title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: In a lukewarm review, "Pitchfork"s Alphonse Pierre wrote, "Stymied by formulaic collaborations and unmemorable beats, the rapper's latest has the ingredients of a really good Future album but lacks the depth of one". Robin Murray of "Clash" said, "It's not a bad record – the highs more than justify your entrance – but with a rumoured follow up on the way, perhaps it's time for Future to break a few of his own rules once more".


title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: "I Never Liked You" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, earning 222,000 album-equivalent units (including 6,000 copies in pure album sales) in its first week. This became Future's eighth US number-one, 15th US top-10 album and the largest week for any album in 2022 at the time. The album also accumulated a total. of 283.75 million on-demand official streams for the album's tracks. In its second week, the album dropped to number two on the chart, earning an additional 116,000 units. In its third week, the album dropped to number three on the chart, earning 89,000 more units. In its fourth week, the album dropped to number four on the chart, earning 77,000 units. On November 30, 2022, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 1,000,000 units in the United States.


title: Vincent Spano

text: Vincent M. Spano Jr. (born October 18, 1962) is an American film, stage and television actor; he is also a film director and producer.


title: Vincent Spano

text: His career started when he was 14 years old in the Broadway drama "The Shadow Box". He was originally credited as Vincent Stewart because his first agent felt the name Spano was "too ethnic", and he was even instructed to sign autographs using that stage name. At age 16, in respect for his Italian heritage, Spano began using his real name and has done so ever since then.


title: Vincent Spano

text: His debut in "The Shadow Box" was in 1977, first at the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut and later on Broadway in New York City. Spano's film debut was at the age of 15 in the mystery "The Double McGuffin", shot in the winter of 1978. Following "The Double McGuffin", he shot "Over the Edge" in the summer of 1978.


title: Vincent Spano

text: Spano subsequently appeared in many Hollywood films, including the romantic-comedy "Baby, It's You" (1983), the drama "City of Hope" (1991), the drama "Rumble Fish" (1983), the biographical survival drama "Alive" (1993), the horror television film "The Rats" (2002), the drama "Over the Edge" (1979) and the comedy "Creator" (1985).


title: Vincent Spano

text: In the adventure film "The Black Stallion Returns" (1983), Spano appeared as a handsome, young, Arabic rider named Raj, who returns home from university to compete in a major horse race and befriends an American boy, Alec Ramsey (Kelly Reno). He also appeared in the Italian drama film "Good Morning, Babylon" (1987), and the crime drama film "Alphabet City" (1984). He received a Cable Ace Award nomination in 1988 for his role as Mark Ciuni in "Blood Ties "(also known as "Il cugino americano")"." He co-starred with Dylan and Cole Sprouse in the comedy film "" (2007). He appeared on ION Television with Lou Diamond Phillips in the Western television film "Lone Rider" (2008). Spano had a recurring role as FBI Agent Dean Porter on the television series "" since its eighth season in 2006.


title: Vincent Spano

text: In the fantasy horror-thriller film "" (2000), he appeared as Zophael, a handsome angel that was after a young man named Danyeal.


title: Vincent Spano

text: Spano starred in the television movie "Landslide" (also known as "Buried Alive", 2005) as a fireman trapped in a collapsed building with his son.


title: Vincent Spano

text: He has also appeared in Italian projects, including the drama television series "L'onore e il rispetto Parte seconda" (2009) in the role of the mafia boss Rodolfo di Venanzio, and the film "Caldo Criminale" (2010) as Police Inspector Lai. He appeared in Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders "Il Mostro" (2017) as Commissario Galterio Conte.


title: Vincent Spano

text: Spano has a son, Aljosha Nakszynski (born June 29, 1984) with Nastassja Kinski, his co-star in "Maria's Lovers".


title: Cartesianism

text: Cartesianism is the philosophical and scientific system of René Descartes and its subsequent development by other seventeenth century thinkers, most notably François Poullain de la Barre, Nicolas Malebranche and Baruch Spinoza. Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences. For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge.


title: Cartesianism

text: Aristotle and St. Augustine’s work influenced Descartes's cogito argument. Additionally, there is similarity between Descartes’s work and that of the Scottish philosopher, George Campbell’s 1776 publication, titled "Philosophy of Rhetoric." In his "Meditations on First Philosophy" he writes, "[b]ut what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels."


title: Cartesianism

text: Cartesians view the mind as being wholly separate from the corporeal body. Sensation and the perception of reality are thought to be the source of untruth and illusions, with the only reliable truths to be had in the existence of a metaphysical mind. Such a mind can perhaps interact with a physical body, but it does not exist in the body, nor even in the same physical plane as the body. The question of how mind and body interact would be a persistent difficulty for Descartes and his followers, with different Cartesians providing different answers. To this point Descartes wrote, "we should conclude from all this, that those things which we conceive clearly and distinctly as being diverse substances, as we regard mind and body to be, are really substances essentially distinct one from the other; and this is the conclusion of the Sixth Meditation." Therefore, we can see that, while mind and body are indeed separate, because they can be separated from each other, but, Descartes postulates, the mind is a whole, inseparable from itself, while the body can become separated from itself to some extent, as in when one loses an arm or a leg.


title: Cartesianism

text: Descartes brought the question of how reliable knowledge may be obtained (epistemology) to the fore of philosophical enquiry. Many consider this to be Descartes' most lasting influence on the history of philosophy.


title: Cartesianism

text: Cartesianism is a form of rationalism because it holds that scientific knowledge can be derived "a priori" from 'innate ideas' through deductive reasoning. Thus Cartesianism is opposed to both Aristotelianism and empiricism, with their emphasis on sensory experience as the source of all knowledge of the world.


title: Cartesianism

text: For Descartes, the faculty of deductive reason is supplied by God and may therefore be trusted because God would not deceive us.


title: Cartesianism

text: In the Netherlands, where Descartes had lived for a long time, Cartesianism was a doctrine popular mainly among university professors and lecturers. In Germany the influence of this doctrine was not relevant and followers of Cartesianism in the German-speaking border regions between these countries (e.g., the iatromathematician Yvo Gaukes from East Frisia) frequently chose to publish their works in the Netherlands. In France, it was very popular, and gained influence also among Jansenists such as Antoine Arnauld, though there also, as in Italy, it became opposed by the Church. In Italy, the doctrine failed to make inroads, probably since Descartes' works were placed on the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" in 1663.


title: Cartesianism

text: In England, because of religious and other reasons, Cartesianism was not widely accepted. Though Henry More was initially attracted to the doctrine, his own changing attitudes toward Descartes mirrored those of the country: "quick acceptance, serious examination with accumulating ambivalence, final rejection."


title: Tie Domi

text: Tahir "Tie" Domi (born November 1, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Known as an enforcer, he played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers and Winnipeg Jets over a 16-year NHL career. He is the Maple Leafs' all time leader in penalty minutes in franchise history and is third overall in penalty minutes in NHL history. He is also the player with most fighting majors in NHL history, with 333.


title: Tie Domi

text: Domi was born in Windsor, Ontario, to Albanian parents, and grew up in nearby Belle River (now part of Lakeshore). As a child, he played minor hockey for the local Belle River Rink Rats of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association. When he was 15, Domi played for the Belle River Canadiens of the Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League, later moving up a level the following year to play with the Windsor Bulldogs of the Western Junior B Hockey League.


title: Tie Domi

text: At the 1986 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection, he was drafted in the seventh round (102nd overall) by the Peterborough Petes. Domi began his major junior career in 1986–87, spending his first year as a part-time player with the Petes, while also appearing with the nearby Peterborough Roadrunners in the Metro Junior A Hockey League. In his first full season with the Petes in 1987–88, he recorded an OHL career-high 22 goals and 43 points over 60 games, to go along with 292 penalty minutes, earning a reputation as an enforcer.


title: Tie Domi

text: During the off-season, he was selected in the second round (27th overall) by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1988 NHL Entry Draft. Upon his selection, Domi returned to the Petes for one more season of junior, recording 14 goals and 30 points over 43 games.


title: Tie Domi

text: Domi turned professional in 1989–90 with Toronto's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Newmarket Saints, recording 14 goals and 25 points over 57 games, along with 285 penalty minutes. He also made his NHL debut that season, appearing in two games with the Leafs in which he accumulated 42 penalty minutes. In the off-season, he was traded to the New York Rangers. He split the subsequent year between New York and their AHL affiliate, the Binghamton Rangers. During his 28 games with New York in 1990–91, he scored his first NHL goal on March 23, 1991 against the Philadelphia Flyers. After playing a full NHL campaign with the Rangers in 1991–92, Domi was traded early the following season to the Winnipeg Jets.


title: Tie Domi

text: In 1995, Domi was traded back to the Toronto Maple Leafs. That year, he famously knocked New York Rangers defenceman Ulf Samuelsson unconscious with a sucker punch to the face. Domi was suspended 8 games and heavily fined for the incident, described by some as one of the cheapest shots in NHL history. Domi insisted that Samuelsson provoked the punch by repeatedly calling him "dummy". In the 1997–98 season, Domi set a Leafs single-season record with 365 penalty minutes, passing a mark set by Tiger Williams in 1977–78.


title: Tie Domi

text: During the 2000–01 season, Domi was involved in an incident with a fan during an away game on March 29, 2001, against the Philadelphia Flyers. Sitting in the penalty box, Domi used his water bottle to spray water at a heckler, prompting another Flyers fan, Christopher Falcone, to begin yelling at him and climbing up the glass. The glass panel gave way, and Falcone fell into the penalty box and Domi then grabbed Falcone and punched him several times. After the game in an interview, Domi said to the media, "It's nice to see the fans get involved, I guess." Domi was fined $1000, the maximum allowable at the time by the NHLPA's collective bargaining agreement, but received no suspension.


