title: Stockholm Palace

text: The "Kungamedaljongerna" (the Royal Medallions) above the windows are made by Cousin. The medallions depict Gustav I, Eric XIV, John III, Sigismund III, Charles IX, Gustavus Adolphus, Queen Christina, Charles X Gustav, Charles XI. The medallions are approximately in diameter and were made of lead in 1745.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The northern row, or the north facade, represents "Power". This facade is austere and its location and the perspective that it faces north, is meant to mirror and radiate the royal power.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The artistic adornment on the northern row is very sparse and consists only of a group of figures above the balcony of the Bernadotte Gallery. The group depicts the Swedish coat of arms the "Tre Kronor" (the Three Crowns) which is supported by two goddesses of rumor. The coat of arms itself and the wings of the goddesses are made by Claude Henrion while the rest of the group is made by Bernard Foucquet . It was cast in bronze and was not added to the facade until 1814.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: Outside the northern facade is the Lejonbacken with the two Castle Lions. The models for the lions, inspired by the Medici lions in Villa Medici in Rome, were approved by King Charles XII in 1700, after which the lions were cast in bronze at the Casting House in Normalm in 1702 and 1704. They were then placed at the Lejonbacken as a royal power symbol. The bronze for the lions was from a well, taken as booty from the Kronborg Castle in Helsingør, during King Charles X Gustav's campaign in Denmark. The plinths are made from granite and are .


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The southern row, or the southern facade, represents "The Nation". The center of the facade is made in the shape of a triumphal arch with a portal (also known as the South Arch) flanked by three columns made in corinthian order on each side.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: Along the facade there are a number of niches with sculptures depicting notes Swedish men. The whole facade is supposed to reflect the grandeur of Sweden, its society and prominent persons in the country. Inside the portal is the South Arch with stairs leading to the Royal Chapel in the east, and the Hall of State in the west. This symbolizes the gathering of both the worldly and the divine power in one place.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: At the triumphal arch there is a stone plaque with writing in Latin. The plaque is flanked by two sculptures depicting war trophies. They were created in 1735, by Antoine Bellette and cast by Gerhard Meyer . The inscription on the plaque honoring King Charles XII says:


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The southern facade is the most ornate, with statues, sculptures, and reliefs. In eight, initially empty, niches are statues of notable Swedish men. These were added in the 1890s through the initiative of King Oscar II. The statues are approximately tall, made of zinc by Johan Axel Wetterlund. The statues are depicting Erik Dahlbergh, Carl Linnaeus, Nicodemus Tessin and Georg Stiernhielm to the left of the South Arch, and Haquin Spegel, Olof von Dalin, Rutger von Ascheberg and Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz to the right of the South Arch.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: "Enleveringsgruppen" (The Abduction Group), consisting of four sculptures (two to the right and two to the left side of the South Arch), illustrates the abductions of women and are made by Bernard Foucquet at the beginning of the 18th century, but the sculptures were not installed until 1897. From west to the east the sculptures depict: Paris and Helen, Boreas and Orithyia, Pluto and Proserpina, Romulus and Hersilia. They are made of bronze and are approx. high. The group were made at the initiative of King Oscar II to fill the previously empty niches in the triumphal arch. The originals have been restored by Sven Scholander and were cast by Otto Meyer. Bernard Foucquet also made the lions at the Lejonbacken.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: Over the windows of the ground floor are 16 reliefs made in 1699 to 1700, by the French artist René Chauveau. They are made of bronze, and were originally to be placed in the palace's stairwells. In the 1890s, the reliefs were mounted on the southern facade, where they replaced a row of windows of the same size. The corresponding windows still exist on the northern facade.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The reliefs depict motifs from Ovid's "Metamorphoses". Among the motifs are: the "Flood myth with Deucalion", the "Pyrrha and Hellen", the "Perseus and Medusa" and the "Apollo slaying the dragon Python".


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The eastern row, or the eastern facade, represents "The Female Qualities" and the Queen. Below this facade is the palace park, the Logården. On a balustrade closing of the Logården from the Skeppsbron are four sculptures representing music, religion, poetry, and mercy. These can be seen as old perceptions of female values and interests.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: When designing the eastern facade facing the Logården, Tessin is believed to have thought of a Roman country villa, with stairs from the palace garden up to the palace gate. The model for the central part, with colossal pilasters between the windows of the two top floor and the rustic ground floor, are presumed to be Gian Lorenzo Bernini's "Palazzo Chigi-Odescalchi" in Rome.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: Antoine Bellette made the dragons in the eastern facade, the winged lions on the Logården facade with windows, the shells on the middle floor and the roses under the roof.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: On the balustrade between the Logården and the Logårdstrappan, are four allegorical sculptures representing "Music", "Religion", "Poetry" and "Mercy". They were made in 1903 by Johan Axel Wetterlund and cast by Otto Meyer and are approx. .


title: Stockholm Palace

text: From the eastern facade, two wing projects towards the east. On the short sides of these are two waterfalls and head sculptures of the artists who created the interior of the palace; Pierre Hubert L'Archevêque and Carl Hårleman on the north side, Carl Gustaf Tessin and Guillaume Thomas Taraval on the south side. These sculptures were made by Johan Axel Wetterlund in 1902, and are made of bronze. Between the sculptures there are two plaques honoring King Oscar II on the south side and Charles XI on the north side.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The coloration of the facade has been altered several times since the completion of the new northern row in 1695. Tessin's first coloration was brick-red plaster with white-painted sandstone details. The brick-red color was called (brown-red), and came from brown ochre that was bought for painting the walls of the building. Carl Hårleman took over as the head of the building site when Tessin died in 1728. During the construction, the plaster was left unpainted, while the stone details were painted in white lead.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: Before the royal family moved in at the palace in 1754, the whole facade, except for the base which was painted in a yellow ochre color to imitate French sandstone. The yellow tone was the foremost color of the Rococo and the height of fashion at that time. The monochrome yellow color without any contrasting white on the stone details was a way to achieve an architectonical effect with mainly relief.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: During the reign of King Charles XIV John in the 1820s, the coloration was changed again, but not fully. The stone details of the northern and eastern rows were painted in a pink color that was not widely appreciated. When the western and southern rows were to be painted, the stone details were done in a grey color which better contrasted to the still yellow plaster. This coloration lasted until the 1890s, when Tessin's red color was once again used on the plaster at the initiative of King Oscar II. All paint was removed from the sandstone details and sculptures. , this coloration remains but the red-brown color has become more brown over the years. The removal of the protective paint has contributed to weathering.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The present lighting of the palace's facade was inaugurated on 29 March 2006 by King Carl XVI Gustaf. The former lighting was from the 1960s, and its wattage had been reduced over the years, making the palace perceived as progressively darker.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The new lights were approved after long discussions and tests. They deliver almost twice as much luminous flux as the old ones and use half the energy. The lighting was made by a collaboration between the National Property Board of Sweden, the Office of the Governor of the Royal Palaces, The Royal Architect Johan Celsing and the Municipality of Stockholm Traffic Control. The color is described as neutral warm-white.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: According to Johan Celsing, the lighting is supposed to enhance the distribution and nuances of the palace and bring out decorative details not previously visible during the evenings. An example of this is the eastern facade where the wings facing the Skeppsbron are now illuminated.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: Renovation of the 922 windows in the palace started at the beginning of the 1990s. The age of the windows varies from the mid-18th century to the 1970s. The reason for the renovation was that the windows had not been properly maintained for a number of years. The windows on the south side were the most exposed and the sun had burned the surface causing rot. The renovation of the windows was carried out in collaboration with the National Property Board of Sweden, the Office of the Governor of the Royal Palaces, the Swedish National Heritage Board and the Royal Architect at that time, Ove Hidemark. The work was done in a workshop at the Inner Courtyard and took about ten years. Each window was custom made for the opening where it was originally placed, making the size and shape of each window unique.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: , the palace is undergoing a comprehensive renovation. Almost half of the area of the facade is made of sandstone from Gotland, as well as the decorations such as sculptures and ornaments.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: In 2008, the National Property Board of Sweden, which is responsible for the maintenance of the palace, found that the sandstone had partially disintegrated and the weathering was only getting worse. Among the incidents was a piece of stone weighing falling from . Most damaged were the sunlit parts, the facades facing south and west. As an interim solution, the Property Board had some parts of the facade covered by a black net to catch any falling rocks.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: Ever since the palace was built in the 18th century, the weathering of the sandstone has been a problem and this has accelerated since the oil paint was removed from the stone during the renovation in the 1890s. In the spring of 2008, the Property Board started a comprehensive study on order to make a long-term plan for maintenance of the palace during the next 50 years. The study showed that the Gotlandic sandstone was in worse condition than expected. A number of stones were cracked and loose.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The biggest facade renovation in the history of the palace started in May 2011. Starting with the east wing of the northern row at Strömbron, all the facades will be renovated during the following 22 years, each stage of the work being one year, at a cost of 500 million crowns. To accomplish this, the Swedish National Heritage Board is planning to open up a sandstone quarry on Gotland and start a masonry school.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: In addition to the text on the plans below, the northeast wing is in the upper right-hand corner and the south curved wing is in the lower left-hand corner. The northwest Chancery Wing is in the upper left-hand corner on the plans. The yards are (from left to right): the Outer Courtyard (inside the curved wings), the Inner Courtyard (in the middle of the building) and the Shot Yard (between the east wings).


