title: Marko Livaja

text: On 20 August 2018, as a result of his exceptional performances with AEK Athens, Croatia coach Zlatko Dalić included the uncapped Livaja in his squad for the friendly versus Portugal (1–1 draw), and the Nations League clash against Spain, which ended up as Croatia's biggest defeat in history. After three years of absence, he was recalled by Dalić for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches in September 2021. He scored his first international goal against Slovenia, giving the lead in an eventual 3–0 victory.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 31 October 2022, Livaja was named in Croatia's final 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. On 27 November 2022, Livaja scored his first goal for Croatia at a major tournament in a 4–1 victory over Canada, becoming the first ever current Hajduk Split player to score for Croatia at a FIFA World Cup in the process. On 17 December, in the third place play-off against Morocco, Livaja provided Mislav Oršić with an assist for the winning goal, as Croatia won 2–1 and claimed their second bronze and third overall World Cup medal in history.


title: Marko Livaja

text: On 28 August 2022, two days after Livaja's 29th birthday, his father was killed in a traffic accident.


title: Damir Ismagulov

text: Damir Ismagulov (born February 3, 1991) is a Russian mixed martial artist, who is currently fighting in the Lightweight division for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He is the former M-1 Global lightweight champion. As of November 15, 2022, he is ranked #12 in the UFC lightweight rankings.


title: Damir Ismagulov

text: As a child, he played football, was fond of horseback riding, tried himself in track and field athletics. Subsequently, he moved to Orenburg for permanent residence, enrolling in the Institute of Physical Culture and Sports of the Orenburg State Pedagogical University. As a student, he was engaged in various types of martial arts, fulfilled the standards of a master of sports in universal combat and in army hand-to-hand combat. Since 2011, he practised MMA at the amateur level. In 2014, after winning the Russian Cup, he was awarded the title of Master of Sports in mixed martial arts. Ismagulov is a practising Muslim and is ethnic Kazakh.


title: Damir Ismagulov

text: Ismagulov was M-1 Global lightweight champion after beating Maxim Divnich in the title bout. After defending the M-1 Lightweight Championship twice, defeating such fighters as Raul Tutarauli and Artem Damkovsky, he signed a contract with the UFC.


title: Damir Ismagulov

text: Ismagulov made promotional debut on December 2, 2018 at against Alex Gorgees. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Damir Ismagulov

text: Ismagulov faced Thiago Moisés on August 31, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 15. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Damir Ismagulov

text: Ismagulov was expected to face Magomed Mustafaev on October 30, 2021 at UFC 267. However at the weigh-ins, Ismagulov came in at 163.5 pounds, missing weight by 7.5 pounds, the bout was subsequently cancelled by the UFC.


title: Damir Ismagulov

text: Ismagulov faced Guram Kutateladze on June 18, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 37. He won the close bout via split decision.


title: Damir Ismagulov

text: Ismagulov faced Arman Tsarukyan on December 17, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 216. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Igorrr

text: Gautier Serre (born June 5, 1984), better known by his stage name Igorrr, is a French musician. Under the Igorrr alias, he combines a variety of disparate genres, including black metal, baroque music, breakcore, and trip hop, into a singular sound. Serre is also part of the groups Whourkr and Corpo-Mente. The Igorrr project became a full band with the addition of vocalists Aphrodite Patoulidou and JB Le Bail, plus the drummer Sylvain Bouvier and the guitarist Martyn Clément.


title: Igorrr

text: Serre plays piano, drums, and guitar and primarily uses Steinberg Cubase for recording. He named his band after a pet gerbil called Igorr that he had as a child, adding the extra "r" to "make it harder to pronounce." Serre claims to have synesthesia, in his case perceiving music as colors. In 2011 interview, he spoke of the origin of his solo project:


title: Igorrr

text: Igorrr self-released a demo album, "Poisson Soluble" (2006) and "Moisissure" (2008, Acroplane Recordings), which gained the attention of label Ad Noiseam. His debut album "Nostril" was released in 2010, alongside a companion EP "Baroquecore". Both demos were reissued in 2011.


title: Igorrr

text: Igorrr's second album "Hallelujah" was released in 2012. It featured collaboration from Mayhem guitarist Teloch and classical singer Laure Le Prunenec. Igorrr's pet chicken, Patrick, gained notoriety for "playing" the piano (Serre would put chicken feed on corresponding keys the chicken would peck at.) Serre won a GoPro award for film making for a video of Patrick playing filmed with a GoPro.


title: Igorrr

text: In February 2017, Igorrr signed with Metal Blade Records. His third album "Savage Sinusoid", was released on June 16, 2017. The album was recorded over five years by a collective of musicians. The album was preceded by the single "ieuD". Unlike previous Igorrr albums, it did not feature any samples. It featured collaboration with members of Cattle Decapitation and Secret Chiefs 3. The album received positive critical reception, "Metal Injection" awarded it "The Bat Shit Crazy Album Of The Year Award", and a perfect 10/10 score, while "AllMusic" gave the album 4 out of 5 stars. "Metal Hammer" gave the album 4 out of 5 stars as well. The album charted in Belgium on the Ultratop Flanders chart, reaching #173.


title: Igorrr

text: Igorrr toured North America for the first time in 2018. In June 2018, Igorrr supported Ministry on their 2018 North American tour. The live show features drummer Sylvain Bouvier and vocalists Laure Le Prunenec and Laurent Lunoir, alongside Serre on vocals and programming.


title: Igorrr

text: Igorrr has also performed at several other festivals, including Heavy Montréal festival, Dour Festival (three times, in 2014, 2015 and 2017), Roadburn Festival, Europavox, Montreux Jazz Festival, Metaldays, Durbuy Rock Festival, Motocultor Festival, Download Festival, Brutal Assault, Hellfest Open Air, FortaRock, and Copenhell, among others. Igorrr also had a short film shown at the Orlando Film Festival. They also performed at a rock festival hosted by the opera company Opéra national du Rhin in 2017.


title: Igorrr

text: Igorrr's sound combines breakbeats, heavy metal riffs, extreme tempo changes, and operatic singing coupled with screaming/growling, among other elements, to create what AllMusic describes as "an intense, disturbing, and undeniably distinct experience". The project's musical sources include black metal, death metal, industrial metal, progressive metal, classical music (especially Baroque music), Balkan music, breakcore, and trip hop. It has provoked labels such as "Baroquecore" and has been described as Dadaist.


title: Igorrr

text: In a 2017 interview, Serre said of the origin of Igorrr: "It started when I was a teenager looking for a band or an artist destroying all the limits of music, a band able to bring what all the boring mainstream bands could not bring." Serre listed classical composers Frédéric Chopin, Johann Sebastian Bach, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and Domenico Scarlatti, alongside contemporary acts Taraf de Haïdouks, Cannibal Corpse, Meshuggah, Aphex Twin, Mr. Bungle (as well as other Mike Patton projects), and Portishead as influences in the early days.


title: Igorrr

text: Serre was part of Whourkr from 2005 up until 2013 when the group split up into their individual projects. Igorrr released the "Maigre" EP, a collaboration with French artist Ruby My Dear. Starting in 2015, Serre is part of Corpo-Mente, where he works with vocalist Laure Le Prunenec. Their first self-titled album was on the label Blood Music and recorded at Improve Tone Studio in Lezoux, France. He also collaborated with fellow breakcore artist Bong-Ra Serre worked with The Algorithm on "Brute Force".


title: Igorrr

text: Serre has remixed songs for Morbid Angel (released on " Illud Divinum Insanus – The Remixes") and Meshuggah.


title: Igorrr

text: Igorrr composed half of the soundtrack to the musical film "" directed by Bruno Dumont. The film was screened at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. The soundtrack was nominated for Best Music at the 23rd Lumières Awards. According to Serre, his initial compositions had a "medieval atmosphere", before the director told him to "just do Igorrr". The score is described as "electro-pop with a dose of heavy metal" and techno-pop.


title: Brittle star

text: Brittle stars, serpent stars, or ophiuroids (; ; referring to the serpent-like arms of the brittle star) are echinoderms in the class Ophiuroidea, closely related to starfish. They crawl across the sea floor using their flexible arms for locomotion. The ophiuroids generally have five long, slender, whip-like arms which may reach up to in length on the largest specimens.


title: Brittle star

text: The Ophiuroidea contain two large clades, Ophiurida (brittle stars) and Euryalida (basket stars). Over 2,000 species of brittle stars live today. More than 1,200 of these species are found in deep waters, greater than 200 m deep.


title: Brittle star

text: The ophiuroids diverged in the Early Ordovician, about 500 million years ago. Ophiuroids can be found today in all of the major marine provinces, from the poles to the tropics. Basket stars are usually confined to the deeper parts of this range; Ophiuroids are known even from abyssal (>6,000 m) depths. However, brittle stars are also common members of reef communities, where they hide under rocks and even within other living organisms. A few ophiuroid species can even tolerate brackish water, an ability otherwise almost unknown among echinoderms. A brittle star's skeleton is made up of embedded ossicles.


title: Brittle star

text: Of all echinoderms, the Ophiuroidea may have the strongest tendency toward five-segment radial (pentaradial) symmetry. The body outline is similar to that of starfish, in that ophiuroids have five arms joined to a central body disk. However, in ophiuroids, the central body disk is sharply marked off from the arms.


title: Brittle star

text: The disk contains all of the viscera. That is, the internal organs of digestion and reproduction never enter the arms, as they do in the Asteroidea. The underside of the disk contains the mouth, which has five toothed jaws formed from skeletal plates. The madreporite is usually located within one of the jaw plates, and not on the upper side of the animal as it is in starfish.


title: Brittle star

text: The vessels of the water vascular system end in tube feet. The water vascular system generally has one madreporite. Others, such as certain Euryalina, have one per arm on the aboral surface. Still other forms have no madreporite at all. Suckers and ampullae are absent from the tube feet.


title: Brittle star

text: The nervous system consists of a main nerve ring which runs around the central disk. At the base of each arm, the ring attaches to a radial nerve which runs to the end of the limb. The nerves in each limb run through a canal at the base of the vertebral ossicles.


