title: Internet slang

text: Different cultures tend to have different motivations behind their choice of slang, on top of the difference in language used. For example, in China, because of the tough Internet regulations imposed, users tend to use certain slang to talk about issues deemed as sensitive to the government. These include using symbols to separate the characters of a word to avoid detection from manual or automated text pattern scanning and consequential censorship. An outstanding example is the use of the term river crab to denote censorship. River crab (hexie) is pronounced the same as "harmony"—the official term used to justify political discipline and censorship. As such Chinese netizens reappropriate the official terms in a sarcastic way.


title: Internet slang

text: Abbreviations are popular across different cultures, including countries like Japan, China, France, Portugal, etc., and are used according to the particular language the Internet users speak. Significantly, this same style of slang creation is also found in non-alphabetical languages as, for example, a form of "e gao" or alternative political discourse.


title: Internet slang

text: The difference in language often results in miscommunication, as seen in an onomatopoeic example, "555", which sounds like "crying" in Chinese, and "laughing" in Thai. A similar example is between the English "haha" and the Spanish "jaja", where both are onomatopoeic expressions of laughter, but the difference in language also meant a different consonant for the same sound to be produced. For more examples of how other languages express "laughing out loud", see also: LOL


title: Internet slang

text: In terms of culture, in Chinese, the numerically based onomatopoeia "770880" (), which means to 'kiss and hug you', is used. This is comparable to "XOXO", which many Internet users use. In French, "pk" or "pq" is used in the place of pourquoi, which means 'why'. This is an example of a combination of onomatopoeia and shortening of the original word for convenience when writing online.


title: Internet slang

text: In conclusion, every different country has their own language background and cultural differences and hence, they tend to have their own rules and motivations for their own Internet slang. However, at present, there is still a lack of studies done by researchers on some differences between the countries.


title: Internet slang

text: On the whole, the popular use of Internet slang has resulted in a unique online and offline community as well as a couple sub-categories of "special internet slang which is different from other slang spread on the whole internet... similar to jargon... usually decided by the sharing community". It has also led to virtual communities marked by the specific slang they use and led to a more homogenized yet diverse online culture.


title: Internet slang

text: Internet slang is considered a form of advertisement. Through two empirical studies, it was proven that Internet slang could help promote or capture the crowd's attention through advertisement, but did not increase the sales of the product. However, using Internet slang in advertisement may attract a certain demographic, and might not be the best to use depending on the product or goods. Furthermore, an overuse of Internet slang also negatively effects the brand due to quality of the advertisement, but using an appropriate amount would be sufficient in providing more attention to the ad. According to the experiment, Internet slang helped capture the attention of the consumers of necessity items. However, the demographic of luxury goods differ, and using Internet slang would potentially have the brand lose credibility due to the appropriateness of Internet slang.


title: Nigel Terry

text: Peter Nigel Terry (15 August 1945 – 30 April 2015) was an English stage, film, and television actor, typically in historical and period roles. He played Prince John in Anthony Harvey's film "The Lion in Winter" (1968) and King Arthur in John Boorman's "Excalibur" (1981).


title: Nigel Terry

text: Terry was born on 15 August 1945 in Bristol, the son of Frank Albert Terry OBE, DFC, a pilot in the Royal Air Force, and his wife, Doreen. He was the first baby born in Bristol after the end of the Second World War. The family soon moved to Truro, Cornwall where his father worked as a probation officer. Terry attended Truro School in Truro, where he developed an interest in acting and became skilled at drawing and painting.


title: Nigel Terry

text: His parents encouraged him to go on the stage, and after working briefly in forestry and as a petrol pump attendant, he joined the National Youth Theatre. He enrolled at London's Central School of Speech and Drama in 1963, working both on stage and behind the scenes. He joined the Oxford Meadow Players in 1966, working initially as assistant stage manager.


title: Nigel Terry

text: Terry worked mostly in theatre. After training with repertory companies like the Oxford Meadow Players and Bristol Old Vic, Terry appeared in many productions with the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Round House Theatre and the Royal Court Theatre. Among his roles was Daniel de Bosola in the 1989 Royal Shakespeare Company production of John Webster's "The Duchess of Malfi". In the same year he played Pericles in David Thacker's production of "Pericles, Prince of Tyre".


title: Nigel Terry

text: In addition to "Excalibur", he appeared in about 20 films, most notably "The Lion in Winter" in 1968 with Katharine Hepburn, Peter O'Toole and Anthony Hopkins, and Derek Jarman's "Caravaggio" in 1986, where he played the title character. He worked with Jarman on four more films: "The Last of England" (1988), "War Requiem" (1989), "Edward II" (1991) and "Blue" (1993).


title: Nigel Terry

text: An early television appearance was as the agoraphobic Harry Mandrake in the "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" episode "Somebody Just Walked Over My Grave" (1970).


title: Nigel Terry

text: His main US and British television appearances include "Covington Cross", a series set in medieval times. He also appeared in "Casualty" as Denny, as General Cobb in the "Doctor Who" episode "The Doctor's Daughter" and as Gabriel Piton in "". He also played Sam Jacobs in a two-part "Waking the Dead" episode titled "Anger Management". He appeared in "Pie in the Sky" series 3 episode 3 "Irish Stew" as Byron de Goris. He also appeared in an episode of "Foyle's War".


