title: Portuguese Navy

text: The National Maritime Authority ("Autoridade Marítima Nacional") or AMN is the public body responsible for most of the coast guard type activities in Portugal, including the security, safety, life-guard, lighthouses and pollution fighting at sea. For hundreds of years and until 2014, the maritime authority role in Portugal was performed by the Navy, with the AMN constituting a branch of it. However, due to the constitutional issues of having a branch of the Armed Forces performing an internal security role, the AMN was separated from the Navy in 2014, being now formally an entire separate organization. However, although legally separate, the AMN and the Navy organizations still override in many aspects. So, a single person has the double hat of being the head of the Navy (with the title of "Chief of Staff of the Navy") and the head of the AMN (with the title of "National Maritime Authority"). The same happens with other persons that have double hats (e.g. the Navy's maritime zone commanders are also the AMN heads of maritime departments, which territorial jurisdictions coincides). Besides this, the Navy continues to provide naval and other assets to the service of the AMN and continues to staff with its personnel a number of bodies of the AMN.


title: Portuguese Navy

text: The term "National Maritime Authority" has a double meaning, referring both to an entity and to an organization. As an entity, AMN is the person responsible for the administration and coordination of the organization, who inherently is the admiral that has the role of Chief of Staff of the Navy. This person is frequently referred as "Admiral AMN" to distinguish him/her from the AMN organization. As an organization, AMN is the structure that includes the Directorate-General of the Maritime Authority (DGAM) and the Maritime Police (PM). Among other bodies, the DGAM includes itself the Life Guard Institute, the Directorate of Lighthouses, the maritime departments, captaincies of the ports and maritime delegations, the Sea Pollution Fighting Service and the Maritime Authority School.


title: Portuguese Navy

text: The National Maritime Authority is part of the Maritime Authority System, which includes other public agencies that also perform authority duties at the sea.


title: Portuguese Navy

text: The Navy only has rotary assets, there has been no fixed-wing air support since 1952 when the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver fighters were in use. Only the largest of the Portuguese Navy's vessels are capable to support aviation: two frigates classes ("Bartolomeu Dias" class and "Vasco da Gama" class), four patrol vessels ("Viana do Castelo" class), the largest corvette class ("Baptista de Andrade" class) and a tanker ("Bérrio" class).


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: Cathay Pacific Flight 780 was a flight from Juanda International Airport in Surabaya, Indonesia to Hong Kong International Airport on 13 April 2010. On board were 309 passengers and a crew of 13. As Flight 780 neared Hong Kong, the crew were unable to change the thrust output of the engines. The aircraft, an Airbus A330-342, landed at almost twice the speed of a normal landing, suffering minor damage. The 57 passengers who sustained injuries were hurt in the ensuing slide evacuation; one of them received serious injuries.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: The cause of the accident was contamination of the fuel taken on board at Surabaya, which gradually damaged both engines of the aircraft.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: The flight's two Australian pilots, Captain Malcolm Waters and First Officer David Hayhoe, who safely landed the aircraft despite the extraordinary challenge, have been compared to pilots Chesley Sullenberger and Jeffrey Skiles of US Airways Flight 1549 the previous year (January 2009). In March 2014, the two Flight 780 pilots were awarded the Polaris Award by the International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations for their heroism and airmanship.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: Captain Waters, who was 35 years old, had been working for Cathay Pacific for 12 years, while 37-year-old Hayhoe had been working for Cathay Pacific for 3 years and had previously served with the Royal Australian Air Force for 11 years.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: The aircraft involved in the accident was an Airbus A330-342, registration B-HLL, manufacturer's serial number 244, fitted with Rolls-Royce Trent 772-60 engines. It first flew on 4 November 1998 and was delivered to Cathay Pacific three weeks later on 25 November 1998. This aircraft was configured for a capacity of 311 passengers and 13 crew, with 44 business-class seats and 267 economy-class seats.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: After the incident, it was bought by DVB Bank in July 2011 (Arena Aviation Capital since March 2017) and was transferred to Dragonair (Cathay Dragon) since 23 April 2012 and was reconfigured for a capacity of 307 passengers, with 42 business-class seats and 265 economy-class seats in 2013. It was also repainted into the new Cathay Dragon livery on 3 November 2017. The aircraft had another incident 6 years later as flight KA691 from Hong Kong to Penang on 8 September 2016, with 295 passengers and crew on board, when an airport delivery van crashed into the aircraft's left engine.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: The aircraft was withdrawn from service on August 13, 2020, in the expiration of its lease, after its last commercial flight from Beijing to Hong Kong as KA993 and its final flight was on October 14, 2020, to Pinal Airpark in Marana, Arizona, via Anchorage as KA3496. The aircraft was scrapped on site in November 2021.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: Cathay Pacific Flight 780 departed from stand 8 at Juanda International Airport in Indonesia. It took off from runway 28 at 08:24 local time (01:24 UTC). During the climb, both engines experienced small engine pressure ratio fluctuations, with No. 2 engine fluctuating over a greater range than No. 1. Just over half an hour after takeoff, cruising at flight level 390 (about above sea level), the electronic centralized aircraft monitoring (ECAM) system displayed an "ENG 2 CTL SYS FAULT" error message. The crew contacted maintenance control (MC) to discuss the fluctuations. As other engine operating parameters on both engines were normal, continuing the flight was determined to be safe.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: Almost two hours after departure, at 03:16 UTC, the "ENG 2 CTL SYS FAULT" ECAM message reappeared. The crew contacted MC to review the issue. As all other engine parameters remained normal, continuing on to Hong Kong was again deemed safe.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: After another two hours elapsed, the aircraft was on descent to Hong Kong when, at 05:19 UTC, about southeast of Hong Kong International Airport, the aircraft's ECAM displayed "ENG 1 CTL SYS FAULT" and "ENG 2 STALL" within a short period. The second message signified an engine compressor stall, a potentially serious engine problem. The flight crew accordingly carried out the necessary ECAM actions with No. 2 engine's thrust lever moved to the idle (or minimum-thrust setting) position. The crew set No. 1 engine to maximum continuous thrust to compensate for the low thrust of No. 2 engine. Following these actions, the crew declared a "pan-pan" with Hong Kong air traffic control, requesting the shortest possible route to the airport and priority landing.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: A few minutes later, about southeast of Hong Kong International Airport , the aircraft was in a descent and approaching an altitude of when an "ENG 1 STALL" ECAM message was annunciated. The flight crew carried out the actions for a No. 1 engine compressor stall and declared a "mayday". The captain then moved the thrust levers to test engine responses. No. 1 engine's rotational fan speed slowly spooled up to about 74% N, while No. 2 engine remained running below idle speed, about 17% N, providing sufficient thrust to level off at 5,500 ft and reach Hong Kong. As the flight approached the airport, the crew found that movement of the thrust levers failed to reduce thrust below 74% N on No. 1 engine.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: At 13:43 hours local time (05:43 UTC), 11 minutes after declaring the "mayday", the aircraft touched down hard on runway 07L (length 3800 m; 12,470 ft) at a groundspeed of , over the normal touchdown speed for an A330 and above both the maximum allowable flap-extension speed and the speed rating of the tyres. The plane bounced and briefly became airborne again until it slammed down hard while banking left, causing the left engine to scrape against the runway surface. Both wing spoilers deployed automatically. Only No. 1 engine's thrust reverser deployed and activated with the right engine’s thrust reverser unresponsive due to a technical snag, forcing the crew to bring the aircraft to a stop using manual braking. remained between 70 and 80% N until the crew shut down both engines upon coming to a stop.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: Five of the aircraft's eight main wheel tires deflated. Airport firefighters reported that smoke and flames were emanating from the landing gear. The captain ordered an emergency evacuation, during which 57 passengers were injured, of whom 10 were transported to the hospital.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: Investigators from the Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department, the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA) of France and the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) of the United Kingdom formed a team to investigate the accident. The National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) of Indonesia and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) of the United States of America were also involved in the investigation, as were representatives of Airbus, Rolls-Royce and Cathay Pacific.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: Data from the digital flight data recorder, cockpit voice recorder and quick access recorder were downloaded for analysis. The investigation concentrated on the engines, the engine control systems and the fuel system.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: Analysis of the engines found that their fuel systems were contaminated with spherical particles. The Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department Accident Investigation Division concluded that the accident was caused by these spherical particles. The contaminated fuel, which contained particles of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) introduced into the fuel system when the aircraft was fueled at Surabaya, subsequently caused the loss of thrust control on both engines of the aircraft during approach to Hong Kong.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: The SAP particles, a component of the filter monitors installed in a fueling dispenser at Juanda Airport, had caused the main metering valves of the fuel metering unit to seize. The valves were found to be stuck in positions corresponding to the recorded thrust output of each engine as it approached Hong Kong. Other engine components were found to be contaminated with the particles, while the variable stator vane controller of engine No. 2 was found to be seized. The entire fuel system, including the fuel tanks, was found to be contaminated with spherical particles.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: Fuel samples collected at Juanda International Airport were contaminated with the particles. The fuel supply pipeline system used to refuel aircraft at Juanda International Airport had been recently extended during construction of new aircraft parking bays. The investigation discovered that not all procedures had been followed when the system was brought back into service, and that salt water had inadvertently entered the fuel supply. The presence of salt water compromised the filter monitors in the pipeline system, releasing the SAP particles into the fuel.


title: Cathay Pacific Flight 780

text: The incident was featured in the first episode of season 19 of the Canadian TV series "Mayday" labeled "Deadly Descent".


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: Edward Dean Winter (June 3, 1937 – March 8, 2001) was an American actor. He is best known for his recurring role, Colonel Samuel Flagg, in the television series "M*A*S*H" from 1973 to 1979.


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: His other notable television roles were as U.S. Air Force investigator Capt. Ben Ryan in season 2 of "Project U.F.O." (1978–1979); and in "Hollywood Beat" (1985), "9 to 5" (1986–1988), and "Herman's Head" (1991–1994).


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: Winter received two Tony Awards for Best Featured Actor in a Musical nominations for his performances in the original productions of "Cabaret" (1966) and "Promises, Promises" (1968). He also appeared in films such as "A Change of Seasons" (1980), "" (1983) and "The Buddy System" (1984).


