title: Genetic testing

text: Some advertising for DTC genetic testing has been criticized as conveying an exaggerated and inaccurate message about the connection between genetic information and disease risk, utilizing emotions as a selling factor. An advertisement for a BRCA-predictive genetic test for breast cancer stated: “There is no stronger antidote for fear than information.” Apart from rare diseases that are directly caused by specific, single-gene mutation, diseases "have complicated, multiple genetic links that interact strongly with personal environment, lifestyle, and behavior."


title: Genetic testing

text: Ancestry.com, a company providing DTC DNA tests for genealogy purposes, has reportedly allowed the warrantless search of their database by police investigating a murder. The warrantless search led to a search warrant to force the gathering of a DNA sample from a New Orleans filmmaker; however he turned out not to be a match for the suspected killer.


title: Genetic testing

text: As part of its healthcare system, Estonia is offering all of its residents genome-wide genotyping. This will be translated into personalized reports for use in everyday medical practice via the national e-health portal.


title: Genetic testing

text: The aim is to minimise health problems by warning participants most at risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It is also hoped that participants who are given early warnings will adopt healthier lifestyles or take preventative drugs.


title: Genetic testing

text: Genetic testing has also been taken on by private companies, such as 23andMe, Ancestry.com, and Family Tree DNA. These companies will send the consumer a kit at their home address, with which they will provide a saliva sample for their lab to analyze. The company will then send back the consumer’s results in a few weeks, which is a breakdown of their ancestral heritage and possible health risks that accompany it. Other companies, like National Geographic, have conducted public DNA surveys in an effort to better understand global ancestry and heritage. In 2005, National Geographic launched the Genographic Project, which was a fifteen year project that was discontinued in 2020. Over one million people participated in the DNA sampling from more than 140 countries, which made the project the largest of its kind ever conducted. The project asked for DNA samples from indigenous people as well as the general public, which spurred political controversy among some indigenous groups, leading to the coining of the term "biocolonialism".


title: Genetic testing

text: With regard to genetic testing and information in general, legislation in the United States called the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act prohibits group health plans and health insurers from denying coverage to a healthy individual or charging that person higher premiums based solely on a genetic predisposition to developing a disease in the future. The legislation also bars employers from using individuals’ genetic information when making hiring, firing, job placement, or promotion decisions.


title: Genetic testing

text: Although GINA protects against genetic discrimination, Section 210 of the law states that once the disease has manifested, employers can use the medical information and not be in violation of the law, even if the condition has a genetic basis. The legislation, the first of its kind in the United States, was passed by the United States Senate on April 24, 2008, on a vote of 95–0, and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 21, 2008. It went into effect on November 21, 2009.


title: Genetic testing

text: In June 2013 the US Supreme Court issued two rulings on human genetics. The Court struck down patents on human genes, opening up competition in the field of genetic testing. The Supreme Court also ruled that police were allowed to collect DNA from people arrested for serious offenses.


title: Genetic testing

text: Effective as of 25 May 2018, companies that process genetic data must abide by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR is a set of rules/regulations that helps an individual take control of their data information that is collected, used and stored digitally or in a structured filing system on paper, and restricts a company's use of personal data. The regulation also applies to companies who offer products/services outside of the EU.


title: Genetic testing

text: Articles 10 and 11 of the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ "On Personal Data" provide that the processing of special categories of personal data relating to race, nationality, political views, religious or philosophical beliefs, health status, intimate life is allowed if it is necessary in connection with the implementation of international agreements of the Russian Federation on readmission and is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on citizenship of the Russian Federation. Information characterizing the physiological and biological characteristics of a person, on the basis of which it is possible to establish his identity (biometric personal data), can be processed without the consent of the subject of personal data in connection with the implementation of international agreements of the Russian Federation on readmission, administration of justice and execution of judicial acts, compulsory state fingerprinting registration, as well as in cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation on defense, security, anti-terrorism, transport security, anti-corruption, operational investigative activities, public service, as well as in cases stipulated by the criminal-executive legislation of Russia, the legislation of Russia on the procedure for leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation, citizenship of the Russian Federation and notaries.


title: Genetic testing

text: In Russia, scientific DNA testing is being actively carried out in order to study the genetic diversity of the peoples of Russia in the framework of the state task - to learn from DNA to determine the probable territory of human origin based on data on the majority of the peoples of the country. On June 16, 2017, the Council of Ministers of the Union State of Belarus and Russia adopted Resolution No. 26, in which it approved the scientific and technical program of the Union State "Development of innovative genogeographic and genomic technologies for identification of personality and individual characteristics of a person based on the study of gene pools of the regions of the Union State" (DNA- identification).


title: Genetic testing

text: Within the framework of this program, it is also planned to include the peoples of neighboring countries, which are the main source of migration, into the genogeographic study on the basis of existing collections.


title: Genetic testing

text: Some possible future ethical problems of genetic testing were considered in the science fiction film "Gattaca", the novel "Next", and the science fiction anime series "Mobile Suit Gundam Seed". Also, some films which include the topic of genetic testing include "The Island", "", and the "Resident Evil" series.


title: Genetic testing

text: Three to five percent of the funding available for the Human Genome Project was set aside to study the many social, ethical, and legal implications that will result from the better understanding of human heredity the rapid expansion of genetic risk assessment by genetic testing which would be facilitated by this project.


title: Genetic testing

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) have provided new guidelines for the ethical issue of pediatrics genetic testing and screening of children in the United States. Their guidelines state that performing pediatric genetic testing should be in the best interest of the child. In hypothetical situations for adults getting genetically tested 84-98% expressing interest in getting genetically tested for cancer predisposition. Though only half who are at risk of would get tested. AAP and ACMG recommend holding off on genetic testing for late-onset conditions until adulthood. Unless diagnosing genetic disorders during childhood and start early intervention can reduce morbidity or mortality. They also state that with parents or guardians permission testing for asymptomatic children who are at risk of childhood onset conditions are ideal reasons for pediatrics genetic testing. Also, with a donor advocate or similar mechanism should be in place to protect the minors from coercion and to safeguard the interest of said minor.


title: Genetic testing

text: Both AAP and ACMG discourage the use of direct-to-consumer and home kit genetic because of the accuracy, interpretation and oversight of test content.


title: Genetic testing

text: Guidelines also state that if parents or guardians should be encouraged to inform their child of the results from the genetic test if the minor is of appropriate age. If minor is of mature appropriate age and request results, the request should be honored. Though for ethical and legal reasons health care providers should be cautions in providing minors with predictive genetic testing without the involvement of parents or guardians. Within the guidelines AAP and ACMG state that health care provider have an obligation to inform parents or guardians on the implication of test results. To encourage patients and families to share information and even offer help in explain results to extend family or refer them to genetic counseling.


title: Genetic testing

text: AAP and ACMG state any type of predictive genetic testing for all types is best offer with genetic counseling being offer by Clinical genetics, genetic counselors or health care providers.


title: Genetic testing

text: In Israel, uses of DNA testing to determine if people are eligible for immigration. The policy where "many Jews from the Former Soviet Union (‘FSU’) are asked to provide DNA confirmation of their Jewish heritage in the form of paternity tests in order to immigrate as Jews and become citizens under Israel's Law of Return" has generated controversy.


title: Genetic testing

text: The cost of genetic testing can range from under $100 to more than $2,000. This depends on the complexity of the test. The cost will increase if more than one test is necessary or if multiple family members are getting tested to obtain additional results. Costs can vary by state and some states cover part of the total cost.


title: Genetic testing

text: From the date that a sample is taken, results may take weeks to months, depending upon the complexity and extent of the tests being performed. Results for prenatal testing are usually available more quickly because time is an important consideration in making decisions about a pregnancy. Prior to the testing, the doctor or genetic counselor who is requesting a particular test can provide specific information about the cost and time frame associated with that test.


title: Ju Jingyi

text: Ju Jingyi () is a Chinese singer, dancer, and actress. She rose to fame as a member of Chinese idol girl group SNH48.


title: Ju Jingyi

text: As a member of SNH48, during the annual General Elections, she was elected as No.4 (2014), No.2 (2015), No.1 (2016), and No.1 (2017) among over 100 members. As an actress, she is known for her role in the historical romance drama "Legend of Yunxi" (2018) and the fantasy romance drama "The Legend of White Snake" (2019).


title: Ju Jingyi

text: Ju Jingyi was born in Suining, Sichuan. She studied at The Attached Middle School of Sichuan Conservatory of Music, majoring in violin, but dropped out to audition for SNH48.


title: Ju Jingyi

text: On 18 August 2013, Ju Jingyi took part in the audition for second-generation members of SNH48, and was one of the 34 girls who qualified, becoming one of the 31 official second-generation members on 5 September. She made her first public appearance on 21 September, and had started performing weekly at the SNH48 Dream Stage. In November, she became a member of Team NII of SNH48. She participated in SNH48's first major concert, "SNH48 Guangzhou Concert", held in the Guangzhou International Sports Arena on 16 November.


title: Ju Jingyi

text: In May 2014, Ju starred in her first music video, "Football Party". She subsequently ranked fourth during SNH48's first "General Election", during which they released their first album, "Mae Shika Mukanee".


title: Ju Jingyi

text: Ju was ranked second in SNH48's second "General Election", held on 25 July 2015. She became a member of sub-unit Seine River along with Zhao Jiamin and Li Yitong. Their first single "Sweet & Bitter" (苦与甜) was released on 31 October 2015.


title: Ju Jingyi

text: In 2016, Ju made her acting debut in the fantasy drama "", which started airing in July. She also released a soundtrack for the drama, titled "Xue Fei Shuang". On 30 July, during SNH48's third General Election, Ju was ranked first place with over 230,000 votes, the highest ever number of votes received by an SNH48 member. On 17 October, Ju released her first solo single "Everyday". On 10 December, she won the New Television Actress of the Year Award at the Tencent Video Star Awards for her performance in "Novoland: The Castle in the Sky".


