing" films Hitchcock ever directed, adding, "Sometimes in his career, Hitchcock has seemed to manipulate the audience; in this, his fifty-third film, he is our accomplice, turning his sense of play to our benefit." Richard Combs of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" praised "the compact allusiveness and crisp elegance of Ernest Lehman's writing, which so deftly builds its own tongue-in-cheek attitudes into the material," and found that Bruce Dern and Barbara Harris made "a delightfully nuanced comic duet." Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader called the film "[A] small masterpiece, one of Hitchcock's most adventurous and expressive experiments in narrative form."


title: Family Plot

text: However, some reviews were more critical. Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film two-and-a-half stars and called it a "disappointment", finding that it "descends into dull jokes, plastic characters, and a television sitcom conclusion." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" called the film "a chore to sit through", adding, "Lehman and Hitchcock are trying to recapture the old magic, but they've lost their touch."


title: Family Plot

text: The film holds a 92% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 36 reviews, and an average rating of 7 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads: "The Master of Suspense's swan song finds him aiming for pulpy thrills and hitting the target, delivering a twisty crime story with pleasurable bite." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews". The film earned $6.5 million in rentals.


title: Family Plot

text: Released in the year of the United States Bicentennial, "Family Plot" was chosen to open the 1976 Filmex (Los Angeles International Film Exposition) to honor American cinematography.


title: Family Plot

text: Barbara Harris was nominated for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical at the 34th Golden Globe Awards.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: "Un-Break My Heart" is a song by American singer Toni Braxton for her second studio album, "Secrets" (1996). The song was written by Diane Warren and produced by David Foster. It was released as the second single from the album on October 7, 1996, through LaFace Records. The song is a ballad about a "blistering heartbreak" in which the singer begs a former lover to return and undo the pain he has caused. It won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 39th Annual Grammy Awards in 1997. It has sold over 10 million copies worldwide and nearly 3 million in the United States alone, making it one of the best selling singles of all time.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: "Un-Break My Heart" attained commercial success worldwide. In the United States, the song reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, where it stayed a total of eleven weeks, while reaching the same position on the Hot Dance Club Songs and Adult Contemporary component charts. When "Billboard" celebrated their 40 years charting from 1958 to 1998, the song was declared as the most successful song by a solo artist in the "Billboard" Hot 100 history. In Europe, the song reached the top-five in more than ten countries while peaking at number one in Austria, Belgium (Wallonia), Romania, Sweden, and Switzerland.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: Bille Woodruff directed the accompanying video for the single. It portrays Braxton mourning the death of her lover, while remembering the good times they had together. Braxton performed the song on the opening ceremony of the 1996 Billboard Music Awards. "Un-Break My Heart" has been covered by several artists, including American alternative rock band Weezer on the album "Death to False Metal".


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: Diane Warren wrote "Un-Break My Heart" in 1995. When asked about her songwriting process, she said that songs usually come to her from a title, a chorus, or a drum beat. "Un-Break My Heart" was conceived from its title, and, according to Warren, "it popped into my head, and I thought, 'I don't think I've heard that before, that's kind of interesting.' I started playing around on the piano with these chords and did a key change, and then I knew, 'OK, this is magic.'" Warren further explained that she wrote "Un-Break My Heart" as a ballad and dance song, because that was the way she heard it. She said: "some people only know it as a – gay – dance song!"


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: When Warren played the finished song to Arista Records' future president (2000-2004) L.A. Reid, he thought it would fit Braxton's then upcoming album. When "Un-Break My Heart" was sent to Braxton, she expressed dislike for the song. According to Warren, "Toni hated the song. She didn't want to do it." Reid was able to convince Braxton to record it, and it later became her signature song. Following the recording sessions of the song, Braxton approached Warren and explained why she was skeptical about recording it, further explaining that she didn't want another "heartbreak track".