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: Winter was born in Ventura, California and began his acting career in Ashland, Oregon as a member of the cast of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. During the 1961 season, he played Claudius in "Hamlet" and stayed for an extended repertory season where he appeared in "The Boyfriend" and "Rashomon". He went on to early successes on Broadway. Winter was twice nominated for Tony Awards as Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Musical). The first was in 1967, as Ernst Ludwig in "Cabaret", then in 1969 as J.D. Sheldrake in "Promises, Promises".


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: Winter was cast on "M*A*S*H" as Lt. Col. (later Col.) Flagg, becoming one of the program's more memorable and popular recurring characters. He appeared in seven episodes as Flagg during the show's 11-year run. The Flagg character was an intelligence agent (claiming to be C.I.A. several times) who brought a stereotypically paranoid, conspiracy-driven approach to his tasks. In some episodes his character was particularly vicious. Before his introduction as Flagg, Winter had appeared on the series as Captain Halloran. A number of fans have expressed the belief that Captain Halloran might have been one of Flagg's many aliases, especially as he said to Dr. Freedman, "we played poker once," which Captain Halloran had. However, this is debatable, as Halloran was a reasonably amiable character, whilst every other persona Flagg adopted was highly antagonistic, regardless of the alias. Winter reprised the role of Col. Flagg in an episode of the spin-off series "AfterMASH" in 1984. In 1985 he appeared in the pilot episode of "Misfits of Science" as an army officer who is killed trying to stop an insane general, played by Larry Linville.


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: Winter also appeared in the TV show "Alice", Season 2 Episode 7. He played Alice's possible boyfriend, Jack. Winter was a recurring character in the first season of the prime time sitcom "Soap" in 1977–78, portraying Congressman Walter McCallum, who was having an affair with the Tates' daughter, Eunice.


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: In 1974, he played a pedophile in the "Marcus Welby, M.D." episode "The Outrage". The same year, he appeared in the films "The Parallax View" and "The Disappearance of Flight 412". In 1976, he appeared in the crime comedy "Special Delivery".


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: In 1976, he appeared in a season two episode of "Phyllis," playing a boyfriend of Phyllis who comes out as gay. He also appeared in two memorable episodes of "Dallas" in 1981 as plastic surgeon Dr. Frank Waring, Mitch Cooper's mentor for a bit.


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: In 1977, Winter appeared in an episode of "Lou Grant" titled "Housewarming," as a reporter who beat his wife. The same year, he appeared in the popular TV movie "The Gathering", also starring Ed Asner, and "Never Con a Killer," the pilot for the crime drama "The Feather and Father Gang". In 1976, he appeared in "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", in which he played a congressman with a former tie to organized crime. He guest-starred in season one on "The A-Team" in the episode "Holiday in the Hills" and appeared in the season 5 episode "Road Games".


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: Winter starred in the 1979 NBC primetime drama "Project UFO" and was featured in the 1980 film "A Change of Seasons". He appeared as the corrupt county commissioner Bob Gebhardt in the 1983 movie "", the romantic comedy "The Buddy System" (1984), and in "From the Hip" (1987), also directed by "Porky's" director Bob Clark. In 1980 he played Clark Gable in the TV movie "The Scarlett O'Hara War".


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: In 1982 he appeared in the "Magnum, P.I." episode "Heal Thyself". Winter appeared in the season one episode of "The A-Team", titled "Holiday in the Hills" in 1983. In 1985 he guest-starred as Capt. Hennessey in Episode 14, Season 4, Rules of the Game, of "Cagney & Lacey".


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: Winter co-starred in the 1986 TV movie "A Christmas Gift" as Thomas Renfield, with co-star John Denver. Three years later he portrayed Las Vegas entertainer Johnny Roman in "". Winter guest-starred in "The Golden Girls" 1989 episode "Blind Date" as John Quinn, a blind man who dates Blanche despite her reservations due to his disability. He appeared on a 1991 episode of the television series "Night Court" as Clarence Egan. He appeared as Charlton 'Charlie' Chambers (as Ed Winter) in a 1990 episode of "Columbo", "Rest in Peace, Mrs. Columbo". Winter had a recurring role on the Fox sitcom "Herman's Head" from 1991 to 1994. Winter portrayed Mr. Crawford, an executive at Waterton Publishing, where the series lead character Herman Brooks (William Ragsdale) worked.


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: He appeared in the 1995 "Seinfeld" episode "The Beard" playing Robert's boss. Winter was featured as the real-life character of Carl Lawson in a 1995 episode of UPN's "Real Ghosts", also known as "". He did voice work on such programs as "The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest", "Duckman", "Aaahh!!! Real Monsters", "The Angry Beavers", "Fantastic Max", "Paddington Bear" and the animated film "Adventures in Odyssey: Shadow of a Doubt".


title: Edward Winter (actor)

text: In 2001, Winter died in Woodland Hills, California, of complications from Parkinson's disease. His ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean.


title: Phil Harding (archaeologist)

text: Philip Harding DL FSA (born 25 January 1950) is a British field archaeologist. He became a familiar face on the Channel 4 television series "Time Team".


title: Phil Harding (archaeologist)

text: Harding trained on various excavations with the Bristol University Extra Mural Department and other bodies from 1966; he has been a professional archaeologist since 1971.


title: Phil Harding (archaeologist)

text: Born in Oxford on 25 January 1950 and brought up in Wexcombe, Wiltshire, Harding was educated at Marlborough Royal Free Grammar School in Marlborough. As a young boy, he became fascinated with the Stone Age. He learned flint-knapping from his uncle, Fred, and in only a few months became a skilled knapper, crafting many different hunting tools from pieces of flint. He made his first archaeological finds digging up his parents' garden, much to the annoyance of his mother, Elsie. In 1966, while still at school, he attended a training excavation by Bristol University Extra Mural Department in Fyfield and West Overton. Since then, he has dug every year, though at first his archaeological activities had to be fitted into holidays and any spare time. His father, Ralph, died of a heart attack in 1977 at the age of 57.


title: Phil Harding (archaeologist)

text: After Harding left school, he worked in a puppet factory in Marlborough until he became a full-time archaeologist in 1971. He worked initially for the Southampton City Council Archaeology Unit, combining this with five seasons of excavations (1972–1976) run by the British Museum at the Neolithic flint mines of Grimes Graves, Norfolk. He has since become an acknowledged expert on flint-knapping and is skilled in lithic reduction using both percussive techniques and pressure flaking, in which, instead of striking the flint with blows, pressure is exerted on the edges to shape the tool.


title: Phil Harding (archaeologist)

text: From the mid-1970s, he worked on excavations in Berkshire, Hampshire, Dorset, Wiltshire and the Isle of Wight for the Department of the Environment (DOE). In 1979, the archaeological section of the DOE for the region became Wessex Archaeology, a non-profit organisation which is one of the biggest archaeological practices in the country. He continues to work for Wessex Archaeology when not filming.


title: Phil Harding (archaeologist)

text: He has been a member of the Institute of Field Archaeologists since 1985, and in 2006 was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. On 24 July 2008, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Southampton in archaeology. As a qualified SCUBA diver, he is the president of the Nautical Archaeology Society, a Portsmouth-based charity formed to further interest in nautical cultural heritage. Since 2015, Harding has been an archaeological supervisor for the veteran support charity Waterloo Uncovered, which conducts archaeology on the battlefield of Waterloo alongside veterans and serving personnel.


title: Phil Harding (archaeologist)

text: In 1991, Harding took part in the series "Time Signs", which was produced by Tim Taylor, who went on to create Channel 4's popular archaeology series "Time Team". Harding was a regular on "Time Team" from the first series in 1994 until its cancellation in 2013. He also took part in the various spin-off series such as "Time Team Extra" (1998), "Time Team Digs" (2002) and "Time Team Live". In addition, he has appeared in episodes of "Meet the Ancestors" (2003) and "Chris Moyles' Quiz Night" (2009).


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw University is a private liberal arts university in Greencastle, Indiana. It has an enrollment of 1,972 students. The school has a Methodist heritage and was originally known as Indiana Asbury University. DePauw is a member of both the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the North Coast Athletic Conference. The Society of Professional Journalists was founded at DePauw.


title: DePauw University

text: Indiana Asbury University was founded in 1837 in Greencastle, Indiana, and was named after Francis Asbury, the first American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The people of Greencastle raised $25,000 to entice the Methodists to establish the college in Greencastle, which was little more than a village at the time. It was originally established as an all-men's school but began admitting women in 1867.


title: DePauw University

text: In 1884 Indiana Asbury University changed its name to DePauw University in honor of Washington C. DePauw, who made a sequence of substantial donations throughout the 1870s, which culminated in his largest single donation that established the School of Music during 1884. Before his death in 1887, DePauw donated over $600,000 to Indiana Asbury, equal to around $17 million in 2021. In 2002, the school received the largest-ever gift to a liberal arts college, $128 million by the Holton family.


title: DePauw University

text: Sigma Delta Chi, known today as the Society of Professional Journalists, was founded at the university in 1909 by a group of student journalists, including Eugene C. Pulliam. The world's first Greek-letter sorority, Kappa Alpha Theta, was also founded at DePauw in 1870. DePauw is home to the two longest continually running fraternity chapters in the world: the Delta chapter of Beta Theta Pi and the Lambda chapter of Phi Gamma Delta.


