title: Gen Hoshino

text: On December 22, 2012, Hoshino was diagnosed with a subarachnoid hemorrhage and underwent surgery. He officially returned to public life on February 28, 2013 with his appearance at the Tokyo J-Wave Awards.


title: Gen Hoshino

text: In 2021, Hoshino married actress Yui Aragaki, his co-star in the television series "The Full-Time Wife Escapist".


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Ariel Arnaldo Ortega (born 4 March 1974) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. His nickname is "El Burrito" ("The Little Donkey"), thus he is called "Burrito Ortega".


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Ariel Ortega first played for Club Atlético River Plate on 14 December 1991 and until 1996 and returned in 2000–02, 2006–08 and 2009–11. Ortega also played for Spanish club Valencia, Turkish club Fenerbahçe and Italian clubs Parma and Sampdoria. A former Argentina international, Ortega played for his country in the 1994, 1998, and 2002 World Cups. He was also a member of the team that won the silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Ortega began his professional football career in 1991 with Argentine club River Plate. With the club, he won the Primera División in 1991, 1993, 1994 and 1996, as well as the Copa Libertadores in 1996. He lost out on the 1996 Intercontinental Cup final to Juventus.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Ortega left Argentina in 1996. He played seasons for Valencia CF before being signed by Sampdoria in 1998 for 23 billion Italian lire (£8 million), replacing Juan Sebastián Verón. After the club was relegated to Serie B, Ortega joined Parma AC, rejoining national and former club teammate Hernán Crespo, replacing Verón again who left for Lazio. Parma paid Sampdoria 28 billion lire (£9.4 million). However, in the following season he returned to Argentina with River Plate, to compensate unpaid 12 billion lire transfer fees of Crespo. (The 10% of the transfer fees to Lazio) Claudio Husaín also joined the club. River Plate acquired 50% registration rights of Ortega for a reported 5.5 million dollars. While, in Parma AC annual filing to Italian government, Ortega was sold for 11 billion lire.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: In May 2002, Fenerbahçe signed Ortega from River Plate for a fee of US$7,500,000 (US$2,500,000 of which was paid to Parma). Fenerbahçe also bought his image rights for a further US$1,500,000. Ortega signed a 4-year contract. He was one of the key players of the team, scoring 5 goals in 14 matches.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Fenerbahçe were forced to file a complaint to FIFA in April 2003 as Ortega had failed to return from international duty since 12 February 2003. In June 2003 the FIFA Dispute Resolution Committee (DRC) ordered Ortega to pay Fenerbahçe USD 11,000,000 as compensation for breach of an employment contract and suspended him until 30 December 2003. Ortega appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in July 2003 but the case was dismissed on 5 November. Ortega served a 4-month suspension from that day. After the ban he was without a club.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: In 2004, when he could finally come back to football, he joined Newell's Old Boys after he was called by his friend Américo Gallego, who at the time was Newell's' coach. Newell paid an unknown sum to Fenerbahçe as part compensation for what Ortega owed the club. They won the Apertura 2004.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: In June 2006, he went back to his first team River Plate, where he played for about half of the "Apertura" 2006, before he stopped to begin treatment for alcoholism. In January 2007, during River's pre-season in Mar del Plata, and one day after playing an excellent game in which he scored, he surprised everyone with another alcoholic episode, after which River Plate's doctors suggested to the coach that Ortega should go back to Buenos Aires to resume treatment for his problem.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Coach Daniel Passarella later brought Ortega back, stating he was ready for a comeback. On 15 March 2007, in a Copa Libertadores 2007 match against LDU Quito, Ortega formed part of River's bench but was not given a chance to play. However, three days later, in a league match versus Quilmes, he came on during the second half to help break the opposing team's defense in a tight 0–0 up to that point. Ortega scored a controversial goal with his hand, in the 93rd minute, to give River the victory and himself a great comeback.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Upon the arrival of Diego Simeone as head coach of River, Ortega allegedly lost some "protections" he was rumoured to have and, despite being an important part of the team that achieved the Clausura 2008 title, Simeone left him out of the squad for the upcoming season, reasoning his decision on Ortega having several times not come to train as well as some episodes of alcoholism. After some controversy and rumours in the winter window of Argentine market, he was loaned to Nacional B side Independiente Rivadavia, signing a one-year contract where a twice a week trip to a Chilean Special Treatment Center for alcoholics is one of the clauses. On 1 May 2009. he was let go by Independiente officials. The club decided to terminate his contract in advance. Ortega was on loan from River Plate.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: On his first game back in River Plate, 25 July 2009, he scored an outstanding chip shot goal to give River a 1–0 victory over Everton F.C. of England in Edmonton, Canada during the preseason. In the 2009 Apertura, Ortega scored a wonder lobbed goal against Chacarita Juniors to give River Plate a 4–3 victory. Later in the tournament, he scored a last minute equalizer against Estudiantes.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: In the 2010 Clausura, Ortega started River's first two matches, but suffered another alcoholic relapse and missed the next ten games before returning against Newell's Old Boys in the 13th round of matches.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: On 8 April 2012, Fox Sports Argentina journalist Juan José Buscalia, confirmed that Ortega would join Chilean Primera División club Unión San Felipe in June 2012.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Ortega was included in the squad for the 1994 World Cup. His debut in the starting eleven occurred on 3 July 1994 when Argentina was knocked out of the competition by Romania. He also reached the final of the 1995 King Fahd Cup with Argentina, and he won a Silver Olympic medal at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Ortega was handed the #10 shirt for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, where he was expected to carry the mantle of the team's playmaker, and it was his first World Cup as an established star. Despite impressing in the early rounds to be considered a favorite as player of the tournament, Ortega was most notable for his sending-off in the quarter-finals against the Netherlands. Ortega received a second yellow card for head-butting Dutch goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar when van der Sar confronted him after a dive in the penalty area, for which Ortega was just getting his first yellow card. Shortly after Ortega's sending-off, Dennis Bergkamp scored the winning goal to make it 2–1, eliminating Argentina.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: Ortega was also a member of the squad for the 2002 World Cup. Ortega missed a penalty in the last match against Sweden, which was then followed up and converted into the back of the net by Hernan Crespo, nonetheless the result meant that Argentina was knocked out in the first round.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: On 24 September 2009, he was recalled to the Argentina national first-team squad, but a couple of days later, it was announced that Ariel Ortega would miss the friendly match against Ghana due to an injury he picked up during the weekend in the Argentine Domestic League.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: In April 2010, 17 years after his Argentina debut, Ortega received a call-up again, this time against Haiti. All the players in Diego Maradona's squad were from the Primera División Argentina. He played the match as starting XI on 5 May.


title: Ariel Ortega

text: A highly creative player with excellent technical ability, Ortega was well known for his pace, mobility, dribbling, and skills from dead ball situations, as well as his ball trickery, clever body feints, and lobbed shots. At his prime he was one of the best dribblers in the world; primarily deployed as an attacking midfielder, Ortega was an effective playmaker due to his vision and passing ability, which earned him comparisons with Maradona as a youth. Along with his skills, Ortega was infamously temperamental, and he was criticised throughout his career for not living up to his potential.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: David Morris Taylor III (born December 5, 1990) is an American freestyle and graduated folkstyle wrestler who currently competes at 86 kilograms. In 2021, Taylor became the 2020 Olympic gold medalist after defeating reigning Olympic and World Champion Hassan Yazdani, a feat he repeated from the 2018 World Championship where he stormed his way to the title. He later became the 2021 World Championship runner-up, after being defeated by Yazdani. Then, at the 2022 World Championships, he avenged that loss by defeating Yazdani once again to reclaim his world title.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: One of the most accomplished Nittany Lions in the history of the Pennsylvania State program, Taylor was a two-time NCAA Division I National Champion (four–time finalist), a four-time Big Ten Conference champion and a two-time Dan Hodge Trophy winner during his collegiate years.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: Born in Reno, Nevada, Taylor attended Graham High School in St. Paris, Ohio. As a high schooler, Taylor became a four-time OHSAA state champion with an outstanding 180–2 record and graduated with a 4.0 GPA. He received the Dave Schultz High School Excellence Award in 2009 as the nation's top high school wrestler.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: During his time at the Pennsylvania State University (2009–2014), Taylor went on to become a two-time NCAA Division I National Champion (four-time finalist), a four-time Big Ten Conference champion and two-time Dan Hodge Trophy winner. After capping off a perfect freshman year, Taylor was pinned by Arizona State's Bubba Jenkins at the NCAA finals. As a sophomore, he moved up from to , and continued to establish dominance, now successfully picking up the NCAA title and being named the best college wrestler in the US as the Dan Hodge Trophy winner with a 70–1 overall record.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: As a junior, he faced Kyle Dake from Cornell in the NCAA finals, who had moved up to attempt to become the third four-time NCAA champion and the first to win titles at four different weight classes in the history of the NCAA. After a back-and-forth battle, Taylor was defeated in a close 4–5 loss. As a senior, he once again had an undefeated campaign, claimed his second NCAA title, helped clinch the team title for the Nittany Lions and became the third multiple-time Dan Hodge Trophy winner in history. Taylor graduated with 134 wins and three losses, 50 pins, 42 technical falls and 29 major decisions.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: Taylor made his freestyle debut in April 2010, when he claimed a University US National title. In 2012, he competed at the US Olympic Team Trials, where he went 3–2.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: In 2013, Taylor claimed runner-up honors at the US Open in April, defeating Nick Marable to reach the finals and then being downed by the defending Olympic champion Jordan Burroughs. After pinning '12 Junior World Champion Magomed Kurbanaliev from Russia at Beat the Streets, Taylor became a two-time US University National and made the US University World Team on May. At the '13 US World Team Trials Challenge of June, Taylor went 4–1 with a lone loss to four-time NCAA Division I National Kyle Dake to claim third-place. At the 2013 Summer Universiade, he claimed a bronze medal for the USA.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: In 2014, last year's US Open results were repeated when Taylor fell to Jordan Burroughs, this rematch being much closer and forcing the now defending World Champion to come from behind to get the last minute comeback. After dominating the eventual '16 Olympic bronze medalist and at-the-time two-time World bronze medalist and two-time European Champion Jabrayil Hasanov at Beat the Streets, Taylor made the US World Team Trials finals, but was defeated twice in a row by Burroughs.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: Now able to focus on freestyle full-time after graduating from college, Taylor opened up the 2015 year with a fifth-place finish at the Yasar Dogu, where he went 3–2. He then claimed his first US Open National title in May, followed up by a technical fall over Cuba's Liván López at Beat the Streets. In his fourth attempt to make the US World Team, Taylor was once again overpowered by Kyle Dake in the challenge tournament, but he came back and claimed the third place when he beat veteran Andrew Howe. Taylor then claimed Grand Prix of Spain and Stepan Sargsyan Cup gold medals in July, before making the decision to bulk up to the 86 kilogram division on September. Taylor took fifth-place at the Golden Grand Prix of November, and seemed overpowered in his first tournament at a new weight class. On December, Taylor competed at the US Senior Nationals, and after running through '14 US World Team member and teammate Ed Ruth, Taylor was defeated by long-time rival Kyle Dake.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: In 2016, Taylor was unable to make the US Olympic Team, as he was defeated by Dake for the fifth time in the senior level, forcing Taylor to battle for the bronze medal, which he comfortably earned. He then claimed his second Spain Grand Prix title on July, and competed again at the World Clubs Cup of December, where he went 3-1 and helped TMWC reach the first-place, while also defeating the accomplished Alireza Karimi.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: In his first competition of the year, Taylor dominated through the Grand Prix of Paris in January, and despite being initially banned by the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, he went on to compete at the World Cup on February, at Iran. At the World Cup, he displayed amazing skillset when he dominantly defeated four top-level opponents in impressive fashion; '12 Olympic bronze medalist and two-time European Champion Dato Marsagishvili in the first round (8-3), that year's World Championship bronze medalist Vladislav Valiev (TF 14–4), '12 Olympic Gold medalist Sharif Sharifov (TF 12–2) and '16 Olympic Gold medalist Hassan Yazdani (fall).