title: Ju Jingyi

text: On 7 January 2017, she participated in SNH48's third Request Time, of which her song "Don't Touch", performed with Zeng Yanfen and Zhao Yue, came in first, giving her the opportunity to release her second solo single. On 15 February, she took on her first leading role in the detective web drama, "Detective Samoyeds". The series was a success and broke 10 billion views at the end of its two seasons.


title: Ju Jingyi

text: In May, Ju was announced to be one of the recipients of the "May 4th Medal", awarded by the Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL) to outstanding youths who have made remarkable achievements in agriculture, hi-tech research, news coverage, politics and law, army and police. The same month, Ju released her second EP, "Yes Or No". During SNH48's fourth General Election held on 29 July, Ju came in first with 277781.3 votes, becoming the first SNH48 member to hold the position as the senbatsu center for a consecutive year. In August, she featured in the fantasy drama "", portraying a gentle mute girl.


title: Ju Jingyi

text: On 15 December 2017, it was announced that Ju would depart from SNH48 and continue promotions as a solo artist under Star48. An individual studio and website have been launched to manage her solo career. On 18 December, she released a solo single titled "Rain".


title: Ju Jingyi

text: In 2018, Ju starred in the historical drama "Legend of Yunxi" alongside Zhang Zhehan. She also sung the theme songs for the drama, "The Fallen Flowers Turn into Mud", and "Sigh of Yunxi".


title: Ju Jingyi

text: The series was a commercial hit and received positive reviews for light-hearted and sweet storyline, leading to increased popularity for Ju.


title: Ju Jingyi

text: The same year, Ju starred in the romantic comedy drama "Mr. Swimmer" alongside Mike Angelo. Ju also became one of the judges for the music variety show "The Chinese Youth".


title: Ju Jingyi

text: In 2019, Ju starred in the web series adaptation of the Chinese folktale legend "Legend of the White Snake" alongside Yu Menglong, playing the titular role of Bai Suzhen. She also sung the soundtracks for the drama, including new rendition of classic songs like "Qian Nian Deng Yi Hui" (A Millennium's Wait for a Return), "Du Qing" (Passing Feelings) and "Qing Cheng Shan Xia Bai Suzhen" (Bai Suzhen under Mount Qingcheng). The same year, Ju starred as the female lead in period suspense drama "Please Give Me a Pair of Wings" alongside Aaron Yan. Ju was named as one of the most recognizable Chinese actresses in web dramas by the Hong Kong media, and won the Best Actress award at the China Canada Television Festival Award for her performance in "Legend of Yunxi". Ju entered the "Forbes" China Celebrity 100 list for the first time, ranking 94th. "Forbes China" also listed Ju under their 30 Under 30 Asia 2019 list which consisted of 30 influential people under 30 years old who have had a substantial effect in their fields. In November, Ju released her third EP titled "Love Emergency Report".


title: Ju Jingyi

text: In 2020, Ju appeared in CCTV New Year's Gala for the first time, acting out a skit "Like You Like Me". She starred in the historical romance dramas "In a Class of Her Own" alongside Song Weilong; and "The Blooms at Ruyi Pavilion", which is the unofficial sequel of "Legend of Yunxi" reuniting with "Legend of Yunxi" co-star Zhang Zhehan and supporting stars Xu Jiaqi and Wang Youshuo. She ranked 84th on "Forbes" China Celebrity 100 list.


title: Ju Jingyi

text: Ju has been referred to as a "once in 4,000 years idol" by Chinese fans since 2014; however, due to a slight mistranslation, she has also been called a "once in 4,000 years beauty" by the Japanese media, causing her to receive increased prominence and criticism.


title: Sikh Regiment

text: The Sikh Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army. Sikh regiment is the highest decorated regiment of the Indian Army and in 1979, the 1st battalion was the Commonwealth's most decorated battalion with 245 pre-independence and 82 post-independence gallantry awards, when it was transformed into the 4th battalion, Mechanised Infantry Regiment. The first battalion of the regiment was officially raised just before the partial annexation of the Sikh Empire on 1 August 1846, by the British East India Company. Currently, the Sikh Regimental Centre is located in Ramgarh Cantonment, Jharkhand. The Centre was earlier located in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.


title: Sikh Regiment

text: The modern Sikh Regiment traces its roots directly from the 11th Sikh Regiment of the British Indian Army. When transferred to the Indian Army like its sister regiments, the numeral prefix (in the case of the Sikh Regiment, 11) was removed and extra battalions were raised, transferred or disbanded to meet army needs. With a humble beginning of two battalions, today the fraternity has grown to a regiment of 19 regular infantry and two reserve battalions strong. The 6th battalion takes over as ceremonial battalion of President's palace of India.


title: Sikh Regiment

text: After the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846), Sikhs who lived in the territory ruled by the Sikh Empire (the Punjab region) began to be recruited into the Bengal Army of the British East India Company. Among the earliest entirely Sikh units of the Bengal Army were the Regiment of Ferozepore (raised in 1846) which later became the 14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs, and the Regiment of Ludhiana (also raised in 1846) which later became the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849) more Punjabis began to be recruited into the Bengal Army, forming regiments such as the 1st Bengal Military Police Battalion, which later became the 45th Rattray's Sikhs. Sikh units generally remained loyal to the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which many regiments of the Bengal Army (which mainly recruited from Bengal, Bihar and Awadh) mutinied against their British officers. After the rebellion, troops from Bihar and Awadh were recruited less as they had led the mutiny; the centre of recruitment then shifted to the Punjab and the North-West Frontier, resulting in more Sikhs being recruited into the Bengal Army. A number of new Sikh regiments were raised, such as the 36th Sikhs and 35th Sikhs, both raised in 1887. 21 soldiers of the 36th Sikhs fought in the Battle of Saragarhi against 6,000-10,000 Pashtun tribesmen in 1897 during campaigns in the North-West Frontier, in what is considered by some military historians as one of history's greatest last stands. In 1922 the Indian government reformed the British Indian Army by amalgamating single battalion regiments into multi-battalion regiments; this led to the formation of the 11th Sikh Regiment from the 14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs, the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs, the 45th Rattray's Sikhs, the 36th Sikhs, the 47th Sikhs, and the 35th Sikhs. The 11th Sikh Regiment served during World War II and on the partition of India, the regiment was allotted to the newly formed Indian Army, becoming the Sikh Regiment.


title: Sikh Regiment

text: As part of the British Indian Army, Sikh regiments fought in numerous wars all over the world, such as the Second Opium War in China, the Second Anglo-Afghan War, many campaigns on the North-West Frontier, the Western Front, Gallipoli and Mesopotamia campaigns of the First World War, the Third Anglo-Afghan War, and the North African, Italian and Burma campaigns of the Second World War, earning many gallantry awards and battle honours in the process.


title: Sikh Regiment

text: During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948, the 1st battalion of the Sikh Regiment was the first unit to be airlifted to Srinagar to aid in the defence of the Kashmir Valley against Pakistani irregular forces. Battalions of the Sikh Regiment also fought in the Sino-Indian War in 1962, the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971, and the Kargil War in 1999.


title: Sikh Regiment

text: Sikh regiment is a "single class" regiment. Its soldiers are solely recruited from Jat Sikhs and its officers are non-Jat Sikhs. They are trained at the Sikh Regimental Centre, currently located in Ramgarh Cantonment, Jharkhand. The war cry of the regiment, taken from Sikh scriptures, is "Jo Bole So Nihal, Sat Sri Akal".


title: Sikh Regiment

text: About 5000 Sikh soldiers, some belonging to the regiment, mutinied after the storming of the Golden Temple by the Indian Army as part of Operation Blue Star in 1984. The Sikh Regiment's 9th battalion was disbanded after a large number of its troops mutinied.


title: Sikh Regiment

text: 21 soldiers of the 36th Sikhs were posthumously awarded the Indian Order of Merit for their actions in the Battle of Saragarhi in 1897:


title: Weki Meki

text: Weki Meki (; abbreviated as WEME or WKMK) is a South Korean girl group formed by Fantagio in 2017. The group consists of eight members: Suyeon, Elly, Yoojung, Doyeon, Sei, Lua, Rina, and Lucy.


title: Weki Meki

text: The members started out as trainees under Fantagio i-Teen, a rookie talent development program under Fantagio Entertainment, and were known as i-Teen Girls.


title: Weki Meki

text: In 2015, i-Teen Girls members Kim Do-yeon, Choi Yoo-jung, Lua, Lucy and Elly (as well as former trainees Chu Ye-jin and Lee Soo-min) had numerous cameos in label mates Astro's predebut online web drama "To Be Continued".


title: Weki Meki

text: Elly (as Jung Hae-rim), Choi Yoo-jung, Kim Do-yeon, and Sei (as Lee Seo-jeong, then under LOUDers Entertainment) competed in the Mnet survival television program Produce 101, which aired from January 22 to April 1, 2016. Choi Yoo-jung and Kim Do-yeon were ranked in the final top 11 contestants and debuted in the project girl group I.O.I.


title: Weki Meki

text: Weki Meki released their debut extended play, "Weme" on August 8, 2017. The EP contains six tracks with the lead single titled "I Don't Like Your Girlfriend". The album also features lyrics written by Choi Yoo-jung. A month later, a limited "B Version" of their debut EP was physically released. In November, according to Gaon Music Chart, the EP sold over 47,000 physical copies since its release and marking the highest selling album by a girl group that debuted in 2017.


title: Weki Meki

text: On February 1, 2018, a reality show called "Weki Meki, mohae?" premiered on YouTube. The show had a total of 60 episodes, and lasted until April 1, 2018. The show followed the girls on their 60-day campaign to become an all-around idol.


title: Weki Meki

text: On February 21, 2018, Weki Meki released their second extended play titled "Lucky". The album features a total of six songs including lead single "La La La" and "Butterfly", the latter being a remake of an original soundtrack from the 2009 sports film "Take Off" which the group released in support of the 2018 Winter Olympics.