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: Recording sessions occurred at The Record Plant and Chartmarker Studios in Los Angeles, California in the same year. "Un-Break My Heart" was released as the second single from "Secrets" on November 11, 1996.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: Produced by David Foster, "Un-Break My Heart" is a four minute-25 second pop and R&B power ballad. The song's theme alludes to a "blistering heartbreak" in which the singer begs a former lover to return and undo the pain he has caused. David Willoughby, author of "The World of Music" (2009), said a few phrases such as "Don't leave me in all this pain" are sufficient to reveal the "sadness and the longing" in the song.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: Warren showcased Braxton's contralto voice with a low vocal range. According to sheet music published by Realsongs at Musicnotes.com, the verses of "Un-Break My Heart" are composed in the key of B minor, and the piece modulates to D minor for the chorus and G minor for the bridge; the song is set in a time signature of common time with a moderately slow tempo of 55 beats per minute. Braxton's vocal range spans from the low note of D to the high note of D-Sharp/E-Flat.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: The song was remixed by several DJs such as Hex Hector, Frankie Knuckles and Soul Solution. As noted by Jose F. Promis of AllMusic, the songin its original form, was a massive adult contemporary and pop hit, and, with its larger-than-life chorus, worked equally well as an unstoppable dance number, even if the vocals were never re-recorded.The "Soul-Hex Vocal Anthem" remix, with a length over nine minutes, was influenced by tribal house music; while the "Classic Radio Mix" is a piano-driven house music edit. A Spanish version of "Un-Break My Heart", titled "Regresa a Mi", was included as a bonus track on "Secrets". The CD-single of "Un-Break My Heart" also contained that version, titled "Un-Break My Heart (Spanish Version)". It was adapted to Spanish by Marco Flores and sung by Braxton herself. MusicOMH contributor Laura McKee considered it "an easy listen" version "that encapsulates the passion and meaning of the original but opens it up to a wider audience."


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: In 1997, "Un-Break My Heart" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. About.com reviewer Mark Edward Nero named it one of the best R&B break-up songs and considered it Braxton's "finest moment". He further commented, "damn, this song is so sad it can make people cry for hours at a time." Larry Flick from "Billboard" described it as "a pop/R&B ballad that casts her in the role she plays best—as the forlorn heroine in a romance on the rocks." He added, "She maximizes the melodrama of David Foster's savvy blend of stately strings and soulful rhythms, móving from a dewy-eyed whisper to a diva-like belt with theatrical ease. Hit-machine tunesmith Diane Warren has not written a song this lyrically potent and heartfelt in a long time." Bob McCann, author of "Encyclopedia of African American actresses in film and television" (2010), considered it "simply one of the most haunting R&B records ever made", while Robert Christgau named it "miraculous" and explained "the miracle being that it's by Diane Warren and you want to hear it again." Dave Sholin from the "Gavin Report" commented: "Most who hear this Diane Warren composition, which was produced with skillful guidance by David Foster, will need to take a few seconds before breathing normally again." "Insider" said that the song "showcased her show-stopping voice". Pop Rescue wrote that Braxton's vocals "really shine and she's given a real range from very low to powerful highs." They added that "the music here, aside from the acoustic guitar, is absolutely secondary behind Toni's vocal prowess and the tender lyrics." "Spin" journalist Charles Aaron positively reviewed the song and joked: "this exquisitely crafted, heart-pumping l-u-v song has been droning in the produce department of my grocery store for about a year now, but I'd just like to go on record as saying that if it ever stops, I'll really be heartbroken."


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: While reviewing the album, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said the songs produced by David Foster are too predictable due to their "slick commercial appeal". However, Erlewine noted that Braxton "manages to infuse the songs with life and passion that elevates them beyond their generic confines" due to her vocal ability. Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" considered the track "a tearjerker so grandiose and yet so intrinsically, assuredly hit-bound, it's the kind of mass-appeal grabber that's probably already sent a jealous Diana Ross diving for a comfort gallon of Häagen-Dazs." Tucker also named it the worst track on "Secrets", and further stated: "Un-Break My Heart" is "one of those the-verses-exist-only-for-the-swelling-chorus showstoppers that allude to emotions without ever actually embodying them. Braxton does her darnedest to plug some life into the song, to no avail". J. D. Considine of "The Baltimore Sun" described "Un-Break My Heart" as "overblown".