title: Tie Domi

text: On May 3, 2001, in the closing seconds of Game 4 of the 2001 Eastern Conference Semi-finals, well away from the play, Domi threw an elbow at the head of New Jersey Devils defenceman Scott Niedermayer, knocking him unconscious. Domi was assessed a game misconduct and the following day, was suspended by the league for the remainder of the playoffs, with the condition that if Toronto did not advance to the following round, then Domi was to sit out the first 8 games of the 2001-02 NHL season. Toronto was eliminated by New Jersey in Game 7, and Domi's suspension subsequently carried over into the following season.


title: Tie Domi

text: On June 30, 2002, ahead of his unrestricted free agency, Domi's rights were traded to the Nashville Predators by Toronto for Nashville's 8th round choice (Shaun Landolt) in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. Nashville was unable to sign him, with Domi later re-signing with Toronto as a free agent on July 13, 2002. He had his best season in the 2003-04 NHL season, when he set career highs of 15 goals and 29 points.


title: Tie Domi

text: In what turned out to be his final season of 2005–06, Domi scored his 100th NHL goal. Also, Domi played his 1,000th career NHL game, on March 3, 2006, against the Buffalo Sabres. Seven days later, on March 10, 2006, Domi was a healthy scratch for the Maple Leafs' game versus the New York Islanders, which was the first time since the 1999 playoffs that he had been made a healthy scratch by coach Pat Quinn. Domi stated publicly that he was not happy with being benched, a fact that was underlined by his staying in his hotel room, not arriving at the game until after the second period and was widely regarded as a contributing factor in the decision to buy out his contract.


title: Tie Domi

text: On June 30, 2006, the Maple Leafs opted to buy out the final year of Domi's contract. He became a free agent on July 1, 2006. Without a contract several months later, Domi announced his retirement on September 19.


title: Tie Domi

text: During his NHL career, Domi also appeared in three films, playing a role in the 1999 independent film "Men of Means", while also making a cameo appearance in the hockey-themed drama "Mystery, Alaska". In 2007 Domi played himself in a season 2 episode of Canadian sitcom Rent-a-Goalie titled "Domi Daze".


title: Tie Domi

text: Following his retirement, Domi accepted a position in broadcasting with The Sports Network (TSN), a stint that lasted less than a month.


title: Tie Domi

text: In October 2009, Domi began competing as a pairs figure skater on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reality show "Battle of the Blades" with Christine Hough.


title: Tie Domi

text: Domi has also been involved in soccer and Canadian football at the professional and semi-professional levels. He was scouted by the University of Michigan for both sports while in high school. He played a full season for Kosovo of the Canadian International Soccer League during the summer of 1995, and appeared in two pre-season exhibition games as a placekicker for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League.


title: Tie Domi

text: Domi has three children from his marriage to his ex-wife, Leanne: daughters Carlin and Avery Rose, and son Max, who is a current NHL player. Domi's 13-year marriage ended in divorce in 2006. In 2017, he married Heather McDonough, and the couple live in New York City.


title: Tie Domi

text: During the 2012 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament, an international under-18 competition Max was participating in, Domi allegedly stole a video camera belonging to a Swedish coach, who was recording the Canadian team's practice – a legal practice. Domi took the unmanned camera before later returning it without the battery.


title: Bancroft (TV series)

text: Bancroft is a British television thriller series that began airing on ITV on 11 December 2017 and concluded on 14 December 2017. The series was produced by Tall Story Pictures for ITV, and distributed worldwide by ITV Studios Global Entertainment. It was created and written by Kate Brooke. A second series was broadcast from 1 January 2020 to 3 January 2020. On 3 November ITV cancelled "Bancroft" after two series.


title: Bancroft (TV series)

text: Detective Superintendent Elizabeth Bancroft (Parish) finds out her colleague, DS Katherine Stevens (Marsay) was given a cold case to solve who really killed Laura Fraser (Sacofsky) back in 1990. The investigation ties back into Bancroft's own dark past.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: In calculus, Rolle's theorem or Rolle's lemma essentially states that any real-valued differentiable function that attains equal values at two distinct points must have at least one stationary point somewhere between them—that is, a point where the first derivative (the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function) is zero. The theorem is named after Michel Rolle.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: If a real-valued function is continuous on a proper closed interval , differentiable on the open interval , and , then there exists at least one in the open interval such that formula_1


title: Rolle's theorem

text: This version of Rolle's theorem is used to prove the mean value theorem, of which Rolle's theorem is indeed a special case. It is also the basis for the proof of Taylor's theorem.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Although the theorem is named after Michel Rolle, Rolle's 1691 proof covered only the case of polynomial functions. His proof did not use the methods of differential calculus, which at that point in his life he considered to be fallacious. The theorem was first proved by Cauchy in 1823 as a corollary of a proof of the mean value theorem. The name "Rolle's theorem" was first used by Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch of Germany in 1834 and by Giusto Bellavitis of Italy in 1846.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Its graph is the upper semicircle centered at the origin. This function is continuous on the closed interval and differentiable in the open interval , but not differentiable at the endpoints and . Since , Rolle's theorem applies, and indeed, there is a point where the derivative of is zero. Note that the theorem applies even when the function cannot be differentiated at the endpoints because it only requires the function to be differentiable in the open interval.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: If differentiability fails at an interior point of the interval, the conclusion of Rolle's theorem may not hold. Consider the absolute value function


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Then , but there is no between −1 and 1 for which the is zero. This is because that function, although continuous, is not differentiable at . Note that the derivative of changes its sign at , but without attaining the value 0. The theorem cannot be applied to this function because it does not satisfy the condition that the function must be differentiable for every in the open interval. However, when the differentiability requirement is dropped from Rolle's theorem, will still have a critical number in the open interval , but it may not yield a horizontal tangent (as in the case of the absolute value represented in the graph).


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Consider a real-valued, continuous function on a closed interval with . If for every in the open interval the right-hand limit


title: Rolle's theorem

text: exist in the extended real line , then there is some number in the open interval such that one of the two limits


title: Rolle's theorem

text: is and the other one is (in the extended real line). If the right- and left-hand limits agree for every , then they agree in particular for , hence the derivative of exists at and is equal to zero.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Since the proof for the standard version of Rolle's theorem and the generalization are very similar, we prove the generalization.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: The idea of the proof is to argue that if , then must attain either a maximum or a minimum somewhere between and , say at , and the function must change from increasing to decreasing (or the other way around) at . In particular, if the derivative exists, it must be zero at .


title: Rolle's theorem

text: By assumption, is continuous on , and by the extreme value theorem attains both its maximum and its minimum in . If these are both attained at the endpoints of , then is constant on and so the derivative of is zero at every point in .


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Suppose then that the maximum is obtained at an interior point of (the argument for the minimum is very similar, just consider ). We shall examine the above right- and left-hand limits separately.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: For a real such that is in , the value is smaller or equal to because attains its maximum at . Therefore, for every ,


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Similarly, for every , the inequality turns around because the denominator is now negative and we get


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Finally, when the above right- and left-hand limits agree (in particular when is differentiable), then the derivative of at must be zero.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: We can also generalize Rolle's theorem by requiring that has more points with equal values and greater regularity. Specifically, suppose that


title: Rolle's theorem

text: The requirements concerning the th derivative of can be weakened as in the generalization above, giving the corresponding (possibly weaker) assertions for the right- and left-hand limits defined above with in place of .


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Particularly, this version of the theorem asserts that if a function differentiable enough times has roots (so they have the same value, that is 0), then there is an internal point where vanishes.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: The proof uses mathematical induction. The case is simply the standard version of Rolle's theorem. For , take as the induction hypothesis that the generalization is true for . We want to prove it for . Assume the function satisfies the hypotheses of the theorem. By the standard version of Rolle's theorem, for every integer from 1 to , there exists a in the open interval such that . Hence, the first derivative satisfies the assumptions on the closed intervals . By the induction hypothesis, there is a such that the st derivative of at is zero.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Rolle's theorem is a property of differentiable functions over the real numbers, which are an ordered field. As such, it does not generalize to other fields, but the following corollary does: if a real polynomial factors (has all of its roots) over the real numbers, then its derivative does as well. One may call this property of a field Rolle's property. More general fields do not always have differentiable functions, but they do always have polynomials, which can be symbolically differentiated. Similarly, more general fields may not have an order, but one has a notion of a root of a polynomial lying in a field.


title: Rolle's theorem

text: Thus Rolle's theorem shows that the real numbers have Rolle's property. Any algebraically closed field such as the complex numbers has Rolle's property. However, the rational numbers do not – for example, factors over the rationals, but its derivative,


title: Rolle's theorem

text: does not. The question of which fields satisfy Rolle's property was raised in . For finite fields, the answer is that only and have Rolle's property.


title: Gary Hilton

text: Gary Michael Hilton (born November 22, 1946), known as the National Forest Serial Killer, is an American serial killer responsible for four known homicides between 2007 and 2008 committed in three states, all of which occurred within the premises of national forests. Sentenced to death in Florida and to life imprisonment in Georgia and North Carolina, Hilton remains a suspect in several other killings, including that of Judy Smith.


title: Gary Hilton

text: On October 21, 2007, a retired couple of avid hikers living in Horse Shoe, North Carolina, John and Irene Bryant (80 and 84, respectively), left for a hike through the Pisgah National Forest, leaving their parked maroon Ford Escape at the Yellow Gap Road near U.S. Route 276. After not hearing from them for two weeks, family members reported the couple as missing to the Henderson County Sheriff's Office, who promptly launched a search for the Bryants, consisting of more than 30 volunteers, cadaver dogs and a helicopter. Through examining their phone records, it was learned that Irene had attempted to call 911 on the day of her disappearance, but the signal was lost, and the call was dropped.