title: Weki Meki

text: Weki Meki released their first single album "Kiss, Kicks" on October 11, 2018. The album features a total of three tracks including lead single "Crush" with rap portions on the album written by member Yoo-jung.


title: Weki Meki

text: The group released their second single album "Lock End LOL" on May 14, including the lead single "Picky Picky".


title: Weki Meki

text: A repackage version of the single album titled "Week End LOL" with lead single "Tiki-Taka (99%)" release on August 8.


title: Weki Meki

text: On February 6, Fantagio Music confirmed that the group will have a comeback with digital single album "Dazzle Dazzle" on February 20, 2020, and confirmed that member Yoojung will join after her hiatus from October 2019.


title: Weki Meki

text: On May 29, Fantagio released a teaser image for the group's third EP, "Hide and Seek", which was released on June 18, 2020. It consists of five songs, including the title track "Oopsy" and the previously released single "Dazzle Dazzle".


title: Weki Meki

text: On October 8, Weki Meki released their fourth EP, "New Rules", featuring five songs, including the title track "Cool" and its English version "100 Facts", which is their first song in English.


title: Weki Meki

text: On November 18, 2021, Weki Meki released their fifth EP, "I Am Me.", featuring six songs, including the title track "Siesta".


title: Pension fund

text: A pension fund, also known as a superannuation fund in some countries, is any plan, fund, or scheme which provides retirement income.


title: Pension fund

text: Pension funds typically have large amounts of money to invest and are the major investors in listed and private companies. They are especially important to the stock market where large institutional investors dominate. The largest 300 pension funds collectively hold about USD$6 trillion in assets. In 2012, PricewaterhouseCoopers estimated that pension funds worldwide hold over $33.9 trillion in assets (and were expected to grow to more than $56 trillion by 2020), the largest for any category of institutional investor ahead of mutual funds, insurance companies, currency reserves, sovereign wealth funds, hedge funds, or private equity.


title: Pension fund

text: The Federal Old-age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, which oversees $2.66 trillion in assets, is the world's largest public pension fund.


title: Pension fund

text: Open pension funds support at least one pension plan with no restriction on membership while closed pension funds support only pension plans that are limited to certain employees.


title: Pension fund

text: A public pension fund is one that is regulated under public sector law while a private pension fund is regulated under private sector law.


title: Pension fund

text: In certain countries, the distinction between public or government pension funds and private pension funds may be difficult to assess. In others, the distinction is made sharply in law, with very specific requirements for administration and investment. For example, local governmental bodies in the United States are subject to laws passed by the states in which those localities exist, and these laws include provisions such as defining classes of permitted investments and a minimum municipal obligation.


title: Pension fund

text: The pension system in Romania is made of three pillars. One is the state pension (Pillar I – Mandatory), the second is a private mandatory pension where the state transfers a percentage of the contribution it collects for the public pension, and the third is an optional private pension (Pillar III – Voluntary).


title: Pension fund

text: The Financial Supervisory Authority – Private Pension is responsible for the supervision and regulation of the private pension system.


title: Pension fund

text: Social Security Institution was established by the Social Security Institution Law No:5502 which was published in the Official Gazette No: 26173 dated 20.06.2006 and brings the Social Insurance Institution, General Directorate of Bağ-kur and General Directorate of Emekli Sandığı whose historical development are summarized above under a single roof in order to transfer five different retirement regimes which are civil servants, contractual paid workers, agricultural paid workers, self-employers and agricultural self-employers into a single retirement regime that will offer equal actuarial rights and obligations.


title: Pension fund

text: OYAK (Ordu Yardımlaşma Kurumu/Armed Forces Pension Fund) provides its members with "supplementary retirement benefits" apart from the official retirement fund, T.C.Emekli Sandığı/SSK, to which they are primarily affiliated.


title: Pension fund

text: In the United States, pension funds include schemes which result in a deferral of income by employees, even if retirement income provision is not the intent. The United States has $19.1 trillion in retirement and pension assets ($9.1 trillion in private funds, $10 trillion in public funds) as of 31 December 2016. The largest 200 pension funds accounted for $4.540 trillion as of 30 September 2009.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: In the mathematical field of real analysis, the monotone convergence theorem is any of a number of related theorems proving the convergence of monotonic sequences (sequences that are non-decreasing or non-increasing) that are also bounded. Informally, the theorems state that if a sequence is increasing and bounded above by a supremum, then the sequence will converge to the supremum; in the same way, if a sequence is decreasing and is bounded below by an infimum, it will converge to the infimum.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Let formula_1 be such a sequence, and let formula_2 be the set of terms of formula_1. By assumption, formula_2 is non-empty and bounded above. By the least-upper-bound property of real numbers, formula_5 exists and is finite. Now, for every formula_6, there exists formula_7 such that formula_8, since otherwise formula_9 is an upper bound of formula_2, which contradicts the definition of formula_11. Then since formula_12 is increasing, and formula_11 is its upper bound, for every formula_14, we have formula_15. Hence, by definition, the limit of formula_12 is formula_17


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: If formula_12 is a monotone sequence of real numbers (i.e., if "a" ≤ "a" for every "n" ≥ 1 or "a" ≥ "a" for every "n" ≥ 1), then this sequence has a finite limit if and only if the sequence is bounded.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: then the limit of the sums of the rows is equal to the sum of the series whose term "k" is given by the limit of column "k" (which is also its supremum). The series has a convergent sum if and only if the (weakly increasing) sequence of row sums is bounded and therefore convergent.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: where "n" approaches infinity (the limit of this series is e). Here the matrix entry in row "n" and column "k" is


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: the columns (fixed "k") are indeed weakly increasing with "n" and bounded (by 1/"k"!), while the rows only have finitely many nonzero terms, so condition 2 is satisfied; the theorem now says that you can compute the limit of the row sums formula_24 by taking the sum of the column limits, namely formula_25.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: The following result is due to Beppo Levi, who proved a slight generalization in 1906 of an earlier result by Henri Lebesgue. In what follows, formula_26 denotes the formula_27-algebra of Borel sets on formula_28. By definition, formula_26 contains the set formula_30 and all Borel subsets of formula_31


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Let formula_32 be a measure space, and formula_33. Consider a pointwise non-decreasing sequence formula_34 of formula_35-measurable non-negative functions formula_36, i.e., for every formula_37 and every formula_38,


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Remark 2. The theorem remains true if its assumptions hold formula_47-almost everywhere. In other words, it is enough that there is a null set formula_7 such that the sequence formula_49 non-decreases for every formula_50 To see why this is true, we start with an observation that allowing the sequence formula_51 to pointwise non-decrease almost everywhere causes its pointwise limit formula_41 to be undefined on some null set formula_7. On that null set, formula_41 may then be defined arbitrarily, e.g. as zero, or in any other way that preserves measurability. To see why this will not affect the outcome of the theorem, note that since formula_55 we have, for every formula_56


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: provided that formula_41 is formula_35-measurable. (These equalities follow directly from the definition of Lebesgue integral for a non-negative function).


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Remark 4. The proof below does not use any properties of Lebesgue integral except those established here. The theorem, thus, can be used to prove other basic properties, such as linearity, pertaining to Lebesgue integration.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Remark 5 (monotonicity of Lebesgue integral). In the proof below, we apply the monotonic property of Lebesgue integral to non-negative functions only. Specifically (see Remark 4), let the functions formula_61 be formula_35-measurable.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: 2. Let formula_77 be the indicator function of the set formula_78 It can be deduced from the definition of Lebesgue integral that


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: if we notice that, for every formula_80 formula_81 outside of formula_78 Combined with the previous property, the inequality formula_83 implies


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: This proof does "not" rely on Fatou's lemma; however, we do explain how that lemma might be used. Those not interested in this independency of the proof may skip the intermediate results below.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Lemma 1. Let formula_32 be a measurable space. Consider a simple formula_35-measurable non-negative function formula_87. For a subset formula_88, define


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Monotonicity follows from Remark 5. Here, we will only prove countable additivity, leaving the rest up to the reader. Let formula_92, where all the sets formula_93 are pairwise disjoint. Due to simplicity,


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: for some finite non-negative constants formula_95 and pairwise disjoint sets formula_96 such that formula_97. By definition of Lebesgue integral,


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Since all the summands are non-negative, the sum of the series, whether this sum is finite or infinite, cannot change if summation order does. For that reason,


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: To do this "without" using Fatou's lemma, it is sufficient to show that the inverse image of an interval formula_110 under formula_41 is an element of the sigma-algebra formula_112 on formula_113, because (closed) intervals generate the Borel sigma algebra on the reals. Since formula_110 is a closed interval, and, for every formula_115, formula_116,


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Being the inverse image of a Borel set under a formula_35-measurable function formula_120, each set in the countable intersection is an element of formula_112. Since formula_27-algebras are, by definition, closed under countable intersections, this shows that formula_41 is formula_35-measurable, and the integral formula_125 is well defined (and possibly infinite).


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: The definition of formula_41 and monotonicity of formula_128 imply that formula_129, for every formula_115 and every formula_42. By monotonicity (or, more precisely, its narrower version established in Remark 5; see also Remark 4) of Lebesgue integral,


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Note that the limit on the right exists (finite or infinite) because, due to monotonicity (see Remark 5 and Remark 4), the sequence is non-decreasing.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Independent proof. To prove the inequality "without" using Fatou's lemma, we need some extra machinery. Denote formula_136 the set of simple formula_35-measurable functions formula_71 such that


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Step 3a. To prove the first claim, let formula_147, for some finite collection of pairwise disjoint measurable sets formula_96 such that formula_149, some (finite) non-negative constants formula_150, and formula_151 denoting the indicator function of the set formula_152.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: For every formula_153 formula_154 holds if and only if formula_155 Given that the sets formula_152 are pairwise disjoint,


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: formula_159 under the measurable function formula_120 is measurable, and formula_27-algebras, by definition, are closed under finite intersection and unions, the first claim follows.