title: Nigel Terry

text: After 30 years of living in London, Terry returned to reside in Cornwall in 1993. Terry was a very private person.


title: Nigel Terry

text: He died in Newquay, Cornwall, of emphysema, on 30 April 2015. In the absence of any surviving close family, his memorial service was organised by close friends Maggie Steed and David Horovitch in Truro on 19 May 2015, attended by fellow actors and friends.


title: Lola Albright

text: Lola Jean Albright (July 20, 1924 – March 23, 2017) was an American singer and actress, best known for playing the sultry singer Edie Hart, the girlfriend of private eye Peter Gunn, on all three seasons of the TV series "Peter Gunn".


title: Lola Albright

text: Albright was born in Akron, Ohio, to Marion A. (née Harvey) and John Paul Albright, both of whom were gospel music singers. Lola's mother also was born in Ohio but her father was a native of North Dakota, who in 1930 supported the family by working as an inspector in a local insulating business.


title: Lola Albright

text: Albright attended King Grammar School and was graduated from West High School in Akron in 1942. She sang in public at a young age and studied piano for 20 years. Beginning when she was 15 years old, she worked after school as a receptionist at radio station WAKR in Akron. She left WAKR at the age of 18 and moved to Cleveland, taking a job as a stenographer at WTAM radio. Her first radio performance came on WJW in Cleveland. Moving to Chicago, she worked as a photographer's model and was discovered by a talent scout, which led to her moving to Hollywood at the age of 23.


title: Lola Albright

text: Albright made her motion-picture debut with a small singing role in the 1947 musical comedy "The Unfinished Dance", and then appeared the following year in two Judy Garland movies: "The Pirate" and "Easter Parade". She first gained studio and public notice in the 1949 film noir production "Champion" with her portrayal of the wife of a manipulative boxing manager; she falls for a prizefighter played by Kirk Douglas. For the next several years, she appeared in secondary roles in over 20 films, including several B Westerns. Among them was a co-starring role in the slapstick comedy "The Good Humor Man" in 1950 with future husband Jack Carson.


title: Lola Albright

text: Some of the films in which Albright appeared were "Tulsa" (1949), starring Susan Hayward; "The Silver Whip" (1953), in which she played Dale Robertson's love interest; and "The Tender Trap" (1955), in which she was one of several women trying to trap a bachelor, played by Frank Sinatra, into marriage.


title: Lola Albright

text: In 1961, she starred in Alexander Singer's "A Cold Wind in August"a low-budget, black-and-white, independent filmas a divorced burlesque show stripper in her 30s who becomes involved in a torrid romance with a 17-year-old boy. Critic Pauline Kael offered high praise for Albright's performance. In 1985, "The New York Times" also lauded Albright's acting in the film. With respect to her personal assessment of her role in "A Cold Wind in August", Albright said in 1961, "Some people come up to me and say, 'Lola, you shouldn't play that kind of part. It isn't you.' Well, I count to 10, bite my tongue, and then tell them that I'm an actress: I don't want to play myself."


title: Lola Albright

text: Her performance in "A Cold Wind in August" gave fresh impetus to her film career, leading to roles in Elvis Presley's musical "Kid Galahad" in 1962, in which she played the hard-boiled, long-time girlfriend of a cynical boxing manager played by Gig Young, and in French director René Clément's "Joy House" as a wealthy widow with a passion for handing out meals to the poor (albeit with an ulterior motive). In "Lord Love a Duck" (1966) she portrayed a cocktail waitress who turns suicidal when she thinks she has ruined her daughter Tuesday Weld's life. The next year, she was in the Western epic "The Way West".


title: Lola Albright

text: She gave up her feature-film career in 1968 after completing her work in "The Impossible Years", a generation-gap farce in which she performed as Alice Kingsley, the despairing wife of a professor of psychiatry played by David Niven and the mother of two teenaged daughters.


title: Lola Albright

text: Unlike other film actors who were slow to begin acting in television, Albright was actively working in the medium from 1951. She appeared on the anthology series "Lux Video Theatre" in the episode "Inside Story". Later she had a recurring role on "The Bob Cummings Show" in the 1950s, and made guest appearances on television series such as "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "The Thin Man", "Gunsmoke", "Rawhide", "Laredo", "Burke's Law", "The Dick Van Dyke Show", "My Three Sons", "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Bonanza" (two episodes), "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "Medical Center", "Kojak", "Columbo", "McMillan & Wife", "Quincy, M.E.", "Starsky & Hutch", "The Incredible Hulk", and "Branded".


