title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: Tacitus described as "a distinguishing characteristic" that "Jews buried, rather than burned, their dead." Judaism stresses burial in the earth (including entombment, as in caves) as a religious duty of laying a person's remains to rest. This, as well as the belief that the human body is created in the image of the divine and is not to be vandalized before or after death, teaches the belief that it was necessary to keep the whole body intact in burial, in anticipation of the eventual resurrection of the dead in the messianic age. Nevertheless, some Jews who are not religiously adherent, or who have attached to an alternative movement or religious stream that does not see some or all the laws of the Torah as binding upon them, have chosen cremation, either for themselves prior to death, or for their loved ones.


title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: As Judaism considers suicide to be a form of murder, a Jew who commits suicide is denied some important after-death privileges: No eulogies should be given for the deceased, and burial in the main section of the Jewish cemetery is normally not allowed.


title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: In recent times, most people who die by suicide have been deemed to be the unfortunate victims of depression or of a serious mental illness. Under this interpretation, their act of "self-murder" is not deemed to be a voluntary act of self-destruction, but rather the result of an involuntary condition. They have therefore been looked upon as having died of causes beyond their control.


title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: Additionally, the Talmud (in Semakhot, one of the minor tractates) recognizes that many elements of the mourning ritual exist as much for the living survivors as for the dead, and that these elements ought to be carried out even in the case of the suicide.


title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: Furthermore, if reasonable doubt exists that the death was suicidal or that the deceased might have changed her mind and repented at the last moment (e.g., if it is unknown whether the victim fell or jumped from a building, or if the person falling changed her mind mid-fall), the benefit of the doubt is given and regular burial and mourning rituals take place. Lastly, the suicide of a minor is considered a result of a lack of understanding ("da'at"), and in such a case, regular mourning is observed.


title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: Halakha (Jewish law) forbids tattoos, and a myth persists that having a tattoo prevents burial in a Jewish cemetery. While a small minority of burial societies may not accept a corpse with a tattoo, Jewish law does not mention burial of tattooed Jews, and nearly all burial societies have no such restriction. Removing the tattoo of a deceased Jew is forbidden, as this would be considered damaging the body. This case has been one of public interest in the current generations due to the large population tattooed in Nazi concentration camps between 1940 and 1945. Since those tattoos were forced upon the recipients in a situation where any resistance could expect official murder or brutality, their presence is not in any way reflective of any violation of Jewish law on the part of both the living and deceased; rather under these circumstances it shows adherence to the positive command to preserve innocent life, including one's own, by passively allowing the mark to be applied.


title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: There is no mourning for an apostate Jew according to Jewish law. (See that article for a discussion of precisely what actions and motivations render a Jew an "apostate.")


title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: In the past several centuries, the custom developed among Ashkenazic Orthodox Jews (including Hasidic and Haredi Jews), that the family would "sit shiva" if and when one of their relatives would leave the fold of traditional Judaism. The definition of "leaving the fold" varies within communities; some would sit "shiva" if a family member married a non-Jew; others would only sit "shiva" if the individual actually converted to another faith, and even then, some would make a distinction between those who chose to do so of their own will, and those who were pressured into conversion. (In Sholom Aleichem's Tevye, when the title character's daughter converts to Christianity to marry a Christian, Tevye sits "shiva" for her and generally refers to her as "dead.") At the height of the so called Mitnagdim (a Hasidic term for traditional mainline Ashkenazi practitioners, meaning 'those who are against', meaning against the changes introduced by Chasidim) movement, in the early-to-mid nineteenth century, some families even sat "shiva" if a family member joined the Hasidim. (It is said that when joined Hasidism, his father, Rabbi Shlomo Eiger sat "shiva", but his grandfather, the famed Rabbi Akiva Eiger, did not. It is also said that Leibel Eiger came to be "menachem avel" [console the mourner]). By the mid-twentieth century, however, Hasidism was recognized by most traditional Ashkenazim as a valid form of Orthodox Judaism, and thus the (controversial) practice of sitting "shiva" for those who realign to Hasidism almost completely ceased to exist.


title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: Today, some Orthodox Jews, particularly the more traditional ones (such as many Haredi and Hasidic communities), continue the practice of sitting "shiva" for a family member who has left the religious community. Most liberal Jews and Jewish religious communities, however, may question the practice, eschewing it as a very harsh act that could make it much more difficult for the family member to return to traditional practice if/when s/he would consider doing so.


title: Bereavement in Judaism

text: The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute teaches courses on the spiritual purpose of bereavement and the soul after death.


title: Sergio (2020 film)

text: Sergio is a 2020 American biographical drama film about the United Nations diplomat Sérgio Vieira de Mello. The film is directed by Greg Barker, from a screenplay written by Craig Borten. It stars Wagner Moura, Ana de Armas, Garret Dillahunt, Clemens Schick, Will Dalton, Bradley Whitford and Brían F. O'Byrne.


title: Sergio (2020 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2020. It was released on April 17, 2020, by Netflix.


title: Sergio (2020 film)

text: In 2003, United Nations' Special Representative in Iraq, Sérgio Vieira de Mello, is a victim of a bombing and becomes trapped in the basement of the hotel where he was working in Baghdad.


title: Sergio (2020 film)

text: Three months earlier, Sergio is married but there is no feeling of love in the marriage. Instead, he commits to being with Carolina, his girlfriend and co-worker. Against the advice of Carolina, Sergio decides to go to Baghdad after the 2003 invasion of Iraq in order to help Iraqis achieve independence and negotiate the withdrawal of American troops. He comes to a disagreement with American diplomat Paul Bremer who opposes his methods despite the pressure from the United States, and fights against the US occupation of Iraq. He even insists on not having US guards at the UN's base camp in order to separate themselves from the U.S. occupiers.


title: Sergio (2020 film)

text: Sergio is killed by a terrorist attack that takes place on the UN base camp. Later, the US pulls out of Iraq leading to a long Civil War, but Sergio's gravely injured colleague Gil survives despite having both legs amputated, and Carolina returns to her justice work in Rio.


title: Sergio (2020 film)

text: In July 2018, it was announced Wagner Moura, Ana de Armas, Garret Dillahunt, Brían F. O'Byrne, Will Dalton and Clemens Schick had joined the cast of the film, with Greg Barker directing from a screenplay by Craig Borten, with Netflix distributing. In October 2018, Bradley Whitford joined the cast of the film.


title: Sergio (2020 film)

text: It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2020. It was released on April 17, 2020.


title: Sergio (2020 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of based on reviews from critics, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads: "While the real-life story that inspired "Sergio" is certainly worthy of a biopic, its misguided approach to its noble subject adds up to a disappointingly shallow drama." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 55 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose (or methylcellulose) is a compound derived from cellulose. It is sold under a variety of trade names and is used as a thickener and emulsifier in various food and cosmetic products, and also as a bulk-forming laxative. Like cellulose, it is not digestible, not toxic, and not an allergen.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: In 2020, it was the 422nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 100thousand prescriptions.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose is used to treat constipation. Effects generally occur within three days. It is taken by mouth and is recommended with sufficient water. Side effects may include abdominal pain. It is classified as a bulk forming laxative. It works by increasing the amount of stool present which improves intestinal contractions.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: The lubricating property of methylcellulose is of particular benefit in the treatment of dry eyes. Solutions containing methyl cellulose or similar cellulose derivatives are used as substitute for tears or saliva if the natural production of these fluids is disturbed.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose is used in the manufacture of drug capsules; its edible and nontoxic properties provide a vegetarian alternative to the use of gelatin.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose is occasionally added to hair shampoos, tooth pastes and liquid soaps, to generate their characteristic thick consistency. This is also done for foods, for example ice cream or croquette. Methyl cellulose is also an important emulsifier, preventing the separation of two mixed liquids because it is an emulsion stabilizer.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: The E number of methyl cellulose as food additive is E461. E464 is hydroxypropylcellulose and more soluble in water.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose is used as an ingredient in some meat analogues that are intended to replicate the texture of meat.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose finds a major application as a performance additive in construction materials. It is added to mortar dry mixes to improve the mortar's properties such as workability, open and adjustment time, water retention, viscosity, adhesion to surfaces etc. Construction grade methyl cellulose is not to be identified with food and pharmaceutical grade methyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, as it may be cross-linked with glyoxal for easy dispersion in water.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: The construction materials can be cement-based or gypsum-based. Notable examples of dry mixture mortars which utilize methyl cellulose include tile adhesives, EIFS, insulating plasters, hand-trowelled and machine-sprayed plaster, stucco, self-leveling flooring, extruded cement panels, skim coats, joint & crack fillers, and tile grouts. Typical usage is about 0.2% – 0.5% of total dry powder weight for dry mixtures.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Derivatives of methyl cellulose which improve performance characteristics include hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC). These derivatives typically improve the characteristics such as water retention, vertical surface slip resistance, open time, etc.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose can be employed as a mild glue which can be washed away with water. This may be used in the fixing of delicate pieces of art as well as in book conservation to loosen and clean off old glue from spines and bookboards.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose is the main ingredient in many wallpaper pastes. It is also used as a binder in pastel crayons and also as a binder in medications. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is an FDA-approved water-soluble adhesive, has been used in various wet-adhesion applications in construction products, paints, and drug delivery for 70 years.HPMC adheres strongly to all wet surfaces, regardless of hydrophobicity.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose is used as sizing in the production of papers and textiles as it protects the fibers from absorbing water or oil. When applied to several pieces of paper, methyl cellulose will bind the layers together, often to create a more durable or multicolored sheet. In addition, origami artists use it to coat their origami models, as the compound will stiffen and protect the paper against time.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC) is used as a binder in dust control technologies. They mitigate fugitive dust released from arid/semi-arid area as well as improve commercial face mask when used as a filtering material.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose is also used in cell culture to study viral replication. It is dissolved in the same nutrient-containing medium in which cells are normally grown. A single layer of cells is grown on a flat surface, then infected with a virus for a short time. The strength of the viral sample used will determine how many cells get infected during this time. The thick methyl cellulose medium is then added on top of the cells in place of normal liquid medium. As the viruses replicate in the infected cells, they are able to spread between cells whose membranes touch each other, but are trapped when they enter the methyl cellulose. Only cells closely neighboring an infected cell will become infected and die. This leaves small regions of dead cells called plaques in a larger background of living uninfected cells. The number of plaques formed is determined by the strength of the original sample.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Aqueous methyl cellulose solutions have been used to slow bacterial and protozoal cell motility for closer inspection. Changing the amount of methyl cellulose in solution permits the adjustment of the solution's viscosity.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose is used in the most common approaches to quantify multiple or single lineage-committed hematopoietic progenitors, called colony-forming cells (CFCs) or colony-forming units (CFUs), in combination with culture supplements that promote their proliferation and differentiation, and allow the clonal progeny of a single progenitor cell to stay together and thus form a colony of more mature cells.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: It is a hydrophilic white powder in pure form and dissolves in cold (but not in hot) water, forming a clear viscous solution or gel.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose is used as a buffer additive in capillary electrophoresis to control electroosmotic flow for improved separations.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: The slimy, gooey appearance of an appropriate preparation of methyl cellulose with water, in addition to its nontoxic, nonallergenic, and edible properties, makes it popular for use in special effects for motion pictures and television wherever vile slimes must be simulated. In the film "Ghostbusters," the gooey substance the supernatural entities used to "slime" the Ghostbusters was mostly a thick water solution of methyl cellulose. The "Aliens" ooze and drip a great deal of methyl cellulose—especially the queen.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose has been used to safely simulate molten materials, as well. In several of the Terminator films, it was back-lit with colored gels and films to reproduce the heated glow of iron in the large pouring ladles used to transport the metal from the smelting ovens to the various molds and forms. Methyl cellulose was also a stand-in for the lava flows in Los Angeles in "Volcano" and on the volcanic surface of Mustafar, in "".


