title: Air warfare of World War II

text: Germany and Japan were burned out and lost the war in large part because of strategic bombing. Targeting became more accurate in 1944, but the solution to inaccurate bombs was using more of them. The AAF dropped 3.5 million bombs (500,000 tons) against Japan, and 8 million (1.6 million tons) against Germany. The RAF expended about the same tonnage against Germany. US Navy and Marine bombs against Japan are not included, nor are the two atomic bombs.


title: Air warfare of World War II

text: The cost of the US tactical and strategic air war against Germany was 18,400 aircraft lost in combat, 51,000 dead, 30,000 POWs, and 13,000 wounded. Against Japan, the AAF lost 4,500 planes, 16,000 dead, 6,000 POWs, and 5,000 wounded; Marine Aviation lost 1,600 killed, 1,100 wounded. Naval aviation lost several thousand dead.


title: Air warfare of World War II

text: One fourth of the German war economy was neutralized because of direct bomb damage, the resulting delays, shortages, and roundabout solutions, and the spending on anti-aircraft, civil defence, repair, and removal of factories to safer locations. The raids were so large and often repeated that in city after city, the repair system broke down. The bombing prevented the full mobilization of German economic potential. Planning minister Albert Speer and his staff were effective in improvising solutions and work-arounds, but their challenge became more difficult every week as one backup system after another broke down. By March 1945, most of Germany's factories, railroads, and telephones had stopped working; troops, tanks, trains, and trucks were immobilized. About 25,000 civilians died in Dresden on Feb. 13–14, where a firestorm erupted. Overy estimated in 2014 that in all about 353,000 civilians were killed by British and American bombing of German cities.


title: Air warfare of World War II

text: Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister, was disconsolate when his beautiful ministry buildings were totally burned out: "The air war has now turned into a crazy orgy. We are totally defenceless against it. The Reich will gradually be turned into a complete desert."


title: Air warfare of World War II

text: The Dresden raid was to be dwarfed by what was to hit Japan starting less than a month later—as initiated by General Curtis E. LeMay, a series of firebombing raids, launched with the first attack by some 334 American B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers on the night of March 9–10, 1945, codenamed "Operation Meetinghouse", burned out some 16 square miles (41 km.) of the capital city of Japan and turned out to be the single most destructive bombing raid in all of aviation history, even greater in initial loss of life (at 100,000 lives lost at minimum, and up to 1.5 million people homeless) than the August 6 & 9 atomic raids, each taken as single events.


title: Slowcore

text: Slowcore is a subgenre of alternative rock and indie rock. The music of slowcore artists is generally characterized by bleak lyrics, downbeat melodies, slower tempos and minimalist arrangements. Slowcore is often used interchangeably with the term sadcore.


title: Slowcore

text: Slowcore is a fusion genre of indie rock and sadcore, characterized by minimal musical backing, played at extremely slow speeds. Slowcore songs often feature "depressing lyrics", according to Listverse. Swedish singer Stina Nordenstam has been described as slowcore because of "her sadly beautiful little-girl whisper" style of singing.


title: Slowcore

text: Artists would often take influence from other genres like americana, dream pop and post-rock, often times straddling lines between genres.


title: Slowcore

text: The genre began in the early 1990s as an act of rebellion against the predominant energy and aggression of grunge. The genre is linked to the band Low, who began experimenting by playing quietly and slowly to traditional rock audiences.


title: S. Radha Krishna

text: Suryadevara Radha Krishna, also known as S. Radha Krishna and Chinna Babu, is an Indian film producer known for his works in Telugu cinema. He produces films under his banner "Haarika & Hassine Creations". Even though "Sithara Entertainments" is his banner, his nephew, Suryadevara Naga Vamsi, mainly produces the films under the banner, while he presents them.


title: S. Radha Krishna

text: He made his film debut in 1988 by producing "Aathma Kadha", a Telugu remake of Mahesh Bhatt's 1985 film "Janam". Years later, he associated with producer DVV Danayya, where he presented "Julayi" (2012), while Radha Krishna presented "Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu" (2012) and "Naayak" (2013). He then went on to form a long association with Trivikram Srinivas from "Julayi" (2012) and later produced his "S/O Satyamurthy" (2015), "A Aa" (2016), "Agnyaathavaasi" (2018), "Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava" (2018), and "Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo" (2020).


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Seafloor spreading or Seafloor spread is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Earlier theories by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit of continental drift postulated that continents in motion "plowed" through the fixed and immovable seafloor. The idea that the seafloor itself moves and also carries the continents with it as it spreads from a central rift axis was proposed by Harold Hammond Hess from Princeton University and Robert Dietz of the U.S. Naval Electronics Laboratory in San Diego in the 1960s. The phenomenon is known today as plate tectonics. In locations where two plates move apart, at mid-ocean ridges, new seafloor is continually formed during seafloor spreading.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate slab pull at subduction zones, rather than magma pressure, although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges. Plates that are not subducting are driven by gravity sliding off the elevated mid-ocean ridges a process called ridge push. At a spreading center, basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed. Hydrothermal vents are common at spreading centers. Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: "Spreading rate" is the rate at which an ocean basin widens due to seafloor spreading. (The rate at which new oceanic lithosphere is added to each tectonic plate on either side of a mid-ocean ridge is the "spreading half-rate" and is equal to half of the spreading rate). Spreading rates determine if the ridge is fast, intermediate, or slow. As a general rule, fast ridges have spreading (opening) rates of more than 90 mm/year. Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 40–90 mm/year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 40 mm/year. The highest known rate was over 200 mm/yr during the Miocene on the East Pacific Rise.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: In the 1960s, the past record of geomagnetic reversals of Earth's magnetic field was noticed by observing magnetic stripe "anomalies" on the ocean floor. This results in broadly evident "stripes" from which the past magnetic field polarity can be inferred from data gathered with a magnetometer towed on the sea surface or from an aircraft. The stripes on one side of the mid-ocean ridge were the mirror image of those on the other side. By identifying a reversal with a known age and measuring the distance of that reversal from the spreading center, the spreading half-rate could be computed.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: In some locations spreading rates have been found to be asymmetric; the half rates differ on each side of the ridge crest by about five percent. This is thought due to temperature gradients in the asthenosphere from mantle plumes near the spreading center.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Seafloor spreading occurs at spreading centers, distributed along the crests of mid-ocean ridges. Spreading centers end in transform faults or in overlapping spreading center offsets. A spreading center includes a seismically active plate boundary zone a few kilometers to tens of kilometers wide, a crustal accretion zone within the boundary zone where the ocean crust is youngest, and an instantaneous plate boundary - a line within the crustal accretion zone demarcating the two separating plates. Within the crustal accretion zone is a 1-2 km-wide neovolcanic zone where active volcanism occurs.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: In the general case, seafloor spreading starts as a rift in a continental land mass, similar to the Red Sea-East Africa Rift System today. The process starts by heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense. Because less dense objects rise in relation to denser objects, the area being heated becomes a broad dome (see isostasy). As the crust bows upward, fractures occur that gradually grow into rifts. The typical rift system consists of three rift arms at approximately 120-degree angles. These areas are named triple junctions and can be found in several places across the world today. The separated margins of the continents evolve to form passive margins. Hess' theory was that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: If spreading continues past the incipient stage described above, two of the rift arms will open while the third arm stops opening and becomes a 'failed rift' or aulacogen. As the two active rifts continue to open, eventually the continental crust is attenuated as far as it will stretch. At this point basaltic oceanic crust and upper mantle lithosphere begins to form between the separating continental fragments. When one of the rifts opens into the existing ocean, the rift system is flooded with seawater and becomes a new sea. The Red Sea is an example of a new arm of the sea. The East African rift was thought to be a failed arm that was opening more slowly than the other two arms, but in 2005 the Ethiopian Afar Geophysical Lithospheric Experiment reported that in the Afar region, September 2005, a 60 km fissure opened as wide as eight meters. During this period of initial flooding the new sea is sensitive to changes in climate and eustasy. As a result, the new sea will evaporate (partially or completely) several times before the elevation of the rift valley has been lowered to the point that the sea becomes stable. During this period of evaporation large evaporite deposits will be made in the rift valley. Later these deposits have the potential to become hydrocarbon seals and are of particular interest to petroleum geologists.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Seafloor spreading can stop during the process, but if it continues to the point that the continent is completely severed, then a new ocean basin is created. The Red Sea has not yet completely split Arabia from Africa, but a similar feature can be found on the other side of Africa that has broken completely free. South America once fit into the area of the Niger Delta. The Niger River has formed in the failed rift arm of the triple junction.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time. Older seafloor is, therefore, colder than new seafloor, and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy. If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust, a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed. The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust. Today, the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted. However, the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific is also home to one of the world's most active spreading centers (the East Pacific Rise) with spreading rates of up to 145 +/- 4 mm/yr between the Pacific and Nazca plates. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a slow-spreading center, while the East Pacific Rise is an example of fast spreading. Spreading centers at slow and intermediate rates exhibit a rift valley while at fast rates an axial high is found within the crustal accretion zone. The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins, the total capacity of the world's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading. During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (and in other mid-ocean ridges), material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other, a phenomenon first observed as continental drift. When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912, he suggested that continents plowed through the ocean crust. This was impossible: oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust. Accordingly, Wegener's theory wasn't taken very seriously, especially in the United States.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: At first the driving force for spreading was argued to be convection currents in the mantle. Since then, it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading by the theory of plate tectonics, which is driven by convection that includes the crust itself as well.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: The driver for seafloor spreading in plates with active margins is the weight of the cool, dense, subducting slabs that pull them along, or slab pull. The magmatism at the ridge is considered to be passive upwelling, which is caused by the plates being pulled apart under the weight of their own slabs. This can be thought of as analogous to a rug on a table with little friction: when part of the rug is off of the table, its weight pulls the rest of the rug down with it. However, the Mid-Atlantic ridge itself is not bordered by plates that are being pulled into subduction zones, except the minor subduction in the Lesser Antilles and Scotia Arc. In this case the plates are sliding apart over the mantle upwelling in the process of ridge push.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: The depth of the seafloor (or the height of a location on a mid-ocean ridge above a base-level) is closely correlated with its age (age of the lithosphere where depth is measured). The age-depth relation can be modeled by the cooling of a lithosphere plate or mantle half-space in areas without significant subduction.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: In the mantle half-space model, the seabed height is determined by the oceanic lithosphere and mantle temperature, due to thermal expansion. The simple result is that the ridge height or ocean depth is proportional to the square root of its age. Oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed at a constant rate at the mid-ocean ridges. The source of the lithosphere has a half-plane shape ("x" = 0, "z" < 0) and a constant temperature "T". Due to its continuous creation, the lithosphere at "x" > 0 is moving away from the ridge at a constant velocity "v", which is assumed large compared to other typical scales in the problem. The temperature at the upper boundary of the lithosphere ("z" = 0) is a constant "T" = 0. Thus at "x" = 0 the temperature is the Heaviside step function formula_1. The system is assumed to be at a quasi-steady state, so that the temperature distribution is constant in time, i.e. formula_2