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: In the United States, "Un-Break My Heart" managed to peak at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for eleven weeks, from the week of December 7, 1996 to the week of February 15, 1997, and stayed in the same position on the Adult Contemporary chart for fourteen weeks. The song was later ranked as the fourth most popular song of the decade on the 1990-1999 Decade-End Hot 100 chart. In July 2008, "Un-Break My Heart" was listed as the tenth most popular song of all time by Billboard. Despite its success on the Hot 100, the song would not reach the number-one position of the Hot R&B Singles chart, remaining at number two for four weeks behind "I Believe I Can Fly" by R. Kelly. It sold 2.4 million copies domestically and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Un-Break My Heart" also achieved commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Austria, Belgium (Wallonia), the European Hot 100 Singles, Sweden, and Switzerland, while reaching the top five in several European countries.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: In the week of November 4, 1996, the song debuted at number four in the UK Singles Chart, reaching a peak at number two after seven weeks on the chart. According to the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), it has sold and streamed over 1,200,000 units there, being certified double platinum. In Australia, the song peaked at number six, and was later certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for shipments of more than 70,000 units of the single.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: LaFace Records commissioned a music video to be directed by Bille Woodruff. The concept evolves around the ending of Braxton's relationship with her lover, played by model Tyson Beckford. As the video begins, Beckford is seen leaving their home, with Braxton giving him a goodbye kiss, then going to check the mailbox. After he leaves the garage, a speeding car suddenly appears and causes an accident, leaving him lying on the street while Braxton cries over his body. She then walks around the house, remembering the good moments she had with him, such as swimming in the pool and playing "Twister". During the bridge and final chorus, Braxton is seen singing the song during a live concert, an allusion to the film "A Star is Born". As applause rises, the video fades to black. The music video premiered on September 10, 1996, on MTV.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: "Un-Break My Heart" was performed during the opening of the 1996 Billboard Music Awards. During the up-tempo rendition of the track, Braxton sported an outfit similar to the ones of theatrical productions Ziegfeld Follies. She also performed it as the closing number of the Libra Tour (2006).


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: Saxophonist Marion Meadows covered the song for his album "Pleasure" in 1997, while Filipino singer Nina recorded her own version of it for her 2008 album "Nina Sings the Hits of Diane Warren". Italian group Il Divo's cover of the Spanish version of the track, "Regresa a mí", received positive appreciation from critics, who said the cover "has the potential to be a hit and to open doors for many of opera's most acclaimed stars." American alternative rock band Weezer also covered "Un-Break My Heart" in 2005. Their version was released on the album "Death to False Metal" in 2010. Lead vocalist Rivers Cuomo explained why the band covered the track:


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: "I loved that song. It was actually Rick Rubin's suggestion. We both loved that song and we both thought it would be great for Weezer, and for my voice, and it'd be great to do like a rock version of it with more of an alternative aesthetic. And you know, just the way I would sing it versus in the way Toni Braxton would sing it. And I love the way it came out, and I think probably the rest of the band really does not like it, and that's probably why it didn't make our fifth record, in 2005 when we were recording it."


