title: Patrick van Aanholt

text: On 16 July 2020, Van Aanholt suffered a dislocated shoulder while playing in a Premier League match against Manchester United. He received oxygen and was taken off of the pitch on a stretcher. The injury was expected to keep him out of action for up to two months and into the following season.


title: Patrick van Aanholt

text: On 19 November 2013, Van Aanholt won his first senior cap for the Netherlands in a friendly match against Colombia, coming on in injury time for Memphis Depay in a 0–0 draw at the Amsterdam Arena.


title: Patrick van Aanholt

text: In September 2017, Van Aanholt was called up to the Curaçao national football team for a friendly against Qatar, but he did not make an appearance. As all his international appearances for the Netherlands had been in friendly matches, he was still eligible to represent Curaçao.


title: Patrick van Aanholt

text: He was included in Ronald Koeman's first starting line up when the Netherlands took on England on 23 March 2018 in a friendly international.


title: Tony Yoka

text: Anthony Victor James Yoka (born 28 April 1992) is a French professional boxer who has held the European heavyweight title since 2021. As an amateur he represented France at the 2015 World Championships and 2016 Olympics, winning gold medals in the super-heavyweight division.


title: Tony Yoka

text: Yoka won the gold medal against future WBO heavyweight champion Joseph Parker in the super heavyweight division at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. At the 2010 Youth World Amateur Boxing Championships he lost the final to Filip Hrgović. In 2011 he lost at the European (Senior) Championships to Olympic Champion Roberto Cammarelle. At the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships he outpointed Jasem Delavari from Iran but was knocked out by Cuban Erislandy Savón. At the 2012 European Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament he beat three opponents before getting stopped by Magomed Omarov.


title: Tony Yoka

text: In 2015, Yoka first missed a chance to get the gold at the 2015 European Games but still managed to get the bronze medal. Following this achievement, Yoka won the gold at the 2015 AIBA World Boxing Championships, earning him a spot at the 2016 Olympic Games at Rio de Janeiro.


title: Tony Yoka

text: Yoka won the gold over the British boxer Joe Joyce in the super heavyweight division at the 2016 Olympic Games, earning France its first Super Heavyweight gold medal.


title: Tony Yoka

text: Before this fight, Yoka had beaten Hussein Ishaish in the quarter-final, and Filip Hrgović in the semi-final. His amateur record was 60 wins and 12 losses.


title: Tony Yoka

text: In 2017 Yoka turned professional. Trained by Virgil Hunter, Yoka fought and beat Travis Clark in his debut fight at Le Palais des Sports in Paris, in June 2017. In October 2017, Yoka defeated Jonathan Rice via unanimous decision 59–56, 60–54, and 58–56.


title: Tony Yoka

text: In July 2018, the French Anti-Doping Agency banned him for one year because of missing three drug tests between July 2016 and July 2017. His appeal against the ruling was rejected by the French Council of State in August 2018.


title: Tony Yoka

text: On 28 September 2019, Yoka faced Michael Wallisch. Yoka dropped Wallisch in the third round and Wallisch barely beat the count, which prompted the referee to wave the fight off and award Yoka the TKO victory.


title: Tony Yoka

text: In his next fight, Yoka faced former world title challenger and veteran countryman Johann Duhaupas. Yoka cruised past his experienced opponent, dropping him twice in the first round, the second time also being the final one from which Duhaupas would not get up.


title: Tony Yoka

text: On 27 November 2020, Yoka faced another veteran in Christian Hammer. Hammer caused Yoka some problems during the fight, but Yoka's win was never at risk, and went on to win the fight via unanimous decision, 100–89 on all three scorecards.


title: Tony Yoka

text: Yoka faced the former IBF International heavyweight titlist Joel Tambwe Djeko for the vacant European Union heavyweight title. The bout was scheduled for March 5, 2021, at the H Arena in Nantes, France. It was broadcast on ESPN+ in the US and Canal+ in France. He won the fight by a late twelfth-round technical knockout. A well place jab forced Djeko to turn his back and stop defending himself, which forced the referee to wave the fight off at the very last second.


title: Tony Yoka

text: Yoka was next set to face the undefeated Croatian heavyweight Petar Milas on September 10, 2021, at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Yoka was the bigger and more experienced boxer heading into the bout, and accordingly entered as a betting favorite. Yoka's fight was once again broadcast on ESPN+ in the US and Canal+ in France. Yoka won the fight by technical knockout, stopping Milas at the very last second of the seventh round.


title: Tony Yoka

text: Yoka was expected to face Carlos Takam on January 15, 2022, in a fight which was supposed to take place at the Accor Arena in Paris, France. Shortly after the bout was scheduled however, Takam withdrew due to injury. On December 10, 2021, it was announced that Martin Bakole would step in as Takam's replacement. The fight was postponed on December 28, 2021, due to measures imposed to combat the spread of COVID-19. Yoka instead chose to enter negotiations to face Filip Hrgović in an IBF title eliminator. The IBF later ruled Yoka ineligible to enter an agreement with any opponent other than Martin Bakole, as the two had already signed contracts to face each other. Yoka's fight with Bakole was rescheduled for May 14. He lost the fight by majority decision, after suffering two knockdowns, in the first and fifth rounds.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Roadies: Journey in South Africa is the Eighteenth season of India "MTV Roadies" produced by Pippip Media Private Limited. It premiered on MTV on 8 April 2022.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: A spin-off series, Roadies - All Access Star hosted by Gaelyn Mendonca and judged by Arjun Kanungo streamed exclusively on Voot. Participants will have to showcase their talent and even showcase their flair for general knowledge. The winner Nisman Parpia gets a fully paid five-day trip to South Africa, the opportunity to host her own digital show, witnessing the Roadies finale shoot and also gets an opportunity to host a Roadies after hours digital show.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Like the previous season, the show was being streamed on Voot 24 hours before TV, exclusively available only to Voot Select subscribers.In addition to airing on MTV India, the premiere episode was simulcast across three other channels of Viacom18; Colors Infinity, Comedy Central India and MTV Beats, becoming the most-watched episode in the franchise's history.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: On 10 July 2022, Ashish Bhatia & Nandini G emerged as winners of the season, and for first time in the history there were two winners. Jashwanth Bopanna & Yukti Arora were 1st runners-up and Kevin Almasifar & Moose Jattana were 2nd runners-up.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Unlike previous seasons, Season 18 had Ex-Roadies and Debutant Roadies competing against each other in "Buddy Pairs".


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Bikes were introduced again as journey vehicle. A special currency "Roadiums" were also introduced which will help the Roadies in the journey. There were tasks, vote outs, vote ins, immunity, eliminations, wildcards and various twists.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: The journey started with Ex-Roadies having a welcome meal and meeting other Ex-Roadies in Amakhala Game Reserve Location.The debutee Roadies were welcomed by Francois Van Niekerk (Local Guide) at the Port Elizabeth Airport giving them the first scroll, which gave them the "Welcome Task".


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Before this Task, the new Roadies had to divide themselves into 3 teams, each team were given a clue to solve leading to the next clue.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Each pair needed to have 1 new roadie & 1 ex-roadie. The new roadies had to impress the ex-roadies by auditioning process. There was also a condition that one 'buddy' from a pair should have known riding.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Later, "Sonu Sood" entered and finalized the buddy pairs And also introduced to a new point system called "Roadium", which will help the roadies in the game.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: This task were played in 2 teams with 5 buddy pairs on each team, playing a water version of rugby. The team with most goals will win and earn immunity & Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Team Loyalty won and received 2 immunity for any 2 pairs & 3000 Roadiums for 3 other pairs. "Arushi C & Arshvir" and "Sohil & Simi" took the immunity.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Later in the first Vote-out, "Sapna & Angad" and "Kavya & Sidharth" received the highest number of votes, but they received an opportunity to return back to the back by winning the Survival Task.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: The first buddy pair with 5000 Roadiums will be safe, these Roadiums can be earned by winning task or get it from fellow Roadies.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: This task were played in 2 teams with voted-out buddy pair as Captains and 4 safe buddy pairs on each team. At each checkpoint in the adventure they will earn 1500 Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: "Kavya & Sidharth" received 5000 Roadiums and were safe. "Sapna & Angad" failed to receive 5000 Roadiums and were eliminated.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: This task were played in 2 teams with 4 buddy pairs on each team, playing rugby. The team with most goals will win and earn immunity & Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Before the Task, 1 buddy pair had to sit-out and not compete in this Task. This was decided by a kick off game. "Yukti & Nandini" lost it and didn't compete with any team.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Team Boom Bruh won and received 2 immunity for 2 pairs & 1000 Roadiums for 2 other pairs each. "Arushi C & Arshvir" and "Kevin & Soundous" took the immunity.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Only non-immune buddy pairs compete in this task, one of them had to surf and other had to invest Roadiums on their performance.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: "Yukti & Nandini" got 5 times their invest, "Gaurav & Moose" got double their invest, "Kavya & Sidharth" got to keep their investment and all others lost their invested Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: "Gaurav & Moose" borrowed Roadiums from other buddy pairs, they used 4000 Roadiums and earned immunity."Gaurav & Moose" took the immunity.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Later in the second Vote-out, "Aarushi D & Tanish" received the highest number of votes and were voted-out.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: This task were played in 2 teams with buddy pairs with highest Roadiums as Captains and 3 other buddy pairs on each team. The winning team will earn immunity & Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Team B won and received 1 immunity for 1 pair & 1000 Roadiums for 3 other pairs each. "Ashish & Sakshi" took the immunity.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Before the Task, all buddy pairs except for "Ashish & Sakshi" took part in an African Dance, were the locals choose the order on who was doing the best. "Arushi C & Arshvir" were not chosen and therefore, had to stay back at the campsite.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Each buddy pair had to Bungee Jump from Bloukrans Bridge which is 216m (708 Ft) and memorize a set of animal statues and rearrange it after bungee jumping.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Later in the third Vote-out, "Ashish & Sakshi" and "Baseer & Jaswanth" had the power to mutually choose one buddy pair to be immune. They chose "Arushi C & Arshvir". "Gaurav & Moose" received the highest number of votes and were voted-out.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Before the Task, all buddy pairs took part in solving a crossword puzzle. Once solved they moved-on to the task site.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Two buddy pairs faced-off in sand boarding and had to collect flags. The buddy pair in each round will move onto Stage 2.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Each buddy pair had 3 balls (2 basket balls & 1 golden basket ball) had to shoot making a goal earning points.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Each buddy pair had to perform a bollywood dance number in front of the African public and actor "Edrien Erasmus" as judge.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Later in the fourth Vote-out, "Baseer & Jaswanth" and "Ashish & Sakshi" had the power to each choose one buddy pair to be safe, which will be revelaed after votes are counted. They chose "Kevin & Soundous" and "Sohil & Simi" respectively and all vote against them were cancelled. "Yukti & Nandini" received the highest number of votes and were voted-out, but they received an opportunity to return back if they get all Roadiums from 3 buddy pairs. They received all Roadiums from "Sohil & Simi, Ashish & Sakshi" and "Kevin & Soundous" and "Yukti & Nandini" were safe, therefore all these buddy pairs now had 0 Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Before the Task, 1 buddy pair not chosen by Captains will not compete in this Task. "Sohil & Simi" were not chosen & didn't get to compete.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Each buddy pair had to feed Ostrich, get a code from the bottom of the bowl. Then move to the next checkpoint, collect 4 eggs and drink an Ostrich egg.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Later in the fifth Vote-out, "Sohil & Simmi" received the highest number of votes to vote-out but "Arushi C & Arsh" received least votes to save and were voted-out.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: This task were played in 2 teams with the buddy pair who reached to the task location the fastest got to choose 2 other buddy pairs to be on their team. The winning team will earn immunity & Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: At a surprise vote-out, Roadies were not voting-out instead were voting for one buddy pair to be in danger zone with "Yukti & Nandini". "Sapna & Angad" received the highest number of votes but were in danger zone.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: This task were played by 2 danger zone buddy pairs and 1 safe buddy pairs to support them. They had to collect mannequins and delivered them.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: As "Kevin" and "Tanish" were sick and didn't go to the task location. Therefore, "Aarushi D" and "Soundous" were a buddy pair for this task.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Later in the seventh Vote-out, Roadies had to vote-out one Ex-Roadie and one New Roadie, not needed to be a buddy pair. "Tanish" from New Roadies and "Kavya" from Ex-Roadies received the highest number of votes and were voted-out.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: The current buddy pairs had the chance to resuffle their pairs. Each pair still needed to have 1 new roadie & 1 ex-roadie.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: "Gaurav & Moose" and "Arushi C & Arshvir" were back in the game and couldn't be paired-up as buddy pair again.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: This task were played in 2 teams with the buddy pair who came in 1st & 2nd place choose 2 other buddy pairs to be on their team. The winning team will win 2 immunities & Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Later in the eighth Vote-out, Roadies had to vote-out one buddy pair. "Arushi C & Sakshi" received the highest number of votes and were voted-out.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: In Part-1 of the task buddy pairs had to bid for box filled with fish. And in Part-2 they had to segregate and pack the fishes.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: "Ashish & Nandini" won immunity and received 500 Roadiums. "Kevin & Moose" won immunity. "Aarushi D & Jaswanth" received 1000 Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: "Ashish & Nandini" received 1000 Roadiums. Aarushi D & Jaswanth got immunity and Sohil & Sidharth got 500 Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Later in the ninth Vote-out, only 1 Roadie from each buddy pairs could vote on behalf of themselves & on behalf of their buddy pair. Buddy pairs with atleast 1 vote against them were in danger zone, but they had to guess which buddy pairs have vote for them. Based on the correct guesses, those votes were cancelled. All buddy pairs guessed it correct, and as "Baseer & Soundous" received highest votes they were voted-out.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: This task were played in 2 teams with buddy pairs with highest Roadiums as Captains and 3 other buddy pairs on each team. The winning team will earn immunity & Roadiums.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Before the task, there was a surprise open Vote-out, Roadies had to vote-out one Ex-Roadie and one New Roadie, not needed to be a buddy pair. "Arshvir" from New Roadies and "Aarushi D" from Ex-Roadies received the highest number of votes and were voted-out. "Yukti & Jaswanth" became the new buddy pair.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: In this task, buddy pairs had to sky-dive & memorize a series to solve the puzzle on the ground. The last place buddy pair will get eliminated.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: The Roadies reach the Atlantis Dunes for this Semi-Finale Task involving Quad biking. "Gaurav & Simi" got a one-minute advantage for winning the previous task. The losing buddy pair will get eliminated.


title: MTV Roadies (season 19)

text: Each buddy pair had an amount of Roadiums set to invest on Roadies, the finalist buddy pairs had to spend & take their support in the task.


title: Flavors of Youth

text: Flavors of Youth (, lit. "From Season to Season"; , Cantonese Jyutping: "sei³ sik¹ cing¹ ceon¹", Shanghainese Wugniu: "sy⁵ seq⁷ tshen¹ chin¹", lit. "Necessities of Life in Youth") is a 2018 anime/donghua anthology drama film directed by Li Haoling, Jiaoshou Yi Xiaoxing and Yoshitaka Takeuchi and produced by Noritaka Kawaguchi. A Japanese-Chinese co-production between CoMix Wave Films and Haoliners Animation League, it was released in Japan and in China on August 4, 2018, and globally on the same day by StudioCanal and Netflix.


title: Flavors of Youth

text: The film is based on the tradition of "four basic necessities of life", like each other and is divided into three storylines:


title: Flavors of Youth

text: Taking place in Hunan Province and Beijing, Xiao Ming reminisces about his memories with his grandmother through his love for San Xian noodles. When Xiao Ming was young, he and his grandmother ate San Xian noodles from a local noodle shop that to him showed care and effort for their food. However, the shop closed down with speculation that the owners were pushed out due to jealousy or a client wanted them back in Beijing. Xiao Ming then went to another noodle shop in his town, and although the shop buys pre-made San Xian noodles, the noodle soup had many toppings much to Xiao Ming's satisfaction. Later, the husband of the owner of that noodle shop wanted the noodle shop to become a fishing shop. However, after bad business and the couple's son getting hospitalized in a knife fight with some students at his school, the noodle shop reopened with the husband and son of the owner working as well. Years later in Beijing, Xiao Ming went to a noodle shop that sold San Xian noodles that had fewer toppings and a higher price, which dissatisfied Xiao Ming. He later heard the news back in Hunan that his grandmother was dying and came back as soon as possible. Xiao Ming finally met his grandmother at his home minutes before her death and grieved. Xiao Ming later came back to the noodle shop in his town, and through its San Xian noodles, felt nostalgic of his times with his grandmother and was content with the future that was ahead of him.


title: Flavors of Youth

text: Taking place in Guangzhou, Yi Lin is a fashion model and her younger sister Lulu is a student in designing clothes. After getting drunk on her birthday and receiving a hangover, Yi Lin slept late for a fashion show evaluation. Yi Lin was also growing annoyed by Shui Jing, a fan of hers that was growing to become a competitor. Yi Lin, to compensate for this, exercised a great deal to look more attractive, though this became overbearing for her and she fainted in the upcoming fashion show. Yi Lin, seeing no purpose in continuing her career in the fashion industry, asked Lulu to help her learn how to design and sew clothes, triggering an argument between the two sisters. Yi Lin explained to her manager about her situation, and her manager gave her a slip to meet up at a place. Yi Lin comes to the place, which turns out to be an abandoned factory, and receives a surprise encounter from Lulu. Lulu gave Yi Lin a red dress, something that she had dreamed about earlier in the segment. It later turns out that a fashion show is being hosted in the factory. Thanks to the encouragement from Lulu and her manager, Yi Lin performed well in the show. Lulu later graduated and now designs clothes for Yi Lin, and Yi Lin had recently come back to prominence in the fashion industry, with both sisters had shown contentment in what they do.


title: Flavors of Youth

text: Taking place in a shikumen in Shanghai from 1999 to the modern-day, Li Mo has a friendly relationship with Xiao Yu. After Xiao Yu got injured trying to go back home, Li Mo carried her on his back to her apartment. Since Xiao Yu could not go to school due to her injury, she asks Li Mo to record the lessons in cassette tapes so she may listen to the tapes and learn what she missed. Xiao Yu later responds back to Li Mo in cassette tapes and the two develop a romantic relationship with each other. Soon, Xiao Yu told Li Mo that her family is making her apply to an elite high school far away and that they would have to move away, angering Li Mo. Li Mo later decided to apply to the same high school, though the academic gap between Li Mo and Xiao Yu was large. Li Mo, through hard work and a studious behavior, got accepted into the high school, and when he went to Xiao Yu's apartment to tell the news, he learned that Xiao Yu is in the hospital after her father beat her for failing the application test. Li Mo did not get the chance to see her since his family had to move away to live close to the high school. Now an architect, Li Mo recently learned that Xiao Yu went to the United States to study abroad, much to his dissatisfaction. After finding a cassette tape from Xiao Yu, Li Mo went into his grandmother's home to find a recorder. The tape revealed to Li Mo that Xiao Yu purposely failed the application test to stay with Li Mo, prompting Li Mo to mourn for his actions. Years later, Li Mo, now taking care of his own motel in a renovated shikumen, sees Xiao Yu in the front door and smiles.


title: Flavors of Youth

text: In a post-credits scene, the prominent characters in each segment finally meet up with one another in an airport, content with the simple joys of life and the future that lies ahead.


title: Flavors of Youth

text: Kim Morrissy of "Anime News Network" gave the film an overall grade of B, praising the "polished background art" while criticizing the "weak character animation", and said that ""Flavors of Youth" may be far from a masterpiece, but I'm glad that it brought the talented artists at CoMix Wave Films together to portray this sentimental image of China's beautiful cities."


title: School corporal punishment in the United States

text: The practice was held constitutional in the 1977 Supreme Court case "Ingraham v. Wright", where the Court held that the "cruel and unusual punishments" clause of the Eighth Amendment did not apply to disciplinary corporal punishment in public schools, being restricted to the treatment of prisoners convicted of a crime. In the years since, a number of U.S. states have banned corporal punishment in public schools. The most recent state to outlaw it was New Mexico in 2011, and the latest "de facto" statewide ban was in North Carolina in 2018, when the last school district in the state that had not yet banned it did so.


text: As of 2022, corporal punishment is still legal in private schools in every U.S. state except New Jersey and Iowa, legal in public schools in 19 states, and practiced in 15 of the states..


text: Corporal punishment in school has been outlawed in Canada, the European Union and other European countries, and New Zealand, which makes the USA one of three economical developed countries where corporal punishment in school is still allowed, alongside Australia and Singapore; the state of Queensland is the only jurisdiction in Australia where school corporal punishment is still technically legal. The practice is banned in 128 countries.


text: Corporal punishment was widely utilized in U.S. schools during the 19th and 20th centuries as a way to motivate students to perform better academically and maintain objectively good standards of behavior. The practice was generally considered a fair and rational way to discipline school children, particularly given its parallels to the criminal justice system, and teachers in the late 19th century were encouraged to employ corporal punishment over other types of discipline. In the English-speaking world, the right of teachers to discipline children is enshrined in the common-law doctrine "in loco parentis" (Latin for "in the place of parents"), which places a legal responsibility on authority-holders to take on the functions of a parent in some instances.


text: Some of the earliest parental opposition to corporal punishment in schools occurred in England in 1899 in the case "Gardiner v. Bygrave", in which a teacher in London was acquitted after a parent took him to court for assault after he physically punished their son. This case set a precedent that schools could discipline children in the way they saw fit, regardless of the wishes of the parent regarding the physical punishment of their child. Over the next century, the conception of corporal punishment as a common component of disciplining students in public schools would be challenged in various countries, but opposition to corporal punishment in schools would not make it to the U.S. Supreme Court until 1977.


text: In 1977, the question of the legality of corporal punishment in schools was brought to the Supreme Court. At this point, only New Jersey (1867), Massachusetts (1971), Hawaii (1973), and Maine (1975) had outlawed physical punishment in public schools, and just New Jersey had also outlawed the practice in private schools.


text: The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the legality of corporal punishment in schools in the landmark Ingraham v. Wright case. The court ruled five to four that the corporal punishment of James Ingraham, who was restrained by his assistant principal and paddled by the principal over twenty times, ultimately requiring medical attention, did not violate the Eighth Amendment, which protects citizens from cruel and unusual punishment. They further concluded that corporal punishment did not violate the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, since teachers or administrators administering excessive punishment can face criminal charges. This case established a precedent of "reasonable, but not excessive" punishment of students and was criticized by some scholars as "an apparent low point in American teacher-student relations."


text: The "Ingraham v. Wright" ruling firmly pushed the decision of whether or not to outlaw corporal punishment in schools squarely onto state legislators. A majority of state bans on corporal punishment have occurred in the intervening years since 1977.


text: Individual states have had the power to ban corporal punishment in public schools since the 19th century. Each state has the authority to define corporal punishment in its state laws, so bans on corporal punishment differ from state to state. For example, in Texas, teachers are permitted to paddle children and to use "any other physical force" to control children in the name of discipline; in Alabama, the rules are more explicit: teachers are permitted to use a "wooden paddle approximately in length, wide and thick."


text: The first state to abolish school corporal punishment was New Jersey in 1867. In 1894, a Newark bill challenged this ruling, arguing that whipping should be legal if parents consented to it; the New Jersey House defeated that bill, with one doctor's testimonial asserting that the bill's provisions "would expose children who did not have thoughtful and careful parents to the cruel discrimination of the teachers." The second state to ban corporal punishment in schools was Massachusetts, 104 years later in 1971. As of 2015, corporal punishment is banned in state schools (known as "public schools" in the U.S.) in 31 states and the District of Columbia (see list below). The usage of corporal punishment in private schools is legally permitted in nearly every state. Only New Jersey and Iowa prohibit it in both public and private schools. Corporal punishment is still used in schools to a significant (though declining) extent in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Kansas, and Texas. The most recent state to outlaw school corporal punishment was New Mexico in 2011.


text: The majority of students who experience corporal punishment reside in the Southern United States; Department of Education data from 2011–2012 show that 70 percent of students subjected to corporal punishment were from the five states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas, with the latter two states accounting for 35 percent of corporal punishment cases.


text: Students can be physically punished from kindergarten to the end of high school, meaning that even legal adults who have reached the age of majority are sometimes spanked by school officials. In these states, parents are sometimes (but not always) given the option of physical punishment of their child instead of alternate disciplinary measures, like suspension.


text: Even if several US states have approved strong immunity laws, there is always a risk for a principal or a teacher to be sued in court by parents who estimate that the corporal punishment went too far. The existence of social networks exposes the school administrator to public criticism and personal attack. In Texas, several principals have seen their certificate put at risk because of corporal punishments administered in previous school districts. Even when there's been no condemnation from a court, some parents may consider school administrators unfit if they have previously administered corporal punishments to students.


text: The presence of a witness during paddling is intended to protect the school administrator from any accusation of sexual abuses. However, the practice itself is at high risk due to the line between punishment and sexual assault being very narrow, especially with teens already in puberty.


text: As mentioned by Victor Vieth, senior director and founder of the Gundersen National Child Protection Training Center: "If you're leaving it up to teachers" to determine whether a student should be paddled, he said, "I'd tell them you do it at your own risk. If you exceed what a jury in your community says is reasonable, you're criminally liable."


text: The prevalence of school corporal punishment has decreased since the 1970s, declining from four percent of the total number of children in schools in 1978 to less than one percent in 2014. This reduction is partially explained by the increasing number of states banning corporal punishment from public schools between 1974 and 1994.


text: The number of instances of corporal punishment in U.S. schools has also declined in recent years. In the 2002-2003 school year, federal statistics estimated that 300,000 children were disciplined with corporal punishment at school at least once. In the 2006-2007 school year, this number was reduced to 223,190 instances. According to the Department of Education, over 166,000 students in public schools were physically punished during the 2011–2012 school year. In the 2013-2014 academic year, this number was reduced to 109,000 students.


text: As of the 2011-2012 academic year, 19 states legally allowed school corporal punishment. Approximately 14 percent of the schools in those 19 states reported the use of corporal punishment, and one in eight students attended schools that use this practice.


text: Several studies have explored which behaviors elicit corporal punishment as a response, but so far there is not a cohesive and standardized system in use within states or across states. Human Rights Watch conducted a series of interviews with paddled students and teachers in Mississippi and Texas, and found that most corporal punishment was for minor infractions, such as violating the dress code, being tardy, talking in class, running in the hallway and going to the bathroom without permission. A review of over 6,000 disciplinary files in Florida for 1987-1988 school year found that corporal punishment use in schools was not related to the severity of student's misbehavior or with the frequency of the infraction. Czumbil and Hyman reviewed over 500 media stories about corporal punishment in newspapers from 1975 to 1992 and coded the reason of the punishment and its severity. They found that the nature of the child's misbehavior (violent or non-violent) did not meaningfully influence whether the student was physically punished or not.


text: Many studies have found that there are disparities in the physical punishment of students across racial and ethnic lines, gender and disability status. In general, results suggest that boys, students of color and students with disabilities are more likely to be targets of corporal punishment. These disparities may violate three federal laws that prohibit discrimination by race, gender and disability status: Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.


text: At the turn of the 20th century, both boys and girls received roughly equal levels of corporal punishments in U.S. schools, but girls were more likely to report their punishment as unjust or unfair. However, while punishment was seen as a builder of masculinity for boys, girls were not expected to experience the same benefits, so their punishment was often, but not always, more lenient. This trend in gender parity changed significantly in the next century.


text: According to a 2015 study, boys are more likely than girls to be physically punished in schools, and this disparity has persisted for decades. In 1992, boys accounted for 81 percent of all incidents of physical discipline in schools.


text: Differences in behavior (and perceived behavior) can explain part of this imbalance, but do not account for the entire discrepancy between the genders. Boys have been found to be two times as likely as girls to be disciplined for misbehavior in school, but they are four times as likely to be disciplined with corporal punishment.


text: When race and gender are considered together, black boys are 16 times as likely to be subject of corporal punishment as white girls. Among children with disabilities, black boys have the highest probability of being subject to corporal punishment, followed by white boys, black girls and white girls. While black boys are 1.8 times as likely as white boys to be physically punished, black girls are three times more likely than white girls to receive corporal punishment.


text: The race and ethnic disparities in school corporal punishment have decreased within groups over time, but the relative prevalence of corporal punishment between groups has remained stable. Black students are physically punished at higher rates than white or Hispanics. In contrast, Hispanic students are less likely than white students to receive corporal punishment. One study found that African-American students were more likely than either white or Hispanic students to be physically punished, by 2.5 times and 6.5 times respectively. Another study calculated the proportion of black students who were physically punished to the proportion of white students who were by state, and found that for the 2011-2012 academic year, black children in Alabama and Mississippi were over five times more likely to be disciplined with corporal punishment than their white counterparts. In other southeastern states (Florida, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana and Tennessee) black children were more than three times more likely to receive corporal punishment than white children.


text: A review of over 4,000 discipline events in Florida from 1987 to 1989 across nine schools revealed that, although black students constituted 22 percent of school enrollment, they accounted for over 50 percent of all cases of corporal punishment. The North Carolina Department of Public Instruction in 2013 published a review of corporal punishment cases in the 2011–2012 academic year founding that corporal punishment was disproportionately applied to Native American students, who represented 58 percent of all cases of corporal punishment while being only two percent of the student population.


text: The disparity by race in the use of corporal punishment in schools goes in line with findings of other methods of discipline, where black children are two to three times more likely than white children to be suspended or expelled from schools. According to a study by the American Psychological Association, these imbalances are not due to a higher likelihood of misbehaving by children of one race over another, or the socio-economic status of the children.


text: Children with physical, mental, or emotional disabilities are afforded special protections and services in U.S. public schools. However, they are not afforded protection from school corporal punishment in the states that allow it, and in many states they are actually at greater risk for receiving corporal punishment than their non-disabled peers. According to a report jointly authored by Human Rights Watch and the American Civil Liberties Union, the United States Department of Education's Civil Rights Data Collection for 2006 shows that students with disabilities are subjected to corporal punishment at disproportionately high rates for their share of the population. Representative Carolyn McCarthy remarked in a 2010 congressional hearing that students with disabilities are subjected to corporal punishment at "approximately twice the rate of the general student population in some States."


text: Children with disabilities are 50 percent more likely to experience school corporal punishment in more than 30 percent of the school districts in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Tennessee. However, in some school districts among Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee, children with disability status are five times more likely to be subject of corporal punishment than peers without disabilities.


text: Although there is literature on the effects of parental use of corporal punishment on health and school performance, corporal punishment in schools has been understudied. There are correlational studies that linked the use of corporal punishment in schools with detrimental physical and psychological effects on children, and also provide evidence about its long-term effects.


text: According to these studies, children exposed to school corporal punishment are more likely to have conduct disorder problems, to experience feelings of inadequacy and resentment, to be aggressive and violent, and to experience reduced problem-solving abilities, social competence and academic achievement. Other studies have suggested that corporal punishment in schools can deter children's cognitive development, as children subject to corporal punishment in schools have a more restricted vocabulary, poorer school marks, and lower IQ scores. Moreover, disparities in the use of corporal punishment among gender, race and disability status can be perceived by children as discrimination. This perceived discrimination has been related with lower self-esteem, lower positive mood, higher depression and anxiety. These effects can also manifest as low academic engagement and more negative school behaviors, which exacerbate the existing gap in discipline policies along race and gender lines.


text: Researchers have found a negative correlation between legality of corporal punishment and test scores. Students who are not exposed to school corporal punishment exhibit better results on the ACT test compared to students in states that allow disciplinary corporal punishment in schools. In 2010, 75 percent of states that allow corporal punishment in schools scored below average on the ACT composite, while three-quarters of non-paddling states scored above the national average. Improvement trend among the years also differ; in the last 18 years, 66 percent of non-paddling states have above average rates of improvement, while 50 percent of spanking states were above the national trend of improvement.


text: Furthermore, while corporal punishment is sometimes lauded as an alternative to suspension, the lack of formal training for U.S. teachers means that there is no consistently implemented style of corporal punishment that takes into account the size, age, or psychological profile of students. This leaves students more vulnerable to physical and psychological injury.


text: In November 2018 the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a new policy statement taking a stronger stance against corporal punishment, including spanking, twenty years after releasing its last position statement on effective discipline.


text: The AAP mentioned in particular the risks on mental health issues and anger management problems, in children and teens who received corporal punishments in school.


text: Public-opinion research has found that most Americans are not in favor of school corporal punishment; in polls taken in 2002 and 2005, American adults were respectively 72% and 77% opposed to the use of corporal punishment by teachers. Moreover, a national survey conducted on teachers ranked corporal punishment as the least effective method to discipline offenders among eight possible techniques.


text: A bill to end the use of corporal punishment in schools was introduced into the United States House of Representatives in June 2010 during the 111th Congress. The bill, H.R. 5628, was referred to the United States House Committee on Education and Labor, where it was not brought up for a vote.


text: The United States' National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP) opposes the use of corporal punishment in schools, defined as the deliberate infliction of pain in response to students' unacceptable behavior or language. In articulating its opposition, it cites the disproportionate use of corporal punishment on black students; potential adverse effects on students' self-image and school achievement; correlation between school corporal punishment and increased truancy, drop-out rates, violence, and vandalism by youth; the potential for misuse or injury to students; and increased liability for schools.


text: Some scholars, such as Elizabeth Gershoff and Sarah Font, perceive a double standard when it comes to the physical punishment of children versus adults. The Board of Education in Pickens County, Alabama recommends that teachers use a two-foot-long paddle to discipline children; in some cases, this object is more than half the height of an elementary school-aged child. The two scholars assert that in any other context, "the act of an adult hitting another person with a board [two feet long] (or really, of any size) would be considered assault with a weapon and would be punishable under criminal law".


text: However, some teachers and administrators defend the use of corporal punishment in the classroom as a reasonable alternative to other types of disciplinary action, like suspension, which have been shown to negatively impact children's classroom performance and social skills.


text: The student's choice in favor of corporal punishment is often dictated by the parents and by the fact that a corporal punishment is not reported on student's personal record, when a suspension is duly recorded and can jeopardize the access to the university. Often students accept a physical punishment as a way to erase the record of the infraction.


text: In March 2018, the mother of Wylie Greer, a senior year student, published a tweet that became viral. She reported that during a national gun control student walkout, her son and two other students walked out of class in Greenbrier High School of Greenbrier, Arkansas. That same day, the assistant principal Mr. Brett Meek informed Wylie of the consequences: two days of suspension or two "swats" with a wooden paddle. Wylie chose the corporal punishment, as did the two others. In Arkansas, students 18 years or older can be paddled in school since the law regulating school corporal punishments "allow individual school districts to draft their own policies" with no indicated limits concerning the student's age.


text: In the 2018 case of "Ayers v. Wells", Mr. Ayers, assistant principal of Etowah Middle School in Alabama, was accused of excessive use of force during a paddling incident in 2016. Judge William Ogletree refused to dismiss the charges of child abuse against Ayers and held that immunity laws cannot be an excuse for using disproportionate force during punishments. In May 2019, the charges were dropped on the grounds of Alabama's immunity laws.


text: In September 2018, the Georgia School of Innovation and the Classics in Georgia sparked controversy when the superintendent Jody Boulineau proposed a reintroduction of corporal punishment. One-third of the parents agreed with the proposal. Mr. Boulineau, in an interview with CBS, said that he was surprised by the outrage from some parents. Google review ratings for the school dropped by two points, and several parents expressed in their reviews that they wished to find school alternatives, for fear of their children's safety. The school engaged in a counter-campaign to seek to boost the lowered Google review rating.


text: On 3 October 2018, Gary L. Gunckel, the principal of schools in Indianola, Oklahoma, was charged with two counts of felony child assault after paddling that left two boys with deep bruises. One of the children fell to the ground during paddling, and Gunckel apologized to one of the mothers for punishing the boys. Gunckel was placed on administrative leave as reported by local press. Even though the lawsuit for child abuse was dismissed, a new lawsuit had been filled by the parents of the two boys in August 2020 because one of the boys was in a protective education program and the other one had severe physical consequences for weeks after the punishment. The contract of Mr. Gunkel was not renewed by the school district.


text: Corporal punishments are widespread in Florida and the laws permitting them have been argued to enable the abuse of children (including those with mental disabilities). In Florida there is no opt-out option, which means corporal punishments can be administered against the will of the parents, and in some areas it is impossible to find a school district that does not apply them. All kinds of corporal punishments against students are legal in Florida, unless as Florida state's attorney declared, the children suffered from serious injuries.


text: In January 2019, Ashley Lauer, mother of a sixth grade student at Macon County Jr. High School in Tennessee, published on social media the pictures of her son after paddling that left deep bruises and welts on his buttocks. After a short investigation, Ms. Lauer was informed by Child Protection Services (DCS) that they did not find any wrongdoing by the school. Ms. Lauer took to social media to bring awareness to the parents who are giving their consent to corporal punishments in school.


text: On 25 January 2019, a Memphis teacher at Cummings Elementary School hit the face of Hailey Turner, age five, with a ruler, leaving visible bruises next to her left eye. The girl's family complained that the teacher tried in first instance to bribe the little girl offering a doll if she did not say anything. After that, the teacher tried to convince the family that the bruises were an allergic reaction. The teacher was suspended for two days, and Turner was moved to another class. The family decided to transfer Turner to another school. Tennessee is one of the 19 states that allow corporal punishments in school and has strong immunity laws to protect teachers from prosecution.


text: In March 2019, on the ground of immunity laws, a Chilton County, Alabama grand jury refused to indict principal D.J. Nix of Jemison Intermediate School in connection with the paddling of a child with autism. The child was restrained and paddled five times, leaving him with deep bruises. In 2017, the Alabama Association of School Boards voted to amend its stance on corporal punishment from urging schools to discourage corporal punishment to prohibiting it.


text: Several coaches, teachers and the principal of Warren Easton High School in New Orleans were named in a 2019 lawsuit claiming corporal punishment of a student, which is prohibited by the local school board. In addition, it was alleged that football players had been slapped on their bare backs. The mother of a student also claimed that the students were asked not to tell anyone about the punishments.


text: In November 2019, a Faulkner County, Arkansas mother named Lydia Payne told the media that her son had received corporal punishment at Guy-Perkins High School. Instead of receiving a mere spanking, Payne stated that her son was beaten and bruised. "My son’s entire buttock is very deeply black and blue", Payne said. Apparently, the procedure laid out by the school district had been followed. A report indicated that an investigation was underway, but added that immunity laws protect the school administrator if procedure has been followed.


text: In April 2021, a principal at Central Elementary in Clewiston, Florida, paddled a six-year-old girl in front of her mother for damaging a computer. The mother was an undocumented immigrant, and there was confusion as to what the mother consented to have done (allowing the child to be spanked, paddled, etc). The incident was recorded, and published by local media. The school district highlighted that the regulations forbid corporal punishments, and encourage alternative methods of discipline. The State Attorney's Office declined to pursue a case against the principal, citing the incident as legally conducted.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: The group is best known for their unconventional and experimental style of alternative metal music. Over their career, they have found success incorporating elements of heavy metal, hardcore punk, hip hop, pop, funk, and ska into their sound. Stylistically, their music runs the gamut from being dark and serious, to ironic or humorous, often with drastic shifts in tempo and mood over the course of a song. The band's eclectic nature frequently draws comparisons to System of a Down.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: Maximum the Hormone was formed in 1998 by vocalist Daisuke-han and drummer Nao. After recruiting guitarist Key and bassist Sugi, and having played some regional shows, the band signed a contract with the Japanese rock label Sky Records. "A.S.A. Crew" was the first album released under that label and was the only full-length album released by the original lineup. At that time Daisuke wrote his lyrics completely in English, and the band name "Maximum the Hormone" was written in Latin letters. Key and Sugi left the band in 1999.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: The band then recruited Nao's younger brother Maximum the Ryo-kun, who had played guitar since junior high school and could also sing. From then on, Ryo-kun became the band's co-lead vocalist, handling singing duties while Daisuke handles screams and raps. The lineup was completed by bassist Ue-chan joining shortly after Ryo. The band then decided to write their band name in katakana to reflect the change in the band members, and the band also started incorporating Japanese into their lyrics. In 2001, the band released an EP, "Hō".


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: When asked about the group's name in an interview, Maximum the Ryo-kun stated "Take it as you like, it means anything from the Japanese cuisine for cooking animal innards to the sensation of the maximum amount of your hormones coming to the boil! Although when we go abroad people think we’re just some sorta sexual-energy-drink". "Hormone" (or horumon) is a style of yakiniku (Japanese BBQ) where many of the typically discarded internal organs are grilled in bite sized pieces and eaten.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: In 2002, the band left Sky Records and signed with Mimikajiru Records. The band released the single, "Niku Cup", followed by a full-length album, "Mimi Kajiru," in 2002. The EP "Kusoban", released in 2004, featured heavy music mixed with light pop that has gained them mainstream attention. After the release of "Kusoban", the band signed to VAP, a major record label.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: The band released the full-length album "Rokkinpo Goroshi" in 2005 The release caused a surge in their fanbase, as they began to sell out more shows, playing many rock festivals, and eventually releasing a live DVD, "Debu Vs. Debu". In addition, "Rolling1000toon" was featured as an ending theme in the "Air Master" anime, as well as being featured in "DrumMania 10th Mix" as a playable song. The song's title is actually a play on words. Combined, the number 1000 (pronounced "sen"), and "toon" (pronounced "ton") form the phrase "rolling senton". A senton is a leaping move, in pro wrestling, that often includes somersaults. The concept is illustrated at the end of the music video, when the protagonist (bassist Ue-chan) fells the bully character by leaping into the air, doing several mid-air flips, then landing the final blow.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: In 2006 the band entered popular culture with the song "Koi no Mega Lover", which reached number nine on the Oricon charts during the summer – their first top-ten hit in Japan. The band had three of their songs featured in anime series: "What's Up, People?!" and "Zetsubō Billy" are featured as the second opening and ending themes of "Death Note", and "Akagi" is featured as the ending theme for "Akagi".


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: Maximum the Hormone released their next album, "Bu-ikikaesu", in 2007 The album debuted at number five on the Oricon chart; their first full album to reach that chart. Also, the album was certified Gold in Japan.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: In 2008, the band released their second live DVD: "Deco Vs. Deco", and made their first overseas appearances with a short tour through the United States and Canada in support of Dropkick Murphys. On May 3, Maximum the Hormone performed at the hide memorial summit alongside many other artists, in memory of the deceased musician. A new single titled "Tsume Tsume Tsume/F" was released at the start of the "Tsume Tsume Tsume" tour in July, and reached the number two spot on the Oricon weekly singles chart. The tour continued through October 2008, with an additional show on November 30. The subject of the song "F" is "Dragon Ball" character, Frieza.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: On October 27, Maximum The Hormone made their first appearance in the United Kingdom, supporting Enter Shikari at the Bournemouth BIC. They continued to tour with Enter Shikari until November 3, playing venues in Exeter, Southampton and Folkestone, before ending with two nights at the London Astoria. However, prior to the Enter Shikari dates, it was announced that Daisuke would require corrective surgery on his throat, causing the band to go on temporary hiatus while he recovered. The hiatus started in December and lasted for several months. After Daisuke recovered from throat surgery the band went on to headline several shows in Japan with support from Bring Me the Horizon and Blessed by a Broken Heart in May 2009, as well as winning the award for Best Rock Video for "Tsume Tsume Tsume" in the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Japan.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: In 2009, Megadeth guitarist Marty Friedman performed an instrumental cover of "Tsume Tsume Tsume" on his tribute/cover album "Tokyo Jukebox". Though not mentioned in the title, near the end of the track he segues into an abbreviated version of the song "Louisiana Bob"- On November 19, 2009, the band released a statement via their official website stating that drummer Nao was pregnant, but after discussions with her bandmates and staff, Nao decided to continue with all shows. However, on November 3 Nao fell ill and was transported to the hospital, where she was told that it would be unhealthy for her and the baby to continue performing. This resulted in the band going on hiatus until Nao carried the baby to term, forcing them to cancel all shows including an appearance at the Soundwave Festival 2010 in Australia. On May 6, 2010, the band released a statement through their website stating that Nao gave birth to a healthy baby girl and that they would no longer be on hiatus. The band members appeared as extras in the live-action adaptation of "BECK".


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: On February 7, 2011, the band released a video for the songs "Chiisana Kimi no Te (小さな君の手)" (Your Little Hands) and "Maximum the Hormone" on their official website. They released a single titled "Greatest the Hits 2011–2011" on March 23, debuting at number 1 spot on the Oricon weekly singles chart. In June of the same year, they toured Europe. In early August they played at Pentaport Rock Festival in Incheon, South Korea.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: The album "Yoshū Fukushū" was released on July 31, 2013, their first full album in six years. It was their first album to reach number one on Oricon's charts. The CD features unique packaging, as it is approximately the height and width of a standard DVD case, and bound like a manga. According to the band's official website, it is "A frantic 156-page book with 'Our Merciless Home'war'k' descriptions, a dialogue style track-by-track rundown for all 15 songs by Maximum the Ryo-kun, Ryo-kun's inner world is exposed by professional manga artists"


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: On June 2, the group released the video for the song "A-L-I-E-N", but as a prank, they placed it on a randomly relocating URL, so page visitors would only have one chance of seeing the video. The video for the album's title track, "Yoshū Fukushū", was released on July 26, 2013. The song "Benjo Sandal Dance" (Toilet Sandal Dance) had been used in a Stride gum commercial, featuring the band in full special effects makeup as early primates. In keeping with the band's quirky aesthetic, the song "Benjo Sandal Dance" lyrically references Maximum the Ryo-kun's habit of wearing toilet sandals, traditionally strictly only for wearing in the bathroom, at all times. As referenced in the song's lyrics, as well as their FAQ, he exclusively wears toilet sandals sold under the brand name VIC, made by Nishibe Chemical Co. Ltd. Dunhill. In September, the band announced a special merchandise package, including a T-shirt and limited edition VIC sandals with the Maximum the Hormone logo stamped on the heel.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: In November 2015, the band released their third live album, "Deka vs. Deka". The album also came with a complete re-recording of their 2002 album "Mimi Kajiru" as a bonus disc. The re-recording, entitled "Mimi Kajiru Shinuchi", was also released alongside a book containing sheet music for the songs on "Yoshu Fukushu", which was released in February 2016. The band was in the midst of another hiatus as drummer Nao announced her intention to try for another baby; her second child was born in May 2016. The band returned to activity in 2017, announcing the "Mimi Kajiru Shinuchi" Tour across Japan.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: In September 2018, the band released a track entitled "Haikei VAP-dono" (with Daisuke playing drums), to announce their departure from VAP to sign a new record deal with Warner Music Japan. A series of shows in October and November 2018 were cancelled due to Daisuke suffering a herniated disc. In November 2018, they released a music video for "Korekara no Menkata Kotteri no Hanashi wo Shiyou", which commented on fans' negative response to Maximum the Ryo-kun's dramatic weight loss. An EP also titled "Korekara no Menkata Cottelee no Hanashi wo Shiyou" was released on November 28, 2018. On May 5, 2019, the band made a surprise appearance at the Viva La Rock 2019 festival, announcing that they would resume live performances and launch a June 2019 tour of Japan.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: In 2021, the band released the song , which was used as the opening theme for the anime "Record of Ragnarok". Their song "Hawatari 2 Oku-senchi" was featured as one of the twelve ending theme songs for the anime "Chainsaw Man".


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: Maximum the Hormone performs nu metal and hardcore punk but incorporates many elements of pop, funk, ska, hip hop, and extreme metal into their music as well. The band is also labeled as alternative metal, funk metal, groove metal, and more recently metalcore by some critics. AllMusic's Alexey Eremenko writes that Maximum the Hormone is distinguished by "a general lack of the teenage angst and self-importance characteristic of true nu-metalers." Their funky sound, heard in many songs such as "Maximum 21st Century", is mostly produced by bass player Ue-Chan's unconventional use of the slapping technique; he is often referred to as "The Chopper" by the band (both in their FAQ, and their song "A-L-I-E-N"). Lead vocals are split between Daisuke, Ryo, and Nao, with Ryo and Nao providing the melodic vocals while Daisuke provides the screams and rapping. Ue-Chan is yet to perform lead vocals (aside from a verse on the joke track "Chiisana Kimi no Te") but does perform backing vocals alongside the rest of the band.


title: Maximum the Hormone

text: Their music-videos often have a tongue-in-cheek aspect as well, such as "Rolling1000t00n", which features an underdog (with the requisite karate training montage) facing up to a bully, or "Koi no Mega Lover", which features an awkward young man whose clumsy amorous advances are rejected by a beautiful girl at a party.


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: Spider Solitaire, also known as Microsoft Spider Solitaire (Spider in the About box in some versions), is a solitaire (NA)/patience (EU) card game that is included in Microsoft Windows. It is a version of Spider. , it was the most played game on Windows PCs, surpassing the shorter and less challenging Klondike-based Windows Solitaire.


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: The game was first included as part of Windows 98's Microsoft Plus! package on its release on June 25, 1998 and has been since featured on most subsequent versions of Windows. Spider Solitaire was not included in Windows 2000, but was added to Windows Me and later on Windows XP; the game gained popularity subsequent to its inclusion in the latter. Windows Vista again saw a new version, which was mainly unchanged in Windows 7. Finally, Windows 8 has another updated version available in the Windows Store as part of Microsoft Solitaire Collection but not bundled with the operating system. Windows 10 has the Microsoft Solitaire Collection app updated and bundled with the OS.


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: The game is played with two decks of cards for a total of 104 cards. Fifty-four of the cards are laid out horizontally in ten columns with only the top card showing. The remaining fifty cards are laid out in the lower right hand corner in five piles of ten with no cards showing.


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: In the horizontal columns a card may be moved to any other card in the column as long as it is in descending numerical sequence. For example, a six of hearts may be moved to a seven of any suit. However, a sequence of cards can only be moved if they are all of the same suit in numerical descending order. For example, a six and seven of hearts may be moved to an eight of any suit, but a six of hearts and seven of clubs cannot be moved together. Moving the top card in a column allows the topmost hidden card to be turned over. This card then enters into the play. Other cards can be placed on it, and it can be moved to other cards in a sequence or to an empty column.


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: The object of the game is to uncover all the hidden cards and by moving cards from one column to another to place cards in sequential order from King to Ace using the fewest moves. Each final sequence must be all of the same suit. Once a complete sequence is achieved the cards are removed from the table and 100 points are added to the score. Once a player has made all the moves possible with the current card layout, the player draws a new row of cards from one of the piles of ten in the lower right-hand corner by clicking on the cards. Each of the ten cards in this draw lands face up on each of the ten horizontal columns and the player then proceeds to place these in such a way to create a sequence of cards all in one suit.


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: There are three levels of difficulty in Spider Solitaire: Beginner (one suit), Intermediate (two suits), and Advanced (four suits).


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: Spider Solitaire has an "undo" feature that allows moves to be retracted. Any number of moves can be retracted, back to the last non-retractable move, but each "undo" subtracts one from the score.


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: To aid the player, the key H (Windows Vista or later only) or M will highlight possible moves. The player can also undo previous moves and try again. Windows keeps track of scores for the player's reference; these may be viewed by going to Game and then Statistics. In Windows 7, these scores appear in the Games Explorer by clicking the game and selecting the Statistics tab in the Preview Pane. There are two measures of performance in Spider Solitaire: number of games won and highest score. In a certain sense these two measures are negatively correlated: maximizing games won may yield lower scores per game and vice versa.


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: The final score in a Spider Solitaire game is calculated as follows. The initial score is 500 and every move subtracts one from the score. Using the “undo” feature also subtracts one point from the score. Every time the player is able to place an entire sequence of cards of the same suit in order (kings, queens, jacks, 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ace), 100 points are added to the score. There is a total of eight such sequences in the game yielding a maximum achievable number of 800. Therefore, in a winning game the total score is 800 plus 500 minus the number of moves and "undo"s.


title: Microsoft Spider Solitaire

text: Spider Solitaire was referenced on the February 27, 2021 episode of Saturday Night Live. In the, "So You Think You Can Get the Vaccine," cold opening sketch 85-year-old contestant, Seymour Forman, (played by Mikey Day) was asked if he was computer literate enough to make an appointment online for a COVID-19 vaccine. After replying "on what?," Mr. Forman was then asked if he had a computer at home. He replied, "for Spider Solitaire."


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Prunus cerasus (sour cherry, tart cherry, or dwarf cherry) is a species of "Prunus" in the subgenus "Cerasus" (cherries), native to much of Europe and southwest Asia. It is closely related to the sweet cherry ("Prunus avium"), but has a fruit that is more acidic. Its sour pulp is edible.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: The tree is smaller than the sweet cherry (growing to a height of 4–10 m), has twiggy branches, and its crimson-to-near-black cherries are borne upon shorter stalks. There are two main varieties (groups of cultivars) of the sour cherry: the dark-red Morello cherry and the lighter-red Amarelle cherry.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: "Prunus cerasus", a tetraploid with 2n=32 chromosomes, is thought to have originated as a natural hybrid between "Prunus avium" and "Prunus fruticosa" in the Iranian Plateau or Eastern Europe where the two species come into contact. "Prunus fruticosa" is believed to have provided its smaller size and sour tasting fruit. The hybrids then stabilized and interbred to form a new, distinct species.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Cultivated sour cherries were selected from wild specimens of "Prunus cerasus" and the doubtfully distinct "P. acida" from around the Caspian and Black Seas, and were known to the Greeks in 300 BC. They were also extremely popular with Persians and the Romans who introduced them into Britain long before the 1st century AD|reason= the Romans only arrived in Britain in the 1st century AD, so this is not possible?}} The fruit remains popular in modern-day Iran.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: In England, their cultivation was popularized in the 16th century in the time of Henry VIII. They became a popular crop amongst Kentish growers, and by 1640 over two dozen named cultivars were recorded.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Before the Second World War there were more than fifty cultivars of sour cherry in cultivation in England; today, however, few are grown commercially, and despite the continuation of named cultivars such as 'Kentish Red', 'Amarelles', 'Griottes' and 'Flemish', only the generic Morello is offered by most nurseries. This is a late-flowering variety, and thus misses more frosts than its sweet counterpart and is therefore a more reliable cropper. The Morello cherry ripens in mid to late summer, toward the end of August in southern England. It is self-fertile, and would be a good pollenizer for other varieties if it did not flower so late in the season.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Sour cherries require similar cultivation conditions to pears, that is, they prefer a rich, well-drained, moist soil, although they demand more nitrogen and water than sweet cherries. Trees will do badly if waterlogged, but have greater tolerance of poor drainage than sweet varieties. As with sweet cherries, Morellos are traditionally cultivated by budding onto strong growing rootstocks, which produce trees too large for most gardens, although newer dwarfing rootstocks such as "Colt" and "Gisella" are now available. During spring, flowers should be protected, and trees weeded, mulched and sprayed with natural seaweed solution. This is also the time when any required pruning should be carried out (note that cherries should not be pruned during the dormant winter months). Morello cherry trees fruit on younger wood than sweet varieties, and thus can be pruned harder. They are usually grown as standards, but can be fan trained, cropping well even on cold walls, or grown as low bushes.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Sour cherries suffer fewer pests and diseases than sweet cherries, although they are prone to heavy fruit losses from birds. In summer, fruit should be protected with netting. When harvesting fruit, they should be cut from the tree rather than risking damage by pulling the stalks.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Unlike most sweet cherry varieties, sour cherries are self fertile or self pollenizing (sometimes inaccurately referred to as self-pollinating). Two implications of this are that seeds generally run true to the cultivar, and that much smaller pollinator populations are needed because pollen only has to be moved within individual flowers. In areas where pollinators are scarce, growers find that stocking beehives in orchards improves yields.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Some cultivars of sour cherry trees, such as Montmorency and North Star, have been documented to perform better than other cherry trees in Colorado's Front Range region.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Dried sour cherries are used in cooking including soups, pork dishes, cakes, tarts, and pies. Also used to make a jam/fruit spread.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Sour cherries are particularly popular in Turkey, especially in the form of "vişne suyu" (sour cherry nectar), a widely-consumed beverage, and "vişne reçeli" (sour cherry jam), often eaten as part of a traditional "kahvaltı" (Turkish breakfast) or mixed into plain yoghurt.


title: Prunus cerasus

text: Sour cherries or sour cherry syrup are used in liqueurs and drinks, such as the Romanian vișinată or the Portuguese ginjinha. In Iran, Turkey, Greece and Cyprus, sour cherries are prized for making spoon sweets by slowly boiling pitted sour cherries and sugar; the syrup thereof is used for "sharbat-e Albalou", "vişne şurubu" or "vyssináda", a beverage made by diluting the syrup with ice-cold water. A particular use of sour cherries is in the production of kriek lambic, a cherry-flavored variety of a naturally fermented beer made in Belgium.


title: Dassault Mirage 4000

text: The Dassault Mirage 4000 (sometimes called the Super Mirage 4000) was a French prototype twinjet fighter aircraft developed by Dassault-Breguet from their Mirage 2000.


title: Dassault Mirage 4000

text: The Mirage 4000 was noticeably larger and heavier than the single-engined Mirage 2000, the 4000 having two SNECMA M53-2 turbofans. It also featured small canards above the engine air intakes and a true bubble canopy, compared to the Mirage 2000 and previous Mirages. Despite the changes, the two aircraft remained similar, sharing the delta wing design, semi-conical Oswatitsch-type air intakes, and general configuration.


title: Dassault Mirage 4000

text: The Mirage 4000 first flew on 9 March 1979. It was financed as a private venture by Dassault. The Mirage 4000 was comparable in size to the United States F-15 Eagle, and was designed to be both a long-range interceptor and a capable fighter-bomber.


title: Dassault Mirage 4000

text: In the early 1980s, Dassault ended the program shortly after the Saudis chose the Tornado (see Al-Yamamah arms deal) as their preferred aircraft. Iran had been lost as a potential customer after the coup against the Shah in 1979. The French Air Force preferred to concentrate on the Mirage 2000, leaving Dassault with no customers. Some of the expertise thus gained would later influence the Dassault Rafale.


title: Dassault Mirage 4000

text: The only prototype moved to its final residence at the Musée de l'air et de l'espace (Paris Air and Space Museum) in 1992.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: A conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control system consists of flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkages, and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an aircraft's direction in flight. Aircraft engine controls are also considered as flight controls as they change speed.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: The fundamentals of aircraft controls are explained in flight dynamics. This article centers on the operating mechanisms of the flight controls. The basic system in use on aircraft first appeared in a readily recognizable form as early as April 1908, on Louis Blériot's Blériot VIII pioneer-era monoplane design.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: The control yokes also vary greatly amongst aircraft. There are yokes where roll is controlled by rotating the yoke clockwise/counterclockwise (like steering a car) and pitch is controlled by moving the control column towards or away from the pilot, but in others the pitch is controlled by sliding the yoke into and out of the instrument panel (like most Cessnas, such as the 152 and 172), and in some the roll is controlled by sliding the whole yoke to the left and right (like the Cessna 162). Centre sticks also vary between aircraft. Some are directly connected to the control surfaces using cables, others (fly-by-wire airplanes) have a computer in between which then controls the electrical actuators.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: Even when an aircraft uses variant flight control surfaces such as a V-tail ruddervator, flaperons, or elevons, to avoid pilot confusion the aircraft's flight control system will still be designed so that the stick or yoke controls pitch and roll conventionally, as will the rudder pedals for yaw. The basic pattern for modern flight controls was pioneered by French aviation figure Robert Esnault-Pelterie, with fellow French aviator Louis Blériot popularizing Esnault-Pelterie's control format initially on Louis' Blériot VIII monoplane in April 1908, and standardizing the format on the July 1909 Channel-crossing Blériot XI. Flight control has long been taught in such fashion for many decades, as popularized in ab initio instructional books such as the 1944 work Stick and Rudder.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: In some aircraft, the control surfaces are not manipulated with a linkage. In ultralight aircraft and motorized hang gliders, for example, there is no mechanism at all. Instead, the pilot just grabs the lifting surface by hand (using a rigid frame that hangs from its underside) and moves it.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: In addition to the primary flight controls for roll, pitch, and yaw, there are often secondary controls available to give the pilot finer control over flight or to ease the workload. The most commonly available control is a wheel or other device to control elevator trim, so that the pilot does not have to maintain constant backward or forward pressure to hold a specific pitch attitude (other types of trim, for rudder and ailerons, are common on larger aircraft but may also appear on smaller ones). Many aircraft have wing flaps, controlled by a switch or a mechanical lever or in some cases are fully automatic by computer control, which alter the shape of the wing for improved control at the slower speeds used for take-off and landing. Other secondary flight control systems may include slats, spoilers, air brakes and variable-sweep wings.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: Mechanical or manually operated flight control systems are the most basic method of controlling an aircraft. They were used in early aircraft and are currently used in small aircraft where the aerodynamic forces are not excessive. Very early aircraft, such as the Wright Flyer I, Blériot XI and Fokker Eindecker used a system of wing warping where no conventionally hinged control surfaces were used on the wing, and sometimes not even for pitch control as on the Wright Flyer I and original versions of the 1909 Etrich Taube, which only had a hinged/pivoting rudder in addition to the warping-operated pitch and roll controls. A manual flight control system uses a collection of mechanical parts such as pushrods, tension cables, pulleys, counterweights, and sometimes chains to transmit the forces applied to the cockpit controls directly to the control surfaces. Turnbuckles are often used to adjust control cable tension. The Cessna Skyhawk is a typical example of an aircraft that uses this type of system. Gust locks are often used on parked aircraft with mechanical systems to protect the control surfaces and linkages from damage from wind. Some aircraft have gust locks fitted as part of the control system.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: Increases in the control surface area, and the higher airspeeds required by faster aircraft resulted in higher aerodynamic loads on the flight control systems. As a result, the forces required to move them also become significantly larger. Consequently, complicated mechanical gearing arrangements were developed to extract maximum mechanical advantage in order to reduce the forces required from the pilots. This arrangement can be found on bigger or higher performance propeller aircraft such as the Fokker 50.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: Some mechanical flight control systems use servo tabs that provide aerodynamic assistance. Servo tabs are small surfaces hinged to the control surfaces. The flight control mechanisms move these tabs, aerodynamic forces in turn move, or assist the movement of the control surfaces reducing the amount of mechanical forces needed. This arrangement was used in early piston-engined transport aircraft and in early jet transports. The Boeing 737 incorporates a system, whereby in the unlikely event of total hydraulic system failure, it automatically and seamlessly reverts to being controlled via servo-tab.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: The complexity and weight of mechanical flight control systems increase considerably with the size and performance of the aircraft. Hydraulically powered control surfaces help to overcome these limitations. With hydraulic flight control systems, the aircraft's size and performance are limited by economics rather than a pilot's muscular strength. At first, only-partially boosted systems were used in which the pilot could still feel some of the aerodynamic loads on the control surfaces (feedback).


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: The pilot's movement of a control causes the mechanical circuit to open the matching servo valve in the hydraulic circuit. The hydraulic circuit powers the actuators which then move the control surfaces. As the actuator moves, the servo valve is closed by a mechanical feedback linkage - one that stops movement of the control surface at the desired position.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: This arrangement was found in the older-designed jet transports and in some high-performance aircraft. Examples include the Antonov An-225 and the Lockheed SR-71.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: With purely mechanical flight control systems, the aerodynamic forces on the control surfaces are transmitted through the mechanisms and are felt directly by the pilot, allowing tactile feedback of airspeed. With hydromechanical flight control systems, the load on the surfaces cannot be felt and there is a risk of overstressing the aircraft through excessive control surface movement. To overcome this problem, artificial feel systems can be used. For example, for the controls of the RAF's Avro Vulcan jet bomber and the RCAF's Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow supersonic interceptor (both 1950s-era designs), the required force feedback was achieved by a spring device. The fulcrum of this device was moved in proportion to the square of the air speed (for the elevators) to give increased resistance at higher speeds. For the controls of the American Vought F-8 Crusader and the LTV A-7 Corsair II warplanes, a 'bob-weight' was used in the pitch axis of the control stick, giving force feedback that was proportional to the airplane's normal acceleration.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: A stick shaker is a device that is attached to the control column in some hydraulic aircraft. It shakes the control column when the aircraft is approaching stall conditions. Some aircraft such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 are equipped with a back-up electrical power supply that can be activated to enable the stick shaker in case of hydraulic failure.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: In most current systems the power is provided to the control actuators by high-pressure hydraulic systems. In fly-by-wire systems the valves, which control these systems, are activated by electrical signals. In power-by-wire systems, electrical actuators are used in favour of hydraulic pistons. The power is carried to the actuators by electrical cables. These are lighter than hydraulic pipes, easier to install and maintain, and more reliable. Elements of the F-35 flight control system are power-by-wire. The actuators in such an electro-hydrostatic actuation (EHA) system are self-contained hydraulic devices, small closed-circuit hydraulic systems. The overall aim is towards more- or all-electric aircraft and an early example of the approach was the Avro Vulcan. Serious consideration was given to using the approach on the Airbus A380.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: A fly-by-wire (FBW) system replaces manual flight control of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires (hence the term "fly-by-wire"), and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the expected response. Commands from the computers are also input without the pilot's knowledge to stabilize the aircraft and perform other tasks. Electronics for aircraft flight control systems are part of the field known as avionics.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: Several technology research and development efforts exist to integrate the functions of flight control systems such as ailerons, elevators, elevons, flaps, and flaperons into wings to perform the aerodynamic purpose with the advantages of less: mass, cost, drag, inertia (for faster, stronger control response), complexity (mechanically simpler, fewer moving parts or surfaces, less maintenance), and radar cross section for stealth. These may be used in many unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and 6th generation fighter aircraft. Two promising approaches are flexible wings, and fluidics.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: In flexible wings, also known as "morphing aerofoils", much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow much like an ornithopter. Adaptive compliant wings are a military and commercial effort. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing was a US Air Force, NASA, and Boeing effort. Notable efforts have also been made by FlexSys, who have conducted flight tests using flexible aerofoils retrofitted to a Gulf stream III aircraft.


title: Aircraft flight control system

text: In active flow control systems, forces in vehicles occur via circulation control, in which larger and more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller, simpler fluidic systems (slots which emit air flows) where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently, to change the direction of vehicles. In this use, active flow control promises simplicity and lower mass, costs (up to half less), and inertia and response times. This was demonstrated in the Demon UAV, which flew for the first time in the UK in September 2010.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: The Florida Gators men's basketball team represents the University of Florida in the sport of basketball. The Gators compete in NCAA Division I's Southeastern Conference (SEC). Home games are played in the Exactech Arena at the Stephen C. O'Connell Center on the university's Gainesville, Florida campus.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: While the University of Florida's men's basketball team first took the court in 1915, the program did not receive much support from the university for several decades. The basketball team did not have a permanent home court with adequate spectator space until the Florida Gymnasium opened in 1949, did not hire a full-time basketball coach until Norm Sloan in 1960, and did not play in a modern arena until the O'Connell Center opened in 1980. Early highlights included the program's first postseason appearance in the 1969 National Invitation Tournament with the Gators' first All-American Neal Walk, a run to the Sweet Sixteen during its first NCAA tournament appearance in 1987 under head coach Norm Sloan, and another surprise tournament run to the 1994 Final Four under head coach Lon Kruger. However, consistent success was elusive, and the Gators often found themselves in the bottom half of the SEC basketball standings.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: The trajectory of Florida's basketball program changed with the hiring of head coach Billy Donovan in 1996. After having made five NCAA Tournament appearances and having won only one regular season SEC championship and zero SEC tournaments in 78 seasons of basketball before his arrival, the Gators won seven SEC regular season championships and four SEC tournament championships, appeared in 14 NCAA Tournaments, reached four Final Fours, and won back-to-back national championships (2006 and 2007) during Donovan's 19 seasons in Gainesville before he left to coach in the NBA in 2015.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: The college basketball season begins in early November, and the non-conference portion of the schedule typically runs until the end of the calendar year. The Gators usually compete in a cross-regional tournament against other top programs, schedule a game or two against other quality opponents in Gainesville or on the road, and play their annual game against in-state rival Florida State before the conference portion of the schedule begins.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: The 18-game Southeastern Conference (SEC) slate usually tips off around the beginning of the calendar year. The schedule consists of home-and-home games against five SEC teams mixed in with single games against each of the other eight SEC teams followed by the conference tournament. Florida has built in-conference rivalries with Kentucky and Tennessee since the Gators began consistently competing for conference titles in the 1990s.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: The modern University of Florida (UF) was created when the Florida Legislature passed the Buckman Act of 1905, which consolidated four predecessor institutions into a new flagship university that opened its new Gainesville campus in 1906. The school sponsored its first varsity basketball team during the 1915-16 school year under head football coach C. J. McCoy, who led the basketball team to a 5–1 record against small colleges and local athletic clubs. The program went on hiatus during World War I and next took the court during the 1919–20 school year, though without an officially designated coach. Head football coach William G. Kline was assigned to coach basketball during the 1920-21 school year, when the team moved into their new home at recently completed University Gymnasium.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: By the mid-1920s, the basketball team had outgrown the small brick University Gymnasium, which had been designed to serve as a student recreation center and had very little spectator space. A larger wooden structure was built directly adjacent to the University Gym in 1928. While it was officially known as "Building R", it was commonly called the "New Gym." The New Gym was intended to be a temporary home for the basketball team until the school could afford a more permanent structure. However, funds soon became scarce with the coming of the Great Depression, and university president John J. Tigert's main focus was the financing and construction of Florida Field, the new football stadium which opened in 1930. Plans for a larger brick gymnasium were drawn up in 1940, but construction was delayed by World War II, and the Gators finally moved to the Florida Gymnasium (also known as Alligator Alley) during the 1949–50 season.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: In December 1932, the University of Florida joined the Southeastern Conference as one of its 13 charter members. While the school would find athletic success in some sports, Florida's basketball team would spend most of the first half-century of SEC play in the bottom half of the standings, as the Gators finished the season higher than fourth in the league on only four occasions over the program's first fifty years in the SEC (1933 to 1983). Until 1960, the university continued the practice of assigning coaches from other sports to lead the basketball team, including head baseball coaches Brady Cowell, Ben Clemons and Sam McAllister, head football coach Josh Cody, and football assistants Spurgeon Cherry and John Mauer. This was common practice at most SEC schools apart from Kentucky well into the 1940s and 1950s, and some of Florida's coaches had experience in the sport, as Cody had previously coached basketball at Clemson and Vanderbilt and Mauer had previously coached basketball at Kentucky and Tennessee. However, none of these part-time coaches were able to build the Gators into consistent contenders in conference play.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: In hopes of breathing life into the program, 34-year-old Citadel head coach Norm Sloan was hired as Florida's first full-time head basketball coach for the 1960–61 season. Sloan's first team notched the Gators' first winning conference record in eight years, and his second repeated the feat. Overall, his Florida squads compiled a record of 85–63 in six seasons during the 1960s, including the Gators' first regular season win over long-dominant Kentucky in SEC play. Sloan's Gators did not receive a postseason tournament invitation during his tenure, as tournament fields were smaller at the time and only conference champions received NCAA bids. Nonetheless, according to Florida historian Norm Carlson, Sloan "elevated the Gators basketball program from a seldom competitive program and built the grass roots." Sloan left Florida after failing to receive the support of then Athletic director Ray Graves, to coach at his alma mater North Carolina State after the 1965–66 season.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: Tommy Bartlett succeeded Sloan as head coach, and his first season as head coach in 1966-67 was the program's most successful to date. The Gators with a record of 21-4 finished 2nd in the SEC to Tennessee who beat them twice during the regular season.Florida was ranked in the AP top 10 for the first time earning a number 10 ranking on January 9, 1967 and then a number 8 ranking the next week on January 16. Florida notched the school's first 20-win campaign on the strength of winning their final eight games of the year by an average of 19 plus points per game. Ironically at the time the SEC would only permit the league champion to play in the post season and having finished second, they lost to league champion Tennessee twice and were not invited to a post-season tournament. Bartlett's squads finished fifth and third in conference play the following seasons. Led by the program's first All-American in center Neal Walk (the only Gator to have his number retired) and forward Andy Owens, the 1968-69 Gators received a bid to the 1969 National Invitation Tournament, the first postseason appearance in program history. After Walk and Owens went on to play professional basketball, Bartlett could not sustain the level of talent in recruiting, and team performance declined thereafter, with four straight losing campaigns leading to his dismissal. John Lotz, a respected assistant under North Carolina's Dean Smith, succeeded Bartlett in 1973–74. Lotz's Gators peaked with a 17–9 overall record and a fourth-place conference finish (10–8 SEC) in 1976–77, but trailed off to consecutive last place conference finishes in 1978-79 and 1979–80, leading to his dismissal.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: The modern era of Florida basketball began in 1980, when the team moved into their current home, the O'Connell Center. Despite being only 30 years old, Florida Gym had not aged well. By the mid-1970s, Florida was the only basketball program in the SEC without a modern arena. The university built the O'Connell Center (which quickly gained the nickname "The O'Dome") as the new home for all of the university's indoor sports programs, and it proved to be a boon across several sports.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: The new facility improved the basketball program in several ways, including helping to convince Norm Sloan to return to Gainesville after a successful 14-year tenure at North Carolina State which included an undefeated season in 1972–73 and an NCAA championship in 1974. Sloan later said that he'd always enjoyed his first stint at Florida, and had always been more than willing to return if the university built a more modern arena.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: Sloan's second stint at Florida was easily the most successful period in program history until the late 1990s. That success was in large part because Sloan persuaded several top Florida high school basketball players—such as Gainesville's Vernon Maxwell and Brandon's Dwayne Schintzius—to stay in-state instead of attending schools with more basketball tradition. After four years of rebuilding, Sloan led the Gators to the 1984 NIT, which was only the second postseason appearance in school history. They would make the NIT again in 1985 and 1986, reaching the NIT semi-finals in 1986. In 1987, shooting guard Vernon Maxwell led the team to the school's first ever NCAA Tournament appearance, advancing all the way to the Sweet 16. Sloan coached the team to 20-win seasons and NCAA tournament appearances again the following two years, and led the Gators to the school's first-ever SEC regular season title in 1989 behind center Dwayne Schintzius.


title: Florida Gators men's basketball

text: However, after a drug scandal involving Maxwell and an NCAA investigation for various rules violations, Sloan and his coaching staff were forced to resign on October 31, 1989, just days before the start of the 1989–90 season. Former Tennessee coach Don DeVoe was brought in as the interim coach, but the defending SEC champions struggled to a 7–21 record. In September 1990, the NCAA sentenced the program to two years' probation for numerous major violations dating back to 1985. Their 1987 and 1988 NCAA Tournament appearances were erased from the record books due to Maxwell being retroactively declared ineligible for secretly taking money from a sports agent, and Sloan was slapped with a five-year show-cause penalty that effectively ended his coaching career. The most severe penalty in the long run, however, was a reduction to 13 total scholarships in 1991–92 and 14 in 1992–93, which affected the program for several years. Draconian as those penalties were, the NCAA said that it would have banned the Gators from postseason play and live television in 1990–91 had Sloan still been coach.