title: Greyhawk

text: The World of Greyhawk is located on a planet called "Oerth." Oerth has an axial tilt of 30 degrees, which causes greater seasonal temperature variation than on Earth, which is controlled by wizardly and divine magic that shifts weather patterns to be more favorable to the populace. Castle Greyhawk was the most famous dungeon in Oerth, the home campaign world of Gary Gygax. Players in the earliest days of this campaign mostly stayed within Castle Greyhawk's dungeons, but Gygax envisioned the rest of his world as a sort of parallel Earth, and the original Oerth (pronounced 'Oith', as with a Brooklyn accent) looked much like the real-world Earth but filled with imaginary cities and countries. Several years later, when TSR produced the original "World of Greyhawk" folio (1980), Gygax was asked to produce a map of the world and decided to create something new which still featured many of the locales from his original world of Oerth but with new geography. Gygax also connected Dave Arneson's Blackmoor to his world by including a country by that name in Oerth. In his later novel "Dance of Demons" (1988), Gygax destroyed Greyhawk's Oerth and replaced it with a new fantasy world of Yarth.


title: Greyhawk

text: The "Flanaess" is the eastern part of the continent of Oerik, one of the four continents of Oerth, acting as the setting of dozens of adventures published between the 1970s and 2000s. In late 1972, Dave Arneson demonstrated a new type of game to a group of gamers in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, including game designer Gygax. Gygax agreed to develop a set of rules with Arneson and get the game published; the game eventually became known as "Dungeons & Dragons". Gygax designed a set of dungeons underneath the ruins of Castle Greyhawk as a testing ground for new rules, character classes and spells. In those early days, there was no Flanaess; the world map of Oerth was developed by Gygax as circumstances dictated, the new cities and lands simply drawn over a map of North America. Gygax and Kuntz further developed this campaign setting, and by 1976, the lands within a radius of 50 miles had been mapped in depth, and the lands within a radius of approximately 500 miles were in outline form.


title: Greyhawk

text: Following yet more work, in 1978 Gygax agreed to publish his world and decided to redevelop Oerth from scratch. Once he had sketched out the entire planet to his satisfaction, one hemisphere of Oerth was dominated by a massive continent called Oerik. Gygax decided to concentrate his first efforts on the continent of Oerik and asked TSR's printing house about the maximum size of paper they could handle; the answer was 34 x 22 inches (86 cm x 56 cm). He found that, using the scale he desired, he could fit only the northeast corner of Oerik on two of the sheets. This corner of Oerik became known as "the Flanaess", so named in Gygax's mind because of the peaceful people known as the Flannae who had once lived there. Gygax also added many more new regions, countries and cities, bringing the number of political states to 60:


title: Greyhawk

text: Needing original placenames for all of the geographical and political places on his map, Gygax sometimes resorted to wordplay based on the names of friends and acquaintances. For instance, Perrenland was named after Jeff Perren, who co-wrote the rules for "Chainmail" with Gygax; Urnst was a homophone of Ernst (his son Ernie); and Sunndi was a near-homophone of Cindy, another of Gygax's children.


title: Greyhawk

text: From Gygax's prototype map, Darlene Pekul, a freelance artist in Lake Geneva, developed a full colour map on a hex grid. Gygax was so pleased with the end result that he quickly switched his home Greyhawk campaign over to the new world he had created. Ultimately, the original Castle Greyhawk was never published for public play, instead with many of the elements of Gygax's original campaign becoming the seed for other adventures.


title: Greyhawk

text: In the late 1960s, Gary Gygax, a military history buff and pulp fantasy fan, was a central, founding figure in the Castle & Crusade Society. The C&C Society, as it was known, served enthusiasts of miniature wargaming in the Middle Ages and published an occasional newsletter known as the "Domesday Book".


title: Greyhawk

text: Following up on a promise he made in "Domesday Book" #5, Gygax presented the "Great Kingdom" map c. June 1971 in Domesday #9, to be used as a game setting for the Society. Members thereafter began claiming territories, including member Dave Arneson, who was an officer of the organization, and frequent contributor to the newsletter. Arneson claimed a territory he named Blackmoor, a setting he had already begun developing in his home campaign, and Gygax reserved for himself a territory on lake Nyr Div.


title: Greyhawk

text: In addition to historically-based medieval wargaming, both Gygax and Arneson were enthusiasts of adding fantasy elements to their games. To this end, Gygax created a fantasy supplement for the "Chainmail" ruleset for medieval miniatures that he was co-writing with Jeff Perren. Released in the late spring of 1971, this booklet included rules for fantasy monsters, wizards and magical weapons.


title: Greyhawk

text: Around the same time, in Minneapolis–St. Paul, Dave Arneson, impressed by the "Braunstein" role-playing games of fellow wargamer David Wesely, developed the Barony of Blackmoor as a setting for Braunstein style games. Arneson based his game around the village, castle and dungeons of Blackmoor. The castle itself was represented on the table by an actual plastic kit model of a medieval castle. Arneson informed the players that instead of controlling regiments, they would each take one individual character into the castle of the Barony of Blackmoor to explore its dangerous dungeons. Arneson drew from numerous sources but quickly incorporated the fantasy supplement of Chainmail into his games.


title: Greyhawk

text: After about a year and half of play, Arneson (Blackmoor) and fellow gamer David Megarry (Dungeon! boardgame) traveled to Lake Geneva in November or December 1972 to pitch their respective games to Gygax, who at that time was a representative of the Guidon Games company. Gygax was immediately intrigued by the concept of individual characters exploring a dungeon setting. He and Arneson agreed to co-develop a set of rules, and Gygax quickly developed a castle and dungeon of his own, "Castle Greyhawk", set within his portion of the Great Kingdom map. Castle Greyhawk is sometimes considered the first dungeon in "Dungeons & Dragons," and pioneered the roots of the mega-dungeon format of gaming.


title: Greyhawk

text: Two of his children, Ernie and Elise, were the first players, and during their first session, as Tenser and Ahlissa, they fought and destroyed the first monsters of the Greyhawk dungeon; Gygax recalled them as being either giant centipedes or a nest of scorpions. During the same session, Ernie and Elise also found the first treasure, a chest of 3,000 copper coins which was too heavy to carry, much to the children's chagrin. After his children had gone to bed, Gygax immediately began working on a second level for the dungeon. At the next play session, Ernie and Elise were joined by Gygax's friends: Don Kaye, Rob Kuntz, and Terry Kuntz.


title: Greyhawk

text: About a month after his first session, Gygax created the nearby city of Greyhawk, where the players' characters could sell their treasure and find a place to rest.


title: Greyhawk

text: As Gygax and Arneson worked to develop and publish the rules for "Dungeons & Dragons" through TSR, Gygax continued to design and present the dungeons and environs of Castle Greyhawk to his circle of friends and family, using them as playtesters for new rules and concepts. As the players began to explore more of the world outside of the castle and city, Gygax developed other regions and cities for them. With play sessions occurring seven or more times a week, Gygax didn't have the time or inclination to create the map for a whole new world; he simply drew his world over a map of North America, adding new cities and regions as his world slowly grew through ongoing adventures. The city and castle of Greyhawk were placed near the real-world position of Chicago, his birthplace; various other places were clustered around it. For instance, the rival city of Dyvers he placed in the area of real-world Milwaukee.


title: Greyhawk

text: Gygax also continued to develop the dungeons underneath the castle. By the time he was finished, the complex labyrinth encompassed thirteen levels filled with devious traps, secret passageways, hungry monsters, and glittering treasure. Although details of these original Greyhawk dungeons have never been published in detail, Gygax gave some glimpses of them in an article he wrote for the European fanzine "Europa" in 1975:


title: Greyhawk

text: Anyone who made it to the bottom level alive met Zagyg, the insane architect of the dungeons. ("Zagyg" is a reverse homophone of "Gygax", and it was Gygax's inside joke that the person who had designed the dungeon—himself—must be insane.) Only three players ever made it to the bottom level and met Zagyg, all of them during solo adventures: Rob Kuntz (playing Robilar), Gygax's son Ernie (playing Tenser), and Rob's brother Terry (playing Terik). Their reward was to be instantly transported to the far side of the world, where they each faced a long solo trek back to the city of Greyhawk. Terik and Tenser managed to catch up to Robilar along the way, and the three journeyed back to Greyhawk together.


title: Greyhawk

text: By this time, a dozen players crowded Gygax's basement every night, with over 20 at times on weekends and the effort needed to plan their adventures took up much of Gygax's spare time. He had been very impressed with Rob Kuntz's imaginative play as a player, and appointed Rob to be co-Dungeon Master of Greyhawk. This freed up Gygax to work on other projects, and also gave him an opportunity to participate as a player, creating characters like Yrag and Mordenkainen.


title: Greyhawk

text: In order to make room for Rob Kuntz's dungeons, Gygax scrapped his bottom level and integrated Rob's work into the Greyhawk dungeons. Gygax and Kuntz continued to develop new levels for their players, and by the time the Greyhawk home campaign drew to a close in 1985, the castle dungeons encompassed more than fifty levels.


title: Greyhawk

text: While many players participating in the Gygax and Kuntz home campaign were occasional players, sometimes not even naming their characters, others played far more frequently, and several of their characters became well known to the general gaming world before publication of the Greyhawk campaign setting. Some of these characters became known when Gygax mentioned them in his various columns, interviews, and publications. In other cases, when Gygax created a new magical spell for the game, he would sometimes use the name of a wizard character from his home campaign to add verisimilitude to the spell name, such as "Melf's acid arrow", Melf being a character created by his son Luke. Some of the characters who became synonymous with Greyhawk at that time included:


title: Greyhawk

text: In the first issue of "The Dragon" published in June 1976, Gygax prefaced Chapter 1 of his serialized novella "The Gnome Cache" with a note that the story's setting, Oerth, was very similar to Earth in terms of geography.


title: Greyhawk

text: One facet of culture that Gygax did not address during the first few years of his home campaign was organized religion. Since his campaign was largely built around the needs of lower-level characters, he did not think specific deities were necessary, since direct interaction between a god and a low-level character was very unlikely. Some of his players took matters into their own hands, calling upon Norse or Greek gods such as Odin or Zeus, or even Conan's Crom in times of dire need. However, some of the players wanted Gygax to create and customize a specific deity so that cleric characters could receive their powers from someone less ambiguous than "the gods". Gygax jokingly created two gods: Saint Cuthbert—who brought non-believers around to his point of view with whacks of his cudgel —and Pholtus, whose fanatical followers refused to believe that any other gods existed. Because both of these deities represented aspects of Good, Gygax eventually created a few evil deities to provide some villainy.