title: Seafloor spreading

text: By calculating in the frame of reference of the moving lithosphere (velocity "v"), which has spatial coordinate formula_3 formula_4 and the heat equation is:


title: Seafloor spreading

text: It is assumed that formula_10 is large compared to other scales in the problem; therefore the last term in the equation is neglected, giving a 1-dimensional diffusion equation:


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Due to the large velocity, the temperature dependence on the horizontal direction is negligible, and the height at time "t" (i.e. of sea floor of age "t") can be calculated by integrating the thermal expansion over "z":


title: Seafloor spreading

text: where formula_16 is the effective volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, and "h" is the mid-ocean ridge height (compared to some reference).


title: Seafloor spreading

text: The assumption that "v" is relatively large is equivalent to the assumption that the thermal diffusivity formula_6 is small compared to formula_18, where "L" is the ocean width (from mid-ocean ridges to continental shelf) and "A" is the age of the ocean basin.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: The effective thermal expansion coefficient formula_16 is different from the usual thermal expansion coefficient formula_20 due to isostasic effect of the change in water column height above the lithosphere as it expands or retracts. Both coefficients are related by:


title: Seafloor spreading

text: where the height is in meters and time is in millions of years. To get the dependence on "x", one must substitute "t" = "x"/"v" ~ "Ax"/"L", where "L" is the distance between the ridge to the continental shelf (roughly half the ocean width), and "A" is the ocean basin age.


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Rather than height of the ocean floor formula_26above a base or reference level formula_27, the depth of the ocean formula_28is of interest. Because formula_29(with formula_27 measured from the ocean surface) we can find that:


title: Seafloor spreading

text: The depth predicted by the square root of seafloor age derived above is too deep for seafloor older than 80 million years. Depth is better explained by a cooling lithosphere plate model rather than the cooling mantle half-space. The plate has a constant temperature at its base and spreading edge. Analysis of depth versus age and depth versus square root of age data allowed Parsons and Sclater to estimate model parameters (for the North Pacific):


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Assuming isostatic equilibrium everywhere beneath the cooling plate yields a revised age depth relationship for older sea floor that is approximately correct for ages as young as 20 million years:


title: Seafloor spreading

text: Thus older seafloor deepens more slowly than younger and in fact can be assumed almost constant at ~6400 m depth. Parsons and Sclater concluded that some style of mantle convection must apply heat to the base of the plate everywhere to prevent cooling down below 125 km and lithosphere contraction (seafloor deepening) at older ages. Their plate model also allowed an expression for conductive heat flow, "q(t)" from the ocean floor, which is approximately constant at formula_36 beyond 120 million years:


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Juwanna Mann is a 2002 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Jesse Vaughan, written by Bradley Allenstein, produced by Bill Gerber, and starring Miguel A. Núñez Jr., Vivica A. Fox, Kevin Pollak, Tommy Davidson, Kim Wayans, Ginuwine, and Kimberly "Lil' Kim" Jones. It tells the tale of a basketball star becoming a female impersonator and joining women's basketball after being suspended from men's basketball. The movie opened in theaters on June 21, 2002. The movie was filmed in Charlotte, North Carolina, at the Charlotte Coliseum and the Independence Arena. The movie's soundtrack features music by Diana Ross, James Brown, Mystikal, Ginuwine, Lil' Kim and Stevie Wonder, and was score-composed by Wendy & Lisa. The film's title is a play on a phrase: "You want a man?"


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Jamal Jeffries is a UBA (a fictionalized version of the NBA) basketball star whose undisciplined on-and-off-court antics have earned him a bad reputation in the basketball community. Jamal is dropped from his team, the Charlotte Beat and suspended indefinitely after he strips naked in protest of being removed a game. His agent Lorne Daniels is unsuccessful at finding him a new team and decides to cut Jamal as a client. Consequently, Jamal's life goes downhill: his endorsements drop him, he ends up bankrupt due to his lavish spending, his belongings are repossessed, his mansion is foreclosed on, and his girlfriend Tina, who only put up with his antics for his money and fame, walks out on him.


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Now broke, jobless, and homeless, Jamal goes to live with his no-nonsense Aunt Ruby, the only person that is willing to put up with Jamal in spite of his outrageous antics. Lacking any other sort of skills, he decides to dress up as a woman named "Juwanna Mann" to play for the Charlotte Banshees of the WUBA (a fictionalized version of the WNBA). Aunt Ruby reluctantly agrees to help him with his charade as does Lorne, who has no choice but to help out after Jamal reveals himself to be Juwanna. In a scene involving the team physical, Jamal has to disguise himself as the team mascot in order to avoid being found out by the team physician.


title: Juwanna Mann

text: As Juwanna, Jamal quickly becomes a star on the court, and his overall attitude changes drastically as well. He learns to play with a team rather than just himself. While becoming successful with the Banshees, Jamal also finds himself in a problematic relationship with his teammate Michelle, whom he has romantic feelings for but cannot act on because Michelle knows him only as her confidante, Juwanna. His situation is further complicated as Michelle is involved in a romantic relationship with rapper Romeo (who ends up cheating on her) while Jamal (as Juwanna) is busy warding off the amorous advances of Romeo's hyper sidekick Puff Smokey Smoke.


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Eventually, Jamal is given a chance to return to the men's league, but the hearing takes place at the same time as the Banshees' first playoff game. After much debate, Jamal decides to do the selfless thing and stick with the Banshees and help them win. Jamal's cover is blown at the end of the game when Jamal decides to dunk the winning basket and shatters the backboard. Amidst the excitement, Jamal loses his wig, revealing his true identity, and is immediately fired from the team. Consequently, the Banshees, devastated at the betrayal, begin to suffer on the court.


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Seeing this, Jamal decides to try to make things right again, and enters the Banshees' locker room during another game's halftime to apologize for the lies and deception, and tell them that playing with them had changed his views and attitude about basketball, women, and life in general. His ex-teammates (especially Michelle) are initially still furious at him, but ultimately end up accepting Jamal's genuine apology, which also inspires the team to win the playoffs and eventually the WUBA championship.


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Afterwards, Jamal is called in for a hearing with the UBA's commission board. Despite the genuine apology and assurance by himself and Lorne that he has changed for the better, the board is still unimpressed due to the "Juwanna Mann scandal" and it initially appears that Jamal's playing career is truly over. In the nick of time, his former WUBA teammates show up and successfully vouch for him to be brought back into the league, and Michelle gives him a championship ring and a kiss.


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Jamal is reinstated into the UBA and returns to action with the Charlotte Beat, a better player and person.


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Teresa Weatherspoon, Katy Steding, Jeanne Zelasko, Chris Myers, Roy Firestone, Kevin Frazier, Kenny Albert, and Jay Leno appear as themselves


title: Juwanna Mann

text: "Juwanna Mann" was not well received by critics, earning a 10% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The site's consensus reads "With its tired premise, "Juwanna Mann"s jokes fall flat." On Metacritic, the film has a rank of 24 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Anna Smith of "Empire Magazine" wrote "There may be a lot of boobs out there on the court, but there's only one tit. As limp as it is lazy". A score of a "D" was awarded to the film by Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" who added, "A Tootsie-role sports farce that's a drag in every which way".


title: Juwanna Mann

text: "Chicago Tribune"s Robert K. Elder called the film "tempting to call traveling", but also added that "it never goes anywhere". Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" had nothing more to add other than calling the film "Tired and flat as a dead basketball", while Carla Meyer of the "San Francisco Chronicle" called it a "misguided comedy".