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: A cover version of Toni Braxton's Spanish-language version of the song, ""Regresa a mí"" (Come Back To Me) was recorded and published as a power ballad by the multi-national UK-based quartet Il Divo. It was released in 2004 as the first single from their debut self-titled album.


title: Un-Break My Heart

text: Il Divo manager Simon Cowell bought the rights of the song from Warren. The song was released as the first single from the group's first album "Il Divo", released in 2004. The song was recorded at the beginning of 2004 at the Studies Rokstone in London, under the production of the British producer Steve Mac. On April 5, 2005, Il Divo appeared on the American television program "The Oprah Winfrey Show" to perform the song.


title: Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: The Emilia Romagna Grand Prix () is a Formula One motor racing event held at the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari, often referred to as "Imola" after the town where it is located. The event takes the name "Emilia Romagna" from the Italian region where the circuit is located. The venue has previously hosted the Italian Grand Prix in , and the San Marino Grand Prix from to .


title: Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to disruption of the originally scheduled race calendar, with a number of races cancelled. The Emilia Romagna Grand Prix was added to the revised calendar intended as a "one-off" race, as one of several new or returning Grands Prix, in order to make up for the loss of other races. The event used a one-off, two-day weekend format, with one practice session, on Saturday, rather than the usual three. Mercedes' Valtteri Bottas qualified on pole, with teammate Lewis Hamilton winning the race.


title: Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: Despite originally being intended to be held as a one-off event in 2020, due to the ongoing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix returned in 2021 on 18 April, replacing the postponed Chinese Grand Prix as the second round of the 2021 season. Lewis Hamilton took pole with Max Verstappen winning a dramatic, rain affected race.


title: Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: The event appeared on the 2022 calendar for a third consecutive edition, and hosted one of the three sprint formats during the season for the first time. In early 2022, the organisers announced that a contract had been signed to continue organising the Grand Prix until 2025. The Grand Prix awarded Max Verstappen with his second grand chelem as he won the race for the second straight year.


title: Rice wine

text: Rice wine is an alcoholic beverage fermented and distilled from rice, traditionally consumed in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. Rice wine is made by the fermentation of rice starch that has been converted to sugars. Microbes are the source of the enzymes that convert the starches to sugar.


title: Rice wine

text: Rice wine typically has an alcohol content of 18–25% ABV. Rice wines are used in East Asian, Southeast Asian and South Asian gastronomy at formal dinners and banquets and in cooking.


title: Hell's Kitchen (American season 1)

text: This is the inaugural season of "Hell's Kitchen". Season 1 aired starting on May 30, 2005 and concluded on August 1, 2005. The series was filmed over 3 weeks in November 2004. Michael Wray from Fort Collins, Colorado, won the first season of "Hell's Kitchen", thus winning his own restaurant in Los Angeles named Tatou (he was offered to go to London to work under Gordon Ramsay, but later declined due to family reasons). This was the first season where the teams were not separated by gender at the start, which wouldn't happen again until season 18. This was also the only season where Ramsay addressed the show's progress on camera to the viewers, rather than just a voice-over explaining eliminations.


title: Hell's Kitchen (American season 1)

text: The show was taped in Los Angeles at KCOP, in a converted former television broadcast facility that previously hosted shows such as "The Joker's Wild" and "Tic-Tac-Dough" in the late 1970s to mid-1980s.


title: Hell's Kitchen (American season 1)

text: The 12 contestants were initially divided into the Blue team and the Red team, but not based on gender as in all the following seasons (exceptions being seasons 18 and 21). The contestants were:


title: Hell's Kitchen (American season 1)

text: Each week, the best member from the losing team during the latest service period ("least bad" as determined by Ramsay) is asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two is sent home by Gordon Ramsay.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: A multiplication algorithm is an algorithm (or method) to multiply two numbers. Depending on the size of the numbers, different algorithms are more efficient than others. Efficient multiplication algorithms have existed since the advent of the decimal system.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: as long multiplication, sometimes called grade-school multiplication, sometimes called the Standard Algorithm:


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: multiply the multiplicand by each digit of the multiplier and then add up all the properly shifted results. It requires memorization of the multiplication table for single digits.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: This is the usual algorithm for multiplying larger numbers by hand in base 10. A person doing long multiplication on paper will write down all the products and then add them together; an abacus-user will sum the products as soon as each one is computed.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: This example uses "long multiplication" to multiply 23,958,233 (multiplicand) by 5,830 (multiplier) and arrives at 139,676,498,390 for the result (product).