title: Greyhawk

text: In Chapter 2 of "The Gnome Cache", which appeared in the second issue of "The Dragon", a shrine to St. Cuthbert (spelled "St. Cuthburt") was mentioned, which was the first published reference to a Greyhawk deity.


title: Greyhawk

text: In 1976, Gygax invited the science fiction/fantasy writer Andre Norton to play "Dungeons & Dragons" in his Greyhawk world. Norton subsequently wrote "Quag Keep", which involved a group of gamers who travel from the real world to Greyhawk. It was the first novel to be set, at least partially, in the Greyhawk setting, and according to "Alternative Worlds", the first to be based on "D&D". "Quag Keep" was excerpted in Issue 12 of "The Dragon" (February 1978) just prior to the book's release.


title: Greyhawk

text: From 1976–1979, Gygax also shared some glimpses of his home campaign with other gamers when he set several TSR "Dungeons & Dragons" adventures in the world of Greyhawk:


title: Greyhawk

text: Despite fan curiosity, the original Castle Greyhawk was never officially published outside of Gygax's home campaign.


title: Greyhawk

text: In 1975, Gygax and Kuntz published a booklet called "Supplement I: Greyhawk", an expansion of the rules for "Dungeons & Dragons" based on their play experiences in the Greyhawk campaign. Although it detailed new spells and character classes that had been developed in the dungeons of Greyhawk, it did not contain any details of their Greyhawk campaign world. The only two references to Greyhawk were an illustration of a large stone head in a dungeon corridor titled "The Great Stone Face, Enigma of Greyhawk" and mention of a fountain on the second level of the dungeons that continuously issued an endless number of snakes.


title: Greyhawk

text: The 2004 publication "" suggested that details of Gygax's Greyhawk campaign were published in this booklet, but Gygax had no plans in 1975 to publish details of the Greyhawk world, since he believed that new players of "Dungeons & Dragons" would rather create their own worlds than use someone else's. In addition, he didn't want to publish all the material he had created for his players; he thought he would be unlikely to recoup a fair investment for the thousands of hours he had spent on it; and since his secrets would be revealed to his players, he would be forced to recreate a new world for them afterward.


title: Greyhawk

text: With the release of the "AD&D Players Handbook" in 1978, many players were intrigued by the connection of Greyhawk characters to magical spells such as "Tenser's floating disc", "Bigby's crushing hand", and "Mordenkainen's faithful hound". The "AD&D Dungeon Masters Guide", released the following year, also made references to the dungeons of Castle Greyhawk. Players' curiosity was further piqued by the ten "Dungeons & Dragons" modules set in Greyhawk that were published between 1976–1979. Several of Gygax's regular columns in "Dragon" magazine also mentioned details of his home campaign and characters that inhabited his world. Gygax was surprised when he found out that players wanted to use Greyhawk as their campaign world.


title: Greyhawk

text: Rather than using his own version of the Great Kingdom map, which included local areas based on real-world maps, Gygax decided to create an entirely new and greatly expanded version of Oerth. Needing many more original names for all of the geographical and political places on his map for the new and expanded areas, Gygax sometimes resorted to wordplay. He had previously used Perrenland on the Great Kingdom map, named after Jeff Perren, who co-wrote the rules for "Chainmail" with Gygax; but for the new Greyhawk map he added many more such names of friends and acquaintances. For instance, Urnst was a homophone of Ernst (his son Ernie); and Sunndi was a near-homophone of Cindy, another of Gygax's children.


title: Greyhawk

text: Gygax gave only the most basic descriptions of each state; he expected that DMs would customize the setting in order to make it an integral part of their own individual campaigns. His map included arctic wastes, desert, temperate forests, tropical jungles, mountainous cordillera, seas and oceans, rivers, archipelagos and volcanoes.


title: Greyhawk

text: Gygax set out to create a fractious place where chaos and evil were in the ascendant and courageous champions would be needed. In order to explain how his world had arrived at this state, he wrote an outline of a thousand years of history. As a military history buff, he was very familiar with the concept of waves of cultural invasions, such the Picts of Great Britain being invaded by the Celts, who were in turn invaded by the Romans. In creating a similar pattern of history for his world, Gygax decided that a thousand years before his campaign began, the northeast corner of the continent had been occupied by a peaceful but primitive people called the Flannae, whose name was the root for the name of that part of Oerik, the "Flanaess". At that time, far to the west of the Flanaess, two peoples were at war, the Bakluni and the Suloise. The war reached its climax when both sides used powerful magic to obliterate each other, in an event called the Twin Cataclysms. Refugees of these disasters were forced out of their lands, and the Suloise invaded the Flanaess, forcing the Flannae to flee to the outer edges of the continent. Several centuries later, a new invader appeared, the Oeridians, and they in turn forced the Suloise southward. One tribe of the Oeridians, the Aerdi, began to set up an empire. Several centuries later, the Aerdi's Great Kingdom ruled most of the Flanaess. The Aerdi overkings marked the beginning of what they believed would be perpetual peace with Year 1 of a new calendar, the Common Year (CY) Reckoning. However, several centuries later, the Empire became decadent, with their rulers losing their sanity, turning to evil, and enslaving their people. When the overking Ivid V came to the throne, the oppressed peoples rebelled.


title: Greyhawk

text: It was at this point, in the year 576 CY, that Gygax set the world of Greyhawk. As Gygax wrote in his "World of Greyhawk" folio, "The current state of affairs in the Flanaess is confused indeed. Humankind is fragmented into isolationist realms, indifferent nations, evil lands, and states striving for good." Gygax did not issue monthly or yearly updates to the state of affairs as presented in the folio since he saw 576CY as a common starting point for every home campaign; because each would be moving forward at its own pace, there would be no practical way to issue updates that would be relevant to every Dungeon Master.


title: Greyhawk

text: Gygax was also aware that different players would be using his world for different reasons. When he was the Dungeon Master of his home campaign, he found that his players were more interested in dungeon-delving than politics; but when he switched roles and became a player, often going one-on-one with Rob Kuntz as Dungeon Master, Gygax immersed his own characters in politics and large-scale battles. Knowing that there would be some players looking for a town in which to base their campaign, and others interested in politics or warfare, Gygax tried to include as much detail as possible about each region, including a short description of the region and its people, the title of its ruler, the racial makeup of its people, its resources and major cities, and its allies and enemies.


title: Greyhawk

text: For the same reason that he had created a variety of geographical, political and racial settings, he also strove to create a world with some good, some evil, and some undecided areas. He felt that some players would be happiest playing in a mainly good country and fighting the evil that arose to threaten it; others might want to be a part of an evil country; and still others might take a neutral stance and simply try to collect gold and treasure from both sides.


title: Greyhawk

text: TSR originally intended to publish "The World of Greyhawk" (TSR 9025) early in 1979, but it was not released until August 1980. "The World of Greyhawk" consisted of a 32-page folio (the first edition is often called the "World of Greyhawk folio" to distinguish it from later editions) and a 34" x 44" (86 cm x 112 cm) two-piece color map of the Flanaess. Reviewers were generally impressed, but some remarked on the lack of a pantheon of Greyhawk-specific deities, as well as the lack of any mention of the infamous dungeons of Castle Greyhawk.


title: Greyhawk

text: Game designer Jim Bambra found the original set "disappointing", because "there is only so much information you can cram into a 32-page booklet, particularly when covering such a large area".


title: Greyhawk

text: Before the folio edition was released, Gygax planned to publish supplementary information, using his column "From the Sorcerer's Scroll" that appeared on a semi-regular basis in TSR's "Dragon Magazine".


title: Greyhawk

text: In the May 1980 issue, Gygax gave a quick overview of the development of his new "The World of Greyhawk" folio. For players who planned to use large scale army tactics, he gave details of the private armies that were commanded by some prominent Greyhawk characters from his original home game: Bigby, Mordenkainen, Robilar, Tenser and Erac's Cousin. Gygax also mentioned some of the planned Greyhawk publications he was overseeing: a large-scale map of the city of Greyhawk; some adventure modules set in Greyhawk; a supplementary map of lands outside the Flanaess; all fifty levels of Castle Greyhawk's dungeon; and miniatures army combat rules. None of these projects, other than a few of the adventure modules, were published by TSR.


title: Greyhawk

text: Although Gygax originally intended to immediately publish more details of Greyhawk in "Dragon" on a regular basis, other projects intervened, and it was not until the August 1981 issue of "Dragon" that Len Lakofka, in his column "Leomund's Tiny Hut", outlined methods for determining a character's place of birth and languages spoken. Gygax added an addendum concerning the physical appearances of the main Greyhawk races. In the November 1981 issue, Gygax gave further details of racial characteristics and modes of dress.


title: Greyhawk

text: In the December 1982 issue, David Axler contributed a system for determining weather in the world of Greyhawk. Gygax later said he thought a system of fourteen charts for determining the weather was too cumbersome, and he personally didn't use it in his home campaign.


title: Greyhawk

text: The folio edition had thirty two pages, and information about each region was condensed into a short paragraph or two. Gygax realized that some players needed more in-depth information about the motivations and aspirations of each region, and the history of interactions with surrounding regions. With this in mind, Gygax decided to publish a much longer description of each region in "Dragon". The first two articles, covering seventeen regions, appeared in the December 1981 and January 1982 issues. Due to his involvement in many other TSR projects, Gygax handed responsibility for completion of this project to Rob Kuntz, who covered the remaining forty three regions in the March 1982, July 1982 and September 1982 issues.


title: Greyhawk

text: In the August 1982 issue of "Dragon", Gygax gave advice on how to adapt deities from the previously published "Deities and Demigods" for worship by non-human races in the Greyhawk world. A few months later, he published a five-part series of articles in the November 1982 through March 1983 issues of "Dragon" that outlined a pantheon of deities custom-made for humans in the world of Greyhawk. In addition to his original Greyhawk deities, St. Cuthbert and Pholtus, Gygax added seventeen more deities. Although later versions of the campaign setting would assign most of these deities to worship by specific races of humans, at this time they were generally worshiped by all humans of the Flanaess.