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Guest Apartments (also known as the Grand Guest Apartments) are on the second floor in the south part of the western row and are used for visiting heads of state at state visits to Sweden. The rooms got their original interior in the 1760s, under the direction of Jean Eric Rehn when they were set in order for the Prince Frederick Adolf, the brother of King Gustaf III. Three of the rooms that are shown to the public are in the mezzanine suite of rooms with windows facing the Inner Courtyard.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Apartments of the Orders of Chivalry are in the south part on the first floor of the western row and consists of four halls, one for each order: The Royal Order of the Seraphim, Order of the Sword, Order of the Polar Star and Order of Vasa. In the Apartments of the Orders there are permanent exhibitions about the Royal Orders. Formerly, this is where the Privy Council had their apartments in the mid-1750s. They were succeeded by the Supreme Court of Sweden who used the halls of the Apartments from 1789 to 1949.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The rooms on the second floor of the eastern row is called the Prins Bertil's Apartment after its latest noted tenant. King Adolf Frederick used the rooms as his own apartment. During the reign of King Gustav III, it was Duke Charles' apartment and later when King Charles XIV ruled, it was used for some time by Crown Prince Oscar (I). Oscar had one of the rooms decorated in a neo-gothic style in 1828. The room became known as the "Götiska" (the Geatish Room). King Charles XV also used the apartment as his quarters and during the reign of King Oscar II it was used by the Crown Prince Gustaf (V). Later it was Prince Bertil's apartment until he died in 1997. After the prince's demise it has been used for visiting heads of state, interviews and seminars.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Princess Sibylla's Apartment, named after the Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, is on the first floor in the south part of the eastern row and is used as the everyday reception rooms for the King and Queen, and is not open to the public. During the history of the palace, the apartment have always been a part of the palace where the king or one of his close relatives has lived. The apartment is known for the "Blue Drawing room" where the engagements of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Silvia Sommerlath in 1976, as well as Crown Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling in 2009, were declared. The Princess Sibylla's Inner Drawing room, formerly known as Crown Prince Gustaf's audience chamber, still have some interior designed by Carl Hårleman, such as pilasters and ornamentations over the lintels of the doors.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The main area of the "Livrustkammaren" museum is in the cellars under the eastern row and is accessed from the Slottsbacken. It is the oldest museum in Sweden, founded by King Gustavus Adolphus in 1628, and contains objects associated with Swedish royalty from the time of the Swedish Empire and onwards.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The State Apartments, also known as the Apartment for Festivities, are on the second floor of the northern row and are used for the Royal Couple's receptions and representation. Official dinners are held in the Charles XI's Gallery on such occasions as state visits, after elections to the Riksdag and for the Nobel laureates. Since 1950, it is used as the main banqueting room of the palace and can accommodate about 200 seated guests. Five to ten official dinners are held in the gallery each year. A couple of times each year a Cabinet Meeting is held with the Swedish government in the Cabinet Meeting Room. The apartment was originally designed as the Royal Couple's apartment, but when King Adolf Frederick and Queen Lovisa Ulrika moved into the palace in 1754, they chose to stay in the part now known as the Bernatotte Apartments. Later, the Crown Prince Gustav (III) and Sophia Magdalena would use the apartments after their wedding in 1766. The apartments have not been used as living quarters since the time of Oscar I.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: In the northeast corner of the State Apartments is the ball room the "Vita Havet" (the White Sea) which used to be two rooms: the queen's dining hall and the hall for the trabants. The dining hall was called the White Sea, a name that was inherited for the resulting hall after the wall had been removed. In connection to dinners in the Charles XI's Gallery, the White Sea is furnished as a salon with sofas, chairs and coffee tables. On those occasions, the room is used as a drawing room after the dinners.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Bernadotte Apartments are on the first floor of the northern row and are named after Sweden's current royal house, Bernadotte. The name of the suite is derived from a collection of portraits in the Bernadotte Gallery, the largest room in the apartments, depicting members of the Bernadotte House. Most of the rooms are in the northern row and are used for audiences, awarding medals and for meetings with the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs. The rooms are also open to the public. The apartment was originally decorated in the 1730s and 1740s by Carl Hårleman. When King Adolf Frederick and Queen Lovisa Ulrica moved in there in 1754, the rooms were furnished with pieces of furniture made by the best craftsmen in Stockholm at that time. The last Royal Couple to use the apartment as living quarters were King Oscar II and Queen Sophia. Since then, some rooms have been restored to their original 18th-century appearance, while others are maintained as they were at the time of King Oscar II, such as his writing room.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: On the ground floor of the northern row are the Exhibition Apartments which are used for special exhibitions and public lectures.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: In the cellars, accessed from street level under Lejonbacken, of the northern and western row is the Tre Kronor Museum. The museum is in the rooms that used to be kitchens in the Tre Kronor Castle and are thus the oldest rooms in the palace, but the museum itself is the newest of the museums in the palace. It was inaugurated in 1999 and houses an exhibition about the old castle Tre Kronor which was destroyed during a fire in 1697.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Royal Chapel was built during the 18th century, and it is the parish church for the members of the Royal Parish. The church is situated in the east half of the southern row of the palace. It is as wide as the building and two and a half stories high. The entrance of the church is in the South Portal (or Arch) at the address Slottsbacken 1. Service is held every Sunday and holy day, and the royal family use the church for ceremonies. Before the old Tre Kronor castle burned down, the Royal Chapel was in the northern row, some benches and silver decorations from the old church are still preserved in the chapel. After fire in 1697, when Tessin planned the new palace, the Royal Chapel and the Hall of State were placed in the southern row and these, including the grand stairs, occupies the first and second floor. The chapel represented the divine power and the hall the worldly, or the king's, power. After Tessin's death, his work was completed by Carl Hårleman. The church was inaugurated at the same time as the rest of the palace in 1754.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Hall of State is in the west half of the southern row of the palace and is two stories high (first and second floor). It was introduced for the Riksdag of 1755. The hall was designed by Hårleman who modified Tessin's plans. The Silver Throne of Queen Christina is placed in the Hall. The main entrance of the Hall is in the South Portal (or Arch).


title: Stockholm Palace

text: In the cellar of the southern row is the Treasury, where the Regalia of Sweden are displayed. The museum was inaugurated in 1970.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Chancery Wing is another name for the northwest wing of the palace. It was planned for the central parts of the government administration, the Royal chancery. The wing was finished by architect Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, and was originally used as the royal gardhouse, offices for domestic, foreign and war departments as well as the National Archives of Sweden. As the government administration grew, it moved from the palace and formed new independent departments, and around 1780, the Chancery Wing was transformed into an apartment for the three-year-old Crown Prince Gustav (IV) Adolf and later for his mother the Queen Dowager Sophia Magdalena. The Chancery Wing was once again the home of a prince in 1905, when it became the Crown Prince and later King Gustaf VI Adolf, who used it as his private lodgings until his death in 1973. A part of the mezzanine floor above his apartment was converted into his private library in the 1930s. The "Spegelsalongen" (the Mirror Hall), updated in 1866 by Fredrik Wilhelm Scholander, is in the wing as well as a Green and a Blue Drawing room. The Slottsarkivet, a part of the present National Archives of Sweden, is still in the cellars of the wing.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The second oldest museum in Sweden is Gustav III's Museum of Antiquities in the cellars of the northeast wing, which open up for the public in 1794. The museum shows over 200 of the antique sculptures that King Gustav III bought during his journey to Italy in 1783 to 1784.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The palace is a place of work for about 200 full-time employees, more than half of whom are female. The palace also hires more personnel for dinners, during the summer and as guides.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The palace houses facilities for the offices that are part of the Royal Court of Sweden; the organization affiliated to the Swedish head of state and the Royal House, and are also responsible for preserving and showing the cultural heritage of the Swedish monarchy. The Royal Court is led by the Marshal of the Realm and had 216 full-time employees in 2009.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The museums housed in the palace are: Livrustkammaren, Gustav III's Museum of Antiquities, The Treasury and The Tre Kronor Museum.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: In the Chancery Wing at the palace is the Slottsarkivet. The archive was started in 1893, and since 1964, it is a depot sorting under the administration of the National Archives of Sweden. The archive also contains records from the Royal Court and the Crown palaces in Sweden. In the northeast wing of the palace is the "Bernadottebiblioteket" (the Bernadotte library, a research library).


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Royal Guards is a guard detail that is part guard of honour for the king and part guards for the castle. The guard is also a section of the military emergency management in Stockholm. The Royal Guards are present at state ceremonies, visits by foreign heads of state or fleets. The guards were established by King Gustav I in 1523, to keep the order in the entire city, the part that is now Gamla Stan. The changing of the guards is a ceremony and tourist attraction held at the Outer Courtyard of the palace, seen by approximately 800,000 people each year.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Royal Gift Shop is the gift and souvenir shop for the palace with products connected to the objects in the royal collections. A large part of the items are books about the royal cultural heritage on subjects such as history, architecture, biographies and research. The shop is in the southwestern curved wing and is accessed from the Outer Courtyard.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: There are many tales of ghosts at the palace. One of them is the "Grå Gubben" (the Old Grey Man) who according to tradition lives in the cellar ruins of the old Tre Kronor Castle. He is considered to be a kind of guarding spirit for the palace and he is able to predict the future. According to other legends it is no other than Birger Jarl standing guard. He is supposed to have appeared for Nicodemus Tessin , to tell him that he would not live to see the palace completed.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The most noted of the palace's ghosts is the "Vita frun" (the White lady). A White Lady, White woman, Weiße Frau or Dame Blanche is said to exist in many European castles and likewise in Stockholm. According to legend, the White Lady is a messenger of death for someone in the royal family. She showed up when someone was about to die. She is supposedly tall and wears a white silk dress, only the rustle of the silk is heard as she approaches. There are several theories as to who she might be and where she comes from. According to one theory she is the Duchess Agnes of Merán, a German noble lady from the House of Hohenzollern who lived in the 1200s. She was married to Count Otto of Orlamünde until he died in 1293. She murdered both her children by him to be able to marry Albrect, a Count from Nurnberg also known as "The Fair", but he abandoned her. She died in prison and is since then showing herself as a white lady in the Hohenzollern castles in connection to important family events.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: Other sources claim that the White Lady is Perchta von Rosenberg, daughter of Ulrich II von Rosenberg, a German noble woman from the 15th century, who unhappily married against her will to Jan of Liechtenstein. According to tradition she appears in the Český Krumlov Castle in southern Czech Republic. The portrait of her is said to be much like the descriptions of the White Lady at the palace.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: Deaths of members of the royal family have occurred in connection to the appearance of the White Lady in the palace. In March 1871, Princess Eugenie saw the ghost and three days later Queen Louise died. The White Lady appeared again in 1907, and shortly after that, King Oscar II died. The last time she was seen was in 1920, when Princess Margaret lay dying. Suddenly the flag at the palace was lowered to half-mast and a guard is said to have seen the White Lady on the roof. Two hours after this the princess died.