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose does not occur naturally and is synthetically produced by heating cellulose with caustic solution (e.g. a solution of sodium hydroxide) and treating it with methyl chloride. In the substitution reaction that follows, the hydroxyl residues (-OH functional groups) are replaced by methoxide (-OCH groups).


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Different kinds of methyl cellulose can be prepared depending on the number of hydroxyl groups substituted. Cellulose is a polymer consisting of numerous linked glucose molecules, each of which exposes three hydroxyl groups. The "Degree of Substitution" (DS) of a given form of methyl cellulose is defined as the average number of substituted hydroxyl groups per glucose. The theoretical maximum is thus a DS of 3.0, however more typical values are 1.3–2.6.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Different methyl cellulose preparations can also differ in the average length of their polymer backbones.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Methyl cellulose has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) between 40 °C and 50 °C. At temperatures below the LCST, it is readily soluble in water; above the LCST, it is not soluble, which has a paradoxical effect that heating a saturated solution of methyl cellulose will turn it solid, because methyl cellulose will precipitate out. The temperature at which this occurs depends on DS-value, with higher DS-values giving lower solubility and lower precipitation temperatures because the polar hydroxyl groups are masked.


title: Methyl cellulose

text: Preparing a solution of methyl cellulose with cold water is difficult however: as the powder comes into contact with water, a gel layer forms around it, dramatically slowing the diffusion of water into the powder; hence, the inside remains dry. A better way is to first mix the powder with hot water, so that the methyl cellulose particles are well dispersed (and so have a much higher effective surface area) in the water, and cool down this dispersion while stirring, leading to the much more rapid dissolution of those particles.


title: IPadOS 16

text: iPadOS 16 is the fourth and current major release of the iPadOS operating system developed by Apple for its iPad line of tablet computers. The successor to iPadOS 15, it was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 6, 2022, along with iOS 16, macOS Ventura, watchOS 9, and tvOS 16. It received numerous new features, improving multitasking and many other aspects of the operating system, most notably on iPads with Apple's M1 SoC and later.


title: IPadOS 16

text: The public beta of iPadOS 16 was released on July 11, 2022. The public version of iPadOS 16 was released on October 24, 2022 as iPadOS 16.1.


title: IPadOS 16

text: The first developer beta of iPadOS 16 was released on June 6, 2022. The first public release, iPadOS 16.1, was officially released on October 24, 2022.


title: IPadOS 16

text: For the first time, Apple's Weather app is available on iPad; it was originally only available on iPhone and iPod Touch.


title: IPadOS 16

text: The Lock Screen has a new font and displays the date above the time to match iOS 16, but lacks the new customization features.


title: IPadOS 16

text: iPads will now be able to sign into websites that implement WebAuthn using just the user’s passcode or biometrics.


title: IPadOS 16

text: On iPads with Apple A12X Bionic, Apple A12Z Bionic, Apple M1 and Apple M2 processors, Stage Manager displays up to four apps at a time in adjustable windows. In addition, on iPads with Apple M1 and later, external displays are now driven using Stage Manager instead of screen mirroring, enabling display scaling on external displays.


title: IPadOS 16

text: On iPads with Apple M1 processors and later, and iPad Pro 11-inch with Apple A12X Bionic and A12Z Bionic processors, Display scaling mode allows more view space in apps by increasing the pixel density of the display.


title: IPadOS 16

text: On the iPad Pro 12.9-inch (5th generation) and (6th generation) with Liquid Retina XDR display, the iPad can be used in "Reference Mode" for color-graded work. This extends to Sidecar, as long as the Mac being connected to has Apple Silicon.


title: IPadOS 16

text: As with iOS 16, some already supported languages have received additional voices (including "Novelty" voices for English), and voices and support have been added for the following languages:


title: IPadOS 16

text: iPadOS 16's Stage Manager feature has been criticized by various sources for only being supported by certain iPad models with an M1 chip or M2 chip owing to strict performance requirements. In an interview with TechCrunch, Craig Federighi explained “It’s only the M1 iPads that combined the high DRAM capacity with very high capacity, high-performance NAND that allows our virtual memory swap to be super fast”. It was later discovered that the feature is disabled for older devices by an internal setting. Due to criticism, a single-screen version of Stage Manager was added on 2018 and 2020 iPad Pros in iPadOS 16.1 Beta. Apple later provided a statement to Engadget, stating that “…customers with iPad Pro 3rd and 4th generation have expressed strong interest in being able to experience Stage Manager on their iPads. In response, our teams have worked hard to find a way to deliver a single-screen version for these systems, with support for up to four live apps on the iPad screen at once”.


title: IPadOS 16

text: External display support for Stage Manager on M1 iPads was delayed until further notice by Apple due to instability, and was brought back in the iPadOS 16.2 update.


title: IPadOS 16

text: Stage Manager was also criticized for being "hard to use" and some reviewers and critics called the feature "fundamentally misguided".


title: IPadOS 16

text: The lack of iOS 16's lock screen customization features was also criticized by reviewers such as David Pierce from The Verge. iPadOS had a hidden lock screen customization app named PostBoard which included the iOS 16’s lock screen customization features in iPadOS 16 Beta 1.


title: IPadOS 16

text: iPadOS 16 is supported on iPads with A9 or A9X chips or newer, dropping support for the iPad Air 2 and iPad Mini 4, both with A8 or A8X chips. This also marks the second time Apple has dropped support for older 64-bit iPads. The list includes:


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: "Black Jack" consists of hundreds of short, self-contained stories that are typically about 20 pages long. Black Jack has also been animated into an OVA, two television series (directed by Satoshi Kuwahara and Tezuka's son Makoto Tezuka) and two films. "Black Jack" is Tezuka's second most famous manga, after "Astro Boy". In 1977, it won the 1st Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen. About.com's Deb Aoki lists "Black Jack" as the best "re-issue of previously released material" of 2008. Osamu Dezaki's anime film adaptation, "Black Jack: The Movie", won Best Animation Film at the 1996 Mainichi Film Awards. It has since then became Tezuka's second best selling manga with 45.64 million copies in circulation only in Japan.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Most of the stories involve Black Jack doing some good deed, for which he rarely gets recognition—often curing the poor and destitute for free, or teaching the arrogant a lesson in humility. They sometimes end with a good, humane person enduring hardship, often unavoidable death, to save others.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Pinoko is Black Jack's loyal assistant/adopted daughter, who was actually a Teratogenous Cystoma (a growth more commonly known as a teratoma). As seen in Volume 1 Chapter 3: "Teratogenous Cystoma", she was a rare type of parasitic twin, living as part of a patients' body for eighteen years. When the presence of the twin was evidenced from a grotesque distortion in the host's body, Black Jack was contracted to extract and dispose of the growth. In the end, he found the cystoma, although a collection of uncontained organs and muscles, was complete in design if not form. Using life support to maintain them, Black Jack encased the assembly in an artificially constructed exoskeleton sized and shaped in the form of a female human child (around 7 or 8 years). Miraculously, the homunculus survived with all sensory reception intact. Her body is fully capable of walking, running, breathing and consuming/digesting food. Her face and body, though artificial, are remarkably human in design. Developing into a sentient though permanently child-sized life form, she was adopted by Black Jack as his informal ward. Pinoko always helps the doctor by doing household chores and by being his assistant in some of his operations. She often acts as comic relief in "Black Jack", claiming to be a girl of eighteen years of age and married to Black Jack, despite her childlike appearance and personality. Her main value is companionship and source of affection for the ordinarily cold-natured doctor. When she started living with Black Jack, she could not cook, clean, or take care of the house; she could not even walk, let alone move. Eventually, she learned through hard effort. Being still a child, she occasionally makes accidental errors, such as using salt instead of sugar while preparing meals. Black Jack thinks of her as his daughter while she thinks of herself as his wife. Black Jack modeled her face after a cute girl he had seen in a medical journal who suffers from a lung ailment of unknown origin (from Volume 7 Chapter 4: "The Two Pinokos"). Pinoko's life has been put in danger a few times; she was kidnapped (Volume 2 Chapter 8: "Kidnapping", Volume 14 Chapter 2: "The Third Call", Volume 15 Chapter 1: "Treasure Island"), swallowed a potassium cyanide pill (Volume 4 Chapter 12: "Gas"), hit by a bullet (Volume 7 Chapter 10: "Black and White"), crashed a car (Volume 8 Chapter 8: "A Visit from a Killer"), and caught an aggressive form of leukemia (Volume 9 Chapter 2: "Pinoko Lives"). Pinoko says she is 18 years old because that is how long she was in her sister's body, but Black Jack says she is 0-years-old when he built her. Because of that, she sometimes acts like an adult while other times as a 7-year-old. She cries when she is injured or throws things when she is mad. She is sometimes seen drawing pictures, playing games, or reading children's stories. Throughout the whole manga series, she is never seen going to school, but has school-aged friends such as Hosuke Sharaku. She aspires to go to school like others her size, and thought about taking the high school entrance exam. Black Jack never tries to give Pinoko an 18-year-old body even though she wants to be bigger. She almost received one when she nearly died in Volume 9 Chapter 2: "Pinoko Lives". She sometimes talks in third-person, using "Pinoko" instead of "I", "me", or "my". Before Black Jack extracted her from her twin, she temporarily had the ability to telepathically communicate; this characteristic saved her life in that Black Jack recognized her body was alive. As well, in Volume 13 Chapter 4: "Teratoid Cystoma, Part 2", she was able to talk to a teratoid cystoma in a patient in her sleep. Pinoko's main form of comic relief is yelling アッチョンブリケ("Acchonburike")—a phrase that has no real meaning but taken as a rough equivalent to "Oh my goodness!" (often spelled "Omigewdness" in fansubs) or "I don't believe it!" (as translated when she appeared in an episode of the Astro Boy 80s series), in English—while pressing her cheeks together with her hands when something surprising happens. In the 2004 English dub of the anime, she shouts "Allamoby!" Also, she says Aramanchu!, which has no real meaning, but can be roughly translated as "okey dokey!". Her name is derived from Pinocchio.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Pinoko's twin sister's name is never revealed in the manga. She does not like the fact that her teratoid cystoma is actually her twin sister. She would always look away and say that that "thing" is not her sister. Her face and background is never revealed until Volume 17 Chapter 10: "A Visiting Memory". Her second appearance is in Volume 9 Chapter 2: "Pinoko Lives" where she donates some of her blood to Pinoko. She expresses hope that this would be the last time she would have to be involved with her, as she is engaged to be married. Her third appearance is in Volume 17 Chapter 10: "A Visiting Memory" where her face and background are finally revealed. Dr. Crab tells Black Jack that she is actually the daughter of an important Buddhist line. She was constrained by pedigree and form. The family is always churning in drama, and she ended up deeply depressed. Then she tries to commit suicide by jumping from the third floor of her house. She survived and, with a huge amount of cash and amnesia, ended up at Black Jack's house. Pinoko and her had a sisterly bond despite neither knowing the identity of the other. When she saw Dr. Crab, her memories returned and she quickly departed, having remembered the nature of her relationship to Pinoko. Pinoko did not know who she really was; Black Jack did.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: The reason why Black Jack pursued a career in medicine is because of Dr. Honma, his mentor and life-saver, who acted as the young boy's father-figure. Kagemitsu Hazama, Black Jack's real father, left his wife and son to live in Macau with his new wife Renka. (The reasons for Kagemitsu's behavior are later explained in the Black Jack 21 series). As a child, Black Jack suffered from paralysis in all four limbs and spent many lonely years in a wheelchair until he regained the use of them. Dr. Honma wrote a book about this miracle, as depicted in Volume 1 Chapter 11: "The Legs of an Ant".


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Megumi Kisaragi is Black Jack's tragic love, whom he met and courted during their internship. Her first appearance was in Volume 1 Chapter 6: "Confluence" in the manga. She stayed up late at work and cared more about the patients than everyone else. She discovered that Kuroo Hazama had been the one looking after her whenever she walked alone at night. Later, she is revealed to have ovarian cancer, and is afraid to tell Black Jack because of her fear that having these parts removed will interfere with their relationship. Nevertheless, the couple confesses their love before the operation while Megumi is "still a woman" (in reality, a hysterectomy or oophorectomy can affect sexual function, but the side effects associated with these procedures are not as extreme as those depicted in this story).


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Zen Mantoku is a character not seen in the manga. The true main antagonist in the Black Jack 21 series as he is the one who caused the beach explosion that injured Black Jack and his mother. He is also the one who framed Jotaro Honma by using the medical community to accuse him of human experimentation and forced him to retire. Afterwards, he used his partners as test subjects by improving their blood vessel by using the phoenix diseases in hopes of living for eternity. However, it all failed and they died one by one following by the story. He is the one, who separated the Renka older daughter for the sake to train her to become one of the most deadly assassin. Eventually, he is caused by the phoenix diseases throughout the world for the benefit of his organization around the globe. In the end, his final fate ended up by Renka shot him in his head and died.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: The manga series was first serialized in Akita Shoten's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Champion" from 1973 to 1983. Each of the 25 published "tankōbon" volumes were divided into 12 to 15 chapters; each chapter is about 20-some pages long. The first episode was called "I Need a Doctor!", and the last episode was called "A Question of Priority". Most of the manga series had never been directly adapted into anime form until a Black Jack Special was aired in 2003, thus initiating the "Black Jack" anime series in 2004, and the "Black Jack 21" series in 2006.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Vertical Inc. has released translated volumes of the series in the United States, starting with Vol. 1 in September 2008 and finishing with Vol. 17 in November 2011. These collected volumes include a dozen or so stories each in the original unflipped format, and the stories will be published in the same order as the Japanese Black Jack collections. Vertical has also released limited editions of the first three volumes that include bonus stories not printed in any other edition.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Two translated volumes had been previously published by Viz Communications, but those editions are now out of print.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: There is also a series called "Black Jack ALIVE" which was published in 2005, this series was created from numerous artists adding stories onto the original series. A chapter from this series was published in the last volume of "Magetsukan Kitan". In 2013, he is celebrating his 40 anniversary since his first appearance, along with Princess Knight's 60th, and Astro boy's 50th.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: A manga called "Say Hello to Black Jack" by Shūhō Satō has no connection with the "Black Jack" series, along with its sequel "Shin Black Jack ni Yoroshiku".


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Another manga called "Black Jack NEO" was published by a different author. It may be another remake. Not much information is known.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: "Young Black Jack" is another manga, written by Yoshiaki Tabata and illustrated by Yūgo Ōkumaby, featuring Tezuka characters, that started in 2011 in the "seinen" manga magazine "Young Champion" and ended in 2019. The story follows Black Jack as a medical student in the 1960s.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: The first televised appearance of Black Jack was in the 1980 remake of "Tetsuwan Atom". Episode 27 of "Astro Boy" brought together three separate Tezuka creations, as Astro, Uran, Doctor Roget (Black Jack) and Penny (Pinoko) travel back through time to 15th Century Molavia (Silverland). In this storyline, Black Jack performs a life-saving operation on a critically injured Princess Sapphire (from "Ribbon no Kishi"), while Astro and Uran fend off Gor, a malevolent magician bent on usurping the throne. Characteristically, Roget/Black Jack refuses to operate until he is offered the key to the treasury vault, but later takes only one commemorative coin from the grateful court (which turns out to be worth $200,000,000 when he returns to Astro's time).


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Black Jack also made a cameo appearance in the theatrical film "Phoenix 2772" as an interstellar prison warden, and is one of the main characters of the TV movie "One Million-Year Trip: Bandar Book", in which he plays the role of a space pirate, somehow similar in concept to Leiji Matsumoto's Captain Harlock.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: In 1992, Tezuka's protégé Osamu Dezaki directed a theatrical film and a ten OVA series which were released between 1993 and 2000. Six OVAs, along with the film, were originally only available in dub-only VHS form in North America, but the ten OVAs have since been released on bilingual Region 1 DVD. "Wizard" selected the series as their "Anime Pick of the Month" for August 1997, calling it "one of the darkest and hardest-hitting made-for-video series of recent years." A further two OVAs were released in 2011 and were referred to as "Black Jack Final". In "Black Jack Final" Osami Dezaki was posthumously credited as honorary director.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: In 2003, a four-episode TV promotional special aired called "Black Jack Special: The 4 Miracles of Life".


