title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Non-concessional contributions include excess concessional contributions for the financial year. Non-concessional contributions are amounts contributed which a employer or taxpayer has not claimed a tax deduction. They do not include super co-contributions, structured settlements and orders for personal injury or capital gains tax (CGT) related payments that the member has validly elected to exclude from their non-concessional contributions.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Non-concessional contributions are made into the super fund from after-tax income. These contributions are not taxed in the super fund.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: As of 1 July 2021, the non-concessional contributions cap is $110,000 per annum. Members 66 years or younger have the option of utilizing the ‘bring-forward’ rule which allows an eligible person to contribute 3 years’ worth of contributions in the one year. If a member’s non-concessional contributions exceed the cap, they are taxed at the top marginal tax rate.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Australian resident citizens over 67 years of age are entitled to an Age Pension if their income and assets are below specified levels. The full pension, as at March 2022, is $882.20 per fortnight for singles, and $665 each for couples.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Pension recipients are assessed under an Asset test and an Income test and their pension is reduced by whichever test lowers their pension amount the most. As at March 2022, to be eligible for the full pension single homeowners must have assets less than $270,500 and single non-homeowners assets less than $487,000. Couple homeowners must have assets less than $405,000 and non-homeowner's $621,500. The Income test will apply to singles who earn more than $180 per fortnight and couples who earn more than $320 per fortnight. Pension payments will by reduced by 50 cents for each dollar over these limits.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Superannuation funds operate as trusts with trustees being responsible for the prudential operation of their funds and in formulating and implementing an investment strategy. Some specific duties and obligations are codified in the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 - other obligations are the subject of general trust law. Trustees are liable under law for breaches of obligations. Superannuation trustees have, "inter alia", an obligation to ensure that superannuation monies are invested prudently with consideration given to diversification and liquidity.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Other than a few very specific provisions in the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (largely related to investments in assets related to the employer or impacting a self-managed super fund) funds are not subject to specific asset requirements or investment rules. A fund must maintain an investment strategy and comply with specific covenants contained in law at all times. A fund must not lend to a related party and must not acquire investments from a related party unless permitted. There are no minimum rate of return requirements, nor a government guarantee of benefits. There are some restrictions on borrowing and the use of derivatives and investments in the shares and property of employer sponsors of funds.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: As a result, superannuation funds tend to invest in a wide variety of assets with a mix of duration and risk/return characteristics. The recent investment performance of superannuation funds compares favourably with alternative assets such as ten year bonds.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: There are about 500 superannuation funds operating in Australia. Of those, 362 have assets totalling greater than $50 million. Superannuation assets totalled $2.7 trillion at the end of the June 2018 quarter, a new record according to the Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: 2015 changes to the SIS act has allowed SMSFs to borrow under limited recourse borrowing rules. Lenders have developed SMSF loans to enable SMSF's to borrow for residential property, commercial property and industrial property, however funds cannot acquire vacant land or change the asset eg develop, improve or construct using borrowed money. There are restrictions placed upon the fund that the trustees of the fund cannot gain a personal advantage from asset acquired by the fund, or purchase from what's known as a 'related party'. For example, you would not be able to live in the home that is owned by your SMSF. SMSF loans are generally available up to 80% of the purchase price and attract a high margin to the interest rate in comparison to standard occupier home loans. Major Banks have withdrawn from the SMSF loan market and loans are costly versus traditional loans as the loan must be a limited recourse loan product that also uses a bare trust to hold the property until the loan is repaid.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Industry, Retail and Wholesale Master Trusts are the largest sectors of the Australian Superannuation Market by net asset with 217 funds.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: SMSFs are the largest number of funds with 596,225 funds (2019) representing 32.8% of the $2.7 trillion market


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: From 1 July 2005, many Australian employees have been able to choose the fund their employer's future superannuation guarantee contributions are paid into. Employees may change a superannuation fund. They may choose to change funds, for example, because:


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Where an employee has not elected to choose their own fund, employers must since 1 January 2014 make "default contributions" only into an authorised MySuper product, which is designed to be a simple, low-cost superannuation fund with few, standardised fees and a single balanced investment option.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Superannuation funds are principally regulated under the "Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993" and the "Financial Services Reform Act 2002". Compulsory employer contributions are regulated via the Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: The "Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act" sets all the rules that a complying superannuation fund must obey (adherence to these rules is called compliance). The rules cover general areas relating to the trustee, investments, management, fund accounts and administration, enquiries and complaints.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: In June 2004 the SIS Act and Regulations were amended to require all superannuation trustees to apply to become a Registrable Superannuation Entity Licensee (RSE Licensee) in addition each of the superannuation funds the trustee operates is also required to be registered. The transition period is intended to end 30 June 2006. The new licensing regime requires trustees of superannuation funds to demonstrate to APRA that they have adequate resources (human, technology and financial), risk management systems and appropriate skills and expertise to manage the superannuation fund. The licensing regime has lifted the bar for superannuation trustees with a significant number of small to medium size superannuation funds exiting the industry due to the increasing risk and compliance demands.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: MySuper is part of the Stronger Super reforms announced in 2011 by the Julia Gillard Government for the Australian superannuation industry. From 1 January 2014, employers must only pay default superannuation contributions to an authorised MySuper product. Superannuation funds have until July 2017 to transfer accrued default balances to MySuper.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: The Financial Services Reform Act covers a very broad area of finance and is designed to provide standardisation within the financial services industry. Under the FSR, to operate a superannuation fund, the trustee must have a licence to run a fund and the individuals within the funds require a licence to perform their job.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Four main regulatory bodies keep watch over superannuation funds to ensure they comply with the legislation:


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: The interaction between superannuation, tax and pension eligibility is complex, meaning that many Australians struggle to engage with their superannuation accounts and utilise them effectively.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: The Australian superannuation industry has been criticised for pursuing self-interested re-investment strategies, and some funds have been accused of choosing investments that benefit related parties ahead of the investor.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Some superannuation providers provide minimal information to account holders about how their money has been invested. Usually, only vague categories are provided, such as "Australian Shares", with no indication of which shares were purchased.


title: Superannuation in Australia

text: Losses to the superannuation funds from the global financial crisis have also been a cause for concern, said to be around $75 billion.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: The Happy Prince and Other Tales (or Stories) is a collection of stories for children by Oscar Wilde first published in May 1888. It contains five stories: "The Happy Prince", "The Nightingale and the Rose", "The Selfish Giant", "The Devoted Friend", and "The Remarkable Rocket".


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: In a town full of suffering poor people, a swallow who was left behind after his flock flew off to Egypt for the winter meets the statue of the late "Happy Prince", who has never experienced true sorrow, for he lived in a palace where sorrow was not allowed to enter. Viewing various scenes of people suffering in poverty from his tall monument, the Happy Prince asks the swallow to take the ruby from his hilt, the sapphires from his eyes, and the gold leaf covering his body to give to the poor. As winter comes and the Happy Prince is stripped of all of his beauty, his lead heart breaks when the swallow dies as a result of his selfless deeds and severe cold. The people, unaware of their good deeds, take the statue down from the pillar due to its shabbiness (intending to replace it with one of the Mayor) and melt the metal in a furnace, leaving behind the broken heart and the dead swallow, which are thrown in a dust heap. These are taken up to heaven by an Angel that has deemed them the two most precious things in the city. This is affirmed by God, and they live forever in His "city of gold" and garden of Paradise.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: A nightingale overhears a student complaining that the professor's daughter will not dance with him, as he is unable to give her a red rose; a lizard, a butterfly and a daisy laugh at the student for doing so. The nightingale visits all the rose-trees in the garden, and one of the roses tells her there is a way to produce a red rose, but only if the nightingale is prepared to sing the sweetest song for the rose all night with her heart pressing into a thorn, sacrificing her life. Seeing the student in tears, and valuing his human life above her bird life, the nightingale carries out the ritual and dies painfully. The student takes the rose to the professor's daughter, but she again rejects him because the Chamberlain's nephew has sent her some real jewels, and "everybody knows that jewels cost far more than flowers". The student angrily throws the rose into the gutter, returns to his study of metaphysics, and decides not to believe in true love anymore.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: The Selfish Giant owns a beautiful garden which has 12 peach trees and lovely fragrant flowers, in which children love to play after returning from the school. On the giant's return from seven years visiting his friend the Cornish Ogre, he takes offence at the children and builds a wall to keep them out. He put up a notice board "TRESPASSERS WILL BE PROSECUTED". The garden falls into perpetual winter. One day, the giant is awakened by a linnet, and discovers that spring has returned to the garden, as the children have found a way in through a gap in the wall. He sees the error of his ways, and resolves to destroy the wall. However, when he emerges from his castle, all the children run away except for one boy who was trying to climb a tree. The giant helps this boy into the tree and announces: "It is your garden now, little children," and knocks down the wall. The children once more play in the garden, and Spring returns. But the boy that the Giant helped does not return, and the Giant is heartbroken. Many years later, after happily playing with the children all the time, the Giant is old and feeble. One winter morning, he awakes to see the trees in one part of his garden in full blossom. He descends from the castle to discover the boy that he once helped standing beneath a beautiful white tree. The Giant sees that the boy bears the stigmata. He does not realise that the boy is actually the Christ Child and is furious that somebody has wounded him.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: Shortly afterwards, the happy giant dies. That same afternoon, his body is found lying under the tree, covered in blossoms.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: This story is more or less a story within a story. It begins with a water-rat commenting to a duck about her ducklings, who are refusing to obey her. When he mentions friendship, a linnet flies down from a tree and begins the story, intending to explain to the water-rat what true friendship is.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: Hans was a little man who owned a beautiful garden, where he grew flowers of all kinds and colours which were sold in the market to make some money. He enjoyed the company of another man called Hugh, a miller who used to visit Hans very often during the summer time and with whom he shared thoughts about friendship and loyalty. Hans was so devoted to Hugh that he even gifted him whole bunches of flowers from his own garden.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: However, when winter came, Hans found himself in a very difficult situation, as his flowers wouldn't flourish anymore until the following spring, meaning that he was impoverished, living on a simple diet of a few pears and hard nuts. That winter was so stark that he had to sell some of his useful gardening tools, including his wheelbarrow, a silver chain, his pipe and some silver buttons. Meanwhile, the miller lived comfortably in his own house and avoided visiting his friend or helping him in any way, not to make him jealous and spoil, if not break, their friendship.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: Finally, Spring came, and it was time for Hans to sell some of his primroses in order to buy back his silver buttons. Hugh finally visits him, and, hearing about his problem, he decides to kindly gift him his old, broken wheelbarrow in exchange for a few favours. Hans naively accepts the deal, but the unceasing requests of the miller keeps him busy to the point that he cannot tend his garden.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: One day, Hans was asked to go and seek a doctor for Hugh's son, who had hurt himself, but as it was a stormy and rainy night, he could barely see where he was going. After finding the doctor, on the way back home, he gets lost and drowns in a hole full of water.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: Hugh, exaggerating his sadness, attends Hans's funeral, and the linnet's story is concluded with the following sentence: "'A great loss to me at any rate,' answered the Miller; 'why, I had as good as given him my wheelbarrow, and now I really don't know what to do with it. It is very much in my way at home, and it is in such bad repair that I could not get anything for it if I sold it. I will certainly take care not to give away anything again. One always suffers for being generous.'"