title: Greyhawk

text: Shortly after the release of the folio edition, TSR released the adventure module C1 "The Hidden Shrine of Tamoachan", designed to familiarize players with the Olman race of the Amedio Jungle. Largely based on Aztec and Incan cultures, this adventure introduced the first published deities of the Greyhawk campaign: Mictlantecuhtli, god of death, darkness, murder and the underworld; Tezcatlipoca, god of sun, moon, night, scheming, betrayals and lightning; and Quetzalcoatl, god of air, birds and snakes. However, this area of the Flanaess was not explored further in any subsequent TSR adventures or source material, and these three gods would remain isolated from the main pantheon for almost twenty years.


title: Greyhawk

text: Also included in the March 1983 issue of "Dragon" was an article detailing four unique Greyhawk characters. The first two "quasi-deities"—Heward and Keoghtom—had been created by Gygax as non-player characters (NPCs). The third, Murlynd, was a character that had been created by Gygax's childhood friend Don Kaye before Kaye's untimely death in 1975. The fourth, a "hero-deity" named Kelanen, was developed to illustrate the "principle of advancement of power".


title: Greyhawk

text: Of the ten adventures set in Greyhawk published by TSR before the folio edition, all but one had been written by Gygax. However, the new availability of information about Gygax's campaign world and TSR's desire to make it central to "Dungeons & Dragons" encouraged many new writers to set their adventures in Greyhawk. This, combined with the fact that Gygax was increasingly involved in other areas of the company, meant that of the seventeen Greyhawk adventures published in the two years after the folio edition, only four were written or co-written by Gygax:


title: Greyhawk

text: In 1981, TSR also published the "super-modules" D1-2 "Descent into the Depths of the Earth" and G1-2-3 "Against the Giants", both being compilations of previously published modules from the "Drow" series and the "Giant" series respectively.


title: Greyhawk

text: Numerous projects were planned to add more depth and detail to the setting after the publication of the initial folio, but many of these projects never appeared for various reasons.


title: Greyhawk

text: In 1983, TSR published an expanded boxed set of the campaign world, "World of Greyhawk", which is usually called the "Greyhawk boxed set" to differentiate it from other editions. According to game designer Jim Bambra, "The second edition was much larger than the first and addressed itself to making the World of Greyhawk setting a more detailed and vibrant place." This edition quadrupled the number of pages from the original edition to 128, adding significantly greater detail. One major addition was a pantheon of deities: in addition to the nineteen deities outlined by Gygax in his "Dragon" article, another thirty-one new deities were added, though only three received full write-ups of their abilities and worshipers. This brought the number of Greyhawk deities to an even fifty. For the next eight years, Greyhawk would be primarily defined by the information in this publication.


title: Greyhawk

text: Publication of the "World of Greyhawk" was the first step in Gygax's vision for Oerth. Over the next few years, he planned to unveil other areas of the continent of Oerik, giving each new area the same in-depth treatment of history, geography, and politics as had been accorded the Flanaess. Gygax had also mapped out the other hemisphere of Oerth in his personal notes. Part of this would be Gygax's work, but Len Lakofka and François Froideval had also created material that Gygax wanted to place on Oerth. Frank Mentzer, Creative Consultant at TSR at the time, wrote four RPGA tournament adventures taken from his home campaign setting of "Aquaria" (published by TSR as the first four of the R-series modules: R1 "To the Aid of Falx", R2 "The Investigation of Hydell", R3 "The Egg of the Phoenix", and R4 "Doc's Island"). Mentzer envisioned them as the first part of a new "Aqua-Oeridian" campaign set somewhere on Oerth outside of the Flanaess.


title: Greyhawk

text: However, by this time, Gygax was in Hollywood on a semi-permanent basis, approving scripts for the Saturday morning "Dungeons & Dragons" cartoon series and trying to land a deal for a "D&D" movie. Not only was Gygax's own output of Greyhawk-related materials greatly reduced, but the company began to shift its focus and resources away from Greyhawk to a new campaign setting called "Dragonlance".


title: Greyhawk

text: The success of the Dragonlance series of modules and books pushed aside the World of Greyhawk setting, as TSR concentrated on expanding and defining the world of Krynn. One of the factors that contributed to the success of the "Dragonlance" setting when it was published in 1984 was a series of concurrent novels by Tracy Hickman and Margaret Weis. Gygax realized that novels set in Greyhawk could have a similar benefit for his campaign world and wrote "Saga of Old City", the first in a series of novels that would be published under the banner "Greyhawk Adventures". The protagonist was Gord the Rogue, and this first novel told of his rise from the Slum Quarters of the city of Greyhawk to become a world traveler and thief extraordinaire. The novel was designed to promote sales of the boxed set by providing colorful details about the social customs and peoples of various cities and countries around the Flanaess.


title: Greyhawk

text: Before "Saga of Old City" was released in November 1985, Gygax wrote a sequel, "Artifact of Evil". He also wrote a short story, "At Moonset Blackcat Comes", that appeared in the special 100th issue of "Dragon" in August 1985. This introduced Gord the Rogue to gamers just before "Saga of Old City" was scheduled to be released.


title: Greyhawk

text: In the two years after the Greyhawk boxed set appeared, TSR published eight adventures set in Greyhawk. Five were written or co-written by Gygax, and the other three were from TSR's United Kingdom division:


title: Greyhawk

text: Both of the EX adventures, although nominally set in Greyhawk, transported characters through a planar gate into an alternate reality.


title: Greyhawk

text: From 1983–1985, the only notable supplement for the Greyhawk world was a five-part article by Len Lakofka in the June–October and December 1984 issues of "Dragon" that detailed the Suel gods who had been briefly mentioned in the boxed set. In the December 1984 issue, Gygax mentioned clerics of non-human races and indicated that the twenty four demihuman and humanoid deities that had been published in the February–June 1982 issues of "Dragon" were now permitted in Greyhawk; this increased the number of Greyhawk deities from fifty to seventy four.


title: Greyhawk

text: Other than those articles, Greyhawk was only mentioned in passing in three other issues until Gygax's "Gord the Rogue" short story in the August 1985 issue "Dragon". Gygax then provided some errata for the boxed set in the September 1985 issue, which was the last mention of the Greyhawk world in "Dragon" for almost two years.


title: Greyhawk

text: Shortly after the release of the boxed set, Gygax discovered that while he had been in Hollywood, TSR had run into serious financial difficulties. Returning to Lake Geneva, Gygax managed to get TSR back on firm financial footing. However, different visions of TSR's future caused a power struggle within the company, and Gygax was forced out of TSR on December 31, 1985.


title: Greyhawk

text: After Gygax left TSR, the continued development of Greyhawk became the work of many writers and creative minds. Rather than continuing forward with Gygax's plan for an entire planet, the setting was never expanded beyond the Flanaess, nor would other authors' work be linked to unexplored areas of the continent Oerik. According to Gygax, TSR's stewardship turned Greyhawk into something very different from what he had envisioned.


title: Greyhawk

text: In 1986, in the months following Gygax's ousting, TSR turned away from development of Greyhawk and focused its energies on a new campaign setting called "Forgotten Realms". In 1986 and 1987, only three Greyhawk modules were released, A1-4 "Scourge of the Slave Lords", S1-4 "Realms of Horror" and GDQ1-7 "Queen of the Spiders", all being collections of previously published modules rather than new material.


title: Greyhawk

text: Gygax's novel "Saga of Old City", released in November 1985, and "Artifact of Evil", released two months after Gygax's departure from TSR, proved to be popular titles, and in 1987, TSR hired Rose Estes to continue the series, albeit without Gord the Rogue, to whom Gygax had retained all rights. From 1987–1989, Estes produced five more novels under the "Greyhawk Adventures" banner: "Master Wolf", "The Price of Power", "The Demon Hand", "The Name of the Game", and "The Eyes Have It". A sixth book, "Dragon in Amber", appeared in 1990 book catalogs, but was never written, and the series was discontinued.


title: Greyhawk

text: In its 1986 Summer Mail Order Hobby Shop catalog, TSR had listed a new Greyhawk adventure called WG7 "Shadowlords", a high-level adventure to be written by Gary Gygax and Skip Williams. However, this adventure was canceled after Gygax left TSR, and the catalog number WG7 was reassigned to a new adventure, "Castle Greyhawk", released in 1988. It was the first new Greyhawk adventure in three years, but it had nothing to do with Gygax's original Castle Greyhawk. Instead, it was a compilation of twelve humorous dungeon levels, each one written by a freelance author. The puns and jokes often referenced modern culture—the Amazing Driderman, King Burger, Bugsbear Bunny, and the crew of ""—and the module also included an appearance by Gygax's Mordenkainen in a movie studio.


title: Greyhawk

text: By 1988, with the first series of "Dragonlance" adventures drawing to a close, and "Forgotten Realms" doing very well, TSR turned back to "Greyhawk". In the January 1988 issue of "Dragon", Jim Ward — one of the original players in the dungeons of "Greyhawk", creator of the wizard Drawmij, and now working for TSR in the post-Gygax era — requested player-input about what should be included in a hardcover sourcebook for "Greyhawk". He received over five hundred letters in response. In the August 1988 issue of "Dragon", he outlined the ideas from readers that had been included, and "Greyhawk Adventures" appeared shortly afterward as a response to requests from "Greyhawk" fans. The book's title was borrowed from Rose Estes's "Greyhawk Adventures" line of novels and used the same front-cover banner design. It was the thirteenth and final hardcover book published for the 1st edition "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" rules.


title: Greyhawk

text: The contents were designed to give Dungeon Masters ideas and play-opportunities unique to the "Greyhawk" world, including new monsters, magical spells and items, a variety of geographical features, profiles of prominent citizens, and the avatars of deities. In the time since Gygax had left TSR, no original "Greyhawk" material had been published, and many letter-writers had requested ideas for new adventures. Ward responded by including six plot-outlines that could be inserted into a "Greyhawk" campaign.


title: Greyhawk

text: The publication of "Greyhawk Adventures" came just as TSR released the 2nd edition of "Dungeons & Dragons". TSR released "The City of Greyhawk" boxed set in 1989 under the "Greyhawk Adventures" banner. Written by Carl Sargent and Rik Rose, this was not the city created by Gygax and Kuntz, but a new plan built from references made in previously-published material.


title: Greyhawk

text: This release remolded Gary Gygax's old Circle of Eight into a new plot-device. Instead of a group of eight companions based in the Obsidian Citadel who left periodically to fight evil, the Circle became eight wizards led by a ninth wizard, Gygax's former character Mordenkainen. In addition to Mordenkainen, seven of the wizards were previously existing characters from Gygax's original home game: Bigby, Otiluke, Drawmij, Tenser, Nystul, Otto, and Rary. The eighth was new: the female wizard Jallarzi Sallavarian. The Circle's mandate was to act as neutral referees between Good and Evil, never letting one side or the other gain the upper hand for long. In addition, Sargent and Rose took Gygax's original Obsidian Citadel, re-purposed it as Mordenkainen's castle, and placed it in an unspecified location in the Yatil Mountains.