title: DePauw University

text: As of July 2020, Dr. Lori S. White, previously vice chancellor for student affairs at Washington University in St. Louis, is the 21st president of DePauw University. Dr. White is the first woman and African American to serve as President of DePauw University.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw University has an enrollment of 1,970 students. DePauw's liberal arts education gives students a chance to gain general knowledge outside their direct area of study by taking classes outside their degrees and engaging in Winter Term classes and trips.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw has consistently been ranked as the #1 liberal arts college and university in the State of Indiana. In 2020, DePauw was ranked 46th among liberal arts colleges in the United States by "U.S. News & World Report". DePauw is ranked #78 on "Forbes" magazine's 2016 rankings, which include all colleges and universities in the United States, and #14 in the Midwest. "Money" magazine ranked DePauw #415 in the nation in its Best Colleges 2019 list based on data including tuition fees, family borrowing, and career earnings.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw University's schedule is divided into a 4–1–4-1 calendar: besides the 15-week Autumn and Spring Semesters, there is also a 4-week Winter Term as well as a May Term. Students take one course during these terms, which are either used as a period for students to explore a subject of interest on campus or participate in off-campus domestic or international internship programs, service trips, or international trips and field studies. One survey of DePauw students found that over 80% of DePauw graduates studied abroad. Past internships for Winter Term include ABC News, KeyBanc Capital Markets, Riley Hospital for Children, and Eli Lilly and Company. Past off-campus study and service projects include "The Galapagos: Natural Laboratories for Evolution", "Ghost Ranch: Abiquiu, New Mexico", and A Winter-Term In Service Trip that builds an Internet Facility in El Salvador while learning about public health and health care.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw University has one of the oldest private institutions for post-secondary music instruction in the country. Founded in 1884, the school has about 170 students. The student-to-teacher ratio is 5:1 with an average class size of 13 students. The School of Music is housed inside the Green Center for Performing Arts (GCPA), constructed in 2007, which integrated and replaced parts of the former structure. The School of Music grants degrees in music performance, music education, and musical arts. The latter allows students to add an emphasis on the music business. DePauw music students can also double major in another field outside of music in the typical four-year period or can study a Bachelor of Music and a Bachelor of Arts in a five-year course. The DePauw Symphony Orchestra is an auditioned ensemble for both music and non-music majors. In 2019, the orchestra toured Japan. The DePauw University Chorus is an ensemble open to both music and non-music majors, while the DePauw Chamber Singers is much smaller and more selective. The symphony and both choirs make an international tour every other year during Winter Term.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw students can apply for entry to five Programs of Distinction. There are the Honor Scholars and Information Technology Associates programs as well as three fellowships in Management, Media, and Science Research.


title: DePauw University

text: The Honor Scholar Program is an interdisciplinary journey for talented students who want the highest level of intellectual rigor. The program includes 5 interdisciplinary seminars and an 80–120-page honor thesis in the student's senior year.


title: DePauw University

text: Management Fellows are the top students interested in business and economics. The program includes special seminars, speakers, and a paid, semester-long internship during the junior year. Students have interned in private, public, and non-profit sectors. Past internship sites include Goldman, Sachs & Co., Chicago; Partners in Housing Development Corp., Indianapolis; Ernst & Young Global, New York; Cummins Inc. in India; Independent Purchasing Cooperative, Miami, Florida, and Brunswick Group, an international PR firm based in London.


title: DePauw University

text: Media Fellows benefit from DePauw's media tradition. In addition to interacting with leading contemporary media figures such as documentary filmmakers Ken Burns, Carl Bernstein, and Jane Pauley, who presented Ubben Lectures on campus, students have hands-on access to sophisticated media equipment.


title: DePauw University

text: Science Research Fellows use state-of-the-art equipment, work one-on-one with faculty members, participate in internships, make presentations at scientific meetings, publish in scientific journals and, in essence, have graduate-level science opportunities as undergraduates.


title: DePauw University

text: Students participating in the Information Technology Associates Program (ITAP) enjoy an opportunity to link their liberal arts education with technology know-how through on-campus apprenticeships and on- and off-campus internships.


title: DePauw University

text: The Environmental Fellows Program is designed to foster an interdisciplinary understanding of environmental issues.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw University was rated the top liberal arts college among the "Top 50 Most Unwired College Campuses", according to a survey which evaluated all institutions of higher learning and their use of wireless technology. The survey was sponsored by Intel Corporation and was printed in the edition of October 17, 2005, of "U.S. News & World Report". DePauw was also ranked the third most connected school in the United States in a 2004 Princeton Review analysis.


title: DePauw University

text: The Pulliam Center for Contemporary Media houses the school's media facilities. This includes a television station, radio station, newspaper, and 2 magazines - all student-run. First published in 1852 as "Asbury Notes", The DePauw is Indiana's oldest college newspaper. WGRE was ranked the #1 college radio station by "Princeton Review"'s "America's Best Colleges" in 2010.


title: DePauw University

text: When school is in session, the Pulliam Center is open to students and faculty 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw University consists of 36 major buildings spread out over a campus that includes a nature park, and is located approximately to the west of Indianapolis, Indiana. There are 11 residence halls, 4 theme houses, and 31 University-owned houses and apartments spread throughout the campus. The oldest building on campus, East College, was built in 1877 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. DePauw also owns McKim Observatory.


title: DePauw University

text: A historic structure located at the center of campus, The cornerstone for the building was laid on October 20, 1871. The building hosted commencement exercises in June 1874, and in September 1875 all college classes were moved to the building, according to the book, "DePauw Through the Years". But work on East College continued until 1882 when the building's basement was completed. East College was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw has three libraries: Roy O. West Library (main library), Prevo Science Library (located in the Julian Science Center, named for alumnus Percy Julian), and Music Library (located in the Green Center for Performing Arts). Library holdings include approximately 350,000 books; 22,000 videos; 1,000 print periodical titles; access to over 20,000 electronic titles; 450,000 government documents; newspapers; and online databases.


title: DePauw University

text: The School of Music is housed in the Judson and Joyce Green Center for the Performing Arts; the Communication and Theater Department is also located here. The GCPA has 29 soundproof practice rooms, three performing venues, a music library, teaching studios for large and small ensembles, multiple recording studios, Cafe Allegro, and an organ. Kresge Auditorium seats 1,400 and has a balcony to host big events, speakers, and ensembles. Moore Theater seats 400 and is the stage for musicals and theater productions. Thompson Recital Hall seats 200 and is for small ensembles and chamber music concerts.


title: DePauw University

text: Since 2007, the Janet Prindle Institute for Ethics has served as a place for reflection, discussion, and education at DePauw. Prindle sponsors events related to ethics and provides opportunities for students, faculty, and staff to engage in thoughtful discussions. The institute also publishes ethics related content through "The Prindle Post" and the "Examining Ethics" podcast.


title: DePauw University

text: There are more than 100 organizations on the DePauw campus that students can be involved in. DePauw students also participate in on-campus intramurals, university and student-sponsored musical and theatrical productions, and create local chapters of national organizations such as Circle K.


title: DePauw University

text: Many students engage in community service and other volunteer activities. Putnam County Relay For Life is organized by students and brings together the college and community. In May 2006, the Putnam County Relay for Life raised more than $215,000 for the American Cancer Society.


title: DePauw University

text: On August 2, 2010, "Princeton Review" ranked DePauw as the #10 party school in the US for the 2010–2011 school year, which includes all colleges and universities.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw's Greek system began just eight years after the founding of Indiana Asbury College in 1837. The Delta chapter of Beta Theta Pi fraternity was established here in 1845, Phi Gamma Delta (commonly known as Fiji) in 1856, Sigma Chi in 1859, Phi Kappa Psi in 1865, Delta Kappa Epsilon in 1866, Phi Delta Theta in 1868, Delta Tau Delta in 1871, Delta Upsilon in 1887, Sigma Nu in 1890, the Delta Rho chapter of Alpha Tau Omega in 1924, and Sigma Alpha Epsilon in 1949.


title: DePauw University

text: Women were first admitted to Indiana Asbury in 1867. The first Greek-letter fraternity for women soon followed. In January 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta was founded at DePauw as the world's first Greek letter fraternity known among women. Kappa Kappa Gamma established a chapter at DePauw in 1875. Notably, Alpha Chi Omega became the second Alpha Chapter established at DePauw, after Theta, when it was founded here in 1885.


title: DePauw University

text: For 2014, DePauw University was again ranked #1 in Greek Life by the "Princeton Review". "U.S. News & World Report" ranked DePauw #3 in the nation for the highest percentage of male students belonging to fraternities and #4 in the nation for the highest percentage of female students in sororities.


title: DePauw University

text: The Greek community consists of fourteen national social fraternities (eleven of which have houses on campus) and ten sororities (six of which have houses on campus). DePauw has an extensive and substantial Greek history, with both Kappa Alpha Theta, the first Greek-letter organization for women, and Alpha Chi Omega being founded at the school. The Lambda Chapter is the longest continuing chapter of Phi Gamma Delta.


title: DePauw University

text: Formal IFC (North American Interfraternity Conference) recruitment for men and Panhel (National Panhellenic Conference) recruitment for women is held early second semester. Membership intake for National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations (historically black Greek-lettered organizations) and Multicultural Greek organizations usually occurs in the fall and/or the spring. First-year students are not permitted onto fraternity or sorority property for a period of time at the beginning of each school year.


title: DePauw University

text: Greek-letter organizations that formerly maintained chapters on DePauw's campus include the fraternities Delta Chi, Delta Kappa Epsilon, and Lambda Chi Alpha, and the sororities Delta Zeta, Delta Delta Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi and Alpha Gamma Delta.


title: DePauw University

text: In 2006, the national organization of the Delta Zeta sorority reorganized the DePauw chapter, reducing twenty-three of its thirty-five current members (including the chapter president) to alumna status and giving them six weeks to vacate the sorority house. Of the twelve remaining members, six chose to take alumna status. The Delta Zeta national organization explained that its decisions were based on member commitment, but the evicted members said that they were forced to take alumna status because the chapter members were perceived as physically unattractive and "brainy".


title: DePauw University

text: Subsequently, on Monday, March 12, 2007, DePauw President Robert G. Bottoms announced that the university would sever its ties with Delta Zeta's national organization, effective at the end of the 2006–2007 academic year. President Bottoms was quoted as saying, "I came to the conclusion that our approaches to these issues are just incompatible."


title: DePauw University

text: The DePauw Tigers compete in the NCAA Division III North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC). Every year since 1890, DePauw University has competed in American football against its rival Wabash College in what has become the Monon Bell Classic. The traveling trophy, a 300-pound train bell from the Monon Railroad, made its debut in the rivalry in 1932. The DePauw-Wabash series is one of the nation's oldest college football rivalries.