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: The water-rat, however, is unmoved by the story, saying that he would rather have not had listened to it, and disappears into his home.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: This story has been adapted for comics by the cartoonist P. Craig Russell, in Volume 4 of "Fairy Tales of Oscar Wilde", which also includes "The Nightingale and the Rose".


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: This story concerns a firework, who is one of many to be let off at the wedding of a prince and princess. The rocket is extremely pompous and self-important, and denigrates all the other fireworks, eventually bursting into tears to demonstrate his "sensitivity". As this makes him wet, he fails to ignite and, the next day, is thrown away into a ditch. He still believes he is destined for great public importance, and treats a frog, dragonfly, and duck that meet him with appropriate disdain. Two boys find him and use him as fuel for their camp-fire. The rocket is finally lit and explodes, but nobody observes him – the only effect he has is to frighten a goose with his falling stick.


title: The Happy Prince and Other Tales

text: "The Remarkable Rocket", unlike the other stories in the collection, contains a large number of Wildean epigrams:


title: Digimon Fusion

text: Digimon Fusion, known in Japan as , is the sixth anime television series in the "Digimon" franchise, produced by Toei Animation. The series was broadcast on TV Asahi and Asahi Broadcasting Corporation between July 2010 and March 2012.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: Its storyline follows the adventures of Mikey Kudo, who utilizes the power to fuse any of his Digimon partners. The series is divided into three arcs, with the latter two given the subtitles of , and respectively.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: The series was licensed outside of Asia by Saban Brands for an English-language adaptation, which was produced by Studiopolis; the third and final arc did not receive an English localization. The series was also adapted into a manga series and multiple video games.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: Mikey Kudo receives the Fusion Loader, creates his own team (Fusion Fighters) and recruits some Digimon partners in the Digital World. There, he learns that Lord Bagramon is attempting to conquer the world by collecting 108 Code Crown fragments and wields the Darkness Loader. Mikey collects some fragments from each zones, but Bagramon steals them and recruits AxeKnightmon. Mikey, Angie Hinomoto and Jeremy Tsurugi are sent back to the human world, but Mikey returns to the Digital World, leaving his friends behind.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: When Bagramon creates an empire divided into seven kingdoms, Mikey, Christopher Aonuma and Nene Amano defeat each generals. They learn that Bagramon is using Ewan to oppose them, while they gathered negative energy from those which transformed fragments into a Dark Stone (D5). After Mikey saves Ewan and retrieves all fragments, Shoutmon defeats Bagramon and plans to bring peace to both worlds.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: One year later, Mikey discovers an unstable realm between both worlds and learns that Quartzmon is absorbing data. The DigiQuartz is where Digimon Hunters capture Digimon for leaving any world and feeding negative emotions on anyone. The Clock Store Owner unites all heroic characters from different parallel universes. Tagiru and Gumdramon wield Bagramon's lost arm "Brave Snatcher", in order to defeat Quartzmon. With both worlds restored, all humans and their partners are separately return to their own universe. The series ends with Mikey, Tagiru and their friends planning their future.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: "Digimon Xros Wars" was first publicly revealed in the June 2010 issue of Shueisha's "V Jump" magazine, including the name of the series and brief descriptions of the series and several main characters. It was directed by Tetsuya Endo and written by Riku Sanjo. A number of staffs and voice actors for the anime were selected from those from "Gegege no Kitarō" (2007) and "Hakaba Kitarō" (2008) including Riku Sanjo and Minami Takayama. A third season was decided suddenly, with Yukio Kaizawa as the main writer for the first episode. In order to retain the series' popularity, Mikey Kudo remained as a returning character, while Christopher and Nene were removed from the main cast. Instead, Ewan remained as a protagonist due to his character still needing growth. The series was the first to be broadcast in widescreen and in HD 1080i and aired on TV Asahi between July 6, 2010, and March 25, 2012. Crunchyroll began streaming the original Japanese version of the series outside of Japan, with English subtitles, in November 2011. Disney XD in Malaysia aired a William Winckler-produced English version along with original Chinese and Malay dubs based on the original Japanese version from December 8, 2012, titled "Digimon Fusion Battles".


title: Digimon Fusion

text: The series was licensed by Saban Brands for an English language release to air in North America, contracting Studiopolis to dub the series into English and hiring Noam Kaniel (Noam) (who worked on "", "Code Lyoko", & "Power Rangers",) to compose the music for the series. The series began airing on Nickelodeon on September 7, 2013, was moved to Nicktoons after three episodes, and later began airing on The CW's Vortexx programming block from January 25, 2014 to September 27, 2014. The first season became available for streaming on Netflix starting September 13, 2014, while the second season became available on March 8, 2016. In Latin America, the series began being broadcast on Cartoon Network on May 1, 2014. Beginning on February 24, 2014, "Fusion" began airing in the United Kingdom on CITV, the same channel that aired the first three seasons. In Canada, YTV, which aired previous installments of the franchise (barring "Digimon Data Squad"), began airing the series on February 28, 2014, with thirty episodes. In the Philippines, it began airing on Yey! after the end of Digimon Frontier but it ended on July 1, 2020 due to ABS-CBN's franchise renewal controversy.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: The series was released on DVD with nineteen volumes by Bandai Visual in Japan from April 22, 2011 to August 24, 2012. A DVD box was released on November 22, 2016. "Part I" was released in the US on February 10, 2015 via Cinedigm, in Germany on June 15, 2015, and in the UK in via ITV Studios Home Entertainment. In Australia, "Part I" was released in several volumes from June 11, 2014."Part II" was released in the US on March 1, 2016 via Cinedigm.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: Kousuke Yamashita composed the music for the series. A total of three CD soundtracks under the label of "Music Code" were released in Japan on September 29, 2010, March 23, 2011 and January 18, 2012.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: A manga adaptation, illustrated by Yuki Nakashima, was serialized in Shueisha's "V Jump" magazine from June 21, 2010, to March 21, 2012. Its twenty-one chapters were collected in four "tankōbon" volumes, released from December 29, 2010, to May 2, 2012.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: Two arcade machines, and , have been released, which utilise special cards. A video game based on the series, , was released in Red and Blue versions for the Nintendo DS on March 3, 2011. Together, "Super Xros Wars" serves as the fourth game in the "Digimon Story" series. Bandai released a series of card games in North America.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: On its Japanese premiere, "Digimon Fusion" had a rating of 4.1 viewers. "Digimon Xros Wars: The Boy Hunters Who Leapt Through Time" was nominated for the 2012 International Emmy Kids Awards for "Best Animation". "Famicom Tsūshin" scored "Digimon Story: Super Xros Wars" 32 out of 40. Early responses by Anime News Network praised the pilot, stating nostalgic "Digimon" fans would enjoy it based on its new approach to power-ups within the main cast and compared it to the highly acclaimed mecha series "Gurren Lagann" despite suffering from cliches often seen in other anime. Voice actor Kyle Hebert said he enjoyed working in the English dub of the series as his two characters, Dorulumon and Balistamon, offered diverse characterization. Fellow actor Ben Diskin shared similar feelings, commenting he had been a fan of "Fusion" ever since its Japanese premiere and thus was glad to be voicing both Shoutmon and Cutemon, another pair of characters whose personalities differ greatly.


title: Digimon Fusion

text: General critical reception has also been positive. Mediaverum enjoyed the early episodes from "Fusion" and recommended it to fans of both the first two "Digimon Adventure" series. While noting the series was aimed at a young audience, DVDCorner wrote that the series still had deep themes which might attract older viewers despite its flaws. ICv2 recommended the series for a young audience when checking the English DVDs. CulturedVultures left it up to the viewers to watch it or not, also recommending it to an audience that has knowledge of the franchise, while Metro stated it retained the appeal of its predecessors which overshadowed the famous "Pokémon" back in the 1990s. DVDTalk found mixed feelings when reviewing "Fusion". While he lamented the series' focus on Digimons rather than humans, he still praised the show for its animation and recommended it to fans of the series. Capsule Monster commented that despite the apparent attempts of the series to expand marketing, "Fusion" offers an appealing story, as rather than focusing on friendship, it also contains dark themes rarely seen in children's shows which might attract other audiences.