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Step 3b. To prove the second claim, note that, for each formula_115 and every formula_42, formula_164


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: To prove this, define formula_175. By Lemma 1, formula_176 is a measure on formula_91. By "continuity from below" (Lemma 2),


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Indeed, using the definition of formula_181, the non-negativity of formula_120, and the monotonicity of Lebesgue integral (see Remark 5 and Remark 4), we have


title: Monotone convergence theorem

text: Indeed, by non-negativity, formula_190 and formula_191 For the calculation below, the non-negativity of formula_41 is essential. Applying the definition of Lebesgue integral and the inequality established in Step 5, we have


title: Avie Tevanian

text: Avadis "Avie" Tevanian (born 1961) is an American software engineer. At Carnegie Mellon University, he was a principal designer and engineer of the Mach operating system (also known as the Mach Kernel). He leveraged that work at NeXT Inc. as the foundation of the NeXTSTEP operating system. He was senior vice president of software engineering at Apple from 1997 to 2003, and then chief software technology officer from 2003 to 2006. There, he redesigned NeXTSTEP to become macOS. Apple’s macOS and iOS both incorporate the Mach Kernel, and iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS are all derived from iOS. He was a longtime friend of Steve Jobs.


title: Avie Tevanian

text: Tevanian is from Westbrook, Maine. He is of Armenian descent. Tevanian cloned the 1980s arcade game "Missile Command", giving it the same name in a version for the Xerox Alto, and "Mac Missiles!" for the Macintosh platform. He has a B.A. in mathematics from the University of Rochester and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University. There, he was a principal designer and engineer of the Mach operating system.


title: Avie Tevanian

text: He was Vice President of Software Engineering at NeXT Inc. and was responsible for managing NeXT's software engineering department. There, he designed the NeXTSTEP operating system, based upon his previous academic work on Mach.


title: Avie Tevanian

text: He was senior vice president of software engineering at Apple from 1997 to 2003, and then chief software technology officer from 2003 to 2006. There, he redesigned NeXTSTEP to become macOS, which became iOS.


title: Avie Tevanian

text: In "United States v. Microsoft" in 2001, he was a witness for the United States Department of Justice, testifying against Microsoft.


title: Avie Tevanian

text: Tevanian left Apple on March 31, 2006, and joined the board of Dolby Labs and Theranos, Inc. He resigned from the board of Theranos in late 2007, with an acrimonious ending as he faced legal threats and was forced to waive his right to buy a company cofounder's shares, actions he believed were in retaliation for the skepticism he was often alone in expressing about the company's finances and progress in developing its technology at board meetings. In May 2006, he joined the board of Tellme Networks, which was later sold to Microsoft. On January 12, 2010, he became managing director of Elevation Partners. In July 2015, he cofounded NextEquity Partners and is currently serving as Managing Director.


title: Birth of a Beauty

text: Birth of a Beauty () is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Joo Sang-wook, Han Ye-seul, Jung Gyu-woon and Wang Ji-hye. It aired on SBS from November 1, 2014 to January 11, 2015 for 21 episodes.


title: Birth of a Beauty

text: Story of this Drama is an adapted from 1983 Drama series from Australia titled "Return to Eden" & adapted from 1988 Hindi movie from India titled " Khoon Bhari Maang".


title: Birth of a Beauty

text: Overweight, kind-hearted Sa Geum-ran (Ha Jae-sook) married into a well-to-do family, but her husband Lee Kang-joon (Jung Gyu-woon) has spent the past seven years in the United States for his business, and Sa Geum-ran has lived with her mother-in-law and sisters-in-law who treats her badly. Geum-ran learns that Kang-joon has returned home without telling her, not only that but has been having a secret affair with the sophisticated broadcast announcer Gyo Chae-yeon (Wang Ji-hye), and to worsen that as soon as Kang-joon tells her of his affair he asked for a divorce. When Geum-ran sees her in-laws welcoming Chae-yeon with open arms, the distraught Geum-ran threatens her husband. Devastated, she drove with tears, as it started to pour the road had become slippery and was hard to see, she later on was hit by a car and crashed off a cliff. Everyone assumed that Geum-ran was dead and attends her funeral, not knowing that she's still alive watching them, as she stayed and watched not even her husband or his family came. To get revenge against those who've wronged and betrayed her, Geum-ran begs Han Tae-hee (Joo Sang-wook), who she thought was the plastic surgeon of an extreme-makeover television show "Change", to transform her, and he reluctantly agrees because of his own ulterior motives. After weight loss and surgery, Geum-ran emerges from the full-body makeover as a stunningly beautiful woman, and she begins calling herself with a new name Sara (Han Ye-seul), albeit retaining her coarse ajumma personality. With Tae-hee as her life coach, they scheme to ruin Kang-joon and Chae-yeon's upcoming wedding in three weeks. But as Sara interacts with Kang-joon in their staged run-ins, old feelings resurface, and she decides that instead of destroying him, she wants her husband back. What would happen next as they proceed in their plot but soon learned of a scary conspiracy made by Kang-joon and Chae-yeon for trying to cause Geum-ran's death. Geum-ran survived & her feelings changed towards her ex-husband and how would love stir between her and Tae-hee?


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: Black Skin, White Masks () is a 1952 book by philosopher Frantz Fanon. The book is written in the style of autoethnography, in which Fanon shares his own experiences while presenting a historical critique of the effects of racism and dehumanization, inherent in situations of colonial domination, on the human psyche. There is a double process that is economic and internalized through the epidermalization of inferiority.


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: The violent overtones in Fanon can be broken down into two categories: The violence of the colonizer through annihilation of body, psyche, culture, along with the demarcation of space. And secondly the violence of the colonized as an attempt to retrieve dignity, sense of self, and history through anti-colonial struggle.


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: "Black Skin, White Masks" applies a historical critique on the complex ways in which identity, particularly Blackness, is constructed and produced. Fanon confronts complex formations of colonized psychic constructions of Blackness in the book. He applies psychoanalysis to explain the feelings of dependency and inadequacy that black people experience. Fanon paints the perception of white people as having a deep-seated fear of educated blacks. He explains, no matter how smart a black person may become, whites will always exercise a sense of 'inferiority.' This way of thinking was designed to keep 'Blacks' stuck in a "inferior status within a colonial order." The divided self-perception of a Black Subject who has lost his native cultural origin, and embraced the culture of the Mother Country, produces an inferior sense of self in the "Black Man." They will try to appropriate and imitate the culture of the colonizer where such behavior is more readily evident in upwardly mobile and educated Black people who can afford to acquire status symbols within the world of the colonial ecumene, such as an education abroad and mastery of the language of the colonizer, the white masks.


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: Based upon, and derived from, the concepts of the collective unconscious and collective catharsis, the sixth chapter, "The Negro and Psychopathology", presents brief, deep psychoanalyses of colonized black people, and thus proposes the inability of black people to fit into the norms (social, cultural, racial) established by white society (the colonizer). That "a normal Negro child, having grown up in a normal Negro family, will become abnormal on the slightest contact of the white world." That, in a white society, such an extreme psychological response originates from the unconscious and unnatural training of black people, from early childhood, to associate "blackness" with "wrongness". That such unconscious mental training of black children is effected with comic books and cartoons, which are cultural media that instil and affix, in the mind of the white child, the society's cultural representations of black people as villains. Moreover, when black children are exposed to such images of villainous black people, the children will experience a psychopathology (psychological trauma), which mental wound becomes inherent to their individual, behavioral make-up; a part of his and her personality. That the early-life suffering of said psychopathology – black skin associated with villainy – creates a collective nature among the men and women who were reduced to colonized populations. In "Black Skin, White Masks," Fanon speaks about Mayotte Capécia and Abdoulaye Sadji who are two writers that wrote books during that era. Fanon describes "I Am a Martinican Woman" and "Nini, mulâtresse du Sénégal" as examples of some of the cultural damage of colonization. Capécia, a black woman, wants to marry a white man despite the social and cultural boundaries in place. Fanon believes Capécia is desperate for white approval. The colonial culture has left an impression on black Martinican women to believe that "whiteness is virtue and beauty" and that they can in turn "save their race by making themselves whiter."


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: In the subsection to chapter seven, "The Black Man and Hegel", Fanon examines the dialectics of the philosopher and conveys his suspicions of the black man being under the rubric of a philosophy modeled after whiteness. According to Fanon there is a conflict that takes form internally as self-deprecation because of this white philosophical affirmation.


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: First published in French in Martinique, "Black Skin, White Masks" (1952) did not attract much mainstream attention in English-speaking countries. It explored the effects of colonialism and imposing a servile psychology upon the colonized man, woman, and child. The adverse effects were assessed as part of the post-colonial cultural legacy of the Mother Country to former imperial subjects.


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: Together with Fanon's "The Wretched of the Earth", it received wider attention during cultural upheavals starting in the 1960s, in the United States as well as former colonial countries in the Caribbean and Africa. It is considered an important anti-colonial, anti-racist, and Afro-pessimist work in Anglophone countries. But in Francophone countries, the book is ranked as a relatively minor Fanon work in comparison to his later, more radical works. The topic is explicitly connected culturally to the societies of the ethnic African and other peoples of color living within the French Colonial Empire (1534–1980).


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: The psychological and psychiatric insights remain valid, especially as applied by peoples of diverse colonial and imperial histories, such as the Palestinians and Kurds in the Middle East, the Tamils in Sri Lanka, the African Americans in the US, and Puerto Ricans, in their contemporary struggles for cultural and political autonomy. Contemporary theorists of nationalism and of anti-colonialism, of liberation theology and of cultural studies, have preferred Frantz Fanon's later culturally and politically revolutionary works, such as "The Wretched of the Earth" (1962). Nevertheless, "Black Skin, White Masks" continues to generate debate. In 2015, leading African studies scholar Lewis R. Gordon published a book titled "What Fanon Said: A Philosophical Introduction To His Life And Thought."