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Ed Gonzalez of "Slant Magazine" was rather shocked by the PG-13 rating of the film. He stated "Though significantly less crass and offensive than "Sorority Boys", [the film] is rated PG-13 for "Lil' Kim's booty not included"".


title: Juwanna Mann

text: Dennis Harvey of "Variety" called "Juwanna Mann" a "cross-dressing yokfest", comparing it to such films as "Charley's Aunt", "Some Like It Hot" and "Tootsie".


title: Juwanna Mann

text: According to A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" "But even though, most of the time, you know exactly what will happen next -- you don't much mind. Nor do the many plot holes and improbabilities -- undermine its silly, raucous spirit".


title: Juwanna Mann

text: A similar distaste felt in the UK, where Jamie Russell of BBC said: "This mess of a movie is nothing short of a travesty of a transvestite comedy".


title: Oakes Fegley

text: Oakes Tonne Fegley (; born November 11, 2004) is an American actor. He has starred in "Pete's Dragon" (2016), "Wonderstruck" (2017), "The Goldfinch" (2019), "The War with Grandpa" (2020), and "The Fabelmans" (2022).


title: Oakes Fegley

text: Fegley was born November 11, 2004 in Allentown, Pennsylvania, the son of Michael Fegley and Mercedes (née Tonne). He is the older brother of Winslow Fegley, also an actor.


title: Oakes Fegley

text: In 2014, Fegley made his acting debut with the drama film "Fort Bliss", playing Paul Swann along with Michelle Monaghan and Ron Livingston. The film, which premiered in 2014, was directed by Claudia Myers. He played the young Judd Altman in the comedy-drama film "This Is Where I Leave You", directed by Shawn Levy and released in September 2014 by Warner Bros. Pictures. He later appeared as Young Elias "Eli" Thompson in the fifth season of the HBO series "Boardwalk Empire". He also has appeared in CBS' "Person of Interest" as Gabriel Hayward.


title: Oakes Fegley

text: Fegley played the lead role of Pete in Walt Disney Pictures' fantasy comedy-drama film "Pete's Dragon", opposite Oona Laurence, Bryce Dallas Howard, and Robert Redford. The film was directed by David Lowery and released in August 2016.


title: Oakes Fegley

text: Fegley appeared in the The Weinstein Company's comedy film "The War with Grandpa" starring Robert De Niro, released in August 2020.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: Sylvan Esso is an American electronic pop duo from Durham, North Carolina, formed in 2013. The band consists of singer Amelia Meath (born July 2, 1988) and producer Nick Sanborn (born March 8, 1983). They made their debut with the single "Hey Mami" and released their eponymous debut album on Partisan Records on May 12, 2014, which reached No. 39 on the "Billboard" 200. They released their second album "What Now" with Loma Vista Recordings on April 28, 2017, which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: On August 12, 2022, Sylvan Esso released their fourth studio album, "No Rules Sandy" to positive reviews on their Psychic Hotline label.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: Lead singer Amelia Meath, who was at the time involved with her trio, Mountain Man, created the vocals to the song called "Play It Right". She later met electronic music producer Nick Sanborn (who played bass in band Megafaun) in Milwaukee at the Cactus Club, performing at the time solo as "Made of Oak", and asked him to make a rendering of her single, Play It Right, in his own way. From 2012 to 2013, the band slowly formed. Meath had returned from a year-and-a-half tour with Feist and was looking for an affordable place to live, thus landing in Durham with Sanborn and began making their album, with all of their songs being recorded in Sanborn's apartment bedroom. The band derived the first part of its name, “wikt: sylvan” from a character in an early iOS game titled "Sword and Sworcery".


title: Sylvan Esso

text: "Sylvan Esso" is the group's eponymous debut studio album, released via Partisan Records. The album reached No. 39 on the "Billboard" 200 and No. 7 on the Independent Albums chart, The single "Hey Mami" was named Paste Magazine's No. 1 song of 2014. They made their network television debut on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on July 9, 2014, performing the single "Coffee". It received considerable airplay in the US, increasing the profile of the band nationally. In August 2015, the band released the single "H.S.K.T.", which included a remix by Hercules and Love Affair.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: In April 2015, Sylvan Esso played both weekends of Coachella. Other 2015 dates saw the band perform at The Firefly Music Festival 2015, in Dover, DE, The Eaux Claires Music & Arts Festival in Eau Claire, Wisconsin on July 18 and on July 25 at the Wayhome Festival in Oro Medonte, Canada.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: The group also performed both weekends of the 2015 Austin City Limits Music Festival in Austin, Texas.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: In August 2015, the band also released "Jaime's Song", specially recorded for NPR's "Radiolab", as a tribute to a story about bipolar disorder.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: In September 2016 the band released the single "Radio" back to back with "Kick Jump Twist". A video for the latter appeared in January 2017. In late February the group released the single “Die Young” along with a music video and an announcement regarding their new album, titled "What Now".


title: Sylvan Esso

text: In early March 2017, the duo performed at South by Southwest, for NPR Music's showcase. Later that March, the band performed on NPR's "World Cafe" to perform songs from their upcoming album.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: On April 28, 2017, the band released their second studio album "What Now" on Loma Vista Recordings. The album received mostly positive reviews. In May 2017, they performed at the Boston Calling Music Festival. The duo began their What Now US 2017 Tour on May 13, 2017. The tour ended in November 2017.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: On November 28, 2017, the album received a Grammy nomination in the category "Best Dance/Electronic Album."


title: Sylvan Esso

text: They performed at Eaux Claires in Eau Claire, Wisconsin on June 17, 2017, the Melt! Festival in Ferropolis, Germany and the Citadel Festival in London, United Kingdom in July 2017. They also performed at the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, England, in July 2017. In October 2018, they performed at the Austin City Limits Music Festival in Austin, Texas.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: Premiered by NPR, Sylvan Esso released Echo Mountain Sessions in July, 2018. The band covered five songs from "What Now" with additional instrumentation by Matt Douglas, Ryan Gustafson, Molly Sarlé, Alexandra Sauser-Monnig, Jenn Wasner, and Joe Westerlund"."


title: Sylvan Esso

text: In November 2019, Sylvan Esso launched their limited-run WITH tour in Los Angeles, New York, Nashville, and Durham, NC. In the expanded band, Meath and Sanborn were joined by Meg Duffy, Molly Sarlé, Daughter of Swords, Jenn Wasner, Dev Gupta, Adam Schatz, Matt McCaughan, and Joe Westerlund. A live concert documentary of the Durham show was released on YouTube on April 23, 2020, followed by the surprise release of the full-length live album, also titled WITH. The band performed “Rewind” on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert in May 2020.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: On July 17, 2020 the band teased an upcoming project, and on July 21, 2020, the band announced their third album titled "Free Love" with the first single “Ferris Wheel.” They also released a version of the video with ASL interpreter Amber Galloway Gallego, and a version made in Animal Crossing. Meath performed the track live from the back of a moving pick-up truck for Full Frontal with Samantha Bee.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: Free Love’s next single, “Rooftop Dancing,” was released on August 11, 2020 alongside a music video directed by New York photographer and filmmaker Cheryl Dunn. “Frequency,” the album’s third pre-release single was released on September 10, 2020 and featured a music video directed by Moses Sumney. The album’s final pre-release single and accompanying video was released September 22, 2020.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: In explaining Free Love, Sanborn said, “Free Love is the first realization of a thing we've been shooting at for a long time, which is for Sylvan Esso to not feel like two people. [We wanted] it to feel like it was one expression. All of the walls that used to exist between us and divide our roles just slowly came down through the maturity of communication. It's something that you can't have with somebody that you haven't worked with for this long.”


title: Sylvan Esso

text: The Thursday before the album was released, the band hosted a multimedia art project on their website called Opening Night. The project included a video[3] with a 20 minute improvised modular set by Nick (sampling from the album), interviews with music video directors, various art pieces by Nathaniel Russell, an improvised dance by Emma Portner to "Numb", a song dedicated to the band by Jeff Tweedy and a DJ set by Merrill Garbus of Tune-Yards.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: Free Love was released September 25, 2020 via Loma Vista Recordings to positive reviews. Entertainment Weekly described the album as “...somehow prescient and nostalgic in the same breath. It traffics in intimacy and self-preservation in the face of opening oneself up to love.” UPROXX said the songs on Free Love were “more intimate and cohesive than ever before.” The Line of Best Fit described the album as “ten irregular yet exquisite pearls of synth-pop” and gave the album a 9 out of 10, while Bob Boilen of NPR Music included it on his list of 10 favorite albums of 2020.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: On November 21, 2020, the duo performed “Rooftop Dancing,” “Ferris Wheel,” and “Ring”from a rooftop in downtown Durham, NC for CBS This Morning.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: A few days later on November 23, Sylvan Esso released their "Shaking Out the Numb" podcast, a six-episode series centered on the making of "Free Love" and beyond, made with Rumble Strip producer Erica Heilman. The episode focusing on “Make It Easy” premiered via NPR’s All Songs.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: Following their three night concert stream series FROM THE SATELLITE, on December 2, 2020 Sylvan Esso surprise-released the WITH LOVE EP featuring a 10-piece “dream team” band featuring most of the players from WITH.


title: Sylvan Esso

text: On May 19, 2022, the band released the single "Sunburn" on streaming services, with album artwork including "Sylvan Esso IIII". On June 23 the band released the single "Your Reality" and in an interview with Stereogum Sanborn described the first three Sylvan Esso albums as "a completed trilogy, [with] “Your Reality” as a first glimpse at a new chapter for the band."


title: Sylvan Esso

text: On July 24, 2022, the band released "Your Reality" and announced that their fourth studio, titled "No Rules Sandy" would release three weeks from then on August 12, 2022. The album title is a reference to Nick Sanborn's nickname and the band's ethos for writing the album. The album was recorded in January 2022 at a makeshift studio in a rental house with pickups recorded at their North Carolina studio named Betty's. The album received generally positive reviews, with a score of 75 on Metacritic and Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" describing the album as having "spirit of try-anything, knob-twirling whimsy."


title: Sylvan Esso

text: Sanborn has cited being inspired by The Books and Boards of Canada, while Meath has said, “We always make records about how the world is dying. They're sad songs that sound really happy.”