title: Brittle star

text: Most ophiuroids have no eyes, or other specialised sense organs. However, they have several types of sensitive nerve endings in their epidermis, and are able to sense chemicals in the water, touch, and even the presence or absence of light. Moreover, tube feet may sense light as well as odors. These are especially found at the ends of their arms, detecting light and retreating into crevices.


title: Brittle star

text: The mouth is rimmed with five jaws, and serves as an anus (egestion) as well as a mouth (ingestion). Behind the jaws is a short esophagus and a stomach cavity which occupies much of the dorsal half of the disk. Digestion occurs within 10 pouches or infolds of the stomach, which are essentially ceca, but unlike in sea stars, almost never extend into the arms. The stomach wall contains glandular hepatic cells.


title: Brittle star

text: Ophiuroids are generally scavengers or detritivores. Small organic particles are moved into the mouth by the tube feet. Ophiuroids may also prey on small crustaceans or worms. Basket stars in particular may be capable of suspension feeding, using the mucus coating on their arms to trap plankton and bacteria. They extend one arm out and use the other four as anchors. Brittle stars will eat small suspended organisms if available. In large, crowded areas, brittle stars eat suspended matter from prevailing seafloor currents.


title: Brittle star

text: In basket stars, the arms are used to sweep food rhythmically to the mouth. "Pectinura" consumes beech pollen in the New Zealand fjords (since those trees hang over the water). "Eurylina" clings to coral branches to browse on the polyps.


title: Brittle star

text: Gas exchange and excretion occur through cilia-lined sacs called bursae; each opens between the arm bases on the underside of the disk. Typically ten bursae are found, and each fits between two stomach digestive pouches. Water flows through the bursae by means of cilia or muscular contraction. Oxygen is transported through the body by the hemal system, a series of sinuses and vessels distinct from the water vascular system.


title: Brittle star

text: The bursae are probably also the main organs of excretion, with phagocytic "coelomocytes" collecting waste products in the body cavity and then migrating to the bursae for expulsion from the body.


title: Brittle star

text: Like all echinoderms, the Ophiuroidea possess a skeleton of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. In ophiuroids, the calcite ossicles are fused to form armor plates which are known collectively as the "test". The plates are covered by the epidermis, which consists of a smooth syncytium. In most species, the joints between the ossicles and superficial plates allow the arm to bend to the side, but cannot bend upwards. However, in the basket stars, the arms are flexible in all directions.


title: Brittle star

text: Both the "Ophiurida" and "Euryalida" (the basket stars) have five long, slender, flexible, whip-like arms, up to 60 cm in length. They are supported by an internal skeleton of calcium carbonate plates referred to as vertebral ossicles. These "vertebrae" articulate by means of ball-and-socket joints, and are controlled by muscles. They are essentially fused plates which correspond to the parallel ambulacral plates in sea stars and five Paleozoic families of ophiuroids. In modern forms, the vertebrae occur along the median of the arm.


title: Brittle star

text: The ossicles are surrounded by a relatively thin ring of soft tissue, and then by four series of jointed plates, one each on the upper, lower, and lateral surfaces of the arm. The two lateral plates often have a number of elongated spines projecting outwards; these help to provide traction against the substrate while the animal is moving. The spines, in ophiuroids, compose a rigid border to the arm edges, whereas in euryalids they are transformed into downward-facing clubs or hooklets. Euryalids are similar to ophiurids, if larger, but their arms are forked and branched. Ophiuroid podia generally function as sensory organs. They are not usually used for feeding, as in "Asteroidea". In the Paleozoic era, brittle stars had open ambulacral grooves, but in modern forms, these are turned inward.


title: Brittle star

text: In living ophiuroids, the vertebrae are linked by well-structured longitudinal muscles. Ophiuroida move horizontally, and "Euryalina" species move vertically. The latter have bigger vertebrae and smaller muscles. They are less spasmodic, but can coil their arms around objects, holding on even after death. These movement patterns are distinct to the taxa, separating them. Ophiuroida move quickly when disturbed. One arm presses ahead, whereas the other four act as two pairs of opposite levers, thrusting the body in a series of rapid jerks. Although adults do not use their tube feet for locomotion, very young stages use them as stilts and even serve as an adhesive structure.


title: Brittle star

text: The sexes are separate in most species, though a few are hermaphroditic or protandric. The gonads are located in the disk, and open into pouches between the arms, called genital bursae. Fertilisation is external in most species, with the gametes being shed into the surrounding water through the bursal sacs. An exception is the Ophiocanopidae, in which the gonads do not open into bursae and are instead paired in a chain along the basal arm joints.


title: Brittle star

text: Many species brood developing larvae in the bursae, effectively giving birth to live young. A few, such as "Amphipholus squamata", are truly viviparous, with the embryo receiving nourishment from the mother through the wall of the bursa. However, some species do not brood their young, and instead have a free-swimming larval stage. Referred to as an ophiopluteus, these larvae have four pairs of rigid arms lined with cilia. They develop directly into an adult, without the attachment stage found in most starfish larvae. The number of species exhibiting ophiopluteus larvae are fewer than those that directly develop.


title: Brittle star

text: Some brittle stars, such as the six-armed members of the family Ophiactidae, exhibit fissiparity (division through fission), with the disk splitting in half. Regrowth of both the lost part of the disk and the arms occur which yields an animal with three large arms and three small arms during the period of growth.


title: Brittle star

text: The West Indian brittle star, "Ophiocomella ophiactoides", frequently undergoes asexual reproduction by fission of the disk with subsequent regeneration of the arms. In both summer and winter, large numbers of individuals with three long arms and three short arms can be found. Other individuals have half a disk and only three arms. A study of the age range of the population indicates little recruitment and fission is the primary means of reproduction in this species.


title: Brittle star

text: In this species, fission appears to start with the softening of one side of the disk and the initiation of a furrow. This deepens and widens until it extends across the disk and the animal splits in two. New arms begin to grow before the fission is complete, thus minimizing the time between possible successive divisions. The plane of fission varies so that some newly formed individuals have existing arms of different lengths. The time period between successive divisions is 89 days, so theoretically, each brittle star can produce 15 new individuals during the course of a year.


title: Brittle star

text: Brittle stars generally sexually mature in two to three years, become full grown in three to four years, and live up to five years. Members of Euryalina, such as "Gorgonocephalus", may live much longer.


title: Brittle star

text: Ophiuroids can readily regenerate lost arms or arm segments unless all arms are lost. Ophiuroids use this ability to escape predators, in a way similar to lizards which deliberately shed the distal part of their tails to confuse pursuers. Moreover, the Amphiuridae can regenerate gut and gonad fragments lost along with the arms. Discarded arms have not been shown to have the ability to regenerate.


title: Brittle star

text: Brittle stars use their arms for locomotion. Brittle stars move fairly rapidly by wriggling their arms which are highly flexible and enable the animals to make either snake-like or rowing movements. However, they tend to attach themselves to the sea floor or to sponges or cnidarians, such as coral.


title: Brittle star

text: They move as if they were bilaterally symmetrical, with an arbitrary leg selected as the symmetry axis and the other four used in propulsion. The axial leg may be facing or trailing the direction of motion, and due to the radially symmetrical nervous system, can be changed whenever a change in direction is necessary.


title: Brittle star

text: Over 60 species of brittle stars are known to be bioluminescent. Most of these produce light in the green wavelengths, although a few blue-emitting species have also been discovered. Both shallow-water and deep-sea species of brittle stars are known to produce light. Presumably, this light is used to deter predators.


title: Brittle star

text: Brittle stars live in areas from the low-tide level downwards. Six families live at least 2 m deep; the genera "Ophiura", "Amphiophiura", and "Ophiacantha" range below 4 m. Shallow species live among sponges, stones, or coral, or under the sand or mud, with only their arms protruding. Two of the best-known shallow species are the green brittle star ("Ophioderma brevispina"), found from Massachusetts to Brazil, and the common European brittle star ("Ophiothrix fragilis"). Deep-water species tend to live in or on the sea floor or adhere to coral, urchins, or xenophyophores. The most widespread species is the long-armed brittle star ("Amphipholis squamata"), a grayish or bluish, strongly luminescent species.


title: Brittle star

text: The main parasite to enter the digestive tract or genitals are protozoans. Crustaceans, nematodes, trematodes, and polychaete annelids also serve as parasites. Algal parasites such as "Coccomyxa ophiurae" cause spinal malformation. Unlike in sea stars and sea urchins, annelids are not typical parasites.


title: Brittle star

text: Between and species of brittle stars are currently known, but the total number of modern species may be over . This makes brittle stars the most abundant group of current echinoderms (before sea stars). Around 270 genera are known, these are distributed in 16 families, which makes them at the same time a relatively poorly diversified group structurally, compared with the other echinoderms. For example, 467 species belong to the sole family of Amphiuridae (frail brittle stars which live buried in the sediment leaving only their arms in the stream to capture the plankton). There are also 344 species in the family of Ophiuridae.


title: Brittle star

text: The first known brittle stars date from Early Ordovician. Study of past distribution and evolution of brittle stars has been hampered by the tendency of dead brittle stars to disarticulate and scatter, providing poor brittle star fossils. Until discoveries in the Agrio Formation of Neuquén Basin in the 2010s no fossil brittle star was known in the Southern Hemisphere, nor was any brittle star of Cretaceous age known.


title: Brittle star

text: Even if some species have blunt spines, no brittlestar is known to be dangerous, nor venomous. There is no harm evidence towards humans, and even with their predators, brittlestars' only means of defense is escaping or discarding an arm.


title: Brittle star

text: Brittle stars are a moderately popular invertebrate in fishkeeping. They can easily thrive in marine tanks; in fact, the micro brittle star is a common "hitchhiker" that will propagate and become common in almost any saltwater tank, if one happens to come along on some live rock.


title: Brittle star

text: Larger brittle stars are popular because, unlike Asteroidea, they are not generally seen as a threat to coral, and are also faster-moving and more active than their more archetypical cousins.