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: "Freedom and Blackness" according to Sidney Mintz, is not a culture deliberately set upon breaking “cultural rules and norms”; instead, its focus is to be free. Free to express themselves in a way that is authentic to the Caribbean culture, and free to be able to live free from those who were once called master. A culture separate from that of their European colonizers yet still be recognized on an equal level. This movement of freedom and blackness requires knowledge on multiple interdisciplinary studies, such as politics for emancipation, racial inequalities and post-emancipation, all within the context of a post-colonial world. Colonization, instead of helping countries, has destroyed culture all over the world. Colonization has enforced the thought process of "white supremacy" and has suppressed/eradicated cultures all over the Caribbean. An example of this, according to Fanon, is the Malagasy culture. He explains that the Malagasy culture has been colonized so much that if they were to be liberated, they would be left with nothing. Fanon regulates imagination of Blackness by his willingness to merely "envisage" through a rubric of epidermalization, which is yet another form of enclosure.


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: Phobogenesis is a term derived from psychiatry and psychoanalysis, and is specifically obtained from the concept of the phobic object. This is a thing or person that elicits “irrational feelings of dread, fear, and hate” in a subject, and whose threat is often exaggerated. In the context of race, Fanon postulates that the black person is a phobogenic object, sparking anxiety in the eyes of white subjects. Fanon's definition of phobia is based on that of French psychologist Angelo Hesnard, who defined phobia as a “neurosis characterized by the anxious fear of an object (in the broadest sense of anything outside the individual) or, by extension, of a situation”. Thus, black people as a phobogenic object elicit insecurity in white people.


title: Black Skin, White Masks

text: Fanon follows Hesnard's definition to assert that this insecurity causes both fear and hatred of the phobogenic object at the same time. Therefore, in Fanon's theory, the white subject finds the black person both revolting and threatening simultaneously. The reaction induced by the phobogenic object is extremely irrational and exaggerated, as is the danger posed by it. The object is attributed “evil intentions and … a malefic power”, giving excessive weight to its threat to the white subject. This reaction prioritizes emotion and affect in a manner that “defies all rational thinking”, Fanon's words, highlighting that the psychiatric aspect of racial hatred is not clearly or rationally explicable.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: Elena Vyacheslavovna Mukhina (; first name sometimes rendered "Yelena", last name sometimes rendered "Muchina"; 1 June 196022 December 2006) was a Soviet gymnast who won the all-around title at the 1978 World Championships in Strasbourg, France. Her career was on the rise, and she was widely touted as the next great gymnastics star until 1979, when she broke a leg and missed several competitions. The rushed recovery from that injury, combined with pressure to master a dangerous and difficult tumbling move (the Thomas salto) caused her to break her neck two weeks before the opening of the 1980 Summer Olympics, leaving her permanently quadriplegic.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: Elena Mukhina was born 1 June 1960, in Moscow, Russian SFSR. Both her parents died when she was five years old. She was raised by her grandmother, Anna Ivanovna, who later died.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: Mukhina took an interest in gymnastics and figure skating at an early age. When an athletic scout visited her school, she eagerly volunteered to try out for gymnastics. She later joined the CSKA Moscow ("Central Red Army") sports club. In recognition of her accomplishments, Mukhina was inducted into the CSKA Hall of Fame.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: Up until 1975, Mukhina was an unremarkable gymnast, and Soviet coaches largely ignored her. Then, two separate incidents brought her skills to the forefront for the Soviet team: Romanian domination of the Soviet gymnastics machine at the 1976 Olympics (for which the director for Soviet women's gymnastics, Larisa Latynina, was blamed; Latynina's response was, "it's not my fault that Nadia Comăneci was born in Romania"); and Mukhina's transition to working with men's coach , who transformed her into one of the most show-stopping gymnasts of her time. She burst onto the scene at the 1978 World Championships in Strasbourg, France. In one of the most stunning all-around performances in history, she won the gold medal, beating Olympic Champions Nadia Comăneci and top-ranked Soviet gymnast Nellie Kim, among others. She also tied for the gold medal in the floor exercise event final, as well as winning the silver in balance beam and uneven bars. She made history in this competition by unveiling her signature moves: a full-twisting layout Korbut flip on bars; a tucked double back salto dismount on beam (a move that is still being used over three decades later); and a full-twisting double back somersault on floor (still an E-rated move in the Code of Points) dubbed the "Muchina". Yet, in spite of these innovations, Mukhina maintained the classic Soviet style, inspired by ballet movements and expressive lines. She quickly established herself as an athlete to watch for at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: A documentary film of the Soviet national team (1978) features Mukhina talking with her coach, Mikhail Klimenko, and footage of her rigorous training regimen.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: Mukhina's floor exercise tumbling passes were considered revolutionary at the time because they included a never-before seen combination salto (the "Muchina"), but in 1979, her coach wanted her to become one of the few female gymnasts doing an element taken from men's gymnastics, the Thomas salto (a 1½ backflip with 1½ twists ending in a forward roll, perfected by American gymnast Kurt Thomas). Even though she won the All Around title and floor exercises at the 1978 world championship with daring bar routines, a revolutionary balance beam dismount, and a floor routine with its own signature move, she was pressured to add this element to her floor exercises by her own coach and other higher-ranking Soviet coaches. Mukhina soon realized the Thomas salto was extremely dangerous because it depended on being able to get enough height and speed to make all the flips and mid-air twists and still land in-bounds with enough room to do the forward roll, and it took near-perfect timing to avoid either under-rotation (and landing on the chin) or over-rotation (and landing on the back of the head). In the 1991 documentary "More than a Game", Mukhina spoke of trying to convince her coach that the Thomas salto was a dangerous element:


title: Elena Mukhina

text: In 1979, while training for the 1979 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Mukhina suffered a broken leg, which kept her out of the World Championships in Fort Worth, Texas, a competition in which the Soviet team suffered its first defeat at the hands of their archrivals from Romania, with only Nellie Kim and Stella Zakharova able to medal in apparatus and All Around disciplines. With less than a year until the 1980 Summer Olympics to be held in Moscow, the pressure was on the Soviet team coaches and doctors to get the previous All Around champion Mukhina back on her feet and ready for the games. In an interview with "Ogonyok" magazine, Mukhina blamed the doctors at TsITO (Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics), who were serving the National Team for attempting to rush her back into training too soon, saying she begged them not to remove her cast and discharge her because "they're dragging me from home to workouts," and she knew she was not yet healed. When doctors removed her cast against her wishes and had her try walking on the leg, she said that she knew she was walking "crookedly", and that something was not right. The TsITO doctors X-rayed the leg, and discovered that the fracture had not healed properly. Mukhina was rushed into surgery that afternoon, but the damage had already been done to her reputation; one of the National Team coaches, she said in the "Ogonyok" interview, showed up at her bed the day after surgery, and outright stated that she "wasn't conscientious", and that she could still "train in a cast". Once more against her wishes, the doctors removed her cast prematurely, and Mukhina returned to training for the Olympics while beginning a strenuous workout program at CSKA Moscow to lose the weight she had gained while laid up from surgery.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: With lingering weakness in her leg, and mounting exhaustion from the grueling weight loss workouts, Mukhina had great difficulty coming back up to speed on what was to be the new end element of one of her floor exercise tumbling passes, the Thomas salto. Despite Mukhina's warnings that the element was constantly causing minor injuries, and was dangerous enough to potentially cause major injuries, she was pushed to keep the element in her floor routine, and she continued to practice it, even knowing it was a dangerous element. On 3 July 1980, two weeks before the Moscow Olympics, Mukhina was practising the pass containing the Thomas salto when she under-rotated the salto, and crash-landed on her chin, snapping her spine and leaving her quadriplegic. Mukhina was training at the Minsk Palace of Sport when the injury occurred; her coach Klimenko was not present. The Soviet Union awarded her Order of the Badge of Honour in 1980 in response to her injury, and then in 1982 or 1983, Juan Samaranch, the IOC President, awarded her the Silver Medal of the Olympic Order.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: Following the injury, the Soviet Gymnastics Federation remained secretive about the events surrounding Mukhina's injury, with Soviet team coach Yuri Titov deflecting inquiries about whether she would be trying for a comeback in 1984, even blaming Mukhina's "injury" on attempting a skill that she "was not able to do but thought she needed to make the team[...]she suffered injury and missed her chance.[...]All the bad stories, they are not true." Information emerged only slowly. Initial rumors were that she had fallen on approach to the vault, then Soviet newspapers reported she had fallen during her dismount from the balance beam, and had a blackout, but then got back up to finish her floor exercise without knowing how badly she had been injured. Finally, word emerged that she had fallen catastrophically during the floor exercise. Mukhina became a recluse following the accident, and rarely discussed it publicly. In one of her few interviews about the accident, published in "Ogonyok" magazine, she criticized the Soviet gymnastics program for deceiving the public about her injury, and for the system's insatiable desire for gold medals and championships:


title: Elena Mukhina

text: Despite this, Mukhina took some of the responsibility for not saying no to protect herself from further harm, and noted that her first thought as she lay on the floor with her neck severely broken was, "Thank God, I won't be going to the Olympics."


title: Elena Mukhina

text: According to Larisa Latynina's 2004 interview, Mukhina's trainer, Mikhail Klimenko, was affected by her injury. Because of her devastating injury, Mukhina could not be added to the 1980 Soviet Olympic team roster. There was little doubt that the Soviet Olympic women's gymnastics team would get the gold medal in the team competition at the 1980 Summer Olympics, as it had at all previous Olympics. Nevertheless, Klimenko had desperately wanted Mukhina to make the Olympic team roster because he wanted to become the "Olympic champion's trainer." Soon after Mukhina's paralytic injury, Klimenko emigrated to Italy, where he lived with his children until his death from cancer on 14 November 2007, his 65th birthday.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: After Mukhina's paralysis and several other close calls with other Olympic-eligible female gymnasts, the Thomas salto was removed from the Code of Points as an allowed skill for women. It remained an allowed skill for men as of 2013, but as of the 2017–2020 quad, rollout skills were banned for both men and women.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: Mukhina was a guest columnist for "Moscow News" in the late 1980s. Her injury was a featured topic in the 1991 A&E documentary "More Than a Game"; and her World Championship performance is captured in the ABC Sports video "Gymnastics' Greatest Stars". Mukhina took a keen interest in children and young gymnasts both before and after her injury. She also expressed a deep religious faith, and was fond of horses and animated cartoons. Mukhina was thankful to her former teammates who kept in touch with her, especially Yelena Davydova, whom she described as "A real friend".