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: In some countries such as Germany, the above multiplication is depicted similarly but with the original product kept horizontal and computation starting with the first digit of the multiplier:


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: Below pseudocode describes the process of above multiplication. It keeps only one row to maintain the sum which finally becomes the result. Note that the '+=' operator is used to denote sum to existing value and store operation (akin to languages such as Java and C) for compactness.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: Some chips implement long multiplication, in hardware or in microcode, for various integer and floating-point word sizes. In arbitrary-precision arithmetic, it is common to use long multiplication with the base set to 2, where "w" is the number of bits in a word, for multiplying relatively small numbers. To multiply two numbers with "n" digits using this method, one needs about "n" operations. More formally, multiplying two "n"-digit numbers using long multiplication requires Θ("n") single-digit operations (additions and multiplications).


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: When implemented in software, long multiplication algorithms must deal with overflow during additions, which can be expensive. A typical solution is to represent the number in a small base, "b", such that, for example, 8"b" is a representable machine integer. Several additions can then be performed before an overflow occurs. When the number becomes too large, we add part of it to the result, or we carry and map the remaining part back to a number that is less than "b". This process is called "normalization". Richard Brent used this approach in his Fortran package, MP.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: Computers initially used a very similar algorithm to long multiplication in base 2, but modern processors have optimized circuitry for fast multiplications using more efficient algorithms, at the price of a more complex hardware realization. In base two, long multiplication is sometimes called "shift and add", because the algorithm simplifies and just consists of shifting left (multiplying by powers of two) and adding. Most currently available microprocessors implement this or other similar algorithms (such as Booth encoding) for various integer and floating-point sizes in hardware multipliers or in microcode.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: On currently available processors, a bit-wise shift instruction is faster than a multiply instruction and can be used to multiply (shift left) and divide (shift right) by powers of two. Multiplication by a constant and division by a constant can be implemented using a sequence of shifts and adds or subtracts. For example, there are several ways to multiply by 10 using only bit-shift and addition.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: In some cases such sequences of shifts and adds or subtracts will outperform hardware multipliers and especially dividers. A division by a number of the form formula_1 or formula_2 often can be converted to such a short sequence.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: In addition to the standard long multiplication, there are several other methods used to perform multiplication by hand. Such algorithms may be devised for speed, ease of calculation, or educational value, particularly when computers or multiplication tables are unavailable.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: The grid method (or box method) is an introductory method for multiple-digit multiplication that is often taught to pupils at primary school or elementary school. It has been a standard part of the national primary school mathematics curriculum in England and Wales since the late 1990s.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: Both factors are broken up ("partitioned") into their hundreds, tens and units parts, and the products of the parts are then calculated explicitly in a relatively simple multiplication-only stage, before these contributions are then totalled to give the final answer in a separate addition stage.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: followed by addition to obtain 442, either in a single sum (see right), or through forming the row-by-row totals (300 + 40) + (90 + 12) = 340 + 102 = 442.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: This calculation approach (though not necessarily with the explicit grid arrangement) is also known as the partial products algorithm. Its essence is the calculation of the simple multiplications separately, with all addition being left to the final gathering-up stage.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: The grid method can in principle be applied to factors of any size, although the number of sub-products becomes cumbersome as the number of digits increases. Nevertheless, it is seen as a usefully explicit method to introduce the idea of multiple-digit multiplications; and, in an age when most multiplication calculations are done using a calculator or a spreadsheet, it may in practice be the only multiplication algorithm that some students will ever need.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: Lattice, or sieve, multiplication is algorithmically equivalent to long multiplication. It requires the preparation of a lattice (a grid drawn on paper) which guides the calculation and separates all the multiplications from the additions. It was introduced to Europe in 1202 in Fibonacci's Liber Abaci. Fibonacci described the operation as mental, using his right and left hands to carry the intermediate calculations. Matrakçı Nasuh presented 6 different variants of this method in this 16th-century book, Umdet-ul Hisab. It was widely used in Enderun schools across the Ottoman Empire. Napier's bones, or Napier's rods also used this method, as published by Napier in 1617, the year of his death.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: As shown in the example, the multiplicand and multiplier are written above and to the right of a lattice, or a sieve. It is found in Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's "Arithmetic", one of Leonardo's sources mentioned by Sigler, author of "Fibonacci's Liber Abaci", 2002.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: The pictures on the right show how to calculate 345 × 12 using lattice multiplication. As a more complicated example, consider the picture below displaying the computation of 23,958,233 multiplied by 5,830 (multiplier); the result is 139,676,498,390. Notice 23,958,233 is along the top of the lattice and 5,830 is along the right side. The products fill the lattice and the sum of those products (on the diagonal) are along the left and bottom sides. Then those sums are totaled as shown.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: The binary method is also known as peasant multiplication, because it has been widely used by people who are classified as peasants and thus have not memorized the multiplication tables required for long multiplication. The algorithm was in use in ancient Egypt. Its main advantages are that it can be taught quickly, requires no memorization, and can be performed using tokens, such as poker chips, if paper and pencil aren't available. The disadvantage is that it takes more steps than long multiplication, so it can be unwieldy for large numbers.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: On paper, write down in one column the numbers you get when you repeatedly halve the multiplier, ignoring the remainder; in a column beside it repeatedly double the multiplicand. Cross out each row in which the last digit of the first number is even, and add the remaining numbers in the second column to obtain the product.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: Two quantities can be multiplied using quarter squares by employing the following identity involving the floor function that some sources attribute to Babylonian mathematics (2000–1600 BC).