title: Anthem of the Seas

text: Anthem of the Seas is a owned by Royal Caribbean International (RCI) and the second ship of her class. The "Quantum" class is the third largest class of cruise ships behind MSC Cruises's "Meraviglia" class and Royal Caribbean International's by gross tonnage.


title: Anthem of the Seas

text: On 11 February 2011, Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a new class of ships from the Meyer Werft shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, the first of which was scheduled to be delivered by autumn 2014. At the time, the project was code-named "Project Sunshine". Later that year, two 20.5-megawatt ABB Azipod XO propulsion units were ordered for that ship.


title: Anthem of the Seas

text: On 29 February 2012 the company announced that a second "Project Sunshine" ship had been ordered and would be delivered by Spring 2015, and ordered identical Azipod propulsion units shortly thereafter. Just under a year later, on 31 January 2013, Royal Caribbean announced the official name of the new class of ships, "Quantum" Class, as well as the names of the first two ships in the class, "Quantum of the Seas" and "Anthem of the Seas".


title: Anthem of the Seas

text: "Anthem of the Seas" was delivered to Royal Caribbean on 10 April 2015. She arrived at her first homeport, Southampton, England, on 15 April 2015, to prepare for her maiden European summer season. At a ceremony held in Southampton on 20 April 2015, she was christened by Emma Wilby, a British travel agent chosen after a search for a travel agent who could sing, and also because she exemplified "grace, beauty, a social conscious (sic) and a sense of adventure." In addition to being a travel agent, Wilby is a military wife who sings in the Military Wives Choir in Kinloss, Scotland.


title: Anthem of the Seas

text: The christening ceremony took place in the vessel's Royal Theatre in front of 1,300 guests. It began with a procession, followed by performances by the Reading Scottish Pipe Band, and Only Boys Aloud, a boys' choir from Wales. Wilby then sang Katy Perry's hit song "Firework", after which she pushed a button to send a very large bottle of Perrier-Jouët champagne down a zipline on the ship's top deck, from the North Star gondola thrill ride into a wall bearing the ship's name.


title: Anthem of the Seas

text: "Anthem of the Seas" has 16 passenger-accessible decks with a total of 2090 passenger cabins. Her facilities include a Wave Loch Flowrider surf simulator, a rock-climbing wall, a skydiving simulator, swimming pools, a solarium, a Spa and Fitness Center, a theater and a casino.


title: Anthem of the Seas

text: On 7 February 2016, the ship was struck by "extreme wind and sea conditions" off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina while sailing south from Bayonne, New Jersey to Port Canaveral, Florida. The ship was caught in waves and a apparent wind. Passengers were advised to stay in their cabins, as the rocking of the ship overturned furniture and caused damage in public areas and cabins, including collapsing part of a suspended ceiling and rendering one of the ship's two azipod propulsion units inoperable. Royal Caribbean reported that only four passengers suffered minor injuries. The ship resumed sailing on 8 February, returning to port in the New York area to avoid further bad weather that had been forecast. Passengers were refunded their full cruise fare, and received a credit for 50% of their fare toward a future cruise within the next year.


title: Anthem of the Seas

text: On 4 September 2016, "Anthem of the Seas" was again confronted with stormy conditions generated from the nearby Hurricane Hermine, which was a post-tropical cyclone at the time. The ship experienced gusts of up to 90 mph. Again, passengers were confined to their staterooms to ride out the storm. However, this one caused less damage than the previous incident.


title: Anthem of the Seas

text: On 7 February 2020, the ship was quarantined due to the coronavirus. A passenger from the 27 January 2020 sailing had traveled through mainland China where the virus was widespread at the time. Royal Caribbean got the test results back from the CDC on 8 February 2020, and the guest tested negative. The ship was cleared to sail on 10 February 2020. All 5,000 passengers due to sail on 7 February sailing had to find their own arrangements for lodging and ended up sailing to Bermuda for four days instead of the Bahamas for eight.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Road bicycle racing is the cycle sport discipline of road cycling, held primarily on paved roads. Road racing is the most popular professional form of bicycle racing, in terms of numbers of competitors, events and spectators. The two most common competition formats are mass start events, where riders start simultaneously (though sometimes with a handicap) and race to a set finish point; and time trials, where individual riders or teams race a course alone against the clock. Stage races or "tours" take multiple days, and consist of several mass-start or time-trial stages ridden consecutively.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Professional racing originated in Western Europe, centred in France, Spain, Italy and the Low Countries. Since the mid-1980s, the sport has diversified, with races held at the professional, semi-professional and amateur levels, worldwide. The sport is governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). As well as the UCI's annual World Championships for men and women, the biggest event is the Tour de France, a three-week race that can attract over 500,000 roadside supporters a day.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Road racing in its modern form originated in the late 19th century. It began as an organized sport in 1868. The sport was popular in the western European countries of France, Spain, Belgium, and Italy, and some of those earliest road bicycle races remain among the sport's biggest events. These early races include Liège–Bastogne–Liège (established 1892), Paris–Roubaix (1896), the Tour de France (1903), the Milan–San Remo and Giro di Lombardia (1905), the Giro d'Italia (1909), the Volta a Catalunya (1911), and the Tour of Flanders (1913). They provided a template for other races around the world.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Cycling has been part of the Summer Olympic Games since the modern sequence started in Athens in 1896.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Historically, the most competitive and devoted countries since the beginning of 20th century were Belgium, France and Italy, then road cycling spread in Colombia, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland after World War II. However, as the sport grows in popularity through globalization, countries such as Kazakhstan, Australia, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Poland and the United States continue to produce world-class cyclists.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: The first women’s road championships were held in France in 1951. A women’s road race discipline was added to the UCI Road World Championships at the 31st edition of the World Championships in 1958 in Reims.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Professional single-day race distances may be as long as . Courses may run from place to place or comprise one or more laps of a circuit; some courses combine both, i.e., taking the riders from a starting place and then finishing with several laps of a circuit (usually to ensure a good spectacle for spectators at the finish). Races over short circuits, often in town or city centres, are known as criteriums. Some races, known as handicaps, are designed to match riders of different abilities and/or ages; groups of slower riders start first, with the fastest riders starting last and so having to race harder and faster to catch other competitors.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Individual time trial (ITT) is an event in which cyclists race alone against the clock on flat or rolling terrain, or up a mountain road. A team time trial (TTT), including two-man team time trial, is a road-based bicycle race in which teams of cyclists race against the clock. In both team and individual time trials, the cyclists start the race at different times so that each start is fair and equal. Unlike individual time trials where competitors are not permitted to 'draft' (ride in the slipstream) behind each other, in team time trials, riders in each team employ this as their main tactic, each member taking a turn at the front while teammates 'sit in' behind. Race distances vary from a few km (typically a prologue, an individual time trial of usually less than before a stage race, used to determine which rider wears the leader's jersey on the first stage) to between approximately and .