title: Lola Albright

text: In 1958, Albright was cast in "Peter Gunn", the television detective series produced by Blake Edwards and scored by Henry Mancini. She played sultry Edie Hart, a nightclub singer and the romantic interest of Peter Gunn (Craig Stevens). "She was perfect casting for that role because she had an off-the-cuff kind of jazz delivery that was very hard to find," Mancini said in 1992. "Just enough to believe that she'd be singing in that club and that she shouldn't be on Broadway or doing movies." Over the course of 114 episodes produced for "Peter Gunn", Albright sang in 38 of them, covering jazz classics such as "How High the Moon", "A Good Man Is Hard to Find", "Easy Street", and "Day In, Day Out".


title: Lola Albright

text: When actress Dorothy Malone had to undergo emergency surgery, Albright filled in for her as the character Constance MacKenzie on the primetime soap opera "Peyton Place". At the time, Albright called the role "one of the biggest challenges of my theatrical career." She continued to perform in films and to make guest appearances on television until her retirement in 1984.


title: Lola Albright

text: Columbia Records signed Albright as a vocalist, leading to the release of her album "Lola Wants You" in 1957. Albright's subsequent role on "Peter Gunn" and her performances singing on that series led directly to her second album, "Dreamsville" (1959), which was arranged by Henry Mancini and featured his orchestra. Albright is one of the few nonmovie-soundtrack singers for whom Mancini arranged.


title: Lola Albright

text: In 1959, Albright was nominated for the Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series for her work on "Peter Gunn". In 1966, she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress award at the 16th Berlin International Film Festival for her role in "Lord Love a Duck".


title: Lola Albright

text: Albright married and divorced three times. Her first marriage, to Cleveland radio announcer Warren Dean, occurred in 1944. They divorced in 1949. From 1951 to 1958, her second husband was actor Jack Carson, who had been her co-star in "The Good Humor Man" (1950). (Another source says that they married August 1, 1952, and divorced November 10, 1958.) Her third marriage was to Bill Chadney, who played Emmett, the piano player on "Peter Gunn." They married on May 19, 1961, and divorced in 1975.


title: Lola Albright

text: Following her retirement from acting, Albright spent her remaining years living in Toluca Lake, California. In 2014, she fell and fractured her spine, an injury that contributed to a general decline in her health over the next three years.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: Leighton Vander Esch (born February 8, 1996) is an American football middle linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Boise State, and was drafted by the Cowboys in the first round of the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: Vander Esch was born and raised in Riggins, Idaho. He is of Dutch descent. He attended Salmon River High School in Riggins, and competed in eight-man football, basketball, and track. His graduating class of 2014 had eleven students.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: In football, Vander Esch played quarterback and middle linebacker. As a senior, he completed 121 out of 199 attempts (60.8 percent) for 2,155 yards and 28 passing touchdowns with one interception. He also had 157 carries for 1,565 yards and 34 rushing touchdowns, 131 tackles (85 solo), five interceptions, five fumble recoveries, and four defensive touchdowns. In the state's final 53-38 win against Lighthouse Christian School, he collected more than 500 yards of total offense and scored all five of his team's offensive touchdowns. He led SRHS to a 1A D2 state championship and was named All-Idaho 1A Division II Player of the Year.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: In basketball, he averaged 29.4 points and 11.1 rebounds per game as a senior and led Salmon River to consecutive 1A D2 state championships.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: Vander Esch walked on at Boise State University, south of Riggins. As a redshirt freshman in 2015, he appeared in all twelve games as a backup linebacker and registered 20 tackles (14 solo), one sack, one fumble recovery, and a first down on a fake punt. As a sophomore in 2016, he was limited to six games due to a neck injury, returning in the twelfth game against Air Force; he tallied 27 tackles (23 solo), 3.5 tackles-for-loss, one sack, and one interception.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: As a junior in 2017, Vander Esch became a starter at weak-side linebacker and had a breakout season. He was named the Mountain West Defensive Player of the Year after making 141 tackles (fifth in the FBS), four sacks, two interceptions, and four forced fumbles (led the team). After the season, Vander Esch opted not to play as a senior (fifth-year) for the Broncos in 2018 and entered the 2018 NFL Draft. He finished his collegiate career with 188 tackles, five sacks and three interceptions.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: On December 21, 2017, Vander Esch announced his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL Draft. Vander Esch attended the NFL Scouting Combine at Indianapolis in late February and completed all of the combine and positional drills. Vander Esch's overall combine performance impressed scouts as he finished tied for second among all linebackers in the vertical jump and short shuttle. He also tied for fifth among his position group in the broad jump and finished fifth among linebackers in the three-cone drill.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: Vander Esch participated at Boise State's pro day on April 3, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. He attended pre-draft visits with multiple teams, including the New England Patriots, Pittsburgh Steelers, Philadelphia Eagles, Detroit Lions, Dallas Cowboys, and Buffalo Bills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Vander Esch was projected to be a first round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the third best linebacker prospect in the draft by "Sports Illustrated", the third best outside linebacker by DraftScout.com, the fourth best linebacker by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and the sixth best outside linebacker in the draft by ESPN analyst Mel Kiper Jr.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: The Dallas Cowboys selected Vander Esch in the first round (19th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft, and he was the third linebacker selected.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: On May 11, the Cowboys signed Vander Esch to a fully guaranteed four-year $11.84 million that includes a signing bonus of $6.69 million.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: Throughout training camp, Vander Esch competed to be the starting middle linebacker against Jaylon Smith. Head coach Jason Garrett named Vander Esch the backup middle linebacker, behind Smith, to start the regular season.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: He made his professional regular season debut in the Cowboys' season-opener at the Carolina Panthers and recorded three combined tackles in their 16–8 loss. On September 30, Vander Esch earned his first career start after Sean Lee sustained a hamstring injury and was inactive for three games (Weeks 4–6). He made six combined tackles as the Cowboys defeated the Detroit Lions 26–24. The following week, he collected 14 combined tackles (11 solo) during their 19–16 loss at the Houston Texans in Week 5. On November 11, Vander Esch recorded a season-high 13 solo tackles and made his first career interception during a 27–20 win over the Philadelphia Eagles, earning him NFC Defensive Player of the Week. He intercepted a pass by Eagles' quarterback Carson Wentz, that was intended for tight end Zach Ertz, during the first quarter. The following week, Vander Esch recorded eight combined tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Falcons' quarterback Matt Ryan during a 22–19 win at the Atlanta Falcons in Week 11. In Week 16, he collected a season-high 15 combined tackles (11 solo) as the Cowboys defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 27–20.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: He finished his first season in 2018 with a franchise rookie-record 140 combined tackles (102 solo), seven deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and 11 starts. Vander Esch finished with the third most tackles among all players in 2018, behind Indianapolis Colts' linebacker Shaquille Leonard (163 tackles) and Green Bay Packers' linebacker Blake Martinez (144 tackles). He received an overall grade of 87.5 from Pro Football Focus in 2018, which ranked fourth among all qualifying linebackers.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: The Dallas Cowboys finished first in the NFC East with a 10–6 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 5, 2019, Vander Esch started in his first career playoff game and recorded ten combined tackles (six solo) as the Cowboys defeated the Seattle Seahawks 24–22 in the NFC Wildcard Game.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: In week 4 against the New Orleans Saints, Vander Esch recorded a team-high 11 tackles in the 12–10 loss. He missed weeks 12–16 with a nerve issue in his neck before deciding to undergo surgery to correct the issue. He was placed on injured reserve on December 24, 2019. Across nine games, Vander Esch recorded 72 tackles (43 solo, 29 assisted), 0.5 sacks, three passes defended, and one forced fumble.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: In the week 1 season opener against the Los Angeles Rams, Vander Esch recorded two combined tackles in the first half before leaving the game with a broken collarbone. The next day it was announced that he would undergo another surgery and was placed on injured reserve on September 15. He was designated to return from injured reserve on October 7 and began practicing with the team again. He was activated on October 19, 2020. Across 10 games, Vander Esch recorded 60 tackles (32 solo, 28 assisted), one sack, one forced fumble, and one fumble recovery.