title: Elena Mukhina

text: In late July 2021, many people compared Mukhina with Simone Biles, in defense of Biles' decision to pull out of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics while citing health concerns.


title: Elena Mukhina

text: As a tribute, sports magazine "Sovetsky Sport" dedicated the cover of its Christmas 2006 issue to her. A memorial service was held in her honor on 27 December, and she was buried at the Troekourov Cemetery in Moscow.


title: Biomutant

text: Biomutant is an action role-playing game developed by Swedish developer Experiment 101 and published by THQ Nordic. The game was released on May 25, 2021 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Versions of the game for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S were released on September 6, 2022. The game received mixed reviews from critics and sold 1 million units by August 2021.


title: Biomutant

text: "Biomutant" is an action role-playing game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective in which the player takes control of a mammalian warrior in a world filled with mutated animals. Players first customize their character including length, body shape and thickness, fur, fangs, and many other attributes that can be tweaked and all have direct impact on the statistics of the playable character during gameplay. A thicker character is heavier, which makes it slower but conversely allows it to deal and resist more damage.


title: Biomutant

text: The protagonist is able to dodge to the left, right, and backward, as well as jump. The combat system combines melee attacks with long-range shooting. The player collects parts throughout the game and combines these parts to create a weapon. Each part has its own effect on the statistics of the end product. The game features a variety of Affixes, including cryogenic and electrical, which are effective in battles. When a cryogenic part is put onto a weapon, enemies will freeze when hit. The player can combine the power of multiple weapons by switching between different weapons during combat.


title: Biomutant

text: Besides leveling up the playable character, the player can use level up points to strengthen their attributes or to unlock new attack combinations. Another way to learn new moves is by interacting with specific characters in each area. Most moves are based on weapons, which can be crafted using the game's weapon crafting system.


title: Biomutant

text: Throughout the game, players can change their abilities, looks by mutations, and apply upgrades to their robotic companion, which can be used to get various advantages against certain enemies or at certain locations. In order to reach specific areas, the player must equip gear that is suited for that area, or obtain specific vehicles, such as an air balloon or jet skis. This way, the player can overcome obstacles introduced by their surroundings, such as the limited oxygen availability in the Deadzone: by wearing a gas mask or an oxygen container, the player is able to venture deeper into the area and explore new places that cannot be reached without any precautions, while an even bigger part of the area can be reached by obtaining a mech. The game's world can be seamlessly explored by the player on foot, by flying or using an air balloon, jet ski and mech. It features a dynamic weather system and day-night cycle which affect the gameplay and enemy behaviour.


title: Biomutant

text: The story is mission-based and mission lines are character-based. Certain characters will provide the player quest lines that are emanating from their area. The more the player interacts with this character, the wider the arc of that specific area becomes.


title: Biomutant

text: "Biomutant" features a Karma system for interactions with non-playable characters and an alliance system to influence the in-game tribal war. Depending on the actions, interactions, and decisions made by the player throughout the whole game, the stances characters take can change, which has an influence on the continuation of the story as dialogues and quest lines will be changed. The story is fully narrated, though as playtime increases, the narration level scales down. Players are able to manually adjust the narration frequency.


title: Biomutant

text: "Biomutant" has branching storylines where decisions made by the player will decide how the story will continue. The main plot revolves around the "Tree of Life", which is struck by a natural disaster and becomes polluted by poisonous oil from beneath the soil. The five roots of the Tree, through which it gives life to the whole world, come under threat from five creatures who begin slowly gnawing at them, threatening to kill the Tree before it can heal itself. The situation is further complicated by six tribes, each split from their original enclave. Three of them want to heal the Tree of Life and restore the natural balance of the world, while the other three see an opportunity to expand their territory and power.


title: Biomutant

text: Each tribe can be influenced through the Karma system. The player can ally with a tribe and eliminate other tribes in order to grow the power of the allied tribe in the world, although the player can decide on the Tree of Life's fate without having to eliminate any of the tribes if they want to.


title: Biomutant

text: "Biomutant" is the first game of the Swedish development studio Experiment 101, which was established in the Summer of 2015 by former Avalanche Studios employees. After working on the "Just Cause" series for many years, the founders of the studio wanted to go back to the basics of video game development and create a game that is "fun in a good way". Experiment 101 has a flat organization and had 18 employees in August 2018. Development on "Biomutant" started soon after the foundation of the studio.


title: Biomutant

text: On 19 August 2017, an advertisement in the German gaming magazine "GamesMarkt" revealed the existence of the game, dubbing it as a "post-apocalyptic kung-fu fable", before being fully announced on 21 August. The game was playable later that week at the German trade show Gamescom. In an interview which was published the day after the announcement of the game, Experiment 101's head of studio Stefan Ljungqvist said that the game already was content complete. He mentioned that one of the most difficult things for the development team was to balance the combat system in order to "combine shooting, melee [attacks], and abilities in a quite intuitive way". Unreal Engine 4 is being used for the game's development.


title: Biomutant

text: On 26 January 2021, "Biomutant"s Twitter account announced that the game would be released on 25 May 2021.


title: Biomutant

text: Luke Reilly of "IGN" awarded the game a 6/10 writing: ""Biomutant" has a lot of the building blocks of a top-drawer action RPG but its cookie-cutter approach to objectives and puzzles starts feeling very repetitive very early on."


title: Biomutant

text: In Japan, the PlayStation 4 version of "Biomutant" was the second bestselling retail game during its first week of release, with 24,596 physical units being sold. As of August 18, 2021, the game sold more than 1 million units.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia (or simply Wizards) is an American computer-animated fantasy limited series created by Guillermo del Toro, and produced by DreamWorks Animation Television and Double Dare You Productions. The award-winning series is the third and final installment of the "Tales of Arcadia" trilogy, following "" (2016–2018) and "" (2018–2019), and was released on August 7, 2020 on Netflix.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: The first and only limited series in the "Tales of Arcadia" franchise, it is a fantasy time travel saga that explores the world's mythological origins and introduces a new protagonist in Hisirdoux "Douxie" Casperan, a former apprentice to the legendary Merlin who was forgotten for centuries and is now eager to prove his worth as a sorcerer in the eyes of his old master.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: "Wizards" has been acclaimed by critics as a groundbreaking animated series, both for its complex storytelling and high quality animation. Alci Rengifo of "Entertainment Voice" writes, "...Del Toro wants everyone, even the adults, to get something out of "Wizards". This makes it an adventure worth taking, like any great fairy tale." In 2021, the series won an Annie Award and the Kidscreen Award for "Best New Series," a category including all live-action and animated programming that year, and was nominated for four Daytime Emmys, including Outstanding Children's Animated Series.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: Following the events of "" and "", Hisirdoux " Douxie" Casperan - who has secretly been the apprentice of Merlin for nine centuries - must recruit the Guardians of Arcadia to travel back in time to the 12th-century's Camelot. During the journey, the heroes learn why the amulet was built, how Morgana became the Pale Lady, and what events lead up to the Battle of Killahead Bridge.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: "Wizards" was announced as the third and final series in the "Tales of Arcadia" trilogy following the release of and . It was produced by Guillermo del Toro's Double Dare You alongside DreamWorks Animation for Netflix, with del Toro, Marc Guggenheim, Aaron Waltke, Chad Quandt, and Chad Hammes serving as executive producers. Waltke and Quandt served as head writers and co-showrunners. It was initially set to be released in 2019, but was postponed for August 7, 2020.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: The series features an ensemble cast of voice actors returning from "" and "", alongside new voice actors.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: The series has a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. According to Guillermo del Toro, "Wizards: Tales of Arcadia" was in the Top Ten most streamed series worldwide on Netflix during the week it premiered, drawing more viewers than all other live-action and animated content at that time. As reported by "Screen Rant", "Wizards" was rated the best new Netflix Original Kids' Series released in 2020, according to IMDb.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: Drew Taylor of "Collider" writes, "Everything about the world is fully realized with incredible detail... it really looks exceptional, and as the culmination of the franchise so far, it is hard to top." In his "Decider" review, John Serba of "The New York Post" writes the show excels in "...classical myths reimagined with modern sensibilities, with vivid animation, crisp comedy and a muscular, but not too heavy, sense of drama. Del Toro's hand guides the series into creative avenues without ever being off the rails."