title: Individual sport

text: An individual sport is a sport in which participants compete as individuals. However, team competitions in individual sports also occur, such as the Davis Cup and the Fed Cup.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Martin Callie Boyle (born 25 April 1993) is a professional footballer who plays for Hibernian in the Scottish Premiership. Born in Scotland, he represents the Australia national team. He is a right sided winger who is also capable of playing as a forward.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Born in Aberdeen, Boyle started his career with Montrose. He made his first senior appearance in a 2009–10 Scottish Cup tie against Hibernian, aged 16.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle signed a senior contract in August 2010 and scored his first goal for the first team in a victory over Clyde soon after. He followed that up by scoring the winner against Arbroath in the Scottish Cup and ended the season with four goals. Boyle signed a new deal in 2011 and made nine starts and sixteen further substitute appearances in his first season, scoring three goals. In the 2011–12 season, he claimed a starting role and made 41 appearances in all competitions, scoring 22 goals. In the final game of the season, he scored his first senior hat-trick in a 5–0 win over Clyde. He received an award for scoring most goals in the Scottish Football League. Boyle trained with Aberdeen in the summer of 2012, but returned for pre-season training with Montrose, playing in their 2–0 defeat to Stenhousemuir on 7 July. He made four appearances (one in the league, two in the Challenge Cup and one in the Scottish League Cup) at the outset of the new season.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle signed for Scottish Premier League club Dundee in August 2012. He made his debut coming on as a substitute for Jim McAlister in the Dundee derby on 19 August 2012, which Dundee lost 3–0. However, he only made ten appearances in total for the club, being an unused substitute on several occasions.


title: Martin Boyle

text: In January 2013, Boyle was linked with a move to Alloa Athletic on loan, but the move was cancelled due to a rule which prohibits players from playing for three clubs in one season, having already featured for Dundee and Montrose. Instead, Boyle signed for his former club Montrose on loan for the rest of the season. He made his second debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Rangers. On the next matchday, 2 February 2013, he scored his first goal since returning in a 4–1 win over East Stirlingshire, which was the start of a run of goalscoring form. On 23 February he scored four goals in a 5–1 win over Annan Athletic. Because of his goalscoring form, Boyle was awarded February's "Irn-Bru SFL Young Player of the Month" award.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Following his impressive displays at Montrose, Dundee manager John Brown confirmed that Boyle would stay at the club in the 2013–14 season. Boyle scored his first goal for the "Dee" in a 1–0 win over Hamilton Academical, which was also Paul Hartley's first match as the new Dundee manager. After the match, Hartley praised Boyle's performance and was unaware that it was his first goal. Dundee were promoted to the Scottish Premiership by winning the 2013–14 Scottish Championship title.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle made his first Scottish Premiership appearance in the 2014–15 season, coming on as a substitute for Greg Stewart in the 62nd minute of a goalless draw with Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 13 August 2014. He scored his first goal of the season in the second round of the League Cup, in a 4–0 win over Raith Rovers on 26 August. Despite featuring in the first team, Boyle struggled to score his first league goal of the season, and was loaned to second-tier Hibernian for the second half of the 2014–15 season. He was offered a new contract by Dundee after the loan was completed, but he decided to sign permanently with Hibernian.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle moved to Hibernian in January 2015, in a loan exchange for Alex Harris.<ref name="harris / boyle"></ref> He made his debut on 3 January 2015 in the Scottish Championship, as Hibs drew 1–1 with Heart of Midlothian in the Edinburgh derby, and scored his first goal for the club on 31 January 2015, in a 1–1 draw against Raith Rovers. He later scored two goals in the last two games of the season against Alloa Athletic and Falkirk, but suffered a knee injury that caused him to miss the end of season play-offs.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle moved to Hibs on a permanent basis in June 2015, signing a two-year contract. He was an unused substitute as the club won the 2016 Scottish Cup Final. He scored nine goals during the 2016–17 season, as Hibs won promotion to the Premiership.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle signed a new two-year contract with Hibernian in June 2017. After a productive start to the 2017–18 season, this was extended to 2021.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Having made 25 appearances in the first part of the 2018–19 season, Boyle underwent surgery on a knee injury sustained on international duty in January 2019, which prevented him playing any further part in the campaign.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle returned to first team action in July 2019, but suffered a recurrence of the knee injury during a League Cup match at Elgin City. He was not expected to return to playing until 2020, but he returned sooner than expected and made his comeback on 30 October. Boyle scored an injury-time equaliser to earn Hibs a 2–2 draw with Livingston, following this up in December with doubles against Aberdeen and in the Edinburgh derby against Hearts. These performances led to Boyle being named as Premiership player of the month for December 2019.


title: Martin Boyle

text: In August 2020, Boyle and Hibs agreed a new contract, which is due to run until the end of the 2022–23 season. During March 2021 Boyle was criticised by Ross County manager John Hughes for "conning the referee" to win a penalty. A few weeks later Boyle was booked for simulation during a match with Rangers, after which Boyle argued that he needed protection from referees because he was one of the most fouled players in the Scottish league.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Hibs rejected an offer of £500,000 from Aberdeen for Boyle in August 2021. Later that month, Boyle signed a new contract with Hibs that is due to run until the end of the 2023–24 season. Boyle won the Scottish Premiership Player of the Month for August 2021, having scored four goals in four league games that month. A first-half hat-trick against Rangers earned Hibs a place in the League Cup final.


title: Martin Boyle

text: On 21 January 2022, Boyle left Hibs for an "undisclosed seven-figure sum" to join Saudi Professional League club Al-Faisaly. The club were relegated at the end of the 2021–22 season, which led to speculation that Boyle would return to Scotland.


title: Martin Boyle

text: On 6 August 2022, Hibernian announced that an agreement had been reached with Al-Faisaly on the transfer and subsequent re-signing of Boyle. He scored on his second debut for Hibs a day later, a late equaliser in an Edinburgh derby with Hearts.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle was eligible to play for Scotland, the land of his birth, and Australia national team, as his father Graeme was born in Sydney. He currently holds dual citizenship in both Australia and the United Kingdom. In March 2018, Boyle said that he had applied for an Australian passport. Australia manager Graham Arnold had a meeting with Boyle in September 2018, with a view to selecting him in their next squad. Scotland manager Alex McLeish said that he had considered Boyle for selection in May 2018, but he had missed out due to injury.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle was selected for the Australia squad in October 2018, but was unable to play in their match with Kuwait as he did not yet have an Australian passport. Boyle made his international debut for Australia on 17 November, coming on as a substitute for striker and club teammate Jamie Maclaren in a friendly match against South Korea at Lang Park, Brisbane. In his first start for Australia, Boyle scored two goals and set up the other in a 3–0 win against Lebanon on 20 November. He was selected for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup squad, but had to withdraw due to a knee injury sustained in a warm-up match against Oman.


title: Martin Boyle

text: He was recalled to the Australia squad in November 2019, soon after recovering from a knee operation.


title: Martin Boyle

text: Boyle was named in Australia's squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in November 2022. However, he was ruled out of the tournament on 20 November 2022 after succumbing to a knee injury; he was replaced in the squad by Marco Tilio. Despite being unable to take part, he still travelled to Qatar to show support for his teammates, as Australia reached the last sixteen for the second time.


title: Martin Boyle

text: In 2012, Boyle began a relationship with Aberdonian Scotland women's international footballer Rachael Small; they had known each other since their schooldays at Northfield Academy. They were engaged in 2016, with Rachael moving to Edinburgh to play for Hibernian Women. Their daughter Amelia was born in 2018, and they married in 2019. Due to the upheaval it would cause to their daughter, Rachael opted to stay in Edinburgh when Martin left Hibs to play in Saudi Arabia in January 2022.


title: Jillian Harris

text: Jillian Harris (born December 30, 1979) is a Canadian television personality and interior designer. She is best known for appearing on the television series "The Bachelor", "The Bachelorette," and "Love It or List It Vancouver". She has also appeared on "", "Canada's Handyman Challenge", and "The Bachelorette Canada".


title: Jillian Harris

text: Harris began her interior design career while working at Caban, an interior goods store, which inspired her to begin giving design consultations. She was then hired by Scott Morison, the co-founder of the Canadian restaurant chain Cactus Club Cafe, to design his restaurants. She formalized her interior credentials with a 2006 certificate in interior design from The British Columbia Institute of Technology. She was then re-hired by Morison as the designer for Browns Socialhouse, his new chain of restaurants.


title: Jillian Harris

text: In early 2009, Harris was a contestant on the thirteenth season of the American TV show "The Bachelor", where she competed against 24 other women to win the heart of Jason Mesnick and finished as second-runner-up. In mid 2009, she was selected to be the star of the fifth season of "The Bachelorette", making history as the franchise's first Canadian star. She chose Ed Swiderski as the winner of her season, and the two became engaged but later broke up.


title: Jillian Harris

text: In 2011, she headlined the Calgary Home + Design Show, as part of the HGTV stand. That same year, she hosted season one of the Canadian TV show "Canada's Handyman Challenge", which aired in 2012.


title: Jillian Harris

text: Since 2013, Harris has appeared on the Canadian TV series "Love It or List It Vancouver", which airs on W Network in Canada and on HGTV in the United States under the title "Love It or List It Too". Harris is the show's designer, and competes against real estate agent Todd Talbot by redesigning a family's existing home in hopes that they will decide to stay in the home rather than choose to sell it. As of Spring 2019, the show is in its fifth season.


title: Jillian Harris

text: Harris ran her own brand of interior decor goods, and on 8 July 2013, she launched her e-vintage webstore, Charlie Ford Vintage. Harris closed the business in 2014


title: Jillian Harris

text: In 2017, Jillian and her boyfriend Justin starred in their own four-episode documentary series, "Jillian and Justin", which was aired on W Network in Canada in June. Additionally, she announced on Instagram that she was working on a vegan cookbook.


title: Jillian Harris

text: In September 2018 Jillian partnered with Canadian based wellness brand Saje Natural Wellness designing a limited edition diffuser for their home collection.


title: Jillian Harris

text: Harris is originally from Peace River, Alberta, but was a longtime Vancouver resident before moving to her current home in Kelowna, British Columbia.


title: Jillian Harris

text: In 2009, Harris became engaged to Ed Swiderski, who she chose as the winner of her season of "The Bachelorette"; they broke up in 2010.


title: Jillian Harris

text: On March 4, 2016, Harris announced that she was expecting her first child with longtime boyfriend Justin Pasutto.


title: Jillian Harris

text: On May 23, she posted her Gender Reveal video on YouTube announcing that they will be welcoming a baby girl. In June, Passutto, Harris, and her cousin Tori appeared in the music video for Aaron Pritchett's "Worth a Shot".