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Stage races consist of several races, or stages, ridden consecutively. The competitor with the lowest cumulative time to complete all stages is declared the overall, or general classification (GC), winner. Stage races may also have other classifications and awards, such as individual stage winners, the points classification winner, and the "King of the Mountains" (or mountains classification) winner. A stage race can also be a series of road races and individual time trials (some events include team time trials). The stage winner is the first person to cross the finish line that day or the time trial rider (or team) with the lowest time on the course. The overall winner of a stage race is the rider who takes the lowest aggregate time to complete all stages (accordingly, a rider does not have to win all or any of the individual stages to win overall). Three-week stage races are called Grand Tours. The professional road bicycle racing calendar includes three Grand Tours - the Giro d'Italia, the Tour de France, and the Vuelta a Espana.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Ultra-distance cycling races are very long single stage events where the race clock continuously runs from start to finish. Their sanctioning bodies are usually independent of the UCI. They usually last several days and the riders take breaks on their own schedules, with the winner being the first one to cross the finish line. Among the best-known ultramarathons is the Race Across America (RAAM), a coast-to-coast non-stop, single-stage race in which riders cover approximately in about a week. The race is sanctioned by the UltraMarathon Cycling Association (UMCA). RAAM and similar events allow (and often require) racers to be supported by a team of staff; there are also ultra-distance bicycle races that prohibit all external support, such as the Transcontinental Race and the Indian Pacific Wheel Race.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: The related activity of randonneuring is not strictly a form of racing, but involves cycling a pre-determined course within a specified time limit.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: The most commonly used bicycle in road races are simply known as racing bicycles. Their design is strictly regulated by the UCI, the sport's governing body. Specialist time trial bicycles are used for time trial events.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Bicycles approved for use under UCI regulations must be made available for commercial sale and it is commonplace for amateur cyclists to own bicycles that are identical to those used to win major races.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Clothing worn for road racing is designed to improve aerodynamics and improve rider comfort. The rider's shorts contain padding to improve comfort, and materials are chosen to manage rider temperature, manage sweat, and keep the rider as warm and dry as feasible in wet conditions. Cycling jerseys were originally made of wool; modern jerseys are made of synthetic fabrics such as lycra.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Bicycle helmets were made mandatory for professional road racing in 2003, after the death of cyclist Andrey Kivilev.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: A number of tactics are employed to reach the objective of a race. This objective is being the first to cross the finish line in the case of a single-stage race, and clocking the least aggregate finish time in the case of a multi-stage race.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Tactics are based on the aerodynamic benefit of drafting, whereby a rider can significantly reduce the required pedal effort by closely following in the slipstream of the rider in front. Riding in the main field, or peloton, can save as much as 40% of the energy employed in forward motion when compared to riding alone. Some teams designate a leader, whom the rest of the team is charged with keeping out of the wind and in good position until a critical section of the race. This can be used as a strength or a weakness by competitors; riders can cooperate and draft each other to ride at high speed (a paceline or echelon), or one rider can sit on a competitor's wheel, forcing the other person to do a greater share of the work in maintaining the pace and to potentially tire earlier. Drafting is not permitted in individual time trials.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: A group of riders that "breaks away" (a "break") from the peloton has more space and freedom, and can therefore be at an advantage in certain situations. Working together smoothly and efficiently, a small group can potentially maintain a higher speed than the peloton, in which the remaining riders may not be as motivated or organized to chase effectively. Usually a rider or group of riders will try to break from the peloton by attacking and riding ahead to reduce the number of contenders for the win. If the break does not succeed and the body of cyclists comes back together, a sprinter will often win by overpowering competitors in the final stretch. Teamwork between riders, both pre-arranged and ad hoc, is important in many aspects: in preventing or helping a successful break, and sometimes in delivering a sprinter to the front of the field.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: To make the course more selective, races often feature difficult sections such as tough climbs, fast descents, and sometimes technical surfaces (such as the cobbled "pavé" used in the Paris–Roubaix race). The effects of drafting are reduced in these difficult sections, allowing the strongest riders in the conditions to drop weaker riders, reducing the number of direct competitors able to take the win. Weather, particularly wind, is also an important discriminating factor.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Climbs are excellent places for a single rider to try to break away from a bunch, as the lower riding speeds in a climb seriously reduce the drafting advantage of the bunch. The escaping rider can then further capitalize on that rider's position in the descent, as going downhill alone allows for more maneuvering space and therefore higher speeds than when in a bunch. In addition, because the bunch riders are keeping more space between them for safety reasons, their drafting benefits are again reduced. If this action takes place relatively close to the target (e.g. another bunch ahead, or the finish), the ride over flatter terrain after the descent is not long enough to let the drafting effect (which is then working at full power again) make the bunch catch up, making a climb escape even more attractive.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Wind conditions can also make otherwise routine sections of a course potentially selective. Crosswinds, particularly, alter the position of the "shadow" when drafting a rider, usually placing it diagonally behind the lead rider, forming a line of riders called an echelon. To take advantage of this, an attacking rider rides at high speed at the front of the peloton, on the opposite side of the road from which the crosswind is blowing. Following riders are unable to fully shelter from the wind. If such tactics are maintained for long enough, a weaker rider somewhere in the line will be unable to keep contact with the rider directly ahead, causing the peloton to split up.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: As well as exceptional fitness, successful riders must develop excellent bike handling skills in order to ride at high speeds in close quarters with other riders. Individual riders can reach speeds of while descending winding mountain roads and may reach 60–80 km/h (37–50 mph) level speeds during the final sprint to the finish line. Across a long stage race, such as a Grand Tour, the winner's average speed is usually near 40 km/h.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: In more organized races, a SAG wagon ("support and gear") or broom wagon follows the race to pick up stragglers. In professional stage racing, particularly the Tour de France, riders who are not in a position to win the race or assist a teammate, will usually attempt to ride to the finish within a specified percentage of the winner's finishing time, to be permitted to start the next day's stage. Often, riders in this situation band together to minimize the effort required to finish within the time limit; this group of riders is known as the "gruppetto" or "autobus". In one-day racing, professionals who no longer have any chance to affect the race outcome will routinely withdraw, even if they are uninjured and capable of riding to the finish.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: While the principle remains that the winner is the first to cross the line, many riders are grouped together in teams, usually with commercial sponsors. On professional and semi-professional teams, team names are typically synonymous with the primary sponsors. As an example, some prominent professional teams of the last 30 years have been , , , and . The size of the team varies, from three in an amateur event for club riders to eight in professional races. Team riders decide between themselves, before and during the race, who has the best chance of winning. The choice will depend on hills, the chances that the whole field will finish together in a sprint, and other factors. The other riders on the team, or domestiques, will devote themselves to promoting the leader's chances, taking turns in the wind for him, refusing to chase with the peloton when he or she escapes, and so on. The goal is usually to allow the leader to have enough energy to take off at the critical point of the race and go on to victory. However, there can be many alternative scenarios depending on the strength of teams and the race situation.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: One example of team tactics involves placing a strong domestique in a breakaway (rather than the designated team leader). If the domestique is a good chance to win if the breakaway is not brought back, it places the onus on other teams with favoured riders to expend energy chasing the breakaway, impeding their efforts to assist their leader in the final stages of the race. For instance, in the 2012 London Olympics men's road race the outright favourite was sprinter Mark Cavendish riding for the team of Great Britain. Another favoured rider was Matthew Goss riding for the Australian team. By placing Stuart O'Grady in the breakaway, the Australian team was able to force the British team to take primary responsibility for the chase and absolve themselves of the responsibility.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: In professional races, team coordination is often performed by radio communication between the riders and the team director, who travels in a team car behind the race and monitors the overall situation. The influence of radios on race tactics is a topic of discussion amongst the cycling community, with some arguing that the introduction of radios in the 1990s has devalued the tactical knowledge of individual riders and has led to less exciting racing. In September 2009, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the governing body of pro cycling, voted to phase in a ban on the use of team radios in men's elite road racing. However, after protests from teams, the ban introduced in 2011 excluded races on the top-level men's and women's circuits (the UCI World Tour and UCI Women's Road World Cup) and in 2015 the UCI reversed its stance, allowing race radios to be used in class HC and class 1 events from the 2016 season.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Within the discipline of road racing, from young age different cyclists have different (relative) strengths and weaknesses. Depending on these, riders tend to prefer different events over particular courses, and perform different tactical roles within a team.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: In a stage race a "stage ranking" is drawn up at the end of each stage, showing for each participating rider the completion time of the stage. The one with the lowest completion time wins the stage. At the same time a "general ranking" shows the cumulative finishing times of all prior stages for each participating rider. A rider who does not complete any of the stages within its respective time limit is disqualified. The one with the lowest total cumulative time is the general leader. The general leader typically wears a distinctive jersey (yellow in the Tour de France) and generally maintains a position near the head of the main mass of riders (the peloton), surrounded by team members, whose job it is to protect the leader.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Contenders for the general lead may stage "attacks" to distance themselves from the leader in "breakaways". The general leader's vulnerability to breakaways is higher when the escaping rider(s) trail by a small time difference in the general ranking, and as number of remaining stages diminishes. Riders, who finish in the stage ranking behind the general leader, increase their cumulative time disadvantage. Whereas those who finish ahead of the general leader decrease their time disadvantage and may even gain sufficient time to unseat the general leader. After each stage, the racer with the lowest cumulative time becomes (or remains) the general leader.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: The general leader does not generally react to breakaways by riders who trail substantially in cumulative time. Such escapes usually achieve other goals, such as winning the stage, collecting sprinting or mountain points, or just creating air time for their team sponsors as a dedicated camera bike typically accompanies the escape.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Notable cycling races include the Tour de France, a three-week stage race principally through France and ending in Paris, the Giro d'Italia in Italy, and the Vuelta a España in Spain. Each of these races is considered a "Grand Tour".


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Professional racing is governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale. In 2005 it instituted the UCI ProTour (renamed UCI World Tour in 2011) to replace the UCI Road World Cup series. While the World Cup contained only one-day races, the World Tour includes the Grand Tours and other large stage races such as Critérium du Dauphiné, Paris–Nice, Tour de Suisse and the Volta a Catalunya.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: The former UCI Road World Cup one-day races – which include all five Classic cycle races or "Monuments" – were also part of the ProTour: Milan–San Remo (Italy), Tour of Flanders (Belgium), Paris–Roubaix (France), Liège–Bastogne–Liège (Belgium) and Amstel Gold Race (Netherlands) in the spring, and Clásica de San Sebastián (Spain), HEW Cyclassics (Germany), Züri-Metzgete (Switzerland, until 2006), Paris–Tours (France, until 2007) and Giro di Lombardia (Italy) in the autumn season.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: Cycling has been a discipline in the summer Olympics ever since the birth of the modern Olympic movement. Cycling activist, co-organizer of Peace Race, said: "Cycling has become a major event on the Olympic programme ... Like many other sports it has undergone several changes over the years. Just as there used to be track and field events such as the standing high jump or throwing the javelin with both hands, cyclists, too, used to compete for medals in events which today have been forgotten; for example in Athens in 1896, they attempted a 12-hour race, and in London, in 1908, one of the events was a sprint for ." The Olympic Games has never been as important in road cycling as in other sports. Until the distinction ended, the best riders were professionals rather than amateurs and so did not take part. Law enforcement always escort the athletes to ensure they are kept safe during the cycling events, especially the road races.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: The success of the races in the Parc de St-Cloud inspired the Compagnie Parisienne and the magazine "Le Vélocipède Illustré" to run a race from the Arc de Triomphe in Paris to the cathedral in Rouen on 7 November 1869. It was the world's first long-distance road race and also won by Moore, who took 10 hours and 25 minutes to cover 134 km. The runners-up were the Count André Castéra, who had come second to Moore at St-Cloud, and Jean Bobillier, riding a farm bike that weighed 35 kg. The only woman to finish within 24 hours was the self-styled Miss America, in reality an unknown English woman who, like several in the field, had preferred not to compete under her real name.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: The growth of organised cycle racing led to the development of national administrative bodies, in Great Britain in 1878, France 1881, the Netherlands 1883, Germany 1884 and Sweden 1900. Sometimes, as in Great Britain, cycling was originally administered as part of athletics, since cyclists often used the tracks used by runners. This, according to historian James McGurn, led to disputes within countries and internationally.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: The first international body was the International Cycling Association (ICA), established by an English schoolteacher named Henry Sturmey, the founder of Sturmey-Archer. It opened in 1893 and held its first world championship in Chicago, United States, the same year. A new organisation, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), was set up on 15 April 1900 during the Olympic Games in Paris, by several European countries and the United States. Great Britain was not initially a member, but joined in 1903. The UCI, based in Switzerland, has run the sport ever since.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: In its home in Europe and in the United States, cycle racing on the road is a summer sport, although the season can start in early spring and end in autumn. The months of the season depend on the hemisphere. A racing year is divided between lesser races, single-day classics and stage races. The classics include the Tour of Flanders, Paris–Roubaix and Milan–San Remo. The other important one-day race is the World Championships. Unlike other classics, the World Championships is held on a different course each year and ridden by national rather than sponsored teams. The winner wears a white jersey with coloured bands (often called "rainbow bands") around the chest.


title: Road bicycle racing

text: In Australia, due to the relatively mild winters and hot summers, the amateur road racing season runs from autumn to spring, through the winter months, while criterium races are held in the mornings or late afternoons during the summer. Some professional events, including the Tour Down Under, are held in the southern summer, mainly to avoid clashing with the major northern hemisphere races and allowing top professionals to compete.