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: From October 11, 2004, through to March 6, 2006, an original television series was aired called "Black Jack", featuring 61 episodes. The series is an adaptation of Tezuka's original manga. The TV show can currently be viewed for free on Viki (website) and Crunchyroll. Anime Sols has successfully crowd-funded the first 26 episodes of it for DVD release, starting from Episode 0. Right Stuf and Crunchyroll are currently selling extra copies of the first boxset through their website.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: From April 10, 2006, through to September 4 of the same year, a sequel series of seventeen episodes was aired, called "Black Jack 21" (Black Jack for the 21st century). Adapted from standalone manga chapters, "Black Jack 21" features an all-new overarching story line involving Jack's father and a powerful mysterious organization who try to assassinate Jack. Though the "Black Jack 21" series has never been licensed in the U.S., there are several subtitled versions available on the internet.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: The previous two anime, "Black Jack" and "Black Jack 21", depart somewhat from the manga by changing the setting to the early 2000s, allowing for flat-screen LCD computer displays and other items not present in the 1973–83 manga. The episodes are based on chapters from the Black Jack manga, either in part or full, sometimes combining two stories in one episode, and also slightly modified to lighten stories' serious issues and overtones. Background and supporting characters such as Largo the dog, Wato, Sharaku and Hige were added and used for comic relief or to support Pinoko when the doctor was not present.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: On October 1, 2015, a twelve episode anime entitled "Young Black Jack" began to air, about Black Jack's adventures as a medical student. It is based on the spin-off manga of the same title written by Yoshiaki Tabata and illustrated by Yūgo Ōkuma. More closely following the timeline of the original 1973–83 manga by Osamu Tezuka, the new anime is however somewhat discontinuous with the 2004 anime.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: While "Young Black Jack" is set in the late 1960s against the backdrop of activism against the Vietnam War, the 2004 anime is set in the early 2000s, representing nearly a 40-year time difference, even though Black Jack appears to have aged less than 10 years between them.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: An ONA adaptation of comprising 12 episodes also known as "Black Jack Internet" or "Black Jack Flash" was released in 2001–2002 and only available via a subscription online download. The series was created using Flash animation which had the unique "Zapping system" and "Action system". The "Zapping system" allowed gave the viewer an option to change the camera viewpoint and the "Action system" was used mostly for comical effect.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: In 1996, two films of the series were made: the first "Black Jack: The Movie", a full-length feature, and the second "Black Jack: Capital Transfer To Heian", a special 10-minute short.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: In December 2005, a third film entitled "Black Jack: The Two Doctors of Darkness" was released. The film describes Black Jack's attempts to prevent a group known as the Ghost of Icarus from starting a widespread, biological war which could wipe out humanity, while working alongside the infamous Dr. Kiriko.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: A 7-minute short called "Dr. Pinoko no Mori no Bōken" was shown before "Black Jack: The Two Doctors of Darkness".


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: An anime version of the character was seen in an ad teaming up with Dr. House from "House" for the promotion of the latter in Japan. Black Jack also appears as a playable character in the 2019 puzzle game "Crystal Crisis".


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Animoca Brands added Black Jack as well as Pinoko and Dr. Kiriko as playable characters to its game "Crazy Defense Heroes" in 2020.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: "Black Jack" is considered one of the greatest manga of all time, and among Tezuka's best manga, alongside "Astro Boy" and "Phoenix". In 2006, the Japan Media Arts Festival held an 'experts' ranking for the 'Greatest Manga of All Time'. "Black Jack" ranked 5th, behind "Phoenix" and just ahead of "Astro Boy". In 2009, the Asahi Shimbun held a poll for the 'Greatest Shōwa Manga'. "Black Jack" ranked 9th on the list, behind "Astro Boy" and just ahead of "Phoenix".


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: In addition, "Black Jack" ushered in "Weekly Shōnen Champion"'s most successful period ever, an era when "Champion" was the best-selling manga magazine, as well as marking Tezuka's resurgence, which had taken a hit from the rise of gekiga. It consistently ranks among the most popular manga of all time, and ranked 18th in a 2021 popularity poll conducted by TV Asahi, the highest ranked "Champion" manga, and the highest ranked Tezuka manga. In addition, it ranked 1st in a 2020 poll asking for the 'Greatest "Champion" Manga of All Time'. The character of Black Jack is also one of the most iconic manga characters ever, and has acted as a mascot for Japan's marrow donation service, and even for a 'Partner Agent' service.


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: It is also one of three manga that are most frequently found in Japanese schools, due to being deemed to have educational value, alongside "Barefoot Gen", and the manga adaptation of "The Tale of Genji".


title: Black Jack (manga)

text: Between March 3 – June 27, 2016, the Osamu Tezuka Manga Museum located in Takarazuka City, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, sponsored an art exhibit focused on the "Heroines of Osamu Tezuka". It highlighted the leading ladies of Tezuka's comics, such as Sapphire of "Princess Knight" and Pinoko of "Black Jack".


title: R. K. Laxman

text: Rasipuram Krishnaswami Laxman (24 October 1921 – 26 January 2015) was an Indian cartoonist, illustrator, and humorist. He is best known for his creation "The Common Man" and for his daily cartoon strip, "You Said It" in "The Times of India", which started in 1951.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: R. K. Laxman started his career as a part-time cartoonist, working mostly for local newspapers and magazines. While as a college student, he illustrated his older brother R. K. Narayan's stories in "The Hindu". His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist for "The Free Press Journal" in Mumbai. Later, he joined "The Times of India", and became famous for "The Common Man" character, which turned out to be the turning point in Laxman's life.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: R. K. Laxman was born in Mysore in 1921 in a Tamil Hindu brahmin family. His father was a headmaster and Laxman was the youngest of eight children: six sons and two daughters. His elder brother was renowned novelist R.K. Narayan. Laxman was known as "Pied Piper of Delhi".


title: R. K. Laxman

text: Laxman was engrossed by the illustrations in magazines such as "The Strand", "Punch", "Bystander", "Wide World" and "Tit-Bits", before he had even begun to read. Soon he was drawing on his own, on the floors, walls and doors of his house and doodling caricatures of his teachers at school; praised by a teacher for his drawing of a peepal leaf, he began to think of himself as an artist in the making. Another early influence on Laxman was the work of the world-renowned British cartoonist, Sir David Low (whose signature he misread as "cow" for a long time) that appeared now and then in "The Hindu". Laxman notes in his autobiography, "The Tunnel of Time":


title: R. K. Laxman

text: Laxman was the captain of his local "Rough and Tough and Jolly" cricket team and his antics inspired the stories "Dodu the Money Maker" and "The Regal Cricket Club" written by his brother, Narayan. Laxman's idyllic childhood was shaken for a while when his father suffered a paralytic stroke and died around a year later, but the elders at home bore most of the increased responsibility, while Laxman continued with his schooling.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: After high school Maharaja's Govt. High School, Mysore, Laxman applied to the Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art hoping to concentrate on his lifelong interests of drawing and painting, but the dean of the school wrote to him that his drawings lacked "the kind of talent to qualify for enrolment in our institution as a student", and refused admission. He finally graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Mysore. In the meantime he continued his freelance artistic activities and contributed cartoons to "Swarajya" and an animated film based on the mythological character Narada.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: R.K Laxman's earliest work was for newspapers Rohan and magazines including "Swarajya" and "Blitz". While still at the Maharaja College of Mysore, he began to illustrate his elder brother R. K. Narayan's stories in "The Hindu", and he drew political cartoons for the local newspapers and for the "Swatantra". Laxman also drew cartoons for the Kannada humour magazine, "Koravanji" which was founded in 1942 by Dr M. Shivaram who had a clinic in the Majestic area of Bangalore. He started this monthly magazine, dedicating it to humorous and satirical articles and cartoons. Shivaram himself was an eminent humourist in Kannada. He encouraged Laxman.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: Laxman held a summer job at the Gemini Studios, Madras. His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist for "The Free Press Journal" in Mumbai, where Bal Thackeray was his cartoonist colleague. In 1951, Laxman joined "The Times of India", Mumbai, beginning a career that spanned over fifty years. His "Common Man" character, featured in his pocket cartoons, is portrayed as a witness to the making of democracy. Anthropologist Ritu G. Khanduri notes, "R. K. Laxman structures his cartoon-news through a plot about corruption and a set of characters. This news is visualized and circulates through the recurring figures of the mantri (minister), the Common Man and the trope of modernity symbolized by the airplane (2012: 304)."


title: R. K. Laxman

text: Laxman also created a popular mascot for the Asian Paints Ltd group called "Gattu" in 1954. He also wrote a few novels, the first one of which was titled "The Hotel Riviera". His cartoons have appeared in Hindi films such as "Mr. & Mrs. '55" and a Tamil film "Kamaraj". His creations also include the sketches drawn for the television adaptation of "Malgudi Days" which was written by his elder brother R. K. Narayan, directed by Shankar Nag, and a Konkan coast based Hindi sitcom, Wagle Ki Duniya. Laxman also drew caricatures of David Low, T.S. Eliot, Bertrand Russell, J.B. Priestly and Graham Greene.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: Laxman was first married to Kumari Kamala, a Bharatanatyam dancer and film actress who began her film career as a child actress named "Baby Kamala" and graduated into adult roles under the name "Kumari Kamala" ("Miss Kamala"). They had no children and after their divorce in 1960 Laxman married his niece whose first name was again Kamala. She was the author and children's book writer Kamala Laxman. In a cartoon series named "The star I never met" in film magazine "Filmfare" he painted a cartoon of Kamala Laxman, with the title "The star I only met!" The couple had a son Srinivas, who worked for a while with "The Times of India" too.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: In September 2003, Laxman suffered a stroke that left him paralysed on his left side. He recovered from it partially. On the evening of 20 June 2010, Laxman was admitted to Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai after being transported by an air ambulance from Pune.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: Laxman died in Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital in Pune on India's Republic Day in 2015 at the age of 93. He was hospitalised three days earlier for a urinary tract infection and chest problems that ultimately led to multiple organ failure. He had reportedly suffered multiple strokes since 2010.A cartoon that Laxman had made following the successful landing of Mangalyaan on Mars was posted by the Indian Space Research Organisation on its Facebook and Twitter pages on 27 January. Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis announced that Laxman would be accorded a state funeral and a memorial would be built in his honour. Laxman's body was kept at the Symbiosis Institute's Pune premises near the "Common Man" statue and his body was cremated at the Vaikunth crematorium.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: Exhibitions of Laxman's cartoons organised by Indian Institute of Cartoonists at Indian Cartoon Gallery.


title: R. K. Laxman

text: (He also wrote a book named "Banker Margiah" in Kannada to create awareness about Banking, about how to open a bank account by a common man. Later a movie was reseased. Which was awarded National Award as well.).