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: The instantaneous Earth–Moon distance, or distance to the Moon, is the distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon. Lunar distance (LD or formula_1), or Earth–Moon characteristic distance, is a unit of measure in astronomy. More technically, it is the semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit. The lunar distance is approximately , or 1.28 light-seconds; this is roughly 30 times Earth's diameter. A little less than 400 lunar distances make up an astronomical unit.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: The semi-major axis has a value of . The time-averaged distance between the centers of Earth and the Moon is . The actual distance varies over the course of the orbit of the Moon, from at the perigee to at apogee, resulting in a differential range of .


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Lunar distance is commonly used to express the distance to near-Earth object encounters. Lunar semi-major axis is an important astronomical datum; the few millimeter precision of the range measurements determines semi-major axis to a few decimeters; it has implications for testing gravitational theories such as general relativity, and for refining other astronomical values, such as the mass, radius, and rotation of Earth. The measurement is also useful in characterizing the lunar radius, as well as the mass of and distance to the Sun.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Millimeter-precision measurements of the lunar distance are made by measuring the time taken for laser beam light to travel between stations on Earth and retroreflectors placed on the Moon. The Moon is spiraling away from Earth at an average rate of per year, as detected by the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: The instantaneous lunar distance is constantly changing. In fact the true distance between the Moon and Earth can change as quickly as , or more than in just 6 hours, due to its non-circular orbit. There are other effects that also influence the lunar distance. Some factors are described in this section.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: The distance to the Moon can be measured to an accuracy of over a 1-hour sampling period, which results in an overall uncertainty of a decimeter for the semi-major axis. However, due to its elliptical orbit with varying eccentricity, the instantaneous distance varies with monthly periodicity. Furthermore, the distance is perturbed by the gravitational effects of various astronomical bodies – most significantly the Sun and less so Venus and Jupiter. Other forces responsible for minute perturbations are: gravitational attraction to other planets in the Solar System and to asteroids; tidal forces; and relativistic effects. The effect of radiation pressure from the Sun contributes an amount of ± to the lunar distance.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Although the instantaneous uncertainty is a few millimeters, the measured lunar distance can change by more than from the mean value throughout a typical month. These perturbations are well understood and the lunar distance can be accurately modeled over thousands of years.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Through the action of tidal forces, the angular momentum of Earth's rotation is slowly being transferred to the Moon's orbit. The result is that Earth's rate of spin is gradually decreasing (at a rate of ), and the lunar orbit is gradually expanding. The current rate of recession is . However, it is believed that this rate has recently increased, as a rate of would imply that the Moon is only 1.5 billion years old, whereas scientific consensus assumes an age of about 4 billion years. It is also believed that this anomalously high rate of recession may continue to accelerate.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: It is predicted that the lunar distance will continue to increase until (in theory) the Earth and Moon become tidally locked, as are Pluto and Charon. This would occur when the duration of the lunar orbital period equals the rotational period of Earth, which is estimated to be 47 of our current days. The two bodies would then be at equilibrium, and no further rotational energy would be exchanged. However, models predict that 50 billion years would be required to achieve this configuration, which is significantly longer than the expected lifetime of the Solar System.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Laser measurements show that the average lunar distance is increasing, which implies that the Moon was closer in the past, and that Earth's days were shorter. Fossil studies of mollusk shells from the Campanian era (80 million years ago) show that there were 372 days (of 23 h 33 min) per year during that time, which implies that the lunar distance was about (383,000 km or 238,000 mi). There is geological evidence that the average lunar distance was about (332,000 km or 205,000 mi) during the Precambrian Era; 2500 million years BP.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: The giant impact hypothesis, a widely accepted theory, states that the Moon was created as a result of a catastrophic impact between Earth and another planet, resulting in a re-accumulation of fragments at an initial distance of (24,000 km or 15,000 mi). In this theory, the initial impact is assumed to have occurred 4.5 billion years ago.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Until the late 1950s all measurements of lunar distance were based on optical angular measurements: the earliest accurate measurement was by Hipparchus in the 2nd century BC. The space age marked a turning point when the precision of this value was much improved. During the 1950s and 1960s, there were experiments using radar, lasers, and spacecraft, conducted with the benefit of computer processing and modeling.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: This section is intended to illustrate some of the historically significant or otherwise interesting methods of determining the lunar distance, and is not intended to be an exhaustive or all-encompassing list.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: The oldest method of determining the lunar distance involved measuring the angle between the Moon and a chosen reference point from multiple locations, simultaneously. The synchronization can be coordinated by making measurements at a pre-determined time, or during an event which is observable to all parties. Before accurate mechanical chronometers, the synchronization event was typically a lunar eclipse, or the moment when the Moon crossed the meridian (if the observers shared the same longitude). This measurement technique is known as lunar parallax.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: For increased accuracy, certain adjustments must be made, such as adjusting the measured angle to account for refraction and distortion of light passing through the atmosphere.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Early attempts to measure the distance to the Moon exploited observations of a lunar eclipse combined with knowledge of Earth's radius and an understanding that the Sun is much further than the Moon. By observing the geometry of a lunar eclipse, the lunar distance can be calculated using trigonometry.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: The earliest accounts of attempts to measure the lunar distance using this technique were by Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos in the 4th century BC and later by Hipparchus, whose calculations produced a result of ( or ). This method later found its way into the work of Ptolemy, who produced a result of ( or ) at its farthest point.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: An expedition by French astronomer A.C.D. Crommelin observed lunar meridian transits on the same night from two different locations. Careful measurements from 1905 to 1910 measured the angle of elevation at the moment when a specific lunar crater (Mösting A) crossed the local meridian, from stations at Greenwich and at Cape of Good Hope. A distance was calculated with an uncertainty of , and this remained the definitive lunar distance value for the next half century.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: By recording the instant when the Moon occults a background star, (or similarly, measuring the angle between the Moon and a background star at a predetermined moment) the lunar distance can be determined, as long as the measurements are taken from multiple locations of known separation.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Astronomers O'Keefe and Anderson calculated the lunar distance by observing four occultations from nine locations in 1952. They calculated a semi-major axis of ( ± ). This value was refined in 1962 by Irene Fischer, who incorporated updated geodetic data to produce a value of ( ± ).


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: An experiment was conducted in 1957 at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory that used the echo from radar signals to determine the Earth-Moon distance. Radar pulses lasting were broadcast from a diameter radio dish. After the radio waves echoed off the surface of the Moon, the return signal was detected and the delay time measured. From that measurement, the distance could be calculated. In practice, however, the signal-to-noise ratio was so low that an accurate measurement could not be reliably produced.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: The experiment was repeated in 1958 at the Royal Radar Establishment, in England. Radar pulses lasting were transmitted with a peak power of 2 megawatts, at a repetition rate of 260 pulses per second. After the radio waves echoed off the surface of the Moon, the return signal was detected and the delay time measured. Multiple signals were added together to obtain a reliable signal by superimposing oscilloscope traces onto photographic film. From the measurements, the distance was calculated with an uncertainty of .


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: These initial experiments were intended to be proof-of-concept experiments and only lasted one day. Follow-on experiments lasting one month produced a semi-major axis of ( ± ), which was the most precise measurement of the lunar distance at the time.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: An experiment which measured the round-trip time of flight of laser pulses reflected directly off the surface of the Moon was performed in 1962, by a team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a Soviet team at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: During the Apollo missions in 1969, astronauts placed retroreflectors on the surface of the Moon for the purpose of refining the accuracy and precision of this technique. The measurements are ongoing and involve multiple laser facilities. The instantaneous precision of the Lunar Laser Ranging experiments can achieve few millimeter resolution, and is the most reliable method of determining the lunar distance to date. The semi-major axis is determined to be 384,399.0 km.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Due to the modern accessibility of accurate timing devices, high resolution digital cameras, GPS receivers, powerful computers and near-instantaneous communication, it has become possible for amateur astronomers to make high accuracy measurements of the lunar distance.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: On May 23, 2007, digital photographs of the Moon during a near-occultation of Regulus were taken from two locations, in Greece and England. By measuring the parallax between the Moon and the chosen background star, the lunar distance was calculated.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: A more ambitious project called the "Aristarchus Campaign" was conducted during the lunar eclipse of 15 April 2014. During this event, participants were invited to record a series of five digital photographs from moonrise until culmination (the point of greatest altitude).


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: The method took advantage of the fact that the Moon is actually closest to an observer when it is at its highest point in the sky, compared to when it is on the horizon. Although it appears that the Moon is biggest when it is near the horizon, the opposite is true. This phenomenon is known as the Moon illusion. The reason for the difference in distance is that the distance from the center of the Moon to the center of the Earth is nearly constant throughout the night, but an observer on the surface of Earth is actually 1 Earth radius from the center of Earth. This offset brings them closest to the Moon when it is overhead.