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: Paul Myers (born 11 November 1960) is a Canadian author, journalist, musician and songwriter. Until 2006, Myers worked as a musician and journalist in Toronto and Vancouver, where he became a television and radio personality. He is the older brother of actor and comedian Mike Myers.


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: In the 1990s, Myers was the front man and songwriter for the band The Gravelberrys, which had a Canadian alternative hit in the early 1990s with "Wonder Where You Are Tonight." The group, which took its name from a reference in "The Flintstones", disbanded in 1995, after several complete lineup changes.


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: In 1995, Myers began his journalism career, in Toronto. Since that time, he has written for a wide variety of periodicals and newspapers, including Canadian outlets "The Globe and Mail", "The Vancouver Sun", "The Vancouver Province", and "Canadian Musician", and American publications including "Mix", "Electronic Musician", "Crawdaddy!", and the "San Francisco Bay Guardian".


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: In 2001, Myers' first long form book, was the authorized biography of the Barenaked Ladies, "Public Stunts, Private Stories", published in Canada by Madrigal Press and in the US by Simon & Schuster's Fireside Books imprint.


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: In 2001, to 2006, Myers was in Vancouver, British Columbia, holding a variety of positions during this time. Myers was the musician judge on the Canwest Global reality TV series, "Popstars: The One", and blogged about his experience for the "Vancouver Province".


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: Myers and Patrick Maliha were known to viewers of Shaw TV's "Urban Rush" as The Movie Guys, appearing in a popular weekly segment which ran from 2003 until 2006, when Myers left Vancouver for the San Francisco area. Myers was also briefly a regular cultural pundit on CTV's "The Vicki Gabereau Show", a national daytime program which taped out of Vancouver.


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: In 2003, to 2004, Myers hosted a talk radio show on CHMJ (then branded as "MOJO Radio") in Vancouver. The show was first known as "One, Two, Three with Paul Myers" (after its 1:00 to 3:00 time slot), before being rechristened "The Paul Myers Show". The show attained cult status, and Myers played host to diverse guests such as They Might Be Giants, Matthew Sweet, Seth MacFarlane, Errol Morris, Randy Bachman, and Rick Nielsen from Cheap Trick, as well as local musicians and touring authors. CHMJ, a Corus radio station, abandoned broader talk radio in 2004 in favour of an all-sports format. Myers joked that despite his acquisition of a Vancouver Canucks jersey, his culture- and music-based topics no longer fit on the sports channel.


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: In 2007, his second book, a biography of Long John Baldry called "It Ain't Easy: Long John Baldry and the Birth of the British Blues", was published by Greystone Books in Fall 2007.


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: While researching the Baldry book, Myers met Vancouver filmmaker Nick Orchard, who enlisted him to write the script and appear in his documentary "Long John Baldry: In The Shadow Of The Blues". The film has received repeated airing on both the Canadian Bravo network and BBC 4 in the UK. In 2008, Myers was personally nominated for a Gemini Award (the Canadian Emmy) for Best Writing in a Documentary Program or Series, for his work on Orchard's film.


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: In 2010, Jawbone Press published Myers' third book, "A Wizard, a True Star: Todd Rundgren in the Studio", a detailed history of the record production career of the Philadelphia-born guitarist and producer. The book featured interviews with Rundgren and many of his production clients, including Patti Smith, XTC, Meat Loaf, New York Dolls, Cheap Trick, Psychedelic Furs, Grand Funk, and Hall & Oates. The book was critically acclaimed and received four star reviews from the British magazines "MOJO" and "Record Collector".


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: In 2014, Myers continued to write, record and play sporadic shows, appearing since 2014 as The Paul & John, a San Francisco-based duo formed by Myers and John Moremen, performing with drummers that have included D. J. Bonebrake and Dawn Richardson.<ref name="fastcompany.com/user/paul-myers">


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: </ref> The Paul & John have released one album, "Inner Sunset" (2014). Kickstarter was used to fund upfront costs of a vinyl pressing.


title: Paul Myers (musician)

text: In 2018, On 23 October 2018, House of Anansi Press published Myers' 4th book, "Kids In the Hall: One Dumb Guy." The book's release was preceded and followed by a promotional speaking tour discussing the history of the comedy troupe, Kids in the Hall, featuring some members of the cast. On 21 September 2018, Myers was joined at the Crows Nest Theatre in Toronto by Bruce McCulloch and Scott Thompson as part of the Toronto Sketch Comedy Festival. In January 2019, Myers was joined in conversation about the book by 4 of the 5 Kids in the Hall: Dave Foley, Kevin McDonald, Mark McKinney and Scott Thompson at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco as part of Sketchfest 2019.


title: Steve Bronski

text: He was a co-founder and keyboard player of the group Bronski Beat, known for the singles "Smalltown Boy" and "Why?". He was also a LGBTQ activist and was openly gay from an early age.


title: Steve Bronski

text: Raised in Castlemilk, Glasgow, Bronski worked in his youth as a labourer. He lived in a flat in Brixton, London during the early formative period of Bronski Beat with his fellow musicians. Later on he squatted with partner and bandmate Larry Steinbachek in Camberwell, London. Following the break up of the band he lived in Thailand for many years, as well as Paris, France, before returning to the United Kingdom.


title: Steve Bronski

text: Bronski had a stroke in 2018 which limited his mobility. He died from smoke inhalation in a fire at his home in Soho, London, on 7 December 2021, at the age of 61.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Thomas Peter Shadyac (born December 11, 1958) is an American director, screenwriter, producer, and author. The youngest joke-writer ever for comedian Bob Hope, Shadyac is widely known for writing and directing the comedy films "", "The Nutty Professor", "Liar Liar", "Patch Adams", and "Bruce Almighty". In 2010, Shadyac retired from the comedy genre and wrote, directed, and narrated his own documentary film "I Am", that explores his abandonment of a materialistic lifestyle following his involvement in a bicycle accident three years earlier.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Shadyac is a former professor of communication at Pepperdine University's Seaver College. In 2011, he was a participant in the Conference on World Affairs. In 2015, Shadyac began teaching film at the University of Colorado Boulder, beginning with that year's Spring semester. Shadyac teaches film at the University of Memphis.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Shadyac was born in Falls Church, Virginia to Julie and Richard Shadyac, a lawyer. His mother was of Lebanese descent, while his father was of half-Irish and half-Lebanese ancestry. His mother, who died of cancer in 1998, had become semi-quadriplegic and spent much of Shadyac's adult life in a wheelchair.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Shadyac attended J. E. B. Stuart High School in Falls Church, where he had played basketball, participated in the Key Club, and made the Junior National and National Honor Societies. In both 1975 and 1976, Shadyac was included in the now-defunct "Who's Who Among High School Students" website and book, prior to his graduation in 1976.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: As a pre-law student at the University of Virginia, Shadyac produced a poster entitled "Are You a Preppie?" Borrowing from the style of "National Lampoon" magazine, and based on the large number of preppies in Charlottesville and nearby Richmond, Virginia, the poster preceded the more well-known "The Official Preppy Handbook". The poster went into multiple printings and served as a fundraiser for his fraternity, Sigma Chi.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Shadyac graduated from UVA in 1981, and later received his master's degree in film from the UCLA Film School in 1989, after completing the critically acclaimed short film "Tom, Dick and Harry".


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Shadyac moved to Los Angeles in 1983 and, at age 24, was Hope's staff joke writer. Shadyac briefly acted during the 1980s, appearing in an episode of "Magnum, P.I." and in the 1987 film "Jocks". He then worked on movies-of-the-week, rewritten and directed for 20th Century Fox.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: "Ace Ventura: Pet Detective" was Shadyac's first major film and featured an up-and-coming Jim Carrey, described by Shadyac as "the only white guy in "Living Color"." Following "Ace Ventura: Pet Detective", Shadyac attained a prominent status in Hollywood and received frequent offers from significant figures in the comedy industry, keen to collaborate with him. He frequently cast Carrey in lead roles and his hit films with Carrey include "Bruce Almighty" and "Liar Liar".