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: Rafael Motamayor of "The Observer" applauded the series for its bold deconstruction of Arthurian myth, which it uses to explore difficult themes like prejudice, ideological war, and racism. In his essay, he compares the series to del Toro's films such as "The Shape of Water", with Douxie and the other heroes observing firsthand how history can be rewritten into false legends at the expense of the oppressed magical creatures Arthur and his knights seek to slay.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: In 2021, "Wizards" won the Kidscreen Award for "Best New Series," a category including all live-action and animated programming that year. It was nominated for four Emmys, including Outstanding Children's Animated Series, and won "Outstanding Main Title for a Daytime Animated Program." It was also nominated for a Golden Reel Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing, and has received an Annie Award in the category of Best Voice Acting and a nomination in Best FX.


title: Wizards: Tales of Arcadia

text: On August 7, 2020, following the premiere of "Wizards", it was announced the "Tales of Arcadia" trilogy would be concluded with a full-length feature film titled "", set to be released on Netflix on July 21, 2021.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: Hostage is a 2005 American action thriller film produced by and starring Bruce Willis and directed by Florent Emilio Siri. The film was based on the 2001 novel of the same name by Robert Crais, and was adapted for the screen by Doug Richardson.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: The film earned mixed reviews from critics and was not a financial success, grossing $77 million against its $75 million budget.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: Former L.A. SWAT officer Jeff Talley is a hostage negotiator in Los Angeles. One day, Talley negotiates with a man who has taken his own wife and son hostage after learning his wife was cheating on him. Shortly after Talley denies a SWAT commander's request to give snipers the order to open fire, the despondent man kills his wife, son, and himself. Traumatized, Talley moves with his family and becomes police chief in Bristo Camino, a suburban hamlet in nearby Ventura County.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: A year later, Talley finds himself in another hostage situation. Two teenagers, Dennis Kelly and his brother Kevin, and their accomplice Marshall "Mars" Krupcheck take hostage Walter Smith and his two children, teenage Jennifer and young Tommy, in Smith's house after a failed robbery attempt. The first officer to respond is shot twice by Mars just before Talley arrives. Talley attempts to rescue the officer, but she dies in front of him. Traumatized and unwilling to put himself through another tragedy, Talley hands authority over to the Ventura County Sheriff's Department and leaves.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: Smith has been laundering money for a mysterious criminal syndicate through offshore shell corporations. He was preparing to turn over a batch of important encrypted files recorded on a DVD when he was taken hostage. To prevent the incriminating evidence from being discovered, the syndicate orders someone known only as the Watchman to kidnap Talley's wife and daughter. Talley is instructed to return to the hostage scene, regain authority, and stall for time until the organization can launch its own attack against Smith's house.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: Dennis forces Kevin and Mars to tie up the children, while he knocks out Smith and finds a large amount of cash. In an attempt to end the standoff and secure the DVDs himself, Talley meets with Dennis and agrees to provide a helicopter in exchange for half of the money. When the helicopter arrives, Dennis and Kevin bring the money to Talley and prepare to leave, but Mars refuses to leave without Jennifer, with whom he has become infatuated. Talley says the helicopter will only carry three additional people and insists that Jennifer stay behind, but the deal breaks down and the boys return to the house. Talley learns that Mars is a psychopathic killer who could turn on the hostages and his own accomplices at any moment. Mars does, in fact, kill Dennis and Kevin, just as Kevin is about to release the children.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: The syndicate sends fake FBI agents to recover the DVD and they storm the house; Talley is instructed to not go near the house. Jennifer stabs Mars and locks herself and Tommy in the panic room. Hearing their screams, Talley breaches the house and is attacked by Mars, who then kills most of the fake agents using his pistol and multiple Molotov cocktails. Mars is then shot in the side by the only surviving agent. The agent tracks down Talley and the children, and demands the encrypted DVD. After Talley gives him the DVD, Mars reappears, distracting the agent long enough to be killed by Talley. Mars then prepares to throw his last Molotov, but collapses to his knees, weakened by his injuries. He makes eye contact with Jennifer, then drops the Molotov and immolates himself.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: Talley escapes with the children by shooting the indoor glass waterfall, which extinguishes the fire. He and a recovered Smith then go to a rundown inn where Talley's wife and daughter are being held captive by the Watchman and his crew. Smith, feigning hatred for Talley, is freed in exchange for the family. While demanding that the Watchman kill Talley, Smith shoots the Watchman. This allows Talley to kill the other gunmen and rescue his family.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: The film's plot is roughly the same as Crais's novel. The main difference is that the novel's complicated subplot involving powerful West Coast Mafia crime lord Sonny Benza was removed, with the film giving little explanation of Walter Smith's criminal associates. The film also makes the first group of hostage-takers somewhat younger in age than depicted in the novel. In addition, the criminal syndicate in the film were portrayed as mysterious criminals rather than a regular Mafia.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: Filming took place in the Malibu area (in western Los Angeles County). The exterior views of Smith's lavishly appointed house were filmed at a real house in the unincorporated Topanga Canyon area, between Malibu and Los Angeles; the interior scenes were done on sound stages in Hollywood.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: The character Mars, played by Ben Foster, was modeled after Bay Area rap artist Mars by Robert Crais after a friend Dennis Bsharah urged him to look into the horrorcore genre. In the movie adaptation, Foster strongly resembles the rapper. Jonathan Tucker's name was later changed to Dennis.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: The movie's opening scenes were filmed in the Boyle Heights neighborhood of East Los Angeles, just east of downtown.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: The fictional city of Bristo Camino was possibly intended to be a representation of Ojai or Moorpark. Bristo Bay is the name of Bristo Camino in the 2001 Robert Crais "novel".


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: The film earned $34.6 million at the United States box office and a total worldwide gross of $77.6 million.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 35% based on 158 reviews, with an average rating of 5.08/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Grisly and cliched, audiences may feel they're being held "Hostage"." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 44 out of 100 based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Hostage (2005 film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, writing: "In scenes where a hero must outgun four or five armed opponents, however, "Hostage" does use the reliable action movie technique of cutting from one target to the next, so that we never see what the others are doing while the first ones are being shot. Waiting for their closeups, I suppose."


title: Wokou

text: Wokou (; Japanese: "Wakō"; Korean: 왜구 "Waegu"), which literally translates to "Japanese pirates" or "dwarf pirates", were pirates who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th century to the 16th century. The wokou came from Japanese, Korean, and Chinese ethnicities which varied over time and raided the mainland from islands in the Sea of Japan and East China Sea. Wokou activity in Korea declined after the Treaty of Gyehae in 1443, but continued in Ming China and peaked during the Jiajing wokou raids in the mid-1500s, but Chinese reprisals and strong clamp downs on pirates by Japanese authorities saw the wokou virtually disappear by the 1600s.


title: Wokou

text: There are two distinct eras of wokou piracy. The early wokou mostly set up camp on the outlying islands of the Japanese archipelago in the Sea of Japan, as opposed to the 16th century wokou who were mostly non-Japanese. The early wokou raided the Japanese themselves as well as China and Korea.


title: Wokou

text: The first recorded use of the term wokou (倭寇) is on the Gwanggaeto Stele, a stone monument erected in modern Ji'an, Jilin, China, to celebrate the exploits of Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (r. 391–413). The stele states that "wokou" ("Japanese robbers") crossed the sea and were defeated by him in the year 404. The term wokou is a combination of the Chinese terms "Wō" (倭), referring to either dwarfs or pejoratively to the Japanese, and "kòu" () "bandit".


title: Wokou

text: The origin of the term wokou dates back to the 4th century, but among wokou's activities which are divided into two academic periods, the pirates called "early wokou" were born from the Mongol invasion of Japan. As a result of the war, the coastal defense capabilities of China and Korea were significantly reduced. Also, as a result of the war, people living in Tsushima, Iki, and Gotō Islands in Kyushu suffered extreme poverty. For these reasons, wokou gradually intensified their looting on the coasts of China and Korea. Jeong Mong-ju was dispatched to Japan to deal with the problem, and during his visit Kyushu governor Imagawa Sadayo suppressed the early wokou, later returning their captured property and people to Korea. In 1405 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu sent twenty captured pirates to China, where they were boiled in a cauldron in Ningbo.


title: Wokou

text: According to Korean records, wako pirates were particularly rampant roughly from 1350. After almost annual invasions of the southern provinces of Jeolla and Gyeongsang, they migrated northwards to the Chungcheong and Gyeonggi areas. The "History of Goryeo" has a record of sea battles in 1380 whereby one hundred warships were sent to Jinpo to rout Japanese pirates there, releasing 334 captives, Japanese sorties decreasing then after. The wako pirates were effectively expelled through the use of gunpowder technology, which the wako then lacked, after Goryeo founded the Office of Gunpowder Weapons in 1377 (but abolished twelve years later).


title: Wokou

text: In 1419, the Korean army landed in Tsushima and started the Ōei Invasion, the largest operation against wokou ever. General Yi Jongmu's fleet of 227 ships and 17,285 soldiers set off from Geoje Island toward Tsushima on June 19, 1419. According to "Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty" a Korean history book, in the battle of June 20, the Korean army captured 129 wokou ships, burned 1939 houses, killed 114 people, captured 21 people, and rescued 131 Chinese who were captured by the wokou. On June 29, they burned 15 wokou ships and 68 houses, killed nine people, and rescued 15 people, including Chinese and Koreans, who had been held captive, but more than a hundred soldiers were killed by wokou. On July 3, the Korean army withdrew to Geoje Island, and finally withdrew completely after giving up the re-landing and occupation of Tsushima due to the loss of Korean army and worsening weather. In the record of July 10, the number of soldiers killed by wokou was rectified to 180. On the other hand, according to historical documents recorded by the Sō clan, the death toll of the Korean army was 2500.


title: Wokou

text: When the Treaty of Gyehae was concluded between the Joseon and Sō Sadamori of Tsushima in 1443 and Sō clan was given trade privileges, wokou's activities along the Korean Peninsula calmed down.


title: Wokou

text: Some of the coastal forts built for defense against wokou can still be found in Zhejiang and Fujian. Among them are the well-restored Pucheng Fortress (in Cangnan County, Zhejiang) and Chongwu Fortress (in Chongwu, Huai'an County, Fujian), as well as the ruins of the Liu'ao Fortress in Liu'ao, Zhangpu County (Fujian).


title: Wokou

text: According to the "History of Ming", 30% of the 16th century wokou were Japanese and 70% were ethnic Chinese.


title: Wokou

text: In attempts to centralize political control, the Ming Dynasty enacted trade bans with the consensus being that "unrestricted trade would lead to chaos". With maritime trade outlawed, China's navy was reduced and, as a result, they were unable to combat increased smuggling which led to wokou control over the southeastern coast. Although wokou means "Japanese pirates", major wokou groups in the 16th century were led by Chinese traders whose livelihoods were halted by the Ming trade bans. Because of the extent of corruption in the Ming court, many Chinese officials actually had relations with the pirates and benefited from the piracy, making it difficult for central authorities to control.


title: Wokou

text: Two well known Chinese military figures involved in the combating of wokou were Qi Jiguang and Yu Dayou. Yu Dayou was a general of the Ming dynasty who was assigned to defend the coast against the Japanese pirates. In 1553, a young man named Qi Jiguang became Assistant Regional Military Commissioner of the Ming dynasty and was assigned to "punish the bandits and guard the people" which meant taking on the Japanese pirates attacking the Ming east coast. At that time, he was only twenty-six years old. On the eve of the next year he was promoted to full Commissioner in Zhejiang because of his successes.