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Modern cameras have now reached a resolution level capable of capturing the Moon with enough precision to perceive and more importantly to measure this tiny variation in apparent size. The results of this experiment were calculated as LD = . The accepted value for that night was , which implied a accuracy. The benefit of this method is that the only measuring equipment needed is a modern digital camera (equipped with an accurate clock, and a GPS receiver).


title: Lunar distance (astronomy)

text: Other experimental methods of measuring the lunar distance that can be performed by amateur astronomers involve:


title: Ājīvika

text: Ajivika (Sanskrit; IAST: ) is one of the "nāstika" or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy. Believed to be founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosāla, it was a "Śramaṇa" movement and a major rival of Vedic religion, early Buddhism, and Jainism. Ājīvikas were organized renunciates who formed discrete communities. The precise identity of the Ājīvikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of the Buddhists or the Jains.


title: Ājīvika

text: Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ājīvikas in the secondary sources of ancient Indian literature. The oldest descriptions of the Ājīvika fatalists and their founder Gosāla can be found both in the Buddhist and Jaina scriptures of ancient India. Scholars question whether Ājīvika philosophy has been fairly and completely summarized in these secondary sources, as they were written by groups (such as the Buddhists and Jains) competing with and adversarial to the philosophy and religious practices of the Ājīvikas. It is therefore likely that much of the information available about the Ājīvikas is inaccurate to some degree, and characterizations of them should be regarded carefully and critically.


title: Ājīvika

text: The Ājīvika school is known for its "Niyati" ("Fate") doctrine of absolute fatalism or determinism, the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles. The predetermined fate of living beings and the impossibility to achieve liberation ("moksha") from the eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth was the major distinctive philosophical and metaphysical doctrine of their school of Indian philosophy. Ājīvikas further considered the "karma" doctrine as a fallacy. Ājīvika metaphysics included a theory of atoms which was later adapted in the Vaiśeṣika school, where everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic laws and forces. Ājīvikas were mostly considered as atheists. They believed that in every living being is an "ātman"—a central premise of Vedic and Jainism.


title: Ājīvika

text: Ājīvika philosophy, otherwise referred to as Ājīvikism in Western scholarship, reached the height of its popularity during the rule of the Mauryan emperor Bindusara, around the 4th century BCE. This school of thought thereafter declined, but survived for nearly 2,000 years through the 13th and 14th centuries CE in the Southern Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Ājīvika philosophy, along with the Cārvāka philosophy, appealed most to the warrior, industrial, and mercantile classes of ancient Indian society.


title: Ājīvika

text: means "Follower of the Way of Life". Ajivika (Prakrit: , ; , ) or adivika (Prakrit: , ) are both derived from Sanskrit () which literally means "livelihood, lifelong, mode of life". The term "Ajivika" means "those following special rules with regard to Iivelihood", sometimes connoting "religious mendicants" in ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts.


title: Ājīvika

text: The name "Ajivika" for an entire philosophy resonates with its core belief in "no free will" and complete "niyati", literally "inner order of things, self-command, predeterminism", leading to the premise that good simple living is not a means to salvation or moksha, just a means to true livelihood, predetermined profession and way of life. The name came to imply that school of Indian philosophy which lived a good simple mendicant-like livelihood for its own sake and as part of its predeterministic beliefs, rather than for the sake of after-life or motivated by any soteriological reasons.


title: Ājīvika

text: Ājīvika philosophy is cited in ancient texts of Buddhism and Jainism to Makkhali Gosala, a contemporary of the Buddha and Mahavira. In "Sandaka Sutta" the Ājīvikas are said to recognize three emancipators: Nanda Vaccha, Kisa Saṅkicca, and Makkhali Gosāla. Exact origins of Ājīvika is unknown, but generally accepted to be the 5th century BCE.


title: Ājīvika

text: Primary sources and literature of the Ājīvikas are lost, or yet to be found. Everything that is known about Ājīvika history and its philosophy is from secondary sources, such as the ancient and medieval texts of India. Inconsistent fragments of Ājīvika history are found mostly in Jain texts such as the "Bhagvati Sutra" and Buddhist texts such as the "Samaññaphala Sutta" and "Sandaka Sutta", and Buddhaghosa's commentary on Sammannaphala Sutta, with a few mentions in Hindu texts such as Vayu Purana.


title: Ājīvika

text: The Ājīvikas reached the height of their prominence in the late 1st millennium BCE, then declined, yet continued to exist in south India until the 14th century CE, as evidenced by inscriptions found in southern India. Ancient texts of Buddhism and Jainism mention a city in the 1st millennium BCE named Savatthi (Sanskrit "Śravasti") as the hub of the Ājīvikas; it was located near Ayodhya in what is now the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. In later part of the common era, inscriptions suggests that the Ājīvikas had a significant presence in the South Indian state of Karnataka, prominently in Kolar district and some places of Tamil Nadu.


title: Ājīvika

text: The Ājīvika philosophy spread rapidly in ancient South Asia, with a "Sangha Geham" (community center) for Ājīvikas on the island now known as Sri Lanka and also extending into the western state of Gujarat by the 4th century BCE, the era of the Maurya Empire.


title: Ājīvika

text: Riepe refers to Ājīvikas as a distinct heterodox school of Indian tradition. Raju states that "Ājīvikas and Cārvākas can be called Hindus" and adds that "the word Hinduism has no definite meaning". Epigraphical evidence suggests that emperor Ashoka, in the 3rd century BCE, considered Ājīvikas to be more closely related to the schools of Vedic's than to Buddhists, Jainas or other Indian schools of thought.


title: Ājīvika

text: Makkhali Gosala (Pali; Sanskrit "Gośala Maskariputra", c. 484 BCE) is generally considered as the founder of the Ājīvika movement. Some sources state that Gosala was only a leader of a large Ājīvika congregation of ascetics, but not the founder of the movement himself. The Swedish Indologist Jarl Charpentier and others suggest the Ājīvika tradition existed in India well before the birth of Makkhali Gosala, citing a variety of ancient Indian texts.


title: Ājīvika

text: Gosala was believed to be born in Tiruppatur of Tiruchirappalli district in Tamil Nadu and was the son of Mankha, a professional mendicant. His mother was Bhaddā. His name Gosala "cowshed" refers to his humble birthplace.


title: Ājīvika

text: Gosala is described in ancient texts as a contemporary of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, and of Gautama Buddha. The Jain "Bhagavati Sutra" refers to him as Gosala Mankhaliputta ("son of Mankhali"). The text depicts Gosala as having been a disciple of Mahavira's for a period of six years, after which the two had a falling out and parted ways. According to the "Bhagvati Sutra", Makkhali Gosala met with Mahāvīra again later in life, but Gosala asserted to Mahavira that he was not the same person. Makkhali Gosala referred to the example of a sesame plant which "had been pulled up, and had temporarily died, but it had been replanted and thus reanimated, becoming once more living, while the seven pods had developed". Gosāla declared that the original Gosāla who was Mahavira's companion once was dead, and that the soul now inhabiting the apparent Gosāla in front of him was a reanimated, completely different Gosala. This argument was declared a form of sophistry by Mahavira, and this led to a significant break in the relations between the two.


title: Ājīvika

text: Several rock-cut caves belonging to Ājīvikas are dated to the times of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka (r. 273 BC to 232 BC). These are the oldest surviving cave temples of ancient India, and are called the Barabar Caves in Jehanabad district of Bihar. The Barabar caves were carved out of granite, has a highly polished internal cave surfaces, and each consists of two chambers, the first is a large rectangular hall, the second is a small, circular, domed chamber. These were probably used for meditation.


title: Ājīvika

text: The Ashokan dedications of several Barabar Caves to the Ajivikas were engraved during the 12th year and the 19th year of his reign (about 258 BCE and 251 BCE respectively, based on a coronation date of 269 BCE). In several instances, the word "Ājīvikas" (𑀆𑀤𑀻𑀯𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺, "Ādīvikehi") was later attacked by the chisel, probably by religious rivals, at a time when the Brahmi script was still understood (probably before the 5th century CE). However, the original inscriptions being deep, they remain easily decipherable.


title: Ājīvika

text: Ājīvikas competed with and debated the scholars of Buddhism, Jainism and Vedic's. The Ājīvika movement is primarily known from historical references left behind in Jain and Buddhist sources, that may therefore be hostile to it. It is unknown to what degree the available non-Ājīvika sources reflect the actual beliefs and practices of the Ājīvikas. Most of what is known about them was recorded in the literature of rival groups, modern scholars question the reliability of the secondary sources, and whether intentional distortions for dehumanization and criticism were introduced into the records.


title: Ājīvika

text: More recent work by scholars suggests that the Ājīvika were perhaps misrepresented by Jain and Buddhist sources.


title: Ājīvika

text: Paul Dundas states that the Jain and Buddhist texts cannot be considered reliable source of Ājīvika history and philosophy, because "it seems doubtful whether a doctrine [of Ajivikas] which genuinely advocated the lack of efficacy of individual effort could have formed the basis of a renunciatory path to spiritual liberation", and that "the suspicion must be that the Jains and Buddhists deliberately distorted Ajivika doctrine for their own polemical purposes". In contrast, other scholars suggest that at least the common elements found about Ājīvikas in Jain and Buddhist literature may be considered, because Jainism and Buddhism were two different, competing and conflicting philosophies in ancient India.


title: Ājīvika

text: The problems of time and change was one of the main interests of the Ajivikas. Their views on this subject may have been influenced by Vedic sources, such as the hymn to "Kala" (Time) in Atharvaveda. Both Jaina and Buddhist texts state that Ājīvikas believed in absolute determinism, absence of free will, and called this "niyati". Everything in human life and universe, according to Ajivikas, was pre-determined, operating out of cosmic principles, and true choice did not exist. The Buddhist and Jaina sources describe them as strict fatalists, who did not believe in karma. The Ajivikas philosophy held that all things are preordained, and therefore religious or ethical practice has no effect on one's future, and people do things because cosmic principles make them do so, and all that will happen or will exist in future is already predetermined to be that way. No human effort could change this "niyati" and the karma ethical theory was a fallacy. James Lochtefeld summarizes this aspect of Ajivika belief as, "life and the universe is like a ball of pre-wrapped up string, which unrolls until it was done and then goes no further".


title: Ājīvika

text: Riepe states that the Ajivikas belief in predeterminism does not mean that they were pessimistic. Rather, just like Calvinists belief in predeterminism in Europe, the Ajivikas were optimists. The Ajivikas simply did not believe in the moral force of action, or in merits or demerits, or in after-life to be affected because of what one does or does not do. Actions had immediate effects in one's current life but without any moral traces, and both the action and the effect was predetermined, according to the Ajivikas.