title: Leighton Vander Esch

text: On May 3, 2021, the Cowboys declined the fifth-year option of Vander Esch's contract, which would make him a free agent in the 2022 offseason. Across 17 games, Vander Esch recorded 77 tackles (48 solo, 29 assisted), one sack, two passes defended, and one interception.


title: Harvest Moon (album)

text: Harvest Moon is the 19th studio album by Canadian musician Neil Young, released on November 2, 1992. Many of its backing musicians also appeared on Young's 1972 album "Harvest".


title: Harvest Moon (album)

text: Recovering from a case of tinnitus that had come about after the recording of "Ragged Glory" (1990) and its subsequent tour (which produced the 1991 albums "Weld" and "Arc"), Young returned to the studio with Ben Keith, picking up the acoustic guitar, piano and banjo that had dominated albums such as "Harvest", "Comes a Time" and "Old Ways". 1970s-era analogue equipment was used instead of digital recording to achieve a "warmer" feel, though the album was in fact recorded on Sony PCM 16/44.1kHz digital.


title: Harvest Moon (album)

text: The subsequent 1992 tour was recorded and ultimately released on the 2009 "Dreamin' Man" live album, containing Young's solo renditions of all "Harvest Moon" tracks in a different order.


title: Harvest Moon (album)

text: Music website "Classic Rock Review" named "Harvest Moon" its album of the year for 1992. It earned the 1994 Juno Award for album of the year. Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic described the melody of the title track as "positively gorgeous". The album continued Young's commercial and critical resurgence following "Freedom" and "Ragged Glory", eventually outselling both of those records. The song "Harvest Moon" topped the AARP's list of "16 Songs Everyone Over 50 Should Own."


title: Harvest Moon (album)

text: Jazz singer Cassandra Wilson recorded a rendition of "Harvest Moon" for her 1995 album "New Moon Daughter"


title: Harvest Moon (album)

text: American singers Ann Wilson and Alison Krauss recorded a cover of "War of Man" for Wilson's 2007 album "Hope & Glory".


title: Harvest Moon (album)

text: Los Angeles electronic production duo Poolside recorded a cover of "Harvest Moon" for their 2012 album "Pacific Standard Time"


title: Harvest Moon (album)

text: Los Angeles indie rock band Lord Huron recorded a cover of "Harvest Moon" in 2018 for a Spotify Singles session.