title: Frustration

text: In psychology, frustration is a common emotional response to opposition, related to anger, annoyance and disappointment. Frustration arises from the perceived resistance to the fulfillment of an individual's will or goal and is likely to increase when a will or goal is denied or blocked. There are two types of frustration: internal and external. Internal frustration may arise from challenges in fulfilling personal goals, desires, instinctual drives and needs, or dealing with perceived deficiencies, such as a lack of confidence or fear of social situations. Conflict, such as when one has competing goals that interfere with one another, can also be an internal source of frustration or annoyance and can create cognitive dissonance. External causes of frustration involve conditions outside an individual's control, such as a physical roadblock, a difficult task, or the perception of wasting time. There are multiple ways individuals cope with frustration such as passive–aggressive behavior, anger, or violence, although frustration may also propel positive processes via enhanced effort and strive. This broad range of potential outcomes makes it difficult to identify the original cause(s) of frustration, as the responses may be indirect. However, a more direct and common response is a propensity towards aggression.


title: Frustration

text: Frustration originates from feelings of uncertainty and insecurity which stems from a sense of inability to fulfill needs. If the needs of an individual are blocked, uneasiness and frustration are more likely to occur. When these needs are constantly ignored or unsatisfied, anger, depression, loss of self-confidence, annoyance, aggression, and sometimes violence are likely to follow. Needs can be blocked two different ways; internally and externally. Internal blocking happens within an individual's mind, either through lack of ability, confidence, conflicting goals and desires, and/or fears. External blocking happens to an individual outside their control such as physical roadblocks, difficult tasks, or perceived waste of time, especially when those roadblocks or challenges were unexpected, or if the individual expected the goal to be easy to accomplish. Frustration is usually less when an individual expected, or knew beforehand, that the goal would be "challenging."


title: Frustration

text: Some people are predisposed towards feelings of frustration, indexed in terms of temperament (frustration) in adolescence, and neuroticism in adulthood. Temperamental frustration is associated with perceptual alterations including changes in perceived relationship affection.


title: Frustration

text: Frustration can be classed as a mental health problem–response behavior and can have a number of effects, depending on the mental health of the individual. In positive cases, this frustration will build until a level that is too great for the individual to contain or allow to continue, and thus produce action directed at solving the inherent problem in a disposition that does not cause social or physical harm. In negative cases, however, the individual may perceive the source of frustration to be outside their control, and thus the frustration will continue to build, leading eventually to further problematic behavior (e.g. violent reaction against perceived oppressors or enemies).


title: Frustration

text: Stubborn refusal to respond to new conditions affecting the goal, such as removal or modification of the barrier, sometimes occurs. As pointed out by J.A.C. Brown, severe punishment may cause individuals to continue non-adaptive behavior blindly: "Either it may have an effect opposite to that of reward and as such, discourage the repetition of the act, or, by functioning as a frustrating agent, it may lead to fixation and the other symptoms of frustration as well. It follows that punishment is a dangerous tool, since it often has effects which are entirely the opposite of those desired".


title: Frustration

text: Frustration tolerance is one's ability to resist becoming frustrated when facing difficult tasks. Having a low frustration tolerance is related to trait anger and a higher level of frustration tolerance is related to lower levels of anger and longer persistence on difficult tasks. For example, a child with a high frustration tolerance may be able to deal with repeated challenges and failures without experiencing significant frustration. The child with a low frustration tolerance can be quick to experience frustration when asked to perform tasks of moderate difficulty.


title: Baby Ariel

text: Ariel Rebecca Martin (born November 22, 2000), known professionally as Baby Ariel, is an American social media personality known for her videos on the social media platform musical.ly (now known as TikTok). She was recognized as one of the most influential people on the Internet by "Time" magazine in 2017, and she was featured on "Forbes" 2017 list of top entertainment influencers.


title: Baby Ariel

text: Ariel is known for her social media work, particularly her work on the social media platform TikTok, and for starring as Wynter Barkowitz in the Disney Channel Original Movie movie "Zombies 2". She has over 36.1 million TikTok followers, 10.7 million Instagram followers, 2.93 million YouTube subscribers, and 1.1 million Twitter followers. She won the Teen Choice Award for "Choice Muser" in 2016 and 2017.


title: Baby Ariel

text: Ariel began her career as a creator on musical.ly in 2015, downloading the app out of boredom. In 2015, Ariel launched an anti-bullying campaign called #ArielMovement, described by "BlackBook" as one of her most important endeavors. "People" magazine recognized her for her support in the #HackHarassment initiative to stop Internet trolls and negativity on the Internet.


title: Baby Ariel

text: In 2016, Ariel was featured on the cover of "Billboard" magazine alongside fellow Musical.ly personality Jacob Sartorius. She has appeared on "60 Minutes" and "Good Morning America" and has been cited as a top influencer by "Forbes", "People", and "USA Today". Ariel signed with Creative Artists Agency in September 2016 and released her debut single "Aww" on December 1, 2017. She released her second single "Perf" on January 17, 2018.


title: Baby Ariel

text: On March 30, 2018, Ariel released the song "Say It" with Daniel Skye. She collaborated with EA Games for "The Sims 4", appearing as a Sim in the expansion pack "", released in November 2018. In late 2018, Ariel starred in "Baby Doll Records", a mini-series on Brat. In 2019, she starred in "Bixler High Private Eye", a Nickelodeon television film. Later that year, it was announced that she would be appearing in the Disney Channel film "Zombies 2", and would portray the role of Wynter.


title: Baby Ariel

text: Ariel was profiled in "Fast Company," "Business Insider", and "Seventeen Magazine". Other mentions include CNN, "Rolling Stone", "Huffington Post", Tubefilter, "Paper Magazine", RAW, and Wonderwall.


title: Baby Ariel

text: Martin is Jewish and was born in Pembroke Pines, Florida, to a Panamanian father and Cuban-Israeli mother.


title: Baby Ariel

text: Ariel won the Teen Choice Award for "Choice Muser" in 2016 and 2017. She was also nominated for "Breakout Creator" and "Entertainer of the Year" at the 2016 Streamy Awards. In 2017, she was nominated for "Favorite Social Media Star" at the People's Choice Awards, "Social Star Award" at the iHeartRadio Music Awards, "Muser of the Year" at the Shorty Awards, and "Favorite Influencer" at the Premios Tu Mundo.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: Stealth helicopters are helicopters that incorporate stealth technology to decrease an enemy's detection ability. There are a diverse range of technologies used to achieve this decreased detectability; these have largely involved the reduction of several different signatures typically generated by a rotorcraft, including those of noise, radar, and infrared.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: In many ways, helicopters are less suitable for stealth technology than fixed-wing aircraft are; one such area is their rotor blades, which not only generate copious noise levels but can also give off a strong radar signature. However, blade designs have been developed that can significantly reduce noise, which has traditionally been a major issue for any operation involving the clandestine use of helicopters. Numerous helicopters have incorporated profiled fuselages to reduce their radar cross-section (RCS), constructing elements of the rotorcraft from of certain materials is another means of minimising radar visibility.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: It is known that some nations have used such rotorcraft operationally, albeit in a limited scope, since the 1970s; a modified Hughes 500P was used by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Vietnam War. Various helicopters have been furnished with infrared exhaust suppressors to reduce their vulnerability to infrared homing weapons. Attack helicopters, such as the HAL Light Combat Helicopter and Eurocopter Tiger, have incorporated numerous presence reduction technologies into their design to increase their survivability. The raid on the compound of Osama bin Laden in May 2011 utilized what appeared to be two Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawks, heavily modified for quieter operations and employing stealth technology to be less visible to radar. Furthermore, various nations have stated their ambitions to introduce their own stealth helicopters.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: Efforts to develop helicopters which possessed low observability characteristics commenced during the Cold War period. It was during this time that several different stealth helicopters would first emerge. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was one such party seeking such rotorcraft, during the early 1970s, a single modified Hughes 500P was produced for the agency; it had a reduced noise operation capability, leading to its nickname of "The Quiet One". It was reportedly used in at least one operation by the CIA, to deploy a wiretap during the Vietnam War.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: Such helicopters were considered advantageous by several military planners. The United States Army sought to develop a stealth helicopter for aerial reconnaissance missions; between 1996 and 2004, work on the Boeing/Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche entered the prototype stage with an eye towards production. However, the Comanche programme was ultimately cancelled, both due to rising costs and the considerable technical issues which had been experienced. However, other efforts continued. It is known that a number of Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawks have been outfitted with stealth technologies; these features reportedly include the use of specialized materials, along with numerous harsh angles and flat surfaces across the exterior fuselage, techniques that had previously been employed upon other stealth aircraft.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: It is believed that one or multiple of the UH-60 Black Hawks used in the raid upon Osama bin Laden's compound on 1 May 2011 featured stealth technologies. Prior to the raid, the existence of such helicopters had been unknown. One of the UH-60s had crashed during the raid, leading to the remains being recovered and studied by various authorities, revealing the existence of this type to the public.The helicopter's most notable features are the extreme modifications to the nose, the "doghouse" where the engines and main gearbox are situated, as well as the engine intakes and exhausts. It also has a heavily modified rotor hub. All of these features appear to be designed to reduce its radar signature, especially from the critical forward hemisphere aspect. According to F. Michael Maloof, a former Pentagon senior policy analyst, identical stealthy UH-60s have been supplied to Israel and used for intelligence gathering missions inside Iran. Maloof’s claim, however, is not supported by any evidence.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: Various other nations have worked on stealth helicopter technology. During the 1980s, British company Westland Helicopters undertook a top secret research programme towards developing a stealth attack helicopter. Being based on the Westland Lynx, the proposed design was internally designated "WG 47"; its configuration included a faceted fuselage with internally stored weapons, twin canted tail rotors and the routing of engine, environmental and cooling system exhausts into a side-exiting infrared suppressor. It featured a tandem cockpit, the glazing of which was specifically angled outward to eliminate optical glint towards the horizon. The programme was concluded during 1987.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: Westland's stealth helicopter research subsequently influenced its other programmes; the NHIndustries NH90 was one such beneficiary via the application of stealth profiling techniques into its fuselage design. The AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat, an advanced development of the Westland Lynx, also incorporated several stealth features, such as infrared exhaust suppressors; such devices have been installed on other platforms by the company, including the AgustaWestland Apache. Such measures augment the effectiveness of its defensive aids suite, which includes missile warning sensors and countermeasures dispensers.Several production helicopters, including the HAL Prachand and Eurocopter Tiger, reportedly feature presence-reduction measures or "stealth". The use of advanced composite materials on the airframe has commonly resulted in reductions in an aircraft's radar cross-section (RCS). In the case of the Eurocopter Tiger, numerous measures were incorporated in its design so that it would possess minimal visual, radar, infra-red and acoustic signatures, which enhances the Tiger's battlefield survivability. HAL's Prachand (LCH) is reported to feature a digital camouflage system, an infrared (IR) suppressor fitted to the engine exhaust, and an exterior covered by canted flat panels to minimise its radar cross-section (RCS). It is furnished with an integrated dynamic system, including a hinge less main rotor and bearing-less tail rotor, which works in conjunction with an anti-resonance isolation system to dampen vibrations.Bell 360 Invictus, is a reconnaissance and attack helicopter that is being is offered to the US Army's Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA). It is currently under development and incorporates a smooth, rounded fuselage, single rotor, back tail rotor and internal weapons bay, intended to reduce radar signature. While the exact extent of the 360s stealth properties may not be available for security reasons, the visible external shape and internal weapons bay do seem to exhibit radar signature reducing capabilities.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: During October 2018, leaked images of a future as-of-yet unnamed Kamov helicopter that possessed stealth features appeared online. The footage was displayed in a meeting chaired by Sergei Mikheyev, General Designer of the Kamov Design Bureau, in front of Russian officials. The stealth technology used to decrease the RCS of this helicopter and to avoid its detection includes infrared heat suppressing systems and various stealthy fuselage contour constructions, in addition to an internal weapons bay. Alternative design proposals have since emerged, one harnessing an unorthodox canard configuration that was allegedly capable of great manoeuvrability and a high top speed along with its stealth features.