title: Helen Flanagan

text: Helen Flanagan (born 7 August 1990) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Rosie Webster in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" from 2000 to 2012; she reprised the role in 2017, before going on maternity leave on 8 June 2018.


title: Helen Flanagan

text: Flanagan was born in Bury, Greater Manchester, England. She attended Westholme School in Blackburn, Lancashire.


title: Helen Flanagan

text: Flanagan first appeared as Rosie Webster in "Coronation Street" in January 2000. In 2006, she was nominated for the award of "Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress" at the British Soap Awards, losing to Ellis Hollins of "Hollyoaks". In 2007, she was nominated for "Villain of the Year" at the same awards, this time losing to "Coronation Street" co-star Jack P. Shepherd. In 2010, Flanagan appeared in "Coronation Street" spin-off "Coronation Street: A Knights Tale" as her character Rosie Webster. In 2011, she had her own "Coronation Street" spin-off "Just Rosie", which explored her character Rosie Webster trying to build a modelling career in London. Flanagan left "Coronation Street" in February 2012 to pursue other interests.


title: Helen Flanagan

text: In November 2012, Flanagan participated in the twelfth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", finishing in seventh place. In September 2013 she appeared in "Celebrity Super Spa", a reality-television programme based in a Liverpool Salon on Channel 5. In January 2014, Flanagan starred in an episode of "Celebrity Wedding Planner" alongside Hugo Taylor on Channel 5. The following August she appeared as agency nurse Kirsty Brompton in an episode of "Holby City". In October 2016, it was announced Flanagan would reprise her role as Rosie in "Coronation Street" in February 2017. She left on maternity leave in June 2018.


title: Helen Flanagan

text: Flanagan's parents are Roman Catholic; she has expressed that she still feels a connection to her religious roots.


title: Helen Flanagan

text: Flanagan became engaged to Preston North End winger Scott Sinclair on 31 May 2018. They have two daughters, and one son.


title: Helen Flanagan

text: In June 2013, Flanagan and Sinclair's house in Prestbury, Cheshire was burgled. Flanagan was at home on the night of the incident; the thieves escaped with a mobile phone and items of jewellery. She was reported by her spokesman to be "naturally very shaken" but "unharmed".


title: Helen Flanagan

text: In October 2022, the media reported that her relationship with Scott Sinclair had finished after 13 years.


title: Dash (boutique)

text: Dash (stylized as DASH) was a boutique clothing and accessory chain founded in 2006 by the Kardashian sisters (Kim Kardashian, Kourtney Kardashian and Khloé Kardashian). , the chain had three locations in the United States. As of April 2018, all locations have closed after 11 years of operation.


title: Dash (boutique)

text: The first Dash boutique was opened in Calabasas, California in 2006. The original store was subsequently relocated to West Hollywood in 2012. The retail stores have appeared on reality television series about the Kardashian family, "Keeping Up with the Kardashians", which premiered in 2007 on the E! cable network. Kim Kardashian has disclosed that she initially wanted "Keeping Up with the Kardashians" to focus more on their stores in order to bring people's attention and later said that she "didn't think it would turn into what it turned into."


title: Dash (boutique)

text: The third store was opened on November 3, 2010, in the SoHo district of Manhattan, New York City. In November 2010, TMZ reported that the store maintained to bring in an average gross of $50,000 every day since it’s opening date; on Black Friday the store brought in over $100,000. The store closed in December 2016 due to high rent.


title: Dash (boutique)

text: In the summer of 2014, the sisters opened a pop-up retail store in Southampton, New York, which was featured in "Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons", another spin-off series.


title: Dash (boutique)

text: In April 2018, Kardashian-West announced the closure of all Dash stores via a statement through her website. She furthermore explained the reasoning behind the closure stating her and her sisters have all grown individually and have their own brands to focus on, along with being moms.


title: Dash (boutique)

text: The television series entitled "Dash Dolls" premiered on the E! cable network, on September 20, 2015. The reality series "follow[s] the lives of the Kardashian sisters' young, fun and hot D-A-S-H boutiques employees as they navigate the hectic life of a twenty-something in Hollywood while representing the Kardashian brand."


title: Killing It

text: Killing It is an American comedy streaming television series starring Craig Robinson. The pilot episode premiered on Peacock on March 31, 2022, while the rest of the season premiered on April 14. In June 2022, the series was renewed for a second season.


title: Killing It

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 89% of nine critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6/10. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 70 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: New York Friars Club

text: The Friars Club is a private club in New York City. Famous for its risqué roasts, the club's membership is composed mostly of comedians and other celebrities. Founded in 1904, it is located at 57 East 55th Street, between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue, in the historic Martin Erdmann House (now known as the Monastery).


title: New York Friars Club

text: The organization traces its roots to 1904, when representatives of the Broadway theaters working with New York publicists organized the Press Agents' Association to exchange lists of people who were fraudulently receiving complimentary passes to shows. The group regularly met at Browne's Chop House. Shortly thereafter it began its tribute dinners to theatrical celebrities, the first being Clyde Fitch. The impresario Oscar Hammerstein was toasted in 1908, the year in which the Friars moved into a clubhouse at 107 West 47th Street.


title: New York Friars Club

text: The first Friars Frolics were held in 1911, with Abbot George M. Cohan working with Will Rogers, Irving Berlin (who wrote "Alexander's Ragtime Band" for the event), and Victor Herbert; the money generated by the Frolics enabled them to purchase 106-108-110 West 48th Street. Under Abbot Cohan it laid a cornerstone on the building in 1915. In 1924, Walter Donaldson wrote the music for "My Blue Heaven" one afternoon while waiting in the club for his turn at the billiard table.


title: New York Friars Club

text: In 1950 Sam Levenson and fellow comedian Joe E. Lewis were the first members of the New York Friars Club to be roasted. The club has roasted a member every year since the inaugural roasting.


title: New York Friars Club

text: Between 1998 and 2002, the club's roasts were aired on Comedy Central, which then began organizing its own annual roasts.


title: New York Friars Club

text: The Friars Club moved into its current headquarters in 1957, an English Renaissance mansion built for Speyer & Company investment banker Martin Erdmann by architects Alfredo S. G. Taylor and Levi in 1908. Friars Club roasts were first televised in the late 1960s, first as part of the "Kraft Music Hall" series and later "The Dean Martin Show". From 1998 to 2002, Comedy Central broadcast the roasts.


title: New York Friars Club

text: In 1999, Cinemax aired "Let Me In, I Hear Laughter: A Salute to the Friars Club" directed by Dean Ward. It featured previously unseen footage of roasts and interviews with Friars such as Milton Berle, Buddy Hackett, Sid Caesar, Steve Allen, Henny Youngman, Jeffrey Ross, Larry King, Ed McMahon, and Phyllis Diller.


title: New York Friars Club

text: In 2008, the Friars Club began a stand-up comedy competition, "So You Think You Can Roast!?" On October 24 of that year, the winner performed at the Friars Club roast of Matt Lauer. The inaugural Friars Club Comedy Film Festival was held in September 2009, opening with the American premiere of the Coen Brothers' "A Serious Man". In 2013, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission proposed designating the Martin Erdmann House as a New York City landmark. The clubhouse was designated as a landmark on November 22, 2016.


title: New York Friars Club

text: Frederick F. Schrader is credited with suggesting "Friars" as the organization's name. Following the theme, their monthly newsletter is the "Epistle". Officers of the Club (as distinct from the Friars Foundation) are given monastic titles: Larry King was the dean, Freddie Roman was the Dean Emeritus. Jerry Lewis was the Abbot, named in 2006 during a roast in New York City. Previous abbots have included Alan King, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan and George M. Cohan.


title: New York Friars Club

text: In the 1960s, the Friars Club, the Lambs Club, and the Players Club were often confused. The columnist Earl Wilson put it this way in 1964: "Long ago a New Yorker asked the difference between the Lambs, Friars, and Players, since the membership was, at the time, predominantly from Broadway." It was left to "a wit believed to have been George S. Kaufman" to draw the distinction: "The Players are gentlemen trying to be actors, the Lambs are actors trying to be gentlemen, and the Friars are neither trying to be both."


title: New York Friars Club

text: In its debut year, the festival featured the US premiere of the Coen brothers’ Academy Award–nominated film "A Serious Man". Other festival highlights include screenings of Lena Dunham’s "Tiny Furniture", Christopher Morris’s "Four Lions", and the Oscar-winning short "God of Love". In 2011, Jerry Lewis and Russel Simmons presented a comedy achievement award to Brett Ratner. In 2012, the festival hosted America Ferrera and David Cross, stars of the opening film "It's a Disaster". According to "The Wall Street Journal", "The festival has quietly become one of the city's most sharply curated cinema gatherings. It takes the funny business seriously."