title: Sylvan Esso

text: Of the duo's singular style, The New York Times explained, “Sylvan Esso evades the booming, repetitive overkill of typical electronic dance music. Instead, the tracks stay fragile and keep coming deliberately unsprung, defying mechanical regularity.”


title: Rex Reed

text: Rex Taylor Reed (born October 2, 1938) is an American film critic, occasional actor, and television host. He writes the column "On the Town with Rex Reed" for "The New York Observer".


title: Rex Reed

text: Reed was born on October 2, 1938, in Fort Worth, Texas, the son of Jewell (née Smith) and James M. Reed, an oil company supervisor. In an interview with "The New York Times", Reed stated: "My mother came from a family of 10 in Oklahoma, her second cousins were the Dalton Gang. And when my grandfather was a little boy, he was rocked by Jesse James on his knee."


title: Rex Reed

text: He earned his journalism degree from Louisiana State University in 1960. There, he began writing film and play reviews, not only for the university's newspaper, "The Daily Reveille", but also for the Baton Rouge newspaper, "The Morning Advocate". He moved to New York City after graduating from LSU, hoping to find success as an actor. Instead, he was hired to work at the publicity department of 20th Century Fox. In 1959, he said his job there was to "write those puffy things about Elvis Presley and—you know—Fabian, and tell everybody how great they were when I wouldn't be caught dead seeing their movies myself. [...] "Cleopatra" came along and rocked the company financially. We were saving on rubber bands and paying Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton to float down the Nile while everybody back at Fox was taking salary cuts, and I was the first one to go—the little guy at the $75 salary, the most dispensable item in the company. I was fired." Later in the decade, he provided many interviews for "The New York Times" and "New York", which at the time was the Sunday magazine of the "New York Herald Tribune". In 1966, the year in which the "Herald Tribune" folded, he was hired as one of the music critics for "HiFi/Stereo Review" (now "Sound & Vision"), a position at which he remained until early 1973.


title: Rex Reed

text: Reed has acted occasionally, such as in the movie version of Gore Vidal's "Myra Breckinridge" (1970). Reed also appeared in the films "Superman" (1978, as himself), "Inchon" (1981) and "Irreconcilable Differences" (1984). He appeared frequently as a judge on the TV game show "The Gong Show" in the late 1970s. Reed additionally served on the jury at the 21st Berlin International Film Festival in 1971, and guest-voiced as himself on the animated series "The Critic".


title: Rex Reed

text: Rex Reed appears in the 2009 documentary "" explaining how important film critics were in the 1970s, and complaining about the proliferation of unqualified critical voices on the Internet.


title: Rex Reed

text: Before his current job as film critic for "The New York Observer", Reed was a film critic for "Vogue", "GQ", "The New York Times", and "Women's Wear Daily". For thirteen years, he was an arts critic for the "New York Daily News", and for five years was the film critic for the "New York Post". Reed was not given a ticket to the world premiere of "Last Tango in Paris" at the 1972 New York Film Festival as the festival considered him a columnist for the "New York Daily News", rather than a regular film critic, as well as describing him as "[not] a friend of the festival". He is a member of New York Film Critics Circle and, because his reviews appear on the Internet, a member of New York Film Critics Online. He is the author of eight books, including "Do You Sleep in the Nude?", "Conversations in the Raw", "People Are Crazy Here", and "Valentines & Vitriol".


title: Rex Reed

text: In 1986, after Marlee Matlin won the Academy Award for Best Actress for "Children of a Lesser God", Reed wrote that Matlin had won because of a "pity vote", and that a deaf person playing a deaf character was not really acting.


title: Rex Reed

text: After Marisa Tomei won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress in 1992 for her work in "My Cousin Vinny", Reed said publicly that she had not actually won the award, and that presenter Jack Palance had accidentally read the wrong name off the card he was reading. When it was pointed out that the card had only one name on it, Reed changed his theory to say that Palance had read the wrong name off the Teleprompter, and claimed the Academy went along with it because they would have been embarrassed to admit that mistake in front of a huge viewing audience. Reed was publicly rebutted by the accounting firm Price Waterhouse, who said that if a presenter ever announced the wrong winner, a PwC representative would go on stage and state that the wrong result had been announced, before either stating the correct result or giving the information to someone on stage to correct it. Roger Ebert said that Reed's conspiracy theories were false and unfair to Tomei and that Reed owed her an apology. When "La La Land" was incorrectly announced as the 2016 Best Picture winner instead of the actual winner, "Moonlight", Price Waterhouse's actions to correct the mistake were exactly what they'd outlined when rebutting Reed's conspiracy theory. Many observers used this occasion to strongly criticize Reed for having been thoroughly exposed as a liar.


title: Rex Reed

text: In a 2005 review of the South Korean movie "Oldboy", Reed wrote, "What else can you expect from a nation weaned on kimchi, a mixture of raw garlic and cabbage buried underground until it rots, dug up from the grave and then served in earthenware pots sold at the Seoul airport as souvenirs?" "The Village Voice", which reported that "online forums erupted in protest" at the review, then mocked Reed by imagining him applying similar logic to films from other countries.


title: Rex Reed

text: In a 2013 review of "Identity Thief", Reed made several references to Melissa McCarthy's weight, referring to her as "tractor-sized", "humongous", "obese", and a "hippo". Film critic Richard Roeper said, "This just smacks of mean-spirited name-calling in lieu of genuine criticism." The review was referenced at the 85th Academy Awards on February 24, 2013, by the host, Seth MacFarlane, who joked that Reed would review Adele for singing "Skyfall" at the ceremony. In a column for "The Huffington Post", Candy Spelling likened Reed's review to bullying. Reed stood by his comments and stated his objection to the use of serious health problems such as obesity as comedy talking points. He dismissed the outrage as being orchestrated for publicity, but praised McCarthy for not getting involved in the matter, calling her "completely classy".


title: Rex Reed

text: In a 2017 review of "The Shape of Water", he referred to people with disabilities as "defective creatures" and Sally Hawkins' mute character as "mentally handicapped".


title: Rex Reed

text: Reed's 2012 review for "The Cabin in the Woods" contained significant factual inaccuracies in his summary of the film, and exhibited a dismissive attitude towards anyone who disagreed with his negative opinion. "L Magazine"'s Henry Stewart noted: "his review is literally about 50 percent inaccurate—factually, objectively wrong." His professionalism was also called into question when, in addition to the factual inaccuracies, some felt he was needlessly insulting and mean-spirited towards those who enjoyed the film.


title: Rex Reed

text: In 2013, Reed reviewed "V/H/S/2", despite walking out of the film within its first 20 minutes. As a result, his review was brief and incorrectly summarized Jason Eisener's segment of the horror anthology. Some felt that Reed was unprofessional, with journalist Sam Adams stating that Reed was "making a mockery of a noble profession while intelligent critics scramble for crumbs all around him".


title: Rex Reed

text: In 2017, Reed's review of "The Shape of Water" incorrectly referred to the film's writer and director Guillermo del Toro as "Benecio del Toro" (presumably based on the name of actor Benicio del Toro), and also wrote that del Toro was from Spain; neither Guillermo nor Benicio del Toro is from Spain.


title: Rex Reed

text: The same year he included the film "Get Out" on his list of 10 Worst Films of 2017, and later sardonically stated in a "CBS Sunday Morning" interview, "I didn't care if all the black men are turned into robots." A writer on "Sunday Morning"s website noted that there were no actual robots in the film.


title: Rex Reed

text: Reed lives in a two-bedroom apartment at The Dakota apartment building in New York City, which he bought for $30,000 in 1969.


title: Rex Reed

text: In 2018, Reed stated, "Love is not something that I’ve been really good at. I think people are intimidated by people with opinions. How do you go start looking for a wife or a boyfriend or a significant other? It’s too late. It would be nice, though, to find somebody who’s really handy with a wheelchair, because that day is coming".


title: Rex Reed

text: In February 2000, Reed was arrested for shoplifting after leaving a Tower Records in Manhattan with compact discs by Mel Tormé, Peggy Lee, and Carmen McRae in his jacket pockets. Reed, who had just purchased two other CDs, says he forgot about the other three CDs and his offer to pay for them was refused. The charges were later dropped. According to Reed, several days after the arrest, Peggy Lee sent him her entire catalog of CDs, because "she was so thrilled I wanted one of her CDs enough to put myself through so much hell".


title: East Asian people

text: East Asian people (East Asians) are the people from East Asia, which consists of China, Taiwan, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, and South Korea. The total population of all countries within this region is estimated to be 1.677 billion and 21% of the world's population in 2020. However, large East Asian diasporas, such as the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Mongolian diasporas, as well as diasporas of other East Asian ethnic groups, mean that the 1.677 billion does not necessarily represent an accurate figure for the numbers of East Asian people worldwide.


title: East Asian people

text: The major ethnic groups that form the core of East Asia are the Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese. Other ethnic groups of East Asia include the Ainu, Bai, Manchus, Mongols and other Mongolic peoples, Nivkh, Qiang, Ryukyuans, Tibetans, and Yakuts.


title: East Asian people

text: The major East Asian language families are the Sinitic, Japonic, and Koreanic families. Other language families include the Tibeto-Burman, Ainu languages, Mongolic, Tungusic, Turkic, Hmong-Mien, Tai–Kadai, Austronesian, and Austroasiatic.


title: East Asian people

text: Throughout the ages, the greatest influence on East Asia historically has been from China, where the span of its cultural influence is generally known as the Sinosphere laid the foundation for East Asian civilization with the exception of Mongolia. Chinese culture not only served as the foundation for its own society and civilization, but for also that of its East Asian neighbors, Japan and Korea. The knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar systems, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasized a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and culture, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea. The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World. Major characteristics exported by China towards Japan and Korea include shared Chinese-derived language characteristics, as well as similar social and moral philosophies derived from Confucianism thought. This excludes Mongolia which has a very distinct culture different from that of the rest of East Asia, more akin to Central Asian peoples such as the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Uzbeks.