title: Gary Hilton

text: On November 10, the search party located the body of a woman on the Barnett Branch trail, covered with leaves. Suspecting that it might belong to Irene, they sent it to the state medical examiner's office in Chapel Hill to perform an autopsy. Three days later, the body was positively identified as that of Irene, who had been bludgeoned to death with a blunt instrument. As this was now considered a homicide perpetrated on federal land, the FBI launched an investigation with an award of $10,000 to whoever could provide information leading to the killer. Simultaneously, it was revealed that a bank card belonging to the Bryants had been used to withdraw $300 from an ATM in Ducktown, Tennessee, with the surveillance cameras showing an older Caucasian man wearing a yellow rainjacket whose hood was obscuring his face. By this time, John was still considered a missing person, possibly abducted by whoever had killed his wife.


title: Gary Hilton

text: On February 3, 2008, Mark Waldrop, a hunter, accidentally discovered a skull in Nantahala National Forest, just off the forest service road known as "The Switchbacks." After calling the local deputy for assistance, the duo investigated the scene. Upon closer inspection, a pelvis and spine were located about 20 yards from the skull. Since there was no clothing or identification near the remains, the bones were sent to the medical examiner in Chapel Hill to identify the decedent. After two days, it was positively identified as that of John Bryant.


title: Gary Hilton

text: On December 3, 2007, 46-year-old Cheryl Hodges Dunlap, a resident of Crawfordville, Florida, did not appear for her job at the Florida State University in Tallahassee, where she worked as a nurse. Considering this behavior to be unusual, her colleagues reported her missing on the following day, after her abandoned car, a white Toyota Camry, was located north of the county line. Approximately five days later, a search party of around 180 people was organized to help locate her, and despite initially being unable to find anything, the members still hoped that they would locate Dunlap alive.


title: Gary Hilton

text: On December 16, Ronnie Rentz, a hunter passing through the woods in the Apalachicola National Forest with his dogs, discovered the decapitated, decomposing body of a white woman, immediately reporting the finding to the state authorities. As they were initially unsure whether the body was Dunlap's, it was sent to the medical examiner, who confirmed that it was indeed hers via DNA profiling. Classifying her death as a homicide, authorities announced that they were looking for a suspicious green truck seen in the area around the time Dunlap disappeared, driven by a man who had used her ATM card five times in Tallahassee, withdrawing $700 from her account. Over the next few days, numerous tips were submitted to the police, some of which were about a strange homeless man with a dog who was driving a green 2001 Chevrolet Astro van, but this lead did not lead to an arrest. Around this time, rumors began circulating that a serial offender was operating between Georgia and Florida. Still, at the time, the Leon County Sheriff's Office stated that they were investigating the case as an isolated homicide.


title: Gary Hilton

text: On New Year's Day of 2008, 24-year-old sales manager Meredith Hope Emerson decided to go for a hike along the Freeman Trail on Blood Mountain, in Vogel State Park. She was accompanied by her dog, Ella, and according to several witnesses, they had observed a mysterious older man with his dog following her. On January 3, 2008, authorities located her 1995 Chevrolet Cavalier, where they found various items such as her water bottle, a dog leash, and a police baton.


title: Gary Hilton

text: That day further investigation into the man seen following Emerson revealed that he was 61-year-old Gary Hilton, a local drifter known for his strange behavior and vicious temper. He often walked his dog Dandy along the trail. Since this revelation, he was announced as a person of interest in the case, with police requesting that they officially interrogate him about the case. A day after this announcement, Emerson's dog Ella was found wandering at a Kroger parking lot and returned to her family members.


title: Gary Hilton

text: On January 5, authorities located numerous items belonging to Emerson inside a dumpster near a QuikTrip parking lot in Cumming: her bloodied clothing, wallet, driver's license, a University of Georgia ID card and a bloodstained car seat belt.


title: Gary Hilton

text: In addition to the homicides mentioned above, Hilton has been investigated and remains a suspect in the following unsolved murders:


title: Gary Hilton

text: Five hours after police found the items linked to Emerson, Hilton was arrested thanks to two anonymous phone tips, which claimed that he was vacuuming his van at a local establishment. He was transferred to the county jail, where he was subsequently charged with kidnapping based on the material evidence connecting him to the case. While he was being held at a federal prison in Atlanta, the search for Emerson's body continued in a 90-square mile area of the Chattahoochee National Forest. Upon examining his van, the same 2001 Chevrolet Astro as reported earlier in tips by witnesses, authorities noticed that it was missing its rear car seat belt, which matched the one located among Emerson's personal items.


title: Gary Hilton

text: In exchange for dropping the death penalty against him, Hilton agreed to reveal where he had disposed of Emerson's remains, leading the investigators to the Dawson Forest Management Area. She had been decapitated, but the coroner determined that it had been done post-mortem in an attempt to prevent identification. Hilton claimed that he had abducted her to steal her bank cards and PIN code and that he had repeatedly hit her with a tire iron, causing her death. He later pleaded guilty to her murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 30 years. In September 2009, a hiker found camping supplies believed to belong to Gary Hilton, which were then turned over to the Florida authorities for use in the upcoming Dunlap trial.


title: Gary Hilton

text: About a month later, Florida prosecutors charged Hilton with Dunlap's murder, claiming that forensic evidence linked him to the slaying. Despite his efforts to fight his extradition, Hilton was brought to Leon County from the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification State Prison in June 2008, and was remanded to await trial for the Dunlap killing. Attorneys Ines Suber and Steven Been, who specialized in capital murder cases, were hired as his public defenders. At his trial, prosecutors claimed that Hilton had abducted Dunlap from the Leon Sinks Geological Area and held her captive for two days, before eventually killing and then decapitating her body. He had also attempted to eliminate potential evidence by incinerating her head and hands in a fire pit before finally dumping the body in the forest. When Hilton's defense team claimed that there was no forensic proof, the prosecutors reminded that Hilton had claimed on tape that he had disposed of Dunlap's body, but now deliberately tried to distance himself from it. After four hours of deliberation, the jury found him guilty on three out of four charges, with a recommendation to impose the death penalty on the convict. On February 22, 2011, he was officially sentenced to death for the crime and sent off to Florida's death row.


title: Gary Hilton

text: In 2012, Hilton was brought to trial for the third time for the murders of John and Irene Bryant. As part of a plea deal with the prosecutor, he admitted his guilt in the killings and was sentenced to an additional life term without the chance of parole. During the hearings, Hilton described how he had killed Irene on the spot and then kidnapped John to extort his bank details, before shooting him in the head with a .22 Magnum and then dumping his body in The Switchbacks.


title: Gary Hilton

text: During and after his trials, criminal profilers from the FBI and agencies from across the country attended the proceedings to interview Hilton. According to criminologist Eric Hickey, Hilton was likely responsible for other homicides before 2007, a claim supported by other veteran profilers, who were skeptical that Hilton had begun killing at such an old age.


title: Gary Hilton

text: In 2018, Hilton unsuccessfully attempted to overturn his death sentence, citing his defense team as dysfunctional and ineffective. Both state and federal authorities denied his appeal.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Christopher Michael Coke, also known as Dudus (born 13 March 1969), is a convicted Jamaican drug lord and the leader of the Shower Posse, a violent drug gang started by his father Lester Coke in Jamaica, which exported "large quantities" of marijuana and cocaine into the United States.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Due to their father's drug profits, Christopher and his siblings grew up amidst wealth and attended elite private schools. His sister and brother were killed in drug-related violence, in 1987 and 2004, respectively. Coke was gradually brought into his father's organization.


title: Christopher Coke

text: After his father's death in 1992, Coke, at the age of 23, became leader of the gang and the "de facto" authority of the Tivoli Gardens community in West Kingston. He developed community programs to help the poor and had so much local support that Jamaican police were unable to enter this neighborhood without community consent.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Coke was arrested on drug charges and extradited to the United States in 2010. His arrest had provoked violence among Coke's supporters in West Kingston. In 2011, Coke pleaded guilty to federal racketeering charges in connection with drug trafficking and assault. On 8 June 2012, he was sentenced by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York to 23 years in federal prison.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Christopher Michael Coke was born in Kingston, Jamaica in 1969, the youngest son of Lester Lloyd Coke and Patricia Halliburton. He had an older sister and brother.


title: Christopher Coke

text: His father Lester Coke, who was also known as "Jim Brown", was the founder of a violent drug gang called the Shower Posse. Together with the gang's co-founder Vivian Blake, Lester Coke oversaw the distribution of huge amounts of cocaine and marijuana throughout Jamaica and the United States; they were blamed for more than 1000 murders in both countries during the late 1980s and early 1990s.


title: Christopher Coke

text: The gang ruled the Tivoli Gardens neighborhood of West Kingston, where the Coke family lived. Although the area had a history of extreme poverty, Coke earned immense wealth from the gang's profits and his family lived in luxury. Christopher Coke and his siblings attended school with children of the country's political elite. The family suffered from the violence associated with the competition of the drug trade and their father's activities. Coke's sister was fatally shot in 1987. Coke's brother was killed in 2004.


title: Christopher Coke

text: The United States Department of Justice indicted Lester Coke and other key members of the gang, including Vivian Blake, on drug trafficking and murder charges in 1990. Jamaican authorities arrested them. Two years after his arrest, the senior Coke died in a mysterious fire at the General Penitentiary in Kingston, where he was being held pending extradition proceedings.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Christopher Coke had been incorporated into his father's trusted assistants. He effectively began to rule the gang at the age of 23, after his father died. He also developed himself as a community leader in Tivoli Gardens. He distributed money to the area's poor, created employment, and set up community centers to help the children and others. He gained widespread support in the community, to the extent that Jamaican police had to seek permission from his organization before entering the neighborhood.