title: DePauw University

text: In 1933, head coach Ray "Gaumey" Neal led the DePauw Tigers football team to an unbeaten, untied, and unscored opening season. The Tigers compiled a 7–0–0 record and outscored their opponents 136–0. Neal nearly duplicated this feat in 1943, but DePauw, 5–0–1, finished the season with one scoreless tie and six points allowed in a different game. The only points surrendered that season was in a 39–6 victory over Indiana State and the only non-win was a 0–0 tie against Oberlin. The Tigers outscored their opponents, 206–6.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw had been a member of the Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference from 1997 to 2011 and won numerous conference championships, most notably in women's basketball, where the school is a Division III power. DePauw's program had also won the conference's overall "President's Trophy" seven times in that span, including six consecutive President's Trophies from 2005 to 2006 to 2010–11. In 2007, the Tigers defeated Washington University in St. Louis to win the Division III title in women's basketball. The women's softball team won the regional title, advancing to the Division III College World Series for the first time in school history. Most notably in 2021, the DePauw softball team finished third at the NCAA Division III Softball Championship.


title: DePauw University

text: In 2012–2013, the women's basketball team won its second Division III National Championship with a 69 to 51 victory over the University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, in the title game in Holland, Michigan. The Tigers finished 34–0 on the season, which was the best basketball season at the Division III level for men's or women's basketball.


title: DePauw University

text: Over the years, DePauw has sent several players to the NFL, including Dave Finzer (1982), a punter for the Chicago Bears and Seattle Seahawks, and Greg Werner (1989), a tight end for the New York Jets. Former Tiger Basketball players include Clemson University Men's Basketball Head Coach Brad Brownell (1991) and former Butler and Boston Celtics head coach and current Celtics Director of Basketball Operations Brad Stevens (1999).


title: DePauw University

text: The DePauw University School of Music presents regular recitals by students and faculty and concerts by visiting artists, most of which are free and open to the public.


title: DePauw University

text: DePauw students also organize concerts for the campus community. Performers in recent years have included Dave Matthews, Train, The Black Eyed Peas, Ben Folds, Rufus Wainwright, and Guster. Past guests have included Billy Joel, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, The Carpenters, America, Yo-Yo Ma, and Harry Chapin.


title: DePauw University

text: On May 6, 1909, Sigma Delta Chi was founded by a group of DePauw University student journalists. The organization officially changed its name to the Society of Professional Journalists in 1988. Today it is the nation's most broad-based journalism organization, encouraging the free practice of journalism and stimulating high standards of ethical behavior. SPJ promotes the free flow of information vital to a well-informed citizenry; works to inspire and educate the next generation of journalists; and protects First Amendment guarantees of freedom of speech and press. In 2012, SPJ returned to the DePauw campus with the assistance of Eugene S. Pulliam Distinguished Visiting Professor of Journalism Mark Tatge "


title: DePauw University

text: Since 1919, the Rector Scholar Program has recognized DePauw students of exceptional scholarship and character. To be named a Rector Scholar is to join a prestigious tradition of more than 4,000 graduates strong. Rector Scholarships are offered to the top academic applicants offered admission to DePauw. A limited number of full-tuition Presidential Rector Scholarships are available.


title: DePauw University

text: Endowed by a gift from Timothy H. and Sharon (Williams) Ubben, both 1958 graduates of DePauw, the speakers' series "brings the world to Greencastle". Begun in 1986 and presented free of charge and open to all, Ubben Lecturers have included Malala Yousafzai, Bill Clinton, Benazir Bhutto, Margaret Thatcher, Jane Goodall, Tony Blair, TV's Jimmy Kimmel, Elie Wiesel, Colin Powell, Indianapolis Colts quarterback Andrew Luck, Spike Lee and Mikhail Gorbachev.


title: DePauw University

text: Brad Stevens, head coach of the Boston Celtics and 1999 DePauw graduate, spoke on March 9, 2020. Condoleezza Rice visited campus on October 8, 2019.


title: DePauw University

text: Voted "Indiana's Best College Sports Rivalry" by viewers of ESPN in 2005, DePauw University and Wabash College play each November—in the last regular season football game of the year for both teams—for the right to keep or reclaim the Monon Bell. The two teams first met in 1890. In 1932, the Monon Railroad donated its approximately 300-pound locomotive bell to be offered as the prize to the winning team each year. Wabash leads the all-time series, 62–54–9; since the Monon Bell was introduced, Wabash leads 43–38–6. The game routinely sells out (up to 11,000 seats, depending upon the venue and seating arrangement) and has been televised by ABC, ESPN2, AXS TV, and Fox Sports (where it has appeared for the past two years). Each year, alumni from both schools gather at more than 60 locations around the United States for telecast parties, and a commemorative DVD (including historic clips known as "Monon Memories") is produced (there are discs of 1977, 1984, 1993, 1994 and 2000–2018 games).


title: DePauw University

text: The Boulder Run has become a tradition at DePauw University. Students, streaking from their respective residences, run to and from the Columbia Boulder, located in the center of the campus near the East College building. Students today perform the Boulder Run for a variety of reasons, though it was originally performed on the day or night of the first snowfall on campus by Phi Kappa Psi, the Greek house nearest the boulder. This tradition was mentioned in "Playboy magazine's" September 1972 issue. The DePauw police are usually tolerant of the tradition, but students have been arrested when caught.


title: DePauw University

text: It is not unusual to see students playing a game of Campus Golf when the weather is nice. The game of campus golf requires a golf club and a tennis ball. Players attempt to hit their tennis ball against various targets on campus within a number of strokes. The game is similar to frisbee golf, where players attempt to hit targets ranging from trees to buildings with a frisbee.


title: DePauw University

text: During World War II, DePauw University was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a parallel expansion card standard, designed for attaching a video card to a computer system to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. It was originally designed as a successor to PCI-type connections for video cards. Since 2004, AGP was progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe), which is serial, as opposed to parallel; by mid-2008, PCI Express cards dominated the market and only a few AGP models were available, with GPU manufacturers and add-in board partners eventually dropping support for the interface in favor of PCI Express.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: AGP is a superset of the PCI standard, designed to overcome PCI's limitations in serving the requirements of the era's high-performance graphics cards.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The primary advantage of AGP is that it doesn't share the PCI bus, providing a dedicated, point-to-point pathway between the expansion slot(s) and the motherboard chipset. The direct connection also allows for higher clock speeds.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The second major change is the use of split transactions, wherein the address and data phases are separated. The card may send many address phases so the host can process them in order, avoiding any long delays caused by the bus being idle during read operations.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Third, PCI bus handshaking is simplified. Unlike PCI bus transactions whose length is negotiated on a cycle-by-cycle basis using the FRAME# and STOP# signals, AGP transfers are always a multiple of 8 bytes long, with the total length included in the request. Further, rather than using the IRDY# and TRDY# signals for each word, data is transferred in blocks of four clock cycles (32 words at AGP 8× speed), and pauses are allowed only between blocks.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Finally, AGP allows (mandatory only in AGP 3.0) "sideband addressing", meaning that the address and data buses are separated so the address phase does not use the main address/data (AD) lines at all. This is done by adding an extra 8-bit "SideBand Address" bus over which the graphics controller can issue new AGP requests while other AGP data is flowing over the main 32 address/data (AD) lines. This results in improved overall AGP data throughput.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: This great improvement in memory read performance makes it practical for an AGP card to read textures directly from system RAM, while a PCI graphics card must copy it from system RAM to the card's video memory. System memory is made available using the graphics address remapping table (GART), which apportions main memory as needed for texture storage. The maximum amount of system memory available to AGP is defined as the "AGP aperture".


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The AGP slot first appeared on x86-compatible system boards based on Socket 7 Intel P5 Pentium and Slot 1 P6 Pentium II processors. Intel introduced AGP support with the i440LX Slot 1 chipset on August 26, 1997, and a flood of products followed from all the major system board vendors.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The first Socket 7 chipsets to support AGP were the VIA Apollo VP3, SiS 5591/5592, and the ALI Aladdin V. Intel never released an AGP-equipped Socket 7 chipset. FIC demonstrated the first Socket 7 AGP system board in November 1997 as the "FIC PA-2012" based on the VIA Apollo VP3 chipset, followed very quickly by the "EPoX P55-VP3" also based on the VIA VP3 chipset which was first to market.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Early video chipsets featuring AGP support included the Rendition Vérité V2200, 3dfx Voodoo Banshee, Nvidia RIVA 128, 3Dlabs PERMEDIA 2, Intel i740, ATI Rage series, Matrox Millennium II, and S3 ViRGE GX/2. Some early AGP boards used graphics processors built around PCI and were simply bridged to AGP. This resulted in the cards benefiting little from the new bus, with the only improvement used being the 66 MHz bus clock, with its resulting doubled bandwidth over PCI, and bus exclusivity. Examples of such cards were the Voodoo Banshee, Vérité V2200, Millennium II, and S3 ViRGE GX/2. Intel's i740 was explicitly designed to exploit the new AGP feature set; in fact it was designed to texture only from AGP memory, making PCI versions of the board difficult to implement (local board RAM had to emulate AGP memory.)


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Microsoft first introduced AGP support into "Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2" (OSR2 version 1111 or 950B) via the "USB SUPPLEMENT to OSR2" patch. After applying the patch the Windows 95 system became "Windows 95 version 4.00.950 B". The first Windows NT-based operating system to receive AGP support was Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 3, introduced in 1997. Linux support for AGP enhanced fast data transfers was first added in 1999 with the implementation of the AGPgart kernel module.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: With the increasing adoption of PCIe, graphics cards manufacturers continued to produce AGP cards as the standard became obsolete. As GPUs began to be designed to connect to PCIe, an additional PCIe-to-AGP bridge-chip was required to create an AGP-compatible graphics card. The inclusion of a bridge, and the need for a separate AGP card design, incurred additional board costs.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The GeForce 6600 and ATI Radeon X800 XL, released during 2004–2005, were the first bridged cards. In 2009 AGP cards from Nvidia had a ceiling of the GeForce 7 Series. In 2011 DirectX 10-capable AGP cards from AMD vendors (Club 3D, HIS, Sapphire, Jaton, Visiontek, Diamond, etc.) included the Radeon HD 2400, 3450, 3650, 3850, 4350, 4650, and 4670. The HD 5000 AGP series mentioned in the AMD Catalyst software was never available. There were many problems with the AMD Catalyst 11.2 - 11.6 AGP hotfix drivers under Windows 7 with the HD 4000 series AGP video cards; use of 10.12 or 11.1 AGP hotfix drivers is the recommended workaround. Several of the vendors listed above make available past versions of the AGP drivers.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: By 2010, no new motherboard chipsets supported AGP and few new motherboards had AGP slots, however some continued to be produced with older AGP-supporting chipsets.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: In 2016, Windows 10 version 1607 dropped support for AGP. Possible future removal of support for AGP from open source Linux kernel drivers was considered in 2020.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Intel released "AGP specification 1.0" in 1997. It specified 3.3 V signals and 1× and 2× speeds. Specification 2.0 documented 1.5 V signaling, which could be used at 1×, 2× and the additional 4× speed and 3.0 added 0.8 V signaling, which could be operated at 4× and 8× speeds. (1× and 2× speeds are physically possible, but were not specified.)