title: East Asian people

text: The script of the Han Chinese characters has long been a unifying feature in East Asia (except Mongolia) as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to its East Asian neighbors. Chinese characters became the unifying language of bureaucratic politics and religious expression in East Asia. The Chinese script was passed on first to Korea and then to Japan, where it forms a major component of the Japanese writing system. In Korea, however, Sejong the Great invented the hangul alphabet, which has since been used as the main orthographic system for the Korean language. In Japan, much of the Japanese language is written in hiragana, katakana in addition to Chinese characters. In Mongolia, the script used there is the Cyrillic script along with the Mongolian script system.


title: East Asian people

text: Alcohol flush reaction is the characteristic physiological facial flushing response to drinking alcohol experienced by 36% of East Asians. Around 80% of East Asians carry an allele of the gene coding for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase called ADH1B*2, which results in the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme converting alcohol to toxic acetaldehyde more quickly than other gene variants common outside of East Asia. According to the analysis by HapMap project, another allele responsible for the flush reaction, the rs671 (ALDH2*2) of the ALDH2 is rare among Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans, while 30% to 50% of people of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ancestry have at least one ALDH2*2 allele. The reaction has been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism, possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: Cassius Lee Marsh Sr. (born July 7, 1992) is an American football outside linebacker who is a free agent. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at UCLA. He has also played for the New England Patriots, San Francisco 49ers, Arizona Cardinals, Jacksonville Jaguars, Indianapolis Colts, Pittsburgh Steelers and Chicago Bears.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: Marsh attended Oaks Christian School in Westlake Village, California. He was a member of PrepStar Dream Team and "Tacoma News-Tribune" Western 100. He was ranked as 22nd defensive tackle prospect nationally by Tom Lemming/MaxPreps during high school. He was selected to the GoldenStatePreps.com All-State first-team and All-SoCal first-team. He was named CIF-SS All-Northwest Division co-Defensive Player of the Year in his junior season. He played in the U.S. Army All-America Game after high school. He recorded 83 tackles, 23 sacks, in his senior season at high school.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: Rivals rated Marsh as a four-star prospect being the No. 4 defensive tackle, No. 6 prospect in the state of California, and the No. 33 prospect overall regardless of position. ESPN recruiting rated Marsh as a three-star prospect being the No. 33 defensive tackle, and the No. 33 prospect in the state of California. 247 rated Cassius as a four-star prospect being the No. 11 defensive tackle, and the No. 142 overall prospect (No. 114 composite ranking) regardless of position. SCOUT rated Cassius as a four-star prospect as well. Many major college programs offered scholarships and, after committing to LSU, Marsh changed his mind and committed to UCLA so he would be closer to home.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: In December 2010, he was selected to the Rivals.com Pac-10 All-Freshman team in his freshman season. He was winner of UCLA's John Boncheff Jr. Memorial Award for Rookie of the Year in his freshman season.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: Marsh was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth round, 108th overall, in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was signed to a four-year contract on May 19, 2014. Marsh recorded the first sack and first forced fumble of his NFL career against the Miami Dolphins in the season opener on September 11, 2016.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: On September 2, 2017, the Seahawks traded Marsh to the New England Patriots in exchange for the Patriots' fifth- and seventh-round selections in the 2018 NFL Draft. Week 1 on September 7th against Kansas City his blown coverage resulted in a 78 yard Kareem Hunt touchdown reception. On October 22, he blocked a field goal in a game versus the Atlanta Falcons. On November 21 the Patriots waived Marsh. Marsh has since expressed criticism of Belichick's coaching methods. A report in 2018 said that Marsh had a locker room “tirade” and temper tantrum over playing time at halftime when the Patriots were leading 17-0 in Mexico City versus the Raiders. He was released two days later.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: Marsh was claimed off waivers by the San Francisco 49ers a day after being released by the Patriots. On February 7, 2018, Marsh signed a two-year contract extension with the 49ers.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: In 2018, Marsh played in 16 games with three starts, recording a career-high 38 combined tackles and 5.5 sacks.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: On October 24, 2020, Marsh was signed to the Indianapolis Colts' practice squad. He was elevated to the active roster on November 12, November 21, and November 28 for the team's weeks 10, 11, and 12 games against the Tennessee Titans, Green Bay Packers, and Titans, and reverted to the practice squad after each game.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: On December 9, 2020, Marsh was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers off the Colts' practice squad. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on January 2, 2021, and activated five days later.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: On March 24, 2021, Marsh was re-signed by the Steelers to a one-year contract. He was released on August 31, 2021.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: On November 3, 2021, Marsh was signed to the Chicago Bears practice squad. On November 19, 2021, Marsh was signed to the active roster. He was placed on injured reserve on December 10.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: Marsh is the son of Curtis Marsh Sr. and the half-brother of Curtis Marsh Jr. Marsh's father, a wide receiver who played college football at Utah, was drafted in the seventh round of the 1995 NFL Draft by the Jacksonville Jaguars. Curtis Sr. played two seasons for the Jaguars and one for the Pittsburgh Steelers before going to the Canadian Football League, where he was an All-Star in 2000. Curtis Jr. played college football at Utah State; he was a running back for the 2007 and 2008 seasons before moving to defensive back for the 2009 and 2010 seasons. Curtis Jr. was selected in the third round of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles.


title: Cassius Marsh

text: Marsh is an avid "" player and owns decks whose total value was more than $20,000. He also co-founded and co-owns the local game store Cash Cards Unlimited with his business partner Nick Nugwynne where he sells trading card game and hobby products.


title: Alpharad

text: Jacob Rabon IV (born December 19, 1995), better known by his online pseudonym Alpharad, is an American YouTuber, esports personality, and musician. He is best known for his gaming videos on the "Super Smash Bros." series along with his participation in the fighting game community as a tournament organizer.


title: Alpharad

text: Rabon was born on December 19, 1995, in Norman, Oklahoma. He gained an interest in filmmaking around the fifth grade, uploading comedic videos for his friends, one of his first videos being "Major O's". Later, he would take video editing and cinematography classes in high school. Rabon attended the University of Oklahoma while making YouTube videos as a full-time job. However, he later stated that he dropped out to fully focus on his rising YouTube career. His original goal was to be a writer, director, or editor of some kind, but soon learned that in being someone else's editor he couldn't have as much creative freedom as he could making his own content.


title: Alpharad

text: Rabon created his main YouTube channel on January 13, 2014. Since its creation, he has made various gaming videos on his channel, Alpharad, including the "Super Smash Bros." series, "Pokémon", "Splatoon", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and "Fall Guys", as well as other Nintendo titles. He has also dabbled in speedrunning, specifically in a video of him intensely playing through a "Super Mario 64" first-person shooter mod, as well as being a retired "Super Mario Odyssey" speedrunner.


title: Alpharad

text: Other videos of his include video game related challenges and streams. In 2021, Rabon collaborated with YouTuber Jaiden Animations on a charity stream for Red Nose Day which involved removing Pokémon from their team after reaching various donation incentives. In 2022, he played "Pokémon Go" in the Warner Grand theater located in Los Angeles during a Halloween event.


title: Alpharad

text: In 2020, Rabon signed with the Creative Artists Agency alongside YouTuber The Completionist. Rabon's main YouTube channel has reached over 2.83 million subscribers as of October 2022.


title: Alpharad

text: Rabon has been involved in esports as a tournament organizer and affiliate with other prominent esports personalities. In January 2020, he participated in a "Pokémon" VGC tournament hosted by Wolfe Glick with fellow competitive "Super Smash Bros." players Ludwig Ahgren, ESAM, and Mew2King amongst other content creators.


title: Alpharad

text: Two months later, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Rabon co-hosted five online tournaments for "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" called the "Quarantine Series" with fellow YouTuber Cr1TiKaL, which consisted of two events, Minors and Majors, offering $5,000 and $10,000 in prizes, respectively. The major invitationals featured top "Super Smash Bros." players such as MKLeo, Samsora, Nairo and Marss, and was streamed on both Cr1TiKaL's Twitch channel and Rabon's YouTube channel.


title: Alpharad

text: In 2018, Rabon purchased a monthly stake for the esports organization, Panda Global, becoming their content director and a minority shareholder. He had previously expressed his desire to hold more weight in the organization.


title: Alpharad

text: In 2021, Rabon hosted another tournament in "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate," dubbed a "Portal Smash" tournament, that involved competitive players fighting on recreated stages with added obstacles and hazards. Later in October, Rabon hosted a "Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl" charity tournament with Panda Global member Coney for The Breast Cancer Research Foundation. The tournament featured content creators such as Cr1TiKaL, Ludwig Ahgren, Jaiden Animations and Trihex, and ultimately raised over $100,000.


title: Alpharad

text: Rabon is also a musician, and he formed a band named Ace of Hearts. Their first single was "Fool for You", which was released on April 1, 2020. The band's first EP, "Monophobia", was released on June 5, 2020. This was then followed by another single, "Silver Lining", which was released nearly a month later on July 1, 2020. The band's second EP, "Scorpion Queen", was released on December 13, 2020. The band's single "Lights Off" was released on March 31, 2021. Ace of Hearts' most recent single, "Deadbeat Boulevard", released on November 11, 2021. Their newest album "Frozen in Time" was released on December 10, 2021.