title: Stealth helicopter

text: During the 2010s, China has been working on developing stealth helicopters. The Harbin Z-19 attack helicopter, which was derived from the Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin, had reportedly integrated several stealth features to enhance its survivability. In 2013, rumours circulated that China had reverse engineered its own stealth helicopter using knowledge gained from the Osama bin Laden raid; China has issued strong denials that it has ever had access to the stealth helicopter's wreckage. During late 2015, reports emerged that a new Chinese attack helicopter with stealthy characteristics was being actively developed.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), also called the varying hare or snowshoe rabbit, is a species of hare found in North America. It has the name "snowshoe" because of the large size of its hind feet. The animal's feet prevent it from sinking into the snow when it hops and walks. Its feet also have fur on the soles to protect it from freezing temperatures.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: For camouflage, its fur turns white during the winter and rusty brown during the summer. Its flanks are white year-round. The snowshoe hare is also distinguishable by the black tufts of fur on the edge of its ears. Its ears are shorter than those of most other hares.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: In summer, it feeds on plants such as grass, ferns, and leaves; in winter, it eats twigs, the bark from trees, and plants and, similar to the Arctic hare, has been known to occasionally eat dead animals. It can sometimes be seen feeding in small groups. This animal is mainly active at night and does not hibernate. The snowshoe hare may have up to four litters in a year, which average three to eight young. Males compete for females, and females may breed with several males.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: A major predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. Historical records of animals caught by fur hunters over hundreds of years show the lynx and hare numbers rising and falling in a cycle, which has made the hare known to biology students worldwide as a case study of the relationship between numbers of predators and their prey.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Snowshoe hares occur from Newfoundland to Alaska; south in the Sierra Nevada to central California; in the Rocky Mountains to southern Utah and northern New Mexico; and in the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia. Populations in its southern range, such as in Ohio, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Virginia have been extirpated. Locations of subspecies are as follows:


title: Snowshoe hare

text: The snowshoe hare's fur is rusty brown in the spring and summer, and white in the winter. It also always has a gray underbelly, and black on the tips and edges of its ears and tail. It has very large hind feet, and dense fur on their soles. The snowshoe hare's ears are not as long as some other species of hares' ears. In the winter, it turns a bright white to blend in with the snow.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Snowshoe hares range in length from 413 to 518 mm (16.3 to 20.4 in), of which 39 to 52 mm (1.5 to 2.0 in) are tail. The hind foot, long and broad, measures 117 to 147 mm (4.6 to 5.8 in) in length. The ears are 62 to 70 mm (2.4 to 2.8 in) from notch to tip. Snowshoe hares usually weigh between 1.43 and 1.55 kg (3.15 to 3.42 lb). Males are slightly smaller than females, as is typical for leporids. In the summer, the coat is a grizzled rusty or grayish brown, with a blackish middorsal line, buffy flanks and a white belly. The face and legs are cinnamon brown. The ears are brownish with black tips and white or creamy borders. During the winter, the fur is almost entirely white, except for black eyelids and the blackened tips on the ears. The soles of the feet are densely furred, with stiff hairs (forming the snowshoe) on the hind feet.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Snowshoe hares are primarily found in boreal forests and upper montane forests; within these forests, they favor habitats with a dense shrub layer.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: In the Pacific Northwest, snowshoe hares occupy diverse habitats, including mature conifers (mostly Douglas-fir ["Pseudotsuga menziesii"] and variants), immature conifers, alder ("Alnus" spp.)/salmonberry ("Rubus spectabilis"), Sitka spruce ("Picea sitchensis")/salal ("Gaultheria shallon"), and cedar ("Thuja" spp.) swamps. In western Oregon, snowshoe hares were present in brush patches of vine maple ("Acer circinatum"), willows ("Salix" spp.), rhododendrons ("Rhododendron" spp.), and other shrubs.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: In Utah, snowshoe hares used Gambel oak ("Quercus gambelli") in the northern portion of the Gambel oak range. In the Southwest, the southernmost populations of snowshoe hares occur in


title: Snowshoe hare

text: the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico, in subalpine scrub: narrow bands of shrubby and prostrate conifers at and just below timberline that are usually composed of Engelmann spruce ("Picea engelmannii"), bristlecone pine ("Pinus aristata"), limber pine ("P. flexilis"), and/or common juniper ("Juniperus communis").


title: Snowshoe hare

text: In Minnesota, snowshoe hares use jack pine ("P. banksiana") uplands, edges, tamarack ("Larix laricina") bogs, black spruce ("Picea mariana") bogs, and sedge ("Carex" spp.), alder, and scrub fens. In New England, snowshoe hares favor second-growth aspen ("Populus" spp.)-birch ("Betula" spp.) near conifers, but other forest types occupied by snowshoe hares include aspens, paper birch ("B. papyrifera"), northern hardwoods, red maple ("A. rubrum"), balsam fir ("Abies balsamea"), red


title: Snowshoe hare

text: spruce ("Picea rubens")-balsam fir, eastern hemlock ("Tsuga canadensis"), northern red oak ("Quercus rubra"), oak ("Quercus" spp.)-pine ("Pinus" spp.), eastern white pine ("P. strobus")-northern red oak-red maple, and eastern white pine. Snowshoe hares also use shrub swamps dominated by buttonbush ("Cephalanthus occidentalis"), alders, and silky dogwood ("Cornus ammomum"). Further details on plant communities used by snowshoe hares in different regions are in Bittner and Rongstad.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Like all leporids, snowshoe hares are crepuscular and nocturnal. They are shy and secretive and spend most of the day in shallow depressions, called forms, scraped out under clumps of ferns, brush thickets, and downed piles of timber. They occasionally use the large burrows of mountain beavers ("Aplodontia rufa") as forms. Diurnal activity level increases during the breeding season. Juveniles are usually more active and less cautious than adults.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Snowshoe hares are active year-round. The breeding season for hares is stimulated by new vegetation and varies with latitude, location, and yearly events (such as weather conditions and phase of snowshoe hare population cycle). Breeding generally begins in late December to January and lasts until July or August . In northwestern Oregon, male peak breeding activity (as determined by testes weight) occurs in May and is at the minimum in November. In Ontario, the peak is in May and in Newfoundland, the peak is in June. Female estrus begins in March in Newfoundland, Alberta, and Maine, and in early April in Michigan and Colorado. First litters of the year are born from mid-April to May.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: The gestation period is 35 to 40 days; most studies report 37 days as the average length of gestation. Litters average three to five leverets depending on latitude, elevation, and phase of population cycle, ranging from one to seven. Deep snow-pack increases the amount of upper-branch browse available to snowshoe hares in winter, and therefore has a positive relationship with the nutritional status of breeding adults. Litters are usually smaller