title: Harvest Moon (album)

text: Tunde Adebimpe, the lead singer of TV on The Radio, performs an acapella version of Unknown Legend in the Jonathan Demme film "Rachel Getting Married".


title: Darius Khondji

text: Darius Khondji (; born 21 October 1955) is an Iranian-French cinematographer. Khondji has worked with a number of high-profile directors, including David Fincher, Woody Allen, Jean-Pierre Jeunet, Gus Van Sant, Roman Polanski, Wong Kar-wai, Michael Haneke, Danny Boyle, Stephen Frears, Philippe Parreno, Bong Joon-ho, Nicolas Winding Refn, Paul Thomas Anderson, Wes Anderson, Jonathan Glazer, Pablo Larraín, the Safdie brothers, Alejandro G. Iñárritu and James Gray. He was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for "Evita", and has been nominated for three César Awards.


title: Darius Khondji

text: Khondji was born in Tehran, Iran, to an Iranian father and a French mother. At an early age, his family relocated in France. He became interested in film early on and made Super-8 films in his teens. Later in life, he moved to the United States to study at UCLA and then majored in film from New York University and the International Center of Photography. During this period, two teachers influenced his decision to become a cinematographer: Jonas Mekas and Haig Manoogian (Martin Scorsese's film teacher). He realized that "all I wanted to do was shoot the other students' films. I was concerned with the power of the image and much less with story."


title: Darius Khondji

text: After his time in the United States, Khondji returned to France in 1981 and worked as an assistant for cinematographers like Bruno Nuytten, Martin Schafer and Pascal Marti. He also worked as a lighting director on music videos and commercials.


title: Darius Khondji

text: His second feature film was "Le tresor des Iles Chiennes" (1991), a low budget, black and white, post-atomic adventure film. His work on this movie was significant enough to warrant the" Cahiers du cinéma" to publish one of its rare interviews with a cinematographer. It was on this film that he demonstrated an affinity for Cinemascope. He remarked in an interview, "I think it's the most beautiful format to frame. One can become absorbed in the faces when they're framed in 'Scope." His subsequent work on "Delicatessen" established his international reputation and earned him a Cesar nomination for Best Cinematography. One of his highest profile films was "Seven" which he got based on a Nike ad he shot with David Fincher and his work on "Delicatessen". His work on "Evita" was nominated for an Oscar for the Best Cinematography.


title: Darius Khondji

text: Darius worked on three European-shot films by Woody Allen: "Midnight in Paris" (2011), "To Rome with Love" (2012) and "Magic in the Moonlight" (2014).


title: Darius Khondji

text: In 2012, Khondji shot the Palme D'or-winning film "Amour", which also won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was nominated for Best Picture.


title: Darius Khondji

text: Khondji cites Gregg Toland as his favorite cinematographer. "I particularly admire his work on John Ford's "The Grapes of Wrath"." He also greatly admires James Wong Howe's work, in particular "Hud". Khondji has said that his dream project would be "a 16mm black and white film of "On the Road"!"


title: Darius Khondji

text: Khondji is married to Marianne Chemetov, a daughter of the French architect Paul Chemetov and has three children: Marie-Louise, Josephine, and Alexandre.


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: Inventing the Abbotts is a 1997 American period coming-of-age film directed by Pat O'Connor and starring Liv Tyler, Joaquin Phoenix, Billy Crudup, Jennifer Connelly, and Joanna Going. The screenplay by Ken Hixon is based on a short story by Sue Miller. The original music score was composed by Michael Kamen. The film focuses on two brothers and their relationship with the wealthy Abbott sisters.


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: The lives of two closely linked families dangerously intersect in a small Illinois town in the 1950s. Two brothers, J.C. and Doug Holt are being raised by their single, working mother in Haley, Illinois. Their father Charlie was a reckless risk-taker who lost his life when J.C. was two years old and Doug wasn't even born, after driving on a frozen lake over a bet made with Lloyd Abbott. Lloyd had just acquired Charlie's patent for a steel file-drawer in return for almost nothing, consequently becoming one of the town's wealthiest and most-admired citizens. Lloyd and his distant wife, Joan, are the parents of three beautiful daughters, Alice, Eleanor and Pamela. The parties for the girls' birthdays and other milestones are among the most waited events in the town.


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: Thinking his father's death was Lloyd's fault, and that the money raised from the patent was unfairly stolen from his family, J.C. seeks revenge on Lloyd through the calculated seduction of the Abbott daughters. First he hooks up with Eleanor, the wildest of the three. As a consequence of their relationship, she's sent away to a mental hospital, and will end up never returning to Haley again. Meanwhile, Doug, who initially admires his brother's libertine lifestyle, starts harboring reciprocated feelings for the youngest Abbott, Pamela. The two awkwardly circle each other, but she protests his early, fumbling sexual advances.


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: During a summer home from college, J.C. seduces the oldest Abbott daughter, Alice, who's divorcing her abusive husband after the birth of their daughter. The relationship between J.C. and Alice also leads to heartbreak, as well as to Lloyd taking extreme measures to keep them apart.