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power station located on the eastern shore of Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada. It occupies 932 ha (2300 acres) of land. The facility derives its name from Bruce Township, the local municipality when the plant was constructed, now Kincardine due to amalgamation. With eight CANDU pressurized heavy-water reactors, it was the world's largest fully operational nuclear generating station by total reactor count and the number of currently operational reactors until 2016, when it was exceeded in nameplate capacity by South Korea's Kori Nuclear Power Plant.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Formerly known as the Bruce Nuclear Power Development (BNPD), the facility was constructed in stages between 1970 and 1987 by the provincial Crown corporation, Ontario Hydro. In April 1999 Ontario Hydro was split into 5 component Crown corporations with Ontario Power Generation (OPG) taking over all electrical generating stations. In June 2000, OPG entered into a long-term lease agreement with private sector consortium Bruce Power to take over operation. In May 2001, Bruce Power began operations. The lease was for 18 years until 2019 with an option to extend another 25 years to 2044.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In November 2009, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) renewed Bruce Power's operating licences for 5 years until 2014 and gave permission to refuel units 1 and 2. In May 2014, the CNSC extended the licence to May 2015 and public hearings were scheduled for early 2015 in Ottawa and Kincardine. A new operating licence was granted for 1 June 2015, until 31 May 2020 and was renewed again from 1 October 2018 until 30 September 2028.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The power plant comprises eight CANDU pressurized heavy-water reactors arranged into two plants (A and B) with four reactors each. Each reactor stands within a reinforced concrete containment. The steam generators are 12 m tall, and weigh 100 tonnes each. Each plant uses three fueling machines, shared between the four reactors, which travel in a duct cut through solid rock beneath the reactors, traversing the entire plant. The duct doubles as part of the pressure relief system, connected to the vacuum building. Each reactor has its own turbine generator set, with one high-pressure turbine and three low-pressure turbines driving one generator. The turbine hall is about 400 m long at each plant and houses the four turbine generator sets. Cooling water is taken from Lake Huron. There is (originally) one control room per 4 reactors.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Construction of Bruce A began in 1969, making it the successor to the Pickering A plant. Bruce A units were originally rated at 750 MWe net / 805 MWe gross, which was later increased to 769 MWe net / 825 MWe gross. the Bruce A units were capable of producing up to 779 MWe net according to IESO generator data. Each reactor requires 6240 fuel bundles that weigh 22.5 kg each, or about 140 tonnes of fuel. There are 480 fuel channels per reactor, containing 13 bundles each. There is storage capacity for about 23,000 bundles. Approximately 18 bundles are discharged per reactor per day.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The original Bruce A steam generators utilized a separate large horizontal shared steam drum (with one steam drum common to four steam generators), a design dropped in most other plants at the time. Issues related to the AECL requested design of the tube supports caused repair and delay costs, which exceeded the net worth of the builder Babcock & Wilcox Canada.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Until they were removed in 1998, Bruce A reactors used unique booster rods to control reactivity. Booster rods contained 93% uranium-235, and were inserted to overcome reactor poisoning. Bruce B and all other Ontario Hydro reactors instead use absorber rods called "adjusters" which are normally inserted and are removed to overcome xenon poisoning.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Bruce A demonstrated an "excellent" early operating history. Together with Pickering A, the eight units achieved an overall average capability factor of 83% over the initial five-year period. However, by 2001, when Bruce Power took the lease, all Bruce A units were laid-up.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In December 1997, after about 20 years of operation, it was out of service. In 2005 (after 7 years of being idle) refurbishment started. In September 2012 (15 years out of service) it resumed operation.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 1982, Unit 2 was temporarily shut down due to a pressure-tube leak. In 1986, a fuel channel failed while the reactor was shut down; some of the fuel elements were swept into the moderator (calandria) and were difficult to remove.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 1986, maintenance workers accidentally left a protective lead blanket in the steam generator of Unit 2. By the time the mistake was discovered six years later, the blanket had melted, severely damaging the boiler.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 1982, Unit 3 set a then world record of 494 days of continuous operation and Bruce A was the most reliable multi-unit station in the world.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: From April 1998 onward, Bruce A3 remained idle for 6 years, returning to service in January 2004 (at which time the unit was 32 years old).


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 1993, reactor power was reduced to 60% until various loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) scenarios could be addressed. Subsequently, Bruce A units returned to 89% of rated power.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In March 1998, after about 19 years of operation, unit 4 was taken out of service. It returned to service in October 2003, after 6 years of being idle (at which time the unit was 31 years old).


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Bruce B units, located to the south of Bruce A, are of a slightly larger capacity: 817 MW net, 840 MW gross. which is attributed to an improved steam generator design, where the steam drum is integral to each steam generator in a "light bulb" arrangement, eliminating the horizontal cross-drum.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 1990, a nine-week "impairment" of Bruce B was created when a technician incorrectly set the calibration on radioactivity monitors. In 2007, Bruce B 7 was the top performing nuclear reactor in Ontario with 97.2% performance. and in 2009, Bruce B 5 was first with 95.4% performance.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2009 total site output hit 1,002 TWh, making it the first nuclear power plant in the world to produce 1 PWh (1,000 TWh). Gravelines in France achieved the same in 2010.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: After Units 1–2 completed refurbishment activities and were brought back online in 2012, Bruce became the largest operating nuclear generation facility in the world by both the number of currently operational reactors and total net output capacity, having a total of 8 operational CANDU nuclear reactors with a combined output of 6,384 MW net (7,276 MW gross) when all units are online. (The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Japan had a larger total output capacity, but it has been out of service since 2011.)


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: As of 2008, the Bruce station had three double-circuit 500 kV transmission lines to feed the major load centres in southern Ontario, in addition to three double-circuit 230 kV lines serving the local area.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2006, OPA had proposed increasing transmission line capacity, at a cost of between $200–600 million, described as "the largest electricity transmission investment in Ontario in the last 20 years." The line was completed in June 2012, several months ahead of schedule, with over 700 towers built for the 180 kilometre line to Milton. The project ranked 45th in Renew Canada's annual list.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Compared to the other major Canadian nuclear power plant built earlier, Pickering station, the Bruce reactors have higher power output, achieved by: increasing the number of fuel channels, increasing the number of bundles per channel, and a change in the fuel bundle itself.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: At Bruce, the fuelling equipment is shared by the four reactors of each plant, while at Pickering each reactor had a fuelling machine.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The Bruce fuelling machine and fuel channel end fitting design (mostly by Canadian General Electric) is based on the Nuclear Power Demonstration design. The Pickering design by AECL was based on Douglas Point.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The building design of the reactor differs: Bruce uses a squarish "close-in" design, in which as much of the equipment as possible is arranged outside the main containment envelope for easier access during maintenance and emergencies. The steam generators penetrate the containment. The primary coolant pumps and primary piping systems are inside the containment enclosure, but the pump motors are outside containment and the drive shaft seals form the containment boundary. Pickering has round domes which enclose much of the secondary cooling equipment.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Bruce A was projected to cost billion (1969), and actually cost $1.8 billion (1978), a 100% over-run. Bruce B was projected to cost $3.9 billion (1976), and actually cost $6 billion (1989) in "dollars of the year," a 50% over-run. These figures are better than for Pickering B or Darlington (at 350%, not accounting for inflation).


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: On 1 January 2016, Bruce Power began receiving a single contracted price for all output from the site of per megawatt-hour (MWh). This price is partially adjusted annually to account for inflation and wage growth, with additional monthly fuel cost adjustments, and it includes a small payment for Bruce's unique ability to curtail up to 2400 MW of generation (total across all eight units – up to 300 MW per individual unit) via steam bypass operation during periods of surplus generation.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: During the course of the refurbishment of Units 3–6, the price will be raised in steps to cover individual reactor refurbishment costs, with each increase starting 12 months prior to the start of each individual refurbishment. Each increase will last only until that unit's refurbishment costs, which are fixed prior to refurbishment start, have been recovered. The average price per MWh that will be paid to Bruce Power for all electricity generated from 2016 to 2064 (covering the entire refurbishment period for Units 3–6 plus the entire expected remaining post-refurbishment lifetimes of all eight Bruce Power reactors (including the two that were already refurbished) was estimated to be approximately /MWh in 2017 dollars by the Financial Accountability Office of Ontario. In contrast, the estimated average price of nuclear electricity from all three Ontario nuclear plants during that same 2016–2064 period was estimated to be /MWh in 2017 dollars, the 2017–2018 unit cost of Ontario nuclear power was /MWh, and the current price of electricity for "most residential and small business customers" was /MWh (prior to the Fair Hydro Plan) or (after the Fair Hydro Plan).


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: During the Northeast Blackout of 2003 three Bruce B units continued running at 60% reactor power and 0% grid electrical power. They were able to do so for hours, because they had steam bypass systems designed to de-couple the reactor output from the generator electrical output. The three units were reconnected to the grid within 5 hours. Bruce A and B stations were designed to operate indefinitely while disconnected from the grid.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: "Contrary to popular belief, the electrical generators of nuclear plants can follow the load demands of the electrical grid provided specific engineered systems to permit this mode of operation are included in the plant design."


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Cobalt-60 (Co) can be produced in a CANDU reactor by using adjuster rods made primarily out of Co (instead of the normal stainless steel), which is slowly transmuted into Co via neutron activation (Co + n → Co). These now-intensely-radioactive cobalt-60 adjuster rods are then "harvested" (removed and replaced with fresh Co adjuster rods) after one to three years of use in the reactor during a routine reactor shutdown, and are later processed into sealed Co sources of varying intensities by Nordion. The Bruce nuclear power plant has been producing Co since the 1980s, and almost all of the world's supply of Co comes from various CANDU nuclear reactors, with Bruce being the single largest supplier. , Bruce supplied over 40% of the world's Co. This rose to over 50% by 2016, with Pickering supplying approximately another 20% of global demand. In 2016, Bruce extended their contract with Nordion for the continued supply of Co to cover the entire projected post-refurbishment life of the Bruce reactors, which are expected to operate until 2064.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Bruce also began producing High Specific Activity (HSA) Co in 2016, which is designed for highly specialized medical uses such as cancer treatment and had been primarily produced at the NRU reactor for the past 60+ years (which was originally scheduled to be shut down in 2016, but will be kept online until 31 March 2018 due to the general worldwide lack of sufficient replacement medical isotope production capacity for several critical isotopes such as molybdenum-99). As the NRU produces over two-thirds of the world's HSA Co, Bruce's ability to supply HSA Co will become critical to help fill the immense production gap left by the NRU once it is decommissioned in 2018. OPG and Bruce Power are collaborating on an effort to expand Co production to the Bruce A and Darlington reactors in order to fully cover Pickering's production (which will end when the plant is decommissioned in 2024) in addition to the inevitable gaps in Co production capacity that will be caused by the upcoming refurbishments of six of Bruce's reactors (Units A 3–4 & Units B 5–8), as well as all four of Darlington's reactors. They are also working on expanding the production of HSA Co to more reactors.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2017, Bruce Power became the first Canadian recipient of a Top Innovative Practice (TIP) award from the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) for its ongoing work with Nordion to produce cobalt-60.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Bruce Power is working with Framatome to develop the capability to "produce shorter half-life radioisotopes (such as molybdenum-99, lutetium-177 and iridium-192)" using Areva's proprietary technology for the on-line production of radioisotopes in heavy water reactors. Areva will design and supply the system for installation in the existing Bruce units.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In June 2018, Bruce Power and ITG (a subsidiary of Isotopen Technologien München (ITM)) announced the start of a joint effort to explore producing lutetium-177 in Bruce's reactors, with ITG planned to manage the development, processing, and distribution of lutetium-177. The initial Isotope Production System (IPS), producing Lu-177, came online in January 2022.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Retubing of Bruce A units was planned in 1992, but deferred, as Ontario Hydro had a surplus of generation at the time.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In late 2005, Bruce Power and the Government of Ontario committed to return units 1 and 2 to service, to help meet increasing energy demand in the province of Ontario. The project was originally estimated to cost $4.25 billion. It was determined that while Units 1 & 2 could have been restarted without refurbishment, it was economically advantageous to do so, since refurbishment would have been soon required. The goal is to keep Units 1 & 2 in service until 2043, 66 years after original commissioning.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The refurbishment required pressure tube and calandria tube replacement, steam generator replacement, shutdown System 2 (SDS2) enhancement, an upgrade of turbine control systems, replacing original analog controls with a DCS and significant other work and maintenance (for example, replacement of 30 transformers containing PCBs).