title: Alpharad

text: On June 27, 2021, Rabon announced a one-time pop-up show to be held the very same day. He and thirteen other creators dramatically read copypastas to a live audience at the Black Box theatre in Los Angeles. Stage guests included Daniel Thrasher, Adriana Figueroa, Drumsy, Mari Norwood, Jules Conroy, Phil Visu, Cristina Vee Valenzuela, Ross O'Donovan, Dan Fulling, C. J. Ya, Johnny Rico (who impersonated Bruno Mars), and Rabon’s project manager Deanna Gowland. The viral video of the performance involved a segment where several of gaming streamer Ninja’s Twitter posts were read aloud; Ninja later shared the video on his Twitter page.


title: Alpharad

text: In 2018, Rabon married his long-time girlfriend, Fiorella Zoll. They were living in their home state, Oklahoma, before moving to Los Angeles alongside close friend and frequent collaborator JoSniffy. On June 15, 2020, Rabon came out as bisexual. Rabon announced his divorce to his wife Fiorella on October 20, 2021, stating that they had been separated for some time before the announcement. During an episode of Rabon’s podcast, "How Did We Get Here?", Rabon opened up about his experience being diagnosed with ADHD. In the same podcast, he also revealed that he is somewhere in the asexual aromantic spectrum.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: The Tigger Movie is a 2000 animated musical comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation with animation production by Walt Disney Animation (Japan), Inc., written and directed by Jun Falkenstein from a story by Eddie Guzelian, and released by Walt Disney Pictures on February 11, 2000. It is the second theatrical "Winnie the Pooh" film after "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" and features Pooh's friend Tigger as the main protagonist searching for his family tree and other Tiggers like himself.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: The film was the first feature-length theatrical Pooh film that was not a collection of previously released shorts.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: It is also the first in the original films in which Tigger is voiced entirely by Jim Cummings (in addition to Pooh) following the retirement of Tigger's original voice actor Paul Winchell in 1999. Winchell was originally cast as Tigger but was dropped after the studio considered his voice to be too raspy. Cummings had previously shared the role with Winchell since 1989 and provided his singing voice in most later projects with Winchell as the character's speaking voice.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: The film features original songs from the Sherman Brothers. Originally, the film was slated for a direct-to-video release, until then–Disney CEO Michael Eisner heard the Sherman Brothers' songs and decided to release the film in theaters worldwide. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was the highest-grossing film in the "Winnie the Pooh" franchise until it was surpassed by 2018's "Christopher Robin".


title: The Tigger Movie

text: The film received three nominations on the Annie Awards, including the Annie Award for Directing in a Feature Production, the Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production, and the Annie Award for Music in a Feature Production.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: Tigger interrupts the beginning of the movie, fed up with most of the stories being about Pooh. After rearranging the title page to spell out the movie's title, the story resumes. In the Hundred Acre Wood, Tigger searches for someone to bounce with him, but all of his friends are too busy preparing for the upcoming winter. Tigger's closest friend Roo wants to play with him but arrives too late to do so. While he searches for a playmate, Tigger inadvertently destroys Eeyore's house with a boulder. Rabbit gathers Pooh, Piglet, Kanga, and Roo and they build a mechanical pulley system to remove the boulder, with little success. Tigger arrives and helps out, but his actions wreck the machine and send everyone into a muddy lake (except Roo, who lands in a tree, and Eeyore, who lands in a thorn bush). Frustrated, Rabbit and the rest of Tigger's friends reprimand him for his troublesome rambunctious nature while saying that they are not like him, hurting his feelings. Roo, seeing Tigger's sadness and alienation, asks him if he has any family members of his own. Tigger is fascinated by the concept and decides to search for his family, hoping to finally be within a similar company.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: Misunderstanding advice from Owl, Tigger and Roo begin searching for his family tree, believing it to be a centuries-old tree covered in stripes and with many Tiggers upon it. After his search fails, they return to Tigger's house. After finding a golden, heart-shaped locket, they believe that a picture of Tigger's family is inside it. However, the locket is empty. Roo suggests that he writes a letter to his family and he does so. He lets the wind carry it away with hopes that it will reach his family, but receives no response after days of waiting and begins to lose hope. Tigger's sympathetic friends decide to write him a letter; everyone contributes a bit of friendly advice and signs it "your family". Tigger misinterprets the content of the letter and comes to believe that his family exists and is intending to visit him, with the others unable to tell him the truth. He organizes a large and absurd party in preparation for a family reunion.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: Roo, wishing to uphold Tigger's spirits, encourages his friends to disguise themselves as Tiggers and attend his party. Everyone, but Rabbit, who berates the others for not preparing for the harsh conditions ahead before leaving by ignore to join them, but Roo convinces everyone to continue with the plan.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: After a great effort in disguising themselves and learning to behave like Tiggers, Tigger's friends arrive at his party. He completely falls for the disguises until Roo's mask falls off after an attempt to imitate a complex bounce that Tigger had taught him earlier. In light of his friends' deception, the disappointed and betrayed Tigger sets out into a blizzard in search of his real family, taking his letter and locket with him. After falling down a cliff in an attempt to recover his locket, he finds an immense tree that the snow has whitened with stripes, convincing him that it is the family tree he had sought, but is saddened when he finds no one waiting for him there. His friends (joined by Rabbit) set out on an expedition in search of him, but they fail to persuade him to come home. Their argument causes an avalanche, which drives Tigger to rescue his friends by carrying them up into the tree branches. When Tigger has swept away himself, Roo successfully performs Tigger's bounce and saves him. The two perform the bounce together to escape the avalanche and land back on the tree. When the avalanche subsides, Owl and Kanga find them. Christopher Robin also arrives and after finding out what happened, tells Tigger he never needed to go looking for his family. Tigger protests, saying he got a letter from his family. He tries to show it to them but discovers it was lost in the avalanche (it was actually lost before the avalanche happened).


title: The Tigger Movie

text: Tigger's friends reveal their authorship of the letter by reciting its pieces from memory. Tigger finally realizes that his friends are his true family and he throws a new party in honor of them while handing out presents for them: a new home for Eeyore (made from the family room meant for Tigger's non-existent family), a toy plane for Christopher Robin, a yo-yo for Owl, a hat for Kanga, a large amount of honey for Pooh, lots of firewood for Piglet, a promise to Rabbit that he will watch where he's bouncing from now on (as well as a hug), and the locket for Roo (whom he finally accepts as a brother figure). Christopher Robin then takes a picture of everyone to put inside the locket. The film ends with the newly taken photo shown inside the locket while the camera backs away as it closes up.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: Paul Winchell, the original voice of Tigger, was originally cast to voice Tigger for the film, which was then titled "Winnie the Pooh and the Family Tree". During Spring 1998, Winchell participated in a single recording session for the film. However, he was dropped from the project after the studio found his voice too raspy. The role was given to Jim Cummings, who was already voicing Winnie the Pooh for the film, and had voiced Tigger on various Disney television shows and for Disney consumer products. When the Disney Imagineers heard about Winchell's dismissal, they hired him to perform the voice of Tigger for The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction at Magic Kingdom, which opened a year before "The Tigger Movie"'s release; it was Winchell's final performance before his retirement from acting in 1999 and his death in 2005.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: The songs for "The Tigger Movie" were written by Robert and Richard Sherman who had not written a feature for Disney in over 28 years. Their last fully original feature film score was for the Oscar nominated film, "Bedknobs and Broomsticks" which was released in 1971. "The Tigger Movie" would also be the last film work for the Sherman Brothers and Robert B. Sherman due to his death on March 6, 2012. Originally slated for video or television release, the score was so well received (in demonstration form) by then Disney CEO, Michael Eisner, that the project's priority level moved up to feature theatrical release. This was due in great part to the perceived caliber of the song score throughout the studio. The score of the film is composed by Harry Gregson-Williams with additional music by Klaus Badelt and Steve Jablonsky and the score was conducted by Nick Glennie-Smith.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: All the songs were original ones created for the film except for "The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers" which was originally written in 1968 for the featurette, "Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day" (released in 1968). That song was also by the Sherman Brothers. The "punch line" of the song: "But the most wonderful Thing About Tiggers is I'm the only one..." provides the basis of "The Tigger Movie"s storyline. The vast majority of the songs, including "Someone Like Me", "Whoop-de-Dooper Bounce", "Pooh's Lullabee", and "Round My Family Tree" were performed by Jim Cummings, while "How to Be a Tigger" was performed by the cast.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: "Your Heart Will Lead You Home" was the last song written for the film and is a collaborative effort between the Sherman Brothers and singer Kenny Loggins. Richard Sherman described the song as "a song about the picture, as opposed to songs of the picture." It marks the only time the trio worked together on a song.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: The original theatrical trailer for the film featured the song "Semi-Charmed Life" by alternative band Third Eye Blind. A Disney spokeswoman said that she was not aware of the sexual content within the song's lyrics.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: After A Hollywood red carpet premiere on February 6, 2000 at El Capitan Theatre, the film was released theatrically on February 11, 2000. The movie was on screens for 23 weeks.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: "The Tigger Movie" was originally released on August 22, 2000, on both VHS and DVD. Both included the Kenny Loggins music video "Your Heart Will Lead You Home." The DVD included additional special features. The film was later re-released on a 2-disc DVD on August 4, 2009 to coincide with its 10th anniversary. The 2-disc release includes a DVD and a digital copy. It contains all the 2000 DVD bonus features, but has more language tracks and special features. The film was also re-released as a "Bounce-a-rrrific" special edition on Blu-ray on August 21, 2012. It contains the Kenny Loggins music video "Your Heart Will Lead You Home" and "Round My Family Tree" sing-along song video but includes the 10 "Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" segments.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: The film opened at number 4 at the US box office making $9.4 million in its opening weekend. The film was a box office success, earning $45,554,533 in the United States and Canada and a further $50,605,267 overseas, resulting in a worldwide gross of $96,159,800. Its budget is estimated at between $15 million and $30 million. On its initial release on home video, it earned $90 million.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 62% of critics gave the film positive reviews on 71 reviews with a 5.9 rating. The site's consensus states, ""The Tigger Movie" may lack the technological flash and underlying adult sophistication of other recent animated movies, but it's fun and charming." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on twenty three critics, indicating "Mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Tigger Movie

text: William Thomas of "Empire Magazine" gave the film a three out of four stars, saying: "And while the one-dimensional nature of the plot is unlikely to entertain anyone over the age of 11, the end result certainly includes enough pre-pubescent prerequisites to ensure that the furry fella will never bounce alone." Common Sense Media gave the film a three out of five stars and said: "Tigger's bouncy quest will appeal to younger viewers."