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: Amidst the complicated dynamics brought about by their siblings, Doug and Pamela meet again by chance while attending college at Penn and Bryn Mawr, respectively. Their reunion is once again thwarted by the reveal that J.C. has in the meantime started a sexual relationship with Pamela, too. This creates a severe fracture between the two brothers.


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: When Doug and J.C. come back home for their mother's funeral, they find the document confirming their late father had sold his patent for the very car he drove to his death on the lake. This knowledge doesn't comfort J.C., who still finds it deeply unfair that they were denied the wealth of the Abbots for futile reasons. In the end, Doug convinces Lloyd of his true love for Pamela and the two finally find each other for good. The adult Doug who's narrating the story recounts how they married one year later and eventually gave birth to two daughters.


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: Though the film is set in rural Illinois, it was mostly shot in the region of Northern California, including the areas of Healdsburg, Petaluma, and Santa Rosa. The University of the Pacific in Stockton stood in for scenes set at the University of Pennsylvania.


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: "Inventing the Abbotts" was not well received by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 33% based on reviews from 27 critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has a score of 49 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: Roger Ebert, in a 2-star review, praised the acting and the art direction, but criticized the story and slow pacing, saying the film lacked “the cheerful love of human nature that enlivened…"Circle of Friends",” Pat O’Connor’s previous film which was also about young love in the 1950s.


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: Janet Maslin of the "New York Times" said of the young cast: “[Joaquin] Phoenix, so memorably mixed up and inarticulate in ""To Die For"," steps solidly into the assertive role of this film's narrator. [Billy] Crudup smolders well and leaves no mystery about J.C.'s power to attract the sisters. Ms. Connelly, often cast in cheesecake roles, gives this one a sly, vixenish spark.”


title: Inventing the Abbotts

text: Emanuel Levy of "Variety" said the “cast of newcomers is appealing, but this small-town melodrama is so old-fashioned and out-of-touch with contemporary youth that it feels as if it were made the same time that its story is set, in 1957."


title: Persian Lessons

text: Persian Lessons () is a 2020 Russian-Belarusian war drama film directed by Vadim Perelman. The film was partially inspired by the short story "Erfindung einer Sprache" by German writer Wolfgang Kohlhaase.


title: Persian Lessons

text: It was selected as the Belarusian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards. However, the film was disqualified by the Academy, due to the majority of individuals involved in making the film not coming from Belarus.


title: Persian Lessons

text: A Jewish man (Gilles) tells the commandant that he had a mother from Belgium and a father from Iran. The deputy commandant is intrigued and asks to be taught Persian, but the man is lying and he cannot speak Persian. However the claim earns him a place in the kitchen performing light duties, an enviable position, where the guards are mainly female, but arguably more cruel than the male guards (the main female character Elsa is modelled on the true-life character Elsa Ehrich)


title: Persian Lessons

text: The deputy commandant wishes to learn four words per day. Guessing the war will last two more years he hopes to learn 2,000 words. He hopes to visit Tehran when the war is over. One of the junior guards warns the commandant that the man is simply a Jew.


title: Persian Lessons

text: The deputy commandant gives him a list of 40 words to translate, but no pencil. He must come to his office later and the commandant will write them down. He escapes when taking out slop from the kitchen and meets a French man in a wood (this is not explained) who advises him to return, which he does. Before he writes the 40 words he is asked to neatly record in a ledger the names of prisoners dying en route to the camp. This seems to be to disguise any future investigation which may discover the deputy commandant's writing style. Gilles sees a way of using the ledger as an aid memoir to remember the 40 words, using sections of the names of the dead. This works and he can recite all 40 words without the list as he still has the ledger in front of him.


title: Persian Lessons

text: Gilles has to serve a group of officers tomato soup in the woods near the camp. Here he makes his first mistake saying that the word "radz" means "tree", but he already used this word to mean "bread". Koch beats him badly, suspecting a lie. Gilles pleads that tree and bread are the same word. The next day he is sent to work in the stone quarry instead of the kitchen: a back-breaking task.


title: Persian Lessons

text: On the second day at the quarry he collapses and is taken back to the camp by a Kapo. In hospital he admits to the doctor that he made up the language, after he was mumbling his invented words in his fever.


title: Persian Lessons

text: Other officers complain of Koch's behaviour and want one of the female guards reinstating as book-keeper. He has to meet the commandant to explain. He says he knows who is spreading the rumours and he says that the same officer spreads rumours that the commandant has a small penis.


title: Persian Lessons

text: The lessons become more complicated when he is asked to explain short sentences and grammar. Koch explains he dreamed of being a chef, but he ended up in charge of the kitchens in the concentration camp.


title: Persian Lessons

text: While Gilles is out in the countryside gleaning in fields (collecting leftover crops after harvest), a female officer does the book-keeping. Gilles' trick is almost revealed when she leaves a ruler in the ledger leaving only the pseudo-Persian words exposed. Elsa, who is not well-liked, is re-posted to the Russian front.