title: Snowshoe hare

text: in the southern sections of their range since there is less snow. Newborns are fully furred, open-eyed, and mobile. They leave the natal form within a short time after birth, often within 24 hours. After leaving the birthplace, siblings stay near each other during the day, gathering once each evening to nurse. Weaning occurs at 25 to 28 days except for the last litter of the season, which may nurse for two months or longer.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Female snowshoe hares can become pregnant anytime after the 35th day of gestation. The second litter can therefore be conceived before the first litter is born (snowshoe hares have twin uteri). Pregnancy rates ranged from 78 to 100% for females during the period of first litter production, 82 to 100% for second litters, and for the periods of third and fourth litters pregnancy rates vary with population cycle. In Newfoundland, the average number of litters per female per year ranged from 2.9 to 3.5, and in Alberta the range was from 2.7 to 3.3. The number of litters per year varies with phase of population cycle (see below). In Alberta the average number of litters per year was almost 3 just after a population peak and 4 just after the population low. Females normally first breed as 1-year-olds. Juvenile breeding is rare and has only been observed in females from the first litter of the year and only in years immediately following a low point in the population cycle.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: In Yukon, 30-day survival of radio-tagged leverets was 46%, 15%, and 43% for the first, second, and third litters of the year, respectively. There were no differences in mortality in plots with food added. The main proximate cause of mortality was predation by small mammals, including red squirrels ("Tamiasciurus hudsonicus") and Arctic ground squirrels ("Spermophilus parryii"). Littermates tended to live or die together more often than by chance. Individual survival was negatively related to litter size and positively related to body size at birth. Litter size is negatively correlated with body size at birth.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Northern populations of snowshoe hares undergo cycles that range from seven to 17 years between population peaks. The average time between peaks is approximately 10 years. The period of abundance usually lasts for two to five years, followed by a population decline to lower numbers or local scarcity. Areas of great abundance tend to be scattered. Populations do not peak simultaneously in all areas, although a great deal of synchronicity occurs in northern latitudes. From 1931 to 1948, the cycle was synchronized within one or two years over most of Canada and Alaska, despite differences in predators and food supplies. In central Alberta, low snowshoe hare density occurred in 1965, with 42 to 74 snowshoe hares per 100 acres (40 ha). The population peak occurred in November 1970 with 2,830 to 5,660 snowshoe hares per 100 acres (40 ha). In the southern parts of its range, snowshoe hare populations do not fluctuate radically.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Exclosure experiments in Alberta indicated browsing by snowshoe hares during population peaks has the greatest impact on palatable species, thus further reducing the amount of available foods. In this study, insufficient nutritious young browse was available to sustain the number of snowshoe hares present in the peak years (1971 and 1972) in winter.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Major variables in habitat quality include average visual obstruction and browse biomass. Snowshoe hares prefer young forests with abundant understories. The presence of cover is the primary determinant of habitat quality, and is more significant than food availability or species composition. Species composition does, however, influence population density; dense softwood understories support greater snowshoe hare density than hardwoods because of cover quality. In Maine, female snowshoe hares were observed to be more common on sites with less cover but more nutritious forage; males tended to be found on sites with heavier cover.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Winter browse availability depends on height of understory brush and winter snow depth; saplings with narrow stem diameters are required for winter browse in heavy snow.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: In northern regions, snowshoe hares occupy conifer and mixed forests in all stages of succession, but early successional forests foster peak abundance. Deciduous forests are usually occupied only in early stages of succession. In New England, snowshoe hares preferred second-growth deciduous, coniferous, and mixed woods with dense brushy understories; they appear to prefer shrubby old-field areas, early- to mid-successional burns, shrub-swamps, bogs, and upper montane krumholz vegetation. In Maine, snowshoe hares were more active in clearcut areas than in partially cut or uncut areas. Sapling densities were highest on 12- to 15-year-old plots; these plots were used more than younger stands. In northern Utah, they occupied all the later stages of succession on quaking aspen and spruce-fir, but were not observed in meadows. In Alberta, snowshoe hares use upland shrub-sapling stages of regenerating aspens (either postfire or postharvest). In British Columbia overstocked juvenile lodgepole pine ("Pinus contorta") stands formed optimal snowshoe hare habitat.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: In western Washington, most unburned, burned, or scarified clearcuts will normally be fully occupied by snowshoe hares within four to five years, as vegetation becomes dense. In older stands (more than 25 years), stem density begins to decline and cover for snowshoe hares decreases. However, in north-central Washington, they may not


title: Snowshoe hare

text: colonize clearcuts until six or seven years, and it may take 20 to 25 years for their density to reach maximum. Winter snowshoe hare pellet counts were highest in 20-year-old lodgepole pine stands, lower in older lodgepole stands, and lowest in spruce-dominated stands. In western Oregon, snowshoe hares were abundant only in early successional stages, including stable brushfields. In west-central Oregon, an old-growth Douglas-fir forest was clearcut and monitored through 10 years of succession. A few snowshoe hares were noted in adjacent virgin forest plots; they represented widely scattered, sparse populations. One snowshoe hare was observed on the disturbed plot 2.5 years after it had been clearcut and burned; at this stage, ground cover was similar to that of the uncut forest. By 9 years after disturbance, snowshoe hare density had increased markedly.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: In western Washington, snowshoe hares routinely used steep slopes where cover was adequate; most studies, however, suggest they tend to prefer gentle slopes. Moonlight increases snowshoe hare vulnerability to predation, particularly in winter. They tend to avoid open areas during bright phases of the moon and during bright periods of a single night. Their activity usually shifts from coniferous understories in winter to hardwood understories in summer.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Vegetative structure plays an important role in the size of snowshoe hare home ranges. Snowshoe hares wander up to 5 miles (8 km) when food is scarce. In Montana home ranges are smaller in brushy woods than in open woods. In Colorado and Utah, the average home range of both sexes was 20 acres (8.1 ha). On the Island of Montreal in Quebec, the average daily range for both sexes was 4 acres (1.6 ha) in old-field mixed woods. In Montana, the home range averaged 25 acres (10 ha) for males and 19 acres (7.6 ha) for females. In Oregon the average snowshoe hare home range was 14.6 acres (5.9 ha).


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Snowshoe hares require dense, brushy, usually coniferous cover; thermal and escape cover are especially important for young hares. Low brush provides hiding, escape, and thermal cover. Heavy cover 10 feet (3 m) above ground provides protection from avian predators, and heavy cover 3.3 feet (1 m) tall provides cover from terrestrial predators. Overwinter survival increases with increased cover. A wide variety of habitat types are used if cover is available. Base visibility in good snowshoe hare habitat ranges from 2% at 16.5 feet (5 m) distance to 0% at 66 feet (20 m). Travel cover is slightly more open, ranging from 14.7% visibility at 16.5 feet (5 m) to 2.6% at 66 feet (20 m). Areas with horizontal vegetation density of 40 to 100% at 50 feet (15 m) are adequate snowshoe hare habitat in Utah.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Snowshoe hares eat a variety of plant materials. Forage type varies with season. Succulent green vegetation is consumed when available from spring to fall; after the first frost, buds, twigs, evergreen needles, and bark form the bulk of snowshoe hare diets until spring greenup. Snowshoe hares typically feed at night and follow well-worn forest paths to feed on various plants and trees.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Snowshoe hares prefer branches, twigs, and small stems up to 0.25 inch (6.3 mm) diameter; larger stems are sometimes used in winter. In Yukon, they normally eat fast-growing birches and willows, and avoid spruce. At high densities, however, the apical shoots of small spruce are eaten. The snowshoe hare winter diet is dominated by bog birch ("Betula glandulosa"), which is preferred but not always available. Greyleaf willow ("Salix glauca") is eaten most often when bog birch is not available. Buffaloberry ("Shepherdia canadensis") is the fourth most common diet item. White spruce ("Picea glauca") is eaten, but not preferred. In Alaska, spruce, willows, and alders comprise 75% of snowshoe hare diets; spruce needles make up nearly 40% of the diet. In northwestern Oregon, winter foods include needles and tender bark of Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock ("Tsuga heterophylla"); leaves and green twigs of salal; buds, twigs, and bark of willows; and green herbs. In north-central Washington, willows and birches are not plentiful; snowshoe hares browse the tips of lodgepole pine seedlings. In Utah, winter foods include Douglas-fir, willows, snowberry ("Symphoricarpos" spp.), maples, and serviceberry ("Amelanchier" spp.). In Minnesota, aspens, willows, hazelnut ("Corylus" spp.), ferns ("Pteridophyta" spp.), birches, alders, sumacs ("Rhus" spp.), and strawberries ("Fragaria" spp.) are winter foods. Winter foods in New York include eastern white pine, red pine ("Pinus resinosa"), white spruce, paper birch, and aspens. In Ontario, sugar maple ("Acer saccharum"), striped maple ("A. pensylvanicum"), red maple, other deciduous species, northern white-cedar ("T. occidentalis"), balsam fir, beaked hazelnut ("C. cornuta"), and buffaloberry were heavily barked. In New Brunswick, snowshoe hares consumed northern white-cedar, spruces, American beech ("Fagus grandifolia"), balsam fir, mountain maple ("A. spicatum"), and many other species of browse. In Newfoundland, paper birch is preferred. Further details on regional food preferences are summarized in "Snowshoe hare and allies":


title: Snowshoe hare

text: In Alaska, snowshoe hares consume new leaves of blueberries ("Vaccinium" spp.), new shoots of field horsetails ("Equisetum arvense"), and fireweed ("Epilobium angustifolium") in spring.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: Grasses are not a major item due to low availability associated with sites that have adequate cover. In summer, leaves of willows, black spruce, birches, and bog Labrador tea ("Ledum groenlandicum") are also consumed. Black spruce is the most heavily used and the most common species in the area. Pen trials suggest black spruce is not actually preferred. Roses ("Rosa" spp.) were preferred, but a minor dietary item, as they were not common in the study area. In northwest Oregon, summer foods include grasses, clovers ("Trifolium" spp.), other forbs, and some woody plants, including Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir, and young leaves and twigs of salal. In Minnesota, aspens, willows, grasses, birches, alders, sumacs, and strawberries are consumed when green. In Ontario, summer diets consist of clovers, grasses, and forbs.