title: Greyhawk

text: The following year, in conjunction with this boxed set, TSR published a trilogy of "World of Greyhawk" Adventure (WGA) modules by Richard and Anne Brown — WGA1 "Falcon's Revenge", WGA2 "Falconmaster", and WGA3 "Flames of the Falcon" — set in the city, and centered on a mysterious villain called The Falcon. A fourth WGA module, WGA4 "Vecna Lives!" by David Cook, was published the same year, and featured the first appearance by Vecna, formerly a mythic lich in "Dungeons & Dragons" lore, now promoted to demigod-status.


title: Greyhawk

text: TSR also released five new "World of Greyhawk" (WG) adventures, which used the "Greyhawk Adventures" banner:


title: Greyhawk

text: In 1990, TSR also published WGR1 "Greyhawk Ruins", a module and sourcebook about Castle Greyhawk by TSR writers Blake Mobley and Timothy Brown. Although this was not the Castle Greyhawk of Gygax and Kuntz, it was the first serious attempt to publish details of the castle.


title: Greyhawk

text: Game designer Rick Swan noted the apparent lack of a central vision for Greyhawk material, describing the Greyhawk setting up to this point as "a crazy quilt, where odd-shaped scraps of material are randomly sewn together and everybody hopes for the best. How else to explain a setting that encompasses everything from the somber A1-4 "Scourge of the Slave Lords" adventure to the King Kong-inspired WG6 "Isle of the Ape" to the cornball humor of WG7 "Castle Greyhawk"? It makes for an interesting mess, but it's a mess nonetheless... "The City of Greyhawk" [is] the most credible attempt at smoothing out the rough spots."


title: Greyhawk

text: In 1990, TSR decided that the decade-old world of Greyhawk needed to be refreshed. Rather than follow through with Gary Gygax's plan to develop new regions beyond the boundaries of the Flanaess, the decision was made to stay within the Flanaess and reinvigorate it by moving the campaign time line forward a decade, from 576 CY to 586 CY. The main story vehicle would be a war fomented by an evil half-demon named Iuz that involved the entire Flanaess, which would allow TSR to radically alter the pattern of regions, alliances, and rulers from Gygax's original setting.


title: Greyhawk

text: In order to move players from Gygax's familiar "World of Greyhawk" to their new vision, TSR planned a trilogy of modules that would familiarize players with events and conditions leading up to the coming war, and then take them through the war itself. Once players completed the war via the three modules, a new boxed set would be published to introduce the new storyline and the new Flanaess. Two "World of Greyhawk Swords" modules, WGS1 "Five Shall Be One" by Carl Sargent and WGS2 "Howl from the North" by Dale Henson, were released in 1991. These described events leading up to the war.


title: Greyhawk

text: The third module was reworked into "Greyhawk Wars", a strategy war game that led players through the events, strategies, and alliances of the actual war. A booklet included with the game, "Greyhawk Wars Adventurer's Book", described the event of the war. In 582 CY (six years after Gygax's original setting of 576 CY), a regional conflict started by Iuz gradually widened until it was a war that affected almost every nation in the Flanaess. A peace treaty was signed in the city of Greyhawk two years later, which is why the conflict became known as the "Greyhawk Wars". On the day of the treaty-signing, Rary—once a minor spellcaster created and then discarded by Brian Blume, but now elevated by TSR to the Circle of Eight—attacked his fellow Circle members, aided and abetted by Robilar. After the attack, Tenser and Otiluke were dead, while Robilar and Rary fled to the deserts of the Bright Lands. Rob Kuntz, original creator of Robilar, objected to this storyline, since he believed that Robilar would never attack his old adventuring companion Mordenkainen. Although Kuntz did not own the creative rights to Robilar and no longer worked at TSR, he unofficially suggested an alternate storyline that Robilar had been visiting another plane and in his absence, a clone or evil twin of Robilar was responsible for the attack.


title: Greyhawk

text: In 1992, after the two "World of Greyhawk Swords" prequel modules and the "Greyhawk Wars" game had been on the market for some months, TSR released the new Greyhawk setting, "From the Ashes", a boxed set primarily written by Carl Sargent that described the Flanaess in the aftermath of the "Greyhawk Wars". It contained a large 4-color hex map of the area around the city of Greyhawk, a number of "quick adventure cards", and two 96-page books.


title: Greyhawk

text: The first book, "Atlas of the Flanaess", was a replacement for Gygax's original "World of Greyhawk" boxed set, with some changes. Many human gods from previous editions were not included, although one new demigod, Mayaheine, was added. This had the net effect of reducing the total number of human deities from fifty to twenty-eight. Deities of other races were increased from twenty-four to thirty-eight, but unlike the full descriptions that were given to the human gods, these were simply listed by name. Like Gygax's original boxed set, each region was given a two to three hundred word description, although some details included in the older edition, such as trade goods, total population and racial mixes, were not included in this edition. A number of regions—Ahlissa, Almor, Medegia and South Province—no longer existed after the Wars or had been folded into other regions. One new region—the Olman Islands—was detailed. This had the net effect of reducing the total number of regions from sixty to fifty eight. Darlene Pekul's large 4-color 2-piece fold-out map of the Flanaess included in Gygax's setting was reduced to a small black & white map printed on the inside cover of the "Atlas".


title: Greyhawk

text: The second book, the "Campaign Book", was designed to supplement, rather than replace, the four-year-old "City of Greyhawk" boxed set. It included updates to the city and its environs, and gave details of some new non-player characters and possible adventure hooks.


title: Greyhawk

text: In Gygax's setting, the major conflict had been between the Great Kingdom and the lands that were trying to free themselves from the evil overking. In Sargent's world, the Great Kingdom storyline was largely replaced by the major new conflict between the land of Iuz and the regions that surrounded it. Southern lands outside of Iuz's were threatened by the Scarlet Brotherhood, while other countries had been invaded by monsters or taken over by agents of evil. Overall, the vision was of a darker world where good folk were being swamped by a tide of evil.


title: Greyhawk

text: Game designer Rick Swan concurred with this multi-step approach, writing that "Greyhawk Wars" "took another step in the right direction by shaking things up with a much-needed dose of epic conflict... veteran designer Carl Sargent has continued the overhaul with the ambitious "From the Ashes". By combining heroic tradition with elements of dark fantasy, he's come up with a Greyhawk campaign that is both familiar and refreshingly unexpected."


title: Greyhawk

text: Sargent tried to generate interest for this grimmer vision of the Flanaess by following up with an article in "Dragon"'s March 1993 issue, writing, "...the powers of evil have waxed strong. The hand of Iuz, the Old One, extends across the central Flanaess, and the cruel Scarlet Brotherhood extends its power and influence around the southern lands bordering the Azure Sea. The "World of Greyhawk" setting has become a truly exciting world again..."


title: Greyhawk

text: The boxed set was supported by the publication of two new source books in 1993, also written by Sargent. WGR4 "The Marklands" provided information about the good realms of Furyondy, Highfolk, and Nyrond that opposed Iuz, while WGR5 "Iuz the Evil" detailed information about the lands of Iuz, and emphasized the prominent new role that Iuz now played in the world order.


title: Greyhawk

text: In addition, a number of adventures were also published, as much to provide more source material as for adventure:


title: Greyhawk

text: As Gygax had done ten years before, Sargent also used the pages of "Dragon" to promote his new world. He was working on a new source book, "Ivid the Undying", and excerpted parts of it in the April, June and August 1994 issues.


title: Greyhawk

text: In late 1994, TSR canceled Sargent's new book just as it was being readied for publication, and stopped work on all other Greyhawk projects. Nothing more about Greyhawk was ever published by TSR, with one exception: in May 1995, a "Dragon" column devoted to industry gossip noted that the manuscript of "Ivid the Undying" had been released by TSR as a computer text file. Using this file, several people have reconstructed the book as it might have appeared in published form.


title: Greyhawk

text: By the end of 1996, TSR found itself heavily in debt and unable to pay its printers. Just as bankruptcy in 1997 seemed inevitable, Wizards of the Coast stepped in and, fueled by income from its collectible card game "", bought TSR and all its properties.


title: Greyhawk

text: After Wizards of the Coast (WotC) and TSR merged, the determination was made that TSR had created too many settings for the "Dungeons & Dragons" game, and several of them were eliminated. However, WotC's CEO, Peter Adkison, was a fan of both "Dungeons & Dragons" and Greyhawk, and two major initiatives were created: a revival of Greyhawk, and a new third edition of "D&D" rules. A team of people was put together to revive the moribund Greyhawk setting by pulling together all the previously published information about it. Once that was done, the decision was made to update Carl Sargent's storyline, using similar prequel adventures to pave the way for the updated campaign setting.


title: Greyhawk

text: First, Roger E. Moore created "Return of the Eight" in 1998. In the adventure, set in 586 CY, the same year as the "From the Ashes" boxed set, the players meet the surviving members of the Circle of Eight, which is called the Circle of Five because it is missing Tenser, Otiluke and Rary. If the players successfully finish the adventure, Tenser is rescued from death, though he refuses to rejoin the Circle, and the Circle is reconstituted as Eight with the addition of three new wizards: Alhamazad the Wise, Theodain Eriason and Warnes Starcoat.


title: Greyhawk

text: Next, the "Greyhawk Player's Guide", by Anne Brown, was released. This 64-page booklet moved the storyline ahead five years to 591 CY, and it mostly condensed and reiterated material that had been released in Gygax's and Sargent's boxed sets. New material included important non-player characters, a guide to roleplaying in the Flanaess, and some new sights. The list of deities was both shrunk and expanded; the thirty-eight non-human deities in the "From the Ashes" boxed set were eliminated and non-human concerns assigned to a handful of human deities, but the list of human deities was expanded from twenty-four to fifty-four.


title: Greyhawk

text: With the groundwork for a new storyline prepared, TSR/WotC released the new campaign setting as a 128-page source book, "The Adventure Begins", by Roger E. Moore. Taking its lead from the "Greyhawk Player's Guide", the new campaign world was set in 591 CY. Unlike the darker feel of "From the Ashes", where the Flanaess was overrun by evil, Moore returned to Gygax's world of adventure.