title: Persian Lessons

text: Gilles starts to struggle to find new words. He asks the prisoners queuing for soup their names and uses sections to make new words. Passing these to Koch, Koch describes it as a "wonderful language".


title: Persian Lessons

text: From what he has learned so far Koch writes a poem in Persian and reads it to Gilles. Gilles truly likes it. Koch asks him to now call him Klaus and gives him extra food rations which he takes for the man he saw beaten earlier. The beaten man's brother says he owes Gilles and will protect him because if Gilles dies then his brother dies.


title: Persian Lessons

text: A new consignment of prisoners contains an English RAF pilot, but it appears he is of Persian descent. He does not speak German. The junior officer Max drags Gilles to the barracks to confront him with the new man but when they get there Gilles' protector has cut his throat so he cannot be confronted. Max guns down the protector. Koch apologises to Gilles that the Persian speaker was killed as it prevented a three-way conversation. Gilles says he is tired of being afraid.


title: Persian Lessons

text: The largest consignment of prisoners is walked to the train station. Over dinner Koch is told his protégé is being loaded on a train and he rushes to rescue him, pulling him out of the group. But the inevitable is fast approaching. The Americans are close. The commandant orders his officers to destroy all records and execute the remaining prisoners. Koch removes Gilles from the barracks, Max follows them but cannot go beyond the security gate. He goes to tell the commandant but he takes no interest as he is busy burning the ledgers.


title: Persian Lessons

text: In the woods Koch and Gilles split. Koch has a small plane waiting 10km away to take him to Istanbul and then to "'Tehran"’'(Mehrabad International Airport). He wishes Gilles a "good life" in pseudo-Persian.


title: Persian Lessons

text: Koch arrives in Tehran under the name of Marcel Gallant, using a forged Belgian passport. He becomes agitated when customs officials of Mehrabad International Airport- who state that he is speaking "gibberish" - do not understand his Persian. They suspect he may be German and arrest him after a struggle.


title: Persian Lessons

text: Gilles is interviewed in French by the Americans. They say all the records are destroyed. Gilles says he does not know all the names of the 25,000 to 30,000 who passed through the camp; but he knows the full names of 2,840 people (whom he used to create the pseudo-Persian language), and recites them to the authorities.


title: Persian Lessons

text: The script of the film was first written in Russian, and then translated into English and eventually German. The fake version of Persian spoken in the film was invented by a Russian philologist at Moscow State University, who based the vocabulary on the real names of documented victims of the Holocaust.


title: Persian Lessons

text: "Persian Lessons" premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival on 22 February 2020. In December 2020, Russia submitted the film to the 78th annual Golden Globes competition. The film was released in China on 19 March 2021.


title: Peter Franzén

text: Peter Vilhelm Franzén (born 14 August 1971) is a Finnish actor, author, screenwriter, and director. He is best known for his role as King Harald Finehair in "Vikings" (2016–2020).


title: Peter Franzén

text: Franzén was born in Keminmaa, north Finland. Franzén has described his childhood as difficult due to his violent and alcoholic stepfather. Later, Franzén's relationship to his abusive stepfather was a major focal point in his semi-autobiographical novel, "Above Dark Waters". He met his actress wife Irina Björklund while studying in Theatre Academy of Finland. In 1999 the couple moved to Los Angeles, where they lived until 2013, after which they moved to Roquevaire, France. They have a son, born in September 2007.


title: Peter Franzén

text: As an actor, Franzén has appeared in over 50 films and TV series. For his role in "Dog Nail Clipper", Franzén was awarded a Jussi Award for Best Actor as well as earning praise from film critic Jay Weissberg from "Variety" magazine who called the actor "one of the most talented and versatile thesps in Finland".


title: Peter Franzén

text: In his career he has appeared in Finnish, Estonian, German, English, Swedish, and Hungarian speaking roles. In 2015, Franzén was cast as King Harald Finehair from the fourth season of "Vikings". Franzén has also been cast in Amazon Prime Video's "The Wheel of Time" TV series.


title: Peter Franzén

text: In 2013 Franzén directed the film ""Above Dark Waters"", based on novel he had written in 2010. In 2020, he directed and narrated a viking-themed short movie called ""Age of Vikings: Fated"" which was shot in Old Swedish.


title: Peter Franzén

text: In 2021 Franzén sang the song Þat Mælti Mín Móðir (My Mother Told Me), that was performed by the Swedish band Hindarfjäll. The song first appeared in the TV-series Vikings where it was sung by Harald Finehair (portrayed by Peter Franzén). Here Franzén reprises his performance, singing the song in the Old Norse language.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: Jean-Pierre Melville (; born Jean-Pierre Grumbach; 20 October 1917 – 2 August 1973) was a French filmmaker and actor. Among his films are "Le Silence de la mer" (1949), "Bob le flambeur" (1956), "Le Doulos" (1962), "Le Samouraï" (1967), "Army of Shadows" (1969) and "Le Cercle Rouge" (1970).