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Examples of other Shadyac films include his collaboration with Eddie Murphy on "The Nutty Professor" movie series; "Patch Adams", starring Robin Williams; "Dragonfly" with Kevin Costner; and "Evan Almighty", the sequel to "Bruce Almighty" with Steve Carell. He was also the executive producer of the ABC TV series "8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter". His company Shady Acres Entertainment had an overall deal with Universal in 1999.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: In his 2011 documentary "I Am", which follows Shadyac in the aftermath of a bicycle accident in which he suffered significant injuries, he interviews scientists, religious leaders, environmentalists and philosophers, including David Suzuki, Desmond Tutu, Noam Chomsky, Lynne McTaggart, Elisabet Sahtouris, Howard Zinn and Thom Hartmann. The film asks two central questions: "What’s Wrong With the World?" and "What Can We Do About it?" The film is about "human connectedness, happiness, and the human spirit," and explores Shadyac's personal journey, "the nature of humanity" and the "world's ever-growing addiction to materialism." The film received a 23-minute standing ovation at its premiere screening.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: In 2013 Shadyac published a book entitled "Life's Operating Manual" and appeared on HBO's live broadcast show "Real Time with Bill Maher" as part of the promotional campaign. The book was published by Hay House on April 30, 2013 and in his review for the "New York Journal of Books", Martin A. David states:


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Many, if not most, of Mr. Shadyac’s elucidations are mundane truisms. But this absolutely does not discredit them ... Books like his are frequently read by people who already understand the messages contained but desire booster shots of energizing inspirations. Preaching to the choir is not a bad thing, but the preacher has to do something more to keep the choir awake ... Tom Shadyac’s view of what we need to keep our world from continuing on its downward spiral would have carried more gravitas had he said it better and with more convincing clarity. It would, indeed, be helpful if a how-to book for existence were available.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Shadyac is a former adjunct professor of communication at Pepperdine University's Seaver College. In 2011 he was a participant in the Conference on World Affairs. In 2015, Shadyac began teaching film at the University of Colorado Boulder, beginning with that year's Spring semester, Shadyac now teaches film at the University of Memphis.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: On March 22, 2018, Shadyac opened the doors to his newest project: Memphis Rox climbing gym. Located in South Memphis, it is a non-profit, pay-what-you-can climbing gym and community center. Memphis Rox also features weight lifting, climbing specific training, treadmills & other cardio, and classes in Yoga, Meditation, Tai Chi, and Senior Fitness. It is across the street from the Stax Museum of American soul music.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: In 2007, Shadyac suffered post-concussion syndrome after a bicycle accident in Virginia, and experienced a prolonged period of acute headaches and hyper-sensitivity to light and noise. The injury followed the cumulative effects of previous mild head injuries Shadyac had suffered from surfing, mountain biking, and playing basketball. Shadyac was forced to sleep in a darkened closet in his house due to a constant ringing in his ears that lasted beyond a six-month period, and his treating doctors were unable to determine if and when the ringing would cease. Shadyac later explained: "I felt suicidal at points. It was a disaster."


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Following his eventual recovery from the 2007 accident, Shadyac sold the bulk of his possessions, donated significant amounts of money, opened a homeless shelter in Charlottesville, Virginia, and made a key donation to an initiative in Telluride, Colorado to set aside a natural area at the town's entrance. He sold his Los Angeles mansion and moved into the exclusive Paradise Cove trailer park in Malibu, California. Shadyac sought to reorient and simplify his life; he removed himself from the film industry and wrote about his experience in "Life's Operating Manual". When he was later asked if his change of direction would have occurred if he had not experienced the concussion, Shadyac replied:


title: Tom Shadyac

text: I was already reevaluating the dissonance between making all this money and being on the set with people, the crew, many of whom couldn't afford the basic needs of their families. It didn't seem fair to me. So I don't think the concussion did it although it was definitely a crisis and crisis will often trigger things like this. I didn't give up everything to be happy. In fact, I'm not even sure what happiness is. Happiness comes from the word "happenstance" which relates to things going on outside of you. What was happening to me was definitely on the inside. But after I gave up everything I felt a lot more joy in my life. A lot more contentment. There's nothing wrong, though, with making a lot of money ... this is not a judgment on anyone at all. I was just taking in a lot more than I needed and this wasn't good for me.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: His father, Richard C. Shadyac Sr., a Washington, D.C. attorney, was a longtime friend of comedian, actor and TV producer Danny Thomas. Thomas's charity and lifelong efforts were aimed at the founding and development of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. Richard C. Shadyac Sr. served as the CEO of St. Jude's fundraising arm, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC), from 1992 to 2005, and died in September 2009 in McLean, Virginia. His brother, Richard C. Shadyac Jr., worked as an attorney in the Washington area for 27 years and had joined the board of ALSAC in 2000. In September 2009 Richard C. Shadyac Jr. was appointed president and chief executive officer of ALSAC in Memphis.


title: Tom Shadyac

text: After filming "I Am", Shadyac moved to Memphis, where he continued philanthropic work but tried to continue with moviemaking projects. He lamented during production of "Brian Banks":


title: Tom Shadyac

text: "I've been trying to get a gig for about 10 years. I can't tell you how many jobs I applied for where they just didn't hire me. I had left the private club, and the private club didn't want me back in."


title: Tom Shadyac

text: Shadyac is an outspoken Christian, and stated in a 2013 interview that he equates the concept of "God" with "mystery source."


title: Silvana Mangano

text: Silvana Mangano (; 21 April 1930 – 16 December 1989) was an Italian film actress. She was one of a generation of thespians who arose from the neorealist movement, and went on to become a major female star, regarded as a sex symbol for the 1950s and '60s. She won the David di Donatello for Best Actress three times - for "The Verona Trial" (1963), "The Witches" (1967), and "The Scientific Cardplayer" (1973) - and the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress twice.


title: Silvana Mangano

text: Raised in poverty during World War II, Mangano trained as a dancer and worked as a model before winning a Miss Rome beauty pageant in 1946. This led to work in films; she achieved success in "Bitter Rice" (1949) and went on to forge a successful career in films, working with many notable directors like Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Alberto Lattuada, and Vittorio De Sica. Her career continued well into her 50s, with supporting roles in David Lynch's "Dune" (1984) and Nikita Mikhalkov "Dark Eyes" (1987).


title: Silvana Mangano

text: Mangano was the wife of international film producer Dino De Laurentiis and had four children with him, including Veronica De Laurentiis and Raffaella De Laurentiis.


title: Silvana Mangano

text: Born in Rome to an Italian father and an English mother (Ivy Webb from Croydon), Mangano lived in poverty during World War II. Trained for seven years as a dancer, she supported herself as a model.


title: Silvana Mangano

text: In 1946, at age 16, Mangano won the Miss Rome beauty pageant, and through this, she obtained a role in a Mario Costa film. One year later, she became a contestant in the Miss Italia contest. The contest that year became a springboard for a pool of potential actresses, including the winner Lucia Bosé, Mangano, and several other future stars of Italian cinema such as Gina Lollobrigida, Eleonora Rossi Drago and Gianna Maria Canale.


title: Silvana Mangano

text: Mangano's earliest connection with filmmaking occurred through her romantic relationship with actor Marcello Mastroianni. This led her to a film contract, though it took some time for Mangano to ascend to international stardom with her performance in "Bitter Rice" ("Riso Amaro", Giuseppe De Santis, 1949). She signed a contract with Lux Film in 1949, and later married producer Dino De Laurentiis.


title: Silvana Mangano

text: Although she never had an international career to match her contemporaries Sophia Loren and Gina Lollobrigida, Mangano remained a favorite star between the 1950s and 1970s, appearing in "Anna" (Alberto Lattuada, 1951), "L'oro di Napoli" (Vittorio De Sica, 1954), "Mambo" (Robert Rossen, 1955), "Teorema" (Pier Paolo Pasolini, 1968), "Death in Venice" (Luchino Visconti, 1971), "The Scientific Cardplayer" (Luigi Comencini, 1972), and "Ludwig" (Luchino Visconti, 1973). She played the lead role in the 1967 anthology film "The Witches," which featured segments directed by Pasolini, Visconti, De Sica, and Mauro Bolognini. She collaborated four times with Pasolini and Visconti.


title: Silvana Mangano

text: Over the course of her career, Mangano won the David di Donatello for Best Actress three times and the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress twice. Her final film role was in Nikita Mikhalkov for "Dark Eyes", for which received a Nastro d'Argento nomination for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Silvana Mangano

text: Although it was sung by Flo Sandon's, Silvana Mangano was credited on the record label of "El Negro Zumbón", which is from the soundtrack of the film "Anna" (1951) and was a hit song in 1953. A clip of the opening of this performance is featured in the film "Cinema Paradiso" (1988).


title: Silvana Mangano

text: It is claimed that she had affairs with Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran during the late 1940s. Married to film producer Dino De Laurentiis from 1949, the couple had four children: Veronica, Raffaella, Francesca, and Federico. Veronica's daughter Giada De Laurentiis is the host of "Everyday Italian" and "Giada at Home" on the Food Network. Raffaella co-produced with her father on Mangano's penultimate film, "Dune" (David Lynch, 1984). Federico died in an airplane crash in 1981 in Alaska. De Laurentiis and Mangano separated in 1983, and Mangano began divorce proceedings in 1988.


title: Silvana Mangano

text: Following surgery on 4 December 1989 that left her in a coma, Mangano died of lung cancer in Madrid, Spain on 16 December 1989.


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: Bhupender Yadav (born 30 June 1969) is an Indian politician who serves as the Union Cabinet Minister of Labour and Employment, Environment, Forest and Climate Change in the Government of India. He is the National General Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha, representing the state of Rajasthan, a position he has held since 2012. He was reelected in April 2018.


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: Yadav was born in Jamalpur, Pataudi, Gurgaon, Haryana on 30 June 1969. He received his Bachelor's degree and Bachelor of Laws degree from Government College, Ajmer.