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: If one of or is odd, the other is odd too, thus their squares are 1 mod 4, then taking floor reduces both by a quarter; the subtraction then cancels the quarters out, and discarding the remainders does not introduce any difference comparing with the same expression without the floor functions. Below is a lookup table of quarter squares with the remainder discarded for the digits 0 through 18; this allows for the multiplication of numbers up to .


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: If, for example, you wanted to multiply 9 by 3, you observe that the sum and difference are 12 and 6 respectively. Looking both those values up on the table yields 36 and 9, the difference of which is 27, which is the product of 9 and 3.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: Antoine Voisin published a table of quarter squares from 1 to 1000 in 1817 as an aid in multiplication. A larger table of quarter squares from 1 to 100000 was published by Samuel Laundy in 1856, and a table from 1 to 200000 by Joseph Blater in 1888.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: Quarter square multipliers were used in analog computers to form an analog signal that was the product of two analog input signals. In this application, the sum and difference of two input voltages are formed using operational amplifiers. The square of each of these is approximated using piecewise linear circuits. Finally the difference of the two squares is formed and scaled by a factor of one fourth using yet another operational amplifier.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: In 1980, Everett L. Johnson proposed using the quarter square method in a digital multiplier. To form the product of two 8-bit integers, for example, the digital device forms the sum and difference, looks both quantities up in a table of squares, takes the difference of the results, and divides by four by shifting two bits to the right. For 8-bit integers the table of quarter squares will have 2−1=511 entries (one entry for the full range 0..510 of possible sums, the differences using only the first 256 entries in range 0..255) or 2−1=511 entries (using for negative differences the technique of 2-complements and 9-bit masking, which avoids testing the sign of differences), each entry being 16-bit wide (the entry values are from (0²/4)=0 to (510²/4)=65025).


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: The quarter square multiplier technique has benefited 8-bit systems that do not have any support for a hardware multiplier. Charles Putney implemented this for the 6502.


title: Multiplication algorithm

text: A line of research in theoretical computer science is about the number of single-bit arithmetic operations necessary to multiply two formula_5-bit integers. This is known as the computational complexity of multiplication. Usual algorithms done by hand have asymptotic complexity of formula_6, but in 1960 Anatoly Karatsuba discovered that better complexity was possible (with the Karatsuba algorithm).