title: The Tigger Movie

text: Disney released various theatrical and direct-to-videos in the years that followed. There were two theatrical animated films: "Piglet's Big Movie" in 2003 and "Pooh's Heffalump Movie" in 2005. Two direct-to-video animated films also followed, "Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo" in 2004 and "Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie" in 2005.


title: Uline

text: Uline is a privately held American company which offers shipping and other business supplies. It was founded in 1980 by Richard and Elizabeth Uihlein. It has more than 7,000 employees and is headquartered in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. It has distribution centers throughout the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The company has been noted for COVID-19 pandemic-related controversies and the Uihleins' extensive political spending on right-wing causes.


title: Uline

text: Uline was founded in 1980 by Elizabeth "Liz" and Richard "Dick" Uihlein. Richard Uihlein is a descendant of the brewers of Schlitz beer. With start-up funds from his father, Edgar Uihlein, Richard and Elizabeth founded the company from their basement after recognizing a local need for a shipping supply distributor. The company's first product was the H-101 carton sizer. Its success enabled the Uihleins to move into a new headquarters in Waukegan, Illinois.


title: Uline

text: Over the 1980s and 1990s, Uline expanded. Operations began in Minnesota, California and New Jersey. Uline sold over 4,000 products, all detailed in its product catalog.


title: Uline

text: In the 2000s, Uline began operations in Mexico and Canada and opened distribution centers in Illinois, Texas, Georgia, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania. The Uline catalog grew to 450 pages, offering over 17,000 products.


title: Uline

text: In 2008, Uline announced it was constructing a new headquarters in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. The move was partially motivated by the Uihleins' ties to Wisconsin; Dick Uihlein's family had lived in Milwaukee and worked at the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, and the couple owns a home and restaurant in Manitowish Waters. Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle expected 1,000 jobs would move to Southeastern Wisconsin, and pledged $6 million to support the move. The 200-acre headquarters opened in the summer of 2010, featuring offices for Uline staff and a 1-million square foot warehouse which supplies products to distribution centers. Due to increasing growth, an expansion consisting of a second office building and warehouse was announced in 2014. Construction began in early 2016 and was completed in 2017. The expansion brought about 800 additional jobs to Pleasant Prairie.


title: Uline

text: In 2019, Uline began considering a second major expansion with two more distribution centers with a combined area of over 1.7 million square feet. The distribution centers would complement two existing Uline distribution centers in Pleasant Prairie.


title: Uline

text: The company is owned by the Uihlein family and set up as a passthrough corporation. Liz Uihlein serves as president and chief executive officer, her husband Dick Uihlein is chairman of the board of directors, their children are company executives, and Dick Uihlein's brother Steve serves as a vice president. In 2014, the company was estimated to have $2 billion in revenue and more than 6,000 employees. ProPublica estimates the company made nearly a billion dollars in profit in 2018. the company reported having over 6,700 employees and over $5.8 billion in revenue. The company has a conservative dress code, with ties mandatory for men, pantyhose and skirts for women between November and April, and tattoos discouraged.


title: Uline

text: An important marketing tool for Uline is its product catalog, which has been produced since its founding. Mailed twice a year, the catalog is 800 pages long and advertises over 37,500 products. Uline also relies on extensive online advertising. The company is not believed to have a communications department, and maintains a low profile on social media. Liz Uihlein frequently writes missives for the catalog, some of which reflect her political views.


title: Uline

text: The Uline headquarters is located on in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. The headquarters consists of two buildings: a facility, and a newer (2017) building of about the same size.


title: Uline

text: Uline has US distribution centers in Allentown, Pennsylvania; Braselton, Georgia; Coppell, Texas; Hudson, Wisconsin; Kenosha, Wisconsin; Lacey, Washington; Ontario, California; Reno, Nevada; and the Wisconsin headquarters warehouses in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin. It also has Canadian distribution centers in Milton, Ontario and Edmonton, Alberta and Mexican distribution centers in Mexicali and Apodaca.


title: Uline

text: Liz and Richard Uihlein are megadonors to conservative and Republican causes. The company and its employees have also extensively donated to conservative and Republican-affiliated political action committees; they were among the largest contributors to political campaigns during the 2020 election cycle, contributing over $31 million before June 2020.


title: Uline

text: On March 13, 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Liz Uihlein wrote in an email to lawmakers that the severity of the virus was being exaggerated in the media: "At what point do we go back to our normal lives? This has been a huge disruption." She reiterated her skepticism about COVID-19 in a September 2020 interview. The company and the Uihlens pushed for a recall against Democratic Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers, citing his response to the pandemic.


title: Uline

text: In November 2020, Liz Uihlein sent out a company-wide email in which she said she and Dick Uihlein had contracted COVID-19. In late February 2021, "The Guardian" reported the company had experienced an infection rate of 14% compared to an overall rate of 8.7% in Kenosha County, Wisconsin, where the company is headquartered.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: Joseph Paul Gelhardt (born 4 May 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for side Leeds United and represents England U20s.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: Born in Liverpool, Gelhardt grew up in Netherton, Merseyside, where he attended Chesterfield High School. He joined Wigan Athletic at the age of ten in 2013, progressing through the youth teams before being offered a scholarship deal in 2017. He made his professional debut for Wigan Athletic on 14 August 2018, appearing as a substitute against Rotherham United in the first round of the EFL Cup.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: On 24 August 2018, he signed his first professional contract with the club. He made his League debut on 27 April 2019, appearing as a half-time substitute against Birmingham City. On 14 September 2019, he scored his first senior goal for the club in a 2–2 draw against Hull City.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: Gelhardt made 19 appearances in all competitions with 18 coming in the EFL Championship during the 2019–20 season, as Wigan were relegated from the Championship after a 12-point penalty saw them drop into the relegation places.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: On 10 August 2020, Gelhardt signed a four-year contract with Premier League club Leeds United. He made his senior debut for Leeds United on 21 September 2021 as a second-half substitute for Mateusz Klich in the EFL Cup third round match against EFL Championship side Fulham. The match ended 0–0 with Leeds winning 6–5 on penalties, Gelhardt scoring the seventh of Leeds' eight penalties. Gelhardt made his Premier League debut for Leeds on 16 October as a second-half substitute in the 1–0 defeat to Southampton. On 11 December 2021, Gelhardt scored his first goal for Leeds in a 2–3 away league defeat to rivals Chelsea. and he netted his second on 13 March 2022: a dramatic added-time 2-1 winner at Elland Road against Norwich City.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: In the 2022–23 season, Gelhardt's 10 appearances through the end of October were mostly limited to late substitutions, mostly for Sinisterra and Rodrigo,<ref name="2022/2023"></ref> allowing little time for him to impress himself on the direction of the game.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: Gelhardt scored for the England under-16 team in a 3–3 draw against Brazil at the 2018 Montaigu Tournament.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: In September 2018, Gelhardt scored twice for the England under-17 team against Norway and also came off the bench to score against Belgium. The following month saw him score against the United States and twice in a game against Russia. In March 2019, Gelhardt scored in a 3–2 win against Denmark that confirmed qualification for the 2019 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. In April 2019, Gelhardt was included in the England U17 squad for the 2019 UEFA European Under-17 Championships and scored in a 3–1 victory over Sweden under-17s as the "Young Lions" bowed out of the competition at the group stage.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: Gelhardt made his U18 debut as a 79th-minute substitute during the 3–2 win over Australia at Hinckley Leicester Road on 6 September 2019. On 2 October 2020, Gelhardt was named in the England U19 squad.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: On 6 September 2021, Gelhardt made his debut for the England U20s scoring a hat-trick during a 6–1 victory over Romania U20s at St. George's Park.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: Gelhardt received his first call up to the England U21s on 4 October 2021, as an injury replacement for Noni Madueke.


title: Joe Gelhardt

text: Gelhardt is left footed and plays mainly as a striker; he can also play as a second striker, wide forward or as an attacking midfielder. He is known for his dribbling, power and build-up play; his style has been compared to that of Wayne Rooney.


title: Jillian Murray

text: Jillian Murray is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Portlyn on "Sonny with a Chance", Olivia on MTV's "Awkward", Gwen Adams in "American High School", Lex Mitchell in "Forget Me Not", Brandi Cox in "", and as the body model for Dr. Liara T'Soni for the "Mass Effect" video game series. She played Dr. Heather Pinkney in the first two seasons of the CBS medical drama "Code Black".


title: Jillian Murray

text: Murray was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Wyomissing in Berks County, Pennsylvania. In 1998, she and her parents moved to Tucson, Arizona; Murray later relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a career in film.


title: Jillian Murray

text: Murray made her film debut in the 2003 independent film "Deep Toad" as Natashia. She was later cast in "Fifty Pills" as Jayne, followed by "Legacy", also known as "Pretty Little Devils". Her first leading role was in "The Fun Park", a 2007 indie horror flick, playing a mentally unstable girl.