title: Greyhawk

text: The "Lost Tombs" trilogy of modules—"The Star Cairns" and "Crypt of Lyzandred the Mad", by Sean K. Reynolds, and "The Doomgrinder", by Steve Miller—were the first to be published in the new setting.


title: Greyhawk

text: The year 1999 marked twenty-five years since the publication of the original "Dungeons & Dragons" rules, and WotC sought to lure older gamers back to Greyhawk by producing a series of nostalgia-tinged "Return to..." adventures that evoked the best-known Greyhawk modules from 20 years before, under the banner "25th Anniversary of D&D":


title: Greyhawk

text: In conjunction with the publication of the "Return to" adventures, WotC also produced a series of companion novels known as the "Greyhawk Classics" series: "Against the Giants", "White Plume Mountain", "Descent into the Depths of the Earth", "Expedition to the Barrier Peaks", "The Temple of Elemental Evil", "Queen of the Demonweb Pits", "Keep on the Borderlands", and "The Tomb of Horrors".


title: Greyhawk

text: In an attempt to attract players of other "D&D" settings, WotC released "Die, Vecna, Die!", by Bruce R. Cordell and Steve Miller, a three-part adventure tying Greyhawk to the "Ravenloft" and "Planescape" campaign settings. Published in 2000, it was the last adventure to be written for "D&D"'s 2nd edition rules.


title: Greyhawk

text: In the editions of "Dungeons & Dragons" published by TSR, the setting of the game had not been specifically defined—Dungeon Masters were expected to either create a new world, or purchase a commercial campaign setting such as Greyhawk or "Forgotten Realms". In 2000, after two years of work and playtesting, WotC released the 3rd edition of "D&D", and defined a default setting for the game for the first time. Under third edition rules, unless a Dungeon Master specifically chose to use a different campaign setting, his or her "D&D" game would be set in the world of Greyhawk.


title: Greyhawk

text: With the release of the 3rd edition of "Dungeons & Dragons", RPGA—the organized play division of WotC—announced a new massively shared living campaign, "Living Greyhawk", modeled on a 2nd edition campaign called "Living City". Although "Living City" was relatively successful, RPGA wanted to expand the scope of their new campaign—instead of one city as a setting, the new campaign would involve thirty different regions of Greyhawk, each specifically keyed to a particular country, state, or province of the real world. Each region would produce its own adventures, and in addition to these, RPGA would provide worldwide "Core" adventures. To provide the level of detail needed for such a venture, WotC published the "Living Greyhawk Gazetteer", the most in-depth examination of the world of Greyhawk ever produced, and the official starting point for not only the campaign, but also for all home campaigns from that point forward.


title: Greyhawk

text: Concurrent with the release of the 3rd edition "Player's Handbook", "Living Greyhawk" debuted at Gen Con 2000 with three "Core" adventures: COR1-1 "Dragon Scales at Morningtide", by Sean K. Reynolds; COR1-2 "The Reckoning", by Sean Flaherty and John Richardson; and COR1-3 "River Of Blood", by Erik Mona. WotC also released "The Fright at Tristor" by Keith Polster (2000), designed as an introductory adventure to the Living Greyhawk campaign world.


title: Greyhawk

text: Unlike previous campaign settings, in which the calendar was frozen at a point chosen by the author, the "Living Greyhawk" calendar did advance one year in game time for every calendar year in real time: the campaign started in 591 CY (2001) and ended in 598 CY (2008), at which point over a thousand adventures had been produced for an audience of over ten thousand players. During this time, the campaign administrators incorporated most of WotC's new rules into the Greyhawk world, only excising material they felt would unbalance the campaign. In 2005, the administrators incorporated every deity ever mentioned in official Greyhawk material previous to the "D&D" 3rd edition, as well as all deities mentioned in the new 3rd edition source books. This tripled the number of deities in the campaign from about seventy to almost two hundred.


title: Greyhawk

text: Despite the massive amount of world and storyline development, none of the "Living Greyhawk" storylines or changes to the setting were considered official, since the regional adventure modules were produced by volunteers; this material only received a cursory vetting by RPGA campaign administrators, and no review by WotC personnel.


title: Greyhawk

text: Despite the popularity of the "Living Greyhawk" campaign, Wizards of the Coast did not produce much material for Greyhawk after the 25th anniversary "Return to..." series of adventures and the "Living Greyhawk Gazetteer":


title: Greyhawk

text: Otherwise, Wizards of the Coast left the development of the Greyhawk world to RPGA's "Living Greyhawk" campaign and concentrated on producing new source books of expansion material for the core rules of "D&D".


title: Greyhawk

text: At Gen Con 2007, WotC announced that the 4th edition of "Dungeons & Dragons" would be released the following spring, and Greyhawk would no longer be the default campaign setting under the new rules system. For this reason, "Living Greyhawk" was not converted to the new rules system; instead, it was brought to a conclusion at Origins 2008.


title: Greyhawk

text: In 2009, WotC released "The Village of Hommlet", by Andy Collins, which updated Gary Gygax's original 1st edition "Village of Hommlet" to the 4th edition rules for characters of 4th level. It was not available for purchase, but was sent as a reward for those who joined the RPGA. In March 2013 the adventure by Collins was reprinted in issue 212 of "Dungeon", but now for characters of 3rd to 5th level.


title: Greyhawk

text: When the "Player's Handbook" for the fifth edition of "Dungeons & Dragons" was released in 2014, several references to the world of Greyhawk appeared throughout the descriptions of various races and classes, and a partial list of Greyhawk deities appeared in the book. The "Monster Manual", the second released book of the 5th edition, did not include any direct references to Greyhawk but did mention Explictica Defilus from "Against the Cult of the Reptile God" in the Naga entry, and tied the creation of ghouls to Doresain, the "King of Ghouls", from the Greyhawk adventure "Kingdom of the Ghouls" by Wolfgang Baur from "Dungeon" #70.


title: Greyhawk

text: In April 2017, "Tales from the Yawning Portal" was released. It contained seven older modules now reprinted and updated for the fifth edition of "Dungeons & Dragons". Four out of the seven were old Greyhawk modules: "Against the Giants", "The Hidden Shrine of Tamoachan", "Tomb of Horrors", and "White Plume Mountain". In addition the book also featured advice how to place the other adventures within the Greyhawk setting, or how to change the name-giving tavern Yawning Portal in Water Deep from the Forgotten Realms into the Green Dragon Inn from the City of Greyhawk.


title: Greyhawk

text: In May 2019, "Ghosts of Saltmarsh" was released for the fifth edition of "Dungeons & Dragons". The book compiles new versions of classic adventures that are located around Saltmarsh in Greyhawk ("The Sinister Secret of Saltmarsh", "Danger at Dunwater", and "The Final Enemy"), or are generally naval themed.


title: Greyhawk

text: Although TSR and WotC had each in turn owned the official rights to the "World of Greyhawk" since the first folio edition was published in 1980, the two people most responsible for its early development, Gary Gygax and Rob Kuntz, still had most of their original notes regarding the fifty levels of dungeons under Castle Greyhawk. Gygax also had his old maps of the city of Greyhawk, and still owned the rights to Gord the Rogue.


title: Greyhawk

text: After Gygax left TSR in 1985, he continued to write a few more "Gord the Rogue" novels, which were published by New Infinities Productions: "Sea of Death" (1987), "City of Hawks" (1987), and "Come Endless Darkness" (1988). However, by this time, Gygax was furious with the new direction in which TSR was taking "his" world. In a literary declaration that his old world of Oerth was dead, and wanting to make a clean break with all things Greyhawk, Gygax destroyed his version of Oerth in the final "Gord the Rogue" novel, "Dance of Demons". For the next fifteen years, he worked to develop other game systems.


title: Greyhawk

text: But there was still the matter of the unpublished dungeons under Castle Greyhawk. Although Gygax had given glimpses into the dungeons in his magazine columns and articles, the dungeons themselves had never been released to the public. Likewise, Gygax's version of the city of Greyhawk had never been published, although Frank Mentzer believed the reason for that was because "the City of Greyhawk was a later development, originally being but a location (albeit a capital). As such it was never fleshed out all that thoroughly... notes on certain locations and notorious personnel, a sketch map of great brevity, and otherwise quite loose. That is doubtless why Gary didn't publish it; it had never been completed."


title: Greyhawk

text: However, in 2003, Gygax announced that he was working with Rob Kuntz to publish the original castle and city in six volumes, although the project would use the rules for "Castles and Crusades" rather than "Dungeons & Dragons". Since WotC still owned the rights to the name Greyhawk, Gygax changed the name of the castle to "Castle Zagyg"—the reverse homophone of his own name originally ascribed to the mad architect of his original thirteen level dungeon. Gygax also changed the name of the nearby city to "Yggsburgh", a play on his initials E.G.G.


title: Greyhawk

text: This project proved to be much more work than Gygax and Kuntz had envisioned. By the time Gygax and Kuntz had stopped working on the original home campaign, the castle dungeons had encompassed fifty levels of maze-like passages and thousands of rooms and traps. This, plus plans for the city of Yggsburgh and encounter areas outside the castle and city, were found to be too much to fit into the proposed six volumes. Gygax decided he would recreate something like his original thirteen level dungeon, amalgamating the best of what could be gleaned from binders and boxes of old notes. However, neither Gygax nor Kuntz had kept careful or comprehensive plans. Because they had often made up details of play sessions as they went, they usually just drew a quick map as they played, with cursory notes about monsters, treasures, and traps. These sketchy maps contained just enough detail so that the two could combine their independent efforts, after determining the merits of each piece. Recreating the city was also a challenge; although Gygax still had his old maps of the original city, all of his previously published work on the city was owned by WotC, so he would have to create most of the city from scratch while maintaining the look and feel of his original.


title: Greyhawk

text: The slow and laborious process came to a complete halt in April 2004, when Gygax suffered a serious stroke. Although he returned to his keyboard after a seven-month convalescence, his output was reduced from fourteen-hour work days to only one or two hours per day. Kuntz had to withdraw due to other projects, although he continued to work on an adventure module that would be published at the same time as the first book. Under these circumstances, work on the Castle Zagyg project continued even more slowly, although Jeffrey Talanian stepped in to help Gygax. In 2005, Troll Lord Games published Volume I, "Castle Zagyg: Yggsburgh". This 256-page hardcover book contained details of Gygax's original city, its personalities and politics, as well as over thirty encounters outside the city. The two part fold out map of the area was rendered by Darlene Pekul, the same artist who had produced the original map for the folio edition of "World of Greyhawk". Later that year, Troll Lord Games also published "Castle Zagyg: Dark Chateau", an adventure module written for the Yggsburgh setting by Rob Kuntz.


