title: Revenge (Kiss album)

text: After the success of "God Gave Rock 'n' Roll to You II", Mercury Records released "Unholy" as a single in Europe and it charted in 5 countries. The following singles – "Domino", "I Just Wanna" and "Every Time I Look at You" – were less successful, with the first two receiving only consistent airplay on mainstream rock radios in the US. Music videos were made for each single, with "Revenge" being the Kiss album with the most produced music videos.


title: Revenge (Kiss album)

text: The album received mixed reviews. "Billboard" acclaimed the return to form of the band, while at the same time "Rolling Stone"'s review was harsh, giving the album one out of five stars. John Franck of AllMusic praised Ezrin's production, which made Kiss sound "fresh again" and wrote that "some of the cuts are excellent, delivered with conviction and panache, but for all the hype, the album is also tainted with filler." Canadian journalist Martin Popoff liked the album and remarked "the new levels of intricacy and surprise metalodies" in the songs, "putting Kiss back in charge of their particular brand of doofus metal".


title: Revenge (Kiss album)

text: "Revenge" debuted at number 6 on the "Billboard" 200 and was the band's first Top 10 album in the United States since the 1979's "Dynasty". The album reached the Top 10 in Australia (number 5), the United Kingdom and Sweden (number 10), Switzerland (number 6), and Norway (number 4). Despite the high debut, the album quickly fell off the charts but sold enough for the gold certificate in the United States and Canada. As of February 12, 2007, the album has sold over 596,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen Soundscan.


title: Felicity Dahl

text: Felicity Ann Dahl ( D'Abreu; born 12 December 1938) is a British film producer who married the author Roald Dahl in 1983. She was previously married to Charles Reginald Hugh Crosland. The quietly spoken Dahl gave a rare interview in November 2008 to publicise the inaugural Roald Dahl Funny Prize and reflect on her years with the late author.


title: Felicity Dahl

text: In December 1938, Felicity D'Abreu was born in Llandaff, a district in the north of Cardiff, in Wales. It was coincidentally the birthplace of her future husband Roald Dahl in 1916.


title: Felicity Dahl

text: She was the daughter of Pr. Alphonsus D'Abreu and Elizabeth Throckmorton (granddaughter of Sir Richard Charles Acton Throckmorton, 10th Baronet) and the niece of Lt.-Col. Francis D'Abreu who was married to Margaret Bowes-Lyon, the first cousin of the Queen Mother.


title: Felicity Dahl

text: Dahl served as producer of the 1996 film "Matilda" and was executive producer of the 2005 film "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory". Her three preferred choices for the role of Willy Wonka in the film were Eddie Izzard, David Walliams and Dustin Hoffman, but she heartily approved of the casting of Johnny Depp.


title: Felicity Dahl

text: Felicity Dahl founded the Roald Dahl Foundation in 1991 which helped young people with brain, blood and literacy problems. This organisation became Roald Dahl's Marvellous Children's Charity in 2010, focusing on supporting seriously ill children. She is co-president and an active supporter even after retiring as a trustee in the mid 2010s. She also founded the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre to carry on the literary legacy, creativity and imagination of Roald Dahl's work.


title: Felicity Dahl

text: In 1959, Felicity D'Abreu married Charles Reginald Hugh Crosland. They had three children together. In 1971, she divorced Crosland.


title: Felicity Dahl

text: She met Roald Dahl while she was working as a set designer on an advert for Maxim coffee with the author's then wife, American actress Patricia Neal. Soon after the pair were introduced, they began an 11-year relationship before they eventually wed in 1983, at Brixton Town Hall in South London. Dahl gave up her job and moved into Gipsy House, in Great Missenden in Buckinghamshire, which had been Roald Dahl's home since 1954. They remained married until his (Roald's) death at Oxford's John Radcliffe Hospital in 1990.


title: Felicity Dahl

text: In 1991, she published "Memories with Food at Gipsy House", a collection of anecdotes and recipes that she had written with her late husband.


title: Felicity Dahl

text: On 14 September 2009 the first blue plaque in Roald Dahl's honour was unveiled at a sweet shop in Llandaff. Dahl was present for the unveiling of the plaque dedicated to her late husband.


title: Avogadro's law

text: Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) or Avogadro-Ampère's hypothesis is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. A modern statement is:


title: Avogadro's law

text: Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules."


title: Avogadro's law

text: For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are directly proportional if the temperature and pressure are constant.


title: Avogadro's law

text: The law is named after Amedeo Avogadro who, in 1812, hypothesized that two given samples of an ideal gas, of the same volume and at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. As an example, equal volumes of gaseous hydrogen and nitrogen contain the same number of atoms when they are at the same temperature and pressure, and observe ideal gas behavior. In practice, real gases show small deviations from the ideal behavior and the law holds only approximately, but is still a useful approximation for scientists.


title: Avogadro's law

text: This law describes how, under the same condition of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be usefully expressed as follows:


title: Avogadro's law

text: The equation shows that, as the number of moles of gas increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion. Similarly, if the number of moles of gas is decreased, then the volume also decreases. Thus, the number of molecules or atoms in a specific volume of ideal gas is independent of their size or the molar mass of the gas.


title: Avogadro's law

text: where "N" is the number of particles in the gas, and the ratio of "R" over "k" is equal to the Avogadro constant.


title: Avogadro's law

text: If "T" and "P" are taken at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP), then "k"′ = 1/"n", where "n" is the Loschmidt constant.


title: Avogadro's law

text: Avogadro's hypothesis (as it was known originally) was formulated in the same spirit of earlier empirical gas laws like Boyle's law (1662), Charles's law (1787) and Gay-Lussac's law (1808). The hypothesis was first published by Amadeo Avogadro in 1811, and it reconciled Dalton atomic theory with the "incompatible" idea of Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac that some gases were composite of different fundamental substances (molecules) in integer proportions. In 1814, independently from Avogadro, André-Marie Ampère published the same law with similar conclusions. As Ampère was more well known in France, the hypothesis was usually referred there as Ampère's hypothesis, and later also as Avogadro–Ampère hypothesis or even Ampère–Avogadro hypothesis.


title: Avogadro's law

text: Experimental studies carried out by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt and Auguste Laurent on organic chemistry demonstrated that Avogadro's law explained why the same quantities of molecules in a gas have the same volume. Nevertheless, related experiments with some inorganic substances showed seeming exceptions to the law. This apparent contradiction was finally resolved by Stanislao Cannizzaro, as announced at Karlsruhe Congress in 1860, four years after Avogadro's death. He explained that these exceptions were due to molecular dissociations at certain temperatures, and that Avogadro's law determined not only molecular masses, but atomic masses as well.


title: Avogadro's law

text: Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac laws, together with Avogadro's law, were combined by Émile Clapeyron in 1834, giving rise to the ideal gas law. At the end of the 19th century, later developments from scientists like August Krönig, Rudolf Clausius, James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann, gave rise to the kinetic theory of gases, a microscopic theory from which the ideal gas law can be derived as an statistical result from the movement of atoms/molecules in a gas.


title: Avogadro's law

text: Avogadro's law provides a way to calculate the quantity of gas in a receptacle. Thanks to this discovery, Johann Josef Loschmidt, in 1865, was able for the first time to estimate the size of a molecule. His calculation gave rise to the concept of the Loschmidt constant, a ratio between macroscopic and atomic quantities. In 1910, Millikan's oil drop experiment determined the charge of the electron; using it with the Faraday constant (derived by Michael Faraday in 1834), one is able to determine the number of particles in a mole of substance. At the same time, precision experiments by Jean Baptiste Perrin led to the definition of the Avogadro number as the number of molecules in one gram-molecule of oxygen. Perrin named the number to honor Avogadro for his discovery of the namesake law. Later standardization of the International System of Units led to the modern definition of the Avogadro constant.


title: Avogadro's law

text: At standard temperature and pressure (100 kPa and 273.15 K) , we can use Avogadro's law find the molar volume of an ideal gas:


title: Krista Marie Yu

text: Krista Marie Yu (born October 25, 1988) is an American actress best known for her roles on television. She played the main role of Molly Park on the ABC family sitcom "Dr. Ken". In August 2018, it was announced that Yu would play the recurring role of Jen on Fox's "Last Man Standing". On January 18, 2019, Fox announced that Yu had been promoted to series regular.


title: Krista Marie Yu

text: Yu was born in Alameda, California, on October 25, 1988. She is a fifth generation Chinese American. Yu began taking ballet lessons at three years old.


title: Krista Marie Yu

text: Yu is an actress and has appeared on television shows such as "The Thundermans", "Switched at Birth" and "Agent Carter", among others. She also played a major role in the "Corridor Digital" web series/ YouTube movie "Sync" and appeared in "WongFu Productions" web series "Just Another Nice Guy".


title: Krista Marie Yu

text: In 2015, Yu joined the cast of "Dr. Ken", a television sitcom inspired by series lead Ken Jeong's time as a physician, playing Ken's daughter, Molly.


title: Krista Marie Yu

text: In January 2019, Yu was promoted to series regular on the television sitcom "Last Man Standing" as foreign exchange student, Jen.


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: Kim Woo-seok (, born October 27, 1996), also known by the stage name Wooshin (), is a South Korean singer, songwriter and actor. He debuted as a member of South Korean band Up10tion in 2015. In 2019, he rose to prominence after finishing second on "Produce X 101", which made him a member of X1. He debuted as a solo artist with the release of his first extended play, "1st Desire (Greed)", on May 25, 2020.


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: Kim Woo-seok was born on October 27, 1996, in Daedeok District, Daejeon, South Korea. He is the only child in his family.


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: On February 28, 2016, Kim was enrolled at Dong-ah Institute of Media and Arts, majoring in acting and K-pop.


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: Kim first appeared in Up10tion's pre-debut program, "Masked Rookie King Up10tion" in 2015. He was the first member to be introduced to the group. He made his official debut in South Korea on September 11, 2015, with their first EP, "Top Secret".


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: On October 6, 2016, he was selected as the host of SBS MTV's "The Show" alongside Jeon Somi. They had their first broadcast on October 11. Six months later, on April 25, 2017, the duo officially left their position.


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: Kim went on hiatus on June 6 of the same year due to mental health issues, returning nine months later for the release of the group's first studio album, "Invitation."


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: In March 2019, Kim Woo-seok was revealed to be a contestant of "Produce X 101", along with his fellow Up10tion member, Lee Jin-hyuk. Kim placed second in the final episode with 3,120,276 votes, earning a spot in the final lineup. He debuted with X1 on August 27, 2019 with the release of their first EP, "". Following revelations of the Mnet vote manipulation investigation, X1 announced that they were to disband on January 6, 2020.


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: On March 4, 2020, Playlist Studio's CEO, Park Tae-won, announced that Kim would be the male lead of the web drama "Twenty-Twenty". The whole cast would begin the filming later on April. On August 15, 2020, the first episode was premiered on Naver TV Cast. The series then also became available on YouTube and JTBC on August 22 and September 6, respectively.


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: On April 23, 2020, Kim announced that he would release his solo debut EP, on May 25. On May 25, 2020, he debuted as a solo artist with his debut extended play "1st Desire (Greed)" along with the lead single "Red Moon".


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: On August 13, 2020, he was awarded New K-Wave Voice Award at the 4th Soribada Best K-Music Awards in 2020.


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: On January 18, 2021, it was announced that Kim would make his comeback with a new album in February. On February 8, 2021, Kim released his second EP "2nd Desire (Tasty)" along with the lead single "Sugar". On February 18, 2021, Kim received his first music show win on "M Countdown", becoming the first Up10tion member to get a music show win. Thereafter, he went on to receive another music show win on Music Bank in February 2021.


title: Kim Woo-seok (singer)

text: On March 17, 2021, tvN has released the full main casts for new drama, "", which Kim has been selected to be part of. He will played as Nam Do-yoon, a high school student who always follows Dan Hwal like a puppy and always make a clown smile. It is scheduled to premiere on December 18, 2021, on tvN.


title: Schistosoma

text: Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes, commonly known as blood flukes. They are parasitic flatworms responsible for a highly significant group of infections in humans termed "schistosomiasis", which is considered by the World Health Organization as the second-most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease (after malaria), with hundreds of millions infected worldwide.


title: Schistosoma

text: Adult flatworms parasitize blood capillaries of either the mesenteries or plexus of the bladder, depending on the infecting species. They are unique among trematodes and any other flatworms in that they are dioecious with distinct sexual dimorphism between male and female. Thousands of eggs are released and reach either the bladder or the intestine (according to the infecting species), and these are then excreted in urine or feces to fresh water. Larvae must then pass through an intermediate snail host, before the next larval stage of the parasite emerges that can infect a new mammalian host by directly penetrating the skin.


title: Schistosoma

text: The origins of this genus remain unclear. For many years it was believed that this genus had an African origin, but DNA sequencing suggests that the species ("S. edwardiense" and "S. hippopotami") that infect the hippo ("Hippopotamus amphibius") could be basal. Since hippos were present in both Africa and Asia during the Cenozoic era, the genus might have originated as parasites of hippos. The original hosts for the South East Asian species were probably rodents.


title: Schistosoma

text: Based on the phylogenetics of the host snails it seems likely that the genus evolved in Gondwana between and .


title: Schistosoma

text: The sister group to "Schistosoma" is a genus of elephant-infecting schistosomes — "Bivitellobilharzia".


title: Schistosoma

text: The cattle, sheep, goat and cashmere goat parasite "Orientobilharzia turkestanicum" appears to be related to the African schistosomes. This latter species has since been transferred to the genus "Schistosoma".


title: Schistosoma

text: Within the haematobium group "S. bovis" and "S. curassoni" appear to be closely related as do "S. leiperi" and "S. mattheei".


title: Schistosoma

text: "S. mansoni" and "S. rodhaini" appear to have shared a common ancestor between 107.5 and 147.6 thousand years ago. This period overlaps with the earliest archaeological evidence for fishing in Africa. It appears that "S. mansoni" originated in East Africa and experienced a decline in effective population size 20-90 thousand years ago before dispersing across the continent during the Holocene. This species was later transmitted to the Americas by the slave trade.


title: Schistosoma

text: "S. incognitum" and "S. nasale" are more closely related to the African species rather than the japonicum group.


title: Schistosoma

text: Estimated speciation dates for the japonicum group: ~3.8 million years ago for "S. japonicum"/South East Asian schistosoma and ~2.5 million years ago for "S. malayensis"/"S. mekongi".


title: Schistosoma

text: "Schistosoma turkestanicum" is found infecting red deer in Hungary. These strains appear to have diverged from those found in China and Iran. The date of divergence appears to be 270,000 years before present.


title: Schistosoma

text: The genus "Schistosoma" as currently defined is paraphyletic, so revisions are likely. Over twenty species are recognised within this genus.


title: Schistosoma

text: The genus has been divided into four groups: indicum, japonicum, haematobium and mansoni. The affinities of the remaining species are still being clarified.


title: Schistosoma

text: Thirteen species are found in Africa. Twelve of these are divided into two groups—those with a lateral spine on the egg (mansoni group) and those with a terminal spine (haematobium group).


title: Schistosoma

text: The four mansoni group species are: "S. edwardiense", "S. hippotami", "S. mansoni" and "S. rodhaini".


title: Schistosoma

text: The nine "haematobium" group species are: "S. bovis", "S. curassoni", "S. guineensis", "S. haematobium", "S. intercalatum", "S. kisumuensis", "S. leiperi", "S. margrebowiei" and "S. mattheei".


title: Schistosoma

text: "S. leiperi" and "S. matthei" appear to be related. "S. margrebowiei" is basal in this group. "S. guineensis" is the sister species to the "S. bovis" and "S. curassoni" grouping. "S. intercalatum" may actually be a species complex of at least two species.


title: Schistosoma

text: The "indicum" group has three species: "S. indicum", "S. nasale" and "S. spindale". This group appears to have evolved during the Pleistocene. All use pulmonate snails as hosts. "S. spindale" is widely distributed in Asia, but is also found in Africa. They occur in Asia and India.


title: Schistosoma

text: The "japonicum" group has five species: "S. japonicum", "S. malayensis" and "S. mekongi", "S. ovuncatum" and "S. sinensium" and these species are found in China and Southeast Asia.


title: Schistosoma

text: "S. ovuncatum" forms a clade with "S. sinensium" and is found in northern Thailand. The definitive host is unknown and the intermediate host is the snail "Tricula bollingi". This species is known to use snails of the family Pomatiopsidae as hosts.


title: Schistosoma

text: "S. incognitum" appears to be basal in this genus. It may be more closely related to the African-Indian species than to the Southeast Asian group. This species uses pulmonate snails as hosts. Examination of the mitochondria suggests that "Schistosoma incognitum" may be a species complex.


title: Schistosoma

text: As of 2012, four additional species have been transferred to this genus., previously classified as species in the genus "Orientobilharzia". Orientobilharzia differs from Schistosoma morphologically only on the basis of the number of testes. A review of the morphological and molecular data has shown that the differences between these genera are too small to justify their separation. The four species are


title: Schistosoma

text: The hybrid "S. haematobium-S.guineenis" was observed in Cameroon in 1996. "S. haematobium" could establish itself only after deforestation of the tropical rainforest in Loum next to the endemic "S. guineensis"; hybridization led to competitive exclusion of "S. guineensis".


title: Schistosoma

text: In 2003, a "S. mansoni-S. rodhaini" hybrid was found in snails in western Kenya, As of 2009, it had not been found in humans.


title: Schistosoma

text: In 2009, "S. haematobium–S. bovis" hybrids were described in northern Senegalese children. The Senegal River Basin had changed very much since the 1980s after the Diama Dam in Senegal and the Manantali Dam in Mali had been built. The Diama dam prevented ocean water to enter and allowed new forms of agriculture. Human migration, increasing number of livestock and sites where human and cattle both contaminate the water facilitated mixing between the different schistosomes in N'Der, for example. The same hybrid was identified during the 2015 investigation of a schistosomiasis outbreak on Corsica, traced to the Cavu river.


title: Schistosoma

text: In 2019, a "S. haematobium–S. mansoni" hybrid was described in a 14-year-old patient with hematuria from Côte d'Ivoire.


title: Schistosoma

text: A cladogram based on 18S ribosomal RNA, 28S ribosomal RNA, and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes shows phylogenic relations of species in the genus "Schistosoma":


title: Schistosoma

text: Geographical areas associated with schistosomiasis by the World Health Organization as of January 2017 include in alphabetical order: Africa, Brazil, Cambodia, the Caribbean, China, Corsica, Indonesia, Laos, the Middle East, the Philippines, Suriname, and Venezuela. There had been no cases in Europe since 1965, until an outbreak occurred on Corsica.


title: Schistosoma

text: The parasitic flatworms of "Schistosoma" cause a group of chronic infections called schistosomiasis known also as bilharziasis. An anti-schistosome drug is a schistosomicide.


title: Schistosoma

text: Parasitism of humans by "Schistosoma" appears to have evolved at least three occasions in both Asia and Africa.


title: Schistosoma

text: "Schistosoma indicum", "Schistosoma nasale", "Schistosoma spindale", "Schistosoma leiperi" are all parasites of ruminants.


title: Schistosoma

text: Adult schistosomes share all the fundamental features of the digenea. They have a basic bilateral symmetry, oral and ventral suckers, a body covering of a syncytial tegument, a blind-ending digestive system consisting of mouth, esophagus and bifurcated caeca; the area between the tegument and alimentary canal filled with a loose network of mesoderm cells, and an excretory or osmoregulatory system based on flame cells. Adult worms tend to be long and use globins from their hosts' hemoglobin for their own circulatory system.


title: Schistosoma

text: Unlike other trematodes and basically all other flatworms, the schistosomes are dioecious, "i.e.", the sexes are separate. The two sexes display a strong degree of sexual dimorphism, and the male is considerably larger than the female. The male surrounds the female and encloses her within his "gynacophoric canal" for the entire adult lives of the worms. As the male feeds on the host's blood, he passes some of it to the female. The male also passes on chemicals which complete the female's development, whereupon they will reproduce sexually. Although rare, sometimes mated schistosomes will "divorce", wherein the female will leave the male for another male. The exact reason is not understood, although it is thought that females will leave their partners to mate with more genetically distant males. Such a biological mechanism would serve to decrease inbreeding, and may be a factor behind the unusually high genetic diversity of schistosomes.


title: Schistosoma

text: The eggs of these parasites were first seen by Theodor Maximilian Bilharz, a German pathologist working in Egypt in 1851 who found the eggs of "Schistosoma haematobium" during the course of a post mortem. He wrote two letters to his former teacher von Siebold in May and August 1851 describing his findings. Von Siebold published a paper in 1852 summarizing Bilharz's findings and naming the worms "Distoma haematobium". Bilharz wrote a paper in 1856 describing the worms more fully. Their unusual morphology meant that they could not be comfortably included in "Distoma". So in 1856 Meckel von Helmsback () created the genus "Bilharzia" for them. In 1858 David Friedrich Weinland proposed the name "Schistosoma" (Greek: "split body") because the worms were not hermaphroditic but had separate sexes. Despite "Bilharzia" having precedence, the genus name "Schistosoma" was officially adopted by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The term "Bilharzia" to describe infection with these parasites is still in use in medical circles.


title: Schistosoma

text: Bilharz also described "Schistosoma mansoni", but this species was redescribed by Louis Westenra Sambon in 1907 at the London School of Tropical Medicine who named it after his teacher Patrick Manson.


title: Schistosoma

text: In 1898, all then known species were placed in a subfamily by Stiles and Hassel. This was elevated to family status by Looss in 1899. Poche in 1907 corrected a grammatical error in the family name. The life cycle of "Schistosoma mansoni" was determined by the Brazilian parasitologist Pirajá da Silva (1873-1961) in 1908.


title: Schistosoma

text: In 2009, the genomes of "Schistosoma mansoni" and "Schistosoma japonicum" were decoded opening the way for new targeted treatments. In particular, the study discovered that the genome of "S. mansoni" contained 11,809 genes, including many that produce enzymes for breaking down proteins, enabling the parasite to bore through tissue. Also, "S. mansoni" does not have an enzyme to make certain fats, so it must rely on its host to produce these.


title: Page Hannah

text: Patricia Alberta "Page" Adler (née Hannah; born April 13, 1964) is an American philanthropist and former actress.


title: Page Hannah

text: Hannah was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is married to producer Lou Adler, and the couple have four sons. She is the younger sister of actress Daryl Hannah. Other relatives include Tanya Wexler, Haskell Wexler, Yale Wexler, and Don Wexler.


title: Page Hannah

text: In 1999, Hannah and her husband founded The Painted Turtle Camp in Lake Hughes, California, along with Paul Newman. The camp is part of the Hole in the Wall Gang Camp network founded by Newman. The camp's programs give children with life-threatening illnesses and chronic medical conditions the opportunity to experience traditional camping experiences. The camp also has an outreach program that visits hospitals in the greater Los Angeles area. Hannah is currently chairman of the organization's board of directors.


title: Thirteen (TV series)

text: Thirteen is a British drama serial created and written by Marnie Dickens. The series centres on Ivy Moxam (Jodie Comer), a 26-year-old woman who escapes from the cellar where she has been imprisoned for 13 years, and the impact on her family.


title: Thirteen (TV series)

text: The first episode was released on BBC Three in the UK on 28 February 2016. It began airing on BBC America in the United States on 23 June 2016. Each episode was broadcast on BBC Two a week after its release, with the first on 6 March 2016. In Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Middle East, the series began airing in the middle of August 2016.


title: Thirteen (TV series)

text: On 27 March 2016, Dickens stated that there would not be a second series of the show as it was intended to be one-off.


title: Thirteen (TV series)

text: The series was shot on location in Bristol. The finale is set in a house in the Lockleaze suburb of Bristol, featuring the Purdown BT Tower, which is mentioned by name in the show.


title: Thirteen (TV series)

text: The title music is "In Your Dreams" from the album "Wild Go" by Dark Dark Dark. The final episode features a cover of Royal Blood's "Out of the Black" by Billie Marten.


title: Thirteen (TV series)

text: "Thirteen" was released on DVD on Region 2 in the United Kingdom and Ireland from 2 Entertain on 18 April 2016, on Region 1 in the United States and Canada via Acorn DVD and BBC DVD on 2 August 2016, and on Region 4 in Australia on 7 September 2016. The series has also been released on DVD in Germany from distribution company Polyband on 27 January 2017.


title: Thirteen (TV series)

text: The series is also available for streaming or purchase via Amazon Video, and was available for streaming on the BBC iPlayer until mid-2020.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: The Bear Brook murders (also referred to as the Allenstown Four) are female American murder victims, two discovered in 1985 and two in 2000, at Bear Brook State Park in Allenstown, New Hampshire, United States. All four of the victims were either partially or completely skeletonized; they were believed to have died between 1977 and 1981.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: In 2017, investigators named Terry Peder Rasmussen as the most likely suspect. Rasmussen's identity was confirmed via DNA from a son from his first marriage. He was also confirmed, via DNA, to be the father of a 2-to-4-year-old girl who was one of the Bear Brook victims. Rasmussen is believed to be responsible for several other murders, including that of Denise Beaudin, his known girlfriend, who disappeared in 1981. Rasmussen was convicted and sentenced for the murder in 2002 of his then-wife, Eunsoon Jun; he died in prison in 2010.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: In 2019, the three biologically related females were identified as a mother, Marlyse Elizabeth Honeychurch, and her two daughters (of different biological fathers) Marie Elizabeth Vaughn and Sarah Lynn McWaters, last seen in November 1978. The middle child, identified as Rasmussen's daughter, currently remains unidentified. Based on the date they disappeared, available documents and Rasmussen's activities, the victims most likely died between 1978 and 1981.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: On November 10, 1985, a hunter found a metal 55-gallon drum near the site of a burned-down store at Bear Brook State Park in Allenstown, New Hampshire. Inside were the bodies of an adult female and young girl, wrapped in plastic. Autopsies determined both had died of blunt trauma. The two were buried in an Allenstown cemetery with a tombstone that read: "Here lies the mortal remains known only to God of a woman aged 23-33 and a girl child aged 8-10. Their slain bodies were found on November 10th, 1985, in Bear Brook State Park. May their souls find peace in God’s loving care."


title: Bear Brook murders

text: On May 9, 2000, the remains of two young girls were found near the first discovery site. These bodies were also in a metal 55-gallon drum, and police believe that all four murders occurred at roughly the same time, despite investigators inexplicably missing the second drum in 1985. According to investigators, the reason that it took so long for the second drum to be recovered is that it was located outside the proximity of the initial crime scene. The cause of death for these children was also blunt force trauma.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: The adult, later identified as Honeychurch, was determined to be Caucasian with possible Native American ancestry. Her age at the time of death was estimated to be 23 to 33. She had curly or wavy brown hair and was between and in height. Her teeth showed significant dental work, including multiple fillings and three extractions. The three girls were thought to also have some Native American heritage; they had light or European-American complexions.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: The girl found with the adult female, later identified as Vaughn, was between 5 and 11 years old. She had symptoms of pneumonia, a crooked front tooth and a diastema (space between her top teeth), two earrings in each ear, and was between and tall. Her hair was wavy and light brown; she had no dental fillings.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: The middle child, currently unidentified, also had a gap between her front teeth and died at an age between 2 and 4. She had brown hair and was about tall. She had an overbite, which was probably noticeable. She also may have suffered from anemia. DNA proved this child was fathered by Terry Peder Rasmussen. In February 2020, it was announced that DNA analysis suggested the child was primarily Caucasian, with slight Asian, African, and Native American heritage. The organization later released an updated version of the child's facial reconstruction.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: The youngest girl, later identified as McWaters, was estimated to be 1 to 3 years old, had long blond or light brown hair, was between and tall, and also had a gap between her front teeth.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: In the early days of the investigation, authorities publicized the case in the United States and some parts of Canada. At least ten possible identities were ruled out. Despite hundreds of leads, the bodies were not identified.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: In June 2013, new versions of the victims' facial reconstructions were created by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. These versions incorporated their dental information, showing how their teeth could have affected the appearance of their faces. The reconstructions were created in black and white, as their skin tones and eye colors could not be determined.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: In November 2015, the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children released a third set of reconstructions of the four victims at a news conference at the New Hampshire State Attorney General's office.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: In 2014, police announced that DNA profiling had revealed through MtDNA that the woman, and oldest and youngest girls were maternally related. This means that the woman could have been the girls' mother, aunt, or older sister. In 2015, the woman was identified as the mother of the two girls.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: Other forensic information showed that the woman and children lived together in the Northeastern United States between two weeks and three months before their deaths. Investigators have concluded the woman and two of the children lived in the area where their bodies were found. Advanced forensic testing showed the 2-to-4-year-old girl (since identified as Rasmussen's daughter) probably spent most of her childhood in either the upper Northeast or upper Midwest, perhaps Wisconsin. In 2019, however, it is stated that the nonrelated child most likely originated from Arizona, Texas, California or Oregon, although additional locations cannot be excluded.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: In January 2017, it was announced that Denise Beaudin, who had been missing since 1981, was connected to the murders. Beaudin disappeared from Manchester, New Hampshire, along with her young daughter and then-boyfriend Robert "Bob" Evans. Evans later abandoned a young girl, "Lisa", at a campground, and she was found to not be his daughter. Beaudin was not reported missing until 2016, when her daughter resurfaced alive and well in California after there was more publicity about the murders and Beaudin's disappearance. The daughter is keeping her name private.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children subsequently announced that an unidentified man, known by the alias "Robert Evans," was found through DNA to be the father of the middle child (who was not related to the three other victims). Authorities believed that Evans was the killer of the four Bear Brook victims, but did not elaborate.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: Authorities said in 2018 that the Bear Brook woman was not Beaudin. They also said that "Robert Evans" was a pseudonym and that the man's legal identity was unknown.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: Evans died in prison in December 2010. He had been convicted and sentenced as Evans for the 2002 murder and dismemberment of his wife at the time, Eunsoon Jun, a chemist in California.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: In June 2017, police released a video of a police interview of Evans in hopes of finding his true identity. Two months later, Robert Evans was confirmed as Terry Peder Rasmussen, through Y-DNA testing from a DNA sample contributed by one of his sons from what is believed to be his first marriage. Born in 1943, Rasmussen was a native of Denver, Colorado. He married in 1969, had four children, and lived in Phoenix, Arizona, and Redwood City, California. His wife left him between 1973 and 1974 and his family last saw him around Christmas 1974. One of his sons from this marriage provided the DNA sample that confirmed Rasmussen as Evans in June 2017. The senior Rasmussen, known as the Chameleon killer, is believed to have used "at least five different aliases in a decades-long run of crimes across the country, including at least five homicides, and likely more."


title: Bear Brook murders

text: On June 6, 2019, New Hampshire investigators held a press conference regarding the case and revealed the identities of three of the victims. Marlyse Elizabeth Honeychurch (b. 1954) was the mother of Marie Elizabeth Vaughn (b. 1971) and Sarah Lynn McWaters (b. 1977), all of whom went missing from La Puente, California, around Thanksgiving 1978, while she was dating Rasmussen. Honeychurch had an argument with her mother and left the residence, never contacting her relatives again. Honeychurch may have adopted the alias name "Elizabeth Evans" to use in legal documents during May 1980. It is believed that all four victims were murdered before 1981, as Rasmussen was known to have left New Hampshire after this time.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: Sarah's younger half brother, who had never met her, created a post in 1999 on the Ancestry.com website in efforts to locate her. She was born in Hawaiian Gardens, California, when her father was in the Marines. Similar posts also aided in the identifications of the victims.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: Marlyse had previously married Marie's father in June 1971 and divorced by 1974. She married Sarah's father in September 1974, and the two were separated by the time she was known to be dating Rasmussen. The children both went through periods where they were in the custody of their fathers, but Marlyse would later regain guardianship. By October 1978, Sarah's father was seeing another woman and Sarah was presumably in the care of her mother.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: Honeychurch and Vaughn's funeral was held in November 2019 in Allenstown, during which they were given a new headstone bearing their names. In attendance were members of Honeychurch's family and Rasmussen's daughter from his first marriage. Sarah was laid to rest in Connecticut, closer to her father's family.


title: Bear Brook murders

text: The fourth victim's identity is not yet known, but investigators stated that through advanced DNA testing they could confirm the child was Rasmussen's. They have so far been unable to identify who the mother of the child is and whether or not she may still be alive. In February 2020, a new rendering of the fourth victim was released by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children and New Hampshire State Police.


title: Ode to My Father

text: Ode to My Father (; "Gukje (International) Market") is a 2014 South Korean drama film directed by Yoon Je-kyoon. Starring Hwang Jung-min and Yunjin Kim, it depicts South Korean history from the 1950s to the present day through the life of an ordinary man, as he experiences events such as the Hungnam evacuation of 1950 during the Korean War, the government's decision to dispatch nurses and miners to West Germany in the 1960s, and the Vietnam War.


title: Ode to My Father

text: It is currently the fourth highest-grossing film in the history of South Korean cinema, with 14.2 million tickets sold.


title: Ode to My Father

text: During the Hungnam Evacuation of 1950 in the Korean War, when thousands of refugees in what would become North Korea were transported south by U.S. Navy boats, a child, Deok-soo, loses his sister, Mak-soon. Deok-soo's father stays behind to search for her, telling his son to take the boy's mother and two younger siblings to the port city of Busan, where Deok-soo's aunt runs an imported goods store. Before leaving the family, the father makes Deok-soo promise to be head of the household in his place.


title: Ode to My Father

text: Duk-soo becomes his family's breadwinner from an early age, doing all sorts of odd jobs to support the family. In the 1960s, financial need forces him to travel to Europe with his best friend Dal-goo, where they find dangerous work as "Gastarbeiter" (guest workers) in German coal mines to pay for his brother's tuition at Seoul National University. There, Duk-soo falls in love with a fellow migrant worker, nurse Young-ja. Duk-soo survives a mining accident and leaves Germany after his visa expires. Young-ja returns to Korea months later and tells him she's pregnant with his child. They have a modest wedding, begin a life together, and eventually have two sons.


title: Ode to My Father

text: A few years pass, and Duk-soo's aunt dies. Duk-soo's now elderly uncle is in need of money and decides to sell the imported goods store, a move Duk-soo disagrees with. Duk-soo leaves Korea again in the 1970s for war-torn Vietnam, partly to fulfill his sister's wish for a big wedding by earning enough money to purchase the imported goods store from his uncle. He returns to Korea with a lame leg, the result of getting shot while helping villagers escape from the Viet Cong.


title: Ode to My Father

text: Duk-soo runs the store with his wife, and life goes on until 1983, when major broadcast stations in South Korea run TV programs in which relatives separated during the Korean War are reunited. Duk-soo is contacted to be featured in one of these shows due to the hope of an elderly man from his hometown who claims to be his father. On TV, the two realize they are not father and son. Duk-soo's family is distraught over the mistake, but soon afterward, the same program brings Duk-soo back to TV in the hope of finding his long-lost sister, Mak-soon. A Korean-American woman who was adopted as a child by a U.S. family during the Korean War is featured. Duk-soo converses with her, and realizes she is indeed Mak-soon. An emotional reunion ensues and his sister comes to Korea. Duk-soo's mother passes away soon after the reunion.


title: Ode to My Father

text: In the present day, an elderly Duk-soo finally decides to sell his aunt's imported goods store, which up to this point he stubbornly refused to do despite the store's losing money. It is revealed that Duk-soo's father had promised to reunite with the family at the store, thus explaining why Duk-soo bought and held on to the store for so long. In the final scene, Duk-soo wistfully tells his wife that his father is probably too old at this point to be still alive and reunite with him.


title: Ode to My Father

text: "Ode to My Father" was primarily shot in Busan, director Yoon Je-kyoon's hometown where he also shot his previous films "Miracle on 1st Street" (2007) and "Haeundae" (2009). It was filmed from 3 September to 25 December 2013, notably at the titular Gukje Market, the biggest open-air street market in Busan that began in the 1950s as a series of stalls set up by wartime refugees seeking to earn a meager living. Overseas locations included the Czech Republic and Thailand (standing in for Germany and Vietnam, respectively). The film's popularity later boosted tourism in Busan, with tours offered of the locations featured in the film, such as Gukje Market; Jagalchi Market; Nampo-dong; and Chojang-dong.


title: Ode to My Father

text: With a budget, "Ode to My Father" was the first Korean blockbuster that enforced a standard labor contract with the crew, which stated that they could not work for more than 12 hours a day, and were given overtime pay and a full day off once a week. The cultural, arts and entertainment fields in Korea have typically ignored labor laws and regulations, where deeply rooted tradition causes young staff members to be overworked yet rarely paid. After a long campaign by film professionals, the first Korean film to be made with a standard labor contract was "Venus Talk" in 2013, but "Ode to My Father" went further by enforcing the contract from the pre-production stage and ensuring that bonuses will be distributed equally to the entire crew. Director Yoon said production costs rose by because of the contract, but that people worked harder and more willingly, which ended up elevating the quality of the work.


title: Ode to My Father

text: The film was released in South Korea on 17 December 2014. It topped the box office, drawing 1.5 million viewers in its first five days with a gross of . The film remained No. 1 for five consecutive weeks, despite facing competition from numerous new releases. By 13 January 2015, it recorded 10,001,709 ticket sales, making it the eleventh domestic film (and fourteenth overall) to reach 10 million admissions in the country's history.


title: Ode to My Father

text: In its eighth week of release, "Ode to My Father" became the second highest-grossing film of all time in the history of South Korean cinema, with 14.2 million admissions. As of 1 March 2015, the film has grossed in South Korea.


title: Ode to My Father

text: For its North American run, the film premiered in Los Angeles on 31 December 2014 where it drew over 6,000 viewers after four days of release, mostly first-generation Korean-American immigrants in their fifties and older. Beginning 9 January 2015, it expanded to 43 US and Canadian cities such as New York City, Chicago, Washington D.C., Boston, Seattle, Toronto, and Vancouver.


title: Ode to My Father

text: It was also screened in the Panorama section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2015, and among the audience were 20 ethnic Korean first-generation immigrants whose experiences were portrayed in the film.


title: Ode to My Father

text: The film drew mixed reviews and raised controversy over its alleged attempt to idealize the past under the rule of authoritarian regimes. This began when President Park Geun-hye stressed the need for patriotism by citing a scene in the film in which the husband and wife suddenly halt an argument and pay a hand salute to the national flag when they hear the national anthem playing. Several film and culture critics lambasted it as a "conservative" or "right-wing" film that glorified industrialization, though liberal opposition lawmaker Moon Jae-in disagreed, saying "that was the reality of that time period." Critic Huh Ji-woong said that it "emphasizes the sacrifices of seniors while their current lackadaisical attitudes should be identified as a real problem," while critic Chin Jung-kwon said the film amounts to a "low-class tearjerker."


title: Ode to My Father

text: Despite the lukewarm reception from critics, the film continued to be popular among audiences. Critic Jeong Ji-wuk said the political debate ironically aided the film's box office, "It was able to top 10 million in attendance with the combination of various factors, such as being a story of a family and a father, curiosity caused by political debates and an aggressive marketing strategy of CJ Entertainment." Nostalgia was also believed to be the driving force behind its commercial success, with middle-aged viewers in their forties and older taking up 34.5 percent of ticket sales (despite the film's relative absence of buzz on social media). Critic Kim Hyung-seok said, "Audiences who lived around the era in which Deok-soo lived will feel like that the movie is an ode to themselves and feel nostalgic and comfort."


title: Ode to My Father

text: Director Yoon, however, said he intentionally excluded any political point of view in the film and "just wanted to talk about his father and his generation, who sacrificed themselves for their children" and "make a family movie that could be watched together by three generations." Calling the film his personal tribute to his father (he used his parents' real names Deok-soo and Young-ja for the lead characters), Yoon said, "My father passed away when I was in college and I didn't have a chance to say thank you. I hope the film serves as the channel for communication between the old and young generation."


title: Ode to My Father

text: An Indian film adaptation "Bharat" starring Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif and Sunil Grover directed by Ali Abbas Zafar was released on 5 June 2019.


title: Sushma Seth

text: Sushma Seth (born 20 June 1936) is an Indian stage, film and television actress. She started her career in the 1950s, and was a founder member of the Delhi-based theatre group Yatrik. Her first movie was "Junoon" in 1978. She is known for playing a mother and grandmother role in movies and on television, and notable for her role as Dadi in the pioneering TV soap "Hum Log" (1984–1985). She has worked with famous directors like Dev Raj Ankur, Ram Gopal Bajaj, Manish Joshi Bismil and Chander Shekhar Sharma.


title: Sushma Seth

text: Brought up in Delhi she completed her schooling at Convent of Jesus and Mary, New Delhi. Thereafter Sushma did a teachers training diploma in home science, Lady Irwin College, New Delhi, Associate in Science diploma, Briarcliff College, New York, and later, Bachelor of Fine Arts, from Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, United States.


title: Sushma Seth

text: Sushma Seth and her husband, businessman Dhruv Seth, have three children. Among them is actress Divya Seth, who acted alongside her mother in "Hum Log" and "Dekh Bhai Dekh".


title: Sushma Seth

text: Seth started her career on stage in the 1950s. With Joy Michael, Rati Bartholomew, Roshan Seth and others, she was one of the founders of the Delhi-based theatre group Yatrik in 1964. In addition to acting, she has directed many plays. In the 1970s, she founded and ran the Children's Creative Theatre, an ensemble that put up plays and conducted workshops for children.


title: Sushma Seth

text: She made her big screen debut with Shyam Benegal's 1978 period film "Junoon", in which she played Shashi Kapoor's aunt. She has starred in some of the biggest hits in the Indian industry including "Silsila", "Prem Rog", "Ram Teri Ganga Maili", "Chandni", "Deewana", "Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham" and "Kal Ho Naa Ho". She also appeared in the Punjabi film "Chann Pardesi" (1980).


title: Sushma Seth

text: She received a nomination for the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award for her role in the 1985 B. R. Chopra film "Tawaif". She has played the mother and grandmother of many Bollywood performers including Rishi Kapoor, Akshay Kumar, Shahrukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Anil Kapoor and Preity Zinta.


title: Sushma Seth

text: Seth appeared in the TV sitcom "Dekh Bhai Dekh" (1993), directed by Anand Mahendroo, where she played the matriarch of the Divan family. She has also worked with theatre directors like Ram Gopal Bajaj and Manish Joshi Bismil. She is notable for her performance on the TV soap "Hum Log", telecast in the early 80s on Doordarshan, in which she played Daadi (the grandmother). Seth was so popular that her character, who was shown suffering from throat cancer, had to be extended on viewer's demand.


title: Sushma Seth

text: Since the early 2000s, Seth has been working with an NGO called Arpana, directing plays and dance dramas. She has written a play called "Sitaron Ke Paas" inspired by the life of astronaut Kalpana Chawla.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: The Iran crisis of 1946, also known as the Azerbaijan Crisis () in the Iranian sources, was one of the first crises of the Cold War, sparked by the refusal of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to relinquish occupied Iranian territory, despite repeated assurances. The end of World War II should have resulted in the end of the Allied joint occupation of Iran. Instead, pro-Soviet Iranians proclaimed the separatist Azerbaijan People's Government and the Kurdish separatist Republic of Mahabad. The United States pressure on the Soviet Union to withdraw is the earliest evidence of success with the new strategy of Truman Doctrine and containment.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: In August–September 1941, Pahlavi Iran had been jointly invaded and occupied by the Allied powers of the Soviet Red Army in the north and by the British in the centre and south. Iran was used by the Americans and the British as a transportation route to provide vital supplies to the Soviet Union's war efforts.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: In the aftermath of the occupation of Iran, those Allied forces agreed to withdraw from Iran within six months after the cessation of hostilities. However, when this deadline came in early 1946, the Soviets, under Joseph Stalin, remained in Iran. Soon, the alliance of the Kurdish and People's Azerbaijani forces, supported in arms and training by the Soviet Union, engaged in fighting with Iranian forces, resulting in a total of 2,000 casualties. Negotiation by Iranian premier Ahmad Qavam and diplomatic pressure on the Soviets by the United States eventually led to Soviet withdrawal and dissolution of the separatist Azeri and Kurdish states.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: After Germany broke its pact with the Soviets and invaded the USSR in June 1941, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union jointly occupied neutral Iran as a preventive measure, starting on August 25, 1941, and justified their invasion by the need to use Iran as a gateway for delivery of Lend-Lease supplies to the Soviet Union from British India. Iran had laid torn between the concurrent zones of influence of both Britain and Russia for a long time, but had managed until then to remain independent, despite several foreign interventions, by taking advantage of the rivalry between the two rival powers. Now that they stood together against Germany, nothing longer opposed a formal joint occupation of the country. As a result, Rezā Shāh was forced to abdicate on September 16, 1941 and exiled to Mauritius; his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the crown prince, became the new monarch. Their joint 'Tripartite Treaty' of January 1942 declared that their military presence was not an occupation, proclaimed Iran to be their ally, and pledged to withdraw their troops within six months of the end of the war.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: Throughout the rest of the war, the United Kingdom and the United States used Iran as an important supply line to the Soviet war effort against Nazi Germany. Thirty thousand non-combatant U.S. troops arrived to move these supplies, and transit through Iran was later termed a "bridge to victory". At the Tehran Conference in 1943, the Big Three gave additional assurances concerning Iran's future sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as a promise to assist in its post-war reconstruction and development.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: Although the occupation of Iran was scheduled to end after the war at the Potsdam Conference following Germany's surrender, Stalin objected to Churchill's proposal for an early allied withdrawal from Iran ahead of the agreed-upon schedule set at the Tehran Conference. Following VJ Day in September 1945, first the United States and then the United Kingdom withdrew their forces within the treaty-stipulated period. The Soviets not only violated the March 2 withdrawal deadline; in that time they had expanded their military presence southward. By mid-December 1945, with the use of troops and secret police, they had set up two pro-Soviet "People's Democratic Republics" within Iranian territory, the Azerbaijan People's Government headed by Sayyid Jafar Pishevari and the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad under President Pesheva Qazi Muhammad. It is another example of the Soviet Union's appropriation of Imperial Russia's geopolitical ambitions, as the disputed zone had already been occupied by Imperial Russia 35 years before, in the 1911 Russian invasion of Tabriz.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: The Azerbaijani Democratic Party (ADP) was formed in September 1945 and headed by Jafar Pishevari, a long-time leader of the revolutionary movement in Gilan. The ADP expanded throughout Iranian Azerbaijan, and initiated a local coup d'état with help from the Soviet army, who prevented the Iranian army from intervening. During the first week of September 1945, the Azerbaijani Democratic Party declared itself to be in control of Iranian Azerbaijan, promised liberal democratic reforms, and disbanded the local branch of Tudeh, the Iranian communist party.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: Later in September 1945, at its first congress, the Azerbaijani Democratic Party authorized the formation of a peasant's militia, which by mid-November 1945 captured all remaining government posts in the province, and Iranian Azerbaijan "became an autonomous republic under the direction of a 39-member national and no


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: executive committee". The only Prime Minister of this short-lived republic was Ahmad Kordary (variously spelled Kordari or Kodari).


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: Though the Soviets initially supported the new autonomous entity and prevented the Iranian army from restoring governmental control over the area, it did not last for long. After the Soviet withdrawal, Iranian troops entered the region in December 1946 and Pishevari and his cabinet fled to the Soviet Union.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: The Mahabad Republic was proclaimed in December 1945. Leading the nascent Kurdish republic and fully endorsed by the Soviets, was Qazi Muhammad, the religious and titular leader of Mahabad. Despite Soviet opposition, Mullah Mustafa Barzani came to play an important role in the newly created military force of the Mahabad Republic – the Peshmerga. With Barzani's support secured, along with some 60 tribal Kurdish leaders, the KDP-I party platform had been established and Qazi Muhammad was elected the first president on January 22, 1946.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: The Kurdish forces were advised and organized by Soviet military officer Captain Salahuddin Kazimov. The Soviets extended their influence by sending at least 60 Kurds to Soviet Azerbaijan for additional military training. In total, the Mahabad army consisted of 70 active duty officers, 40 non-commissioned officers, and 1,200 lower-enlisted privates.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: On April 29, 1946, only five days after the Mahabad Republic signed a military cooperation accord with neighboring Azerbaijan, the First Kurdish Regiment, located in the southeast corner of the republic in Qahrawa, faced 600 Iranian soldiers reinforced with artillery and cavalry. In this engagement, the Peshmerga under Barzani were successful against Iranian forces, ambushing the first Iranian units to reach Qahrawa, killing 21, wounding 17 and capturing 40, making it the first victory for the Mahabad Republic.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: The Mahabad peshmerga also engaged Iranian reconnaissance teams in the region throughout early May 1946. Kurdish offensives were limited to minor skirmishes due to the removal of Soviet influence in the region that month, possibly due to a Soviet-Iranian oil agreement. A ceasefire agreement, signed on May 3, 1946, between Kurdish forces and Iranian General Ali Razmara, discouraged major attacks, promoted withdrawals, and allowed each side to further equip their forces in the region.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: On June 15, 1946, this period of preparation ended, as the fighting positions of the Second Kurdish Regiment at Mamashah (Mil Qarani) were attacked by two Iranian battalions supported by artillery, tanks, and aircraft. The resulting Kurdish defeat enabled the Iranian military to seize the highlands, erect military watchtowers, and maintain a military presence in the area. Lack of tribal unity promoted deterioration of the Mahabad Republic following the Battle of Mamashah.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: As tribal support for Qazi Muhammad's government waned, the Barzani Peshmerga were left as Mahabad's lone fighting force. As a result, the Mahabad position became hopeless by late 1946, as even promised Soviet aid failed to arrive. The Mahabad Republic faced its most difficult challenge as Iranian forces planned to reclaim Mahabad, following the seizure of Iranian Azerbaijan in December 1946. Though some opposition remained, eventually the sides turned to negotiations. The Barzanis, including the Peshmerga and their families, withdrew to Naqada on December 15, 1946, and the Iranian military entered Mahabad, officially ending the one-year life of the Kurdish Republic.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: Despite the attempts to disarm Mahabad forces, the Peshmerga succeeded in smuggling out much of their weaponry. In March 1947, they faced their Iranian foes once again. In various battles throughout mid-March, the Peshmerga defended themselves against numerous offensives as Iranian forces continued their attacks, often recruiting rival Kurdish tribes to oust the Barzanis. The Peshmerga even achieved several victories, among which was the Battle of Nalos, where Peshmerga forces effectively used their artillery to kill many Iranian soldiers, including Colonel Kalashi, the Iranian regiment commander, and took many prisoners of war. The ambush of an Iranian military column also resulted in the deaths of fifty Iranian soldiers and the capture of Iranian Lieutenant Jahanbani, son of General Jahanbani. However, with his forces withering under the continuous attack, Mustafa Barzani realized the need to flee Iran and cross the border into Iraqi Kurdistan.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: The Peshmerga and Barzani leadership crossed into Iraq in two waves, and though successful in overcoming the Iraqi police and "jash" forces, whom they met on their way to Barzan, Sheikh Ahmed Barzani was arrested by the Iraqi government and Mustafa Barzani was requested to surrender. When the Iraqis began to mobilize troops to seek Mustafa's defeat and surrender, he decided on evacuation towards the Soviet Union. The journey began in May 1947, with the forces of Barzani engaging in skirmishes with the Iranian military on their way.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: On June 9, 1947, the Peshmerga attacked the flank of an army column. During the two-pronged attack, led by both Mustafa Barzani and As'ad Khoshavi, the Peshmerga killed hundreds of Iranian soldiers, destroyed several tanks, knocked out an artillery battery and downed an Iranian aircraft. After evading or engaging the Iranian army throughout their trip, the Barzanis, along with over 500 Peshmerga and their families, crossed the Araxes River into the Soviet Union on June 18, 1947.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: The United States exerted intense pressure on the Soviet Union in stages to force the withdrawal of the Red Army from Iran and reduce Soviet influence. Following an official U.S. protest, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 2, on January 30, 1946; the Soviets replied on March 24, 1946, and pledged immediate withdrawal, but in fact remained for a few more weeks.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: In a second stage through the spring, the U.S. supported the Iranian complaint against Soviet actions lodged with the Security Council in Resolution 3 and Resolution 5.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: In a third stage in mid December 1946, the U.S. supported the shah's government in sending the Iranian army to re-occupy Mahabad and Azerbaijan. The leaders of the Azerbaijan enclave in Iran fled to the Azerbaijan SSR, and the leaders of the Kurdish Republic were tried and sentenced to death. They were hanged in Chwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad in 1947.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: A fourth stage was initiated in 1947 and centered on the issue of Soviet designs on Iran's northern oil resources. Following the election that year of a new Majlis, the newly elected deputies were reluctant to ratify the Soviet-Iranian oil agreement, which had been concluded under duress in March 1946 and had granted the Soviets 51% ownership and "de facto" control. On September 11, 1947, U.S. ambassador George V. Allen publicly decried intimidation and coercion used by foreign governments to secure commercial concessions in Iran, and promised full U.S. support for Iran to freely decide about its own natural resources. With this unequivocal encouragement, the Majlis refused to ratify the Soviet oil agreement on October 22, 1947; the vote was 102 to 2.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: This conflict was one of the first episodes of the Cold War outside Europe, and was a factor in the evolving and increasingly contentious political relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union, which followed their joint victory in World War II. According to Lenczowski, U.S. President Truman's actions laid the foundations of U.S. relations with Iran, and were based on his understanding of the nature of the Soviet system and its expansionist proclivities, as well as on his conviction that Soviet threats and aggression should be contained, with force if necessary.


title: Iran crisis of 1946

text: Soviet influence and expansion occurred elsewhere in Southwest Asia also and led to the Truman Doctrine of the Cold War. Taking Truman's cue, successive U.S. presidents enlarged and refined their policies toward Iran by extending economic and technical assistance, strengthening its military potential, establishing closer cultural ties, and integrating Iran into the regional security system encompassing the other countries of the 'Northern Tier' of the Middle East and the Persian Gulf.


title: Pinduoduo

text: Pinduoduo (; Pinyin: Pīn duōduō) is a subsidiary of PDD Holdings. It leverages technology to promote and enable the traditional agriculture industry. It has created a platform that connects farmers with consumers directly. In 2021, 16 million farmers supplied their fruits and vegetables to Pinduoduo users.


title: Pinduoduo

text: As of December 31, 2021, Pinduoduo has generated RMB 2.44 trillion (US$383 billion) gross merchandise value (GMV) in the last twelve months. For the 12 months ending on March 31, 2022, Pinduoduo's annual active buyers reached 881.9 million.


title: Pinduoduo

text: Founded in 2015 by PDD Holdings, Pinduoduo started as an agriculture online retailer before transitioning to a third-party platform model connecting merchants and consumers across multiple product categories.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In 2019, Pinduoduo invested in building an agriculture-focused logistics infosystem that employs smart algorithms to better plan transportation routes. The logistics system laid the foundations for a next-day, click-and-collect grocery service, Duo Duo Grocery, in August 2020, as a response to the changing consumer needs for buying groceries in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. As traditional wholesale markets closed during the pandemic outbreak, Pinduoduo worked with rural communities to sell unsold produce directly to consumers, helping farmers to avoid financial losses. The Duo Duo Grocey distribution network has come in handy during times of emergency in helping to ensure access to food and basic supplies. In July 2021, Pinduoduo converted its distribution centres in Henan into temporary food banks, handing out essentials like rice, noodles and bottled water.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In 2020, Pinduoduo launched an annual Smart Agriculture Competition to encourage data scientists and agricultural researchers to develop cost-effective and easy-to-use technology that can help boost productivity for smallholder farmers.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In September 2022, Pinduoduo’s sister company Temu was launched in the U.S. by PDD Holdings. Wired reported Temu, "adds thousands of new products each day".


title: Pinduoduo

text: As a platform connecting millions of farmers and consumers, Pinduoduo sees the potential for technology to bring positive changes to the millenia-old activity of agriculture. The company’s "Tech for Agri" approach is centered on increasing market accessibility, improving digital inclusion and literacy, and fostering innovation as key enablers for agricultural modernization.


title: Pinduoduo

text: Pinduoduo’s digital platform improves the matching of buyers and sellers in agriculture, giving millions of farmers the opportunity to boost their incomes through direct access to a wider consumer market, from which they had largely been excluded.


title: Pinduoduo

text: To ensure that farmers are equipped with the right digital skills and to enlarge the talent pool for digital agriculture, Pinduoduo has developed a comprehensive suite of online courses to teach farmers grow their online businesses. The company has trained more than 100,000 e-commerce savvy New "Farmers", who have gone on inspire others in their communities to follow suit.


title: Pinduoduo

text: Pinduoduo works with top universities to undertake research into ways to boost the productivity of agriculture while reducing its impact on the environment. The company has organized an annual Smart Agriculture Competition since 2020 that challenges data scientists and agricultural researchers to develop practical precision farming technology as part of efforts to promote sustainable, innovation-led growth in agriculture.


title: Pinduoduo

text: Users can discover and purchase products from a wide range of sellers. What sets Pinduoduo apart is the social aspect where users can easily share what they have browsed or purchased with their social network to shop together. Users get a clear benefit of shopping together while still having the convenience of getting the product shipped to them individually. This drives greater sales volume for sellers, allowing them to continue offering value-for-money prices due to economies of scale. Pinduoduo scored higher than its online peers in the brand attributes of adventurous, fun, and playful.


title: Pinduoduo

text: Pinduoduo has pioneered the concept of "consumer to manufacturer" (“C2M”) to help merchants tailor make products for its diverse user base. The consumer-to-manufacturing (C2M) model aims to provide real time information to producers so that they can produce according to fast changing consumer demand. By cutting down on unnecessary production and guess work, fewer resources are needed and the cost savings can be passed on to consumers.


title: Pinduoduo

text: Thus far, Pinduoduo has partnered with a variety of manufacturers in different industries to develop tailor-made products for its users. According to MIT Technology Review, in 2019, 106 manufacturer-owned brands were launched on Pinduoduo.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In April 2020, Pinduoduo made its first strategic investment by subscribing to US$200 million in convertible bonds issued by Gome Retail Holding, a major household appliance and electronics retailer in China. This investment is expected to strengthen Pinduoduo's position in the household appliances and electronics sector and also accelerate its push into C2M, with more tailor-made appliances made available to its users.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In August 2021, Pinduoduo announced it would launch a dedicated "10 Billion Agriculture Initiative" to face and address critical needs in the agricultural sector and rural areas.


title: Pinduoduo

text: Pinduoduo applies the most stringent measure on counterfeit goods in China by adopting a 10x penalty policy. It is stricter than the three times penalty required under the Chinese law. If the platform finds a product to be fake, it would impose a penalty on the merchant that is ten times the total value of the entire batch of problematic goods. This implies potentially huge losses for merchants found guilty and has sparked merchant protests at Pinduoduo offices as a result.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In November 2018, Pinduoduo launched an online Intellectual Property Protection portal to communicate with brand owners. By late 2019, over 12,000 brand owners had registered their IP rights on the Pinduoduo protection program.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In 2020, Pinduoduo introduced mini programs that enable users to verify the authenticity of branded products. The mini programs are tailored to the unique features of each brand and provide consumers with the manufacturing information and supply chain details of the product they have purchased.


title: Pinduoduo

text: On June 7, 2018, China Legal Evening News reported that Pinduoduo investigated and shut down stores and removed listings that violated its platform policy against pornography and violence, following an earlier report by the newspaper.


title: Pinduoduo

text: On January 20, 2019, Pinduoduo reported the theft by hackers of tens of millions of Yuan in coupons to the police. An online collective of users exploited a loophole in Pinduoduo's system and stole tens of millions of yuan worth of discount vouchers. The company notified the police about the incident.


title: Pinduoduo

text: On July 5, 2022, a Shanghai court dismissed a local resident’s lawsuit accusing Pinduoduo of cheating in a promotional event.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In 2020, the Economist included Pinduoduo in a new acronym, TAMP, to reflect the new order of companies that are “remodelling the upper reaches of China’s cyberspace.”


title: Pinduoduo

text: Pinduoduo was one of three technology companies commended by China’s central government for their contributions to poverty alleviation efforts.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In 2021, Pinduoduo won the Domestic E-Tailer of the Year — China award at the Retail Asia Awards for its work in transforming manufacturing with its consumer-to-manufacturer (C2M) innovation.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In 2022, Pinduoduo was the only Chinese company included in the American business magazine Fast Company’s list of the top 10 most innovative logistics companies of 2022.


title: Pinduoduo

text: In 2022, Pinduoduo was awarded the ESG Initiative of the Year - China award at the 17th Retail Asia Awards for its efforts in creating more sustainable streams of income for small-scale farmers through online commerce.


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: "All Night Long (All Night)" is a hit single by American singer and songwriter Lionel Richie from 1983. Taken from his second solo album, "Can't Slow Down" (1983), it combined Richie's soulful Commodores style with Caribbean influences. This single reached number one on three "Billboard" charts (pop, R&B and adult contemporary). In the UK, it peaked at number two on the singles chart.


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: The song lyrics were written primarily in English, but Richie has admitted in at least one press interview that "African" lyrics in the song, such as "Tom bo li de say de moi ya" and "Jambo jumbo", were in fact his sui generis dialects. Richie has described these portions of the song as a "wonderful joke", written when he discovered that he lacked the time to hire a translator to contribute the foreign-language lyrics he wished to include in the song.


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: "Cash Box" summed up its review of the single saying "Richie’s command of these diverse musical elements and shifts in melodic direction is as impressive as it is pleasureable."


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: An accompanying music video for "All Night Long (All Night)" was produced by former Monkee and TV video pioneer Michael Nesmith and directed by Bob Rafelson.


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: The song was used in the pilot episode for "Miami Vice", "Brother's Keeper". While Richie was supposed to appear in the episode to sing it, he was on tour at the time and couldn't make it to the filming location; an unnamed band plays the song in the episode.


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: Richie recorded a new version of the song with Australian singer Guy Sebastian in 2011. All proceeds went towards the Queensland floods and New Zealand earthquake appeal. The re-recorded version was produced by RedOne and was released to iTunes Stores in Australia and New Zealand on 18 and 16 March, respectively.


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: It debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number twelve on 21 March 2011 and on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart at number twenty-six on 28 March 2011.


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: In 2018, English singer, arranger, composer, producer, and multi-instrumentalist Jacob Collier collaborated with Take 6 and the Metropole Orkest on a version of "All Night Long". Collier's arrangement won the 2020 Grammy Award for "Best Arrangement, Instruments and Vocals". The version was included on Collier's studio album, "Djesse Vol. 1" (2018). The album peaked at number six on the Billboard Top Classical Albums and Top Jazz Albums.


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: In 2019, Swedish singer Benjamin Ingrosso recorded a version at the Spotify studios, Stockholm. It was released in March 2019 and peaked at number 5 on the Swedish charts and was certified platinum in June 2019. The rearranged version of the song, titled as "All Night Long (All Night) [2020 Edit]" was released on 17 July 2020.


title: All Night Long (All Night)

text: Parts of the song were used in "I Like It", a 2010 song composed by Enrique Iglesias, Pitbull, and RedOne with samplings from Lionel Richie as the 1983 classic is interpolated after the first and third choruses.


title: Youssef Khater

text: Youssef Khater is a Danish fraudster who was convicted of attempted murder in Chile and fraud in Denmark. He previously served for 10 years in the Royal Danish Navy. Khater was dishonorably discharged at the age of 28 for fraud.


title: Youssef Khater

text: Khater was arrested in 2009 for fraud, arson, embezzlement, and forgery but did not appear for his January 2011 trial. He was convicted of attempted murder of a Texan woman in Chile.


title: Youssef Khater

text: He ran a marathon in Costa Rica in 2015. In 2017, he was arrested and released in Puerto Viejo de Talamanca.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The KTH Royal Institute of Technology (), abbreviated KTH, is a public research university in Stockholm, Sweden. KTH conducts research and education in engineering and technology and is Sweden's largest technical university. Currently, KTH consists of five schools with four campuses in and around Stockholm.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: KTH was established in 1827 as the "Teknologiska institutet (Institute of Technology)" and had its roots in the "Mekaniska skolan (School of Mechanics)" that was established in 1798 in Stockholm. But the origin of KTH dates back to the predecessor of the "Mekaniska skolan", the "Laboratorium mechanicum", which was established in 1697 by the Swedish scientist and innovator Christopher Polhem. The Laboratorium mechanicum combined education technology, a laboratory, and an exhibition space for innovations. In 1877 KTH received its current name, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan (KTH Royal Institute of Technology). The Swedish king, Carl XVI Gustaf, is the patron of KTH.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: KTH's earliest Swedish predecessor was the Laboratorium Mechanicum, a collection of mechanical models for teaching created in 1697 by Christopher Polhem. Polhem is considered to be the father of mechanics in Sweden. He founded the laboratorium as a school and research facility in the engineering field of mechanics after his extensive trips, studies and research abroad. The mechanical models that formed the basis of the education were used intermittently for teaching practical mechanics by different masters until the School of Mechanics ("Mekaniska skolan") was founded in 1798. In 1827 the School of Mechanics was transformed into the Technological Institute ("Teknologiska institutet"), following the establishment of polytechnical schools in many European countries the early years of the 19th century, often based on the model of École polytechnique in Paris.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The institute had one professor in chemistry and one in physics, and one class in mechanical engineering and one in chemical engineering. During the first years, however, teaching was at a very elementary level, and more aimed at craftsmanship rather than engineering as such. The institute was also plagued by conflicts between the faculty and the founder and head of the institute, Gustaf Magnus Schwartz, who was responsible for the artisanal focus of the institute. A government committee was appointed in 1844 to solve the issues, which led to removing Schwartz in 1845. Instead, Joachim Åkerman, the head of the School of Mining in Falun and a former professor of chemistry at KTH, took over. He led a full reorganisation of the institute in 1846–1848, after which he returned to his post in Falun. An entrance test and a minimum age of 16 for students was introduced, which led to creating proper engineering training at the institute. In 1851, the engineering program was extended from two years to three.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: In the late 1850s, the institute entered a time of expansion. In 1863, it received its own purpose-built buildings on Drottninggatan. In 1867, its regulations were again overhauled, to state explicitly that the institute should provide scientific training to its students. In 1869, the School of Mining in Falun was moved to Stockholm and merged with the institute. In 1871, the institute took over the civil engineering course formerly arranged by the Higher Artillery College in Marieberg.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: In 1877, the name was changed into the current one, which changed KTH's status from Institute ("institut") to College ("högskola"), and some courses were extended from three years to four. Architecture was also added to the curriculum.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: In 1915, the degree titles conferred by KTH received legal protection. In the late 19th century, it had become common to use the title "civilingenjör" (literally "civil engineer") for most KTH-trained engineers, and not just those who studied building and construction-related subjects. The only exception was the mining engineers, which called themselves "bergsingenjör" ("mountain engineer"). For a while, the title "civilingenjör" was equal to "KTH graduate" but in 1937, Chalmers in Gothenburg became the second Swedish engineering college which were allowed to confirm these titles.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: In 1917, the first buildings of KTH's new campus on were completed, and still constitute its main campus.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: Although the engineering education of the late 19th and early 20th century were scientifically founded, up until the early 20th century, research as such was not seen as a central activity of an Institute of Technology. Those engineering graduates which went on to academic research had to earn their doctorates, typically in physics or chemistry, at a regular university. In 1927, KTH was finally granted the right to confer its own doctorates, under the designation "Teknologie doktor" (Doctor of Technology), and the first five doctors were created in 1929.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: In 1984, the "civilingenjör" programs at all Swedish universities were extended from four years to 4.5. From 1989, the shorter programs in technology arranged by the municipal polytechnical schools in Sweden was gradually extended and moved into the university system, from 1989 as two-year programs and from 1995 alternatively as three-year programs. For KTH, this meant that additional campuses around the Stockholm area were added.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: In the present-day, KTH provides one-third of Sweden's research and engineering education. In 2019, there were a total of 13,500 undergraduate students, 1,700 doctoral students, and 3,600 staff members at the university.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: After the American deployment of nuclear weapons at the end of World War II, the Swedish military leadership recognized the need for nuclear weapons to be thoroughly investigated and researched to provide Sweden with the knowledge to defend itself from a nuclear attack. With the mission to "make something with neutrons", the Swedish team, with scientists like Rolf Maximilian Sievert, set out to research the subject and eventually build a nuclear reactor for testing.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: After a few years of basic research, they started building a 300 kW (later expanded to 1 MW) reactor, named "Reaktor 1" ("R1"), in a reactor hall 25 meters under the surface right underneath KTH. Today this might seem ill-considered, since approximately 40,000 people lived within a 1 km radius. It was risky, but was deemed tolerable since the reactor was an important research tool for scientists at the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences ("Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien").


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: At 18:59 on 13 July 1954, the reactor achieved criticality and sustained Sweden's first nuclear reaction. R1 was to be the main site for almost all Swedish nuclear research until 1970 when the reactor was finally decommissioned, mostly due to the increased awareness of the risks associated with operating a reactor in a densely populated area of Stockholm.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The motto of KTH, "Vetenskap och konst," is directly translated as "Science and Art." Here, the word "konst" (art) does not necessarily refer to creative art as the word typically does in its English usage. Rather, "konst" paired with "vetenskap" (science) more precisely describes the "konst" of putting scientific knowledge into practice; that is, through "ingenjörskonst" (engineering, literally "art of the engineer"). Hence, another possible translation of the motto is "Science and the Art of its Application."


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: KTH is organized into five schools individually responsible for education and research activities. Each of the schools head a number of departments, centres of excellence, and study programmes. The schools are:


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: These are placements for KTH's subject areas on THE, QS, ARWU as well as U.S. News & World Report lists for 2019.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: KTH Campus is the main campus of KTH located in the area of Östermalm. The main buildings by architect , were completed in 1917. The bells of the clock-tower were completed ten years later in 1927 at the 10 year anniversary of the transformation of the School of Mechanics to the Technological Institute. The buildings and surroundings were decorated by prominent early 20th-century Swedish artists such as Carl Milles, Axel Törneman, Georg Pauli, Tore Strindberg and Ivar Johnsson. The older buildings on the campus were renovated heavily in 1994. While the original campus was large at the time of construction, KTH very soon outgrew it, and the campus has since been expanded with new buildings. KTH Campus is still the base for most of the university's operations.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: In the 1980s, the predecessor to the current School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (at KTH) located some of their operations to a campus in Kista, Stockholm. Kista is situated north of central Stockholm and is Sweden's largest corporate center and one of the most important ICT clusters in the world. The area is home to over a thousand companies in the ICT sector, for example Ericsson, Volvo, IBM, Tele2, TietoEnator, Microsoft, Intel and Oracle.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: Since 2002, the current School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (at KTH) has had a part of its activities in Flemingsberg, Stockholm. Flemingsberg is an area of high academic density and one of northern Europe's most important areas for biotechnology, both in terms of research and industrial activities. Södertörn University and the Karolinska Institute also conducts education and research in Flemingsberg, often in collaboration with KTH.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: KTH Södertälje is the southernmost and smallest KTH campus, located in the city of Södertälje. Education at KTH Södertälje is constantly developed via a close co-operation with the town's business community and in particular major Södertälje companies such as Scania and AstraZeneca. KTH offers both bachelor's and master's level courses on the campus, mainly focused on mechanical engineering, logistics, production and product development.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The library at the Royal Institute of Technology ("Kungliga Tekniska högskolans bibliotek", KTHB) is Sweden's largest library for technology and basic sciences. The foundation for the library was laid in 1827, when KTH was founded in Stockholm. The main library is located on KTH's main campus in central Stockholm. The KTH library is a central academic meeting place at KTH, and an arena for collaboration. The library also has two branch libraries, in Kista and Södertälje.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: KTH Library supports the academic and digital skills of students and researchers. The library promotes open access publishing and provides the university with analyses that support and make it easier to make strategic decisions. One of the goals is to increase the awareness of KTH's research. The library's main purpose is to strengthen the quality of education and research.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The foundation for the library was created in 1827 when the Institute of Technology was founded in Stockholm. The institute's first director, Gustav Magnus Schwartz, made a study trip to France, Germany and England, where he bought books for the institute's library. The first collection of 800 books consisted mainly of books on crafts. In 1845, Professor Joachim Åkerman became the institute's new director. During his time, the library focused entirely on scientific literature. In 1869, Falu Bergsskola was transferred to the institute, and 2 000 books in metallurgy and chemistry were incorporated into the library collection.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The library currently focuses on electronic books and journals, and it is also responsible for the KTH part of DiVA, the institutional repository for research publications, where all KTH publications are collected.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The library has extensive printed collections that have been built up over time. The rare books collection consists of 60,000 volumes from 1827 to 1960 and is located in the main library.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The main library is housed in a building from 1917 designed by architect Erik Lallerstedt, who also designed the rest of the university's then new campus.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The building was later rebuilt several times, and in the 1950s the former open courtyard was built in. During the period 2000–2002, the building was rebuilt according to drawings by architect Per Ahrbom. The extension from the 1950s was demolished and a new entrance and office building with a glass facade were erected.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The courtyard is the library's central room, and the rest of the library is grouped around the courtyard. Old facades have been renovated, both towards the courtyard and towards the streets. Inside, the old part of the house has been renovated and regained much of the original architecture.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The renovation and extension of the library has won several architectural awards. In 2004, Per Ahrbom was awarded the “Helgopriset”.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The title was "överdirektor" first, then "föreståndare" and from the beginning of the 20th century "rektor".


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: KTH Great Prize is a prize annually awarded by KTH. The distributed amount was SEK 1,200,000 in 2019.


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: The recipient of the award must also be a Swedish citizen. Usually, the prize is awarded to a single prize winner, but it has happened that two or three prize winners have shared the prize. The list of recipients is at .


title: KTH Royal Institute of Technology

text: KTH has been awarded the title "European University" by the European Commission. Together with 6 other European technical universities, KTH has formed the alliance UNITE! (University Network for Innovation, Technology and Engineering). The aim of the network is to create a trans-European campus, to introduce trans-European curricula, to promote scientific cooperation between the members and to strengthen knowledge transfer between the countries. The alliance includes the Technische Universität Darmstadt, Aalto University, KTH, the Polytechnic University of Turin, the Polytechnic University of Catalonia and the University of Lisbon.


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: Speak, published in 1999, is a young adult novel by Laurie Halse Anderson that tells the story of high school freshman Melinda Sordino. After Melinda is raped at an end of summer party, she calls the police, who break up the party. Melinda is then ostracized by her peers because she will not say why she called the police. Unable to verbalize what happened, Melinda nearly stops speaking altogether, expressing her voice through the art she produces for Mr. Freeman's class. This expression slowly helps Melinda acknowledge what happened, face her problems, and recreate her identity.


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: "Speak "is considered a problem novel, or trauma novel. Melinda's story is written in a diary format, consisting of a nonlinear plot and jumpy narrative that mimics the trauma she experienced. Additionally, Anderson employs intertextual symbolism in the narrative, incorporating fairy tale imagery, such as Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter", and author Maya Angelou, to further represent Melinda's trauma.


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: The novel was based on Anderson's personal experience of having been raped as a teenager and the trauma she faced.


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: Since its publication, the novel has won several awards and has been translated into sixteen languages. However, the book has faced censorship for its mature content. In 2004, Jessica Sharzer directed the film adaptation, starring Kristen Stewart as Melinda.


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: "Speak: The Graphic Novel," illustrated by Emily Carroll, was published by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux February 6, 2018. A 20th anniversary version of the novel featuring additional content was released in 2019 alongside the author's memoir, "Shout".


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: The summer before her freshman year of high school, Melinda Sordino meets senior Andy Evans at a high school party. During the party, Andy rapes a drunken Melinda. In shock, Melinda calls 9-1-1, but does not know what to say and runs home. The police come and break up the party, and some people are arrested. Due to Melinda calling police to the party, she becomes ostracized by her peers and abandoned by her friends.


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: Melinda does not tell anyone what happened to her, and nobody asks. Melinda is befriended by Heather, a girl from Ohio who is new to the community. However, once Heather realizes that Melinda is depressed and an outcast, she ditches Melinda to sit with the "Marthas," a group of girls who seem charitable and outgoing, but are actually selfish and cruel. As Melinda's depression deepens, she begins to skip school, withdrawing from her already distant parents and other authority figures, who see her silence as means of getting "attention". She slowly befriends her lab partner, David Petrakis, who encourages her to speak up for herself.


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: Near the end of the book, Melinda's ex-best friend Rachel, who has been dating Andy, breaks up with him on prom night after Melinda tells her Andy had raped her at the party. Realizing only one other person could've told Rachel, Andy attacks Melinda in an abandoned janitor's closet, where Melinda spends most of her time to avoid her peers. Melinda fights back against Andy, and her screaming attracts the attention of students, who open the closet door and witness Andy attacking Melinda. When word spreads about Andy's attack in the closet and the truth about what happened at the party is revealed, the students no longer treat Melinda as an outcast but as a hero instead. Melinda tells her story to her art teacher, Mr. Freeman, and she regains her voice.


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: "Speak" is written for young adults and middle/high school students. Labeled a problem novel, it centers on a character who gains the strength to overcome her trauma. The rape troubles Melinda as she struggles with wanting to repress the memory of the event, while simultaneously desiring to speak about it. Knox College English Professor Barbara Tanner-Smith calls "Speak" a trauma narrative, as the novel allows readers to identify with Melinda's struggles. Hofstra University Writing Studies and Rhetoric Professor Lisa DeTora considers "Speak" a coming-of-age novel, citing Melinda's "quest to claim a voice and identity". "Booklist" calls "Speak" an empowerment novel. According to author Chris McGee, Melinda is more than a victim. Melinda gains power from being silent as much as speaking. McGee considers "Speak" a confessional narrative; adults in Melinda's life constantly demand a "confession" from her.


title: Speak (Anderson novel)

text: Similarly, author and Florida State University Professor Don Latham sees "Speak" as a "coming-out" story. He claims that Melinda uses both a literal and metaphorical closet to conceal and to cope with having been raped.