title: Ājīvika

text: Makkhali Gosala seems to have combined the ideas of older schools of thought into an eclectic doctrine. He appears to have believed in "niyati" (destiny), "svabhava" (nature), and "sangati" (change), and possibly "parinama", which may have prompted other philosophical schools to label him variously as "ahetuvadin", "vainayikavadin", "ajnanavadin", and "issarakaranavadin". According to him all beings undergo development ("parinama"). This culminates in the course of time ("samsarasuddhi") in final salvation to which all beings are destined under the impact of the factors of "niyati" (destiny), "bhava" (nature), and "sangati" (change). As such destiny does not appear as the only player, but rather chance or indeterminism plays equal part in his doctrine. He thus subscribed to "niyativada" (fatalism) only in the sense that he thought that "some" future events like salvation for all were strictly determined.


title: Ājīvika

text: Ajivika was an atheistic philosophy. Its adherents did not presume any deity as the creator of the universe, or as prime mover, or that some unseen mystical end was the final resting place of the cosmos.


title: Ājīvika

text: In later texts, the Tamil "Nīlakēci", a story of two divinities, Okkali and Ōkali, relates the Ājīvikas instructed men in the scriptures.


title: Ājīvika

text: Ajivikas believed that in every being there is a soul (Atman). However, unlike Jains and various orthodox schools of Hinduism that held that soul is formless, Ajivikas asserted that soul has a material form, one that helps meditation. They also believed that the soul passes through many births and ultimately progresses unto its pre-destined "nirvana" (salvation). Basham states, that some texts suggest evidence of Vaishnavism-type devotional practices among some Ajivikas.


title: Ājīvika

text: Ajivikas developed a theory of elements and atoms similar to the Vaisheshika school of Vedic's. Everything was composed of minuscule atoms, according to Ajivikas, and qualities of things are derived from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces.


title: Ājīvika

text: The description of Ajivikas' atomism is inconsistent between those described in Buddhist and Vedic texts. According to three Tamil texts, the Ajivikas held there exists seven "kayas" (Sanskrit: काय, assemblage, collection, elemental categories): "pruthvi-kaya" (earth), "apo-kaya" (water), "tejo-kaya" (fire), "vayo-kaya" (air), "sukha" (joy), "dukkha" (sorrow) and "jiva" (life). The first four relate to matter, the last three non-matter. These elements are "akata" (that which is neither created nor destroyed), "vanjha" (barren, that which never multiplies or reproduces) and have an existence independent of the other. The elements, asserts Ajivika theory in the Tamil text Manimekalai, are made of "paramanu" (atoms), where atoms were defined as that which cannot be further subdivided, that which cannot penetrate another atom, that which is neither created nor destroyed, that which retains its identity by never growing nor expanding nor splitting nor changing, yet that which moves, assembles and combines to form the perceived.


title: Ājīvika

text: The Tamil text of Ajivikas asserts that this "coming together of atoms can take diversity of forms, such as the dense form of a diamond, or a loose form of a hollow bamboo". Everything one perceives, states the atomism theory of Ajivikas, was mere juxtapositions of atoms of various types, and the combinations occur always in fixed ratios governed by certain cosmic rules, forming "skandha" (molecules, building blocks). Atoms, asserted the Ajivikas, cannot be seen by themselves in their pure state, but only when they aggregate and form "bhutas" (objects). They further argued that properties and tendencies are characteristics of the objects. The Ajivikas then proceeded to justify their belief in determinism and "no free will" by stating that everything experienced – "sukha" (joy), "dukkha" (sorrow) and "jiva" (life) – is mere function of atoms operating under cosmic rules.


title: Ājīvika

text: Riepe states that the details of the Ajivikas theory of atomism provided the foundations of later modified atomism theories found in Jain, Buddhist and Vedic traditions.


title: Ājīvika

text: Another doctrine of Ajivikas philosophy, according to Buddhist texts, was their antinomian ethics, that is there exist "no objective moral laws". Buddhaghosa summarizes this view as, "There is neither cause nor basis for the sins of living beings and they become sinful without cause or basis. There is neither cause nor basis for the purity of living beings and they become pure without cause or basis. All beings, all that have breath, all that are born, all that have life, are without power, or strength, or virtue, but are the result of destiny, chance and nature, and they experience joy and sorrow in six classes".


title: Ājīvika

text: Despite this ascribed premise of antinomian ethics, both Jain and Buddhist records note that Ājīvikas lived a simple ascetic life, without clothes and any material possessions.


title: Ājīvika

text: Tamil literature on Ajivikas suggests that they practiced Ahimsa (non-violence) and a vegetarian lifestyle. Arthur Basham notes that Buddhist and Jaina texts variously accuse Ajivikas of immorality, unchastity and worldliness, but they also acknowledge the confusion among Buddhists and Jainas when they observed the simple, ascetic lifestyle of Ajivikas.


title: Ājīvika

text: The Ajivikas had a fully elaborate philosophy, produced by its scholars and logicians, but those texts are lost. Their literature evolved over the centuries, like other traditions of Indian philosophy, through the medieval era. The Pali and Prakrit texts of Buddhism and Jainism suggest that Ajivika theories were codified, some of which were quoted in commentaries produced by Buddhist and Jaina scholars.


title: Ājīvika

text: The main texts of the Ajivikas included the ten "Purvas" (eight "Mahanimittas", two "Maggas") and the "Onpatu Katir". The "Mahanimittas" of Ajivikas, claims Bhagavati Sutra, was extracted from the teachings Gosala received from Mahavira, when he was a disciple.


title: Ājīvika

text: The belief of Ajivikas in absolute determinism and influence of cosmic forces led them to develop extensive sections in their Mahanimittas texts on mapping the sun, moon, planets, stars and their role in astrology and fortune telling.


title: Ājīvika

text: Isaeva states that the ideas of Ajivika influenced Buddhism and various schools of Vidic. Riepe states an example of an influential Ajivika theory was its theory on atomism. Basham suggests Ajivikas may have possibly influenced the medieval era doctrines of Dvaita Vedanta sub-school of Vedic.


title: Ājīvika

text: According to the 2nd century CE text "Ashokavadana", the Mauryan emperor Bindusara and his chief queen Shubhadrangi were believers of this philosophy, which reached its peak of popularity during this time. "Ashokavadana" also mentions that, after his conversion to Buddhism, Bindusara's son Ashoka issued an order to kill all the Ajivikas in Pundravardhana, enraged at a picture that depicted Gautama Buddha in a negative light. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were supposedly executed as a result of this order. The entire story may be apocryphal.


title: Ājīvika

text: An earlier Jaina text, the "Bhagavati Sutra", similarly mentions a debate, disagreement and then "coming to blows" between factions led by Mahavira and by Gosala.


title: John Lineker

text: John Lineker (born June 12, 1990), is a Brazilian mixed martial artist currently signed to ONE Championship, where he is the former ONE Bantamweight World Champion. Lineker formerly competed in the Bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2008, he is the former Jungle Fight Bantamweight Champion. Lineker is known for his aggressive fighting style, punching power, and durability. As of October 27, 2022, he is ranked #2 in the ONE Bantamweight rankings.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker competed in various promotions in his native Brazil, including Samurai FC, Shooto Americas, and Jungle Fight. He is the former Jungle Fight Bantamweight Champion and Nitrix Fights 2011 Bantamweight Grand Prix Champion.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker made his professional MMA debut in September 2008. Originally he fought in the lightweight and featherweight divisions, outside of his natural weight class. He competed 11 times in the first 15 months of his career, resulting in a lackluster record of six wins and five losses.


title: John Lineker

text: Beginning in 2010, Lineker moved down in weight classes to the bantamweight and flyweight divisions. After that move, he was undefeated in the 13 bouts prior to his UFC debut.


title: John Lineker

text: In December 2011, it was announced that Lineker had signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to compete in their new flyweight division.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker made his UFC debut against Louis Gaudinot at on May 5, 2012. The bout was contested at a catchweight of 127 lb, as Lineker missed weight. Gaudinot defeated Lineker via technical submission (guillotine choke) in the 2nd round after an action-packed, back-and-forth first two rounds. Both participants earned "Fight of the Night" honors for their performances.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was expected to face Yasuhiro Urushitani on September 1, 2012, at UFC 151. However, after UFC 151 was cancelled, Lineker/Urushitani was rescheduled and took place on November 10, 2012, at UFC on Fuel TV 6. In a competitive three rounds, Lineker's power was the difference in the fight as he edged Urushitani via unanimous decision.


title: John Lineker

text: For his third UFC fight, Lineker faced Azamat Gashimov on May 18, 2013, at UFC on FX 8. He won the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was expected to face Phil Harris on August 3, 2013, at UFC 163. However, Harris was forced out of the bout and Lineker instead faced promotional newcomer José Maria. Lineker missed the 126 pound weight limit for a non-title flyweight fight, weighing in at 129 pounds. As a result, he surrendered 20 percent of his purse to his opponent and the bout was changed to a 129-pound catchweight affair. After a back-and-forth first round, Lineker won the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: John Lineker

text: Following that victory, Lineker was once again scheduled to face off against Phil Harris on October 26, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 30, and he won the fight by TKO. Lineker missed weight for the third time in his UFC career, causing his camp to re-assess his weight class.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker faced Ali Bagautinov on February 1, 2014, at UFC 169. Lineker again missed weight on his first attempt. He was allowed one hour to make the weight and succeeded after 45 minutes. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker faced Alp Ozkilic on July 16, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 45. He won the fight via KO due to punches in the third round. The win also garnered Lineker his second "Fight of the Night" bonus award.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was expected to face Ian McCall on November 8, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 56 as the co-main event. However, just hours after both fighters had successfully made weight, it was announced that Mccall had been pulled from the event due to a blood infection. The bout was scrapped from the event entirely.