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: AGP version 3.5 is only publicly mentioned by Microsoft under "Universal Accelerated Graphics Port (UAGP)", which specifies mandatory supports of extra registers once marked optional under AGP 3.0. Upgraded registers include PCISTS, CAPPTR, NCAPID, AGPSTAT, AGPCMD, NISTAT, NICMD. New required registers include APBASELO, APBASEHI, AGPCTRL, APSIZE, NEPG, GARTLO, GARTHI.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: An official extension for cards that required more electrical power, with a longer slot with additional pins for that purpose. AGP Pro cards were usually workstation-class cards used to accelerate professional computer-aided design applications employed in the fields of architecture, machining, engineering, simulations, and similar fields.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: A 64-bit channel was once proposed as an optional standard for AGP 3.0 in draft documents, but it was dropped in the final version of the standard.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The standard allows 64-bit transfer for AGP8× reads, writes, and fast writes; 32-bit transfer for PCI operations.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: AGP cards are backward and forward compatible within limits. 1.5 V-only keyed cards will not go into 3.3 V slots and vice versa, though "Universal" cards exist which will fit into either type of slot. There are also unkeyed "Universal" slots that will accept either type of card. When an AGP Universal card is plugged-into an AGP Universal slot, only the 1.5 V portion of the card is used. Some cards, like Nvidia's GeForce 6 series (except the 6200) or ATI's Radeon X800 series, only have keys for 1.5 V to prevent them from being installed in older mainboards without 1.5 V support. Some of the last modern cards with 3.3 V support were the Nvidia GeForce FX series (FX 5200, FX 5500, FX 5700, some FX 5800, FX 5900 and some FX 5950), certain Geforce 6 Series and 7 series (few cards were made with 3.3v support except for 6200 where 3.3v support was common) and the ATI Radeon 9500/9700/9800 (R300/R350) (but not 9600/9800(R360/RV360)). Some Geforce 6200/6600/6800 and Geforce 7300/7600/7800/7900/7950 cards will function with AGP 1.0 (3.3v) slots, but those are really uncommon compared to their AGP 1.5v only versions.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: AGP Pro cards will not fit into standard slots, but standard AGP cards will work in a Pro slot. Motherboards equipped with a Universal AGP Pro slot will accept a 1.5 V or 3.3 V card in either the AGP Pro or standard AGP configuration, a Universal AGP card, or a Universal AGP Pro card.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Some cards incorrectly have dual notches, and some motherboards incorrectly have fully open slots, allowing a card to be plugged into a slot that does not support the correct signaling voltage, which may damage card or motherboard. Some incorrectly designed older 3.3 V cards have the 1.5 V key.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: There are some proprietary systems incompatible with standard AGP; for example, Apple Power Macintosh computers with the Apple Display Connector (ADC) have an extra connector which delivers power to the attached display. Some cards designed to work with a specific CPU architecture (e.g., PC, Apple) may not work with others due to firmware issues.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Mark Allen of Playtools.com made the following comments regarding Practical AGP Compatibility for AGP 3.0 and AGP 2.0:


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Actual power supplied by an AGP slot depends upon the card used. The maximum current drawn from the various rails is given in the specifications for the various versions. For example, if maximum current is drawn from all supplies and all voltages are at their specified upper limits, an AGP 3.0 slot can supply up to 48.25 watts; this figure can be used to specify a power supply conservatively, but in practice a card is unlikely ever to draw more than 40 W from the slot, with many using less. AGP Pro provides additional power up to 110 W. Many AGP cards had additional power connectors to supply them with more power than the slot could provide.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: An AGP bus is a superset of a 66 MHz conventional PCI bus and, immediately after reset, follows the same protocol. The card must act as a PCI target, and optionally may act as a PCI master. (AGP 2.0 added a "fast writes" extension which allows PCI writes from the motherboard to the card to transfer data at higher speed.)


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: After the card is initialized using PCI transactions, AGP transactions are permitted. For these, the card is always the AGP master and the motherboard is always the AGP target. The card queues multiple requests which correspond to the PCI address phase, and the motherboard schedules the corresponding data phases later. An important part of initialization is telling the card the maximum number of outstanding AGP requests which may be queued at a given time.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: AGP requests are similar to PCI memory read and write requests, but use a different encoding on command lines C/BE[3:0] and are always 8-byte aligned; their starting address and length are always multiples of 8 bytes (64 bits). The three low-order bits of the address are used instead to communicate the length of the request.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Whenever the PCI GNT# signal is asserted, granting the bus to the card, three additional status bits ST[2:0] indicate the type of transfer to be performed next. If the bits are codice_1, a previously queued AGP transaction's data is to be transferred; if the three bits are codice_2, the card may begin a PCI transaction or (if sideband addressing is not in use) queue a request in-band using PIPE#.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Like PCI, each AGP transaction begins with an address phase, communicating an address and 4-bit command code. The possible commands are different from PCI, however:


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: AGP 3.0 dropped high-priority requests and the long read commands, as they were little used. It also mandated side-band addressing, thus dropping the dual address cycle, leaving only four request types: low-priority read (0000), low-priority write (0100), flush (1010) and fence (1100).


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: To queue a request in-band, the card must request the bus using the standard PCI REQ# signal, and receive GNT# plus bus status ST[2:0] equal to codice_2. Then, instead of asserting FRAME# to begin a PCI transaction, the card asserts the PIPE# signal while driving the AGP command, address, and length on the C/BE[3:0], AD[31:3] and AD[2:0] lines, respectively. (If the address is 64 bits, a dual address cycle similar to PCI is used.) For every cycle that PIPE# is asserted, the card sends another request without waiting for acknowledgement from the motherboard, up to the configured maximum queue depth. The last cycle is marked by deasserting REQ#, and PIPE# is deasserted on the following idle cycle.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: If side-band addressing is supported and configured, the PIPE# signal is not used. (And the signal is re-used for another purpose in the AGP 3.0 protocol, which requires side-band addressing.) Instead, requests are broken into 16-bit pieces which are sent as two bytes across the SBA bus. There is no need for the card to ask permission from the motherboard; a new request may be sent at any time as long as the number of outstanding requests is within the configured maximum queue depth. The possible values are:


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Sideband address bytes are sent at the same rate as data transfers, up to 8× the 66 MHz basic bus clock. Sideband addressing has the advantage that it mostly eliminates the need for turnaround cycles on the AD bus between transfers, in the usual case when read operations greatly outnumber writes.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: While asserting GNT#, the motherboard may instead indicate via the ST bits that a data phase for a queued request will be performed next. There are four queues: two priorities (low- and high-priority) for each of reads and writes, and each is processed in order. Obviously, the motherboard will attempt to complete high-priority requests first, but there is no limit on the number of low-priority responses which may be delivered while the high-priority request is processed.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: For each cycle when the GNT# is asserted and the status bits have the value codice_13, a read response of the indicated priority is scheduled to be returned. At the next available opportunity (typically the next clock cycle), the motherboard will assert TRDY# (target ready) and begin transferring the response to the oldest request in the indicated read queue. (Other PCI bus signals like FRAME#, DEVSEL# and IRDY# remain deasserted.) Up to four clock cycles worth of data (16 bytes at AGP 1× or 128 bytes at AGP 8×) are transferred without waiting for acknowledgement from the card. If the response is longer than that, both the card and motherboard must indicate their ability to continue on the third cycle by asserting IRDY# (initiator ready) and TRDY#, respectively. If either one does not, wait states will be inserted until two cycles after they both do. (The value of IRDY# and TRDY# at other times is irrelevant and they are usually deasserted.)


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The C/BE# byte enable lines may be ignored during read responses, but are held asserted (all bytes valid) by the motherboard.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The card may also assert the RBF# (read buffer full) signal to indicate that it is temporarily unable to receive more low-priority read responses. The motherboard will refrain from scheduling any more low-priority read responses. The card must still be able to receive the end of the current response, and the first four-cycle block of the following one if scheduled, plus any high-priority responses it has requested.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: For each cycle when GNT# is asserted and the status bits have the value codice_14, write data is scheduled to be sent across the bus. At the next available opportunity (typically the next clock cycle), the card will assert IRDY# (initiator ready) and begin transferring the data portion of the oldest request in the indicated write queue. If the data is longer than four clock cycles, the motherboard will indicate its ability to continue by asserting TRDY# on the third cycle. Unlike reads, there is no provision for the card to delay the write; if it didn't have the data ready to send, it shouldn't have queued the request.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The C/BE# lines "are" used with write data, and may be used by the card to select which bytes should be written to memory.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The multiplier in AGP 2×, 4× and 8× indicates the number of data transfers across the bus during each 66 MHz clock cycle. Such transfers use source synchronous clocking with a "strobe" signal (AD_STB[0], AD_STB[1], and SB_STB) generated by the data source. AGP 4× adds complementary strobe signals.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Because AGP transactions may be as short as two transfers, at AGP 4× and 8× speeds it is possible for a request to complete in the middle of a clock cycle. In such a case, the cycle is padded with dummy data transfers (with the C/BE# byte enable lines held deasserted).