title: Jillian Murray

text: In 2009, Murray portrayed Gwen Adams in the romantic comedy "American High School". She later played Heather in the spoof comedy "An American Carol", Abby Graves in the cult horror "The Graves", and Lex Mitchell in "Forget Me Not".


title: Jillian Murray

text: Murray starred in a recurring role on the Disney Channel original series "Sonny with a Chance", playing Portlyn. She was offered a series regular role after the 4th episode but declined due to many film offers on the table. She landed the lead female role in the comedy "Cougar Hunting" playing Penelope (Lara Flynn Boyle's daughter), as well as the female lead in her first studio film in "" playing Brandi Cox. After wrapping that film in 2010 she was offered the lead female in her second studio film "" playing Eve. This film is where she met her longtime boyfriend Dean Geyer.


title: Jillian Murray

text: Murray's face and body were used as the model for the character of Liara T'Soni in the "Mass Effect" franchise of video games. She recently appeared in the premiere episode of the 2011 revival of the reality series "Fear Factor" (where she came in second place and lost the first place title because her partner fell).


title: Jillian Murray

text: In 2012, Murray starred alongside Danny Trejo and Ron Perlman in the action film "Bad Ass", and was cast in the horror film "". She also produced her first film, "Visible Scars", and starred in the film alongside Tom Sizemore. She landed a role on MTV's hit show "Awkward" playing Olivia. In 2013 she landed numerous indie flicks including "Mantervention", "Windsor Drive", and "My Favorite Five". At the end of 2013, she played the female lead in a golf drama titled "The Squeeze" alongside Jeremy Sumpter, Christopher McDonald and Michael Nouri. In 2014 Murray was cast as Danni, one of the leads in the film "Dark Ascension" (originally titled "Welcome to Purgatory").


title: Jillian Murray

text: In 2015, Murray was cast in the recurring role of Dr. Heather Pinkney on CBS's "Code Black"; in summer 2016 she was promoted to series regular for the show's second season.


title: Jillian Murray

text: In 2010, Murray began dating Australian singer and actor Dean Geyer. The couple announced their engagement on December 18, 2016. They were married on September 14, 2017.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the inner cell mass (embryoblast) using immunosurgery results in destruction of the blastocyst, a process which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells, with clinical use being the goal for many laboratories. Potential uses include the treatment of diabetes and heart disease. The cells are being studied to be used as clinical therapies, models of genetic disorders, and cellular/DNA repair. However, adverse effects in the research and clinical processes such as tumors and unwanted immune responses have also been reported.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst stage of early mammalian embryos, are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into any embryonic cell type and by their ability to self-renew. It is these traits that makes them valuable in the scientific and medical fields. ESCs have a normal karyotype, maintain high telomerase activity, and exhibit remarkable long-term proliferative potential.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent, meaning they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm, which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. These germ layers generate each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult human body. When provided with the appropriate signals, ESCs initially form precursor cells that in subsequently differentiate into the desired cell types. Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells, which are multipotent and can only produce a limited number of cell types.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Under defined conditions, embryonic stem cells are capable of self-renewing indefinitely in an undifferentiated state. Self-renewal conditions must prevent the cells from clumping and maintain an environment that supports an unspecialized state. Typically this is done in the lab with media containing serum and leukemia inhibitory factor or serum-free media supplements with two inhibitory drugs ("2i"), the MEK inhibitor PD03259010 and GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR99021.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: ESCs divide very frequently due to a shortened G1 phase in their cell cycle. Rapid cell division allows the cells to quickly grow in number, but not size, which is important for early embryo development. In ESCs, cyclin A and cyclin E proteins involved in the G1/S transition are always expressed at high levels. Cyclin-dependent kinases such as CDK2 that promote cell cycle progression are overactive, in part due to downregulation of their inhibitors. Retinoblastoma proteins that inhibit the transcription factor E2F until the cell is ready to enter S phase are hyperphosphorylated and inactivated in ESCs, leading to continual expression of proliferation genes. These changes result in accelerated cycles of cell division. Although high expression levels of pro-proliferative proteins and a shortened G1 phase have been linked to maintenance of pluripotency, ESCs grown in serum-free 2i conditions do express hypo-phosphorylated active Retinoblastoma proteins and have an elongated G1 phase. Despite this difference in the cell cycle when compared to ESCs grown in media containing serum these cells have similar pluripotent characteristics. Pluripotency factors Oct4 and Nanog play a role in transcriptionally regulating the embryonic stem cell cycle.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Due to their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, embryonic stem cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. Pluripotent stem cells have shown promise in treating a number of varying conditions, including but not limited to: spinal cord injuries, age related macular degeneration, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders (such as Parkinson's disease), AIDS, etc. In addition to their potential in regenerative medicine, embryonic stem cells provide a possible alternative source of tissue/organs which serves as a possible solution to the donor shortage dilemma. There are some ethical controversies surrounding this though (see Ethical debate section below). Aside from these uses, ESCs can also be used for research on early human development, certain genetic disease, and "in vitro" toxicology testing.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: According to a 2002 article in "PNAS", "Human embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, and, thus, may be useful as a source of cells for transplantation or tissue engineering."


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: In tissue engineering, the use of stem cells are known to be of importance. In order to successfully engineer a tissue, the cells used must be able to perform specific biological functions such as secretion of cytokines, signaling molecules, interacting with neighboring cells, and producing an extracellular matrix in the correct organization. Stem cells demonstrates these specific biological functions along with being able to self-renew and differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells. Embryonic stem cells is one of the sources that are being considered for the use of tissue engineering. The use of human embryonic stem cells have opened many new possibilities for tissue engineering, however, there are many hurdles that must be made before human embryonic stem cell can even be utilized. It is theorized that if embryonic stem cells can be altered to not evoke the immune response when implanted into the patient then this would be a revolutionary step in tissue engineering. Embryonic stem cells are not limited to tissue engineering.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Research has focused on differentiating ESCs into a variety of cell types for eventual use as cell replacement therapies. Some of the cell types that have or are currently being developed include cardiomyocytes, neurons, hepatocytes, bone marrow cells, islet cells and endothelial cells. However, the derivation of such cell types from ESCs is not without obstacles, therefore research has focused on overcoming these barriers. For example, studies are underway to differentiate ESCs into tissue specific cardiomyocytes and to eradicate their immature properties that distinguish them from adult cardiomyocytes.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Besides becoming an important alternative to organ transplants, ESCs are also being used in the field of toxicology, and as cellular screens to uncover new chemical entities that can be developed as small-molecule drugs. Studies have shown that cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs are validated "in vitro" models to test drug responses and predict toxicity profiles. ESC derived cardiomyocytes have been shown to respond to pharmacological stimuli and hence can be used to assess cardiotoxicity such as torsades de pointes.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: ESC-derived hepatocytes are also useful models that could be used in the preclinical stages of drug discovery. However, the development of hepatocytes from ESCs has proven to be challenging and this hinders the ability to test drug metabolism. Therefore, research has focused on establishing fully functional ESC-derived hepatocytes with stable phase I and II enzyme activity.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Several new studies have started to address the concept of modeling genetic disorders with embryonic stem cells. Either by genetically manipulating the cells, or more recently, by deriving diseased cell lines identified by prenatal genetic diagnosis (PGD), modeling genetic disorders is something that has been accomplished with stem cells. This approach may very well prove valuable at studying disorders such as Fragile-X syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, and other genetic maladies that have no reliable model system.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Yury Verlinsky, a Russian-American medical researcher who specialized in embryo and cellular genetics (genetic cytology), developed prenatal diagnosis testing methods to determine genetic and chromosomal disorders a month and a half earlier than standard amniocentesis. The techniques are now used by many pregnant women and prospective parents, especially couples who have a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35 (when the risk of genetically related disorders is higher). In addition, by allowing parents to select an embryo without genetic disorders, they have the potential of saving the lives of siblings that already had similar disorders and diseases using cells from the disease free offspring.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: Differentiated somatic cells and ES cells use different strategies for dealing with DNA damage. For instance, human foreskin fibroblasts, one type of somatic cell, use non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), an error prone DNA repair process, as the primary pathway for repairing double-strand breaks (DSBs) during all cell cycle stages. Because of its error-prone nature, NHEJ tends to produce mutations in a cell's clonal descendants.


title: Embryonic stem cell

text: ES cells use a different strategy to deal with DSBs. Because ES cells give rise to all of the cell types of an organism including the cells of the germ line, mutations arising in ES cells due to faulty DNA repair are a more serious problem than in differentiated somatic cells. Consequently, robust mechanisms are needed in ES cells to repair DNA damages accurately, and if repair fails, to remove those cells with un-repaired DNA damages. Thus, mouse ES cells predominantly use high fidelity homologous recombinational repair (HRR) to repair DSBs. This type of repair depends on the interaction of the two sister chromosomes formed during S phase and present together during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. HRR can accurately repair DSBs in one sister chromosome by using intact information from the other sister chromosome. Cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (i.e. after metaphase/cell division but prior the next round of replication) have only one copy of each chromosome (i.e. sister chromosomes aren't present). Mouse ES cells lack a G1 checkpoint and do not undergo cell cycle arrest upon acquiring DNA damage. Rather they undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) in response to DNA damage. Apoptosis can be used as a fail-safe strategy to remove cells with un-repaired DNA damages in order to avoid mutation and progression to cancer. Consistent with this strategy, mouse ES stem cells have a mutation frequency about 100-fold lower than that of isogenic mouse somatic cells.