title: John Lineker

text: The bout with McCall eventually took place on January 31, 2015, at UFC 183. At the weigh in, Lineker again failed to make the flyweight weight limit. He was over by four pounds and was subsequently fined 30% of this purse. Because of the repeated failed weigh ins, he was forced to move up to the bantamweight division (135lb). He won the bout by unanimous decision.


title: John Lineker

text: Making his bantamweight return, Lineker faced Francisco Rivera in a bantamweight bout on September 5, 2015 at UFC 191. He won the fight via submission in the first round. The wild slugfest earned both participants, "Fight of the Night" honors.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was expected to face Cody Garbrandt on February 21, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 83. However, Lineker pulled out of the fight during the week leading up to the event citing illness and was replaced by Augusto Mendes.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker faced Rob Font on May 14, 2016, at UFC 198. He won the fight via unanimous decision in round 3.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker next faced Michael McDonald on July 13, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 91. He won the fight via knockout in the first round and was awarded a "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker faced John Dodson on October 1, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 96. The bout took place at a catchweight of 136.5 lbs as Lineker missed weight. He won the back and forth fight via split decision.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker faced former UFC Bantamweight Champion T.J. Dillashaw on December 30, 2016, at UFC 207. He lost via unanimous decision.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker faced Marlon Vera on October 28, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 119. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was scheduled to face Jimmie Rivera on December 30, 2017 at UFC 219, replacing the injured Dominick Cruz. On December 24, it was reported that Lineker was forced to pull from the fight due to tooth infection.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker faced Brian Kelleher on May 12, 2018, at UFC 224. He won the fight via knockout in the third round.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was expected to face Dominick Cruz on January 26, 2019, at UFC 233. It was reported on December 11, 2018 that Cruz injured his shoulder and pulled out of the fight. As a result of the cancellation of UFC 233, Lineker was rescheduled to face Cory Sandhagen at UFC Fight Night 143. However, it was reported on January 10, 2019, that Lineker was pulled from the bout due to rib injury.


title: John Lineker

text: The bout with Sandhagen was rescheduled and eventually took place on April 27, 2019, at . Lineker lost the fight via split decision.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was scheduled to face Rob Font on June 22, 2019, at UFC Fight Night 154, replacing injured Cody Stamann. In turn, Lineker was pulled from the bout for undisclosed reasons.


title: John Lineker

text: On July 2, 2019, it was announced that Lineker had been released by UFC, and was signed by ONE Championship on July 8, 2019.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker made his promotional debut against Muin Gafurov at on October 26, 2019. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker made his sophomore appearance in the organization against Kevin Belingon at on November 13, 2020. He defeated Belingon by second-round technical knockout.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was scheduled to face former Brave CF Bantamweight Champion Stephen Loman at ONE on TNT 4 on April 28, 2021. Loman would later withdraw from the card, as he tested positive for COVID-19, and was replaced by Troy Worthen. He won the bout via KO in the first round.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was scheduled to face reigning champion Bibiano Fernandes for the ONE Bantamweight Championship at on December 3, 2021. However due to the pandemic, the event was postponed and the bout was moved to on February 11, 2022. Lineker tested positive for COVID days before the event and the bout was pulled. The bout was rescheduled for on March 11, 2022. Lineker won the fight by second-round knockout to become the new ONE Bantamweight World Champion. The win also earned him a Performance of the Night bonus.


title: John Lineker

text: Lineker was scheduled to make his first bantamweight title defense against Fabrício Andrade at ONE on Prime Video 3 on October 21, 2022. At weigh-ins, John Lineker missed weight, coming in at 145.75 lbs, .75 pounds over the limit. Lineker was stripped of the ONE Bantamweight World Championship and the bout proceeded at a catchweight with only Andrade being able to win the title. Andrade also got 20% of his purse. During the beginning of the third round, Andrade accidentally connected with a strike to the groin of Lineker, who could not continue. The fight was declared a no contest.


title: John Lineker

text: A rematch between Lineker and Andrade for the vacant ONE Bantamweight World Championship is scheduled on February 11, 2023, at ONE on Prime Video 7.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Kerry Weaver is a fictional character from the NBC television series "ER". The role was portrayed by Laura Innes who debuted as a recurring character in the second season episode "Welcome Back, Carter!", which aired on September 21, 1995. Innes was promoted to the role of a series regular as of the third season episode "Dr. Carter, I Presume", which aired on September 26, 1996 and made her last regular appearance in the thirteenth season episode "A House Divided", which aired on January 11, 2007.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: During the series' fifteenth season, Innes made guest appearances in the episodes "Heal Thyself", which aired on November 13, 2008, and the series finale, "And in the End...", which aired on April 2, 2009.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Very little of Weaver's background was revealed to the audience in early appearances. The character exhibits a limp in her gait, which is aided by the use of a forearm crutch. This was later revealed to be caused by congenital hip dysplasia in episode 14 of season 11, in addition to the fact that she had lived for a period in Africa.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Weaver arrived at County General as Chief Resident and later became an attending physician. She was promoted to Chief of Emergency Medicine and finally Hospital Chief of Staff. Her administrative position often forced her to make unpleasant decisions that drew hostility from her fellow physicians, as when she fired Jeanie Boulet in Season 4. Although an excellent physician, she is often portrayed as the villain in many episodes, prioritizing herself and her career over the well-being of other ER workers and even patients. Her behavior is often hypocritical, condescending, and arrogant.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Having had some heterosexual relationships, Weaver eventually came out as a lesbian. Her sexual orientation was a key point in some episodes, particularly when she fought in court to keep her son, Henry. She was included in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: During Innes' first five seasons on the show, little was revealed about the details of Weaver's background which would later become some of her defining traits: her sexual orientation, political beliefs, and even the precise nature of her disability. These were closely guarded secrets for a woman who wanted to succeed professionally, but feared discrimination. She was also unable to fully deal with her internalized homophobia and regretted that she never knew her birth parents.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: When she was first hired by Mark Greene as chief resident in 1995, this disappointed much of the ER staff who didn't care for her micro-management in trauma rooms. Early in her position, she would often clash with Doug Ross and resident Susan Lewis over most of the procedures in patient care. In addition, her strong belief in administrative policies would be dragged out into every unnecessary aspect in the workplace (in one episode, Jerry, the desk clerk, brought cake celebrating her day off). In Season 3, Kerry became an ER attending physician alongside Mark Greene, whom she would always manage to compete with or maneuver to catch the eye of her superiors.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: As a result, it was difficult for anyone — the audience or any of the other characters — to really know Weaver beyond her tough and bureaucratic professionalism. In an early glimpse into her soul, Weaver defended Jeanie Boulet, played by Gloria Reuben, a physician assistant who contracted HIV from her adulterous husband. Later Boulet contracts Hepatitis C from a needle stick accident involving an infected patient. She fought to keep her job and dignity, while some doctors worried about the liability involved in having an HIV-positive employee in the ER. Weaver was the first person in a position of power to side with Jeanie, and the two remained friends until Jeanie's budget-related firing and her successful pressure campaign to get her job back. They reconciled and were close friends again when Jeanie left the ER to be with her new husband and raise her adopted HIV-positive son, Carlos.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Weaver demonstrated a great deal of compassion and a moral commitment to civil rights, and that helped her and Dr. Greene draft an ER policy for HIV-positive employees. This storyline developed Weaver's character beyond that of a stoic, abrasive professional. In future episodes, she agreed to look the other way when Dr. John Carter helped a teenage runaway escape her homophobic parents who sent her away to an ex-gay camp.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: In 1997, Weaver went through a brief relationship with Ellis West (played by Clancy Brown), an M.D. working for the Synergix Group, which was under consideration by County for a general management contract of the ER. Despite his claims to the contrary, she eventually came to the conclusion that West had begun a relationship with her in order to gain her approval of the contract. West said she was wrong and withdrew the proposal.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: After Carter was fired from his RA position and had nowhere to live, he followed an ad which led him to Dr. Weaver's house; she had been renting out her basement apartment to college students. For the first time, the audience saw the inside of her city home, and noted that she was single and independent, lived in a nice home, and had a particular taste in music. Weaver also hired a private investigator to locate her birth mother, an effort that initially failed and revealed Weaver's fear that she was raised by adoptive parents because her mother could not accept a disabled daughter.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: In 1998, during Season 4, Kerry was briefly debilitated when an explosion at chemical plant sent victims flooding in, creating a toxic benzene spill in the ER. Weaver suffered a convulsive (Generalized Tonic Clonic or Grand Mal) seizure from the effects of the toxins. She was treated by Dr. Carter and Dr. Anna Del Amico. With Weaver debilitated and Dr. Greene out of town, Carter was forced to take charge of the ER for the first time.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Ever since her arrival at County General, Kerry had been very ambitious in pursuing higher administrative titles, such as Chief of Emergency Medicine. This was after Dr. Morgenstern's long, extensive absence, that a new position needed to be filled. For a short period she was made interim acting chief of emergency medicine until a suitable replacement was found. Yet, after an incident involving the hiring of a doctor who turned out to be a very accomplished if bizarre non-physician, Kerry's chances were luckily left open. However, she discovered that the hospital wasn't really considering her for the position. When she found out, she immediately quit as interim chief of the ER and Dr. Robert Romano jumped at the opportunity to become interim chief of the ER. At the start of Season 6, word spread that Romano might be up to the position as Chief of Staff, an event that both Kerry and Mark Greene resented and tried to prevent. However, in the end Kerry backed Dr. Romano for Chief of Staff and in return she was given the position of Chief of Emergency Medicine. This would be the first and last time Romano and Weaver completely agreed on administrative policy; in later seasons they were always involved in power struggles, despite both of them favoring administrative matters much more than the rest of the staff