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: The AGP connector contains almost all PCI signals, plus several additions. The connector has 66 contacts on each side, although 4 are removed for each keying notch. Pin 1 is closest to the I/O bracket, and the B and A sides are as in the table, looking down at the motherboard connector.


title: Accelerated Graphics Port

text: Contacts are spaced at 1 mm intervals, however they are arranged in two staggered vertical rows so that there is 2 mm space between pins in each row. Odd-numbered A-side contacts, and even-numbered B-side contacts are in the lower row (1.0 to 3.5 mm from the card edge). The others are in the upper row (3.7 to 6.0 mm from the card edge).


title: Avar language

text: Avar (, , "language of the mountains" or , , "Avar language"), also known as Avaric,<ref name="ISO 639-2/RA"></ref><ref name="ISO 639-3/RA"></ref> is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan. In 2010, there were approximately 1 million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in Russia.


title: Avar language

text: It is spoken mainly in the western and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of Dagestan, and the Balaken, Zaqatala regions of north-western Azerbaijan. Some Avars live in other regions of Russia. There are also small communities of speakers living in the Russian republics of Chechnya and Kalmykia; in Georgia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Jordan, and the Marmara Sea region of Turkey. It is spoken by about 762,000 people worldwide. UNESCO classifies Avar as vulnerable to extinction.


title: Avar language

text: It is one of six literary languages of Dagestan, where it is spoken not only by the Avar, but also serves as the language of communication between different ethnic groups.


title: Avar language

text: There are two main dialect groups: the northern, which includes Khunzakh, Kazbek, Gunib, Gumbet and others; and the southern, which includes Andalal, Gidatl', Antsukh, Charoda, Tlyarata, Tsumada, Tsunta and others.


title: Avar language

text: Adverbs do not inflect, outside of inflection for noun class in some adverbs of place: e.g. the in "inside" and "in front". Adverbs of place also distinguish locative, allative, and ablative forms suffixally, such as "inside", "to the inside", and "from the inside". is an emphatic suffix taken by underived adjectives.


title: Avar language

text: There are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign . Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis. The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence [] ().


title: Avar language

text: There were some attempts to write the Avar language in the Georgian alphabet as early as the 14th century. The use of Arabic script for representing Avar in marginal glosses began in the 15th century. The use of Arabic, which is known as "ajam", is still known today.


title: Avar language

text: As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928 the Ajam was replaced by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn replaced by the current Cyrillic script. Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called "palochka" ("stick", Ӏ). As that letter cannot be typed with common keyboard layouts, it is often replaced with a capital Latin letter i ( "I" ), small Latin letter L ( "l" ), or the numerical digit "1".


title: Avar language

text: The Avar language is usually written in the Cyrillic script. The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription):


title: Avar language

text: The literary language is based on the болмацӏ ("bolmacʼ")—"bo" = "army" or "country", and "macʼ" = "language"—the common language used between speakers of different dialects and languages. The "bolmacʼ" in turn was mainly derived from the dialect of Khunzakh, the capital and cultural centre of the Avar region, with some influence from the southern dialects. Nowadays the literary language is influencing the dialects, levelling out their differences.


title: Avar language

text: The most famous figure of modern Avar literature is Rasul Gamzatov (died November 3, 2003), the People's Poet of Dagestan. Translations of his works into Russian have gained him a wide audience all over the former Soviet Union.


title: Psycho Circus

text: Psycho Circus is the eighteenth studio album by American rock band Kiss and the first to involve all four original members since 1979's "Dynasty." While touted as a band effort, Peter Criss only played drums on the Ace Frehley-penned track, "Into the Void", and guitarist Frehley only played on two regular album tracks, the one he wrote plus "You Wanted the Best". He also played on a bonus track called "In Your Face", penned by Simmons. All four band members, however, sang lead vocals on the album.


title: Psycho Circus

text: Following the highly successful 1996–97 reunion tour, "Psycho Circus" was marketed as the first new studio album by the band's original lineup since 1979's "Dynasty" (as Peter Criss did not participate on the 1980s "Unmasked", although Criss' drum work is limited to only one of the nine songs on "Psycho Circus"). As with "Dynasty" and "Unmasked", however, many of the songs were recorded by uncredited players.


title: Psycho Circus

text: Ace Frehley and Criss' contribution was used sparingly in the production of the album, with Criss playing drums only on "Into the Void". Criss stated in his book "Makeup to Breakup: My Life in and Out of Kiss" that Paul Stanley was so determined not to work with him and Frehley in the studio that they were paid $850,000 each not to participate in the recording. Stanley and Simmons have claimed various, and often conflicting, reasons for their not playing much on the album from their not being capable, not showing up, to their wanting new financial deals, and to its being the producer's choice to not use them. In 2011, in Frehley's book "No Regrets", he says that he wrote a lot of songs for the album, one of those songs being titled "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Rock 'n' Roll". He mentions that the title and song were deemed very similar to the song "I Pledge Allegiance to the State of Rock 'n' Roll". Frehley would record the song under the title "Pursuit of Rock and Roll" for his 2018 solo album "Spaceman".


title: Psycho Circus

text: Frehley's "Into the Void" was co-written with Karl Cochran and originally titled "Shakin' Sharp Shooter", but Gene Simmons and Stanley were unhappy with the lyrics and title. Frehley then went up to a separate room and rewrote the lyrics to his song in 30 minutes. Despite Simmons claiming he and Stanley needed to provide substantial help arranging the song, co-writer Karl Cochran has said, "as far as the basic song structure, almost nothing was changed from what Ace and I wrote. I have the original demos that were cut in Ace's studio, and basically, it's the same song. Ace just changed the title of the song after the demo was done, which Gene had mentioned to him". Even with the changes the song very nearly didn't happen for the album with producer Bruce Fairbairn being unsure that Frehley could get the song fixed in time to record it the next day. He was still finishing the final verse in the studio as the recording commenced. Once recorded, Frehley was unhappy with the mix and insisted on remixing the track himself to make the song more raw, with the guitars and drums higher in the mix.


title: Psycho Circus

text: The song "Within" was originally written and demoed for Kiss's previous album "" and contains the original backwards guitar intro from the demo by previous Kiss member Bruce Kulick.


title: Psycho Circus

text: Bruce Fairbairn was brought in to produce the album, and stated that he wanted to stay away from gimmicks and trends such as guest appearances, just "tried to stay true to what Kiss does best and people remember them for." The album was mostly recorded at Los Angeles's A&M Studios and One on One Recording Studios, with the performances being first recorded with analogue equipment, and then digitized for mixing and overdubs. Afterwards, it was mixed by Mick Guzauski in his New York studio, and mastered by Fairbarn and Kiss' longtime partner George Marino at Sterling Sound, New York. Fairbairn complimented the band for being collaborative, declaring that "it had the potential to be a nightmare because they're all disparate and strong characters, musically and as people."


title: Psycho Circus

text: In a radio interview with Eddie Trunk following his departure, Criss stated that only "Into the Void" featured instrumental contributions from all four members. Regarding the lack of cohesion in the group at the time of recording, Stanley stated, "We tried to do a Kiss album, and it was an ill-fated attempt because there was no real band," and continued by adding, "For a band to make a great album, it has to share a common purpose...and we didn't have it." In 2014, Stanley changed stories yet again, claiming that Criss and Frehley were trying to renegotiate deals and get to compose more songs when he and Simmons thought that "Why would they be equal partners? The band had existed [for many years without them]." Although the subsequent Kiss Farewell Tour was meant to "put Kiss out of its misery", Stanley eventually decided to continue playing because "I don't want "Psycho Circus" to be our last album. It's not a good memory."


title: Psycho Circus

text: Some pressings featured a lenticular cover that alternates between a black Kiss logo and the album title with pictures of a clown and the band members, while the Japan initial first pressing featured a pop-up cover which had three foam spring-loaded panels of a clown face and two others with band members faces that popped out when the doors were opened.


title: Psycho Circus

text: It is sometimes assumed that "Psycho Circus" is based on the comic-book series "", which debuted the year before the album was released; however, while it is true that the album had not been conceived at the time the comic book was first published, Simmons claims that the "Psycho Circus" concept was originally created as a Kiss tour theme.


title: Psycho Circus

text: "Psycho Circus" debuted at No. 3 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 110,000 copies in its first week of release, and was certified gold by the RIAA on October 22, 1998.


title: Psycho Circus

text: Contemporary critical reactions were mixed. "Rolling Stone" reviewer wrote that "Psycho Circus" is "an album of platform-stomping rhythms, roller-coaster guitar riffs and sing-along choruses — is far more respectable than any of the awkward flops from the no-makeup years." "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" was less positive, giving the album their lowest rating. Matt Diehl, in his review for "Entertainment Weekly" stated that "this is rock with a capital R, captured in all its cheesy glory... This new effort proves that in the circus of hard-rock dinosaurs, Kiss remains its Barnum & Bailey." "Well up to the band's usual standards of corny hoopla," wrote Clark Collis in "The Daily Telegraph". "Typical of the beast is 'I Pledge Allegiance to the State of Rock & Roll' — three and a half minutes of hilariously bombastic pomp-rock that simply crushes thoughts of all post-glam musical developments beneath a silver-painted stack-heel boot." Metal Rules reviewer wrote that ""Psycho Circus" sounds so much like the KISS of old that you’d almost think the release date was 1979" and the song "'Psycho Circus' is the best arena-rock anthem KISS have put their names to since "Love Gun".


title: Psycho Circus

text: Modern reviews are less positive. AllMusic Stephen Thomas Erlewine called the album's music "sleazy, big, dumb pop-metal", played by a band which "no longer sound young, hungry, or sleazy -- they sound like professional dirty old men." Canadian journalist Martin Popoff defined "Psycho Circus" "a sick, sick joke", containing "a couple of songs that will sound OK live... with about half hour of miserable filler".


title: Psycho Circus

text: The album was voted Album of the Year in the 1998 "Metal Edge" Readers' Choice Awards, while the title track won Song of the Year and Best Video Clip.


title: Psycho Circus

text: The song "Dreamin'" bears some resemblance to Alice Cooper's 1970 hit "I'm Eighteen". A month after the release of "Psycho Circus", Cooper's publisher filed a plagiarism suit, which was settled out of court in Cooper's favor.