title: Snowshoe hare

text: The snowshoe hare is a major prey item for a number of predators. Its foremost predator is the Canada lynx ("Lynx canadensis"), but other predators include bobcats ("L. rufus"), fishers ("Pekania pennanti"), American martens ("Martes americana"), Pacific martens, ("M. caurina"), long-tailed weasels ("Neogale frenata"), minks ("N. vison"), foxes ("Vulpes" and "Urocyon" spp.), coyote ("Canis latrans"), domestic dogs ("C. familiaris"), domestic cats ("Felis catus"), wolves ("Canis lupus"), cougars ("Puma concolor"), great horned owls ("Bubo virginianus"), barred owls ("Strix varia"), spotted owls ("S. occidentalis"), other owls, red-tailed hawks ("Buteo jamaicensis"), northern goshawks ("Accipiter gentilis"), other hawks ("Buteonidae"), golden eagles ("Aquila chryseatos"), as well as corvids. Other predators include black bears ("Ursus americanus"). In Glacier National Park snowshoe hares are a prey item of Rocky Mountain wolves ("Canis lupus irremotus").


title: Snowshoe hare

text: The habitat for some snowshoe hares has changed dramatically, leaving some habitats without snow for longer periods than previously. Some hares have adapted and stay brown all winter. Others, however, continue to turn white in winter. These hares are at an increased risk of being hunted and killed because they are no longer camouflaged. Many people in the scientific community believe that snowshoe hare populations are at risk of crashing unless interbreeding speeds up the process of evolution to year-round brown. Other species who rely on the hare as part of their diet are also at risk.


title: Chris Gore

text: Christopher Patrick Gore (born September 5, 1965) is an American speaker and writer on the topic of independent film.


title: Chris Gore

text: Gore was born in Big Rapids, Michigan and attended Kimball High School in Royal Oak, Michigan. Gore is the head writer and the founder of "Film Threat" magazine, a project dedicated to covering independent and underground film which he started in 1985. He was also the executive editor of "Computer Player Magazine" from 1993–1995. During this time, he also made his first television appearances on the Jones Computer Network, the network television precursor to ZDTV, as an editorialist and commentator on the state of video games and society.


title: Chris Gore

text: Gore appeared on the G4 television program "Attack of the Show", and had also done a film-related segment on the weekly FX series "The X Show". He was also the host and moderator of "The New Movie Show with Chris Gore", also on FX, in 2000, where a panel mixed between critics and celebrity guests reviewed movies. G4 then based a recurring gag in an August 2010 episode of "Attack of the Show" on the murder of Chris Gore, bringing up three potential murderers each - furthering the idea that his movies are horrible and that everyone wanted to kill him.


title: Chris Gore

text: Gore co-wrote and produced the independent parody film "My Big Fat Independent Movie", a comedy spoof of other indie films featuring Pauly Shore. His books include "The 50 Greatest Movies Never Made", "The Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide" and "The Complete DVD Book: Designing, Producing and Marketing Your Independent Film on DVD". Gore also co-created "Sci-Fi Universe" magazine and created the now-defunct "Wild Cartoon Kingdom" magazine. The latter was used by John Kricfalusi under the pen name "Thomas Paine" to anonymously criticize Nickelodeon following his September 1992 firing from "The Ren & Stimpy Show". In 2009, Gore signed on to host a reality talk show called "Hollywood on the Rocks" produced by Mini Movie Channel and distributed by Ovation TV.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: Debra Louise Jackson (September 23, 1956 – October 30 or 31, 1979) informally known as "Orange Socks" when unidentified, was an American murder victim who went unidentified for nearly 40 years before being identified via a DNA match with her surviving sister in 2019. Her murder is believed to have taken place on October 30 or 31, 1979, in Georgetown, Texas. Her body was found naked, except for the pair of orange socks from which the nickname was derived. She had been strangled, and was believed to have died only hours before the discovery.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: Henry Lee Lucas confessed to and was convicted of her murder. Though doubts have been raised about his complicity in this crime, Lucas's conviction was not overturned. His death sentence was commuted by then-Texas governor George W. Bush in 1998; Lucas died in prison in 2001. There is strong evidence that Lucas was in Florida when Jackson was murdered.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: Jackson, who had been sexually assaulted, was found in a culvert on Interstate 35, having been dragged to and thrown over a guardrail. The cause of death was ruled as strangulation, as a large amount of bruising was visible on her neck. Other bruises were also visible, caused by her body having been dropped from the overpass, after being dragged through a patch of grass. Blood stains were also present at the scene. The victim was initially estimated to be in her twenties at the time of her death. Several other murders had taken place along the same interstate in Travis County, Texas, which police stated may have been connected to the then-unidentified victim.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: Jackson's legs were unshaven, with a large number of insect bites. She had long toenails, her fingernails were painted and a hairline scar was observed beneath the chin. The victim's earlobes were noted to be "unique" and her toes were noted to be longer than average. Despite her injuries, she had not broken a bone during her life. She had reportedly suffered from salpingitis due to contracting gonorrhea. She had ten-inch-long brown hair with a reddish tint, hazel eyes, and her age ranged from 15 to 30 years. She was approximately five feet eight inches to five feet ten inches tall, and weighed between 140 and 160 pounds. Two of her teeth were missing; the remainder were well-maintained, although they showed little sign of dental treatment. A silver ring was found on her hand, containing an abalone or mother of pearl stone. Her ears were pierced.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: A towel was found at the scene along with her body, which she may have been using as a makeshift sanitary napkin. One of two matchbooks found at the scene belonged to a hotel from Henryetta, Oklahoma, which supported the theory she was a hitchhiker or drifter.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: In 1982, serial killer Henry Lee Lucas confessed to her murder, although there was no physical evidence that he had been involved in the killing, sexual assault or disposing of the body. In an interview, he stated that he picked her up in Oklahoma, where they had sex. He asked her for sex again while he was driving; he claimed that at this, Debra said "not right now" and attempted to leave his car, at which point he killed her and raped her corpse. He then drove her body to Georgetown. Lucas told authorities that the victim had stated her name as being "Joanie" or "Judy". He had previously showed officers how he had supposedly dragged her body over the guardrail when taken to the location where her body was found.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: One report claims that at the time of Jackson's murder, Lucas was working in Florida, whereas the murder took place in Texas. Interrogators also stated that he had contradicted himself several times when confessing to the murder, and his defense also stated that he was shown images of the crime scene before his interview. In order to have traveled to Oklahoma, to Texas and back to Florida, it was estimated that he would have had to drive at an average of seventy miles an hour, without stopping, which many find unlikely. Lucas later recanted this statement after his conviction in 1984 and, by involvement of the state governor, George W. Bush, his death sentence was reduced to life imprisonment, as Jackson's murder was the only case that resulted in his receiving the death penalty. Lucas had a history of dubious confessions, something that led others to doubt his truthfulness (he confessed to upwards of 3,000 murders). Lucas recanted his confessions, stating that the only murder he had committed was that of his mother, Viola.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: In 2001, a missing woman's photograph surfaced that resembled the decedent, but DNA testing did not match. Another media report suggested that "Orange Socks" was a woman who had disappeared in the 1970s, together with her abusive boyfriend. There was some speculation that "Orange Socks" was Martha Morrison, but she was eventually ruled out. In 2015, Morrison's remains were later identified as a Jane Doe found in Washington the same year she disappeared. Several other missing women were also excluded.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: The "Orange Socks" case was featured twice on the TV series "America's Most Wanted". An anonymous woman called to the program on one occasion saying she had seen "Orange Socks" hitchhiking on the day of her murder, but the lead did not generate any new information.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: In 2016, on the 37th anniversary of her discovery, new sketches of "Orange Socks" were released by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. The organization also entered her into their database.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: In May 2018, law enforcement announced that they were examining the victim's ring as well as running tests to identify where the victim's socks were made. A book of matches found near the body was traced to a hotel in Oklahoma but did not identify anyone matching her description.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: By January 2019, it was announced that DNA from Jackson's socks contained the profiles of two or more males. It is unknown if the evidence will be enough for further examination. The DNA was recovered from fingernail scrapings as well as pubic hair samples.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: In August 2019, "Orange Socks" was identified as Debra Jackson. The DNA Doe Project had identified a potential cousin of "Orange Socks" through their research. A revised sketch (by forensic artist Natalie Murry) had also caught the attention of Jackson's sister. Members of Jackson's family visually identified the decedent based on morgue photographs and physical characteristics. Jackson's sister then submitted a saliva-based DNA kit and the results confirmed the two were related. Jackson was last seen around 1977 and had never been reported missing. Further investigation found that Jackson had worked at the Ramada Inn in Amarillo, Texas and Bur-Mont (an assisted living facility) in Azle, Texas in 1978. Law enforcement also stated that they believe she worked at R.E. West and C.G. Cole Admiral PTR, Realty Investment LTD in 1979, in an unknown location.


title: Murder of Debra Jackson

text: Many other details about her life also remain unclear, but it is known she attended school locally and may have used the alias surnames "Moon" and "Larned".


title: Kek (mythology)

text: Kek is the deification of the concept of primordial darkness ("") in the ancient Egyptian Ogdoad cosmogony of Hermopolis.


title: Kek (mythology)

text: The Ogdoad consisted of four pairs of deities, four male gods paired with their female counterparts. Kek's female counterpart was Kauket. Kek and Kauket in some aspects also represent night and day, and were called "raiser up of the light" and the "raiser up of the night", respectively.


title: Kek (mythology)

text: The name is written as "kk" or "kkwy" with a variant of the sky hieroglyph in ligature with the staff (N2) associated with the word for "darkness" "kkw".


title: Kek (mythology)

text: In the oldest representations, "Kekui" is given the head of a serpent, and "Kekuit" the head of either a frog or a cat. In one scene, they are identified with Ka and Kait; in this scene, Ka-Kekui has the head of a frog surmounted by a beetle and Kait-Kekuit has the head of a serpent surmounted by a disk.


title: Kek (mythology)

text: In the Greco-Roman period, Kek's male form was depicted as a frog-headed man, and the female form as a serpent-headed woman, as were all four dualistic concepts in the Ogdoad.