title: Kerry Weaver

text: In 1999, Weaver welcomed the chance to hire Dr. Gabe Lawrence (played by Alan Alda), who had been her mentor. She initially refused to accept Dr. Mark Greene's assertion that Lawrence was suffering from the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, but she ultimately faced facts and said goodbye to her role model.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: In mid-season, Weaver fell in love with staff psychiatrist Kim Legaspi (played by Elizabeth Mitchell), but was afraid to admit it to Legaspi or herself. While Legaspi was openly lesbian and willing to pursue a romantic relationship with Weaver, she became frustrated that Weaver was not only in the closet, but also suffered from internalized homophobia and thus the relationship got off to a slow start. Once Weaver was able to admit to herself that she was gay, she was still uncomfortable about her coworkers finding out and the discriminatory consequences it might have on her career. This was despite their relationship becoming an "open secret" among most of the people in the ER. During that story, we also learned that Kerry had been married to a surgical resident before her career at County General started.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: The first coworker Weaver came out to was Dr. Robert Romano, who planned to fire Legaspi over trumped up allegations that she sexually harassed a female patient. Weaver's act of courage kept Romano from firing Legaspi, but it also emotionally drained Weaver, whose fears of discrimination ruining her career resurfaced. She was therefore unable to provide emotional support to Legaspi, who kept her job, but at the cost of seeing the entrenched homophobia of the hospital administration and her own girlfriend, who remained in the closet. Legaspi broke up with Weaver and decided to take a job offer in San Francisco rather than face the homophobia from Romano or the lack of emotional support she received from Weaver.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Kerry also ran afoul of Elizabeth Corday in Season 7 when she had Mark Greene evaluated for professional competency after he showed noticeable personality changes after returning from brain tumor surgery. As a result, Kerry was not invited to Elizabeth and Mark's wedding, and while she and Mark seem to mend fences in Season 8, she and Elizabeth remained mostly unfriendly. Elizabeth sympathized and the two doctors were on better terms until Dr. Corday departed the show in Season 11. They were never close friends though. In fact, Elizabeth's departure came when she deliberately performed an illegal, life-saving transplant from an HIV+ donor into an HIV+ individual and did so in large part because she knew it would anger Kerry, leading Kerry to offer a demotion that Elizabeth declines before quitting.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Weaver still had not come out to any of her coworkers except Romano and Luka Kovač. She was still quite anxious about anyone discovering her true status even though her sexual orientation was already known to some of her coworkers. Weaver did, however, begin a new relationship with firefighter Lt. Sandy Lopez (played by Lisa Vidal) whom she met in a rainstorm while trying to rescue a pregnant woman from a crashed ambulance. As the two became close, Lopez told Weaver she refused to date a woman who was in the closet. Lopez forcibly outed Weaver with a passionate kiss in front of her coworkers. What followed was a groundbreaking story for American network television as the development of the romance between the two women was treated with the courtship, passion and arguments often reserved for heterosexual couples.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Lopez said, "I did you a huge favor," after the kiss in the ER; a few episodes later, Weaver admitted to her that she was right. At the season's end, Weaver accepted herself as a lesbian, and became eager to combat homophobia wherever it appeared.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: In Season Eight's second episode "The Longer You Stay", Weaver failed to answer repeated pages from Drs. Malucci & Chen when a patient being tended to by them had complications. Weaver was finally hauled in by Dr. Carter when he ran from the ER to get her personally from Doc Magoo's, sustaining a painful fall in the process. But after the patient died and she flatly said to the three "you killed him", she was seen back at Doc Magoo's where she found the pager she left in the bathroom stall.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Desperate to cover up her irresponsibility when the hospital was sued by the patient's family, Weaver fired Malucci in the third episode "Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic" on a charge of misconduct, and by the fourth episode "Never Say Never", she pinned the malpractice on Malucci and Chen.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: In "Bygones", Weaver was stunned when she realized a lonely young woman murdered her roommate because of unrequited love. She then reconciled with Lopez and the two of them made their first social appearance at an impromptu drinking party after Mark Greene died. Weaver was visibly saddened by Greene's death and broke down after hearing the news of his passing. She later told Sandy she knew his demise was coming but never thought it would affect her as deeply as it did. She realized she had lost a friend and regretted the years they spent in competition for various ER posts and promotions.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Weaver and Lopez were still together and had on-going arguments about the future of their relationship. Weaver wanted to have a child, but after suffering a miscarriage felt Lopez should carry the child. Lopez, however, did not want to get pregnant, because it would impact her firefighting career. The couple did not get much screen time that season, and Weaver was given another story thread about the consequences she faced when she failed to report a local politician who tested positive for syphilis; Alderman Johnathan Bright provided funding for County and a plum position for Kerry, but forced her to do an off-the-record treatment of his closeted gay lover that ended with the lover's accidental death from an allergic reaction to penicillin. Later, Dr. Anspaugh became fed up with Dr. Romano's attitude and neglect on the job. Anspaugh offered to lighten Romano's work load by sharing his administrative duties with Kerry Weaver. When Romano refused this, he was replaced with a somewhat surprised Weaver, who offered Romano the Chief of Emergency Medicine position.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Kerry settled into her chief administrative position but ran into various challenges that arose day by day from hospital staffing to the ER's hectic renovation. These obstacles included her constant run-ins with Dr. Romano, whom at one point she threatens to fire. When he was killed in a helicopter accident, Kerry, like many others, was not saddened, though she acknowledged that his presence was an important contribution to the hospital. Later in early 2004, Weaver dedicated a Center of LGBT healthcare in the memory of Romano, which secretly served as post-mortem payback, since Romano was not a supporter of gay rights. In her personal life, Lopez changed her mind about having a baby and gave birth to baby Henry in the hospital. Later on in the season, however, Lopez died from injuries she suffered while fighting a fire; Kerry was devastated by the loss. Abby Lockhart and (surprisingly) Elizabeth Corday were particularly supportive towards her following this tragedy. Sandy's parents (who had never approved of her sexual orientation) took custody of Henry and for the remainder of the season, Weaver's storyline focused on a child custody battle between herself and Lopez's parents. The custody situation was eventually settled when the Lopezes and Weaver agreed to her having primary custody, with the Lopezes taking care of Henry while Kerry was at work.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: In the 2005 episode titled "Just As I Am," Weaver finally met her biological mother, Helen Kingsley, who turned out to be a conservative Christian, originally from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and currently living in Terre Haute, Indiana. Kingsley (Frances Fisher) explained to Weaver that, as an unmarried, teenage mother with limited options for raising a child, she gave Weaver up for adoption when she was 14 days old in hopes of her having a better life. She was in town for a Christ Crusade and decided to meet her daughter since Kerry's biological father, Cody Boone, had recently died. When Kingsley learned her daughter was a lesbian, she and Weaver clashed over faith and sexuality, with Weaver insisting that her mother love and accept her. Kingsley said she could love her daughter, but because she could not accept homosexuality as moral, she could not accept her daughter. This episode not only ended the mystery behind Weaver's mother, it also revealed for the first time the reason for Weaver's crutch: Helen inquired about Weaver's limp, and Weaver explained that she suffered from congenital hip dysplasia, a birth defect. Weaver was surprised to learn that Helen knew nothing about it, and her long-held fear that the birth defect was the reason she was given up for adoption was resolved.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Aside from this episode, Kerry Weaver almost exclusively played supporting roles and was frequently absent from entire episodes. A negative contribution was that she played a major role in forcing Elizabeth Corday to leave County, though Corday deliberately provoked her into doing so because she could not work with Lucien Dubenko, a new surgeon that Weaver had hired.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Kerry continued to play the background in most of the episodes this season. Even though she stayed very busy with her administrative meetings and tasks, Kerry occasionally took shifts in the ER to keep her emergency skills sharp. In the episode "Out on a Limb" Kerry finally underwent surgery to fix her hip dysplasia. In the episode "No Place To Hide," Kerry walked for the first time on the series without the aid of her forearm crutch. Kerry asked Abby (who was expecting a child with Luka) to be Henry's legal guardian in the event that something happened to her, but her surgery was entirely successful. (Reportedly, this storyline was done, at least in part, because Laura Innes really was starting to develop hip and back problems after ten years of walking with a fake limp for the sake of her role.) Laura Innes described this arc as the character "shedding some of her hardness and moving on in her life."


title: Kerry Weaver

text: At the end of the season, Kerry faced criticism for hiring Dr. Victor Clemente (John Leguizamo) as an attending physician, who compromised patient care leading to possible liability and lawsuits to the hospital. Despite being responsible for hiring him (and for defending him against Luka's protests when Clemente began causing trouble), Kerry tried to divert the fire towards Dr. Luka Kovač (Goran Visnjic), the Chief of Emergency Medicine, risking his job as a result.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: After saving Luka and Abby in the season premiere, Kerry realized that her constant attempts to protect her career had cost her friendships; she owned up to her responsibility for the Clemente incident in order to save Luka from being fired. She was demoted from Chief of Staff as a result and was back to being an attending physician. Though she clearly struggled to adjust to her new position, especially with the current ER chief Luka Kovač now being her boss, Kerry was pleased to practice medicine full-time again; she also developed a more friendly relationship with Greg Pratt.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Working back in the ER, Weaver caught the eye of a TV producer filming a news segment with Dr. Morris and literally steals the show. She's offered a job by the executives for news reporting. Shortly afterwards, Kerry and her producer Courtney (Michelle Hurd) developed a close relationship, one Kerry had not felt since her partner Sandy Lopez died. Courtney told Kerry how her great news broadcasting could open a successful career for her. Kerry decided to leave County General when ER chief Luka Kovač had to enact budget cuts and eliminate an attending position. Kerry accepted a television show offer at WTVJ in Miami, despite Kovač's last-minute efforts to convince her to stay.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Kerry Weaver's last regular appearance on "ER" was in the Season 13 episode called "A House Divided" Episode 280 in which Abby Lockhart expressed to Dr. Weaver that if it had not been for her, she'd never have become a doctor or a mother; she and Kerry shared a tearful farewell moment. As Kerry packed up and walked out of County General's doors for the last time, she only asked Luka to take care of the place for her and advised him not to make her mistake-getting involved in hospital politics, indicating that she forgave him. Luka took her advice and stepped down as Chief towards the end of the season, just before he married Abby.


title: Kerry Weaver

text: Laura Innes' last appearance as a series regular on the show was on January 11, 2007. Following her departure from the program, NBC received some pressure from GLAAD to introduce more LGBT characters.