title: Christopher Coke

text: In 2009 the United States first asked the Jamaican government for the extradition of Coke on drug trafficking charges.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Bruce Golding, the prime minister of Jamaica and leader of the Jamaica Labour Party, initially refused to extradite Coke. He claimed that the US had used warrantless wiretapping to gather evidence on Coke. Eavesdropping evidence precipitated the US call for extradition. On 17 May 2010, Golding relented and the government issued a warrant for Coke's arrest.


title: Christopher Coke

text: The Senator Tom Tavares-Finson withdrew as Coke's attorney on 18 May 2010 "in order to avoid conflict of interest."


title: Christopher Coke

text: Following this news, Coke's supporters began protesting and arming themselves. In late May 2010, the national government placed Kingston under a state of emergency after a series of shootings and firebombings within the city. On 24 May 2010, military and police forces launched a large-scale operation in Kingston to arrest Coke. By 27 May, at least 73 people had been killed in clashes between Jamaican security forces and gunmen in West Kingston, primarily in the neighbourhood of Tivoli Gardens. This casualty toll has climbed to a confirmed number of 76 dead victims. Mattathias Schwartz, writing for "The New Yorker", reported the death toll at 74, including one soldier.


title: Christopher Coke

text: In 2013, the Government of Jamaica announced it would set up a Commission of Inquiry to investigate and report on the operation: the commission, informally known as the Tivoli Inquiry, first sat in December 2014. It is chaired by Barbados judge Sir David Simmons with Justice Hazel Harris and Professor Anthony Harriott and Velma Hylton QC.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Coke was detained during a routine roadblock while trying to reach the US Embassy in Kingston for surrender. He attempted to disguise himself as a woman, wearing a woman's wig and possessing a second one and a pair of women's sunglasses; however, the security forces recognized him through his disguise. Reverend Al Miller, an influential evangelical priest, was also detained while trying to facilitate the surrender. Miller told police Coke feared for his life if he surrendered directly to the police, and was asked for aid by Coke. Miller had previously facilitated the surrender of Coke's brother one month earlier.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Fearing for his safety, Coke voluntarily waived his right to an extradition trial so that he could be taken to the US to be tried. Coke's father had died in 1992 in a mysterious prison fire while awaiting an extradition trial in Jamaica. Coke was held under heavy guard while awaiting extradition, as the police feared an attack by his supporters.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Coke said that his decision to surrender and face charges was based on a desire to end the drug-related violence in Jamaica, to which he'd lost his sister, brother and father. He said:


title: Christopher Coke

text: "I take this decision for I now believe it to be in the best interest of my family, the community of western Kingston and in particular the people of Tivoli Gardens and above all Jamaica."


title: Christopher Coke

text: Coke was held at the federal New York City Metropolitan Correctional Center during the court proceedings. Coke initially pleaded not guilty to federal drug trafficking and weapons trafficking charges in May 2011. On 30 August 2011, he pleaded guilty in front of Judge Robert P. Patterson, Jr. of United States District Court for the Southern District of New York to the following charges: racketeering conspiracy for trafficking large quantities of marijuana and cocaine into the United States, and conspiracy to commit assault in aid of racketeering, for his approval of the stabbing attack of a marijuana dealer in New York City.


title: Christopher Coke

text: Initially scheduled for 8 December 2011, Judge Patterson postponed Coke's sentencing several times to provide time for Coke's defense attorneys and federal prosecutors to obtain information supporting their arguments as to the sentence. Defense attorneys cited members of Coke's family and other supporters, who portrayed him as a benevolent, philanthropic, and well-mannered individual. By contrast, federal prosecutors presented documents depicting Coke as willing to commit brutal acts of violence to support his drug empire, and implicating him in at least five murders. In one, he allegedly dismembered the victim with a chainsaw for stealing drugs from him. The Jamaican government provided evidence derived from wiretapping Coke's cellphone prior to his arrest; it had recorded at least 50,000 conversations dating back to 2004. On 8 June 2012 Coke was sentenced to 23 years in prison. He is now held at the Federal Correctional Institution, Fort Dix in Fort Dix, New Jersey with a release date of 25 January 2030. He has a register number of 02257-748.


title: Hannah New

text: Hannah New (born 13 May 1984) is an English actress. She is known for her starring role on the television show "Black Sails" in which she plays Eleanor Guthrie, the owner of a saloon in Nassau, and also for her role as Rosalinda Fox in "The Time in Between".


title: Hannah New

text: New was born in Balham, London, and is the youngest of three sisters. At the age of four, she attended a ballet school. She later joined the National Youth Theatre. Her interest in other cultures led her to visit over 20 countries including spending 3 months in a children's home in Bolivia in 2003.


title: Hannah New

text: New studied in University of Leeds where she learned Spanish, she also studied abroad in Spain and was spotted by a talent scout in Barcelona, and then studied a postgraduate degree at the Royal Central School of Speech & Drama.


title: Hannah New

text: New's career was launched by American talent manager Stacey Castro, who discovered her in Barcelona, Spain in 2009, during a search for UK casting director Susie Figgis to find the role of "Lucrezia Borgia" for the television series "The Borgias". In 2010, she was offered a role in television show "The Time in Between", the adaptation of the same-titled María Dueñas novel. She played Rosalinda Fox, a young English woman who is the lover of Juan Luis Beigbeder and friend of Sira Quiroga. In 2011, she landed a lead role in "Shelter", an unaired television pilot. New featured in a Spanish movie playing alongside David Hasselhoff in the film in 2011.


title: Hannah New

text: New was managed by Castro until 2012, the year she joined the cast of the Starz TV show "Black Sails". She plays Eleanor Guthrie, the daughter of Richard Guthrie, a saloon owner who runs her father's illegal businesses in Nassau. The 8-episode first season premièred on 25 January 2014, and in 2014 she was filming the second season in South Africa. New featured in all four seasons of the show which was televised until 2017. As well as acting, New found time to climb Mount Kilimanjaro for the Intyatyambo Community Project charity in 2015, and also taught English to school children in Khayelitsha during her time off from filming the TV series "Black Sails".


title: Hannah New

text: New played Queen Leila, Princess Aurora's mother, in the Disney film "Maleficent", which was released on 30 May 2014.


title: Hannah New

text: In 2014, New got a main role in the true-based thriller "Under the Bed", in which a young woman tries to get over a recent romantic breakup while a stalker befriends her on social media and takes up residence underneath her bed. The film was released in 2017.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Indigenous peoples of Colombia, are the ethnic groups who have inhabited Colombia since before the European colonization, in the early 16th century. According to the last census, they comprise 4.4% of the country's population, belonging to 115 different tribes.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Approximately two thirds of the Indigenous peoples of Colombia live in La Guajira, Cauca, Nariño, Cordoba and Sucre Departments. Amazon Basin, a sparsely populated region, is home to over 70 different Indigenous ethnic groups.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Some theories claim the earliest human habitation of South America to be as early as 43,000 BC, but the current scholarly consensus among archaeologists is that human habitation in South America only dates back to around 15,000 BC at the earliest. Anthropologist Tom Dillehay dates the earliest hunter-gatherer cultures on the continent at almost 10,000 BC, during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods. According to his evidence based on rock shelters, Colombia's first human inhabitants were probably concentrated along the Caribbean coast and on the Andean highland slopes. By that time, these regions were forested and had a climate resembling today's. Dillehay has noted that Tibitó, located just north of Bogotá, is one of the oldest known and most widely accepted sites of early human occupation in Colombia, dating from about 9,790 BC. There is evidence that the highlands of Colombia were occupied by significant numbers of human foragers by 9,000 BC, with permanent village settlement in northern Colombia by 2,000 BC.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Beginning in the 1st millennium BC, groups of Amerindians including the Muisca, Quimbaya, Tairona, Calima, Zenú, Tierradentro, San Agustín, Tolima, and Urabá became skilled in farming, mining, and metalcraft; and some developed the political system of "cacicazgos" with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Colombia's Indigenous culture evolved from three main groups—the Quimbaya, who inhabited the western slopes of the Cordillera Central; the Chibchas; and the Kalina (Caribs). When the Spanish arrived in 1509, they found a flourishing and heterogeneous Amerindian population that numbered between 1.5 million and 2 million, belonged to several hundred tribes, and largely spoke mutually unintelligible dialects. The two most advanced cultures of Amerindian peoples at the time were the Muisca and Taironas, who belonged to the Chibcha group and were skilled in farming, mining, and metalcraft. The Muisca lived mainly in the present departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá, where they had fled centuries earlier after raids by the warlike Caribs, some of whom eventually migrated to Caribbean islands near the end of the first millennium A.D. The Taironas, who were divided into two subgroups, lived in the Caribbean lowlands and the highlands of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The Muisca civilization was well organized into distinct provinces governed by communal land laws and powerful caciques, who reported to one of the two supreme leaders.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: The complexity of the Indigenous peoples' social organization and technology varied tremendously, from stratified agricultural chiefdoms to tropical farm villages and nomadic hunting and food-gathering groups. At the end of the colonial period, the native population still constituted about half of the total population. In the agricultural chiefdoms of the highlands, the Spaniards successfully imposed institutions designed to ensure their control of the Amerindians and thereby the use of their labor. The colonists had organized political and religious administration by the end of the sixteenth century, and they had begun attempts to religiously convert the Amerindians to Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: The most important institution that regulated the lives and welfare of the highland Amerindians was the "resguardo", a reservation system of communal landholdings. Under this system, Amerindians were allowed to use the land but could not sell it. Similar in some respects to the Native American reservation system of the United States, the resguardo has lasted with some changes even to the present and has been an enduring link between the government and the remaining highland tribes. As land pressures increased, however, encroachment of white or mestizo settlers onto resguardo lands accelerated, often without opposition from the government.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: The government generally had not attempted to legislate in the past in matters affecting the forest Amerindians. During the colonial period, Roman Catholic missions were granted jurisdiction over the lowland tribes. With the financial support of the government, a series of agreements with the Holy See from 1887 to 1953 entrusted the evangelization and education of these Amerindians to the missions, which worked together with government agencies. Division of the resguardos stopped in 1958, and a new program of community development began to try to bring the Amerindians more fully into the national society.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: The struggle of the Indigenous people on these lands to protect their holdings from neighboring landlords and to preserve their traditions continued into the late 20th century, when the 1991 constitution incorporated many of the Amerindian demands. New resguardos have been created, and others have been reconstituted, among forest tribes as well as highland communities. The 1991 constitution opened special political and social arenas for Indigenous and other minority groups. For example, it allowed for creation of a special commission to design a law recognizing the black communities occupying unsettled lands in the riverine areas of the Pacific Coast. Article 171 provides special Senate representation for Amerindians and other ethnic groups, while Article 176 provides special representation in the Chamber of Representatives: two seats "for the black communities, one for Indian communities, one for political minorities, and one for Colombians residing abroad". Article 356 guarantees Amerindian territorial and cultural rights, and several laws and decrees have been enacted protecting them. Article 356 refers somewhat vaguely to both "Indigenous territorial entities" and Indigenous "resguardos".