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: After a prestigious last performance, Taylor came back to claim his second US National title on April, with an overall score of 40–4 against five opponents. After a quick win at Beat the Streets, Taylor made the World Team Trials finals when he ran through '16 US OTT Greco-Roman champion Joe Rau and '12 Junior World Championship runner-up Pat Downey, and defeated three-time NCAA Division I All-American Nick Heflin to make the best-of-three, where he faced returning Olympic Bronze medalist J'den Cox. In the first match, Taylor rallied comfortably with a 9–3 win, but was closely defeated in the second match 3–4, leading up to a controversial third bout due to Cox' sweat and alleged passivity, which caused Taylor to kick the challenge cube and his cornerman Cael Sanderson to throw items at the official and a chair onto the mat after losing 3–5.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: He came back to competition at the World Clubs Cup on December, where he helped the TMWC reach second place with notable victories over Alireza Karimi and Pawan Kumar.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: To start off the year, Taylor became only the twelfth American to claim a gold medal at the Ivan Yarygin Golden Grand Prix, considered to be the toughest open tournament in the world. He opened up with a win over two-time (and defending) Pan American champion Yurieski Torreblanca, followed up by Selim Yaşar on points and a fall over '17 Junior World Champion Artur Naifonov to make the finals. In the finals, he got another fall, now over Fatih Erdin, to claim the Gold medal. On April, he claimed his second and back-to-back World Cup championship, recording four technical falls to help secure the gold medal for the United States. He also clinched his third US National title, with four victories over fellow Americans.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: On May, he claimed his first Pan American title, with notable wins over Yurieski Torreblanca, Pool Ambrocio and Eduardo Gajardo. On his seventh attempt to make the US World/Olympic Team, Taylor finally and dominantly was able to punch tickets to the World Championships, when he defeated '18 Bill Farrell Memorial medalist Nick Reenan twice via technical fall on May, at Final X: State College. He then warmed up at the Yasar Dogu of July, with four dominant pins over foreigners.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: At the World Championships, Taylor had a tough start, as he faced his biggest threat of the tournament in the first round, '16 Olympic Gold medalist and defending World champion Hassan Yazdani from Iran. After being down two points to six at the end of the first period, Taylor was able to overcome adversity and put on nine points on his side, finishing the legendary match 11–6. In the next round, he tech'd '18 Alexander Medved champion Hajy Rajabau from Belarus, to advance to the quarterfinals. Next, he picked apart the accomplished Cuban Yurieski Torreblanca, to pick up an 8–0 victory. In the semifinals, he had it harder, as he went to the distance against the '17 European Champion and Russia's best Dauren Kurugliev, but was able to score the comeback win 7–5. During the match, Taylor got briefly knocked out after Kurugliev accidentally wheel kicked him on the chin when escaping a single leg attempt by Taylor. In the finals, he dismantled Fatih Erdin from Turkey, overwhelming his opposition with 12 points to two, to claim the World Championship and help Team USA reach third place.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: After the year was over, Taylor was named the UWW International Freestyle wrestler of the Year, and was awarded the John Smith Award winner as USA's Freestyle wrestler of the Year.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: After time off competition, the returning World Champion came back in April 2019, when he claimed his second straight Pan American title, tournament in where he scored 34 points to none against his four opponents and Team USA claimed all ten medals in freestyle. On May, he competed at the annual Beat the Streets for charity, against Drew Foster, where he suffered a severe knee injury which led him to forfeit out of the match, and ultimately, forced him to stay inactive during the whole year, missing the opportunity to make his second US World Team (forfeiting it to Pat Downey instead, whom he had tech'd twice), to represent the United States at the 2019 Pan American Games or to defend his title at the World Championships.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: After almost a full year of no competition, Taylor came back to wrestle in March 2020, at the Pan American Olympic Qualification Tournament. He comfortably got three wins to win the bracket and internationally qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Taylor was then scheduled to compete at the US Olympic Team Trials on April 4 at State College, Pennsylvania, where he was a heavy favorite. However, the event was postponed for 2021 along with the Summer Olympics due to the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving all the qualifiers unable to compete.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: Taylor was unable to compete for a couple of months due to the pandemic, but was scheduled to wrestle Pat Downey (whom he was unable to wrestle at the '19 US World Trials) on July 25, at FloWrestling: Dake vs. Chamizo. After Downey pulled out of the bout due to problems with the organization, Taylor wrestled and tech'd the accomplished Myles Martin. After more months of inactiveness, Taylor defeated two-time NCAA champion Gabe Dean by points on November 24, at the NLWC III.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: To start the year, Taylor was scheduled to face his former rival and five-time World and Olympic champion (at 74 kg) Jordan Burroughs, at 86 kilos, on January 9, while headlining FloWrestling: Burroughs vs. Taylor. However, it was announced on January 8 that Taylor was unable to travel to Austin, Texas due to COVID-19 restrictions and the bout was subsequently postponed for four days later and changed its location for Lincoln, Nebraska, thus moving to a different card also named FloWrestling: Burroughs vs. Taylor. After a 4–0 lead for Taylor in the first period, Burroughs rallied late to score four points of his own, but was unable to secure the victory as Taylor had criteria, defeating Burroughs for the first time in five matches. Taylor was also scheduled to compete at the Grand Prix de France Henri Deglane on January 16, but was not able to travel due to the postponement of his match against Burroughs.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: During April 2 to 3, Taylor competed at the rescheduled US Olympic Team Trials as the heavy favorite and top–seed. After cleaning out All–American Brett Pfarr in the quarterfinal round, Taylor flawlessly knocked off reigning US National champion Gabe Dean in a rematch from their match at the NLWC III, advancing to the best–of–three finals. In the finale, Taylor faced reigning U23 World Champion and Penn State legend Bo Nickal, whom he is close with as a friend and teammate at the Nittany Lion Wrestling Club. He defeated Nickal twice and did not allow him to score any points while scoring ten combined points of his own, becoming the US Olympic Team Member at 86 kilograms, and qualifying him to represent the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics. In regards to his close relationship with Nickal, Taylor then stated:


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: As a result, Taylor also competed at the Pan American Continental Championships on May 30. Taylor racked up 30 points against his three opponents while not getting scored on to claim the crown and help the USA reach all 10 freestyle medals.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: On August 4, Taylor competed in the first date of men's freestyle 86 kg of the 2020 Summer Olympics, where he looked dominant enough to score technical falls over all of his three opponents on his way to the finals; four-time World Championship medalist Ali Shabanau from Belarus, '20 European Championship runner-up Myles Amine from San Marino and defending World silver medalist Deepak Punia from India. On the other side of the finale awaited rival and reigning Olympic and World Champion Hassan Yazdani from Iran, Taylor meeting him in a rubber match on August 5 after downing him twice earlier in his career. Down 0–2 to a step-out and a passivity point in the second period, Taylor scored the first takedown to tie it up, though Yazdani scored another step-out to make it 2–3 on his favor, before being blasted by Taylor for two points late in the match, resulting in the stunning upset comeback win, shocking the world as the underdog going into the match. This result gained Taylor the 2020 Summer Olympic Games gold medal and extended his win-streak to 54 matches.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: As an Olympic medalist, Taylor earned the right to automatically represent the United States at the 2021 World Championships without having to compete domestically to make the US World Team, and did do so in October 2–3. On the first date, Taylor once again ran through his competition, dominating the likes of World Championship runner-ups Boris Makojev and Abubakr Abakarov to cruise to the finale. A fourth match with rival and reigning World Champion Hassan Yazdani took place in the finals, but this time the Iranian came up on top for the first time, nullifying Taylor and snapping his 57-match win streak, marking the series 3–1 in favor of Taylor and the latter leaving with a silver medal.


title: David Taylor (wrestler, born 1990)

text: In 2015, Taylor and Adidas released a line of wrestling apparel labeled "M2" after Taylor's college nickname "Magic Man". Taylor received the nickname after a collegiate match in which he turned an unfavorable situation for himself into an advantage. The apparel line began with wrestling shoes and has since expanded to clothing, posters and Adidas sponsored events.


title: Independence-class aircraft carrier

text: The "Independence"-class aircraft carriers were a class of light carriers built for the United States Navy that served during World War II.


title: Independence-class aircraft carrier

text: Adapted from the design for the light cruisers, this class of ship resulted from the interest of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in naval air power. With war looming, Roosevelt, a former Assistant Secretary of the Navy, noted no new fleet aircraft carriers were expected to be completed before 1944. He proposed to convert some of the many cruisers then under construction to carriers. Studies of cruiser-size aircraft carriers had shown the type had serious limitations, and on 13 October 1941, the General Board of the United States Navy replied that such a conversion showed too many compromises to be effective.


title: Independence-class aircraft carrier

text: Undeterred, President Roosevelt ordered another study. On 25 October 1941, the Navy's Bureau of Ships reported that aircraft carriers converted from cruiser hulls would be of lesser capability, but available much sooner. After the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the need for more carriers became urgent. The Navy accelerated construction of the 34,000-ton s, but these large ships could not be finished quickly. The "Cleveland"-class light cruisers then under construction were adopted for this purpose.


title: Independence-class aircraft carrier

text: Plans developed for this conversion showed much more promise than expected. Nine light cruisers were reordered as carriers in the first half of 1942. The "Independence"-class design had a relatively short and narrow flight deck and hangar, with a small island superstructure. The hangar, flight deck, and island represented a significant increase in the ship's topside weight. To compensate for this, blisters were added to the original cruiser hull, which increased the original beam by . Ships of this class carried a small air group – only about 30 aircraft. This was originally set to consist of nine fighters, nine scout bombers, and nine torpedo bombers, but later revised to about two dozen fighters and nine torpedo bombers.


title: Independence-class aircraft carrier

text: These were limited-capability ships, whose principal virtue was near-term availability. Their limited size made for seakeeping difficulties in the many typhoons of the Pacific, and their small flight decks led to a high aircraft accident rate. However, being based on a light cruiser, they were fast ships, much faster than the s. The cruiser hull and engineering allowed them the speed necessary to operate with the main fleet carrier task groups. Their names followed the US Navy's policy of naming aircraft carriers after historic navy ships ("Independence") or historic battles ("Cowpens").


title: Independence-class aircraft carrier

text: Completed in the course of 1943, and coming into service with the first eight of the "Essex"-class carriers, the nine "Independence"-class ships made up a vital component of the Fast Carrier Task Force, which carried the Navy's offensive through the central and western Pacific from November 1943 through August 1945. Eight of these carriers participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, which effectively ended Japan's carrier air power. The light carriers provided 40 percent of the Fast Carrier Task Force's fighters and 36 percent of the torpedo bombers. The protection on these carriers was modest, and munitions often had to be stowed at the hangar level, a factor that contributed greatly to the loss of "Princeton" in October 1944.


title: Independence-class aircraft carrier

text: The nine ships of the "Independence" class were all converted from "Cleveland"-class light cruisers building at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Camden, New Jersey. Initially classified as "aircraft carriers" (CV), all were re-designated "small aircraft carriers" (CVL) on 15 July 1943 while four ships were still under construction.


title: Independence-class aircraft carrier

text: There was little margin for growth, as the ships' post-war careers showed. "Independence" was expended as an atomic bomb target, and the rest were laid up in 1947. Five returned to service in 1948–53, two with the French Navy. Two were used as training carriers, while "Bataan" saw Korean War combat duty with Marine Corps air groups. She and "Cabot" received anti-submarine warfare modernizations in the early 1950s, emerging with two funnels instead of the original four. All but the French ships were decommissioned in 1954–56 and were reclassified as aircraft transports in 1959. "Cabot" got a new lease on life in 1967, when she became the Spanish Navy's carrier "Dédalo", serving until 1989 (in Spanish service, she was the first carrier to regularly deploy the Harrier jump jet). Despite efforts to preserve her, "Cabot" was scrapped at Brownsville in 1999–2003. Preservation efforts continued until the hull was half scrapped.


title: Jason Roy

text: Jason Jonathan Roy (born 21 July 1990) is an English cricketer who plays for England in One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket, and previously played for the Test team. In domestic cricket, he represents Surrey, and has played in multiple Twenty20 leagues, including for Gujarat Lions, Delhi Daredevils and Sunrisers Hyderabad in the Indian Premier League.


title: Jason Roy

text: Born in South Africa, Roy moved to England as a child. He made his T20I debut in 2014, his ODI debut in 2015, and played for the Test team in 2019. He was part of the England team that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy plays as a right-handed opening batsman. He holds the England record for highest ODI score (180 against Australia during England's 2018 tour, and, along with Alex Hales, holds the England record for highest ODI partnership: 256* against Sri Lanka during their 2016 tour of England. He was the first batsman to be given out for obstructing the field in T20I history.


title: Jason Roy

text: Having moved to England along with his family from South Africa when he was 10 years old, he attended The Hawthorns School for a few years, then Whitgift School. Whilst at Whitgift School, he played with fellow England opener Rory Burns who is the same age as him. He also played for local club Reigate Priory Cricket Club within Surrey. He represented Surrey in age group cricket from Under-11 through to Under-19 and Academy level. He took part in the Surrey Under-19 tour to South Africa in 2007, where he top-scored for Surrey with an innings of 51 in a one-day match against Western Province Under-19s.


title: Jason Roy

text: He was a member of the 2008 intake of players to the Pemberton Greenish Surrey Academy, and on 15 June 2007 made a decisive contribution on his one-day debut for the Surrey second team, scoring 48 from 33 balls in a Second XI Trophy match against Hampshire which Surrey won by 3 runs.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy made no further appearances for the Surrey second team in 2007, but was selected to represent the South at Under-17 level in the ECB Regional Festival, held at Loughborough in July 2007, where he played in three matches, against the West, Midlands and North.


title: Jason Roy

text: In the 2008 season, Roy established himself in the Surrey second team. In his debut in the Second XI Championship, Roy scored 88 from 89 balls against a Hampshire attack which included the South African Test match bowler Nantie Hayward, having come to the crease with Surrey in trouble at 89–4.


title: Jason Roy

text: He made his debut for the Surrey first team in a Twenty20 Cup match against Middlesex on 27 June 2008, and made his List A debut in the Natwest Pro40 League fixture against Yorkshire on 20 July 2008, the day before his 18th birthday.


title: Jason Roy

text: He was used as a substitute fielder for England's test team against South Africa in the final test of the 2008 series at The Oval.


title: Jason Roy

text: In September 2008, Roy was selected for the ECB Elite Player Development squad taking part in a triangular tournament against University Sport South Africa and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Universities. Roy was selected for two of his team's four matches. His second match was disrupted by the weather and was declared a no result in the thirteenth over of MCC Universities' innings, which was being bowled by Roy.


title: Jason Roy

text: In 2008, Roy won the Easter Scholarship to spend the 2008/2009 winter at the Darren Lehmann Academy in Adelaide. While in Australia, Roy also played club cricket for Port Adelaide Cricket Club, and was part of the team which won the XXXX Gold Grade 20/20 Competition, scoring 20 runs from 12 balls in the final played at the Adelaide Oval. This was the club's first victory in the competition.


title: Jason Roy

text: In April 2009, Roy played in a pre-season match for Surrey against Leeds/Bradford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence. Batting at number five, Roy was dismissed for a duck in Surrey's first innings, but fared better with the ball, taking 2 wickets for 51 runs from five overs.


title: Jason Roy

text: In spite of his promising performances for the Surrey second team the previous year, Roy was unable to win a place in the team at the beginning of the 2009 season. However, on 25 April 2009, he reminded the county selectors of his ability while playing for his club, Reigate Priory, in a 50-over per side match against the Surrey Second XI. He took a catch as Surrey were dismissed for 157, and opened the innings for Reigate Priory, scoring 69 runs from only 51 balls against a bowling attack including former England international James Ormond before being caught behind. This innings was instrumental in Reigate Priory reaching their target of 158 with more than 22 overs to spare. On 23 May 2009, Roy scored 115 off 88 balls in Reigate Priory's victory over Spencer in the Surrey Championship Premier Division.


title: Jason Roy

text: Selected for Surrey to play against Warwickshire in the Under-19s County Championship at Whitgift School on 6 July 2009, Roy scored 129 from 106 balls in a drawn match. Following this impressive performance, Roy made his first appearance of the season in Surrey Second XI's match against Somerset at Millfield School on 14 July, scoring 20 in Surrey's first innings. Roy retained his place in the team for the friendly match against Yorkshire Second XI in Guildford on 11 August. Roy top-scored in Surrey's second innings with 45, although Yorkshire won by an innings with a day to spare.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy's next appearance for Surrey Second XI was on 18 August against MCC Universities in the Second XI Championship. Playing on familiar territory at Whitgift School, Roy scored 118 from 115 balls in a drawn match. On his return to the one-day team against Kent on 24 August, Roy top scored in Surrey's innings with 55. However, this promising run of form was abruptly ended in the Second XI Championship match against the same opponents which began the following day. Roy recorded a pair, although he took a catch in Kent's second innings.


title: Jason Roy

text: Better performances for his club (including an aggressive 138 from 60 balls against Henley) and the county Second XI in September 2009 led to a recall to the Surrey first team for the NatWest Pro40 League fixture against Leicestershire on 27 September 2009. Roy opened Surrey's innings, but scored only 6 runs. However, Surrey won the match by four wickets. This was to be Roy's first and only competitive match for the Surrey first team during the 2009 season.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy began the 2010 season as a regular in the Surrey Second XI in both Championship (three-day) and Trophy (one-day) cricket. After an unremarkable start to the season, Roy made his first significant contributions to the team in May, scoring centuries in three successive Championship matches, against Essex, Sussex and Durham respectively. While he scored a greater number of runs against Essex (180) and Durham (120), the innings against Sussex was perhaps the most impressive. In Surrey's second innings, Roy batted at number five and came to the crease with the score 42/3 against a bowling attack containing internationals Yasir Arafat and James Kirtley. When Roy was dismissed for 104, the score was 260–5, setting the platform for Surrey's victory. Roy's century was the top score in Surrey's second innings.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy maintained his form with a century for Reigate Priory, but as the county schedule turned to a long period without Championship matches, he had no opportunity to continue the run. However, he had caught the attention of Surrey's Cricket Manager, Chris Adams, and was included in Surrey's senior team for the 2010 Friends Provident t20 tournament, making his first appearance against Hampshire on 22 June, scoring 12 runs at a strike rate of 109.09.


title: Jason Roy

text: The following day, Roy made history by scoring an unbeaten century against Kent (101 from only 57 balls), the first century scored by a Surrey batsman in Twenty20 cricket, as Surrey won the game by 38 runs.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy earned further plaudits with another aggressive innings against Somerset on 2 July, scoring 74 from 50 balls in another Surrey victory.


title: Jason Roy

text: Surrey did not progress beyond the group stages of the 2010 Friends Provident t20, and Roy's personal performances also dipped towards the end of that competition. However, he continued to score heavily for the Second XI and appeared for the Surrey first team in the Clydesdale Bank 40 competition between July and September, the highlight being an innings of 60 from 49 balls against Sussex in a tied match on 4 September. During the match, Roy enjoyed a partnership of 105 runs in 17 overs alongside Surrey's new signing, England international Kevin Pietersen.


title: Jason Roy

text: He made his first-class debut on 24 August 2010 against Leicestershire at Grace Road, and was last man out in Surrey's first innings, scoring 76 runs off 65 balls (including 9 fours and 3 sixes) in Surrey's first innings total of 483. The last four wickets fell for only 7 runs, preventing Roy from scoring a century in his maiden first-class innings. In his second first-class match, Roy scored 69 against Glamorgan on 7 September 2010 and retained his place in the team for Surrey's final County Championship match of the season against Gloucestershire. By the end of the 2010 season, Roy was established as a first team regular in all forms of cricket, and signed a two-year contract with Surrey, which he described as "a dream come true".


title: Jason Roy

text: Although he ended the 2010 season as a first team regular and demonstrated his fitness in prior to the 2011 season (coming top in the Surrey squad's pre-season Bleep Test), Roy was only selected for one pre-season match in the first team, scoring 0 and 4 against Middlesex. Surrey had strengthened their batting resources over the preceding winter, confirming the long term signing of Kevin Pietersen, as well as bringing in new batsmen Zander de Bruyn and Tom Maynard, and Roy began the season in the Second XI.


title: Jason Roy

text: However, Roy was included in the first team for the Clydesdale Bank 40 competition and made an immediate impression, scoring 60 runs in his first match, against Scotland, and 76 against Hampshire. Roy scored another half century in the return fixture against Scotland. He made his first County Championship appearance of the season on 4 May against Leicestershire, and although he was dismissed for 5 in the first innings, he scored an aggressive 76 in the second innings as Surrey set the platform for victory. This innings equalled his highest first-class score at the time.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy was rested for the Championship match against Essex on 18 May as Surrey included their centrally-contracted international players, Kevin Pietersen and Chris Tremlett, but in the following match, against Glamorgan on 24 May, Roy returned to the first team. After an inauspicious first innings in which he scored only three runs, Roy took his maiden first-class wickets in Glamorgan's second innings, returning bowling figures of 2/29. He then opened Surrey's second innings and scored his maiden first-class century (an unbeaten 106 from 109 balls), guiding Surrey to a comfortable draw. He brought up his hundred with a six struck into the pavilion.


title: Jason Roy

text: On 17 August he scored his first 40 over century, making 101 off 95 balls against Warwickshire at Edgbaston. He followed this up four days later with 131 off 99 balls, helping Surrey defeat Leicestershire at Grace Road.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy's season ended in fine style, being part of the Surrey side who won the CB40 final at Lord's against Somerset. Although Roy's day wasn't a personal success - being dismissed for a typically aggressive 11 immediately before a rain delay - he could at least be content that, as the second highest run scorer in the competition he had played a significant part in Surrey's progress to that stage.


title: Jason Roy

text: On 29 September 2011, Roy was named by the ECB in the England Performance Programme Squad for 2011–12.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy participated in the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League for the Sylhet Sixers. He played four games, with his top score being 42.


title: Jason Roy

text: After a brief BBL spell with Sydney Thunder in 2015 he joined the Sydney Sixers for the 2016–17 season. In the first match of the tournament against Sydney Thunder he scored 29 in a winning effort from the Sixers. Then in the second he scored a 40, which included a towering 6 off Shaun Tait. For the third match he was injured, after pulling a back muscle in training.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy was bought by Lahore Qalandars for US$70,000 for the 2017 PSL. He played 5 matches scoring 176 runs before leaving early for national duties. In the 2018 PSL draft, he was picked by Quetta Gladiators in the supplementary round as he was partially available. He played just two games for Quetta Gladiators in the season.


title: Jason Roy

text: In December 2019, during the 2020 PSL players draft, he was drafted by Quetta Gladiators as their Platinum Category pick, becoming the overall first pick of the draft night. He managed to score 233 runs in 8 innings with a highest score of 73 not out against Peshawar Zalmi. In 2021, he was again picked by Quetta Gladiators for the 2022 PSL.


title: Jason Roy

text: In October 2018, he was named in Nelson Mandela Bay Giants' squad as their International Marquee player for the first edition of the Mzansi Super League T20 tournament. In September 2019, he was named in the squad for the Nelson Mandela Bay Giants team for the 2019 Mzansi Super League tournament.


title: Jason Roy

text: He played three games for Gujarat Lions in the 2017 IPL. For the 2018 IPL he played for Delhi Daredevils, for whom he scored a match-winning 91* in his first match. In the 2020 IPL auction, he was bought by the Delhi Capitals ahead of the 2020 Indian Premier League. On 27 August 2020, Roy opted out of 2020 Indian Premier League due to personal reasons and as a result he was replaced by Australian all-rounder Daniel Sams. He was released by Delhi Capitals before the 2021 auction. Ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League, he was signed by the Sunrisers Hyderabad as a replacement for Mitchell Marsh. In the 2022 IPL Auction, Roy was bought by the Gujarat Titans. However, he later pulled out of the 2022 IPL before the tournament started, citing the challenge of being in the tournament's bubble for a prolonged period of personal time.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy made his Twenty20 International debut against India in September 2014, in the only T20I of the series. He was dismissed for 8 in his first international innings. His first international runs were scored when he played a reverse-sweep shot off his second delivery, hitting Ravichandran Ashwin for four runs. He was dismissed by Mohammed Shami after popping a soft catch up to the fielder at cover.


title: Jason Roy

text: He made his One Day International debut for England in a one-off ODI against Ireland at Malahide on 8 May 2015, but the match was abandoned due to rain. Roy was then selected again to represent England in the five-match series against New Zealand, in June 2015. In the first match, he was out caught from the first ball of the innings. Despite this, England went on to post a score 408 and went on to win the match. In the second ODI he made 39 but England went on to lose the match, which was affected by rain. England again lost the next match, with Roy this time making 9. He hit 38 in the fourth ODI as England went on to win by seven wickets to level the series at 2-2. He was out for 12 in the final match, which England won to win the series 3–2. In the only T20 match between the sides, Roy made 23 as England won by 56 runs.


title: Jason Roy

text: In the T20 against Australia, Roy made 11 as England won by 5 runs. In the first ODI between England and Australia, Roy batted well, making 67 although England lost the game by 59 runs. England lost the second match as well, with Roy making 31. England won the third match of the series, with Roy continuing his good form with a score of 63. Roy was out for 36 in the penultimate match of the series, with England winning the match by 3 wickets to level the series at 2-2. Roy scored just 4 runs in the final and deciding match of the series as England collapsed to 138 all out. Australia won the match by 8 wickets with over 25 overs to spare, winning the series 3–2.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy was dismissed for a duck in the first ODI against Pakistan, which England lost by six wickets. He secured a half century in the next game as England fought back to level the series, winning by 95 runs. After making seven in the third ODI, Roy scored his maiden ODI ton (102 off 117 balls) in the final game of the series, which England won by 84 runs. Roy played in all three T20Is against Pakistan. He could only make nine in the first match, which England won by 14 runs. His highest score of the series came in the second match, where he hit 29. In the third match of the series he was out for a duck.


title: Jason Roy

text: After now establishing himself at the top of the order, Roy was again selected for England's limited overs tour of South Africa. After scoring 48 in the first game, he chipped in with 14 in the next game, with England winning both matches to go 2-0 up in the series. However, disappointment followed and England lost their next three games. Roy did not perform well, making scores of 20, 6 and 8 as England went from 2-0 up to losing the series 3–2. Roy also struggled for form in the two T20Is between the two sides, as he failed to get into double figures in either match as England lost the series 2–0.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy was selected in England's T20 World Cup squad but struggled in the opening game defeat against the West Indies. In the second match, he hit 43 off just 16 balls to help England chase down 230 against South Africa. However, he was out cheaply in the game against Afghanistan, making just five, although England won the game. After scoring 42 in the final group game against Sri Lanka, he smashed a quickfire 78 in the semi-final against New Zealand on a Feroz Shah Kotla wicket to help England qualify for the final against the West Indies. Roy was out for a duck in the final, and England went on to lose the game to West Indies. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2016 T20 World Cup by the ICC and Cricbuzz.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy kept his place in the ODI squad for the series against Sri Lanka. In the first Match he scored 3 runs, as England managed to tie the match. In the second match he made an outstanding 112 not out, as he shared a record opening stand with Alex Hales of 256. He also got two run outs as he won man of the match. In the third match he made an unbeaten five as weather ended the match. In the fourth match he scored his second century of the series, making 162 as England won the match by six wickets. In the final game of the series he hit 34 as England scored 324 and won the match by 122 runs. Roy was named man of the series following his impressive performances. He was out for a duck in the only T20I between the two sides, which England won by eight wickets.


title: Jason Roy

text: In the first ODI of the series against Pakistan, Roy scored 65 off 56 balls as England won by DLS method. Roy was awarded the man of the match award for his efforts. In the next 3 ODIs he made scores of 0, 15 and 14 respectively as England built a 4–0 series lead. In the fifth ODI Roy made 87, although Pakistan won by 4 wickets to deny England a 5–0 series whitewash. In the only T20I of the series, Roy made 21 runs from 20 balls as Pakistan chased down England's target of 134 with over 5 overs to spare.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy made 41 in the first ODI against Bangladesh as England scored 309/8 to win by 21 runs. He made 13 in the next game as England lost by 34 runs. Roy missed the final game of the series through injury, although England won to win the series 2–1.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy made 73 in the first ODI against India, as England made 350/7, although they lost the match by three wickets. In the second match he made 82 but England fell 15 runs short of India's target. In the final match of the series he made 65 as England posted 321 and won by five runs. He made 19 in the first T20I as England won by seven wickets. In the second match he made ten as England lost by five runs. In the final match he made 32 but England could only manage 127 and lost by 75 runs to lose the series 2–1.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy made 13 in the first ODI against the West Indies as England won by 45 runs. In the second match he made 52 as England chased down their target of 226 to win by four wickets. In the final game of the series he made 17 as England won by 186 runs.


title: Jason Roy

text: England first played two ODIs against Ireland as a warmup for the Champions Trophy. with Roy out for a duck in the first ODI, and making 20 in the second, helping England to a 2–0 series victory. Roy struggled in England's next warump matches for the Champions Trophy against South Africa. Scoring just 1, 8 and 4 in his 3 innings, although England won the series 2–1.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy was named in England's 15-man squad for the 2017 Champions Trophy. In England's first group game, Roy scored 1 run and took a catch off of Liam Plunkett's bowling. After scoring 13 against New Zealand, and 4 against Australia in his next two innings, Roy was dropped by England for their semi-final against Pakistan which they went on to lose by 8 wickets.


title: Jason Roy

text: After the Champions Trophy, England played South Africa in 3 T20Is, with Roy scoring 28, 67 and 8 runs respectively. During the second T20I whilst on 67, he became the first player in T20I cricket to be given out for Obstructing the field.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy played in the only T20I game between England and the West Indies in 2017, being bowled out for a Golden duck by Jerome Taylor. Roy was left out of the first 3 ODIs, however, was recalled by England for the 4th ODI at The Oval. On his return he made 84 runs off 66 balls, helping England to win by 6 runs by DLS. In the 5th and final ODI, Roy made 96 runs off 70 balls as England won by 9 wickets, helping England to clinch a 4–0 series victory.


title: Jason Roy

text: In the first ODI against Australia, Roy scored 180 which is the highest score by an English batsman in ODIs. His feat also won him the man of the match award as England won by 5 wickets. In the second ODI Roy managed only 2 runs before he was out to Mitchell Starc, however, despite this England went on to win the match by 4 wickets. In the 3rd, 4th and 5th ODI series, Roy made 19, 0 and 49 respectively as England won the series 4–1.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy represented England in the 2017–18 Trans-Tasman Tri-Series against Australia and New Zealand. Roy made scores of 9, 8, 8 and 21 in the four T20Is as England finished with a record of 1–3, finishing in third place. Roy made scores of 49, 8, 15 and 42 in the first 4 ODIs respectively, before missing the fifth ODI due to injury as he struggled with back spasms. During the 4th ODI, Roy scored his 2,000th run in ODIs.


title: Jason Roy

text: England played a one-off ODI against Scotland on 10 June at The Grange Club in Edinburgh. Roy made 34, as Scotland beat England by 6 runs to claim their first ODI win over England.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy was selected to play against Australia in the ODI and T20I series in England. In the first ODI of the series, he was bowled out for a duck. He responded in the second ODI by making 120 from 108 balls as England won by 3 wickets to take a 2–0 lead in the series, he was also awarded the man of the match award. In the third ODI, he was run out whilst on 82. He scored his second ODI century of the series in the fourth ODI when he made 101 from just 83 deliveries, winning his second man of the match award of the series. In the fifth ODI he made just 1 run, however, England won the match and completed a 5–0 series whitewash. In the only T20I of the series, Roy scored 44 runs of 26 balls as England won by 28 runs.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy played in the 3 T20Is and ODIs against India in 2018. In the first two T20Is he made scores of 30 and 15 respectively. In the 3rd T20I Roy scored 67 off 31 balls, equalling England's record for the most sixes hit by a player in a T20I innings. Roy made scores of 38 and 40 in the first two ODIs of the series respectively, before missing the 3rd ODI due to injury. England went on to win the series 2–1.


title: Jason Roy

text: England played a five-match ODI series against Sri Lanka in October 2018, with Roy playing a part in all 5 ODIs. In the first ODI, he made 24 before being caught out. The match was rained off after 15 overs and there was No result. In the next four matches he made scores of 0, 41, 45 and 4 respectively and England won the series 3–1. In the only T20I of the series, Roy scored 69 off 36 to help England win by 30 runs.


title: Jason Roy

text: The five match ODI series against the West Indies kicked off perfectly for Roy, as he scored 123 runs from 85 balls taking the man of the match award as England took a 1–0 series lead. Roy made just 2 runs in the second ODI before the 3rd match was Abandoned. He was ruled out of the fourth and fifth ODIs through a hamstring injury. Roy wasn't included in England's squad for the 3 T20Is, instead returning home for the birth of his first child.


title: Jason Roy

text: In preparation for the 2019 Cricket World Cup, England agreed to warmup matches against Ireland and Pakistan; one ODI against Ireland, and a T20I and 5ODIs against Pakistan. Roy was initially in the squad for the first ODI against Ireland and the T20I against Pakistan, however, was withdrawn after suffering with a back spasm, he was left in the 17-man for the 5 match ODI series versus Pakistan. The first ODI against Pakistan ended in No result. Roy started the series in good form, hitting 87 and 76 in his first two innings. In the 4th ODI he was awarded man of the match after scoring 114, his 8th ODI century, after a "near sleepless" night spent in the hospital with his two-month old daughter. Roy missed the fifth ODI, after being given time off by the ECB to spend time with his daughter who was hospitalised a few days before. Roy was awarded the Man of the Series for his performances during the series.


title: Jason Roy

text: In April 2019, he was named in England's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 3 June 2019, in England's match against Pakistan, Roy scored his 3,000th run in ODI cricket. On 8 June Roy scored 153 runs against Bangladesh at Sophia Gardens which is the second-highest scored by an Englishmen in World Cup cricket, second to only Andrew Strauss' 158 at the 2011 World Cup. During England's win against the West Indies, Roy re-aggravated a hamstring injury he had been suffering with early in the season whilst fielding during the first innings. This led to him not batting during the second innings and missing England's next 3 matches. Roy returned against India in a crucial match for England, who needed to win to keep their qualification fate in their own hands. Roy contributing 66 runs off 57 balls despite not being fully fit, helping England to a 31 run victory.


title: Jason Roy

text: In the semi-final against Australia, Roy scored 85 runs off 65 balls before being given out caught behind by umpire Dharmasena, off a ball which TV replays and UltraEdge suggested he had not hit. England had already lost their review, so the umpire's original decision had to stand. Roy protested against his dismissal and failed to leave the playing area in a timely manner and he was subsequently fined 30% of his match fee and given two demerit points for dissent. On 14 July, Roy played in his maiden World Cup final against New Zealand. Roy scored 19 runs in England's pursuit of the 242 runs posted by the Black Caps. The match ended in a tie and went to a Super Over, where Roy was selected as England's third batsmen, although England did not end up losing a wicket. Roy ran out Martin Guptill who was attempting to come back for a second run, off of Jofra Archer's final delivery of the super over. New Zealand needed two runs to win the World Cup and would otherwise lose, hence the run out meant that England won their maiden World Cup.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy was included in the ICC's CWC2019 Team of the Tournament as one of the opening batsmen alongside Rohit Sharma. They stated that "The England opener had a decisive impact on his team's result in a manner unlike anyone else in the tournament. Roy instilled a much-needed sense of energy in his team, after they lost back-to-back games to Sri Lanka and Australia, when Roy was sidelined due to hamstring injury. His impact was felt in England's must-win games, against India and New Zealand in the round-robin, and against Australia in the semi-final, as he stitched together three successive century stands with his opening partner Jonny Bairstow. Having scored 443 runs from seven innings at an impressive strike-rate of 115.36, Roy forms a formidable opening partnership with Rohit Sharma in this XI".


title: Jason Roy

text: In July 2019, Roy was named in England's Test squad, for their one-off match against Ireland at Lord's. He made his Test debut in the match, scoring 5 runs in the first innings and 72 off 78 in the second. He kept his place in the team for the first four Tests of the 2019 Ashes series, but was dropped for the fifth after a string of low scores.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy was part of the England team for the home ODI series against Ireland and Australia, but missed the T20I series against both Pakistan and Australia due to a side injury. In September 2021, Roy was named in England's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.


title: Jason Roy

text: In 2022, Roy admitted a charge of "conducting himself in a manner which may be prejudicial to the interests of cricket or which may bring cricket, the ECB and himself into disrepute", and was banned for two international matches suspended for 12 months "dependent on good behaviour". The cause of the charge was unclear. At the same time Roy withdrew from the upcoming Indian Premier League auction to spend more time with his family.


title: Jason Roy

text: Roy took A-level examinations in Sports Science and Business in 2008, and was offered a place at St. Mary's University College, though he turned down the opportunity in order to concentrate on cricket. On 7 October 2017, Roy married Elle Moore. They had their first child in March 2019. The couple welcomed their second child on 5 January 2022. He is a cousin of Dutch international cricketer Shane Snater.


title: Roosh V

text: Daryush Valizadeh (born June 14, 1979), also known as Roosh Valizadeh, Roosh V and Roosh Vorek, is an alt-right American blogger and former pickup artist. Valizadeh writes on his personal blog and also owns the "Return of Kings" website, Roosh V Forum, where he published articles by himself and others on related subjects. Valizadeh has self-published more than a dozen sex and travel guides, most of which discuss picking up and having sex with women in specific countries. His advice, his videos and his writings have received widespread criticism, including accusations of misogyny, promotion of rape, antisemitism, homophobia, and having ties to the alt-right.


title: Roosh V

text: Many of Valizadeh's publications have been taken down. On May 30, 2018, DreamHost took down Kings Wiki. On September 10, 2018, several of Valizadeh's books were removed from Amazon.com's self-publishing platform. He was also sanctioned by YouTube, another source of revenue for him, for violating their rules. On October 1, 2018, citing a loss of revenue and traffic due to PayPal's and Disqus's terminating their partnerships with him, Valizadeh announced "Return of Kings" would no longer be publishing new articles.


title: Roosh V

text: In March 2019, Valizadeh converted to the Armenian Apostolic Church and condemned extramarital sex as sinful, also stating that he was embarrassed about the books he wrote in the past, unpublishing some of them.


title: Roosh V

text: On May 1, 2021, Valizadeh was baptized into the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR) at Jordanville Seminary in Jordanville, New York.


title: Roosh V

text: Valizadeh was born June 14, 1979, in Washington DC, to an Iranian father and an Armenian mother. Valizadeh graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park in 2001 with a degree in microbiology. He began blogging about his attempts at having sex with women, but once his internet anonymity was broken, he turned to blogging and writing full-time as a means to supporting himself, first with the publication of "Bang: The Pickup Bible That Helps You Get More Lays" (2007), and then with sex-themed travel guides on the countries he had visited.


title: Roosh V

text: Valizadeh began his writing career with advice based on pickup artist culture, although by 2016 no longer identified with the term.


title: Roosh V

text: Valizadeh calls his system of beliefs "Neomasculinity", which he describes as a combination of biology and traditional beliefs on masculinity, and as a rejection of "Western degeneracy". Valizadeh advocates adherence to traditional heteronormative roles for men and women, and believes that feminism has harmed women, men, and society in general. In addition, he states that men and women are physically and mentally very different and that much of women's value comes from their fertility and beauty. Valizadeh describes himself as "pro-woman" in that he wants women "to live a life that is according to their biological genetics."


title: Roosh V

text: In a 2013 "Washington Times" Communities interview, he states that feminism has left a legacy of weaker men who are more androgynous. He went on to say that women abstain from having sex with them in preference for "bad boys".


title: Roosh V

text: Valizadeh has been described as a men's rights activist by "The Daily Beast", "Salon", S. E. Smith, and others.


title: Roosh V

text: He has expressed qualified support for Donald Trump. He said that Trump's election as President of the United States would lead to the "death of political correctness". He has also said "The Daily Beast" is run by the CIA.


title: Roosh V

text: By 2016, Valizadeh had changed his focus from pickup advice to political commentary. His book "Free Speech Isn't Free" discusses ways in which, he says, straight men are denied freedom of speech.


title: Roosh V

text: On March 29, 2019, Valizadeh announced that after years of backsliding, he had committed himself to God and the Armenian Apostolic Church, an Oriental Orthodox Christian denomination, but he shortly left the Oriental Orthodox Church for the Eastern Orthodox Church, being baptized by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR). In light of his conversion to Christianity, Valizadeh instituted a set of new rules on his forum in which he banned discussion of extramarital sex; he also removed many of his books from print as he felt they would lead other men into committing sin. Valizadeh has stated that the "red pill" was a transitory stage in his life before he came to the realization of and taking "the final 'pill': God." Valizadeh has stated that "The God pill does feel like the final destination, where life becomes about asking Him for help and performing His will in a way that embraces good."


title: Roosh V

text: Valizadeh has been condemned for antisemitism by the Anti-Defamation League, which writes: "Valizadeh is primarily known for disparaging women and for writing a series of books on how men can have sexual exploits with women in various countries. Now, he has embraced another form of extremism by meshing his misogyny with anti-Semitism."


title: Roosh V

text: In a March 2012 report on "The Year in Hate and Extremism", the Southern Poverty Law Center included Valizadeh in a list of manosphere sites which it described as hateful and misogynistic. His inclusion on the list was reported by several publications, some of which mocked the inclusion for being extreme. In response to criticism, the SPLC later clarified that it was not labeling the sites as members of a hate movement, but wished to draw attention to "specific examples of misogyny and the threat, overt or implicit, of violence".


title: Roosh V

text: In 2014, "The Washington Post" columnist Caitlin Dewey stated that Valizadeh was one of a number of internet writers considered misogynist, writing: "Valizadeh owns the website ReturnofKings.com, which bans 'women and homosexuals' from commenting." Dewey commented that recent articles on ReturnofKings.com included titles such as "5 Reasons to Date a Girl With an Eating Disorder", "Don't Work for a Female Boss" and "Biology Says People on Welfare Should Die".


title: Roosh V

text: In February 2014, "The Daily Dot" magazine named Valizadeh "The Web's most infamous misogynist" and observed "his extraordinarily vitriolic and misogynistic views about women and society as a whole".


title: Roosh V

text: In May 2014, Valizadeh commented on the 2014 Isla Vista killings. In this incident, Elliot Rodger shot several people after writing a manifesto attributing his actions to frustration over his inceldom, that his community "is the solution to this sort of murder rampage" and that "exposing him to game may have saved lives". Valizadeh argued, "Until you give men like Rodger a way to have sex, either by encouraging them to learn game, seek out a Thai wife, or engage in legalized prostitution ... it's inevitable for another massacre to occur." He also stated that "if Rodger came to me, he would have received actionable and effective advice".


title: Roosh V

text: In February 2015, Valizadeh was criticized for a blog post that he wrote titled "How to Stop Rape" in which he proposed legalizing rape on private property. In the post, he wrote: "If rape becomes legal under my proposal, a girl will protect her body in the same manner that she protects her purse and smartphone. If rape becomes legal, a girl will not enter an impaired state of mind where she can't resist being dragged off to a bedroom with a man who she is unsure of—she'll scream, yell, or kick at his attempt while bystanders are still around. If rape becomes legal, she will never be unchaperoned with a man she doesn't want to sleep with. After several months of advertising this law throughout the land, rape would be virtually eliminated on the first day it is applied." S. E. Smith at the online magazine "xoJane" asserted that "we need to talk openly not just about how many MRAs [men's rights activists] like Roosh promote rape and violence against women, but how many of them may be rapists themselves".


title: Roosh V

text: Valizadeh has since said that the post was meant as satire, arguing that its very title indicates that it was not intended as pro-rape advocacy.


title: Roosh V

text: In 2015, Valizadeh scheduled speeches to take place in Montreal on August 8 and Toronto on August 15. In July 2015, Vancouver resident Sara Parker-Toulson launched a petition on Change.org that called for Valizadeh to be barred from entering Canada, accusing him of violating Canadian hate speech laws. It gathered over 38,000 signatures. Concordia University student Fannie Gadouas publicized the petition and was interviewed by the media following her efforts, with Montreal resident Aurelie Nix, to organize a protest event in Montreal. Nix also lodged a complaint against Valizadeh with the police, saying that he had incited his followers to make rape and death threats against her.


title: Roosh V

text: The petition and protest were in response to plans by Valizadeh to give speeches in Toronto and Montreal.


title: Roosh V

text: Quebec Member of the National Assembly Carole Poirier called on Stéphanie Vallée, Quebec Minister of Justice for Conditions for Women, to ban Valizadeh and his rhetoric from the province. Vallée responded by condemning Roosh's statements, but declined to make further comments regarding whether he should be denied entry to Canada. Reportedly in response to the negative publicity and threat of protest, the Hotel Omni Montreal, where the speech had been scheduled to be held, cancelled the event. Valizadeh asked that his followers assist him in a "counter-attack" against the demonstrators by collecting personal information about them. A café owner, who surreptitiously took a photograph of Valizadeh sitting in his establishment and published it to Instagram with an invitation to others to come confront Valizadeh, later said he felt threatened by the ensuing response from Valizadeh's followers.


title: Roosh V

text: Valizadeh stated that the event location was changed to a different venue and took place on August 8 as scheduled with about 34 people in attendance. Afterwards, a crowd of protestors confronted Valizadeh at a local bar and threw drinks at him, prompting him and his companions to leave the bar as the group followed while continuing to scream at Valizadeh and curse him. Valizadeh filed a complaint with police over the incident, and police said they were investigating a person known as "Jennifer" who was alleged to be one of the assailants. Commentators in the "National Post" and "Toronto Star", while taking exception to Roosh's opinions, later criticized the protestors for trying to deny Valizadeh his right to free speech, for assaulting him in the bar, and then for celebrating the assault.


title: Roosh V

text: Before Valizadeh's scheduled speech in Toronto on August 15, city councillor Norm Kelly and mayor John Tory denounced Valizadeh and encouraged city venues to turn him away, declaring publicly that he was not welcome in Toronto. On August 15, a protest against Valizadeh, attended by Member of Parliament Cheri DiNovo, was held at Queen's Park. Later that day, Valizadeh tweeted a photograph of himself at what he said was the event venue in Mississauga and said he delivered his speech to 56 people. Both Valizadeh and the protestors declared victory in their dispute over his appearances in Canada.


title: Roosh V

text: The Icelandic publication "DV" published a number of stories about Valizadeh's release of his book "Bang Iceland", calling it "derogatory". Icelandic feminist organization Femínistafélag Íslands condemned the book as a "rape guide." Another publication labelled it "slander." Icelandic writer and media persona Egill Einarsson said the book was "as wrong as possible".


title: Roosh V

text: Danish "Ekstra Bladet" published five articles on the release of Valizadeh's book "Don't Bang Denmark", and Danish TV aired several discussions sparked by the book.


title: Roosh V

text: Norwegian "Dagbladet" newspaper questioned the morality of Valizadeh's seduction tactics in an article warning about the rise of the "manosphere".


title: Roosh V

text: In Finland, Valizadeh's mention of the Helsinki nightclub Milliklubi in his article "The 5 Easiest Clubs In The World To Get Laid" had a negative impact on the club several days after it went out, according to the door man. The increased number of male visitors inspired by the article raised security concerns.


title: Roosh V

text: Valizadeh's books "Bang Estonia", "Don't Bang Latvia", and "Bang Lithuania" were met with a generally negative reaction from media outlets of those countries, where he was described as a "sex tourist". During an interview with Delfi in response to a question about whether he was a sex tourist, Valizadeh responded that he was a love tourist, not a sex tourist.


title: Nha Trang

text: Nha Trang ( or ; ) is a coastal city and capital of Khánh Hòa Province, on the South Central Coast of Vietnam. It is bounded on the north by Ninh Hoà town, on the south by Cam Ranh city and on the west by Diên Khánh District. The city has about 392,000 inhabitants, a number that is projected to increase to 560,000 by 2015 and 630,000 inhabitants by 2025. An area of of the western communes of Diên An and Diên Toàn is planned to be merged into Nha Trang which will make its new area based on the approval of the Prime Minister of Vietnam in September 2012.


title: Nha Trang

text: Nha Trang is well known for its beaches and scuba diving and has developed into a popular destination for international tourists, attracting large numbers of backpackers, as well as more affluent travelers on the south-east Asia circuit; it is already very popular with Vietnamese tourists, with Nha Trang Bay widely considered as among the world's most beautiful bays. Tourists are welcomed to participate in the Sea Festival, held biennially.


title: Nha Trang

text: Historically, the city was known as Kauthara under rule of the Kingdom of Champa. The city is still home to the famous Po Nagar Tower built by the Champa. Being a coastal city, Nha Trang is a centre for marine science based at the Nha Trang Oceanography Institute. The Hon Mun marine protected area is one of four first marine protected areas in the world admitted by the IUCN.


title: Nha Trang

text: According to some researchers, the name "Nha Trang" derives from a Vietnamese spelling of the Cham language name of the site "Ea Dran" (literally "Reed River"), the name of the Cai River as referred to by the Cham people. From the name of this river, the name was adopted to call what is now Nha Trang, which was officially made Vietnam's territory in 1698. Ea Dran is a common Cham and Montagnard place name, same as Ia Drang Valley.


title: Nha Trang

text: As far as the recorded naming of "Nha Trang" is concerned, in "Toàn tập Thiên Nam Tứ Chí Lộ Đồ Thư", a geographical book written by a Vietnamese scholar with the family of Đỗ Bá in the second half of the 18th century, the name "Nha Trang Môn" ("Nha Trang gate") was mentioned. In another map dating to the 17th century, known as "Giáp Ngọ Niên Bình Nam Đồ" by a noble called Đoan Quận công Bùi Thế Đạt, the name "Nha Trang Hải môn" (Nha Trang Sea Gate) was also cited. In Vietnamese recorded historic bibliographies, these books are perhaps the earliest ones that mentioned this place name.


title: Nha Trang

text: In a work by Lê Quý Đôn called "Phủ biên tạp lục" (1776), many Nha Trang-related names were mentioned, such as "đầm Nha Trang, dinh Nha Trang, nguồn Nha Trang, and đèo Nha Trang".


title: Nha Trang

text: Kauthara, also translated as an ancient clam, is a constituent state of the empire-leading kingdom and its ruling area is located in the area from today's Fu An province to Cam Ranh. Yanpunagara, the capital of Yangpu, occupies the faith of a man and is deeply influenced by religions such as Brahmanism and Buddhism. However, in addition to that, the gods who formerly occupied ruled the indigenous faith in the motherland, such as Çri Maladakuthara (釋利摩落陀古笪羅) in the ancient Gur'an region in the south, are one of those who can preserve the old God Most of the old gods who dominated the motherland were replaced by brahmanist gods such as the goddess Yan Pu Nagara (楊浦那竭羅) and the Bhagavati (妻婆伽婆底), Replaced, located in Nha Trang near today. Bhagavati is mixed with Yan Pu Nagara, a goddess in the local faith, which is quite revered by the people and has dedicated ancestral temples to enshrine it.


title: Nha Trang

text: From 1653 to the 19th century, Nha Trang was a deserted area rich in wildlife (animals like tigers) and was a part of Hà Bạc, Vĩnh Xương County, Diên Khánh Province. After just two decades in the early 20th century, Nha Trang underwent a rapid change. On August 30, 1924, the Governor-General of French Indochina decreed Nha Trang as a townlet (urban centre). Nha Trang Townlet was established from the ancient villages of Xương Huân, Phương Câu, Vạn Thạnh, Phương Sài, and Phước Hải.


title: Nha Trang

text: During French Indochina, Nha Trang was seen as de facto capital of Khánh Hòa Province. The colonial administration offices (like Envoy Office, Commanding Office, Trade Office, Post Office) were situated in Nha Trang. Local royal offices like Province Chief, Provincial Judge, Military Commander are in Diên Khánh city (a walled military city 10  km south-west of Nha Trang).


title: Nha Trang

text: On 7 May 1937, the Governor-General of French Indochina by another decree upgraded Nha Trang Townlet to town. At this time, Nha Trang Town had five wards based on the ancient villages merged to make the town: Xương Huân, Phương Câu, Vạn Thạnh, Phương Sài, and Phước Hải.


title: Nha Trang

text: On 27 January 1958, the president of the Republic of Vietnam, Ngô Đình Diệm by Decree 18-BNV abrogated the town status of Nha Trang and divided Nha Trang into two rural communes: Nha Trang Đông (Eastern Nha Trang) and Nha Trang Tây (Western Nha Trang), under the administration of Vĩnh Xương County.


title: Nha Trang

text: During the late 1960s, the U.S. Army's First Field Force, Vietnam (1FFV) was headquartered in Nha Trang. 1FFV was a corps-level major subordinate command of the U.S. Army Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV).


title: Nha Trang

text: On 22 October 1970, the government of the Republic of Vietnam by Decree 132-SL/NV reestablished Nha Trang Town on the ground of Nha Trang Đông and Nha Trang Tây and other rural communes. Following that establishment, the government by Decree 357-ĐUHC/NC/NĐ dated 5 June 1971 divided Nha Trang into 11 urban zones.


title: Nha Trang

text: On 2 April 1975, communist (Viet Cong/PRG/VPA) forces captured the city. On 4 April 1975, Khánh Hòa Military Commission ("Ủy ban Quân quản Khánh Hòa") divided Nha Trang into three administrative districts: District 1, District 2 and Vĩnh Xương District. In September 1975, the districts were merged to become one entity, the town of Nha Trang.


title: Nha Trang

text: On 30 March 1977, the Council of the Government (now the cabinet) of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam by Decision 391-CP/QĐ upgraded Nha Trang to city status, a county-level city under the administration of Phú Khánh Province (a province created by merger of now Phú Yên Province and Khánh Hòa Province). Seven communes of former Vĩnh Xương County, namely Vĩnh Thái, Vĩnh Ngọc, Vĩnh Hiệp, Vĩnh Lương, Vĩnh Trung, Vĩnh Thạnh, Vĩnh Phương was split from Khánh Xương County to become Nha Trang City territory.


title: Nha Trang

text: On 27 March 1978, the provincial government by Decision 54-BT founded Phước Đồng Commune under Nha Trang City.


title: Nha Trang

text: On 1 July 1989, Khanh Hoa was split from Phu Khanh Province to become Khánh Hòa Province as it was before, Nha Trang was made the capital of Khánh Hòa Province. On April 22, 1999, Phan Văn Khải by Decision 106/1999 recognized Nha Trang City as a second-class municipal city. On April 22, 2009, former Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng recognized Nha Trang City as a first-class municipal city.


title: Nha Trang

text: Nha Trang city has a metropolitan area of and population of about 500,000. It borders Ninh Hòa town in the north, Cam Ranh city in the south, Diên Khánh town in the west and the East Sea to the east. The city is on the beautiful Nha Trang Bay, which was chosen by "Travel + Leisure" in two succeeding years as one of 29 most beautiful bays in the world. Nha Trang is surrounded on all three sides by mountains and a large island and four smaller ones on the fourth side (in the ocean directly in front of the city's main area), blocking major storms from potentially damaging the city.


title: Nha Trang

text: Nha Trang has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification: "As") with a lengthy dry season from January to August and a shorter wet season from September to December, when of the city's total annual rainfall of about is received from the north-east monsoon. During the wet season extremely heavy rainfall from typhoons is not uncommon, though the city is shielded from the worst winds.


title: Nha Trang

text: Nha Trang is subdivided into 27 wards and communes, of which 19 are urban wards: Vĩnh Hải, Vĩnh Phước, Vĩnh Thọ, Xương Huân, Vạn Thắng, Vạn Thạnh, Phương Sài, Phương Sơn, Ngọc Hiệp, Phước Hòa, Phước Tân, Phước Tiến, Phước Hải, Lộc Thọ, Tân Lập, Vĩnh Nguyên, Vĩnh Trường, Phước Long (founded in November 1998), Vĩnh Hòa (founded in April 2002); and 8 suburban communes: Vĩnh Phương, Vĩnh Trung, Vĩnh Thạnh, Vĩnh Thái, Vĩnh Hiệp, Vĩnh Ngọc, Vĩnh Lương, and Phước Đồng. Since 1998, due to the high pace of urbanization, many urban planned zones have been built: Hòn Rớ, Bắc Việt, Thánh Gia, Đường Đệ, and Nam Hòn Khô.


title: Nha Trang

text: Nha Trang is home to the multidisciplinary Nha Trang University (formerly Nha Trang Fishery University); the Naval and Aviation Academy; a teachers' training college; Khanh Hoa University, as well as the Nha Trang Oceanography Institute a unique institute of oceanography in Vietnam and the Pasteur Institute of Nha Trang, one of the many famous Pasteur Institutes.


title: Nha Trang

text: The French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, discoverer of the "Yersinia pestis" bacterium lived in Nha Trang for 50 years and was affectionately known as "Ông Năm". He established the Indochinese Pasteur Institute (now known as the Pasteur Institute of Nha Trang), devoted to researching the bubonic plague. Yersin died in Nha Trang on 1 March 1943. A street in the city is named after him, and a shrine has been built over his tomb. There is a Yersin Museum dedicated to his achievements.


title: Nha Trang

text: Nha Trang's economy relies largely on tourism. In the suburban areas around the city, the shipbuilding industry has developed and contributed significantly to the local economy. Fishery and services are also important to the city. Khanh Hoa Province in general and Nha Trang is particular are among the largest contributors to Vietnam's annual budget revenues. Lobster farming on the sea is an important industry for the people living in suburban areas.


title: Nha Trang

text: To the south of the city, by Cam Ranh Bay, several industrial parks are under construction and have been partly available for investors. Once the construction of the deep-water port on Vân Phong Bay has been completed, this area will become the third important economic zone in the province (besides Nha Trang and Cam Ranh).


title: Nha Trang

text: Nha Trang is one of the most important tourist hubs of Vietnam, thanks to its beaches with fine and clean sand and the clear ocean water with mild temperatures all year round. There are several resorts — such as Vinpearl, Diamond Bay and Ana Mandara — and amusement and water parks, in the city and on islands off the coast. The possibly most beautiful street of Nha Trang is Tran Phu Street along the seaside, sometimes referred to as the Pacific Coast Highway of Vietnam.


title: Nha Trang

text: Lying off Nha Trang is the Hon Tre Island (Bamboo Island), with a major resort operated by the Vinpearl Group. The Vinpearl Cable Car, a gondola lift system, links the mainland to the five-star resort and theme park on Hon Tre Island.


title: Nha Trang

text: Nha Trang is a stopover for annual yacht races starting in Hong Kong. In recent years, the city has welcomed many five-star sea cruises. In addition to sailboat racing, Nha Trang provides a rich variety of tourist activities for visitors. Island hopping, scuba diving, water sports and other sporting activities can be enjoyed. The Nha Trang Tourist Information Center (a non-governmental organisation), located near the Cho Dam Market has been set up to provide information for visitors.


title: Nha Trang

text: The local cuisine is most famous for fresh seafood and barbecued pork rolled in rice paper. The area's bird's nest soup is deemed one of the best in Vietnam. Bird's nests are collected in the wild, on bird farms on the islands off the coast and even in some houses in the inner city. The farmed bird in question belongs to the swiftlet group, popularly referred to as "yến hàng" ("Aerodramus fuciphagus" and "A. germani").


title: Nha Trang

text: Local culinary specialities that attract people are bánh canh chả cá (bánh canh with fish paddies), bún cá sứa (rice vermicelli with jelly fish) and bánh xèo mực (squid pancakes).


title: Nha Trang

text: The nightlife is known as superior to other coastal towns such as Mui Ne and Vũng Tàu It is usually busiest around the Vietnamese New Year and can be worth visiting most of the year, with the possible exception of the rainy period (especially November).


title: Nha Trang

text: Many tourists enjoy the Nha Trang River Cai boat ride (locally known as "Song Cai", as "song" means "river" in the Vietnamese language).


title: Nha Trang

text: When Cam Ranh Bay used to be an important naval base, Nha Trang Airport was the main airport of the city. This airport was used by the United States Air Force and Republic of Vietnam Air Force during the Vietnam War. When part of Cam Ranh Bay was made an economic development zone by the Vietnamese government, Cam Ranh International Airport (also a military airport built by the United States during Vietnam War) was made the new civilian airport of the city. This airport is located by Cam Ranh Bay, south of the city and was (as of 2007) the fourth busiest airport in passenger traffic in Vietnam serving more than 683,000 passengers in 2008. As of 2016, the airport has domestic connections to Hanoi, Hồ Chí Minh City, Hải Phòng, Đà Nẵng, Vinh.


title: Nha Trang

text: The city is next to the National Route 1, the backbone north–south road of the country. The Reunification Railway crosses the city and stops at Nha Trang Railway Station. The construction work of Vân Phong Port, north of the city, a deep-water project capable of handling ships up to 100,000 tonnes, and with a capacity of 100 million tonnes of cargo per annum, is under progress by a consortium of Japanese corporations. The estimated investment capital for this port-city complex project is expected to reach US$15 billion.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: In ethics and other branches of philosophy, suicide poses difficult questions, answered differently by various philosophers. The French Algerian essayist, novelist, and playwright Albert Camus (1913–1960) began his philosophical essay "The Myth of Sisyphus" with the famous line "There is but one truly serious philosophical problem and that is suicide" ().


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Philosophical stances on suicide can be divided into two broad groups. Religious philosophy almost universally condemns suicide, while nonreligious stances tend towards toleration, with some seeing it as laudatory, depending on circumstance. Utilitarianism offers perhaps a confusing stance. For example, using Jeremy Bentham's hedonistic calculus, you may conclude that although suicide offers utility by ending personal suffering, the grief it causes others may outweigh its utility. The calculation cannot be determined at a philosophical level.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Common philosophical opinion of suicide since modernization reflected a spread in cultural beliefs of western societies that suicide is immoral and unethical. One popular argument is that many of the reasons for committing suicide—such as depression, emotional pain, or economic hardship—are transitory and can be ameliorated by therapy and through making changes to some aspects of one's life. A common adage in the discourse surrounding suicide prevention sums up this view: "Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem." However, the argument against this is that while emotional pain may seem transitory to most people, in other cases it may be extremely difficult or even impossible to resolve, even through counseling or lifestyle change, depending upon the severity of the affliction and the person's ability to cope with their pain. Examples of this are incurable disease or lifelong mental illness.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Camus saw the goal of absurdism in establishing whether suicide is a necessary response to a world which appears to be mute both on the question of God's existence (and thus what such an existence might answer) and for our search for meaning and purpose in the world. For Camus, suicide was the rejection of freedom. He thought that fleeing from the absurdity of reality into illusions, religion, or death is not the way out. Instead of fleeing the absurd meaninglessness of life, we should embrace life passionately.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Existentialist Sartre describes the position of Meursault, the protagonist of Camus' "The Stranger" who is condemned to death, in the following way:


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Christian theology almost universally condemns suicide as being a crime against God. G. K. Chesterton calls suicide "the ultimate and absolute evil, the refusal to take an interest in existence". He argues that a person who kills himself, as far as he is concerned, destroys the entire world (apparently exactly repeating Maimonides' view).


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: John Stuart Mill argued, in his influential essay "On Liberty", that since the of liberty is the power of the individual to make choices, any choice that one might make that would deprive one of the ability to make further choices should be prevented. Thus, for Mill, selling oneself into slavery should be prevented in order to avoid precluding the ability to make further choices. Concerning these matters, Mill writes in "On Liberty":


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: "Not only persons are not held to engagements which violate the rights of third parties, but it is sometimes considered a sufficient reason for releasing them from an engagement, that it is injurious to themselves. In this and most other civilized countries, for example, an engagement by which a person should sell himself, or allow himself to be sold, as a slave, would be null and void; neither enforced by law nor by opinion. The ground for thus limiting his power of voluntarily disposing of his own lot in life, is apparent, and is very clearly seen in this extreme case. The reason for not interfering, unless for the sake of others, with a person's voluntary acts, is consideration for his liberty. His voluntary choice is evidence that what he so chooses is desirable, or at the least endurable, to him, and his good is on the whole best provided for by allowing him to take his own means of pursuing it. But by selling himself for a slave, he abdicates his liberty; he forgoes any future use of it, beyond that single act. He therefore defeats, in his own case, the very purpose which is the justification of allowing him to dispose of himself. He is no longer free; but is thenceforth in a position which has no longer the presumption in its favour, that would be afforded by his voluntarily remaining in it. The principle of freedom cannot require that he should be free not to be free. It is not freedom, to be allowed to alienate his freedom".


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: It could be argued that suicide prevents further choices in the same way slavery does. However, it can also be argued that there are significant differences in not having any further involvement in decisions about your life and not having any further life to make decisions about. Suicide essentially removes the condition of being alive, not the condition of making choices about your life.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Mill believes the individual to be the best guardian of their own interests. He uses the example of a man about to cross a broken bridge: we can forcibly stop that person and warn him of the danger, but ultimately should not prevent him from crossing the bridge—for only "he" knows the worth of his life balanced against the danger of crossing the bridge.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Too much should not be read into "disposing of his own lot in life" in the passage as this is not necessarily talking about anything other than slavery. Indeed, it would be odd if Mill had intended it to be about suicide but not explored the issue fully.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: From a deontological perspective, Immanuel Kant argues against suicide in "Fundamental Principles of The Metaphysic of Morals". In accordance with the second formulation of his categorical imperative, Kant argues that, "He who contemplates suicide should ask himself whether his action can be consistent with the idea of humanity as an end in itself." Kant's theory looks at the act only, and not at its outcomes and consequences, and claims that one is ethically required to consider whether one would be willing to "universalise" the act: to claim "everyone" should behave that way. Kant argues that choosing to commit suicide entails considering oneself as a means to an end, which he rejects: a person, he says, must "not" be used "merely as means, but must in all actions always be considered as an end in himself." Furthermore Kant argues that, since objective morality is grounded in one's own ability to reason, suicide is wrong because it involves removing that ability through ending one's life, thereby creating a kind of practical contradiction.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: The social contract, according to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is such that every man has "a right to risk his own life in order to preserve it."


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Hobbes and Locke reject the right of individuals to take their own life. Hobbes claims in his "Leviathan" that natural law forbids every man "to do, that which is destructive of his life, or take away the means of preserving the same." Breaking this natural law is irrational and immoral. Hobbes also states that it is intuitively rational for men to want felicity and to fear death most.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Aristotle in his 'discussion of courage, maintains that committing suicide to avoid pain or other undesirable circumstances is a cowardly act. In a later chapter [of Nichomachean Ethics], he further argues that suicide is unlawful and is an act committed against the interests of the state.'


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Japan has a form of suicide called seppuku, which is considered an honorable way to redeem oneself for transgressions or personal defeats. It was widely accepted in the days of the Samurai and even before that. It was generally seen as a privilege granted only to the samurai class; civilian criminals would thus not have this 'honor' and be executed. In this historical perspective, suicide reflects a cultural view of suicide as noble, acceptable, and even brave, rather than cowardly and wrong.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Utilitarianism can be used as a justification for or as an argument against suicide. For example, through Jeremy Bentham's hedonistic calculus, it can be concluded that although the death of a depressed person ends their suffering, the person's family and friends may grieve as well, and their pain may outweigh the release of depression of the individual through suicide.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: There are arguments in favor of allowing an individual to choose between life and death by suicide. Those in favor of suicide as a personal choice reject the thought that suicide is always or usually irrational, but is instead a solution to real problems; a line of last resort that can legitimately be taken when the alternative is considered worse. They believe that no being should be made to suffer unnecessarily, and suicide provides an escape from suffering.


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Herodotus wrote: "When life is so burdensome, death has become for man a sought-after refuge". Schopenhauer affirmed: "They tell us that suicide is the greatest act of cowardice... that suicide is wrong; when it is quite obvious that there is nothing in the world to which every man has a more unassailable title than to his own life and person."


title: Philosophy of suicide

text: Schopenhauer's main work, "The World as Will and Representation", occasionally uses the act in its examples. He denied that suicide was immoral and saw it as one's right to take one's life. In an allegory, he compared ending one's life, when subject to great suffering, to waking up from sleep when experiencing a terrible nightmare. However, most suicides were seen as an act of the will, as it takes place when one denies life's pains, and is thus different from ascetic renunciation of the will, which denies life's pleasures.