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: He started as a student union leader and in 2000, he was appointed the general secretary of the Akhil Bhartiya Adhivakta Parishad, a lawyers’ organization and held this position until 2009. Prior to beginning his political career, he was an Advocate in the Supreme Court and also served as Government Counsel for important Commissions. He was the government counsel for the Liberhan Commission which investigated the 1992 demolition of the Babri Masjid and the Justice Wadhwa Commission which investigated the murder of Australian missionary Graham Staines.


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: Yadav was appointed as National Secretary of Bhartiya Janata Party in 2010 by Nitin Gadkari, the then national party President. On 4 April 2012 he was elected as a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha. He then took charge as the National General Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2014. Yadav was the war room strategist behind securing convincing victories for his party in the assembly elections of Rajasthan (2013), Gujarat (2017), Jharkhand (2014) and Uttar Pradesh (2017). Yadav is the BJP's in-charge for the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections. In July 2021, Yadav was inducted in the Modi Cabinet as a Cabinet Minister for Environment Forest & Climate Change and Labour & Employment. As the Minister of Environment Forest & Climate Change, he voiced India’s intervention to get the term ‘phase-out’ of coal changed to ‘phase-down’ in the final agreement of the 26th United Nations Conference of Parties (COP) in Glasgow. He stated that “developing countries have a right to their fair share of the global carbon budget and are entitled to the responsible use of fossil fuels.”


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: Yadav's reputation as an expert on parliamentary select committees has earned him the title of "Committee Man". Most notably, he was the Chairman of the Joint Committee on Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2015, and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha Select Committee of the GST Bill.


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 ("IBC"), which came into effect on May 28, 2016, is considered as an important legislation for early detection of financial sickness of any corporate debtor and to deal with such sickness in a time bound manner by allowing the implementation of the effective resolution plan, if the same is viable. IBC sought to address the lacuna in the existing banking regime and provide a consolidated framework for the insolvency of companies, limited and unlimited liability partnerships, and individuals.


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: In January 2019, the Supreme Court of India upheld the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 in its entirety, tossing out a batch of petitions that had challenged the constitutional validity of several provisions, including the one that has barred the promoters of defaulting companies and “connected persons” from bidding for stressed assets. The Code is being hailed for providing a mechanism for time-bound recovery of dues from insolvent debtors in India and for contributing to the ease of doing business in India. In the World Bank's latest Doing Business Report (DBR, 2019), India has recorded a jump of 23 positions against its rank of 100 in 2017 to be placed now at 77th rank among 190 countries assessed. In 2014, India had dropped to a dismal 142nd rank in DBR.


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: The IBC Parliamentary Panel also pitched for faster and enhanced payment of workmen dues and employee wages in the corporate insolvency process.


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: Yadav has chaired 12 Parliamentary Committees, and been a member in multiple Parliamentary Committees:


title: Bhupender Yadav

text: He is the coauthor, along with Ritwick Dutta, of "Supreme Court on Forest Conservation" (the second edition of which was published in 2007), a study of forest conservation in India. Yadav also co-authored ‘The Rise of the BJP: The Making of the World’s Largest Political Party’ with economist Ila Patnaik. The book, which traces Bharatiya Janata Party’s history, was published in December 2021.


title: VH1 Storytellers (Kanye West album)

text: VH1 Storytellers is the second live album by American recording artist Kanye West. It was released on January 5, 2010, by Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings. Upon release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics with most praise going towards the performances of West's tracks.


title: VH1 Storytellers (Kanye West album)

text: The show was filmed at the Sony Stages in Los Angeles on February 13, 2009. Direction and production design was done by Es Devlin, while lighting design was handled by Martin Phillips and John McGuire.


title: VH1 Storytellers (Kanye West album)

text: The performance lasted three hours. The show's producers cut it to 90 minutes, after getting network approval to expand the episode from its usual one hour. Songs that didn't make the final cut included; Love Lockdown, Homecoming, Street Lights, and Go Hard, while some were made available to be viewed online.


title: VH1 Storytellers (Kanye West album)

text: Comments cut included; West reaction to being snubbed by Thom Yorke at the Grammys and asking for Chris Brown to be giving a break for his altercation with Rihanna. Executive producer Bill Flanagan told Reuters "A lot of the stories that Kanye told went long, I tried to get to the essence of his comments."


title: VH1 Storytellers (Kanye West album)

text: "VH1 Storytellers" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, the album received an average score of 66, based on six reviews. In a highly positive review, Leah Greenblatt from "Entertainment Weekly" viewed West as rarely boring and wrote that he "doesn't so much tell stories as pour his id onto the stage in rambling, free-form fragments." Greenblatt continued, describing West's singing and speaking as being done "with a sort of messy, testifying fervor." Writing for "PopMatters", Ross Langager branded West's performances on the album as "often-exciting" and opined that "the main appeal of this episode of "VH1 Storytellers" lies in West's idiosyncratic take on the vaunted 'storytelling' portion of the show."


title: VH1 Storytellers (Kanye West album)

text: Andy Kellman was less enthusiastic in AllMusic, claiming that "West repeatedly switches between laying his soul bare and acting like an egomaniac," though Kellman concluded by calling "VH1 Storytellers" "a nice addition to a hardcore supporter's collection." In a mixed review, Nathan Rabin of "The A.V. Club" wrote that West "seems to violate the entire spirit of "Storytellers"" and expressed the viewpoint that "the rambling semi-stories here are disappointingly dull," while Rabin praised West as sounding "tight, accomplished, and polished to a blinding sheen" during performances of some tracks. Similarly, Scott Plagenhoef from "Pitchfork" observed "less storytelling and more golden age of entertainment-type stuff" from West, claiming that he "should have had a highball in his hand." However, Plagenhoef viewed West as "an entertainer and a perfectionist-- a bang-for-your-buck guy" and wrote: "Those at this taping presumably got their money's worth."


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian (; ; 210 – 14 September 258 AD) was a bishop of Carthage and an early Christian writer of Berber descent, many of whose Latin works are extant. He is recognized as a saint in the Western and Eastern churches.


title: Cyprian

text: He was born around the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage, where he received a classical education. Soon after converting to Christianity, he became a bishop in 249. A controversial figure during his lifetime, his strong pastoral skills, firm conduct during the Novatianist heresy and outbreak of the Plague of Cyprian (named after him due to his description of it), and eventual martyrdom at Carthage established his reputation and proved his sanctity in the eyes of the Church.


title: Cyprian

text: His skillful Latin rhetoric led to his being considered the pre-eminent Latin writer of Western Christianity until Jerome and Augustine.


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian was born into a rich pagan Berber (Roman African), Carthaginian family sometime during the early third century. His original name was Thascius; he took the additional name Caecilius in memory of the priest to whom he owed his conversion. Before his conversion, he was a leading member of a legal fraternity in Carthage, an orator, a "pleader in the courts", and a teacher of rhetoric. After a "dissipated youth", Cyprian was baptised when he was thirty-five years old, 245 AD. After his baptism, he gave away a portion of his wealth to the poor of Carthage, as befitted a man of his status.


title: Cyprian

text: In the early days of his conversion, he wrote an "Epistola ad Donatum de gratia Dei" and the "Testimoniorum Libri III" that adhere closely to the models of Tertullian, who influenced his style and thinking. Cyprian described his own conversion and baptism in the following words:


title: Cyprian

text: Not long after his baptism he was ordained a deacon and soon afterwards a priest. Sometime between July 248 and April 249, he was elected bishop of Carthage, a popular choice among the poor who remembered his patronage as demonstrating good equestrian style. However, his rapid rise did not meet with the approval of senior members of the clergy in Carthage, an opposition that did not disappear during his episcopate.


title: Cyprian

text: Not long afterward, the entire community was put to an unwanted test. Christians in North Africa had not suffered persecution for many years; the Church was assured and lax. In early 250, the Decian persecution began. Emperor Decius issued an edict, the text of which is lost, ordering sacrifices to the gods to be made throughout the Empire. Jews were specifically exempted from that requirement. Cyprian chose to go into hiding, rather than face potential execution. While some clergy saw that decision as a sign of cowardice, Cyprian defended himself by saying that he had fled in order not to leave the faithful without a shepherd during the persecution and that his decision to continue to lead them, although from a distance, was in accordance with divine will. Moreover, he pointed to the actions of the Apostles and Jesus himself: "And therefore the Lord commanded us in the persecution to depart and to flee; and both taught that this should be done, and Himself did it. For as the crown is given by the condescension of God, and cannot be received unless the hour comes for accepting it, whoever abiding in Christ departs for a while does not deny his faith, but waits for the time...".


title: Cyprian

text: The persecution was especially severe at Carthage, according to Church sources. Many Christians fell away and were thereafter referred to as ""Lapsi"" ("fallen"). The majority had obtained signed statements ("libelli") certifying that they had sacrificed to the Roman gods to avoid persecution or confiscation of property. In some cases Christians had actually sacrificed, whether under torture or otherwise. Cyprian found those "libellatici" especially cowardly and demanded that they and the rest of the "lapsi" undergo public penance before being readmitted to the Church.


title: Cyprian

text: However, in Cyprian's absence, some priests disregarded his wishes by readmitting the lapsed to communion with little or no public penance. Some of the "lapsi" presented a second "libellus" purported to bear the signature of some martyr or confessor who, it was held, had the spiritual prestige to reaffirm individual Christians. That system was not limited to Carthage, but on a wider front by its charismatic nature, it clearly constituted a challenge to institutional authority in the Church, in particular to that of the bishop. Hundreds or even thousands of "lapsi" were readmitted that way against the express wishes of Cyprian and the majority of the Carthaginian clergy, who insisted upon earnest repentance.


title: Cyprian

text: A schism then broke out in Carthage, as the laxist party, led largely by the priests who had opposed Cyprian's election, attempted to block measures taken by him during his period of absence. After fourteen months, Cyprian returned to the diocese and in letters addressed to the other North African bishops defended having left his post. After issuing a tract, ""De lapsis"" ("On the Fallen"), he convoked a council of North African bishops at Carthage to consider the treatment of the lapsed, and the apparent schism of Felicissimus (251). Cyprian took a middle course between the followers of Novatus of Carthage, who were in favour of welcoming back all with little or no penance, and Novatian of Rome, who would not allow any of those who had lapsed to be reconciled. The council in the main sided with Cyprian and condemned Felicissimus though no acts of that council survive.


title: Cyprian

text: The schism continued as the laxists elected a certain Fortunatus as bishop in opposition to Cyprian. At the same time, the rigorist party in Rome, who refused reconciliation to any of the lapsed, elected Novatian as bishop of Rome in opposition to Pope Cornelius. The Novatianists also secured the election of a certain Maximus as a rival bishop of their own at Carthage. Cyprian now found himself wedged between laxists and rigorists, but the polarisation highlighted the firm but moderate position adopted by Cyprian and strengthened his influence by wearing down the numbers of his opponents. Moreover, his dedication during the time of a great plague and famine gained him still further popular support.