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: By 1991 the country's 587 resguardos contained 800,271 people, including 60,503 families. The general regional distribution of these resguardos was as follows: Amazonia, 88; llanos, 106; Caribbean lowlands, 31; Andean highlands, 104; and Pacific lowlands, 258. They totaled , or about 24 percent of the national territory. Colombia today may have as many as 710 resguardos in 27 of the 32 departments.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Individual Indigenous groups have a variety of governance structures. A number of Indigenous groups are represented through the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC - Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia). Increasing organization and agitation have sharply broadened the Indigenous land base over the past forty years. The government titled more than 200 new reserves from 1960 to 1990, with 334 total operating as autonomous municipalities by 1997.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Indigenous peoples hold title to substantial portions of Colombia, primarily in the form of Indigenous Reserves (), which encompass one-third of the country's land. The Indigenous Affairs division of the Ministry of Interior has 567 reserves on record, covering approximately 365,004 km² which are home to 800,272 persons in 67,503 families.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: The 1991 National Constitution of Colombia defined Territorial Entities ("Entidades Territoriales") as departments, districts, municipalities and Indigenous territories.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Within an Indigenous Territory Entity (ETI) the people have autonomy in managing their interests, and within the limits of the constitution have the right to manage resources and define taxes required to perform their duties. ETIs are to be defined by the government in conformance with the Organic Law on Land Management.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: According to the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC), there are 102 Indigenous groups in Colombia. The ethnic groups with the greatest number of members are the Wayuu (380,460), Zenú, (307,091), Nasa (243,176) and Pastos (163,873). These peoples account for 58.1% of Colombia's Indigenous population.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Highland peoples refer to the cultures of the Andes and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of Colombia, while lowland peoples refer to the inhabitants of Chocó, Amazonia, Guajira and the Caribbean Coast, the Urabá Region and other non-mountain cultures.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: The Indigenous people represent 2-3% of the population of the Colombian region and its levels of income as well as the indicators of human development as education and health conditions are laying behind compared to those of the rest of the Colombians. During the last twenty years, there has been a remarkable increase of the interest dedicated to the concerns of Indigenous communities all over the world. Therefore, the United Nations proclaimed the disclosure of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People and in Latin America on 10 December 1994 and in Latin America. More than in any other region, this period was characterized by a wave of Indigenous movements which practised a growing political power, since the resistance of the Chiapas of 1994 until the fall of the governments of Ecuador and Bolivia.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: The rise of Indigenous mobilization in Colombia is explained as a reaction of crisis at various levels: a crisis of representation, caused by the shortcomings of political parties with sufficient representation to shoulder all collectives' interests; a crisis of participation, that is the result of the lack of citizen's participation in state's business; and a legitimation crisis, due to the discrimination against some social groups.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: During their struggle for rights, Indigenes abandoned the armed struggle of the 1980s and the new strategy included forms of legal liberalism, a politics of identity and the use of transnational networks putting pressure on the state to achieve recognition and respect. This hasn't always led to success and often turned into victims of the cultural project of neoliberalism. Besides the cultural accomplishments there was an escalation of the acts of persecution and in the number of violations committed against them.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: According to the Indigenous National Organization of Colombia (ONIC) there are 102 Indigenous peoples in Colombia and only 82 of them are recognized by the Colombian government. One of the main problems the Colombian Indigenous communities are currently facing is the lack of recognition of their right to be consulted. Poverty is another central aspect in order to understand the contemporary situation of the Indigenes of Colombia, which has been measured making use of the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN), considering people poor who have insufficiencies in living, services and education. Facts show differences between zones: those of greater influence of poverty measured with the UBN standard are Chocó, Sucre, Boyacá, Nariño and Córdoba, with numbers that exceed the 50% of the population and those of less influence are found in Bogotá and the departments of El Valle, Atlántico and the cafetero-core: Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: In 1986 the concept of pobreza absoluta was introduced in the nation, during a situation of crisis of governability and the escalation of the problems concerning the armed conflict. With the politics of struggle against poverty the presence of the state was tried to be consolidated in zones which were considered 'marginal', especially those areas including Indigenous population.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Politics between 1986 and 1990 tried to rehabilitate the marginal zones and their integration to achieve development; specific institutions were set up to work with Indigenous communities, seeing them as farmer communities which habits and forms of production had to be modernized. As a consequence, the Indigenous minorities revolted, arguing that it was not up to them to reintegrate but it was the state that had to reform his ideas and recognize them as the original Colombian population.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: The goal was to solve the crisis of governability by eliminating poverty, without excluding local necessities and impulse development from out of the perspective of diversity. The Indigenous communities were considered to be marginal sectors in disadvantage, a highly retarded population which had to be incorporated and integrated in greater society. The Indigenous people were not seen as a part of the diversity of the nation which participation was needed for the construction of it. This conception has survived since the colonization of the continent until now: generally, the Indigenous and also the black diversity is still seen as a negative element which has to be reduced or completely wiped out to guarantee the development and the modernization of Latin American societies.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Despite the Constitution of 1991 with the introduction of the multi-ethnic and multicultural character of the Colombian nation, the contemporary relation between the state and the Indigenous communities seems to be contradictory, particularly because of the presence of the demands of autonomy of the latter. Until today the Colombian government has recognized the Indigenous groups only as communities, meaning that they are considered to be culturally diverse and therefore require a different political treatment to be able to integrate them in national society. Different forms of participation have been assigned to the communities, but always in conformity with legal and constitutional regulations of the state, defined and established throughout history. Though the 1990s were a decade of mobilization and in some way a victory in terms of neoliberal multiculturalism, after twenty years of the Constitution of 1991 people have realized the need of turning to other forms of mobilization, more than legal mobilization. It has been shown that the recognition of equality is not enough; Indigenous peoples have also demanded their right to difference, that is, access to particular rights as Indigenous communities.


title: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

text: Currently, Indigenous political participation, both in national and local elections, remains low, because of various reasons: the fragmentation of the movement due to the several groups within the Colombian Indigenous communities; the loss of the vote from non-Indigenous leaders and the low number of voters due to the fact that they comprise a small part of the national population and most of them live in the countryside without possibilities to vote.


title: German war crimes

text: The governments of the German Empire and Nazi Germany (under Adolf Hitler) ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes, first in the Herero and Namaqua genocide and then in the First and Second World Wars. The most notable of these is the Holocaust in which millions of Jews and Romani were systematically murdered. Millions of civilians and prisoners of war also died as a result of German abuse, mistreatment, and deliberate starvation policies in those two conflicts. Much of the evidence was deliberately destroyed by the perpetrators, such as in Sonderaktion 1005, in an attempt to conceal the crimes.


title: German war crimes

text: Considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century, the Herero and Namaqua Genocide was perpetrated by the German Empire between 1904 and 1907 in German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia), during the Scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonialism. In August, General Lothar von Trotha of the Imperial German Army defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate.


title: German war crimes

text: In total, from 24,000 up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama died. The genocide was characterized by widespread death by starvation and thirst because the Herero who fled the violence were prevented from returning from the Namib Desert. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically poisoned wells in the desert.


title: German war crimes

text: Documentation regarding German war crimes in World War I was seized and destroyed by Nazi Germany during World War II, after occupying France, along with monuments commemorating their victims.


title: German war crimes

text: Poison gas was first introduced as a weapon by Imperial Germany, and subsequently used by all major belligerents, in violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare.


title: German war crimes

text: In August 1914, as part of the Schlieffen Plan, the German Army invaded and occupied the neutral nation of Belgium without explicit warning, which violated a treaty of 1839 that the German chancellor dismissed as a "scrap of paper" and the 1907 Hague Convention on Opening of Hostilities. Within the first two months of the war, the German occupiers terrorized the Belgians, killing thousands of civilians and looting and burning scores of towns, including Leuven, which housed the country's preeminent university, mainly in retaliation for Belgian guerrilla warfare, (see "francs-tireurs"). This action was in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare provisions that prohibited collective punishment of civilians and looting and destruction of civilian property in occupied territories.


title: German war crimes

text: The raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, which took place on December 16, 1914, was an attack by the Imperial German Navy on the British seaport towns of Scarborough, Hartlepool, West Hartlepool, and Whitby. The attack resulted in 137 fatalities and 592 casualties. The raid was in violation of the ninth section of the 1907 Hague Convention which prohibited naval bombardments of undefended towns without warning, because only Hartlepool was protected by shore batteries. Germany was a signatory of the 1907 Hague Convention. Another attack followed on 26 April 1916 on the coastal towns of Yarmouth and Lowestoft but both were important naval bases and defended by shore batteries.