title: Psycho Circus

text: The hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse took issue with the album, feeling it copied their style. The American rapper Shaggy 2 Dope referenced this in their song "Everybody Rize" by rapping 'Fuck Gene Simmons you make me sick, psycho circus you stole my shit, spit your blood and do your dance but ill beat that ass through your leather pants.' The song was later reworked and used as entrance music for the World Wrestling Federation team known as The Oddities and included on "WWF The Music, Volume 3" under the name "Oddities" with the reference to Simmons removed.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Radio Caroline is a British radio station founded in 1964 by Ronan O'Rahilly and Alan Crawford initially to circumvent the record companies' control of popular music broadcasting in the United Kingdom and the BBC's radio broadcasting monopoly. Unlicensed by any government for most of its early life, it was a pirate radio station that never became illegal as such due to operating outside any national jurisdiction, although after the Marine Offences Act (1967) it became illegal for a British subject to associate with it.


title: Radio Caroline

text: The Radio Caroline name was used to broadcast from international waters, using five different ships with three different owners, from 1964 to 1990, and via satellite from 1998 to 2013. Since August 2000, Radio Caroline has also broadcast 24 hours a day via the internet and by the occasional restricted service licence. Currently they also broadcast on DAB radio in certain areas of the UK: these services are part of the Ofcom small-scale DAB+ trials. Caroline can be heard on DAB+ in Aldershot, Birmingham, Cambridge, Brighton, Glasgow, Norwich, London, Portsmouth, Poulton-le-Fylde and Woking.


title: Radio Caroline

text: In May 2017, Ofcom awarded the station an AM band community licence to broadcast to Suffolk and north Essex; full-time broadcasting, via a previously redundant BBC World Service transmitter mast at Orford Ness, commenced on 22 December 2017.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Radio Caroline broadcasts music from the 1960s to contemporary, with an emphasis on album-oriented rock (AOR) and "new" music from "carefully selected albums". On 1 January 2016, a second channel was launched called Caroline Flashback, playing pop music from the late 1950s to the early 1980s.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Radio Caroline was begun by Irish musician manager and businessman Ronan O'Rahilly, after he failed to obtain airplay on Radio Luxembourg for Georgie Fame's records because the station was committed to sponsored programmes promoting major record labels: EMI, Decca, Pye and Philips.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Encouraged by Scandinavian and Dutch radio pirates, in February 1964 O'Rahilly obtained the 702-ton former Danish passenger ferry "", launched in Frederikshavn in 1929, which was converted into a radio ship at the Irish port of Greenore, owned by O'Rahilly's father. At the same time, Allan Crawford's "Project Atlanta" was equipping the MV "Mi Amigo" at Greenore, where the two competed to be the first on air.<ref name="Henry/von Joel"></ref>


title: Radio Caroline

text: Financial backing for the venture came from six investors, including John Sheffield, chairman of Norcross, Carl "Jimmy" Ross of Ross Foods, and Jocelyn Stevens of "Queen" magazine, with which Radio Caroline shared its first office. O'Rahilly named the station after Caroline Kennedy, daughter of U.S. president John F. Kennedy. On a fund-raising trip to the U.S., O'Rahilly reportedly saw a "Life" magazine photograph of Kennedy and his children in the Oval Office that served as the inspiration for the name "Caroline Radio". In an extant photo, Caroline Kennedy and her brother, John F. Kennedy Jr., are apparently dancing in the Oval Office as their father looks on, an activity which O'Rahilly reportedly interpreted as a playful, jovial disruption of government. A particular image conveying unthreatening joy was the cheeky 4½ year old Caroline hiding at President John F Kennedy's feet beneath the battered HMS Resolute desk in the Oval Office.


title: Radio Caroline

text: The "Fredericia" was renamed MV "Caroline" and anchored off Felixstowe, Suffolk, where it began test transmissions on Friday, 27 March 1964. On Saturday, 28 March, it began regular broadcasting at noon on (announced as 199 metres) with the opening conducted by Simon Dee. The first programme, which was pre-recorded, was hosted by Chris Moore. Radio Caroline's first musical theme was Jimmy McGriff's "Round Midnight", a jazz standard co-composed by Thelonious Monk. In March 1964, The Fortunes recorded "Caroline", which became the station's theme. "Round Midnight" was confined to closedown on Radio Caroline North after "The World Tomorrow". The station's slogan was "Your all-day music station".


title: Radio Caroline

text: Radio Caroline's transmission output was almost 20kW, achieved by linking two 10kW Continental Electronics transmitters. Broadcasting hours were 6am to 6pm to avoid competition from Radio Luxembourg, which began transmissions at 6pm. The station returned at 8pm and continued until after midnight to avoid competition with popular television programmes. Most of Radio Caroline's pop music programmes were targeted at housewives, and some later programming was aimed at children. Without serious competition, Radio Caroline gained a regular daytime audience of some 7 million.


title: Radio Caroline

text: On 2 July 1964, Radio Atlanta and Radio Caroline's companies, Project Atlanta and Planet Productions, announced the stations were to merge, with Crawford and O'Rahilly as joint managing directors. Radio Atlanta closed at 8p.m. that day. It was renamed Radio Caroline South and MV "Mi Amigo" remained off Frinton-on-Sea while MV "Caroline" broadcast as Radio Caroline North. MV "Caroline" sailed from Felixstowe to the Isle of Man, broadcasting as she went. The only broadcast staff on board were Tom Lodge and Jerry Leighton. MV "Caroline" arrived at her new anchorage on the southern tip of the Bahama Bank, Ramsey Bay, on 6 July 1964, at a position formerly occupied by the Bahama Bank Lightship. The two stations were able to cover most of the British Isles. Later, some programmes were pre-recorded on land and broadcast simultaneously from both ships.


title: Radio Caroline

text: In October 1965, O'Rahilly bought Crawford's interest in the MV "Mi Amigo" and engaged Tom Lodge from Radio Caroline North to make programme changes and regain the audience from Radio London. Lodge hired new DJs and introduced free-form programming.


title: Radio Caroline

text: When the US-backed Radio London arrived off the coast of England, there was an unsuccessful attempt to merge its sales operation with that of Caroline before Radio London started transmissions.. The new station introduced British audiences to slick American-style top 40 radio with electronic jingles produced by Dallas-based PAMS, and was an immediate success.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Radio Caroline's first programme, on 28 March 1964, was presented by Chris Moore. Presenters Tony Blackburn, Roger Gale, Ray Teret, Roger Day, Simon Dee, Tony Prince, Spangles Muldoon, Keith Skues, Johnnie Walker, Robbie Dale, Dave Lee Travis, Tommy Vance, Tom Edwards, Paul Noble, Bob Stewart and Andy Archer became well known. Some DJs from the USA and Commonwealth countries, such as Graham Webb, Emperor Rosko and Keith Hampshire were also heard. DJ Jack Spector, of the WMCA "Good Guys" in New York, regularly recorded for Radio Caroline. Syndicated shows from the US and recorded religious programmes were also broadcast. BBC Radio 2 newsreader Colin Berry started his career reading the news on Radio Caroline South.


title: Radio Caroline

text: In mid-September 1965, the crew and DJs on MV "Mi Amigo" were joined for the weekend by 1960s pop singer Sylvan Whittingham, who visited the ship to promote her single "We Don't Belong". Whittingham was unable to leave on the tender when a storm arose. The only singer to stay overnight, she helped present programmes, make jingles, and close the station at night.


title: Radio Caroline

text: On 20 January 1966, the MV "Mi Amigo" lost its anchor in a storm, drifted and ran aground on the beach at Frinton-on-Sea. The crew and broadcasting staff were rescued unharmed, but the ship's hull was damaged and repairs were carried out at Zaandam, Netherlands. Between 31 January and 1 May, Radio Caroline South broadcast from the vessel "Cheeta II", owned by Britt Wadner of Swedish offshore station Radio Syd, which was off the air because of pack ice in the Baltic Sea. The "Cheeta II" was equipped for FM broadcasting, so it was fitted with the 10 kW transmitter from the "Mi Amigo", feeding a makeshift antenna. The resulting signal was low-powered, but ensured that Caroline South's advertising revenue would continue.


title: Radio Caroline

text: The "Mi Amigo" returned to its Frinton-on-Sea anchorage with a redesigned antenna and a new 50 kW transmitter and attempted to resume broadcasting on 18 April, nominally on 259 metres to enable the same jingles as Radio Caroline North on 1169 kHz to be used, but actually 252 metres. The transmitter was initially too powerful for the antenna insulators. On 27 April, the "Mi Amigo" was fully operational.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Radio Caroline South's 259 metres signal was now near those of Radio London on 266 m (1133 kHz) and the BBC's Light Programme on 247 m (1214 kHz). Radio Caroline North subsequently moved to 257 m (1169 kHz) but also called it 259.


title: Radio Caroline

text: In October 1965, negotiations began for Radio Caroline to take over Radio City, which broadcast from Shivering Sands Army Fort, a Second World War marine fort off the Kent coast. One of Radio Caroline's directors, Major Oliver Smedley, formerly of Radio Atlanta, entered a partnership with Radio City's owner, pop group manager Reginald Calvert and installed a more powerful transmitter on the fort. However, according to Gerry Bishop's book "Offshore Radio" this transmitter was antiquated and failed to work. Smedley later withdrew from the deal.


title: Radio Caroline

text: On 20 June 1966, Smedley boarded the Shivering Sands Fort with 10 workmen to repossess a transmitter that he had supplied, but had not been paid for. The next day, Calvert visited Smedley's home in Saffron Walden, Essex, to demand the departure of the raiders and the return of vital transmitter parts. During a violent struggle, Calvert was shot dead. Smedley's men occupied the fort until 22 June.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Smedley was charged with Calvert's murder on 18 July, but this was reduced to a charge of manslaughter. Smedley's trial opened on 11 October at Chemlsford Assizes, where the jury acquitted him.


title: Radio Caroline

text: In 1967, the UK Government enacted the Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967, outlawing advertising on or supplying an unlicensed offshore radio station from the UK. In an earlier House of Commons debate (in June 1966), the government had claimed that the pirate ships were a danger because of radio frequency interference to emergency shipping channels, and to overseas radio stations and the pirates were paying no royalties to artists, composers or record companies. Furthermore, it was stated that the pirates' use of wavelengths also broke international agreements. The Manx parliament, the Tynwald, attempted to exclude the North ship from the legislation, appealing to the European Court on the legality of the act being applied to the Isle of Man. Two (Radio 270 and Radio London) of the remaining four UK-based offshore stations closed, but the two Caroline ships continued with their supply operation moved to Netherlands waters, where unlicensed ship-based broadcasting was not outlawed until 1974.