title: Kek (mythology)

text: In relation to the 2016 United States presidential election, individuals associated with online message boards, such as 4chan, noted a similarity between Kek and the character Pepe the Frog. This, combined with the frequent use of the term "kek" as a popular Korean onomatopoetic stand-in for the internet slang "lol", which was often paired with images of Pepe, resulted in a resurgence of interest in the ancient deity.


title: Valediction

text: A valediction (derivation from Latin "vale dicere", "to say farewell"), or complimentary close in American English, is an expression used to say farewell, especially a word or phrase used to end a letter or message, or a speech made at a farewell.


title: Valediction

text: Valedictions normally immediately precede the signature in written correspondence. The word or words used express respect, esteem, or regard for the person to whom the correspondence is directed, and the exact form used depends on a number of factors.


title: Valediction

text: In British English, valedictions have largely been replaced by the use of "Yours sincerely" or "Yours faithfully". "Yours sincerely" is typically employed in English when the recipient is addressed by name (e.g. "Dear John") and is known to the sender to some degree, whereas "Yours faithfully" is used when the recipient is not addressed by name (i.e., the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam") or when the recipient is not known personally by the sender.


title: Valediction

text: Historically, valedictions were often elaborate and formal. Vestiges of such formality remain in various cases. The examples below are subject to some variation, but generally follow the pattern described.


title: Valediction

text: The following table contains complimentary closings as recommended for business hard-letter use by two American authorities: Barron's Educational Series and American Management Association.


title: Valediction

text: A diplomatic "note verbale" always ends with an elaborate valediction, most commonly "[Sender] avails itself of this opportunity to renew to [recipient] the assurances of its highest consideration".


title: Valediction

text: Valedictions in formal e-mail are similar to valedictions in letters; on the whole, they are variations of "regards" and "yours". However, a wide range of popular valedictions are used in casual e-mail but very rarely in letters.


title: Valediction

text: Current regulations of the United States Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army, and the U.S. Navy call for two complimentary closings for letters: "Respectfully yours" and "Sincerely". "Respectfully yours" is reserved for the president (and, for the Army only, the president's spouse) and the president-elect. "Sincerely" is used in all other cases.


title: Valediction

text: For more informal (but still professional) correspondence among military service members, "Respectfully" and "Very Respectfully" are used. These are often abbreviated as "R" and "V/R." "Respectfully" is addressed to those of lower rank and "Very Respectfully" is addressed to those of the same rank or above.


title: Valediction

text: The Commander of the Navy's school in the military's Mustang University stated his preference, in 2014, that the older "Very respectfully" be used in letters to someone senior in pay-grade or positional authority. However, the commander acknowledged that current regulations call for "Sincerely" and told students they were free to follow that practice.


title: Valediction

text: In written form, valediction is very important in Bengali. When writing official letters, general customs are:


title: Valediction

text: Valedictions in Chinese are oe variable and reflect the relative social status of the sender and recipient. Salutation (問候語) is traditionally placed after valediction (申悃語) "and" the closing of the main body of the letter, as opposed to its typical location in English. Traditional valediction include:


title: Valediction

text: Standard French language valedictions tend to be much more complex than standard English ones, more akin to older English valedictions. They show a fair degree of variation, for example:


title: Valediction

text: In the latter case of a formula beginning with the first person, the valediction is often enhanced with a participial phrase concluding the sense of the letter (since traditionally it is not considered appropriate to begin a paragraph with the first person singular "je" in a letter):


title: Valediction

text: Such formulae may be used even in more friendly letters, often with the adjective "cher" or "chère" for the recipient. Letters to dignitaries may use even more grandiose styles, such as:


title: Valediction

text: According to French typographic rules, the proper capitalization for the official title is "Premier ministre" although people who mimic English titles or fear that they might appear disrespectful often use more capitals than the rules commend.


title: Valediction

text: Another French typographic rule states that when addressing someone, styles like "Monsieur", "Madame", "Mademoiselle", should never be abbreviated, even if followed by a title (hence, writing "M. le Premier Ministre" or "Mme l'Ambassadeur" would be considered clumsy).


title: Valediction

text: Much shorter styles may be used in brief notes ("Sincères salutations"), and informal letters (such as between intimates) may use expressions such as (with approximate English equivalents – not literal translations):


title: Valediction

text: Unlike in English, when the letter writer has a title that is unique in his or her organization, it is placed before, not after, the name:


title: Valediction

text: Valedictions in German, while a lot less complex than those in French, are similarly flexible. The highly formal form "Hochachtungsvoll" (lit. "highly respectfully") has been practically obsolete for many years and is very rarely used in modern German, except for highly formal correspondence from authorities or in letters with a highly negative connotation where "friendliness" would not be appropriate.


title: Valediction

text: The standard business valediction is "Mit freundlichen Grüßen" (lit. "with friendly regards") and is equivalent to "Yours sincerely" or "Yours faithfully" in English. A more seldom used variant of this is "Mit freundlichem Gruß", which is as above but in the singular form. Other semi-formal alternatives include (roughly in descending order of formality) "Mit besten Grüßen" (lit. "with best regards"), "Beste Grüße", "Mit herzlichen Grüßen" (lit. "with cordial regards"), "Viele Grüße" (lit. "many regards"), "Schöne Grüße" (lit. "nice regards").


title: Valediction

text: German valedictions also offer the possibility of adding your location, e.g. "Mit freundlichen Grüßen aus Berlin" to added effect. While this is no less formal, it does have a more "relaxed" feel to it. Other less formal location-centric variations are also possible, such as "Viele Grüße aus dem sonnigen Barcelona" (lit. "many regards from sunny Barcelona").


title: Valediction

text: These valedictions are also often adapted to specific professions, states or political views. For example, it is common to use "Mit solidarischen Grüßen" ("with regards in solidarity") among socialist and communist groups, "Mit gewerkschaftlichen Grüßen" (lit. "with union regards") or "Mit kollegialen Grüßen" (lit. "with cooperative regards") among labour union members, "Mit kameradschaftlichen Grüßen" (lit. "with comradely regards") among military personnel, "Mit sportlichen Grüßen" ("with sporting regards") among sportspeople, and "Mit gebärdenfreundlichen Grüßen" ("with gesture-friendly regards", implying sign language gestures) among persons hard of hearing.


title: Valediction

text: More familiar valedictions in German follow the same formula. "Alles Liebe" or "(Viele) liebe Grüße" are common in German for friends or family. Friends or close colleagues among each other may use simply "Gruß".


title: Valediction

text: It is possible in informal and rapid e-mail communication to sometimes use abbreviations of the forms, unlike in English. In this way, "Mit freundlichen Grüßen" may be shortened to "MfG" and "Liebe Grüße" may be shortened to "LG". A popular form in Germany in recent years, "hdl" ("habe dich lieb", lit. "am fond of you") and "hdgdl" ("habe dich ganz doll lieb", lit. "am very fond of you", for somewhere between "I like you" and "I love you") has found increased usage in SMS text messaging and e-mails in more intimate relationships.


title: Valediction

text: Judges have deemed that Section 86a of the German Criminal Code forbids the use of "Mit deutschem Gruß" (lit. "with German regards"), as it has National Socialist overtones.


title: Valediction

text: Formal letters in Israeli Hebrew often end with בברכה ("bivraKHA"; lit., with blessing). A strictly formal ending is בכבוד רב ("bekhaVOD RAV"; with great honor, or respect). Slightly less formal forms, used between individuals, are כל טוב ("kol TOOV"; all the best), as well as להשתמע ("lehishtaMEah") or נשתמע ("nishtaMEah"; we shall hear from each other), which are in essence somewhat dated equivalents of להתראות ("lehitraOT"; we shall see each other, or simply, see you).


title: Valediction

text: Jews in the United States often use "B'shalom" or "shalom" (Hebrew: בשלום, lit: in peace) within Jewish circles, for example, from a Rabbi to his congregation. This is an American Jewish usage, rarely heard from native speakers of modern Israeli Hebrew. "B'shalom" is incorrect, as it is religiously tantamount to wishing death on someone. Indeed, the Talmud says: "In bidding farewell to the living one should not say, 'Go with peace' [lech b'shalom], but 'Go to peace' [lech l'shalom], because [King] David said to [his son] Absalom, 'Go with peace', and he went and was hanged; whereas Jethro said to Moses, 'Go to peace', and he went and succeeded." [Talmud, Moed Katan 29a]


title: Valediction

text: Hungarian valedictions are extendable, which makes a number of variations on the above expressions possible, such as "Őszinte tisztelettel" ("With sincere appreciation") or "Szívélyes üdvözlettel" ("With cordial regards").


title: Valediction

text: Formal valedictions should end with a comma followed by a paragraph where the valedictor's name (and optionally his status) is identified. Depending on the occasion, different degrees of formality are adequate, ranging from highly formal (e.g. solemn occasions) to totally informal (e.g. a conversation among friends). Some formal valedictions can be used at different formality degrees, but almost never in informal situations.


title: Devin Singletary

text: Devin Singletary (born September 3, 1997), nicknamed "Motor", is an American football running back for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida Atlantic. As a sophomore in 2017, he led all Division I FBS players with 32 rushing touchdowns, 33 combined rushing and receiving touchdowns, and 198 points scored, and finished with 1,920 rushing yards.


title: Devin Singletary

text: Singletary attended and played high school football at American Heritage School in Delray Beach, Florida. He became a three-star recruit and amassed 4,975 rushing yards during his high school career, earning two First-Team All-State selections, before choosing to go to Florida Atlantic University. Singletary's childhood nickname "Motor", which he shared with his father, stuck with him during his high school football years.


title: Devin Singletary

text: During the 2016 season, he rushed for 1,021 yards on 152 carries for an average of 6.7 yards per carry, gaining 12 touchdowns.


title: Devin Singletary

text: As a sophomore in 2017, he rushed for 244 yards against Western Kentucky and 203 yards against Marshall. During the 2017 regular season, he led all Division I FBS players with 162 points scored (27 touchdowns) and ranked fourth with 1,632 rushing yards. He also set the Florida Atlantic single-season record for rushing yardage. He was also selected as a semifinalist for the Doak Walker Award.