title: German war crimes

text: Unrestricted submarine warfare was instituted in 1915 in response to the British naval blockade of Germany. Prize rules, which were codified under the 1907 Hague Convention—such as those that required commerce raiders to warn their targets and allow time for the crew to board lifeboats—were disregarded and commercial vessels were sunk regardless of nationality, cargo, or destination. Following the sinking of the on 7 May 1915 and subsequent public outcry in various neutral countries, including the United States, the practice was withdrawn. However, Germany resumed the practice on 1 February 1917 and declared that all merchant ships regardless of nationalities would be sunk without warning. This outraged the U.S. public, prompting the U.S. to break diplomatic relations with Germany two days later, and, along with the Zimmermann Telegram, led the U.S. entry into the war two months later on the side of the Allied Powers.


title: German war crimes

text: Chronologically, the first German World War II crime, and also the very first act of the war, was the bombing of Wieluń, a town where no targets of military value were present.


title: German war crimes

text: More significantly, The Holocaust of the Jews, the Action T4 killing of the disabled and the Porajmos of the Romani are the most notable war crimes committed by Nazi Germany during World War II. Not all of the crimes committed during the Holocaust and similar mass atrocities were war crimes. Telford Taylor (The U.S. prosecutor in the German High Command case at the Nuremberg Trials and Chief Counsel for the twelve trials before the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals) explained in 1982:


title: German war crimes

text: In addition, more than 90 villages and towns are recorded from the Hellenic network of martyr cities. During the triple German, Italian and Bulgarian, occupation about 800,000 people lost their lives in Greece (see World War II casualties).


title: Static Age

text: Static Age is an album by the American horror punk band Misfits, recorded in 1978. Although it was the first album the band ever recorded, it was not released in its entirety until 1996.


title: Static Age

text: In August 1977 The Misfits released their debut single "Cough/Cool" on Blank Records, a label operated by the band's lead vocalist Glenn Danzig. Several months later Mercury Records issued a Pere Ubu record on their own Blank Records imprint, unaware that Danzig held a trademark on the name. The parties came to a settlement, with Danzig accepting thirty hours of studio time for his band in exchange for the rights to the Blank Records name. In January and February 1978 the Misfits, then consisting of Danzig, guitarist Franché Coma, bassist Jerry Only, and drummer Mr. Jim, recorded seventeen songs at C.I. Recordings in New York City with engineer and producer Dave Achelis. Due to time constraints, the band recorded the songs live in the studio with only a few takes and very few overdubs. Ultimately fourteen of the seventeen tracks produced during the sessions were assembled for the Misfits' anticipated debut album, to be titled "Static Age".


title: Static Age

text: However, the band were unable to find a record label interested in releasing the album. Instead, the Misfits released four of the new tracks ("Bullet", "We Are 138", "Attitude", and "Hollywood Babylon") as the "Bullet" single in June 1978 on Danzig's newly created label Plan 9 Records (the same four tracks, along with a remixed version of "Last Caress", were reissued on the "Beware" EP in January 1980). While on tour in Canada that October, guitarist Franché Coma abruptly quit the band, followed by drummer Mr. Jim at the tour's conclusion. With the band's future far from certain, the "Static Age" recordings were shelved indefinitely. Danzig recruited new members Bobby Steele and Joey Image and the Misfits shifted their style away from the traditional punk rock of the "Static Age" sessions to a more horror film-inspired direction. None of the remaining "Static Age" tracks were released during the early era of the band, though a re-recorded version of "Teenagers from Mars" appeared on the "Horror Business" single in 1979, and a live version of "We Are 138" appeared on the "Evilive" EP in 1982.


title: Static Age

text: After the band's breakup in 1983, Danzig overdubbed guitar and bass tracks on nine of the unreleased "Static Age" tracks ("Static Age", "TV Casualty", "Hybrid Moments", "Come Back", "Some Kinda Hate", "Theme for a Jackal", "Angelfuck", "Spinal Remains", and "She"), releasing these new versions on the 1985 "Legacy of Brutality" compilation album. "Misfits" followed in 1986, reissuing the tracks "Bullet" and "Hollywood Babylon" as well as the overdubbed version of "She". "Collection II" (1995) reissued "We Are 138" and "Attitude", the remixed version of "Last Caress", and the previously unreleased "Return of the Fly".


title: Static Age

text: With the release of the Misfits box set in 1996, the complete original "Static Age" album saw the light of day for the first time on CD, eighteen years after the songs were recorded. The box set included all three compilation albums as well as a disc with all fourteen "Static Age" tracks that had been mixed in 1978. The remaining three tracks, "She", "Spinal Remains", and "In the Doorway", were mixed by Alan Douches and Tom Bejgrowicz on February 24, 1997, at West West Side Music and were included when "Static Age" was finally released as a standalone album that July. "In the Doorway" had never before been released, as it had remained unmixed on the master tapes for nineteen years. The album also included an unlisted eighteenth track consisting of a collage of studio banter and outtakes.


title: Static Age

text: Several of the songs on "Static Age" were based on horror films and American historical events from the 1960s and 1970s. "Return of the Fly" borrows its title from the 1959 film "Return of the Fly", and most of the song's lyrics consist of repetition of the film's title, actors, and characters: ""Return of the Fly, Return of the Fly/With Vincent Price/Helen Delambre, Helen Delambre/François, François/Cecile, Cecile"". "Bullet" references the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy, with sexually explicit lyrics directed at his wife Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: ""Texas is an outrage when your husband is dead/Texas is an outrage when they pick up his head/Texas is the reason that the President's dead/You gotta suck, suck, Jackie, suck"". Although the subject of "She" is not mentioned in the lyrics, Misfits associate Eerie Von noted in The Misfits box set that the song was about Patty Hearst. The lyrics reference Hearst's participation in a San Francisco bank robbery in 1974: ""She walked out with empty arms, machine gun in her hand/She is good and she is bad, no one understands/She walked in in silence, never spoke a word/She's got a rich daddy, she's her daddy's girl"". "Hollywood Babylon" borrows its title from Kenneth Anger's 1959 book "Hollywood Babylon".


title: Static Age

text: Early in his amateur career, Mike Diana, who would later become the first American artist to be convicted of obscenity in the United States, produced a 1988 comics magazine called "Angelfuck", which was named after the song on this album.


title: Rajesh Khanna filmography

text: Rajesh Khanna (born Jatin Khanna; 29 December 1942 18 July 2012) was an Indian actor, politician and film producer who is known for his work in Hindi cinema. During his career, he appeared in more than 180 films. He starred in 15 consecutive solo hit films from 1969 to 1971. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor three times and the BFJA Awards for Best Actor (Hindi) four times, received the Filmfare Special Award in 1991, and was awarded the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005. Khanna has been called the "First Superstar" of Indian cinema and was the highest paid Indian actor from 1970 to 1987 whereas Amitabh Bachchan shared the same tag with Khanna from 1980 to 1987.


title: Victor, Prince Napoléon

text: Victor, Prince Napoléon, titular 3rd Prince of Montfort ("Napoléon Victor Jérôme Frédéric Bonaparte"; 18 July 1862 – 3 May 1926), was the Bonapartist pretender to the French throne from 1879 until his death in 1926. He was known as Napoléon V by those who supported his claim.


title: Victor, Prince Napoléon

text: He was born in the Palais Royal of Paris during the Second French Empire the son of Napoleon's nephew Prince Napoleon and his wife, Princess Marie Clothilde of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. He had two younger siblings, Prince Louis (1864–1932) and Princess Maria Letizia Bonaparte (1866–1926), later the Duchess of Aosta. At the time of his birth in 1862, he was third in the line of succession to the throne behind Napoléon, Prince Imperial and his father Prince Napoleon. The Empire came to an end in 1870 with the abdication of the Emperor Napoleon III.


title: Victor, Prince Napoléon

text: He was appointed head of the house of Bonaparte at the age of 18 in the will of Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial, who died in 1879, and so became Napoleon V to his supporters, though his younger brother, Prince Louis, a colonel in the Russian Imperial Guard, was preferred to him by many Bonapartists. The decision by the Prince Imperial to bypass Prince Victor's father led to a complete breakdown in relations between father and son. In May 1886 the French Republic expelled the princes of the former ruling dynasties and so Prince Victor left France for exile in Belgium.


title: Victor, Prince Napoléon

text: At the time of the death of President Félix Faure in 1899, during the Dreyfus affair, a number of political factions attempted to take advantage of the disorder and Prince Victor announced to a delegation from the Imperialist committee that he would take action to restore the French Empire when he felt that the time was favourable. In order to achieve this, he announced he would place himself at the head of the movement with his brother, Prince Louis, fighting beside him who he said would be "bringing to the Bonapartist forces his prestige and his military talents as well as his rank in the Russian army". The Duke of Orléans, rival claimant to the throne, also had forces available and they were ready to cross the French frontier at same time as the Bonapartist forces. In the end the anticipated outbreak in France did not materialise and the French Third Republic survived one of its gravest crises.


title: Victor, Prince Napoléon

text: Prince Victor died on 3 May 1926 in Brussels with the French author Charles Maurras commenting on Prince Victor's time as pretender saying that he had not offered any new ideas since 1884 and no radical alternatives to republican governments. He was succeeded as the Bonaparte heir by his only son, Prince Louis.


title: Victor, Prince Napoléon

text: On 10 November/14 November 1910, at Moncalieri, Prince Victor was married to Princess Clémentine of Belgium (1872–1955), daughter of Leopold II of Belgium and Marie Henriette of Austria. They had two children:


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: The Two Faces of January is a 2014 thriller film written and directed by Hossein Amini, in his feature film directorial debut. It is based on Patricia Highsmith's 1964 novel "The Two Faces of January" and stars Viggo Mortensen, Kirsten Dunst and Oscar Isaac.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: Filming took place on location in Greece and Turkey, and at Ealing Studios in London. It premiered in February 2014 in the Berlinale Special Galas section of the 64th Berlin International Film Festival.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: In 1962, New York con man Chester MacFarland and his wife Colette are touring Greece. At the Acropolis, they meet Rydal Keener, an American who is alienated from his family and who refused to attend his father's funeral in the US. Rydal scams tourists while working as a tour guide in Athens. The MacFarlands invite him to dinner. Rydal, intrigued by the couple's wealth and Colette's beauty, accepts their invitation and brings along a girlfriend.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: Colette likes Rydal but Chester does not trust him. After dinner they part, but Rydal goes back to their hotel to return a bracelet that Colette left in their shared taxi. Meanwhile, a private detective hired by victims of Chester's investment swindles visits the MacFarlands' hotel room and demands that Chester repay their money. The detective pulls a gun, but Chester accidentally kills him after a struggle in which the detective falls and hits his head. As Chester is carrying the body to the detective's hotel room, Rydal finds him in the corridor. Chester tells Rydal that the detective is unconscious and asks for help, explaining that the detective had threatened him, that he owes people money, and that he and Colette are in danger. They hastily pack their suitcases and flee the hotel with Rydal but without checking out, leaving their passports at the front desk.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: Rydal takes Chester to a friend who can furnish false passports to replace those left behind at the hotel. Rydal suggests waiting for the counterfeit documents in Crete. In the capital city Iraklion, they cannot check into a hotel without identification and so they spend the evening at a restaurant, where Chester gets drunk while watching Rydal and Colette dance. They all sleep on the quayside until the morning, when a bus leaves for Chania, where they check into a small hotel that is less strict about ID. With the story of the dead detective in newspapers and on the radio, Rydal encourages Chester to turn himself in, but Chester refuses. Colette visits Rydal's room while her husband sleeps and they go out; when Chester awakens he becomes suspicious, gets drunk, pursues them, and reveals to his wife that he killed the detective. On the way back to Iraklion, Colette believes someone has recognized her from newspaper pictures; she runs off the bus at a stop. Chester and Rydal follow and together they walk to the ruins of Knossos.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: It begins to rain and they seek shelter. Chester lures Rydal into an underground labyrinth and knocks him out. When Chester emerges alone, Colette assumes that he has killed Rydal. She refuses to go any further with Chester, but he tries to force her, grabbing her arm. As she struggles, she loses her balance and falls from a flight of stairs. Chester rushes down to her but she is dead. He takes her in his arms and cries out in grief.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: When Rydal comes to in the morning, he discovers Colette's dead body and is seen by a group of students and their guide as he leaves. Chester has rushed to Iraklion to pick up the passports from Rydal's friend. Rydal tracks down Chester on a ferry back to Athens. The two realize that they are bound together by two deaths. If either man is arrested, he will implicate the other. Chester offers Rydal $10,000 to keep quiet. Rydal says that he never wanted Chester's money; rather, he wanted Chester's wife. Chester grabs him by the throat and nearly pushes him overboard as he warns him to never mention his wife again. Arriving in Athens, they head to the airport, where Chester pretends to buy them both tickets to Frankfurt. He says he is going for a drink, then boards a plane to Istanbul, leaving Rydal with a suitcase containing documents that tie him to Colette.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: Rydal locates Chester in Istanbul and telephones him, demanding a meeting in the Grand Bazaar and threatening to go to the police unless Chester pays him off. Unbeknownst to Chester, Rydal has already been arrested by an FBI agent who demands that Rydal wear a wire and extract a confession from Chester. At their rendezvous, Rydal's questioning makes Chester suspicious. Sensing a trap, he flees and a chase ensues with both Chester and Rydal running from the FBI agent and Turkish police. A policeman shoots Chester who, as he lies dying, confesses to Rydal his responsibility for both deaths. After Rydal is exonerated and released, the agent tells him that Chester will be buried in Istanbul. Rydal attends his funeral and buries Colette's bracelet at Chester's grave.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: Hossein Amini wrote the screenplay, which also marks his directorial debut; Amini said he had wanted to direct a film adaptation of the novel for the past 15 years. Amini's screenplay is based on the 1964 novel of the same name by Patricia Highsmith. He wrote:


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: What I love about Highsmith is the way that she puts us in the shoes of traditionally 'unlikeable' characters, often criminals, and then makes us not only understand their motivations but recognize something of ourselves in them... It was this type of connection that drew me to Chester MacFarland... a jealous, alcoholic conman who is nevertheless a deeply tragic figure. His journey of murder, flight and redemption made him an unforgettable character for me and one of the main reasons I wanted to turn the novel into a film.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: Producer Tom Sternberg optioned the rights to the novel and originally set up a project with the production company Mirage. Sternberg developed the project with Amini and it found the backing by StudioCanal and Working Title.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: Principal photography began August 2012 in Athens, Crete, Istanbul, and London's Ealing Studios. Identifiable locations include the Küçük Hasan mosque on Chania harbour, a nearby café and the Grand Arsenal in Plateia Katehaki, the ruins of Knossos near Iraklion, and the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: StudioCanal distributed the film in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, and New Zealand, and Universal Studios distributed it in Spain and Scandinavia; the latter sold distribution rights for other territories. Entertainment One acquired rights for Canada. Magnolia Pictures picked up distribution rights for the United States and released the film via VOD on August 28, 2014, to be followed by a theatrical release on October 3, 2014.


title: The Two Faces of January (film)

text: "The Two Faces of January" received mostly positive reviews; it holds an 79% rating based on 124 reviews on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 6.75/10. The consensus states: "With striking visuals, complex characters, and Hitchcockian plot twists, "The Two Faces of January" offers a pleasantly pungent treat for fans of romantic thrillers." On Metacritic, the film has a 66/100 rating from 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Peter DeBruge of "Variety" wrote that Amini "expertly blends touches of Hitchcock and Highsmith". In comparing it to "The Talented Mr. Ripley", Deborah Young of "The Hollywood Reporter" said that it lacks the ""joie de vivre"" of that film, but has lush cinematography and shows Amini's "skill at working with actors". Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" wrote, "Mr. Amini adds embellishing details and plot layers, hints at a grave Oedipal disturbance, turns up the sexual heat and smoothly increases the narrative torque." Betsy Sharkey of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "As was the case in the book, there are moves that don't always make sense, but the game-playing is riveting."


title: Thales's theorem

text: In geometry, Thales's theorem states that if A, B, and C are distinct points on a circle where the line is a diameter, the angle ABC is a right angle. Thales's theorem is a special case of the inscribed angle theorem and is mentioned and proved as part of the 31st proposition in the third book of Euclid's "Elements". It is generally attributed to Thales of Miletus, but it is sometimes attributed to Pythagoras.


title: Thales's theorem

text: There is nothing extant of the writing of Thales. Work done in ancient Greece tended to be attributed to men of wisdom without respect to all the individuals involved in any particular intellectual constructions; this is true of Pythagoras especially. Attribution did tend to occur at a later time. Reference to Thales was made by Proclus, and by Diogenes Laërtius documenting Pamphila's statement that Thales "was the first to inscribe in a circle a right-angle triangle".


title: Thales's theorem

text: Babylonian mathematicians knew this for special cases before Thales proved it. It is believed that Thales learned that an angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle during his travels to Babylon. The theorem is named after Thales because he was said by ancient sources to have been the first to prove the theorem, using his own results that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal, and that the sum of angles of a triangle is equal to a straight angle (180°).


title: Thales's theorem

text: The following facts are used: the sum of the angles in a triangle is equal to 180° and the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.


title: Thales's theorem

text: Since = = , ∆OBA and ∆OBC are isosceles triangles, and by the equality of the base angles of an isosceles triangle, ∠OBC = ∠OCB and ∠OBA = ∠OAB.


title: Thales's theorem

text: Let "α" = ∠BAO and β = ∠OBC. The three internal angles of the ∆ABC triangle are "α", ("α" + "β"), and "β". Since the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to 180°, we have


title: Thales's theorem

text: The theorem may also be proven using trigonometry: Let formula_5, formula_6, and formula_7. Then B is a point on the unit circle formula_8. We will show that ∆ABC forms a right angle by proving that and are perpendicular — that is, the product of their slopes is equal to −1. We calculate the slopes for and :


title: Thales's theorem

text: Let formula_13 be a triangle in a circle where formula_14 is a diameter in that circle. Then construct a new triangle formula_15 by mirroring triangle formula_13 over the line formula_14 and then mirroring it again over the line perpendicular to formula_14 which goes through the center of the circle. Since lines formula_19 and formula_20 are parallel, likewise for formula_21 and formula_22, the quadrilateral formula_23 is a parallelogram. Since lines formula_14 and formula_25, the diagonals of the parallelogram, are both diameters of the circle and therefore have equal length, the parallelogram must be a rectangle. All angles in a rectangle are right angles.


title: Thales's theorem

text: For any triangle, and, in particular, any right triangle, there is exactly one circle containing all three vertices of the triangle. ("Sketch of proof". The locus of points equidistant from two given points is a straight line that is called the perpendicular bisector of the line segment connecting the points. The perpendicular bisectors of any two sides of a triangle intersect in exactly one point. This point must be equidistant from the vertices of the triangle.) This circle is called the circumcircle of the triangle.


title: Thales's theorem

text: One way of formulating Thales's theorem is: if the center of a triangle's circumcircle lies on the triangle then the triangle is right, and the center of its circumcircle lies on its hypotenuse.


title: Thales's theorem

text: The converse of Thales's theorem is then: the center of the circumcircle of a right triangle lies on its hypotenuse. (Equivalently, a right triangle's hypotenuse is a diameter of its circumcircle.)