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: A new fuel bundle design (Low Void Reactivity Fuel, LVRF) was considered, using slightly enriched (1% U-235 fuel pellets, within a CANFLEX 43-element bundle compared to the existing 37-element bundle.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2006 and 2007, the restart project was judged to be the largest infrastructure project in Canada by "ReNew Canada" magazine. In April 2007, the auditor general reviewed the refurbishment deal In August 2007, estimated cost for the project had grown to $5.25 billion when Bruce Power decided to replace all 480 fuel channels in Unit 4, which will extend its working life to 2036, in line with the other 3 units of Bruce A. In 2008, due to difficulties developing the necessary robotics, the estimated cost of restarting Units 1 and 2 rose between $400 and $700 million. As of 2008, the project remained on schedule.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In January 2010, up to 217 workers were potentially exposed to radiation during the refurbishment. 27 workers may have received 5 mSv, a level well below the level that can affect human health. Only one lab in Canada (at Chalk River) was qualified to do the testing. Bruce Power had to seek permission to use alternative labs.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2010, a plan to transport decommissioned, low-level radioactive steam generators to Sweden via the Great Lakes caused controversy. The CNSC approved the plan in February 2011.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: As of January 2011, fuel channel installation in Unit 2 was complete. The CNSC gave the operator the green light to restart Unit 2 on 16 March 2012. However, the reactor was shut down the next day after a leak was discovered in the moderator system.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2011, refurbishment of Unit 1 and 2, scheduled to be complete 2009, was predicted for 2012. In 2011, the cost had totaled $3.8 billion; the final cost was expected to be $4.8 billion. The original 2005 estimate was $2.75 billion.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: On 16 October 2012, Unit 2 was connected to the provincial electricity grid for the first time in 17 years.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2013, final costs were estimated at $4.8 billion, up from an original estimate of $2.75 billion, and the project ran "far behind" schedule.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In October 2013, under the Ontario Long Term Energy Plan (LTEP) 2013, Ontario announced plans to refurbish six reactors at the Bruce plant beginning with Bruce A4 in 2016. Other units would follow at intervals. Bruce Power estimated the cost at about $2 billion per unit, or $12 billion for six. The price of the power from these units was expected to be in the range of ~$60–$70 per MWh.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2016, Bruce Power started a $13 billion refurbishment program for "major component replacement on Units 3–8 in 2020, starting in Unit 6". According to Bruce Power, this multi-year plan "will generate between 1,500 and 2,500 jobs on site annually – and 18,000 across Ontario directly and indirectly – while injecting up to $4 billion annually into Ontario's economy".


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The Bruce station area is the site of OPG's Western Waste Management Facility (WWMF). The WWMF stores the low-level waste and intermediate level nuclear waste from operating its 20 nuclear reactors, including those leased to Bruce Power. As of 2009, there were 11 low level storage buildings.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The WWMF provides dry nuclear fuel storage for the Bruce reactors. The Nuclear Waste Management Organization was mandated in 2002 by the Nuclear Fuel Waste Act to submit a proposal for the long-term management, which was submitted to the Minister of Natural Resources in November 2005 and approved by the government in June 2007. it is seeking a separate site in Canada for a permanent repository for the used fuel from all of Canada's nuclear reactors.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2013, OPG proposed to construct a Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) for long-term storage of low-and-intermediate level waste on lands adjacent to WWMF. The proposed DGR would be about 680 metres below surface.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In 2007, the Ontario Power Authority had recommended in a plan submitted to the Ontario Energy Board, to build a new nuclear power station consisting of at least two reactors. The leading candidate was AECL's Advanced CANDU Reactor. Since 2008, environmental assessments have been underway both at Bruce and at Ontario Power Generation's Darlington Nuclear Generating Station.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: There are more than 56 kilometres of roads on site, and at least 25 major structures. The site has its own fire department, laundry and medical centre.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Encompassed by the Bruce site is the shut-down Douglas Point reactor, an earlier version of the CANDU design. Construction began in 1960; was operational in 1967; and was shut down in 1984. The present Bruce reactors "each" are roughly 4 times the capacity of the 200 MW Douglas Point unit.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The Bruce Heavy Water Plant (BHWP) also occupied the site. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited contracted the Lummus Company of Canada Limited in 1969 to design and construct the first phase of the plant, while Ontario Hydro was responsible for commissioning and operating.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: During its lifetime, BHWP produced 16,000 tonnes of reactor grade heavy water. Capacity of each sub-plant was planned to be 800 tonnes/annum. The plant size was approximately 960 m by 750 m. The heavy water was 99.75% pure.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Steam from Bruce A could be diverted to the Bruce Bulk Steam System (BBSS) to provide energy for the production of heavy water (750 MW thermal), to heat buildings within the development (15 MW th), or to provide energy (72 MW th) for the adjacent Bruce Energy Centre (BEC). The BEC supported industries such as greenhouses and plastic manufacturers. As one of the largest bulk steam systems in the world, this system could produce 5,350 MW of medium-pressure process steam, and had over 6 km of piping. It was demolished by the end of 2006. Because of the requirement to provide steam, the Bruce A turbines were undersized relative to the reactor power.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: OPG owns the nearby 288 ha Inverhuron Provincial Park on Lake Huron, bordering Inverhuron, 14 km north-east of Kincardine, which is not part of the Bruce site proper, and leases it to the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. As a condition of the operating licence for Bruce Nuclear, OPG retained a 914 m radius exclusion zone in the northwest corner of the park. After operating over 25 years the park campground was phased out in 1976, because of safety concerns related to the heavy water production. When heavy water was no longer produced, the park campground was allowed to re-open in 2000 on the same spot.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The heated water released back into Lake Huron by the plant prevents the surrounding shoreline from freezing over during winter and attracts an inordinate concentration of lake fish, which in turn attracts droves of bald eagles wintering in the area. Numbers peak around late February to early March and it is not uncommon for visitors to observe several dozen eagles in and around the general vicinity of the plant at any given time during these months.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: On 23 September 2001, a man whose boat capsized on Lake Huron near the Bruce complex squeezed through a gate, entered an office building and phoned for help—all undetected.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: Before the 2001 September 11 attacks, mandate of the security team was to delay attackers for 17 minutes, until local police could respond. Reliance was on passive measures such as fencing and locks.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: The "transformed" post-9/11 security team is described as being larger than the police force of the city of Kingston, i.e. equivalent to the force of a city of 100,000. Force members are permitted to carry firearms, and have powers of arrest. The force possesses armoured vehicles, water craft, and the plant is now triple-fenced.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: In May 2008, the Bruce Nuclear Response Team (NRT) won the U.S. National SWAT Championship (USNSC), defeating 29 other teams from 4 countries, the first time a Canadian team won an international SWAT event. They won again in 2009, 2010, and 2011.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: After 9/11, tours of the plant area were discontinued, although there is a visitor centre outside of the site.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: According to the Bruce County emergency plan, "The Municipality of Kincardine will coordinate the emergency response concerns of a nuclear emergency situation resulting from an accident at the Bruce Power Site in the Municipality of Kincardine". Kincardine is required to maintain a warning system within 3 km of the plant, and has a network of 10 warning stations equipped with sirens and strobes.


title: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

text: A variety of radiation monitoring measures are in place. Milk samples from local farms are collected weekly. Drinking water at treatment plants in Kincardine and Southampton is sampled twice daily, and tested weekly. Ground water is sampled from several surface water, shallow and deep well locations. Aquatic sediment and fish are analysed, as well as livestock feed, honey, eggs, fruits and vegetables.


title: Phidippus audax

text: Phidippus audax or the bold jumping spider is a common species of spider belonging to the genus "Phidippus", a group of jumping spiders easily identified by their large eyes and their iridescent chelicerae. Like all jumping spiders, they have excellent stereoscopic vision that aids them in stalking prey and facilitates visual communication with potential mates during courting. Bold jumping spiders are native to North America and have been introduced to Hawaii, Nicobar Islands, Azores, and the Netherlands. They are typically black with a distinct white triangle on their abdomen.