title: Greyhawk

text: Book catalogs published in 2005 indicated several more volumes in the series would follow shortly, but it wasn't until 2008 that the second volume, "Castle Zagyg: The Upper Works", appeared. "The Upper Works" described details of the castle above ground, acting as a teaser for the volumes concerning the actual dungeons that would follow. However, Gygax died in March 2008 before any further books were published. After his death, Gygax Games, under the control of Gary's widow Gail, took over the project, but no more volumes of the "Castle Zagyg" project have been published.


title: Greyhawk

text: Rob Kuntz also published some of his creative work from the Castle Greyhawk dungeons. In 2008, he released the adventure modules "The Living Room", about a whimsical but dangerous room that housed enormous furniture, and "Bottle City", about a bottle found on the second level of the dungeon that contained an entire city. 2009 saw Kuntz release "Daemonic & Arcane", a collection of Greyhawk and "Kalibruhn" magic items, and "The Stalk", a wilderness adventure. In October 2010, Black Blade Publishing announced that they would be publishing several of Kuntz's original Greyhawk levels, including the Machine Level, the Boreal Level, the Giants' Pool Hall, and the Garden of the Plantmaster.


title: Florida's congressional districts

text: Florida is divided into 27 congressional districts, each represented by a member of the United States House of Representatives. After the 2010 Census, the number of Florida's seats was increased from 25 to 27 due to the state's increase in population, and subsequent reapportionment in 2012.


title: Florida's congressional districts

text: The Florida congressional districts are represented in the 117th United States Congress by 9 Democrats and 16 Republicans. There are 2 vacant seats as of October 2022.


title: Florida's congressional districts

text: In 2010 more than 63 percent of Florida voters approved the initiated Amendments 5 and 6, known as the "Fair District Amendments," to the state constitution, over the objections of the Republican-controlled legislature. These are intended to promote fairness in congressional districts and "prohibit lawmakers from intentionally drawing districts that favor incumbents or political parties."


title: Florida's congressional districts

text: The legislature had adopted new districts in 2012 as a result of the 2010 census. Their product was soon challenged in early 2011 by groups who had worked for passage of the amendments, including the League of Women Voters and Common Cause. The trial revealed much secret dealings by party operatives and lawmakers; the court set a new legal standard. At one point the court excluded the press and shut down the TV feed in order to allow three hours of testimony by a political operative.


title: Florida's congressional districts

text: On July 9, 2014, a Florida judge ruled that state Republicans had illegally drawn the state's congressional districts. Judge Terry P. Lewis of Florida's Second Judicial Circuit ordered that the 5th and 10th districts be redrawn. On appeal, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on July 9, 2015 that several more districts had to be redrawn, and that the legislature had unconstitutionally worked to benefit the Republican Party. The historic ruling was considered likely to affect most of the state's 27 districts.


title: Florida's congressional districts

text: On December 2, 2015, the state supreme court approved a remedial plan for districting for the 2016 elections. All but Districts 1, 8, and 19 were altered in some way by the plan.


title: Florida's congressional districts

text: Starting in the 2022 midterms, per the 2020 United States census, Florida will gain a new congressional seat.


title: Florida's congressional districts

text: List of members of the Florida United States House delegation, their terms, their district boundaries, and the districts' political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 27 members, including 9 Democrats, 16 Republicans, and 2 vacant seats.


title: Dropkick on My Devil!

text: A Japanese human witch and also college student named Yurine Hanazono summons the lamia Jashin ("Evil God") from Hell. Unable to go back to Hell by herself, Jashin spends each day unsuccessfully trying to kill Yurine while simultaneously spending time with her and various acquaintances from Heaven and Hell.


title: Dropkick on My Devil!

text: The original series by Yukiwo began serialization in Flex Comix's "Comic Meteor" web magazine in April 2012. Twenty volumes have been released as of December 12, 2022. The 148th chapter of the manga was removed from Comic Meteor on May 29, 2019, due to a knife attack on a train that happened in Japan on May 28, 2019. A spin-off manga by Shushu Yuki, titled , was published as a one-shot manga on August 29, 2018 and later received a serialization from May 15, 2019. The series was compiled into a tankobon on April 9, 2020.


title: Dropkick on My Devil!

text: An 11-episode anime television series adaptation by Nomad aired on BS Fuji from July 9 to September 17, 2018 and was streamed internationally on Amazon Video. A bonus episode was streamed exclusively on Amazon Video on October 1, 2018. Hikaru Sato directed the series, Kazuyuki Fudeyasu oversaw the series scripts, and also wrote the scripts alongside Momoko Murakami. Makoto Koga served as both character designer and chief animation director, and Yuki Kurihara and Yuzuru Jinma composed the music. The opening theme song was performed by Aina Suzuki, Nichika Ōmori, Miyu Kubota, Yurie Kozakai, Chiaki Omigawa, Rico Sasaki, and Riho Iida as their respective characters, while the ending theme song "Home Sweet Home" was performed by Yutaro Miura. A twelfth episode premiered in mid-November 2019.


title: Dropkick on My Devil!

text: A second season was greenlit for production after the first season managed to sell over 2,000 Blu-ray and DVD copies. The second season, titled "Dropkick on My Devil!! Dash", aired from April 6 to June 15, 2020, with Amazon Prime Video releasing all 11 episodes in Japan on April 6, and Tokyo MX, Tochigi TV, Sun TV and Hokkaido Cultural Broadcasting airing episodes weekly. Crunchyroll streamed the second season worldwide excluding Asia. The opening theme song was performed by Halca, while the ending theme song "Love Satisfaction" was performed by Zamb.


title: Dropkick on My Devil!

text: A crowdfunding event for a third season was started. It was announced that if the fundraising goal was met, the third season "will take more than a year to produce" and the production committee "aimed to broadcast the third season in 2022". The crowdfunding goal was reached in 33 hours, so the production of the third season was officially greenlit. The season, titled "Dropkick on My Devil! X", aired from July 6 to September 21, 2022. Taku Yamada joined Hikaru Sato as director, while Supa Love composed the music. The opening theme song was performed by Halca featuring Aina Suzuki. VTuber KAF and virtual singer Kafu performed the ending theme .


title: Dropkick on My Devil!

text: The series has attracted some controversy as Furano City Council, where the series is set, announced on November 16, 2022, that it rejected to hand over production funds in the hometown tax system after airing the ninth episode in its third season due to its "socially unacceptable" content. The committee had voted 7 to 7 on whether to hand over the funds with the chairman having the deciding vote, thus denying to hand over the JP¥33 million (US$236,116) in funds to the production committee.


title: Diamond battery

text: Diamond battery is the name of a nuclear battery concept proposed by the University of Bristol Cabot Institute during its annual lecture held on 25 November 2016 at the Wills Memorial Building. This battery is proposed to run on the radioactivity of waste graphite blocks (previously used as neutron moderator material in graphite-moderated reactors) and would generate small amounts of electricity for thousands of years.


title: Diamond battery

text: The battery is a betavoltaic cell using carbon-14 (C) in the form of diamond-like carbon (DLC) as the beta radiation source, and additional normal-carbon DLC to make the necessary semiconductor junction and encapsulate the carbon-14.


title: Diamond battery

text: Currently no known prototype uses C as its source, there are however some prototypes that use nickel-63 (Ni) as their source with diamond non - electrolytes/semiconductors for energy conversion which are seen as a stepping stone to a possible C diamond battery prototype.


title: Diamond battery

text: In 2016, researchers from the University of Bristol claimed to have constructed one of those Ni prototypes.


title: Diamond battery

text: From their FAQ, the estimated power of a small C-14 cell is 15J/day for thousands of years. (For reference, a AA battery of the same size has about 10,000J total, which is equivalent to 15J/day for just 2 years.) They note it is not possible to directly replace a AA battery with this technology, because a AA battery can produce bursts of much higher power as well. Instead, the diamond battery is aimed at applications where a low discharge rate over a long period of time is required, such as space exploration, medical devices, seabed communications, microelectronics, etc.


title: Diamond battery

text: In 2018, researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), the Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials (TISNCM), and the National University of Science and Technology (MISIS) announced a prototype using 2-micron thick layers of Ni foil sandwiched between 200 10-micron diamond converters. It produced a power output of about 1 μW at for power density of 10 μW/cm. At those values, its energy density would be approximately 3.3 Wh/g over its 100 year half-life, about 10 times that of conventional electrochemical batteries. This research was published in April of 2018 in the "Diamond and Related Materials" journal.


title: Diamond battery

text: Researchers are trying to improve the efficiency and are focusing on use of radioactive C, which is a minor contributor to the radioactivity of nuclear waste.


title: Diamond battery

text: C undergoes beta decay, in which it emits a low-energy beta particle to become Nitrogen-14, which is stable (not radioactive).


title: Diamond battery

text: These beta particles, having an average energy of 50 keV, undergo inelastic collisions with other carbon atoms, thus creating electron-hole pairs which then contribute to an electric current. This can be restated in terms of band theory by saying that due to the high energy of the beta particles, electrons in the carbon valence band "jump to" its conduction band, leaving behind holes in the valence band where electrons were earlier present.


title: Diamond battery

text: In graphite-moderated reactors, fissile uranium rods are placed inside graphite blocks. These blocks act as a neutron moderator whose purpose is to slow down fast-moving neutrons so that nuclear chain reactions can occur with thermal neutrons. During their use, some of the non-radioactive carbon-12 and carbon-13 isotopes in graphite get converted into radioactive C by capturing neutrons. When the graphite blocks are removed during station decommissioning, their induced radioactivity qualifies them as low-level waste requiring safe disposal.


title: Diamond battery

text: Researchers at the University of Bristol demonstrated that a large amount of the radioactive C was concentrated on the inner walls of the graphite blocks. Due to this, they propose that much of it can be effectively removed from the blocks. This can be done by heating them to the sublimation point of 3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F) which will release the carbon in gaseous form. After this, blocks will be less radioactive and possibly easier to dispose of with most of the radioactive C having been extracted.


title: Diamond battery

text: Those researchers propose that this C gas could be collected and used to produce man-made diamonds by a process known as chemical vapor deposition using low pressure and elevated temperature, noting that this diamond would be a thin sheet and not of the stereotypical diamond cut. The resulting diamond made of radioactive C would still produce beta radiation which researchers claim would allow it to be used as a betavoltaic source. Researchers also claim this diamond would be sandwiched between non-radioactive man-made diamonds made from C which would block radiation from the source and would also be used for energy conversion as a diamond semiconductor instead of conventional silicon semiconductors.