title: Radio Caroline

text: When Marine &c. Broadcasting Offences Act become law on 14 August 1967, Radio Caroline was renamed Radio Caroline International. Six weeks later, the BBC introduced its new national pop station Radio 1, modelled largely on the successful offshore station Radio London, and employed many of the ex-pirate DJs. The BBC Light, Third, and Home programmes became Radios 2, 3 and 4 respectively.


title: Radio Caroline

text: On 3 March 1968, the radio ships "Mi Amigo" and "Caroline" were boarded and seized before the day's broadcasting began. They were towed to Amsterdam by a salvage company to secure unpaid bills for servicing by the Dutch tender company Wijsmuller Transport. "Caroline" was broken up for scrap in 1972.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Because of the rise of land-based pirate stations after the MOA became law (usually stations run from bedrooms or outdoor sheds with small wattage transmitters), at least two stations later broadcast using the Caroline name, one based in Dublin. Those broadcasts took place between 1970 and 1973.


title: Radio Caroline

text: On 24 March 1970, a radio ship named anchored off the east coast of England during the UK general election campaign, broadcasting as Radio North Sea International (RNI). RNI operated on medium wave, short wave and FM. Its medium wave transmission was jammed by the UK authorities and on 13 June, RNI changed its name to Radio Caroline International with co-operation from Ronan O'Rahilly. Radio Caroline lobbied against the Labour Party, for the Conservative Party and for the introduction of licensed commercial radio in the United Kingdom. Following the election, RNI resumed its original name but jamming continued under the newly-elected Conservative government. It was not until RNI returned to its original anchorage off the Netherlands that the jamming ceased.


title: Radio Caroline

text: News stories appeared in Europe announcing the start of Caroline Television from two Super Constellation aircraft using Stratovision technology. One would circle over the North Sea in international air space near the United Kingdom, while the other remained on standby. Presentations were made to US advertising agencies. These stories continued and included co-operation by a former member of the Beatles and a sign-on date of 1 July; the station failed to appear. The TV operation was later found to be a publicity stunt.


title: Radio Caroline

text: In 1972, MV "Mi Amigo" was bought for her scrap value at auction by enthusiast Gerard van Dam, who intended to use her as a free radio museum. O'Rahilly promised financial backing if van Dam could return the ship to broadcasting condition. The ship anchored off the Dutch coastal resort of Scheveningen and was serviced and operated from the Netherlands. That autumn various tests, consisting of continuous music, were made on 259 metres. The station restarted just before Christmas as Radio 199 but soon became Radio Caroline, with a Top 40 format. DJs Chris Cary, broadcasting as Spangles Muldoon (who was also station manager), Roger 'Twiggy' Day, Andy Archer, Paul Alexander, Steve England, Johnny Jason and Peter Chicago (real name Peter Murtha) manned the station.


title: Radio Caroline

text: In late 1972, Radio Caroline had money problems. On 28 December, unpaid crew cut the "Mi Amigo"'s generator fuel line and departed. Later that day, the Dutch Royal Navy returned the crew and fighting broke out on board. Two days later, "Mi Amigo" was towed to IJmuiden and seized because of unpaid bills. Because of the Christmas holidays, no solicitors were available to issue a writ and the ship lay in Amsterdam harbour until O'Rahilly arranged for it to be towed back to sea. The ship was further delayed by hull damage, and repaired before writs could be issued.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Between 11 and 20 April 1973, the ship broadcast for Radio Veronica while its ship, the "Norderney", was aground. Because of a law that allows pirates in distress to come ashore without arrest, the running aground had no consequences for the crew. During summer 1973, it broadcast separate stations in English and Dutch simultaneously, on 389 m/773 kHz and 252 m (announced as 259)/1187 kHz. Two aerials and twin transmitters were used for about six weeks until the aerial mast failed. To accommodate the second aerial, a second short mast, just in front of the bridge, was employed as the other end of the aerial fixed to the main mast.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Around this time, O'Rahilly decided Caroline should adopt an album format similar to FM progressive rock stations in the US, an audience not catered for in Europe. This service was Radio Seagull and broadcast live during the evening.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Since Radio Caroline could not find enough advertising, it shared its nominal 259-metre wavelength (actually 1187 kHz or 253 metres) with Dutch-language pop stations. The first was a Belgian station called Radio Atlantis, owned by Belgian businessman Adriaan van Landschoot. Programmes were recorded on land and broadcast between 6a.m. and 7p.m. Rough weather sometimes prevented tapes from arriving and old programmes had to be repeated. Later in 1973, when the contract with Radio Caroline ended, the crew of Radio Atlantis moved to their own ship, the .


title: Radio Caroline

text: Radio Seagull became Radio Caroline on 23 February 1974, retaining the album format. Throughout most of the 1970s, Radio Caroline could be heard only at night, calling itself "Europe's first and only album station".


title: Radio Caroline

text: Another Belgian station, Radio Mi Amigo International, launched on 1 January 1974; it was run by Belgian businessman and Suzy Waffles owner Sylvain Tack. The station's offices and studios were in Brakel, Belgium, but moved to Castell-Platja d'Aro, Costa Brava, Spain in March 1975 after a raid by Belgian police. Here they produced programmes for Dutch-speaking holidaymakers, mostly Europop, Top 40, MOR and Dutch language popular music presented by Belgian, Dutch and occasionally English DJs with frequent commercials. Because commercial radio was prohibited in Belgium, Radio Mi Amigo had little competition from the former BRT State Radio and TV (today VRT Flemisch State radio and TV) and became very popular in Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK. For the first years, advertising on the station was in demand. When Radio Veronica closed in 1974, some presenters moved to Radio Mi Amigo.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Caroline's album format meant that, although the station served a gap in the market, its audience was smaller than in the 1960s. Caroline also promoted O'Rahilly's concept of "Loving Awareness" (LA), a far-eastern philosophy of love and peace. Some DJs were embarrassed but some were fascinated by the challenge of an abstract concept.


title: Radio Caroline

text: In 1974, O'Rahilly set up a pop group called The Loving Awareness Band, comprising John Turnbull (guitar) and Mick Gallagher (keyboards) both formerly of Skip Bifferty and two session musicians, Norman Watt-Roy (bass) and Charlie Charles (drums). In 1976, The Loving Awareness Band released their only album, "Loving Awareness" on More Love Records (ML001), a label set up by O'Rahilly. The album was reissued on CD on Ross Records, c.1992, and in a "30th Anniversary Edition" with bonus material on SMC Records in 2005. The band broke up in 1977; Watt-Roy and Charles played on Ian Dury's "New Boots and Panties!!" album, and Turnbull and Gallagher joined them on the Stiff's tour, becoming The Blockheads.


title: Radio Caroline

text: The Dutch government banned unlicensed offshore radio on 1 September 1974. Radio Caroline continued, moving its headquarters and servicing operation to Spain. On 30 August 1974 "Mi Amigo" moved from the Dutch coast to the Knock Deep Channel, approximately from the British coast. After 31 August, shows for Radio Mi Amigo were delivered on cassettes rather than reel-to-reel tapes. Beginning in 1975, the cassettes were transported from Playa d'Aro on the Europa Bus service, which carried people from Amsterdam to Madrid at low prices. The tapes were picked up in Belgium at a bus stop, taken to a small sports plane and dropped in the sea close to the radio ship. The Mi Amigo "Top 50" tapes were flown over by helicopter to get them on board more quickly.


title: Radio Caroline

text: On 1 September, a small motor launch had difficulties in rough seas. Radio Caroline broadcast appeals for help, giving the ship's position as . A coastguard vessel escorted the launch back to shore, but the authorities were unhappy that Caroline listeners had jammed the emergency switchboards.


title: Radio Caroline

text: The "Mi Amigo" was tendered clandestinely from Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Tenders and boat owners were warned, and some were prosecuted for ferrying staff and provisions to the ship. Belgium had outlawed offshore radio in 1962 and prosecuted advertisers, cutting the station's revenue. Belgian courts sentenced Tack and some DJs to fines and jail "in absentia", although the prison terms were later cancelled.


title: Radio Caroline

text: The two stations experimented with different frequencies. After a short test on 773 kHz in late 1975, in May 1976, Radio Caroline began a daytime service on 1562 kHz (192 m) using a 10 kW transmitter, while its overnight service continued to share the 50 kW transmitter with Radio Mi Amigo's daytime programming on 1187 kHz (253 metres, announced as 259).


title: Radio Caroline

text: In December 1976, Radio Mi Amigo moved to 1562 kHz on the 50 kW transmitter, leaving Caroline on 1187 kHz 24 hours a day on the 10 kW. Radio Caroline had greater night-time interference, and it was decided to move Caroline to a new frequency. On 3 March 1977, Caroline closed, announcing that it would return six days later on 319 metres. To allow Radio Mi Amigo to continue broadcasting by day, the engineering work for Caroline's move had to be carried out over six nights, after the 50 kW transmitter was switched off.


title: Radio Caroline

text: Caroline returned on 9 March 1977 on 953 kHz, actually 315 metres but announced as 319. This gave reasonable reception by day but strong heterodyne interference at night because the transmitter crystal was off-channel. In July Caroline moved to the adjacent channel, 962 kHz (312 metres but still called 319) and reception in the UK improved. Meanwhile, Radio Mi Amigo had interference on 1562 kHz and changed to 1412 kHz (212 m).


title: Radio Caroline

text: Finally, Radio Mi Amigo moved to 962 kHz on 1 December. Due to generator trouble, the two services could no longer be broadcast simultaneously and Radio Caroline again broadcast at night with both stations using the 50 kW transmitter and Radio Caroline began to receive more mail from the continent. At times, a 10 kW transmitter was used to save fuel and relieve the generators. The 10 kW transmitters could run on the Henschel generator beside the two main MAN units and also a Cummins unit on the aft deck behind the wheelhouse.