title: Wokou

text: The wokou even made it into the Philippines before their extermination in the 1600s. Aparri, in northern Luzon, Philippines was established as a pirate city-state under the patronage of the wokou. The area around Aparri was the site of the 1582 Cagayan battles between Japanese pirates and Spanish soldiers. The wokou were not only limited to Aparri. The pirate-warlord Limahong attempted and failed to invade Manila and afterwards set up a temporary pirate state in Caboloan (Pangasinan) before he was expelled by the Spanish.


title: Wokou

text: The identity of the wokou is subject to some debate, with various theories about the ethnic makeup and national origin of the pirates.


title: Wokou

text: Professor Takeo Tanaka of University of Tokyo proposed in 1966 that the early wokou were Koreans living on these outlying islands. In the "Annals of the Joseon Dynasty", the compiled section for King Sejong relates that a vassal named Yi Sun-mong (, 1386–1449) told his monarch "I hear that in the late Goryeo kingdom period, wokou roaming (our country) and the peasants could not withstand them. However only 1 or 2 (out of 10) were caused by (real) Japanese. Some of our peasants imitatively wore Japanese clothing, formed a group and caused trouble... in order to stop all evils, there is nothing more urgent than the "Hopae" (personal identification system)". However, Yi did not live during the Goryeo dynasty, and was likely relating rumor or legend as opposed to solid documented evidence. Moreover, the thrust of Yi's speech concentrates on how national security was deteriorating and how it required special attention; it is possible he made use of unreliable information to support his point. Yi's assertion is therefore not highly valued as a source for wokou by other researchers. The chronicle "Goryeosa" records 529 wokou raids during the 1223–1392 period, but mentions the "fake Japanese" only 3 times.


title: Wokou

text: The current prevailing theory is that of Shōsuke Murai, who demonstrated in 1988 that the early wokou came from multiple ethnic groups rather than one singular nation. Murai wrote that the wokou were "marginal men" living in politically unstable areas without national allegiances, akin to the Zomia thesis. Supporters of this theory point out that one of the early wokou leaders, Ajibaldo, was variously claimed by period sources to be Mongolian, Japanese, Korean, and an "islander"; his name is apparently Korean and Mongolian in origin.


title: Rob Bell

text: Robert Holmes Bell Jr. (born August 23, 1970) is an American author, speaker and former pastor. Bell founded Mars Hill Bible Church in Grandville, Michigan, and pastored it until 2012. Under his leadership, Mars Hill was one of the fastest-growing churches in America. Bell is also the author of the "New York Times" bestseller "Love Wins" and the writer and narrator of a series of spiritual short films called NOOMA. In 2011, "Time" named Bell on its list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. He has since become a freelance writer and speaker appearing on various talk shows and national speaking tours on topics related to spirituality and leadership. He also hosts a popular podcast called "The Robcast." In 2018, a documentary about Bell called "The Heretic" was released.


title: Rob Bell

text: Bell is the son of U.S. District Judge Robert Holmes Bell, who was appointed to the federal bench by Ronald Reagan.


title: Rob Bell

text: After graduating from high school, Bell attended Wheaton College in Illinois. While at Wheaton, he formed an alternative rock band and taught water skiing at a Christian camp. At camp, he was asked to fill in as a replacement preacher. Bell received his bachelor's degree from Wheaton and earned a degree from Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California.


title: Rob Bell

text: Bell and his wife moved from California to Grand Rapids to be close to family and on invitation to study under pastor Ed Dobson. He handled many of the preaching duties for the Saturday Night service at Calvary Church. Bell announced that he would be branching out on his own to start a new kind of community and would name it "Mars Hill" after the Greek site where the apostle Paul said: "For as I walked around and looked carefully at your objects of worship, I even found an altar with this inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. Now what you worship as something unknown I am going to proclaim to you."


title: Rob Bell

text: In February 1999, Bell founded Mars Hill Bible Church, with the church originally meeting in a school gym in Wyoming, Michigan. Within a year the church was given a shopping mall in Grandville, Michigan, and purchased the surrounding land. In July 2000 the 3,500 "grey chair" facility opened its doors. As of 2005, an estimated 11,000 people attended the two "gatherings" on Sundays at 9 and 11 AM. As of March 2011, Sunday attendance numbered between 8,000 and 10,000. His teachings at Mars Hill inspired the popular "Love Wins" bumper sticker, and the congregation freely distributed these stickers after services.


title: Rob Bell

text: In order to maintain balance in his life, Bell maintained his Fridays as a personal sabbath, where he did not allow contact by electronic means, and had all pastoral duties transferred to other Mars Hill pastors.


title: Rob Bell

text: In the January 2007 issue of the magazine "TheChurchReport.com", Bell was named No. 10 in its list of "The 50 Most Influential Christians in America" as chosen by their readers and online visitors.


title: Rob Bell

text: On September 22, 2011, Bell announced his resignation from Mars Hill Church to start "a spiritual talk show in Los Angeles. Bell's 2011 book, "Love Wins", had caused controversy within evangelical circles because of its teachings about hell; that controversy caused thousands to leave Mars Hill and also led to Bell's departure.


title: Rob Bell

text: In July 2012, Bell held his first major event since leaving Mars Hill, speaking at the Viper Room night club in Los Angeles. Bell has hosted conferences and workshops in Laguna Beach for "leaders, teachers, preachers, entrepreneurs, artists, pastors—anyone whose work involves creating something and then turning it loose in the world."


title: Rob Bell

text: Bell was the featured speaker in NOOMA, a series of short films. The title of the video series, "NOOMA", is an English representation of the Greek word "pneuma", which means breath or spirit. All the videos feature the teachings of Bell accompanied by music written and sung by local independent artists (with the exception of "The Album Leaf"s music, which was licensed for the NOOMA DVD "Lump").


title: Rob Bell

text: In August 2005, Zondervan Publishing published Bell's first book, "Velvet Elvis: Repainting the Christian Faith", which is, according to the official online summary, "for the millions of people who are fascinated by Jesus, but can't do the standard Christian package. In his debut book, Bell explores a new understanding of the Christian faith."


title: Rob Bell

text: Bell's "Everything is Spiritual" national speaking tour launched on June 30, 2006, in Chicago. The proceeds from ticket sales were used to support WaterAid, an international non-profit organization dedicated to helping people escape the poverty and disease caused by living without safe water and sanitation.


title: Rob Bell

text: Bell's second book, titled "Sex God: Exploring the Endless Connections between Sexuality and Spirituality", was released in 2007. In June 2007, Bell toured the United Kingdom and Ireland with a series called "Calling All Peacemakers". Bell launched another speaking tour in 2007, —"The Gods Aren't Angry", which provided a narrative defense of justification through faith and not works. The tour drew sold-out crowds in cities across North America. Proceeds from this tour were used to support the Turame Microfinance program supporting the poor in Burundi, a mission supported by Bell's church.


title: Rob Bell

text: Bell's 2009 project, "Drops Like Stars," explores the links between creativity and suffering. "Drops Like Stars" was an international tour and a book, initially handwritten by Bell, with photographs. The title of the project comes from a young child's view of raindrops on a window at night. Rather than focusing on the conundrum of why an all-powerful God would allow suffering, Bell instead looks at the creativity, empathy, new connections, and growth that can spring from suffering. When asked in an interview how he had become interested in suffering, Bell replied that as a pastor he had been given a front row seat in the most poignant moments of people's lives. At the same time he was doing lectures on creativity and realized, "There was a connection between these two halves of my life – all these connections between suffering and art-making."


title: Rob Bell

text: In September 2013 Bell was interviewed by Oprah for her "Super Soul Sunday" television show. Bell's book, "What We Talk About When We Talk About God", was also listed as the first recommended book that month in Oprah's "Book of the Month" club.


title: Rob Bell

text: Beginning in 2011, ABC television announced production of a new television drama, "Stronger", co-written by Bell and Carlton Cuse, the executive producer of the television series "Lost". The show, based loosely on Bell's life and his unpublished novel-turned-pilot-script, would follow the life of Tom Stronger, a musician on a spiritual journey. Ultimately, Bell and Cuse were unable to get approval to shoot a pilot for "Stronger".


title: Rob Bell

text: Bell and Cuse have moved on to another project described as a "faith-inflected talk show" presented by Bell. Two tapings of the proposed show were filmed in September 2012 in a warehouse in Los Angeles' art district in order to put together a reel for network executives. At the time, they were referenced as either "That One Show Rob Bell and Carlton Cuse Have Been Working On", or "The September Shows" for short.


title: Rob Bell

text: Bell hosts a podcast called "The Robcast". He is the only host, but is regularly joined by guests. Bell believes that "churches and denominations are waning" and that the medium of podcasting provides freedom to learn and grow spiritually without the hindrances of institutions. It was called the best religion and spirituality podcast of 2015 on iTunes. Juliana Chan Erikson of the "World Magazine", questioned the direction that podcasts like the Robcast steers their audiences.


title: Rob Bell

text: In his writings, Bell says, "I affirm the truth anywhere in any religious system, in any worldview. If it's true, it belongs to God."


title: Rob Bell

text: Bell's 2011 book, "Love Wins", caused a major controversy within the evangelical community. The controversy was the subject of a "Time" magazine cover story and a featured article in "The New York Times". In the book, Bell states that "It's been clearly communicated to many that this belief (in hell as eternal, conscious torment) is a central truth of the Christian faith and to reject it is, in essence, to reject Jesus. This is misguided and toxic and ultimately subverts the contagious spread of Jesus' message of love, peace, forgiveness and joy that our world desperately needs to hear." In this book, Bell outlines a number of views of hell, including universal reconciliation. Though he does not choose any one view as his own, he states "Whatever objections a person may have of [the universalist view], and there are many, one has to admit that it is fitting, proper, and Christian to long for it." –