title: Thales's theorem

text: This proof consists of 'completing' the right triangle to form a rectangle and noticing that the center of that rectangle is equidistant from the vertices and so is the center of the circumscribing circle of the original triangle, it utilizes two facts:


title: Thales's theorem

text: Let there be a right angle ∠ABC, r a line parallel to passing by A and s a line parallel to passing by C. Let D be the point of intersection of lines r and s (Note that it has not been proven that D lies on the circle)


title: Thales's theorem

text: The quadrilateral ABCD forms a parallelogram by construction (as opposite sides are parallel). Since in a parallelogram adjacent angles are supplementary (add to 180°) and ∠ABC is a right angle (90°) then angles ∠BAD, ∠BCD, and ∠ADC are also right (90°); consequently ABCD is a rectangle.


title: Thales's theorem

text: Let O be the point of intersection of the diagonals and . Then the point O, by the second fact above, is equidistant from A, B, and C. And so O is center of the circumscribing circle, and the hypotenuse of the triangle () is a diameter of the circle.


title: Thales's theorem

text: Given a right triangle with hypotenuse , construct a circle Ω whose diameter is . Let be the center of Ω. Let be the intersection of Ω and the ray . By Thales's theorem, ∠ is right. But then must equal . (If lies inside ∆, ∠ would be obtuse, and if lies outside ∆, ∠ would be acute.)


title: Thales's theorem

text: This means that "A" and "B" are equidistant from the origin, i.e. from the center of "M". Since "A" lies on "M", so does "B", and the circle "M" is therefore the triangle's circumcircle.


title: Thales's theorem

text: The above calculations in fact establish that both directions of Thales's theorem are valid in any inner product space.


title: Thales's theorem

text: See inscribed angle, the proof of this theorem is quite similar to the proof of Thales's theorem given above.


title: Thales's theorem

text: Thales's theorem can be used to construct the tangent to a given circle that passes through a given point. In the figure at right, given circle "k" with centre O and the point P outside "k", bisect OP at H and draw the circle of radius OH with centre H. OP is a diameter of this circle, so the triangles connecting OP to the points T and T′ where the circles intersect are both right triangles.


title: Thales's theorem

text: Thales's theorem can also be used to find the centre of a circle using an object with a right angle, such as a set square or rectangular sheet of paper larger than the circle. The angle is placed anywhere on its circumference (figure 1). The intersections of the two sides with the circumference define a diameter (figure 2). Repeating this with a different set of intersections yields another diameter (figure 3). The centre is at the intersection of the diameters.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Dalmatian () or Dalmatic (; or simply ; ; ) was a Romance language that was spoken in the Dalmatia region of present-day Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro. The name refers to a tribe of the Illyrian linguistic group, Dalmatae. The Ragusan dialect of Dalmatian, the most studied prestige dialect, was the official language of the Republic of Ragusa for much of its medieval history until it was gradually supplanted by other local languages.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Dalmatian speakers lived in the coastal towns of Zadar ('), Trogir ('), Spalato (Split; '), Ragusa (Dubrovnik; '), and Kotor ('), each of these cities having a local dialect, and on the islands of Krk ('), Cres ('), and Rab (').


title: Dalmatian language

text: Almost every city developed its own dialect. Most of these became extinct before they were recorded, so the only trace of these ancient dialects is some words borrowed into local dialects of today's Croatia and Montenegro.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Ragusan is the Southern dialect, whose name is derived from the Romance name of Dubrovnik, "Ragusa". It came to the attention of modern scholars in two letters, from 1325 and 1397, and other mediaeval texts, which show a language influenced heavily by Venetian. The available sources include some 260 Ragusan words including ' 'bread', ' 'father', ' 'house', and ' 'to do', which were quoted by the Italian Filippo Diversi, the rector of the Ragusan grammar school in the 1430s.


title: Dalmatian language

text: The Maritime Republic of Ragusa had a large and important fleet, by the 15th century numbering about 300 ships. The language was threatened by the Slav expansion, as the Ragusan Senate decided that all debates had to be held in the "" (ancient Ragusan language) and the use of the "Slav" was forbidden. Nevertheless, during the 16th century, the Ragusan Romance language fell out of use and became extinct.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Vegliot or Vegliote (the native name being ) is the Northern dialect. Its name is derived from the Italian name of Krk, ', an island in the Kvarner Gulf, called "Vikla" in Vegliot. On an inscription dating from the beginning of the 4th century CE, Krk is named as '. The Serbo-Croatian name derives from the Roman name ('), whereas the younger name ' (meaning ) was created in the mediaeval Romanesque period.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Dalmatian evolved from the vulgar Latin of the Illyro-Romans. It was spoken on the Dalmatian coast from Fiume (now Rijeka) as far south as Cattaro (Kotor) in Montenegro. Speakers lived mainly in the coastal towns of Jadera (Zadar), Tragurium (Trogir), Spalatum (Split), Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Acruvium (Kotor), and also on the islands of Curicta (Krk), Crepsa (Cres) and Arba (Rab). Almost every city developed its own dialect, but the most important dialects that are known of were "Vegliot", a northern dialect spoken on the island of Curicta, and "Ragusan", a southern dialect spoken in and around Ragusa (Dubrovnik).


title: Dalmatian language

text: The oldest preserved documents written in Dalmatian are 13th century inventories in Ragusa (Dubrovnik). Dalmatian is also known from two Ragusan letters, dated 1325 and 1397. The available sources include roughly 260 Ragusan words. Surviving words include ' 'bread', ' 'father', ' 'house', and ' 'to do', which were quoted by the Dalmatian Filippo Diversi, Rector of the republic of Ragusa in the 1430s. The earliest reference to the Dalmatian language dates from the tenth century and it has been estimated that about 50,000 people spoke it at that time. After the loss of Ragusa, Dalmatian was no longer the language of any urban center, and it developed no written tradition. Udaina's Vegliote is considerably influenced by Venetian, which was in fact his native language—his "Vegliote" was in fact his "recollection" of the language he had once spoken with his long-deceased grandmother, and had grown up hearing his parents speaking.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Dalmatian was influenced particularly heavily by Venetian and Serbo-Croatian (despite the latter, the Latin roots of Dalmatian remained prominent). A 14th-century letter from Zadar (origin of the Iadera dialect) shows strong influence from Venetian, the language that after years under Venetian rule superseded Iadera and other dialects of Dalmatian. Other dialects met their demise with the settlement of populations of Slavic speakers.


title: Dalmatian language

text: In 1897, the scholar Matteo Bartoli, himself a native of nearby Istria, visited Tuone Udaina (), the last speaker of any Dalmatian dialect, to study his language, writing down approximately 2,800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book that has provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. Bartoli wrote in Italian and published a translation in German ("") in 1906. The Italian language manuscripts were reportedly lost, and the work was not re-translated into Italian until 2001.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Just one year later, on 10 June 1898, Tuone Udaina was accidentally killed at 74 in a roadwork explosion.


title: Dalmatian language

text: In the most recent classification from 2017 it was classified by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History with the Istriot language in the Dalmatian Romance subgroup.


title: Dalmatian language

text: It was once thought to be a language that bridged the gap between Romanian and Italian, but it was only distantly related to the nearby Romanian dialects, such as the nearly extinct Istro-Romanian spoken in nearby Istria, Croatia.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Some of its features are quite archaic. Dalmatian is the only Romance language that has palatalised and before , but not before (all the others have palatalised them in both situations, except Sardinian, which has not palatalised them at all): > Vegliot: ' (), > Vegliot: ' ().


title: Dalmatian language

text: Some Dalmatian words have been preserved as borrowings in South Slavic languages, in Chakavian and the Dubrovnik dialect of Shtokavian.


title: Dalmatian language

text: In certain cases Balkan Romance and Dalmatian show sound changes in common that are otherwise rare in Romance, which may be suggestive of particular genetic links between the former. The below table also shows two conservative features: retention of Latin /pt/ and /mn/.


title: Dalmatian language

text: There are also some Latin words that Balkan Romance and Dalmatian both inherited that are otherwise rare elsewhere in Romance, at least in their original sense. For example (white), "basalca" (church) and "inteliguar" (understand) correspond to the Romanian "alb", "biserică" and "înțelege"; meanwhile, Italian has "bianco", "chiesa" and "capire".


title: Dalmatian language

text: Vlachs (Aromanians) from Herzegovina and Dalmatia were known as "Caravlachs" during Turkish occupation. "Cara" means black in Turkish and North in Turkish geography. Translated into Greek, the name became Morlachs (from Mauro Vlachs). Vlachs or Morlachs spoke a language close to Romanian. Vlachs or Morlachs spread into all Dalmatian areas including Adriatic isles and towns. The majority were Slavicized and many of them were Islamized or Catholicized. Today there are only a dozen Morlachs in Croatia and they have lost their maternal Romance spoken language.


title: Dalmatian language

text: An analytic trend can be observed in Dalmatian: nouns and adjectives began to lose their gender and number inflexions, the noun declension disappeared completely, and the verb conjugations began to follow the same path, but the verb maintained a person and number distinction except in the third person (in common with Romanian and several languages of Italy).


title: Dalmatian language

text: The definite article precedes the noun, unlike in the Eastern Romance languages like Romanian, which have it postposed to the noun.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Dalmatian kept Latin words related to urban life, lost (or if preserved, not with the original sense) in Romanian, such as ' (in modern romanian) ' means ; compare also Albanian "", borrowed from Latin, which, too, means ). The Dalmatians retained an active urban society in their city-states, whereas most Romanians were driven into small mountain settlements during the Great Migrations of 400 to 800 AD.


title: Dalmatian language

text: Venetian became a major influence on the language as Venetian commercial influence grew. The Chakavian dialect and Dubrovnik Shtokavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian, which were spoken outside the cities since the immigration of the Slavs, gained importance in the cities by the 16th century, and it eventually replaced Dalmatian as the day-to-day language. Nevertheless, some words were loaned into coastal Serbo-Croatian varieties: