title: Iran–Israel relations

text: In a 2009 interview, American diplomat John Bolton argued that the Iran–Israel relationship had deteriorated to the point that it might be "wise" for Israel to preemptively attack Iran's nuclear research facilities. To destroy the facilities, while not a permanent solution to ending Iran's nuclear ambitions, he argued, might delay the progress of Iranian nuclear research for long enough that regime change could occur before the development of a nuclear weapon took place. He cited as an example the case of the apartheid government of South Africa, which renounced their efforts to pursue nuclear weapons after the Mandela government came to power.


title: Iran–Israel relations

text: In April 2009, Army General David Petraeus said "the Israeli government may ultimately see itself so threatened by the prospect of an Iranian nuclear weapon that it would take preemptive military action to derail or delay it." On 17 September 2009, Ze'ev Elkin said that the delivery by Russia of S-300 missiles may prompt Israel to strike Iran. However, in June 2010 Russia voted for UN sanctions to prevent the S-300 missile sale.


title: Iran–Israel relations

text: Iran consistently claimed that its nuclear program is purely for civilian purposes, and that it has no intention of ever utilizing its peaceful nuclear program to develop nuclear weapons. During the course of Iran's recent history, specifically during the Iran-Iraq war, Iran has experienced significant outages of its commercial electricity grid. Iran has also continuously claimed that it intends to ultimately export part of the electricity produced by its nuclear reactors to its regional neighbors, as a way of diversifying its mainly oil-based economy to more diversified revenue streams.


title: Iran–Israel relations

text: German Defense Minister Thomas de Maiziere said in 2012 that an Israeli attack would be unlikely to succeed.


title: Iran–Israel relations

text: Iran's former foreign minister, Manouchehr Mottaki declared that Israel was not capable of an attack and still recovering from the 2006 war in Lebanon. The Iranian Chief of the Revolutionary Guards, Mohammad Ali Jafari said Israel was within the reach of Iranian missiles and Iran would close the Strait of Hormuz, cutting off two-fifths of the global oil supply. Iran has the capability to close the Strait of Hormuz or impede traffic for a month or more, and any U.S. attempts to reopen it could escalate the conflict.


title: Iran–Israel relations

text: According to Mohammad Ali Jafari "If Israel military aggresses against sovereignty and independence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the country will use its right, established under international law which unequivocally establishes the right to defend its sovereignty by all lawful means available to it. Moreover, if such aggression is penetrated, the United Nations will be obliged to repulse such an aggression towards its sovereign member".


title: Iran–Israel relations

text: On 7 February 2010, Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said the destruction of Israel was assured. According to the "Tehran Times", Khamenei told Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Ramadan Abdullah Shallah, "Israel is going downhill toward decline and fall and God willing its obliteration is certain". Khamenei went on to call Israel "a symbol of atrocity, viciousness, and ugliness," and said the West's "support for the Zionist regime is ineffective." Former Iranian President Ahmadinejad's chief of staff, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, said that if Israel attacked Iran it would be destroyed within a week.


title: Iran–Israel relations

text: On June 24, 2022, Iran claimed that Yair Lapid's allegations of an Iranian conspiracy to assassinate Israelis in Istanbul were "ridiculous" and intended to sour relations between Iran and Turkey.


title: Iran–Israel relations

text: On July 15, 2022, the Iranian military cautioned Israel and the US not to use force against Iran, “The Americans and Zionists (Israel) know very well the price for using the word 'force against Iran," State media cited Brigadier General Abolfazl Shekarchi, spokesman for the Iranian armed forces.


title: Li Shufu

text: Li Shufu (; born 25 June 1963) is a Chinese billionaire businessman. He is the founder and chairman of Geely.


title: Li Shufu

text: On 28 March 2010, Geely signed a deal worth US$1.8 billion to buy Swedish automobile manufacturer Volvo Cars from American automobile manufacturer Ford Motor Company. It was the largest foreign purchase by a Chinese car manufacturer. Along with $900m of working capital from Geely and a commitment to build a Volvo factory in China, Li had a target of driving sales to 600,000 by 2015 in the domestic market.


title: Li Shufu

text: In 2013, Hurun Report ranked Li the 63rd richest person in mainland China, with a net worth of US$2.6 billion.


title: Li Shufu

text: Li announced in November 2018 that he has entered into an agreement with the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp. to build a new line of supersonic bullet trains. The plan is for the trains to run using newly developed technology. Li said, "Core technology can't be bought. The more you use others' technology, the more reliant you become. We have to innovate on our own. The journey will be tough but the prospects are promising."


title: Li Shufu

text: In 2018, according to the "Financial Times", Li has become Daimler's largest shareholder, with a 9.7% stake in the German automaker.


title: Li Shufu

text: In March 2020, Li was in talks with Volvo Cars to merge with Geely in his move to create a global automaker. Both Volvo and Geely are owned by Li's investment fund Zhejiang Geely Holding Group, but are being operated as separate entities.


title: Li Shufu

text: Geely Group sponsored China's Jia B League team Guangzhou F.C. in 2001. However, after the 2001 China Jia B League Match Fixing, at the end of the season, Li ended his involvement in football sponsorship and was quoted as saying, "We won't come back until the Chinese football environment gets better."


title: Li Shufu

text: Li is an independent non-party affiliated delegate to the 13th National People's Congress, serving as one of the 94 delegates selected from Zhejiang.


title: Li Shufu

text: Li has criticized the automotive industry joint venture system in China as producing large profits for foreign original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and Tier 1 suppliers at the expense of innovation, quality and technology advancement by Chinese automotive OEMs. According to Li, this has led to complacency by domestic automotive OEMs by relying on profits from foreign partners through joint ventures instead of driving their own organisations to hire talent and improve, knowing they would control half of joint ventures run with profitable overseas manufacturers that generate healthy sales. He has previously argued for state-owned automotive manufacturers to partner with privately run companies.


title: Jean-Michel Macron

text: Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (; born 1950) is a French doctor and professor of neurology at the University of Picardy. He is the father of French president Emmanuel Macron.


title: Jean-Michel Macron

text: Jean-Michel Macron was born in 1950. His father was André Macron (1920–2010), a railway executive, and his mother was Jacqueline Macron (1922–1998), "née" Robertson, of half English origin. He wrote a thesis on feline neurology in 1981.


title: Jean-Michel Macron

text: Macron is a professor of neurology at the University of Picardy, specializing in sleep disorders and epilepsy.


title: Jean-Michel Macron

text: Macron has published in academic journals such as "Neuroscience Letters", "Brain Research", "NeuroReport" and "Neurosurgery" on sneezing in cats. Macron has 28 publications as author or co-author in the PubMed database.


title: Jean-Michel Macron

text: Jean-Michel Macron was first married to Françoise Noguès, a physician based in Amiens. She is the daughter of Jean Noguès and his wife Germaine Noguès ("née" Arribet, died 2013), both teachers. The first child of Jean-Michel and Françoise Macron died as an infant. They then had three children: Emmanuel (born 1977, the current President of France and husband of Brigitte Macron, "née" Trogneux), Laurent (born 1979, a radiologist and husband of Sabine Aimot, an obstetrician gynecologist), and Estelle (born 1982, a nephrologist and wife of Carl Franjou, an engineer).


title: Jean-Michel Macron

text: After the divorce of Jean-Michel and Françoise Macron, Jean-Michel Macron married Hélène Joly, a psychiatrist at the Centre Hospitalier Philippe Pinel in Dury, Somme.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: The major system (also called the phonetic number system, phonetic mnemonic system, or Herigone's mnemonic system) is a mnemonic technique used to aid in memorizing numbers.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: The system works by converting numbers into consonants, then into words by adding vowels. The system works on the principle that images can be remembered more easily than numbers.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: One notable explanation of this system was given in Martin Gardner's book "The First Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions" (just "Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions" in the UK edition), which has since been republished in "The New Martin Gardner Mathematical Library" as "Hexaflexagons, Probability Paradoxes, and the Tower of Hanoi". In this, Gardner traces the history of the system back to Pierre Hérigone and Richard Grey with uses by Lewis Carroll and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: Each numeral is associated with one or more consonants. (In other words, the link is to the sound, not the letter. For example, the letters C in "cat", "Cynthia", and "cello" each have different values in the system – 7, 0, and 6, respectively.) Vowels, semivowels and the consonant /h/ are ignored. These can be used as "fillers" to make sensible words from the resulting consonant sequences. A standard mapping is:


title: Mnemonic major system

text: The groups of similar sounds and the rules for applying the mappings are almost always fixed, but other hooks and mappings can be used as long as the person using the system can remember them and apply them consistently.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: Each numeral maps to a set of similar sounds with similar mouth and tongue positions. The link is phonetic, that is to say, it is the consonant sounds that matter, not the spelling. Therefore, a word like "action" would encode the number "762" (/k/-/ʃ/-/n/), not "712" ("k"-"t"-"n"). Double letters are disregarded when not pronounced separately, e.g. "muddy" encodes "31" (/m/-/d/), not "311", but "midday" encodes "311" (/m/-/d/-/d/) while "accept" encodes "7091" (/k/-/s/-/p/-/t/) since the "d"s and "c"s are pronounced separately. "x" encodes "70" when pronounced as /ks/ or /gz/ (e.g. in "fax" and "exam") and "76" when pronounced /kʃ/ or /gʒ/ (e.g. in "anxious" or "luxury"); "z" encodes "10" when pronounced /ts/ (e.g. in "pizza"). In "ghost" ("701", /ɡ/-/s/-/t/) and "enough" ("28", /n/-/f/), "gh" is being encoded by different numerals. Usually, a rhotic accent is assumed, e.g. "fear" would encode "84" (/f/-/r/) rather than "8" (/f/).


title: Mnemonic major system

text: Often the mapping is compact. "Hindquarters", for example, translates unambiguously to "2174140" (/n/-/d/-/k/-/r/-/t/-/r/-/z/), which amounts to a twelve-letter word encoded by seven digits in seven letters, and can be easily visualized.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: For most people it would be easier to remember "3.1415927" (an approximation of the mathematical constant pi) as:


title: Mnemonic major system

text: Short term visual memory of imagined scenes allows large numbers of digits to be memorized with ease. Longer-term memory may require the formulation of more object-related mnemonics with greater logical connection, perhaps forming grammatical sentences that apply to the matter rather than just strings of images.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: The system can be employed with phone numbers. One would typically make up multiple words, preferably a sentence, or an ordered sequence of images featuring the owner of the number.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: The Major System can be combined with a peg system for remembering lists, and is sometimes used also as a method of generating the pegs. It can also be combined with other memory techniques such as rhyming, substitute words, or the method of loci. Repetition and concentration using the ordinary memory is still required.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: An advantage of the major system is that it is possible to use a computer to automatically translate the number into a set of words. One can then pick the best of several alternatives. Such programs include "Numzi" "Rememberg" "Fonbee", the freeware "2Know", and the website "pinfruit".


title: Mnemonic major system

text: A different memory system, the method of loci, was taught to schoolchildren for centuries, at least until 1584, "when Puritan reformers declared it unholy for encouraging bizarre and irreverent images." The same objection can be made over the major system, with or without the method of loci. Mental images may be easier to remember if they are insulting, violent, or obscene (see Von Restorff effect).


title: Mnemonic major system

text: Pierre Hérigone (1580–1643) devised the earliest version of the major system. The system was further developed by Stanislaus Mink von Wennsshein in the 17th century. It was later elaborated upon by other users. In 1730, Richard Grey set forth a complicated system that used both consonants and vowels to represent the digits. In 1808 Gregor von Feinaigle introduced the improvement of representing the digits by consonants (but reversed the values of 8 and 9 compared to those listed above).


title: Mnemonic major system

text: In 1843, Carl Otto Reventlow (1817-1873) published a mnemonics textbook on a method similar to Paris' and traveled throughout Germany promoting it.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: In 1844 Francis Fauvel Gouraud (1808-1847) delivered a series of lectures introducing his mnemonic system which was based on Aimé Paris' version. The lectures drew some of the largest crowds ever assembled to hear lectures of a "scientific" nature up to that time. This series of lectures was later published as "Phreno-Mnemotechny or The Art of Memory" in 1845 and his system received wide acclaim. According to Gouraud, Richard Grey indicated that a discussion on Hebrew linguistics in William Beveridge's "Institutionum chronotogicarum libri duo, una cum totidem arithmetices chronologicæ libellis" (London, 1669) inspired him to create his system of mnemotechniques which later evolved in to the major system.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: In the 1880s Marcus Dwight Larrowe, alias Silas Holmes, was teaching memory courses in the United States based on the Major System using a third alias Dr. Antoine Loisette. Because he was charging inordinate sums of money for a system which had obviously existed before, George S. Fellows published ""Loisette" exposed" (1888) and included all the material of Larrowe's course which he determined not to be under copyright. The incident was notable enough to gain coverage by way of a book review in the journal "Science". A well-known student of Loisette's included Mark Twain whose endorsement Loisette used regularly to sell his course. Following the revelation that he had not originated the system, Larrowe self-published his material under the pseudonym Dr. Antoine Loisette in 1895 and 1896 and it was later re-published by Funk & Wagnalls in 1899.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: In the late 1800s Christof Ludwig Poehlmann (aka Christopher Louis Pelman), a German who had emigrated to the United States, and William Joseph Ennever created and ran a series of booklets and memory courses using the system which resulted in The Pelman Schools, The Pelman Institute, and were generally known as Pelmanism.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: Poehlmann eventually moved back to Germany around 1910 where he continued offering his memory courses and training apparently with a focus on language learning. indicated that he studied under him for a year in 1911. Fürst later practiced criminal law in Frankfort in pre-Hitler Germany before fleeing, as a Jew, to Prague where he taught at Masaryk University until emigrating to New York in 1939. In 1939, Fürst published "Use your Head" followed by "How to Remember" (1944), which was later reprinted as "The Practical Way to Better Memory", and followed up with a series of 12 booklets entitled "You Can Remember! A Home Study Course in Memory and Concentration" (1946) which all extolled the system, which he called the "Basic List" and the "Number System" along with other mnemonic systems. In a 1946 profile in "The New Yorker", Bruno indicates that German scholar Conradus Celtes originated the system.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: The system described in this article would be re-popularized after 1957 and through the 1980s in several books by Harry Lorayne, a magician and best selling contemporary author on memory. The most popular of the titles featuring the system is "The Memory Book: The Classic Guide to Improving Your Memory at Work, at School, and at Play" (1974, with Jerry Lucas).


title: Mnemonic major system

text: This phonetic system had another resurgence in the 1990s thanks to the late night infomercials of Kevin Trudeau who sold a series of tapes called . He also published a similar book "Kevin Trudeau's Mega Memory" which used this same system with some slight modifications.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: The name "Major System" may refer to Major Bartlomiej Beniowski, who published a version of the system in his book, "The Anti-Absurd or Phrenotypic English Pronouncing and Orthographical Dictionary".


title: Mnemonic major system

text: There is a reasonable historical possibility that the roots of the Major System are entangled with older systems of shorthand. It is certainly the case that the underlying structure of the Major System has a direct overlap with Gregg shorthand, which was a popular shorthand system in the late 1800s and early 1900s.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: Phonetic number memorization systems also occur in other parts of the world, such as the Katapayadi system going back to at least the 7th Century in India.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: Memory feats centered around numbers can be performed by experts who have learned a 'vocabulary' of at least one image for each 1 and 2-digit number, as these can then be combined to form narratives. Learning a vocabulary of 3-digit numbers is harder, because ten times more images need to be learned for each extra digit. Many mnemonists, however, can use a set of over 1000 images.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: The combination of images into a narrative is easier to do rapidly than forming a coherent grammatical sentence. This pre-memorisation and practice at forming images reduces the time required to think up a good imaginary object while creating a strong memorable impression of it. The best words for this purpose are usually nouns, especially those for distinctive objects such as those which make strong impressions on a variety of senses (e.g. "Lime" for 53, as its taste, smell, colour, and even texture are distinctive) or which move (e.g. "arrow" for 4). For basic proficiency, a large vocabulary of image words isn't really necessary, since when the table above is reliably learned, it is easy to form your own words ad hoc.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: Mnemonics often center around learning a complete sequence where all objects in that sequence that come before the one you are trying to recall must be recalled first. For instance, using the mnemonic "Richard of York gave battle in vain" to learn the colours of the rainbow; (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet) to remember what colour comes after indigo, one would have to recall the whole sequence. For a short sequence this may be trivial; for longer lists, it can become complicated and error-prone.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: A good example would be in recalling the 53rd element of the periodic table. It might be possible for some people to construct and then learn a string of 53 or more items which you have substituted for the elements and then to recall them one by one, counting them off as you go, but it would be a great deal easier and less laborious/tedious to directly associate element 53 with, for example, a lime (a suitable mnemonic for 53) recalling some prior imagining of yours regarding a mishap where lime juice gets into one's eye - "eye" sounding like "I", the symbol for "Iodine". This allows for random access directly to the item, without the need for recalling any previous items.


title: Mnemonic major system

text: If you were remembering element 54 in the process of recalling the periodic table you could then recall an image for 54, for instance thinking of a friend called "Laura" (54) in the lotus position looking very Zen-like in order to remind yourself that element 54 is "Xenon".


title: Rainie Yang

text: Yang was born and raised in Taipei, Taiwan, her father's ancestors were from Guangdong, China. She spoke Cantonese at home. By the time she was 13, she had to start working because her father's business failed, which led to her parents being divorced. She attended Hwa Kang Arts School which specialized in performance arts.


title: Rainie Yang

text: Yang began her career in 2000 as a member of Taiwanese girl group 4 in Love, where she was given the stage name Rainie. The group's popularity in the musical industry achieved limited success. After they disbanded in 2002, Yang continued to pursue her career in the entertainment industry as a TV host, hosting shows such as the variety show "Guess". After playing supporting roles in a series of Taiwanese TV dramas, including the highly popular pan-Asia hit Taiwanese series "Meteor Garden" and its supplementary mini-series "Meteor Rain", she landed the leading role as Qi Yue, in the Taiwanese drama "Devil Beside You" with Mike He in 2005. In the same year, she released her debut album, "My Intuition", featured the hit song "Intuition" as the theme song of "Devil Beside You" and "Ideal Lover".


title: Rainie Yang

text: In 2006, she released her second album, "Meeting Love". On 8 January 2007, Yang recorded her last "Guess" episode due to her busy schedule and focus on her musical and acting career. Hoping to portray herself as a "serious" actress, Yang co-starred in the lesbian-themed film "Spider Lilies" with Isabella Leong. However, after co-starring in "Spider Lilies", Yang returned to her previous cute image by becoming the leading role in the drama "Why Why Love", with Mike He and Kingone Wang, which aired during the summer of 2007. She subsequently released her third album, "My Other Self" on 7 September 2007. It features the theme song from "Why Why Love", "Lacking Oxygen" and the insert song "Perfect Example".


title: Rainie Yang

text: On 23 April 2008, while filming the Taiwanese drama "Miss No Good" in San Chih, Taiwan, Yang fell heavily from the stairs, and was sent to Mackay Memorial Hospital in Taipei. The stairs were located between the third floor, where the dressing room was located, and the first floor, where the film set was located. The crew originally thought the falling object was a light frame, but upon hearing a groan, they realized it was her. After an X-ray examination, doctors diagnosed Yang's injury as a spinal contusion. After leaving the hospital, producer Angie Chai took Yang to a Chinese massage therapist. "Miss No Good", starring Yang and Will Pan, was aired during the fall and winter of 2008 and met with much success. During this period of time, she also released her 4th album, "Not Yet a Woman", which features the insert song "Too Much Trouble" and the theme song "Take Me Away" that were featured "Miss No Good".


title: Rainie Yang

text: In 2009, Yang starred in "To Get Her" with Jiro Wang of Fahrenheit and George Hu. Then she filmed "The Child's Eye" in Thailand, a horror flick directed by the Pang Brothers with Elanne Kong, and also Taiwanese drama "Hi My Sweetheart" with Show Lo. After promoting "Hi My Sweetheart", Yang released her fifth album, "Rainie & Love...?", on the New Year's Day of 2010. Due to the success of "Devil Beside You" and "Miss No Good" overseas, Yang entered J-pop industry in 2010 by releasing a Japanese version of her hit "Intuition" as her first Japanese-language single.


title: Rainie Yang

text: Yang released her first compilation album, "Whimsical World Collection", on 23 April 2010. It consists of 3 new tracks, 35 previously released tracks and 15 music videos from her previous five studio albums. On 22 October 2010, she won Best Actress at the 45th Golden Bell Awards, for her role as Chen Baozhu in "Hi My Sweetheart".


title: Rainie Yang

text: In 2011, Yang released her sixth studio album "Longing for...", which features the song "We Are All Silly", an interlude of "Love You".


title: Rainie Yang

text: In 2012, Yang starred in the romantic short film, "Heartbeat Love", with Show Lo. On 17 August 2012, she released her seventh studio album "Wishing for Happiness". Her second concert tour, "Love Voyage", embarked on 14 December.


title: Rainie Yang

text: In 2014, Yang signed to EMI Taiwan, a revived label that is now a subsidiary of Universal Music Taiwan. Her ninth studio album, "A Tale of Two Rainie", was released on 12 December 2014. In the same year, she starred in the Chinese drama series "Love at Second Sight".


title: Rainie Yang

text: On 30 September 2016, her tenth studio album "Traces of Time in Love" was released. It was nominated for three awards at the 28th Golden Melody Awards, including Song of the Year, Best Lyricist, and Best Single Producer for the title track "Traces of Time in Love". Yang thus joined the list of having been nominated for all three prestigious entertainment awards in Taiwan, namely the Golden Bell Awards (television), the Golden Horse Awards (film) and the Golden Melody Awards (music). In the same year, Yang starred in the Taiwanese television series "Life Plan A and B".


title: Rainie Yang

text: On 9 October 2016, Rainie Yang attended the new album autograph session and has voiced that she support the LGBT homosexual marriage equal rights legalization when the Lee Tien-chu has sponsored his anti-gay expression. Yang was annoyance said that homosexuality is not guilty and love is inherently gender of neutral, she also frankly said that she would like to continue play the gay acting roles in the future, it's the honor to have the opportunity for interpretation.


title: Rainie Yang

text: Yang dated classmate Alien Huang while they were in high school. Their relationship ended when Yang made her debut in the entertainment industry and dropped out of high school.


title: Rainie Yang

text: In December 2014, she began dating Chinese singer-songwriter Li Ronghao, who wrote the song "Xing Fu Guo Zi" ("幸福果子" ) for Yang in 2007. On 11 July 2019, Li announced that Yang accepted his wedding proposal on his 34th birthday. On 17 September 2019, Yang and Li confirmed they have obtained their marriage license in China.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: Michael John Devlin (born November 19, 1965) is an American criminal convicted of kidnapping and child sexual abuse of two young boys, Shawn Hornbeck and Ben Ownby. He is serving 74 life sentences plus 2,020 years at Western Missouri Correctional Center in Cameron, Missouri. His life sentences are 30 years each; his total sentence is 4,240 years.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: As a child, Devlin was adopted into a large family, where he had three brothers (also adopted) and two sisters. He grew up in Webster Groves, Missouri. His parents and siblings all live in Missouri. Before his arrest, Devlin worked as a manager for Imo's Pizza and as a part-time funeral home worker at Bopp Chapel in Kirkwood, Missouri. He was living in Kirkwood at the time of his arrest. According to a friend, Devlin had once been outgoing. He had changed "to a much quieter person" after he developed diabetes and had two toes amputated in 2002.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: On January 12, 2007, Devlin was taken into custody and charged with the abduction of 13-year-old Ben Ownby, whom police found that day and Devlin had abducted four days earlier. At the time of his discovery, law enforcement officials found another missing boy, Shawn Hornbeck. He had disappeared on October 6, 2002, then aged 11, while riding his bike to a friend's house in Richwoods, Missouri. No one had heard from him until he was discovered in Devlin's apartment.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: The two boys were discovered after police noticed Devlin's white pickup truck, which matched the description of a vehicle in the vicinity of the 2007 abduction, in the parking lot of his apartment complex. They happened to be there to serve an unrelated arrest warrant. Hornbeck lived with Devlin, who presented the boy as his son. He was separated from his family for a total of four years, three months and six days, during which time the Shawn Hornbeck Foundation and Search and Rescue Team were established. Both boys were reunited with their families after their discovery.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: Soon after Devlin's arrest, prosecutors and investigators from Washington, Franklin, St. Louis and Lincoln counties, along with the FBI, the Missouri State Highway Patrol, and Kirkwood and St. Charles police, formed a task force to investigate Devlin's possible involvement in other unsolved cases.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: Devlin, who had no criminal record at the time, was charged with one count of kidnapping in Franklin County, Missouri, as well as one count of kidnapping and armed criminal action in Washington County. On January 18, 2007, Devlin pleaded not guilty via closed circuit television on the charges of child kidnapping. Prosecutors in the case said Devlin had already confessed. He was held at the Franklin County Sheriff's Department on a $1 million cash-only bail. He also had a $3 million bond in Washington County.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: On February 5, St. Louis County Prosecutor Robert McCulloch added 71 new felony charges to the existing charges previously filed by Washington and Franklin County Prosecutors. The first 18 counts (one count of kidnapping and 17 counts of forcible sodomy) pertain to the 2007 abduction and oral and anal sodomization of Ben Ownby. Rape kit swabs found fresh semen identified as Devlin's in the boy's mouth and rectum. The remaining 53 charges are kidnapping and forcible sodomy charges related to the 2002 abduction of Hornbeck. Each of these individual counts was a felony and carried the possibility of life in prison.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: On February 6, a motion by Devlin's attorneys, Ethan Corlija and Michael Kielty, for a gag order against the "New York Post" and reporter Susannah Cahalan was denied in Franklin County Court. Franklin County Associate Circuit Judge David Tobben also denied a motion for her to turn over her notes to the attorneys, and denied or refused to immediately hear two other requests by Devlin's attorneys.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: On February 28, a felony indictment in Franklin County charged Devlin with one count of child kidnapping and one count of armed criminal action for allegedly using a deadly weapon in kidnapping Ownby. This grand jury indictment replaced the previous Franklin County kidnapping charge against Devlin and added the weapon charge. On March 1, Devlin was charged in federal court with four counts of producing child pornography, including photos and video footage taken of Ben while he was naked and being sexually abused, and with two counts of transporting a minor across state lines to engage in sexual activity in Illinois. According to prosecutors, all six counts relate to the kidnapping of Hornbeck. On April 16, Washington County prosecutor John Rupp filed additional charges against Devlin, accusing him of attempted murder, kidnapping, armed criminal action, three counts of forcible sodomy and one count of attempted forcible sodomy.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: On October 6, prosecutors announced that Devlin would plead guilty to all charges against him in all four jurisdictions.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: On October 8, Devlin pleaded guilty to the charges against him in Franklin County. During that court appearance, he was sentenced to life in prison for child kidnapping and to a shorter, concurrent sentence for armed criminal action. He appeared in the three other jurisdictions in which he had been charged in the Ownby, Hornbeck and child pornography cases, on October 9 and 10.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: On the morning of October 9, Devlin pleaded guilty to charges against him in Washington County. During that court appearance, he was sentenced to three life sentences for kidnapping and other crimes against Shawn Hornbeck. The sentences were to begin after he had served the life sentence imposed on October 8 for kidnapping Ben Ownby. This brings Devlin's total sentence to incarceration for 1,850 years.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: On December 21, Devlin was sentenced to an additional 170 years for making pornography of one of the captive boys. Devlin was transferred to the Crossroads Correctional Center in Cameron, Missouri, to begin serving the first of his life sentences on January 30, 2008.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: On April 9, 2011, during breakfast at the dining hall of Crossroads Correctional Center, Devlin was stabbed several times with two "ice picks" by another inmate in protective custody, Troy L. Fenton, who was also serving a life sentence. Corrections officers spotted the assault and ordered Fenton to stop. Fenton complied by dropping to the ground on his stomach. Devlin received several wounds and was briefly treated in a hospital and returned to the prison.


title: Michael J. Devlin

text: According to prison officials, Fenton had made the weapons from metal guide bars on his typewriter. He was cited for having a 15-inch sharpened steel rod, complete with a plastic handle, hidden under his pillow in his cell. Fenton said he was motivated to attack out of anger at Devlin's crimes. As of May 2011, investigation of the assault was ongoing and Fenton might face charges related to the attack. Devlin's security had been a concern for state prison officials since his arrest. Officials contemplated sending him out of state or providing him with a new identity. However, some victims' family members objected to the move, and the plan was dropped.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Earthquake is a 1974 American ensemble disaster drama film directed and produced by Mark Robson and starring Charlton Heston and Ava Gardner. The plot concerns the struggle for survival after a catastrophic earthquake destroys most of the city of Los Angeles, California.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Directed by Robson with a screenplay by George Fox and Mario Puzo, the film starred a large cast of well-known actors, including Heston, Gardner, George Kennedy, Lorne Greene, Geneviève Bujold, Richard Roundtree, Marjoe Gortner, Barry Sullivan, Lloyd Nolan, Victoria Principal, and (under an alias) Walter Matthau. It is notable for the use of an innovative sound effect called Sensurround, which created the sense of actually experiencing an earthquake in theatres.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: On his way to work, former football star Stewart Graff, having just fought with his wife Remy, visits Denise Marshall, an actress who is the widow of one of his friends. He drops off an autographed football for her son Corry.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: A mild earthquake jolts the Los Angeles metro area. At the California Seismological Institute (CSI), Walter Russell has calculated that Los Angeles will suffer a major earthquake within the next few days. Scientists at the CSI debate whether to go public with their prediction of a major quake. Fearful their funding will be jeopardized, they decide only to alert the National Guard and police so that they can be ready to mobilize.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: When Rosa Amici realizes she does not have enough money to pay for her groceries, store manager Jody Joad says she can pay the difference next time. Joad learns that his Guard unit is being called up, so he heads home to change. His housemates harass and tease him for having posters of male bodybuilders on his wall.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The tremor cancels Denise's film shoot, so she goes to Stewart's office. The pair go back to Denise's house for sex. He promises to come back later that night. Returning to work, his boss and father-in-law, Sam Royce, offers Stewart the company presidency. Stewart calls Denise, breaks off their plans, and then goes to Sam's office to accept his offer. He is stunned to find Remy there, assumes she convinced Sam to offer the promotion to save their marriage, and he storms off. As Remy follows him out of the building, an earthquake measuring 9.9 on the Richter Scale strikes, destroying much of Los Angeles.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Sam and many others are trapped on the upper floors of their building. Sam rigs a fire hose to a chair and lowers his staff down one at a time. Before he can descend, Sam suffers a heart attack, and Stewart climbs up to rescue him.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Corry has been caught on a bridge, entangled with high voltage electric cables. Denise finds him unconscious and climbs down to save him. Unable to climb back out, she hails a passing truck, driven by Miles Quade and Sal Amici. After saving Denise and her son, LAPD Sgt. Lou Slade commandeers the truck to use as an ambulance.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Rosa is arrested for looting by a National Guard unit led by Jody. He orders her to stay inside a secluded store for safety. Another group of troops arrives with Jody's housemates, who are being detained for looting. Jody executes them for all the ridicule he has endured from them.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Stewart escorts his co-workers to the Wilson Plaza shopping center, now a triage center. While Stewart searches for Denise and Corry, Sam is taken to Dr. Jim Vance, but he does not survive.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Stewart drives Sgt. Lou around, searching for survivors when they come across Jody and his unit. As Jody threatens to fire on them, Rosa emerges from the store, screaming for help. Stewart drives away but stops out of sight. Lou sneaks back and gets the jump on Jody, shooting him in self-defense and rescuing Rosa.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: They return to Wilson Plaza, which an aftershock has destroyed. When they realize that there are survivors trapped in an underground garage, Stewart and Lou crawl into a sewer and drill through to the garage using a jackhammer. Stewart is overjoyed to find Denise alive and, as he hugs her, he sees Remy standing just behind her.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The Mulholland Dam finally gives way, flooding the sewers. Lou and Denise make it up a ladder to safety, but as Remy climbs out, she is knocked off into the flooded sewer. Stewart looks up at Denise, but he cannot abandon Remy. Both of them, along with many others, are swept away, leaving Denise in shock and grief.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Dr. Vance tells Lou that Los Angeles "used to be a hell of a town," as the remaining survivors take in the devastated cityscape.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: In the wake of the tremendous success of the 1970 disaster-suspense film "Airport", Universal Studios began working with executive producer Jennings Lang to come up with a new idea that would work within the same "disaster-suspense" genre. Inspiration came in the form of the San Fernando earthquake of February 1971. Director Mark Robson and Lang were intrigued by the idea of creating a disaster on film that would not be confined to an airliner, but rather take place over a large area. Producer Bernard Donnenfeld helped produce the film, but was uncredited.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Budgeted at US$7,000,000, "Earthquake" found itself in a race against the clock with the bigger-budgeted disaster film, "The Towering Inferno", which was being produced by Irwin Allen and financed, for the first time, by two studios (20th Century Fox and Warner Bros.).


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Lang scored a coup when he was able to sign screenwriter Mario Puzo to write the first draft during the summer of 1972. Puzo, fresh from the success of his novel and film, "The Godfather", delivered the draft script in August. However, Puzo's detailed and expansive script necessitated a larger production budget, as the action and multiple story arcs were spread over a vast geographical area in Los Angeles. Universal was faced with either cutting the script or increasing the projected budget. Puzo's involvement with "Earthquake" was short-lived, as Paramount Pictures was anxious to begin development with the followup to "The Godfather", "The Godfather Part II" in early-1973. Because Puzo's services contractually were obligated to the sequel, he was unable to continue any further work on "Earthquake".


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The "Earthquake" script sat at Universal Studios for a short period, but was brought back to life by the huge success of the 20th Century Fox hit "The Poseidon Adventure", released in December 1972. Fueled by that film's enormous box-office receipts, Universal Studios put pre-production on "Earthquake" back into high gear, hiring writer George Fox to continue work with Puzo's first draft. Fox was principally a magazine writer and never had written a screenplay, so director Mark Robson worked with him to narrow the scope of the script to fit into the budgetary constraints. After 11 drafts, "Earthquake" went before the cameras in February 1974.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: While "The Towering Inferno" featured a larger "all star" cast, Universal was able to land Charlton Heston in the lead role. Rounding out the top billing were Ava Gardner (who co-starred with Heston in 1963's "55 Days at Peking"), George Kennedy, Lorne Greene, and Geneviève Bujold. Richard Roundtree (riding a wave of success from the "Shaft" film series) was brought in after filming had already started, filling the part of an Evel Knievel-like motorcycle stuntman. Former evangelical Marjoe Gortner was hired as the antagonist, Jody. Relative unknown Victoria Principal was hired to play the sister of Roundtree's business partner, Sal, played by veteran actor Gabriel Dell.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Walter Matthau was cast in a cameo role, for which he was credited as "Walter Matuschanskayasky". Executive Producer Jennings Lang, who had worked with Matthau on the previous year's "Charley Varrick" was able to convince him to appear in the role (originally to be filled by veteran actor Harry Morgan). The unpaid cameo - and his credited name - were part of the deal.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Production necessitated the complete re-dressing of the entire Universal Studios "New York Street" backlot in order to simulate the catastrophic earthquake of the title. Along with a clever use of miniatures of actual buildings, matte paintings, and full-scale sets (some of which were placed on rollers for a shaking effect), "Earthquake" used a new technique developed especially for the film: a "shaker mount" camera system that mimicked the effects of an earthquake by moving the entire camera body several inches side to side. This camera mount was used for most exterior scenes or other instances where shooting on location.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Extensive use of highly trained stunt artists for the most dangerous scenes involving high falls, dodging falling debris, and flood sequences, set a Hollywood record for the most stunt artists involved in any film production up until that time: 141. Major stunt sequences in the film required careful choreography between the stunt artists and behind-the-scenes stunt technicians who were responsible for triggering full-scale effects, such as falling debris. Timing was critical, since some rigged effects involved dropping six ton chunks of reinforced concrete in order to flatten cars, with stunt performers only a few feet away. In other scenarios, some stunt artists were required to fall sixty feet onto large air bags from the rafters of Universal's largest stage (Stage 12) – for which they were paid the sum of $500. While every precaution was taken to prevent injuries, several did occur during filming. One stunt person suffered a concussion during the flood sequence (the accident was used in the film), and several stunt artists were injured during the elevator crash scene, since the set was designed to collapse upon them.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Universal Studios and Jennings Lang wanted "Earthquake" to be an "event film", something that would draw audiences into the theatre multiple times. After several ideas were tossed about (which included bouncing styrofoam faux "debris" over audience members' heads), Universal's sound department came up with a process called "Sensurround" – a series of large speakers made by Cerwin-Vega powered by BGW amplifiers, that would pump in sub-audible "infra bass" sound waves at 120 decibels (equivalent to a jet airplane at takeoff), giving the viewer the sensation of an earthquake. The process was tested in several theatres around the United States prior to the film's release, yielding various results. A famous example is Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California, where the "Sensurround" cracked the plaster in the ceiling. The same theatre premiered "Earthquake" three months later – with a newly installed net over the audience to catch any falling debris – to tremendous success.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The "Sensurround" process proved to be a large audience draw, but not without generating a fair share of controversy. When the film premiered in Chicago, Illinois, the head of the building and safety department demanded the system be turned down, as he was afraid it would cause structural damage. In Billings, Montana, a knick-knack shop next door to a theatre using the system lost part of its inventory when items from several shelves were thrown to the floor when the system was cued during the quake scenes.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Sensurround was used again for the films "Midway" (1976), "Rollercoaster" (1977), and "Battlestar Galactica" (1979).


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The 2006 Universal Studios Home Entertainment DVD release features the original "Sensurround" 3.1 audio track, duplicating the original theatrical "Sensurround" track (but oddly in mono directed to the front 3 speakers rather than the original stereo mix), but no actual 'rumble' generator was used, and only the two control tones that activated the generator can be heard. In addition, the film's original soundtrack was remixed in Surround Sound 5.1 which was simply a tag as once again only the control tones feature on the track.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: John Williams' music for "Earthquake" was the second of his trio of scores for large-scale disaster films, having previously scored "The Poseidon Adventure" and following with "The Towering Inferno". Williams scored both "Earthquake" and "The Towering Inferno" in the summer of 1974, both scores showing similarities to one another (notably "Earthquake's" theme and "The Towering Inferno's" love theme sharing the same eight-note melody). The music of the song "C'est si Bon" by Henri Betti is played on the guitar in the middle of the film.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: On December 10, 2019, La-La Land Records released a fully remastered and expanded version of Williams' music, as part of the "Disaster Movie Soundtrack Collection", which includes the remastered expansions of Williams's music for this film, as well as "The Towering Inferno" and "The Poseidon Adventure".


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: After an October 2, 1974 test screening in Joplin, Missouri, Universal opted to cut 30 minutes from the film, notably from the pre-quake sequences, at the cost of some of the dramatic flow. This included a narration sequence about the San Andreas fault and an impending catastrophic earthquake that would occur in either Los Angeles or San Francisco. This scene was filmed and was set to be shown before the opening title credits (although it was removed at the last minute, it was eventually included as the opening sequence of the NBC television edit for the September, 1976 broadcast premiere). Also excised were lengthy scenes of Remy (Gardner) and Stewart (Heston) arguing at the beginning of the film. After Remy's fake suicide, Dr. Vance (Lloyd Nolan) arrives at the Graff home and begins to talk with Stewart (an old friend). Dr. Vance inadvertently informs Stewart that Remy had an abortion two years prior (he was told it was a miscarriage). Remy appears, and they fight because Stewart wanted the baby and Remy did not. Stewart storms off. This explains why Stewart resents Remy so much. (In the final cut of the film, they just seem angry at one another.) There was more of Slade's leaving the police station, and footage of Rosa's leaving the market was shot as well. She was filmed waiting for a bus and being offered a lift from a man on a motorcycle (this footage eventually was used in the film's television cut). Just before the earthquake, Stewart and Remy had a final fight (in front of Stewart's car) that was deleted as well. During the earthquake, there was a scene of a nearby lumberyard's falling apart, and this was removed from the final cut.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Other scenes were shot to wrap up many characters' stories after the earthquake, but were deleted from the final print: Walt Russell and Dr. Stockle – whose fates are undetermined after the quake in the theatrical release – were shown alive in the seismology laboratory post-quake. They were shown finding the earthquake's magnitude to be 9.9 on the Richter scale. The film's final scene originally had Denise's asking Lou Slade if Stewart had survived; upon hearing of his death, she walks over to Corry who has regained consciousness.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: A scene involving an elevator loaded with passengers plummeting 25 floors to the ground during the earthquake is one of the film's more notorious sequences, mainly for how its conclusion was depicted. As originally scripted, the occupants were pressed to the ceiling of the elevator as it fell down the shaft, and then dropped to the floor when the elevator crashes to the bottom. To film this, an elevator set was built suspended several feet over the stage floor, allowing for the dropping of the set (with the stunt people inside). The scene was filmed several times, with several stunt people involved. Copious amounts of stage blood were rigged to spray the stunt people inside the elevator set with blood when the set came crashing to the ground. After several tries over two separate filming days weeks apart (the break in filming was an attempt to perfect the mechanical effects involved), and with unsatisfactory results, the decision was made to edit the scene with an "animated blood" effect to be added in post production. The optical effect was superimposed over a still frame of part of the unusable footage, resulting in the "cartoonish" nature of the shot. The television version removed the animated blood sequence.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Released in the United States on November 15, 1974, "Earthquake" ranked third among the high-grossing film of the year; "The Towering Inferno" was the highest.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: "Earthquake" grossed $1,306,271 in its opening weekend from 62 theatres in 51 cities. It eventually grossed $79.7 million domestically ($439.2 million, adjusted for inflation in 2021 dollars) being one of the highest-grossing films of the time. The film earned () overseas in Japan, bringing its worldwide gross to .


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: At its release, critics generally acknowledged the special effects in "Earthquake" while discounting other aspects. Without either panning or praising the film, Nora Sayre of the "New York Times" wrote that it was an improvement on "Airport '75" and observed, "The impulse to shout advice to the screen—get out! go away! don't enter that building—is quite powerful, so this does rank as a participatory movie." Judith Crist wrote in "New York Magazine" that "the nonsense is bearable for the spectacle. And ... here we have a feast of feats of destruction." Pauline Kael wrote "The picture is swill, but it isn't a cheat; it's an entertaining marathon of Grade-A destruction effects". Roger Ebert criticized the "witless "Earthquake"" for "regarding [the effects] with awe". Gene Siskel gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote the special effects were "terrific" but identified a basic problem with the story: "With a "Poseidon Adventure" or an "Airport" the ending is clear — people are saved ultimately thru their own or somebody else's enterprise. But with an earthquake, the final solution is out of one's hands, anyone's hands - even Allstate's. If the tremors don't stop, then everybody'll die; if they do, then only a few people will die. End of story." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the Sensurround vibrations "succeed very nicely in making themselves felt as well as heard and they set up an anxiety which makes watching 'Earthquake' a very ambivalent experience for anyone who, so to speak, has been there before." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" wrote "Thanks to Sensurround, 'Earthquake' figures to be the gimmick hit of 1974. Without the gimmick, it would be difficult to distinguish this perfunctory, mediocre piece of storytelling from Universal's other disaster vehicle, "Airport 1975.""


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 47% from 30 reviews with an average score of 4.90 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads: "The destruction of Los Angeles is always a welcome sight, but "Earthquake" offers little besides big actors slumming through crumbling sets." Metacritic, who uses a weighed average, has assigned the film a score of 56/100 based on 6 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Leonard Maltin gave the film a "BOMB" rating, stating "[the] title tells the story in hackneyed disaster epic ... Marjoe as a sex deviate and Gardner as Lorne Greene's daughter tie for film's top casting honors." Gardner was only 8 years younger than Lorne Greene.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: "Earthquake" was nominated for four Academy Awards. including Best Film Editing, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Alexander Golitzen and E. Preston Ames; Set Decoration: Frank R. McKelvy) and Best Sound (Ronald Pierce and Melvin Metcalfe Sr.). It won for Best Sound (Ronald Pierce and Melvin Metcalfe Sr.) and a Special Achievement Academy Award for Visual Effects (Frank Brendel, Glen Robinson and Albert Whitlock).


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The film was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Original Score (John Williams).


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: For the film's television premiere on Sunday, September 26, 1976 on NBC, additional footage was added to expand the film's running time so it could be aired over two nights, as part of NBC's promotion of "The Big Event" fall premiere series (the second night aired on Sunday, October 3, 1976). This "television version" made no use of material left out of the theatrical release (save one brief scene featuring Victoria Principal and Reb Brown), but rather incorporated new footage filmed nearly two years after the original using two of the original film's stars, Marjoe Gortner and Victoria Principal, as well as Jesse Vint and Michael Richardson (reprising their film roles of Marjoe Gortner's taunting roommates), expanding on the original storyline from the theatrical film. Editing and re-recorded dialogue helped integrate this expansion into the original film. An entirely new storyline shot specifically for the television version was that of a young married couple (Debralee Scott and Sam Chew) flying to Los Angeles on an airplane. The husband seeks a job with the Royce Construction company of the film (in fact, hoping to work with Charlton Heston's character, Stewart Graff), while his wife has the eerily accurate ability to see the future with tarot cards. Their airliner attempts to land at Los Angeles International Airport as the titular earthquake hits, and the airliner makes a touch-and-go landing on a runway that is breaking up, diverting to San Francisco. Throughout the remainder of the television version, the film cuts back to the couple as they discuss their future together, and the husband's wish to return to Los Angeles and help rebuild the city.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The "Sensurround" audio of the original film was simulcast in FM stereo in the Los Angeles and New York markets. This theoretically allowed the home viewer (with the properly equipped sound system) to experience a similar effect as in the theater.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: "Earthquake" inspired the attractions "Earthquake: The Big One" at Universal Studios Florida and Hollywood.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The Hollywood attraction opened in March 1989 as part of the Studio Tour tram ride. The tram enters a sound stage, the interior designed to look like a San Francisco underground BART station, whereupon a two-and-a-half-minute simulation of an 8.3 earthquake takes place, featuring a gas truck falling into the station, a runaway train and a flood.


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The Florida attraction opened in June 1990. It began with an introductory film on the making of "Earthquake" with Charlton Heston appearing to explain the special effects, followed by a live demonstration based on the film with audience participation. The attraction culminated in a simulated 8.3 earthquake aboard an underground train at Embarcadero Station in San Francisco. In the fall of 2002, the pre-show was changed to a more generic "magic of making movies" theme, with slight modifications which included mentioning special effects used in other films besides "Earthquake". The Florida attraction officially closed on November 5, 2007, and reopened several months later as "Disaster!: A Major Motion Picture Ride...Starring You!."


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: Many scenes from the film, especially those featuring the destruction of Los Angeles, have appeared in other productions, often those of Universal Studios itself. Some examples include:


title: Earthquake (1974 film)

text: The purported magnitude of the earthquake in the film (9.9 on the Richter Scale) would make it the largest ever recorded, eclipsing the record set by the actual Chilean Earthquake of 1960 (9.5 on the Richter Scale). However, such huge earthquakes can only be generated by "megathrust" faults or asteroid strikes. The numerous faults in California, particularly the San Andreas (the fault implied to have generated the titular earthquake in the film), are the "strike-slip" type, which historically have rarely produced tremors higher than 8.3 on the Richter Scale in recorded history.


title: NBA Live

text: NBA Live is a series of basketball video games published by EA Sports. The series, which debuted in 1994, is the successor to the previous "NBA Playoffs" and "NBA Showdown" series.


title: NBA Live

text: Beginning in the late 2000’s, NBA Live sales had dropped off compared to their main competitor, 2K's "NBA 2K" series. The last released installment to date was 2018's "NBA Live 19"; As of 2022, the series has been in an indefinite hiatus, and after the cancellations of "NBA Live 20" and "NBA Live 21", there has not been any official confirmation on whether or not more games would be developed.


title: NBA Live

text: The predecessor of the NBA Live series was the "NBA Playoffs" series, which featured "Lakers vs. Celtics", released first in 1989 for MS-DOS-compatible PCs and later adapted for consoles in early 1990 for the Sega Mega Drive. This game was played from a horizontal view (while later versions moved to an isometric view before ultimately moving to 3D on newer consoles). The game was one of the first to feature an NBA license, containing both real NBA teams and player likenesses and signature moves. Details such as Horace Grant's goggles are clearly visible, and Michael Jordan's "Air Reverse Layup" is animated with very high accuracy. Player numbers were also visible. The game featured only eight of the sixteen teams that qualified for the NBA playoffs that year, as well as both NBA All-Star teams.


title: NBA Live

text: The next game in the series was "Bulls vs. Lakers", released in 1991, followed by "Bulls vs. Blazers" in 1992. Unlike the first game, these two releases were titled after the two teams who were in the NBA Finals the previous season, while the original release apparently chose the Lakers and Celtics due to both teams' historical success, in particular their rivalry in the 1980s. Each revision added more teams and players, as well as more signature moves. The series also included an Olympic basketball spinoff game, "Team USA Basketball" (1992) which uses the same engine. The final game in the series was "NBA Showdown 94" for the Sega Genesis before the transition to the "NBA Live" naming.


title: NBA Live

text: In the fall of ‘94, the annual EA basketball release received a simpler title of "NBA Live 95". This naming pattern using the forthcoming year has continued, except for varying to use of all 4 digits of the year from "2000" to "2005". Each version's initial release was in the fall near the start of the NBA campaign, though additional ports were sometimes delayed until as late as January or February. After 16 consecutive seasons of releases, an effort to retool the game as "NBA Elite 11" met with development troubles, and put the game on hiatus for three years. The series returned with "NBA Live 14" in November 2013.


title: NBA Live

text: The pioneer "NBA Live 95" release was for fourth generation video game systems Sega Genesis and SNES, as well as the MS-DOS operating system. "NBA Live 96" included the first fifth generation version, with the PlayStation, and also the first handheld games version, on the Game Boy. Sixth generation production started with "NBA Live 2001" and continued all the way through "NBA Live 2009" on the high selling "PlayStation 2". "NBA Live 06" was the first to hit seventh generation consoles, after its release to the Xbox 360. Finally, with the release of "NBA Live 14" for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4, EA continued its run on into eighth generation consoles. The game was released on PC each season until support was pulled after the "NBA Live 08" season.


title: NBA Live

text: The Create-A-Player feature was not available in the 1995 versions of the game, but has been a mainstay since "NBA Live 96.


title: NBA Live

text: Starting in "NBA Live 2000", the series featured NBA Live Legend All-Stars Teams, that included some biggest names from five decades (50s to 90s). These teams could be used instantly, but to use the players as regular players (e.g. traded, played on regular NBA Teams) they needed to be unlocked. Through the series, some of the Legend rosters were changed for various reasons. Michael Jordan was on the '90s team through 2004 before being removed due to licensing in later versions. Spud Webb, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Tom Chambers were added to the rosters in "NBA Live 06".


title: NBA Live

text: "NBA Live 2005" brought the addition of the Freestyle Air, NBA All-Star Weekend, which includes the Rookie Challenge, Three Point Shootout, Slam Dunk Contest, and the NBA All-Star Game, and Freestyle Challenge, which two players or more can play the Three Point Shootout or the Slam Dunk Contest.


title: NBA Live

text: In "NBA Live 08," a limited number of international teams were added under FIBA's license. Live 08 was also the last release for the Microsoft Windows platform.


title: NBA Live

text: "NBA Live 09" added a feature called Dynamic DNA, the first concept of daily updates changing tendencies, rosters, and hot-cold streaks.


title: NBA Live

text: After the release of "NBA Live 10", EA attempted to retool the series under a new name with "NBA Elite 11". However, the game was met with bad publicity and development problems before release and was cancelled (though a playable demo was released for download, and several copies of the full release found their way to customers). In November 2010, development of the franchise was moved from EA Canada studio to Florida-based Tiburon studio. It was eventually announced that the series' next installment would be released in Fall 2012 and would return to the "NBA Live" name as "NBA Live 13", but it would later be announced, on September 27, 2012, that they would cancel the release. It wasn't until the fall of 2013, that the next game, "NBA Live 14", would be released. Prior to its release, EA Sports had sold 33.54 million copies of the video game series since "NBA Live 95", just falling short of its main competitor, NBA 2K's 37.24 million copies sold since its inception in 1999.


title: NBA Live

text: "NBA Live 16" was released on September 29, 2015. NBA Live Mobile was released on July 6, 2016. It is mostly used to play Ultimate Team modes in the game. "NBA Live 18" was released on September 15, 2017 and features players from the WNBA. It also added a new single player mode called "The One", in which the player controls an NBA prospect throughout his career. "NBA Live 19" was released on September 7, 2018, and expanded on "The One", by adding the ability to make a female player, as well as other game modes. NBA Live 20 was canceled by the development team due to them trying to expand into the next generation of consoles, as announced on the teams Twitter. "NBA Live 21" was also cancelled for the same reason.


title: Saharanpur

text: Saharanpur is a city and a municipal corporation in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is also the administrative headquarters of Saharanpur district.


title: Saharanpur

text: Saharanpur is declared as one amongst the 100 Smart Cities by MOUD as a part of Smart Cities Mission of the Government of India.


title: Saharanpur

text: Saharanpur is located at , about south-southeast of Chandigarh, north-northeast of Delhi, north-northeast of Shamli and about south-west of Dehradun. It has an average elevation of . Saharanpur is a part of a geographical doab region. Saharanpur district join four states together Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Haryana.


title: Saharanpur

text: According to the 2011 Indian census, Saharanpur had a population of 705,478, 12.5% of whom were under the age of six, living in 129,856 households within the municipal corporation limits. The city is spread over an area of and with a population density of , is the eleventh most populous city in Uttar Pradesh. Saharanpur had a population of 455,754 in 2001 and 374,945 in 1991.


title: Saharanpur

text: Males constitute of 52.7% of the total population while females constitute of 47.3% of the total population and thus, the city has a sex ratio of 891 females for every 1,000 males. The city has an average literacy rate of 76.32%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes account for 14.2% and 0.1% of the population respectively. There are 233,196 people, constituting about 33% of the total population, who live in slums in the city.


title: Saharanpur

text: Roughly half of the city's population are Hindus, who form a slight majority, while Muslims constitute about forty five percent of the total population. Sikhs and Jains are also present in smaller numbers.


title: Saharanpur

text: The most widely spoken language in Saharanpur is Hindi, which along with Urdu is the official language of Uttar Pradesh. There are significant numbers of Urdu and Punjabi speakers, while Haryanvi is also spoken by some people. The standard dialect of Hindi spoken is the Khari Boli dialect.


title: Saharanpur

text: Saharanpur city is governed by Saharanpur Municipal Corporation, erstwhile Municipal Council. The city is divided into 4 zones and 70 wards, represented by 70 councillors who were elected by municipal or local elections in 2017 for a five-year term. The head of the administrative wing is the Municipal Commissioner, currently Ms.Gazal Bharadwaj while the head of the elected wing is the Mayor Sanjeev Walia from the BJP.


title: Saharanpur

text: The city is also part of the Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency, which elected Haji Fazlur Rehman from the Bahujan Samaj Party in 2019 as the Member of Parliament, and part of the Saharanpur Assembly constituency that elected Ashu Malik from the Samajwadi Party in 2022 as the MLA.


title: Saharanpur

text: There is only one sewage treatment plant located in Saharanpur, while most of the waste water is discharged into the Hindon river, further polluting it.


title: Saharanpur

text: The Saharanpur Botanical Gardens, known as the Company Garden and once the preserve of British East India Company, is one of the oldest existing gardens in India, dating to before 1750. Then named Farahat-Bakhsh, it was originally a pleasure ground set out by a local chief, Intazam ud-ullah. In 1817, it was acquired by the British East India Company and placed under the authority of the District Surgeon. Joseph Dalton Hooker says of this Botanical Garden that ""Amongst its greatest triumphs may be considered the introduction of the tea-plant from China, a fact I allude to, as many of my English readers may not be aware that the establishment of the tea-trade in the Himalaya and Assam is almost entirely the work of the superintendents of the gardens of Calcutta and Seharunpore.""


title: Saharanpur

text: In 1887, when the Botanical Survey of India was set up to reform the country's botanical sciences, Saharanpur became the centre for the survey of the northern Indian flora. The Garden is seen historically as being second only to the Calcutta Gardens for its contribution to science and economy in India. Under private auspices today, it is full of greenery and has many different kinds of plants and flowers.


title: Saharanpur

text: Siddhpeeth Shri Shakumbhari Devi Temple is an important and ancient Hindu temple. It is situated in the Shivalik hills in Behat tehsil, 40 km from Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh. It is one of the most visited pilgrimage centers in India. Every year lakhs of visitors visit the temple. Shakumbhari devi is a famous Shaktipeeth of maa Durga.


title: Saharanpur

text: Two major National Highways pass through Saharanpur — NH 709B and NH 344. The NH 709B originates in Saharanpur and connects it to Delhi via Shamli and Baghpat, while the NH 344 connects Saharanpur with Ambala, Yamunanagar and Roorkee. Uttar Pradesh State Highway 57, commonly known as Delhi-Yamunotri highway, also passes through the city. The Delhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expressway has also been proposed, which will be ready by March 2024.


title: Saharanpur

text: Saharanpur Junction is the primary railway station serving the city. The station is under the administrative control of Ambala railway division of the Northern Railways, and is located at the junction of Moradabad–Ambala line, Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line and the Delhi–Shamli–Saharanpur line. Saharanpur was connected with rail lines when the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway completed the ––– line in 1870 connecting (now in Pakistan) with . Another line connecting Saharanpur with Moradabad was completed in 1886.


title: Saharanpur

text: The Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway connecting Shahdara in Delhi with Saharanpur was opened to traffic in 1907. The railway was built in narrow gauge and total length was . However, due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1970. It was later converted to broad gauge and was repopened in the late 1970s. Saharanpur falls on the route of the proposed Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor project.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The High Court of Bombay is the high court of the states of Maharashtra and Goa in India, and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. It is seated primarily at Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), and is one of the oldest high courts in India. The High Court has regional branches at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji, the capital of Goa.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The first Chief Justice, the Attorney General and Solicitor General of Independent India were from this court. Since India's Independence, 22 judges from this court have been elevated to the Supreme Court and 8 have been appointed to the office of Chief Justice of India.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The court has Original Jurisdiction in addition to its Appellate. Judgements issued by this court can be appealed "only" to the Supreme Court of India. The Bombay High Court has a sanctioned strength of 94 judges (71 permanent, 23 additional). The building is part of The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai, which was added to the list of World Heritage Sites in 2018.


title: Bombay High Court

text: As of 2022, the Court is currently understaffed, with only 57 judges as against the permitted number of 96 judges.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The Bombay High Court was one of the three High Courts in India established at the Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date June 26, 1862. It was inaugurated on August 14, 1862 under the High Courts Act, 1861.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The work on the present building of the High Court was commenced in April 1871 and completed in November 1878. It was designed by British engineer Col. James A. Fuller. The first sitting in this building was on 10 January 1879. Justice M. C. Chagla was the first Indian permanent Chief Justice of Bombay High Court after independence [1948 – 1958] Architecture: Gothic revival in the Early English style. It is long and wide. To the west of the central tower are two octagonal towers. The statues of Justice and Mercy are atop this building.


title: Bombay High Court

text: In 2016, it was announced that the premises of the Bombay High Court would be shifting to Bandra Kurla Complex.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The 125th anniversary of the building was marked by the release of a book, commissioned by the Bar Association, called ""The Bombay High Court: The Story of the Building – 1878–2003"" by local historians Rahul Mehrotra and Sharada Dwivedi.


title: Bombay High Court

text: Although the name of the city was changed from Bombay to Mumbai in 1995, the Court as an institution did not follow suit and retained the name Bombay High Court. Although, a bill to rename it as "Mumbai High Court" was approved by the Union Cabinet on July 5, 2016 along with the change of name of the Calcutta High Court and Madras High Court as Kolkata High Court and Chennai High Court respectively, the same is pending approval before the Parliament of India but may not be enacted for some time.


title: Bombay High Court

text: In 2010, the High Court organized several functions to mark the completion of 150 years of establishment of the High Court. A special postal cover was released by Milind Deora, the then Minister of State for Communications and Information Technology at the historical Central Court Hall of the High Court on 14 August 2012.


title: Bombay High Court

text: An exhibition displaying important artifacts, royal charters, stamps, old maps and other documents of historical importance was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Prithviraj Chavan, in the Central Court Hall on 15 August 2012. The then Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Chief Guest at the concluding ceremony of the year-long Sesquicentennial celebrations on 18 August 2012.


title: Bombay High Court

text: A book titled "A Heritage of Judging: The Bombay High Court through one hundred and fifty years", edited by Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud, Anoop V. Mohta and Roshan S. Dalvi was published by the Maharashtra Judicial Academy.


title: Bombay High Court

text: In its illustrious history, the Bombay High Court has been the site for numerous noteworthy trials and court cases. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was tried a number of times in the Bombay high Court, but the most famous was his trial for sedition in the 1916 case "Emperor v. Bal Gangadhar Tilak".


title: Bombay High Court

text: Bar Council had boycotted some judges of the High Court in 1991 under the leadership of Senior Counsel Iqbal Chagla. In 2011, a couple of petitions came to be filed challenging housing societies built by judges upon plots of land reserved for other purposes.


title: Bombay High Court

text: In November, 2021, the Bombay High Court issued a controversial criminal case against AstraZeneca for misinformation and misleading claims regarding the safety of their vaccines. The suit claims this misinformation is responsible for the death of the afflicted. Some rumors appeared that the suit was against Bill Gates for partial funding of AstraZeneca, but these rumors were fake. The suit is addressed to both The State of Maharashtra and AstraZenece.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The Bombay High Court sits at Mumbai, the capital of the state of Maharashtra, and has additional benches in Aurangabad and Nagpur in Maharashtra, as well as Panaji in the state of Goa. It may have a maximum of 94 judges, of which 71 must be permanently appointed and 23 may be additionally appointed. Currently, it has a total of 65 Judges.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The court has jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra, Goa and the Union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The court has benches in Nagpur, Aurangabad and Panaji.


title: Bombay High Court

text: Nagpur is an industrial and commercial city situated in the centre of India. Formerly, it was the capital of the former State of CP & Berar, later old Madhya Pradesh and now it is the sub-capital of the State of Maharashtra. A full-fledged High Court was established at Nagpur on 9 January 1936. Later it was included as a separate bench in the Bombay High Court jurisdiction after the formation of the state of Maharashtra in 1960.


title: Bombay High Court

text: Sir Gilbert Stone, a Judge of the Madras High Court was appointed as first Chief Justice. The foundation stone of the new building (present High Court building) was laid by late Sir Hyde Gowan on 9-1-1937. The building was designed by Mr. H.A.N. Medd, Resident Architect. It was constructed at a cost of Rs./-.The building consisted of two stories with a garden courtyard in the centre. The outside dimensions are 400 ft x 230 ft. The original design provided for a main central dome rising 109 feet above ground land, the remainder of the building being approximately 52 feet in height. The building has been constructed with sandstone. The building has Ashlar stone facing and brick hearting. The flooring in the corridors and offices is of Sikosa and Shahabad flag stones. The building is declared open on 6 January 1940. On the opening ceremony the Viceroy of India described this building as a poem in stone. The High Court has a fairly well planned garden on the eastern as well as western sides.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The High Court of Judicature at Nagpur continued to be housed in this building till the reorganisation of states in 1956. With effect from 1-11-1956, eight Marathi speaking districts of Vidarbha formed part of the greater bilingual State of Bombay which came into existence. Remaining fourteen Hindi speaking districts of the former State of Madhya Pradesh became part of the newly constituted State of Madhya Pradesh with the capital at Bhopal. The High Court of Madhya Pradesh was treated as the successor of the former High Court at Nagpur.


title: Bombay High Court

text: A bench of the High Court at Bombay began to sit in this building at Nagpur with effect from 1-11-1956 and continues to do so even after the formation of the State of Maharashtra on 1-5-1960. During the year 1960 the strength of this Bench consisted of four Honourable Judges.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The extension of High Court building consists of two annex buildings on both sides of the existing building viz., North and South Wings. For this Government of Maharashtra has sanctioned Rs. 1,/- on dated 21 March 1983. 'South Wing' houses various utilities for the public, i.e. litigants and the Bar as well as High Court Government Pleader's Establishment including Standing Counsel for Central Government and 'A Panel Counsels, and also for the establishment. In the North Wing, it is proposed to accommodate additional Court Halls, Chambers of the Hobble Judges, Judges' Library and the office.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The Aurangabad bench was established in 1982. Initially only a few districts of Maharashtra were under the Aurangabad bench. Subsequently, in 1988, Ahmednagar & others districts were attached to the bench. The bench at Aurangabad has more than 13 judges.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The jurisdiction of the Aurangabad Bench is over Aurangabad, Ahmednagar, Dhule,Nandurbar, Jalna, Jalgaon, Beed, Parbhani, Latur & Osmanabad. The bench also has a Bar council of Maharashtra & Goa office. The present building of bench is situated in huge premises. The garden is beautifully maintained. Lush green grass invites the attention of any passerby. The HC bench at Aurangabad is just approximately 4 km from the Aurangabad Airport and around 6 km from central bus stand. The new building has 13 court halls in all now including two new. All the court halls are on the first floor of the building, while the registry of the Court is on the ground floor. The Aurangabad bench has a strong Bar of more than 1000 advocates, but Aurangabad bench does not have a jurisdiction for company law matters.


title: Bombay High Court

text: Due to continued demand of the people of Marathwada region for the establishment of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad under sub-section (2) of Sec. 51 of the Act, the State Government first took up the issue with the then Chief Justice R. M. Kantawala in 1977. On 22 March 1978, the State Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution supporting a demand for the establishment of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad to the effect :


title: Bombay High Court

text: "With a view to save huge expenses and to reduce the inconvenience of the people of the Marathwada and Pune regions in connection with legal proceedings, this Assembly recommends to the Government to make a request to the President to establish a permanent Bench of the Bombay High Court having jurisdiction in Marathwada and Pune regions, one at Aurangabad and the other at Pune."


title: Bombay High Court

text: The said demand for the constitution of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad was supported by the State Bar Council of Maharashtra, Advocates' Association of Western India, several bar associations and people in general. It is necessary here to mention that the resolution as originally moved made a demand for the setting up of a permanent Bench of the High Court of Bombay at Aurangabad for the Marathwada region, and there was, no reference to Pune which was added by way of amendment. Initially, the State Government made a recommendation to the Central Government in 1978 for the establishment of two permanent Benches under sub-sec. (2) of Section 51 of the Act, one at Aurangabad and the other at Pune, but later in 1981 confined its recommendation to Aurangabad alone.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The State Government thereafter took a Cabinet decision in January 1981 to establish a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad and this was conveyed by the Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra, Law & Judiciary Department, communicated by his letter dated 3 February 1981 to the Registrar and he was requested, with the permission of the Chief Justice, to submit proposals regarding accommodation for the Court and residential bungalows for the Judges, staff, furniture etc. necessary for setting up the Bench. As a result of this communication, the Chief Justice wrote to the Chief Minister on 26 February 1981 signifying his consent to the establishment of a permanent Bench at Aurangabad. After adverting to the fact that his predecessors had opposed such a move and had indicated, amongst other things, that such a step involved, as it does, breaking up of the integrity of the institution and the Bar, which would necessarily impair the quality and quantity of the disposals.


title: Bombay High Court

text: It, however, became evident by the middle of June 1981 that the Central Government would take time in reaching a decision on the proposal for the establishment of a permanent Bench under sub-sec. (2) of Section 51 of the Act at Aurangabad as the question involved a much larger issue, viz. the principles to be adopted and the criterion laid down for the establishment of permanent Benches of High Courts generally. This meant that there would be an inevitable delay in securing concurrence of the Central Government and the issuance of a Presidential Notification under sub-sec. (2) of S. 51 of the Act. On 19 June 1981, the State Government accordingly took a Cabinet decision that pending the establishment of a permanent Bench under sub-sec. (2) of S. 51 of the Act at Aurangabad for the Marathwada region, resort be had to the provisions of sub-section (3) thereof. On 20 June 1981, Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra, Law & Judiciary Department wrote to the Registrar stating that there was a possibility of the delay in securing concurrence of the Central Government and the issuance of a notification by the President under subsection (2) of S. 51 of the Act for the establishment of a permanent Bench at Aurangabad and in order to tide over the difficulty, the provisions of sub-sec. (3) of Section 51 of the Act may be resorted to and he, therefore, requested the Chief Justice to favour the Government With his views in the matter at an early date. On 5 July 1981, the Law Secretary waited on the Chief Justice in that connection. On 7 July 1981 the Chief justice wrote a letter to the Chief minister in which he stated that the Law Secretary had conveyed to him the decision of the State Government to have a Circuit Bench at Aurangabad under sub-sec. (3) of Section 51 pending the decision of the Central Government to establish a permanent Bench there under sub-section (2) of S. 51 of the Act. The Chief Justice then added: "I agree that some such step is necessary in view of the preparations made by the Government at huge costs and the mounting expectations of the people there."


title: Bombay High Court

text: On 20 July 1981, the Law Secretary addressed a letter to the Registrar requesting him to forward, with the permission of the Chief Justice, proposal as is required under sub-section (3) of S. 51 for the setting up of a Bench at Aurangabad. In reply to the same, the Registrar by his letter dated 24 July 1981 conveyed that the Chief Justice agreed with the suggestion of the State Government that action had to be taken under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act for which the approval of the Governor was necessary and he enclosed a copy of the draft order which the Chief Justice proposed to issue under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act. On 10 Aug. 1981, the Law Secretary conveyed to the Registrar the approval of the Governor. On 27 Aug. 1981, the Chief Justice issued an order under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act to the effect :


title: Bombay High Court

text: "In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (No. 37 of 1956) and all other powers enabling him in this behalf, the Hon'ble the Chief Justice, with the approval of the Governor of Maharashtra, is pleased to appoint Aurangabad as a place at which the Hon'ble Judges and Division Courts of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay may also sit." This is the history how the Aurangabad Bench of the Bombay High Court was constituted. The Constitution of the Bench by The Hon’ble The Chief Justice V.S.Deshpande then came to be challenged before the Hon’ble Supreme Court. The Petition filed by the State of Maharashtra was allowed and the aspirations of the people from Marathwada were recognised. The Judgment is a reported one (State of Maharashtra v. Narain Shyamrao Puranik) in AIR 1983 Supreme Court 46.


title: Bombay High Court

text: When the High Court of Bombay constituted a bench in Porvorim, Goa, Justice G.F Couto was appointed its first Goan permanent judge. Justice G.D. Kamath was appointed as judge in 1983 and later in 1996 as Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court. Justice E.S da Silva was elevated in 1990 and was a judge of this court till his retirement in 1995. Justice R.K. Batta and Justice R.M.S. Khandeparkar were Judges of the Goa bench for 8 and 12 years respectively. Justice F.I Rebello, was appointed Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court in 2010 and retired in 2011. Justice Nelson Britto was Judge for five years. Justice A.P Lavande, Justice F.M.Reis, and Justice M.S. Sonak, were senior lawyers who practiced in the Goa Bench before their elevation. Presently Goa has one lady judge, Justice Anuja Prabhudesai. Justice A Prabhudesai and retired Justice Nutan Sardesai who were both District Judges.


title: Bombay High Court

text: Prior to the annexation of Goa, Damaon& Diu the highest Court for the then Portuguese State of India was the "Tribunal da Relação de Goa" functioning at Panjim. Originally established in 1554, the "Relação de Goa" used to serve as the high court of appeal for all the Portuguese East Indies territories of the Indian Ocean and the Far East, including what are now Mozambique, Macau and East Timor, besides India itself. The "Relação de Goa" was abolished when a Court of Judicial Commissioner was established w.e.f. 16 December 1963 under Goa-Daman & Diu (Judicial Commissioner Court) Regulation, 1963. In May 1964 an Act was passed by the Parliament which conferred upon the Court of Judicial Commissioner, some powers of the High Court for the purposes of the Constitution of India.


title: Bombay High Court

text: Parliament by an Act extended the jurisdiction of High Court at Bombay to the Union territory of Goa Daman & Diu and established a permanent Bench of that High Court at Panaji on 30.10.1982


title: Bombay High Court

text: From its inception, the Hon'ble Shri Justice Dr. G.F.Couto who was at that time acting Judicial Commissioner was elevated to the Bench of High Court of Bombay. The Hon'ble Shri Justice G.D.Kamat was elevated to the Bench on 29.8.1983.


title: Bombay High Court

text: With the passing of Goa, Daman & Re-organization Act, 1987 by the Parliament conferring Statehood to Goa, the High Court of Bombay became the common High Court for the states of Maharashtra and Goa and the Union territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu w.e.f. 30.5.1987.


title: Bombay High Court

text: The High Court was shifted from the old building of "Tribunal da Relação" to Lyceum Complex at Altinho, Panaji and started functioning there from 3.11.1997. The main building at the said Complex, constructed in the year 1925 by the Portuguese Government,was renovated by the Goa state government and inaugurated by the Hon'ble Chief Justice of Bombay High Court Shri M.B.Shah on 2.10.1997.The Hon'ble Chief Justice of Bombay High Court, Shri Y.K.Sabharwal, inaugurated the 2nd building on 9.9.1999. Both these buildings now house several departments of the Bombay high court – panaji bench.


title: Bombay High Court

text: Due to the space crunch in the lyseum complex,a new building complex is being built in alto – betim porvorim region in Porvorim. The new building was inaugurated on 27 March 2021. The first court hearing in the new building was presided on by the divisional bench composed of Chief Justice of the Bombay high court Dipankar Datta and Justice Mahesh Sonak on 17 August 2021 .


title: Bombay High Court

text: The Case Status and Causelists of Bombay High Court is available on its official website at www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in. The Orders and Judgments from the year 2005 are also available on the website.


title: IG-11

text: IG-11 is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise who appears in the Disney+ television series "The Mandalorian". An extremely deadly and efficient bounty hunter droid, IG-11 initially attempts to capture and kill an alien known as the Child but is stopped and destroyed by another bounty hunter known as the Mandalorian. IG-11 is later repaired by the Ugnaught alien Kuiil and reprogrammed as a nurse and protector of the Child and an ally of the Mandalorian.


title: IG-11

text: The voice of IG-11 is performed by Taika Waititi, who was offered the part by "The Mandalorian" creator Jon Favreau based on their mutual work in the films of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Waititi said he tried to create a voice that lacked human emotion while still maintaining some semblance of humanity and described his performance as a cross between Siri and HAL 9000. IG-11 is based on and closely resembles another "Star Wars" bounty hunter named IG-88 created by George Lucas, so much so that fans and journalists initially mistook IG-11 for the other droid when the character was first unveiled.


title: IG-11

text: Although capable of great destruction, IG-11 also occasionally provides comedic moments in "The Mandalorian", and Waititi felt the character had a childlike innocence and naivety. His transformation from bounty hunter to protector drew discussions about nature versus nurture and the sentience of droids in the "Star Wars" universe. IG-11 has been received positively by reviewers and has been described as a fan favorite, with some calling him one of the best droids in the franchise. Waititi was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance, making it his first Emmy nomination and the first nominee of the category for a live-action series.


title: IG-11

text: IG-11 was in three episodes in the first season of "The Mandalorian", making his first appearance in the series premiere episode "", which first aired on November 12, 2019. He is an IG-series assassin droid, a dangerous model that has largely been outlawed. In his first appearance, IG-11 is a member of the Bounty Hunters' Guild, and attempts to capture an unidentified living being, which is also being sought by a fellow bounty hunter known as the Mandalorian, the show's protagonist. The Mandalorian has a distrust for all droids that stems from the fact that battle droids attacked his home planet and killed his parents during the Clone Wars when he was a child. This creates tension between himself and IG-11. Both the Mandalorian and IG-11 track the being to a compound on the planet Arvala-7, guarded by a large number of mercenaries of the Nikto alien species. While the Mandalorian is scouting the compound from afar, IG-11 simply walks up and demands they hand it over, resulting in a large gunfight, which The Mandalorian eventually joins. The two agree to team up and split the reward. They eventually eliminate the mercenaries and shoot their way into the compound, where they discover the asset, an alien of the same species as Yoda known as "the Child". IG-11 attempts to kill him, but the Mandalorian shoots IG-11 in the head and destroys him in order to protect the Child.


title: IG-11

text: IG-11 returns in the season's penultimate episode "", in which the Ugnaught alien Kuiil, an ally of the Mandalorian living on Arvala-7, repairs IG-11 and reprograms him to be a nurse droid. After Kuiil teaches IG-11 how to walk again, the droid takes on a more docile personality than before, serving meals and tea to guests and helping Kuiil feed his domesticated blurrg creatures. Kuiil set the droid's base function as "to nurse and protect". When the Mandalorian and his ally Cara Dune visit Kuiil seeking help with a mission on the planet Nevarro, they are surprised to find IG-11 alive and initially draw their weapons on him, until Kuiil assures them he will not harm them. Kuiil and IG-11 accompany the Mandalorian and Cara to Nevarro to help protect the Child during the mission. IG-11's new programming means he no longer wants to kill the Child and is instead committed to protecting it, though the Mandalorian still does not trust the droid.


title: IG-11

text: IG-11 made his final "Mandalorian" appearance in the first-season finale, "". At the start of the episode, after Imperial Scout Troopers have killed Kuiil and kidnapped the Child, IG-11 catches up with the troopers outside of a nearby town, incapacitates them, and reclaims the child. The droid then steals one of their speeder bikes and rides into the town, where he finds he Mandalorian, Cara, and the bounty hunter Greef Karga surrounded by stormtroopers being led by a man named Moff Gideon. IG-11 comes to their assistance, killing multiple stormtroopers while protecting the Child and helping the party retreat to a bunker. The Mandalorian is seriously injured and, still distrusting of droids, he assumes IG-11 is going to kill him, but instead the droid heals him with the use of bacta. IG-11 removes his helmet to treat serious injuries he sustained, marking the first time in the series the Mandalorian's face is shown; he initially objects because his culture requires that no living thing see him without his helmet, to which IG-11 responds, "I am not a living thing." The exchange ultimately wins IG-11 the trust of the Mandalorian.