title: Diamond battery

text: Due to its very low power density, conversion efficiency and high cost, a C betavoltaic device is very similar to other existing betavoltaic devices which are suited to niche applications needing very little power (microwatts) for several years in situations where conventional batteries cannot be replaced or recharged using conventional energy harvesting techniques. Due to its longer half-life, C betavoltaics may have an advantage in service life when compared to other betavoltaics using tritium or nickel. However, this will likely come at the cost of further reduced power density.


title: Diamond battery

text: In September 2020, Morgan Boardman, an Industrial Fellow and Strategic Advisory Consultant with the Aspire Diamond Group at the South West Nuclear Hub of the University of Bristol, was appointed CEO of a new company called "Arkenlight", which was created explicitly to commercialize their diamond battery technology and possibly other nuclear radiation devices under research or development at Bristol University.


title: The Powers That B

text: The Powers That B is the fourth studio album, and first double album, by experimental hip hop group Death Grips. The album's first disc, Niggas on the Moon, was released as a free digital download on June 8, 2014. The first disc's instrumentation was performed entirely on a Roland V-Drum kit by drummer Zach Hill and features chopped vocal samples of Icelandic singer-songwriter Björk on every track. The second half, Jenny Death, leaked online on March 19, 2015. It features Nick Reinhart of Tera Melos, and Zach's former high school bandmate, Julian Imsdahl, on guitar and organ respectively. The double album as a whole was officially released via Harvest Records on March 31, 2015.


title: The Powers That B

text: On April 18, 2012, the Death Grips YouTube channel uploaded the music video for the single "I've Seen Footage" from "The Money Store", which at the 2:16 and 2:26 mark for a single frame an early version of "The Powers That B" cover is visible while then appearing as the completed version at 3:14. Additionally in the same video, the opening shot for the screen in the "Inanimate Sensation" video can also be seen at the 2:26 mark for a single frame.


title: The Powers That B

text: On January 19, 2014, Zach Hill posted to his Facebook page, stating that the group had begun recording a new album. On June 8, 2014, the first disc: "Niggas on the Moon", was released as a free download via thirdworlds.net, Death Grips' official website. On June 9, 2014, Björk confirmed her vocal contributions, via various social media outlets. Death Grips officially announced the completion of "The Powers That B" via their Facebook page, as well as revealing the album artwork in October. On December 9, 2014, Death Grips released a music video for the album's only single, "Inanimate Sensation".


title: The Powers That B

text: In anticipation of the album, the band released an instrumental soundtrack entitled "Fashion Week" in January 2015. The track list is as follows: "Runway J", "Runway E" and so on; acrostically spelling out the phrase "JENNY DEATH WHEN", in reference to the second disc of "The Powers That B".


title: The Powers That B

text: On February 13, 2015, Death Grips uploaded a new video to their YouTube channel. It showed the group, rehearsing the following songs: "I Break Mirrors with My Face in the United States", "Inanimate Sensation", "Turned Off", "Why a Bitch Gotta Lie" and "Lock Your Doors".


title: The Powers That B

text: On March 10, 2015, thirty-second snippets of each song from "Jenny Death" leaked onto the internet, via Dutch music retailer Bol.com. On March 11, 2015, the "Jenny Death" song lengths also leaked.


title: The Powers That B

text: On March 12, Death Grips released a video to their YouTube channel for the song "On GP", filmed in an echo chamber located in Studio 1, Sunset Sound Recorders in Los Angeles, California which pictures them in an almost empty room (except for an Altec Lansing A7 loudspeaker) to be almost completely still except for some subtle movement from time to time. The official music video for "On GP" was released a day later, featuring various magic tricks performed by Sacramento magician Russell Brown. On March 17, the group released the song "The Powers That B" to their YouTube channel, as well as the release date and pre-order links for the album via their Facebook page. "Jenny Death" was leaked onto various filesharing websites and shared to 4chan and Reddit. The band later streamed the entire album on their YouTube page. The same day, the group announced on their Facebook that they 'might make some more', hinting that they intend to continue making music.


title: The Powers That B

text: On March 24, 2015 Death Grips announced via Facebook that they were going on tour in support of the album.


title: The Powers That B

text: "Niggas on the Moon" received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 70, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 5 reviews. Michael Madden of Consequence of Sound stated: ""Niggas on the Moon" primarily relies on the band’s chaotic, ever-evolving sonic disposition – and as a bonus, we’ve never heard Ride sound quite like this. It’s an exciting proposition." He also described the disc as "an exciting ride" and further wrote: "By virtue of being divisive as all hell, Death Grips have welcomed us back to their jungle." Calum Slingerland of "Exclaim!" called the first disc "the group's most confounding collection of tracks to date," praising the manic nature of vocalist MC Ride as "a side to the vocalist largely unseen on previous releases." Larry Fitzmaurice for "Pitchfork" described the disc as "the band's least intense album," and stated: "it's hard to shake the feeling that Death Grips might benefit from a change in aesthetic and conceptual focus... Without new tricks and fresh aggression, Death Grips risk coming across as safe and ordinary, a mess of broken teeth summarily replaced by a gap-toothed smile." Patrick Taylor of RapReviews.com commented that "the songs feel more like eight variations on the same concept than eight distinct tracks."


title: The Powers That B

text: Overall, critical reception for "Jenny Death" was very positive, with responses generally being better than of "Niggas on the Moon". On March 16, 2015, "On GP" from the album's second disc, "Jenny Death", was awarded a "Best New Track" review on "Pitchfork"s website. "Pitchfork" rated the album 8.1/10, calling the album's second half the "strongest material in a while" and that "it’s not on the level of their artistic and commercial breakthrough "The Money Store", but it will absolutely remind you of why you loved them in the first place." Calum Slingerland of "Exclaim!" described the lyrical nature of the second disc as "representative of outward action and thought more than internalization," writing that the incorporation of live instruments is a welcome addition alongside the group's aggressive electronics. Addressing the album as a complete release, Slingerland stated that "The Powers That B" is "a compelling look at the band's ability to work with sounds both minimal and monumental, while containing some of their most riveting lyrical and musical work in recent memory. Consequence of Sound also gave the album a positive review, saying that "some of their best debris-curdling numbers appear here" and also noted their shift in genre, claiming that "It's their most punk album, both musically and in function."


title: The Powers That B

text: The album debuted at No. 72 on the "Billboard" 200, No. 15 on Top Rock Albums, and No. 8 on Rap Albums, selling around 9,000 in the first week. The album has sold 22,000 copies in the United States as of June 2016.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: William Paul Troost-Ekong (born 1 September 1993) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for EFL Championship side Watford and captains the Nigeria national team.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: Born in the Netherlands into a mixed Dutch and Nigerian family, he was eligible for both the Netherlands and Nigeria in international football. He made his debut for Nigeria in 2015 and has since earned more than 60 caps.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: Troost-Ekong attended secondary school at Hockerill Anglo-European College in Bishop’s Stortford, in England. He played football at youth level in England for Fulham and Tottenham Hotspur, Troost-Ekong began his senior career in the Netherlands with FC Groningen and FC Dordrecht.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: After being linked abroad with transfers to Celtic among others, he signed for Belgian club KAA Gent in July 2015 and was immediately loaned out to Norwegian club FK Haugesund.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: On 17 August 2018, Troost-Ekong joined Italian Serie A club Udinese. In his debut season in the Serie A, he made 35 league appearances and was booked four times, helping Udinese to 12th position. The next season, Udinese finished 13th, albeit with two more points. Despite the team's relatively lacklustre league campaigns, Troost-Ekong started (and played for the full 90 minutes) in memorable victories against AC Milan and Juventus in his two seasons at "Le Zebrette."


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: On 29 September 2020, Troost-Ekong signed for EFL Championship side Watford on a five-year contract deal. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–2 win over Coventry City on 7 November 2020.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: Troost-Ekong was born in the Netherlands to a Dutch mother, Eleanore Troost and a Nigerian father. He has two siblings, Emily and Everest.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: Despite representing the Netherlands at under-19 and under-20 youth levels, Troost-Ekong eventually chose to represent Nigeria. He made his senior international debut for the "Super Eagles" on 13 June 2015, playing 90 minutes in an AFCON qualifying match against Chad.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: He made three starts for the senior team in 2016 before being selected for Nigeria's under-23 team in their 35-man provisional squad for the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics. In June 2018 he was named in Nigeria's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: Troost-Ekong was named in the country's 23-man squad for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, where he scored an 89th-minute winner against South Africa to send his team through to the semi-finals on the way to a third-place finish.


title: William Troost-Ekong

text: He captained the Super Eagles in the delayed 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, and was named in the tournament Technical Study Group's Best XI of the Group Stage, scoring against Guinea-Bissau. Nigeria went on to be knocked out by Tunisia in the following round.


title: Grace Phipps

text: Gracie Gillam (born Grace Victoria Phipps; May 4, 1992), formerly credited as Grace Phipps, is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is well known for starring in the Disney Channel movies "Teen Beach Movie" and "Teen Beach 2".


title: Grace Phipps

text: She was raised in Boerne, Texas and San Antonio, Texas. She graduated from Robert E. Lee High School's North East School of the Arts, where she majored in musical theater and graduated "summa cum laude". She is currently an undergraduate student at Columbia University.


title: Grace Phipps

text: In 2010, she won the Las Casas Performing Arts Scholarship Competition. A Los Angeles agent signed Gillam after seeing her star as Rizzo in a theater production of the musical "Grease".


title: Grace Phipps

text: Following her 2010 high school graduation, Gillam moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting. After seven days there, she landed the prime role as Bee in the DreamWorks 2011 major movie remake of the 1985 comedy horror film "Fright Night". That year, she also originated the regular role of Amy in the ABC Family fantasy drama series "The Nine Lives of Chloe King". The series was cancelled after one season.


title: Grace Phipps

text: In 2012 through 2013, Gillam was cast as April Young, a recurring character in The CW's supernatural drama "The Vampire Diaries", and appeared in 10 episodes of the fourth season.


title: Grace Phipps

text: In 2013, Gillam appeared as cute biker girl Lela, in an Annette Funicello impression, in "Teen Beach Movie", a Disney Channel Original Movie, singing and dancing along with Ross Lynch and Maia Mitchell. The movie, with an audience of 13.5 million viewers, was the second-highest rated cable movie in television history. Phipps had a number of featured solos, including the song "Falling for Ya".