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian comforted his brethren by writing his "De mortalitate" and in his "De eleemosynis" exhorted them to active charity towards the poor and set a personal example. He defended Christianity and the Christians in the "apologia" "Ad Demetrianum", directed against a certain Demetrius, and countered pagan claims that Christians were the cause of the public calamities.


title: Cyprian

text: In late 256, a new persecution of the Christians broke out under Emperor Valerian, and Pope Sixtus II was executed in Rome.


title: Cyprian

text: In Africa, Cyprian prepared his people for the expected edict of persecution by his "De exhortatione martyrii" and set an example when he was brought before the Roman proconsul Aspasius Paternus (30 August 257). He refused to sacrifice to the pagan deities and firmly professed Christ.


title: Cyprian

text: The proconsul banished him to Curubis, now Korba, where, to the best of his ability, he comforted his flock and his banished clergy. In a vision, he believed he saw his approaching fate. When a year had passed, he was recalled and kept practically a prisoner in his own villa in expectation of severe measures after a new and more stringent imperial edict arrived, which Christian writers subsequently claimed demanded the execution of all Christian clerics.


title: Cyprian

text: On 13 September 258, Cyprian was imprisoned on the orders of the new proconsul, Galerius Maximus. The public examination of Cyprian by Galerius Maximus, on 14 September 258, has been preserved:


title: Cyprian

text: "Galerius", after briefly conferring with his judicial council, with much reluctance pronounced the following sentence: "You have long lived an irreligious life, and have drawn together a number of men bound by an unlawful association, and professed yourself an open enemy to the gods and the religion of Rome; and the pious, most sacred and august Emperors ... have endeavoured in vain to bring you back to conformity with their religious observances; whereas therefore you have been apprehended as principal and ringleader in these infamous crimes, you shall be made an example to those whom you have wickedly associated with you; the authority of law shall be ratified in your blood." He then read the sentence of the court from a written tablet: "It is the sentence of this court that Thascius Cyprianus be executed with the sword."


title: Cyprian

text: The execution was carried out at once in an open place near the city. A vast multitude followed Cyprian on his last journey. He removed his garments without assistance, knelt down, and prayed. After he blindfolded himself, he was beheaded by the sword. The body was interred by Christians near the place of execution.


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian's works were edited in volumes 3 and 4 of the "Patrologia Latina." He was not a speculative theologian, his writings being always related to his pastoral ministry. The first major work was a monologue spoken to a friend called "Ad Donatum," detailing his own conversion, the corruption of Roman government and the gladiatorial spectacles, and pointing to prayer as "the only refuge of the Christian". Another early written work was the "Testimonia ad Quirinum". During his exile from Carthage Cyprian wrote his most famous treatise, "De Ecclesiae Catholicae Unitate" ("On the Unity of the Catholic Church") and on returning to his see, he issued "De Lapsis" ("On the Fallen"). Another important work is his "Treatise on the Lord's Prayer". Doubtless only part of his written output has survived, and this must apply especially to his correspondence, of which some sixty letters are extant, in addition to some of the letters he received.


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian of Carthage is often confused with Cyprian of Antioch, reputedly a magician before his conversion. A number of grimoires, such as "Libellus Magicus", are thus mistakenly attributed to Cyprian of Carthage.


title: Cyprian

text: Pontius the Deacon wrote a biography of Cyprian titled "The Life and Passion of St. Cyprian", which details the saint's early life, his conversion, notable acts, and martyrdom under Valerian.


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian believed in infant baptism and infant communion. Cyprian however spoke against the efficiency of baptism done by heretics and insisted on their rebaptism, and he believed that the Eucharist cannot be properly consecrated outside the church.


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian was one of the earliest of the Church Fathers to enunciate clearly and unambiguously the doctrine of baptismal regeneration ("the idea that salvation happens at and by water baptism duly administered"): "While he attributed all the saving energy to the grace of God, he considered the 'laver of saving water' the instrument of God that makes a person 'born again,' receiving a new life and putting off what he had previously been. The 'water of new birth' animated him to new life by the Spirit of holiness working through it."


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian believed that the lapsed can be re-admitted to the Church after penance and he opposed the Novatians.


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian believed that every bishop occupies Peter's throne, but the see of Peter (Rome) is the direct heir of Peter. Cyprian believed that all the apostles were equal and that all the bishops followed the Apostles in succession.


title: Cyprian

text: Cyprian was amillenial. Augustine argued that Cyprian taught the gift of perseverance. Cyprian argued that each days of Genesis consisted of 1000 years.


title: Cyprian

text: Churches were erected over his tomb and over the place of his death. In later centuries, however, these churches were destroyed by the Vandals. The graves of such saints as Cyprian and Martin of Tours came to be regarded as "contact points between Heaven and Earth", and they became the centres of new, redefined, Christian urban communities. A surviving homily from Augustine on Cyprian's feast day indicates that his following was fairly widespread throughout Africa by the fourth century.


title: Cyprian

text: Charlemagne is said to have had the bones transferred to France; and Lyons, Arles, Venice, Compiègne, and Roenay in Flanders all have claimed to possess part of the martyr's relics.


title: Cyprian

text: The Catholic Church celebrates his feastday together with that of his good friend Pope St. Cornelius on 16 September, and in the Catholic Middle Ages the Sarum use observed it on the day of his death, 14 September. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates him on 31 August. Lutherans now commemorate him on 16 September, while Anglicans celebrate his feast usually either on 13 September (e.g. the Anglican Church of Australia) or 15 September (the present-day Church of England remember him with a Lesser Festival.


title: Raju Kher

text: His brother Anupam Kher is a famous actor. He married Reema Kher in 1986 and has two children with her.


title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: I Never Liked You (stylized in all caps) is the ninth studio album by American rapper Future. It was released on April 29, 2022, by Freebandz and Epic Records. The production on the album was handled by multiple producers including ATL Jacob, FnZ, Southside, Taurus, TM88, and Wheezy, among others. The album features guest appearances from Kanye West, Gunna, Young Thug, Drake, Tems, EST Gee, and Kodak Black. The deluxe edition was released three days later on May 2, 2022, with additional guest appearances from Babyface Ray, 42 Dugg, Lil Baby, Lil Durk, and Young Scooter.


title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: "I Never Liked You" was supported by four singles: "Worst Day", "Wait for U", "Keep It Burnin" and "Love You Better". The album received generally positive reviews from critics and was a huge commercial success. It debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200, earning 222,000 album-equivalent units in its first week. It is Future's eighth US number-one and 15th top-10 album. In November 2022, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: The album's first single, "Worst Day", was released on February 11, 2022, as well an accompanying music video. The song debuted at number 34 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: "Wait for U" featuring Canadian rapper and singer Drake and Nigerian singer Tems, was released to American rhythmic contemporary radio on May 3, 2022, as the second official single from the album. Its music video was released on May 5. The song debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Future's second, Drake's tenth, and Tems' first number-one hit on the Hot 100.


title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: The music video for the song "Keep It Burnin", featuring American rapper Kanye West, was released on April 29, 2022. It was sent to Italian contemporary hit radio on May 6, 2022, as the third official single from the album. The song debuted at number 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: "Love You Better" was released to American rhythmic contemporary radio on July 26, 2022, as the fourth official single from the album. The song debuted at number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: "I Never Liked You" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 69, based on seven reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.5 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: I Never Liked You (album)

text: Kyann-Sian Williams from "NME" enjoyed the album, saying, "At times, in the past, he has relied on his autotune to compensate for lacklustre lyricism, but Future is a megamind whose pioneering spirit is the very reason trap feels alive today. With "I Never Liked You", you'll happily applaud him for that". In a positive review, "Rolling Stone"s Mosi Reeves said, ""I Never Liked You" is no "DS2", but it has a compositional sweep often absent from his work. Most importantly, it's an album with layers that's more engaging than recent fare such as 2019's appealing yet boilerplate "Future Hndrxx Presents: The Wizrd" and "Save Me" EP; and 2020's one-two punch of desultory hive-bait, "High Off Life" and "Pluto x Baby Pluto", the latter with Lil Uzi Vert". "Exclaim!" critic Michael Di Gennaro said, "It's not a complete return to form, but it's a reminder that even later in the journeys, all-time greats' talent and dedication to their craft can still yield impressive results". Reviewing the album for "HipHopDX", Anthony Malone stated, ""I Never Liked You" continues his stagnation from "High Off Life", settling for comfort rather than experimentation. The songs are rehashes he's done more effectively in the past. His signature consistency is still there".