title: Devin Singletary

text: On December 2, 2017, in the Conference USA championship game against North Texas, Singletary rushed for an additional 164 yards and three touchdowns. He added three more touchdowns in the Owls' 50–3 blowout of Akron in the 2017 Boca Raton Bowl, raising his total touchdown count for the year to 33 (32 rushing, 1 receiving).


title: Devin Singletary

text: Singletary rushed for 22 touchdowns the following season with 1,348 rushing yards on 261 attempts. He was named a second-team All-American by Sporting News for his performance. On December 12, 2018, Singletary announced his intention to enter the 2019 NFL draft, finishing his college career as FAU's all-time rusher and with the sixth-most rushing touchdowns in FBS history.


title: Devin Singletary

text: Singletary was drafted by the Buffalo Bills with the 74th overall pick in the third round of the 2019 NFL Draft. He joined a backfield with veterans LeSean McCoy, Frank Gore, and T. J. Yeldon, but earned a prominent role with the Bills after McCoy was released as part of final preseason cuts.


title: Devin Singletary

text: On September 8, 2019, Singletary made his professional debut for the Buffalo Bills. He finished the game against the New York Jets with 70 rushing yards on four carries, in addition to five receptions for 28 yards as the Bills won 17–16. Singletary scored his first NFL rushing touchdown one week later, during a 28–14 win over the New York Giants. He finished with 57 rushing yards on six carries prior to leaving with a hamstring injury. In Week 9 against the Washington Redskins, Singletary had his breakout game rushing for 95 yards on 20 carries with one touchdown and 45 yards receiving on three receptions in the 24–9 win. In Week 13 against the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving Day, Singletary rushed 14 times for 63 yards and caught three passes for 38 yards, including a 28-yard touchdown reception from wide receiver John Brown, in the 26–15 win. Overall, he finished the 2019 season with 151 carries for 775 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns to go along with 29 receptions for 194 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Devin Singletary

text: With the departure of veteran power back Frank Gore in free agency, Buffalo drafted Zack Moss in the 2020 NFL Draft to complement Singletary's elusive running style. Singletary split carries with Moss throughout the season, but finished as Buffalo's top rusher in 2020. He attained 687 yards and two touchdowns on 156 carries, with his longest run being a 51-yard touchdown against the Denver Broncos in Week 15, and also caught 38 passes for 269 yards. He also fumbled the ball just once, compared to four times during his rookie season.


title: Devin Singletary

text: Singletary scored his first touchdown of the season in week 2 against the Miami Dolphins, a 46-yard scamper, in which he reached a top speed of 20.29 miles per hour according to "NFL NextGen Stats". His touchdown was the first for Buffalo in the game, as the Bills wound up winning 35–0. Throughout the first three months of the season, Singletary shared the backfield with Moss and free agent acquisition Matt Breida to middling results behind a poor run-blocking offensive line, before he was made the primary halfback. Between weeks 14 and 18, he accrued at least 78 yards from scrimmage against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Carolina Panthers, New England Patriots, Atlanta Falcons, and New York Jets. Singletary's 23 carries against Atlanta resulted in 110 yards and 2 touchdowns, both career-highs for a single game. He scored two touchdowns again versus the Jets, with one on the ground and one receiving.


title: Devin Singletary

text: In the playoffs, Singletary rushed for two touchdowns in a 47–17 win over the Patriots during the wild-card round, also scoring the first touchdown of the Divisional round game against the Kansas City Chiefs, which Buffalo lost 42–36 in overtime.


title: Devin Singletary

text: The Bills drafted running back James Cook prior to the season, but despite a now-crowded backfield, Singletary remained the top back on the roster. Singletary's first touchdown from scrimmage in the 2022 season came on a two-yard pass from Josh Allen during a week 3 game against the Dolphins. His first two rushing touchdowns of the season came during a 33–30 overtime loss to the Minnesota Vikings, but he also lost a fumble during the game.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: The 2022 CONCACAF Under-20 Championship was the 7th edition of the CONCACAF Under-20 Championship (28th edition if all eras included), the men's under-20 international football tournament organized by CONCACAF. It was held in Honduras, in the cities of San Pedro Sula and Tegucigalpa.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: On 16 September 2021, a new format was announced: the sixteen member associations ranked 1st to 16th would qualify for the group stage while the remaining nineteen member associations (all ranked 17th and below in the CONCACAF men’s under-20 rankings) would have to play in the 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship qualifying tournament to qualify for the knockout stage. The qualifying tournament took place from 5 to 13 November 2021 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: The competition determined not only the four CONCACAF representatives at the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Indonesia and at the 2023 Pan American Games men's football tournament in Chile, but also the two CONCACAF representatives at the 2024 Summer Olympics in France.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: The United States were the defending champions of the competition, since they were the champions in the 2018 edition and the 2020 edition was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The United States once again successfully defended the title, defeating the biggest surprise of the tournament Dominican Republic 6–0 in the final for their third CONCACAF U-20 Championship title.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: Twenty national teams participated in the tournament: the sixteen best ranked national teams (based on the CONCACAF men’s under-20 rankings), that qualified directly to the tournament, plus four national teams qualified through the 2021 CONCACAF U-20 Championship qualifying.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: During the competition Estadio Yankel Rosenthal was used as a provisional venue due to problems with the playing pitch at Estadio Morazán caused by very heavy rainfall in San Pedro Sula. Some matches were relocated to the Estadio Olímpico and Estadio Yankel Rosenthal.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: Players born on or after 1 January 2003 were eligible to compete. Each team had to register a squad of 20 players, two of whom had to be goalkeepers.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: The draw for the tournament was held on 3 March 2022, 12:00 AST (), at the CONCACAF Headquarters in Miami, Florida. The 16 teams which entered the group stage were drawn into four groups of four teams. Based on the CONCACAF Men's Under-20 Ranking, the 16 teams were distributed into four pots, with teams in Pot 1 assigned to each group prior to the draw, as follows:


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: The top three teams in each group advanced to the round of 16, where they were joined by the four teams advancing from the 2021 CONCACAF U-20 Championship qualifying.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: In the knockout stage, if a match was level at the end of normal playing time, extra time was played (two periods of 15 minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winners.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: Unlike the previous editions, the tournament also served as qualifier for the 2024 Summer Olympic men's football tournament. This was changed from the previous set-up where the CONCACAF representatives qualify for the Olympic football tournament through their Pre-Olympic Tournament-


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: The following two teams from CONCACAF qualified for 2024 Summer Olympic men's football tournament in France.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: The champion team and the top team from each of the three CONCACAF zones, i.e., Caribbean (CFU), Central American (UNCAF), and North American (NAFU), qualified for the 2023 Pan American Games men's football tournament.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: The following four teams from CONCACAF qualified for the 2023 Pan American Games men's football tournament in Chile.


title: 2022 CONCACAF U-20 Championship

text: At the end of the match between the United States and Costa Rica, violent and unsportsmanlike actions were reported. The Costa Rican Football Federation has been sanctioned with a fine and nine of its players were temporarily suspended due to infraction of the Competition Regulations and the FIFA Disciplinary Code. Likewise, one U.S. player was suspended and banned for the remainder of the competition.


title: Starling Bank

text: Starling Bank () is a British digital challenger bank which provides current and business accounts. Starling Bank is a licensed and regulated bank, founded by former Allied Irish Banks COO, Anne Boden, in January 2014. Since its founding, it has received over £500m of funding. The company received its banking licence from the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority in July 2016.


title: Starling Bank

text: Starling was founded by Anne Boden in 2014. In 2016, they raised £48 million. In February 2019 Starling raised £75m from Merian Global Investors. The following week, the company announced it had raised £100m from the Capability and Innovation Fund in the form of grant funding.


title: Starling Bank

text: The company launched its beta in March 2017. In March 2018, Starling launched business accounts. In February 2019, Starling launched personal Euro accounts in the UK. At first, Starling customers could make fee-free conversions between the Starling GBP account and Euro account, but in September 2019 the bank introduced a 0.4% conversion fee.


title: Starling Bank

text: Founder Anne Boden announced in December 2017 that the bank intended to apply for the RBS Remedies Fund.


title: Starling Bank

text: The bank has partnered with other companies to offer some of its services. In March 2017 Starling began to use of TransferWise to process international payments. In November 2018, the company partnered with the Post Office to allow Starling account holders to deposit and withdraw funds at any Post Office branch.


title: Starling Bank

text: In late 2020, "The Times" reported that larger banks were looking at acquiring Starling. The CEO of Starling denied the reports and stated they aimed for an initial public offering by 2022.


title: Starling Bank

text: In March 2021, Starling announced a £272m funding round, with investors including Fidelity, the Qatar Investment Authority and Millennium Management.


title: Starling Bank

text: Starling does not have physical branches. The company has offices in London, Cardiff and Southampton.


title: Starling Bank

text: Starling Bank offers a contactless Debit Mastercard. As of September 2019, Starling cards were not part of the LINK network.


title: Starling Bank

text: Starling changed the design of its cards in July 2018, to a vertical card design coloured teal and navy.


title: Starling Bank

text: In March 2021, Starling announced their new and replacement debit cards would be made from 75% of recycled rigid PVC plastic.


title: Starling Bank

text: The bank primarily serves customers via mobile banking apps on iOS and Android. In 2017, Starling claimed to be the first UK bank to support in-app setup for Apple Pay.


title: Starling Bank

text: The features of Starling's mobile apps include instant notifications of transactions, freezing and unfreezing customers' cards to prevent unauthorised transactions, categorising transactions for later analysis, creating separate "goals" where money can be stored separately to a customer's main balance, and in-app chat with customer service representatives. The bank also offers a 'Settle Up' feature, where customers can send money to their contacts.


title: Starling Bank

text: Starling Bank received the Best British Bank award in the British Bank Awards for five consecutive years – 2018 to 2022.