title: Grace Phipps

text: Also in 2013, Gillam appeared in three episodes of the ABC TV comedy series "Baby Daddy" as Megan, the love interest of Ben (Jean-Luc Bilodeau), in the fantasy-horror TV series "Supernatural" as Hael, and in the short "The Signal" as Zoe. The following year, Phipps appeared in Disney's teen sitcom "Austin & Ally" episode "Directors & Divas", as diva movie star Brandy Braxton.


title: Grace Phipps

text: In 2015, Gillam starred and reprised her role as fiercely independent and brassy biker chick Lela in a sequel teen musical, "Teen Beach 2", along with Ross Lynch, Maia Mitchell, Garrett Clayton, and John DeLuca. It premiered with 5.8 million viewers, as the most-watched cable movie of 2015.


title: Grace Phipps

text: Also in 2015, Gillam starred in the horror movie "Dark Summer", playing the part of Mona Wilson. She also played the lead role of a troubled teen cheerleader named Kaitlin in the emotional horror/slasher film "Some Kind of Hate", which was featured in the 2015 Stanley Film Festival, the Fantasia International Film Festival, and FrightFest.


title: Grace Phipps

text: That year, she also appeared in three episodes of the black comedy-horror TV series "Scream Queens" on Fox as Mandy, and was a beauty gangleader named Alice in Paul Solet's punk rock revenge segment of horror comedy "Tales of Halloween". In addition, she appeared in the police procedural drama TV series "" as Vanessa Gillerman, and in the police procedural TV series "Hawaii Five-0" as Erica Young. She was also featured on the cover of the June/July 2015 issue of "Girls' Life".


title: Grace Phipps

text: The "Teen Beach Movie" soundtrack, which entered the "Billboard" 200 chart at number eight in July 2013, was released featuring songs performed by Gillam, including her as a main artist in the song "Falling for Ya" and featured in the songs "Cruisin' for a Bruisin'", "Like Me", "Meant to Be", and "Coolest Cats in Town". "Cruisin' for a Bruisin'" and "Falling for Ya" topped "Billboard"'s Kid Digital charts for weeks, with "Falling for Ya" reaching number 25 on the Heatseekers Songs chart and number 66 on the Hot Digital Songs chart.


title: Grace Phipps

text: In 2014, Phipps appeared in the "Austin & Ally" episode "Directors & Divas" and performed "The Pilot and the Mermaid" with Ross Lynch.


title: Grace Phipps

text: In 2015, her song "Gotta Be Me" from "Teen Beach 2" was nominated in the Teen Choice Awards as the Choice Song from a Movie or TV Show; she sang the song with Ross Lynch, Maia Mitchell, Garrett Clayton, John Deluca, and Jordan Fisher.


title: Greek diaspora

text: The Greek diaspora, also known as Omogenia (), are the communities of Greeks living outside of Greece and Cyprus (excluding Northern Cyprus). Such places historically include Albania, North Macedonia, parts of the Balkans, southern Russia, Ukraine, Asia Minor, the region of Pontus, Eastern Anatolia, Georgia, the South Caucasus, Egypt, southern Italy, and Cargèse in Corsica. The term also refers to communities established by Greek migration outside of these traditional areas; such as in Australia, Canada and the United States.


title: Greek diaspora

text: The Greek diaspora is one of the oldest diasporas in the world, with an attested presence from Homeric times to the present. Examples of its influence range from the role played by Greek expatriates in the emergence of the Renaissance, through liberation and nationalist movements involved in the fall of the Ottoman Empire, to commercial developments such as the commissioning of the world's first supertankers by shipping magnates Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.


title: Greek diaspora

text: In Archaic Greece, the trading and colonizing activities of Greeks from the Balkans and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city-states were established in Sicily, southern Italy, Magna Graecia, northern Libya, eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas. Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt, West Asia, and Northwest India.


title: Greek diaspora

text: Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan and Kuwait. Seleucia, Antioch and Alexandria were among the largest cities in the world during Hellenistic and Roman times. Greeks spread across the Roman Empire, and in the eastern territories the Greek language (rather than Latin) became the lingua franca. The Roman Empire was Christianized in the fourth century AD, and during the late Byzantine period the Greek Orthodox form of Christianity became a hallmark of Greek identity.


title: Greek diaspora

text: In the seventh century, Emperor Heraclius adopted Medieval Greek as the official language of the Byzantine Empire. Greeks continued to live around the Levant, Mediterranean and Black Sea, maintaining their identity among local populations as traders, officials, and settlers. Soon afterwards, the Arab-Islamic Caliphate seized the Levant, Egypt, North Africa and Sicily from the Byzantine Greeks during the Byzantine–Arab Wars. The Greek populations generally remained in these areas of the Caliphate and helped translate ancient Greek works into Arabic, thus contributing to early Islamic philosophy and science (which, in turn, contributed to Byzantine science).


title: Greek diaspora

text: After the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars, which resulted in the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the Ottoman conquest of Greek lands, many Greeks fled Constantinople (now Istanbul) and found refuge in Italy. They brought ancient Greek writings that had been lost in the West, contributing to the Renaissance. Most of these Greeks settled in Venice, Florence, and Rome.


title: Greek diaspora

text: Between the fall of the Empire of Trebizond to the Ottomans in 1461 and the second Russo-Turkish War in 1828–29, thousands of Pontic Greeks migrated (or fled) from the Pontic Alps and eastern Anatolia to Georgia and other southern regions of the Russian Empire, and (later) the Russian province of Kars in the South Caucasus. Many Pontic Greeks fled their homelands in Pontus and northeastern Anatolia and settled in these areas to avoid Ottoman reprisals after supporting the Russian invasions of eastern Anatolia in the Russo-Turkish Wars from the late 18th to the early 20th century. Others resettled in search of new opportunities in trade, mining, farming, the church, the military, and the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire.


title: Greek diaspora

text: Greeks spread through many provinces of the Ottoman Empire and took major roles in its economic life, particularly the Phanariots (wealthy Greek merchants who claimed noble Byzantine descent during the second half of the 16th century). The Phanariots helped administer the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century; some settled in present-day Romania, influencing its political and cultural life. Other Greeks settled outside the southern Balkans, moving north in service to the Orthodox Church or as a result of population transfers and massacres by Ottoman authorities after Greek rebellions against Ottoman rule or suspected Greek collaboration with Russia in the Russo-Turkish wars fought between 1774 and 1878. Greek Macedonia was most affected by the population upheavals, where the large, indigenous Ottoman Muslim population (often including those of Greek-convert descent) could form local militias to harass and exact revenge on the Greek-speaking Christian Orthodox population; this often forced the inhabitants of rural districts, particularly in the more vulnerable lowland areas, to abandon their homes.


title: Greek diaspora

text: A larger-scale movement of Greek-speaking peoples in the Ottoman period was Pontic Greeks from northeastern Anatolia to Georgia and parts of southern Russia, particularly the province of Kars Oblast in the southern Caucasus after the short-lived Russian occupation of Erzerum and the surrounding region during the 1828–29 Russo-Turkish War. An estimated one-fifth of Pontic Greeks left their homeland in the mountains of northeastern Anatolia in 1829 as refugees, following the Tsarist army as it withdrew back into Russian territory (since many had collaborated with—or fought in—the Russian army against the Muslim Ottomans to regain territory for Christian Orthodoxy). The Pontic Greek refugees who settled in Georgia and the southern Caucasus assimilated with preexisting Caucasus Greek communities. Those who settled in Ukraine and southern Russia became a sizable proportion of cities such as Mariupol, but generally assimilated with Christian Orthodox Russians and continued to serve in the Tsarist army.


title: Greek diaspora

text: In 1788, Ali Pasha of Ioannina destroyed Moscopole. This predominantly ethnic Aromanian settlement historically had an important Greek influence. This is why some members of the Aromanian diaspora that settled in places such as Vienna in Austria have been considered as Greeks and part of a Greek diaspora as well.


title: Greek diaspora

text: During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora established the fledgling state, raised funds and awareness abroad and served as senior officers in Russian armies which fought the Ottomans to help liberate Greeks under Ottoman subjugation in Macedonia, Epirus, and Thrace. Greek merchant families had contacts in other countries; during the disturbances, many set up home bases around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno, Calabria and Bari in Italy and Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and St. Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded (typically textiles and grain). Businesses frequently included the extended family, and they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church. As markets changed, some families became shippers (financed through the local Greek community, with the aid of the Ralli or Vagliano Brothers). The diaspora expanded across the Levant, North Africa, India and the US. Many leaders of the Greek struggle for liberation from Ottoman Macedonia and other parts of the southern Balkans with large Greek populations still under Ottoman rule had links to the Greek trading and business families who funded the Greek liberation struggle against the Ottomans and the creation of a Greater Greece.


title: Greek diaspora

text: The terrible devastation of the island of Chios in the 1822 massacre caused a great dispersion of the islanders, leading to the creation of a specific Chian diaspora.


title: Greek diaspora

text: After the Treaty of Constantinople, the political situation stabilised; some displaced families returned to the newly independent country to become key figures in cultural, educational and political life, especially in Athens. Financial assistance from overseas was channeled through these family ties, providing for institutions such as the National Library and sending relief after natural disasters.


title: Greek diaspora

text: During the 20th century, many Greeks left the traditional homelands for economic and political reasons; this resulted in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, The United Kingdom, New Zealand, Argentina, The United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Germany, Norway, Belgium, Georgia, Italy, Armenia, Russia, Philippines, Chile, Mexico and South Africa, especially after World War II (1939–45), the Greek Civil War (1946–49) and the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974.


title: Greek diaspora

text: After World War I, most Pontian and Anatolian Greeks living in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) were victims of Muslim Turkish intolerance for Christians in the Ottoman Empire. More than 3.5 million people, including Greeks, Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, and Jews, were killed in the regimes of the Young Turks and Mustafa Kemal from 1914 to 1923. Greeks in Asia Minor fled to modern Greece, and the Russian Empire (later the USSR) was also a major destination.


title: Greek diaspora

text: After the Greek Civil War, many communist Greeks and their families fled to neighboring Yugoslavia, the USSR and the Soviet-dominated states of Eastern Europe (especially Czechoslovakia). Hungary founded a village (Beloiannisz) for Greek refugees, and many Greeks were resettled in the former Sudeten German region of northern Czechoslovakia around Krnov (Jägerndorf). Sweden also admitted large numbers of Greeks, and over 17,000 Greek-Swedish descendants live in the country.