title: Phidippus audax

text: Bold jumping spiders are solitary carnivores that use their highly specialized eyesight to actively hunt and stalk prey. They prey on a variety of insects and non-insect terrestrial arthropods such as caterpillars, dragonflies, grasshoppers, and other spiders. They are one of the most common spiders found in agricultural areas and have been studied to determine their impact on crop pest populations. Unlike most spiders, bold jumpers do not build webs to catch prey.


title: Phidippus audax

text: These spiders can be found in temperate climates in a variety of terrestrial habitats including grasslands, chaparrals, open woodlands, and agricultural fields. The bold jumper is one of the most commonly occurring spider species within its range and is often found living in close proximity to humans. Bites from "Phidippus audax" are rare but may occur if they feel threatened or are mishandled. They are generally harmless but is recommended that if bitten, victims wash the area with water and a mild soap.


title: Phidippus audax

text: "Phiddipus audax" are commonly referred to as "bold jumping spiders" or "bold jumpers". The species name, "audax," is a Latin adjective meaning "audacious" or "bold". This name was first used to describe the species by French arachnologist Nicholas Marcellus Hentz, who described the spider as being, "very bold, often jumping on the hand which threatens it". Bold jumpers belongs to the jumping spider family, "Salticidae", which is derived from the Latin word "saltare" meaning "to jump".


title: Phidippus audax

text: The bold jumping spider is believed to have first been described in 1833 by French entomologist, Pierre-Hippolyte Lucas, who named the spider "Salticus variegatus". In 1845, Nicholas Marcellus Hentz published his work describing a species he called Attus audax. These types were believed to be the same species, but due to the loss of specimens there was much confusion about their identities. In 1846, Carl Ludwig Koch created the genus "Phidippus" in which "Phidippus variegatus" (Lucas) and "Phidippus audax" (Hentz) were considered separate species, with southern specimens regarded as "Phidippus variegatus" and northern specimens regarded as "Phidippus audax". However, the use of "Phidippus audax" was favored and further research concluded that they were the same species. The name "Salticus variegatus" has since been declared "nomen oblitum".


title: Phidippus audax

text: The bold jumper is a member of the genus "Phidippus" and belongs to the "Salticidae" family. This family is distinguished by their highly evolved stereoscopic vision and unique hunting behavior. In 2004, Glavis Bernard Edwards, a taxonomic entomologist specializing in spiders, published a study in which he analyzed specimens of the genus "Phidippus" and hypothesized their taxonomic placement. "Phidippus audax" was placed in a clade with "Phidippus princeps, Phidippus pulcherrimus, Phidippus bidentatus, Phidippus felinus, and Phidippus workmani". These species were distinguished by the presence of partial vertical ridges in the central distal part of the palea. "Phidippus bidentatus" was hypothesized to be the closest relative of "Phidippus audax" because they share the synapomorphy of having the male endive concave laterally.


title: Phidippus audax

text: The adult female bold jumper ranges from 8-15 mm in body length. The males are smaller and adults range from 6-13 mm in body length. They are typically black with an ovoid abdomen and round cephalothorax. The presence of a distinct white triangle in the center of the back with two smaller spots below it is often used to distinguish this species. On the upper abdomen, there is a lateral white band. Bold jumpers are often recognized by their powerful legs that they use to jump. The legs and pedipalp have white banding with fringes that are more prominent in males. In females, the fourth pair of legs are typically the longest while in males the first pair of legs are the longest. The chelicerae are iridescent green. The adult males chelicerae and markings are much more striking than the females and they have tufts of hair over their eyes. In spiderlings, markings are usually orange and turn white as the spider matures. Bold jumpers may also vary in size and coloration amongst different populations.


title: Phidippus audax

text: Like all jumping spiders, bold jumpers have exceptional eyesight. Their unique visual system is widely regarded as the best amongst all spiders and plays an important role in courtship, hunting, and observational learning. Bold jumpers have four pairs of eyes arranged in a semi-circe around their head, allowing them to see nearly 360° around them. The forward-facing eyes are the largest and are known as the principal eyes or the anterior median (AM) eyes. The retina of these eyes are able to rotate, allowing them to follow a moving target. These eyes have the greatest resolution and are able to see color. The remaining three pairs of eyes are known as the secondary eyes. The first pair of secondary eyes are the anterior lateral (AL) eyes. They are responsible for detecting approaching or "looming" objects. Next is the posterior median (PM) eyes and the posterior lateral (PL) eyes. These eyes help detect motion from the sides and behind.


title: Phidippus audax

text: Bold jumpers are solitary carnivores. They rely on their highly specialized eyesight to actively hunt and capture live prey. Because they rely on their eyesight, they are diurnal. They are often found hunting on fence posts and plants leaves, stems, and branches. Bold jumpers prey on a variety of insects and non-insect terrestrial arthropods such as caterpillars, dragonflies, grasshoppers, and other spiders. As one of the most common spiders found in agricultural areas, they consume many crop pests including bollworms, boll weevils, spotted cucumber beetles, sorghum midges, fall webworms, cotton leaf worms, cotton fleahopper, tarnished plant bugs, stink bugs, lotus bugs, three-cornered alfalfa hoppers, and leafhoppers. For many of these species, bold jumpers feeds on both the larval and adult forms. The size of the prey is correlated with the size of the spider. Spiderlings feed on smaller prey than adults. Feeding habits also differ by sex. Females tend to spend more time feeding and consume more and larger prey than males.


title: Phidippus audax

text: When "Phidippus audax" finds it's prey, it first orients itself so its anterior medianl (AM) eyes are facing the prey. It then stalks its prey, slowly approaching until it is within jumping distance. Once close enough, it crouches and releases a silk dragline that will tether the spider if it falls or misses its target. Next, it pounces with its legs raised. It grasps onto its prey with its forelegs while sinking its fangs into the prey, immobilizing it with its venom. Bold jumpers are able to distinguish between different types or prey and adjust their attack accordingly. They have been observed attacking loopers from the front and biting their head in order to avoid being stricken by it. Contrasting this, when attacking flies, they avoid attacking from the front in order to avoid alarming the fly and causing it to fly away. Although bold jumpers don't build webs of their own, they have been observed invading the webs of other spiders to steal freshly caught insects or attack the spiders themselves. Bold jumpers have extra-oral digestion and use their fangs to suck the liquid out their prey.


title: Phidippus audax

text: About 10 days after oviposition, spiderlings hatch within the egg-sac. After hatching, they complete their first molt within the egg-sac and do not emerge for another 10-14 days. They emerge as second instars that are free-living and capable of hunting. After emerging, spiderlings often disperse through ballooning. Bold jumpers continue to mature through 6-7 more instars. Every instar, with the exception of the first, completes its molt within a molting web. They enclose themselves in this web to shed their exoskeleton. After each molt, they emerge larger. Females usually require one more instar than males and reach maturity a few weeks later. This is likely because they are larger and need more time to develop. On average, bold jumpers take about 9 months from oviposition to reach sexual maturity.


title: Phidippus audax

text: In the northern part of its range, bold jumpers overwinter as immatures. In preparation, these spiders envelop themselves in sac-like silk shelters hidden underneath rocks and bark. These shelters help conceal and protect the spider. As temperatures drop, spiders enter a state of dormancy called diapause, during which development is halted. Spiders emerge in the spring and complete their final molts. They are typically ready to mate by late spring or early summer. In a laboratory study, the lifespan of bold jumpers was a little over a year with females living a couple months longer than males.


title: Phidippus audax

text: After completing their final molts, bold jumpers are fully developed and ready to mate. A male prepares for mating by constructing a small silk mat upon which he releases his sperm from his testes and then draws it into each of his two emboli. The male then begins to search for a female. Females emit pheromones in their draglines that males can detect through contact with chemoreceptors in their pedipalps. This provides the male with information about the females reproductive status and aids in his search.


title: Phidippus audax

text: Because males mature before females, they often encounter an immature female's nest when searching for a mate. In an attempt to increases his chances of mating, he will build a nest next to the female and wait until the females matures for an opportunity to mate. Upon encountering a sexually mature female, he begins a courtship display. In this display, he raises his front legs, then flicks his forelegs, and shakes his pedipalps while moving laterally in a zigzag path. He occasionally pauses in a pose with his legs still raised. The male continues his dance while slowly approaching the female. The female often raises her front legs defensively, sometimes attacking or killing the male. If she receives him, she will lower her legs and remain still, allowing him to mount her back. Facing her posterior, he then uses his legs to repeatedly rotate her in order to insert his emboli into her two epigynum, releasing his sperm. The average copulation event takes about one hour and 18 minutes but ranges anywhere from 14 minutes to two hours and 48 minutes for both northern and southern forms. Males will continue to mate with multiple females but females typically only mate once per reproductive event, from which she can lay up to 6 clutches of eggs before needing to mate again. Reproductive periods are typically in late spring and early summer with the majority of eggs being laid in June and July. In warmer regions, reproduction is extended or continuous.


title: Phidippus audax

text: After mating, a female bold jumper prepares a nest to deposit her eggs. She builds these nest in hidden areas, usually under rocks, bark, and leaves. She starts by first weaving a thin sheet of silk. In the center of this sheet, she begins constructing the egg-sac by weaving a dense bed. Next, she deposits her eggs in the center, containing anywhere from 30-170 eggs over a period of 1.5-3 hours. After she finishes laying, she covers them creating a disk shaped egg-sac. She then weaves a cave like webbing over the sac where she will remain during incubation guarding the eggs and adding more silk periodically. She does not eat during this time period and will not leave the nest until the second instars emerge from the egg-sac a month later.


title: Phidippus audax

text: Bold jumping spiders are native to North America. They are widespread throughout the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico. It is believed they were introduced to the arid regions of the southwest United States, surviving in areas where irrigation is practiced. They were also introduced to Hawaii, Nicobar Islands, Azores, and the Netherlands.