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: While with the French Resistance during World War II, he adopted the pseudonym Melville as a tribute to his favorite American author Herman Melville. He kept it as his stage name once the war was over. Spiritual father of the French New Wave, he has influenced new generations of filmmakers across the world.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: Jean-Pierre Grumbach was born in 1917 in Paris, France, the son of Berthe and Jules Grumbach. His family were Alsatian Jews.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: After the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, during which he was evacuated from Dunkirk as a soldier in the French Army, Grumbach entered the French Resistance to oppose the German Nazis who occupied the country. He adopted the nom de guerre Melville after the American author Herman Melville, a favourite of his.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: When he returned from the war, he applied for a license to become an assistant director but was refused. Without this support, he decided to direct his films by his own means, and continued to use Melville as his stage name. He became an independent film-maker and owned his own studio, rue Jenner, in Paris 13ème.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: He became well known for his minimalist film noir, such as "Le Doulos" (1962), "Le Samouraï" (1967) and "Le Cercle rouge" (1970), starring major actors such as Alain Delon (probably the definitive "Melvillian" actor), Jean-Paul Belmondo and Lino Ventura. Influenced by American cinema, especially gangster films of the 1930s and 1940s, he used accessories such as weapons, clothes (trench coats), and fedora hats, to shape a characteristic look in his movies.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: Melville ultimately became so identified with the style that "The New Yorker"s Anthony Lane wrote the following about a 2017 retrospective of his films: This is how you should attend the forthcoming retrospective of Jean-Pierre Melville movies at Film Forum: Tell nobody what you are doing. Even your loved ones—especially your loved ones—must be kept in the dark. If it comes to a choice between smoking and talking, smoke. Dress well but without ostentation. Wear a raincoat, buttoned and belted, regardless of whether there is rain. Any revolver should be kept, until you need it, in the pocket of the coat. Finally, before you leave home, put your hat on. If you don't have a hat, you can't go.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: Melville's independence and "reporting" style of film-making (he was one of the first French directors to use real locations regularly) were a major influence on the French New Wave film movement. Jean-Luc Godard used him as a minor character in his seminal New Wave film "Breathless". When Godard was having difficulty editing the film, Melville suggested that he just cut directly to the best parts of a shot. Godard was inspired and the film's innovative use of jump cuts have become part of its fame. In an interview, Melville claimed editing was his favorite part of the filmmaking process along with writing.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: Although a friend of left-wing icons such as Yves Montand and thought of himself as a communist in the 30's, Melville referred to himself as "an extreme individualist" and "a right-wing anarchist" in terms of politics.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: Melville died on 2 August 1973 while dining with writer Philippe Labro at the Hôtel PLM Saint-Jacques restaurant in Paris; the cause of death has been variously given as a heart attack or a ruptured aneurysm. He was 55 years old. Melville was then writing his next film, "Contre-enquête", a spy thriller for producer Jacques-Éric Strauss with Yves Montand in the lead. Melville apparently wrote the first 200 shots for the film. After Melville's death, Labro took over the project, hoping to finish writing and direct it, but he eventually dropped it to film "Le hasard et la violence" (1974), also starring Montand and for producer Strauss.


title: Jean-Pierre Melville

text: Produced in 2008, the 76-minute-long feature documentary "Code Name Melville" (original French title: "Sous le nom de Melville") reveals the importance of Jean-Pierre Melville's personal experience in the French Resistance during World War II to his approach to filmmaking.


title: Scott Snyder

text: Scott Snyder is an American author. He is known for his 2006 short story collection "Voodoo Heart", and his comic book writing, including "American Vampire", "Detective Comics", "Batman", "Wytches", "Swamp Thing," and "Justice League".


title: Scott Snyder

text: At the age of nine, Snyder attended a summer camp where one of the counselors read Stephen King's "Eyes of the Dragon" to him over the summer, an experience that Snyder says "really jump-started my love of story-telling." He was also influenced by the writing of Denis Johnson, Raymond Carver, Rick Bass, Joy Williams, Elizabeth McKracken, Stephen King, Tobias Wolff, and George Saunders. In comics, he has named Alan Moore and Frank Miller as his favorite writers.


title: Scott Snyder

text: Snyder graduated from Brown University in 1998 with a degree in creative writing, and then worked at Walt Disney World for about a year. He initially worked as a custodian, but after he injured his shoulder and started to have some problems with his co-workers, he auditioned and worked as some of the characters. Snyder's Disney World stint strongly influenced his writing; he later recalled, "it did a world of good for my writing ... All the things I ended up writing about, those things that are deeply frightening to me—fear of commitment and growing up, fear of losing loved ones, the wonder and terror of falling in love—all of it was constantly being played out all around me in this weird, cartoonish, magnified way at Disney."


title: Scott Snyder

text: His first collection of stories, "Voodoo Heart", was published by the Dial Press in June 2006. The collection received starred reviews from "Publishers Weekly" and "Booklist", and was a "Kirkus Reviews" "Hot Debut" of the year. "The New York Times" published a positive review by author Andrew Sean Greer in the Sunday Book Review.


title: Scott Snyder

text: Stephen King picked two of the included stories—"Wreck" and "Dumpster Tuesday"—for the 2007 "The Best American Short Stories" anthology shortlist. "Voodoo Heart" was shortlisted for The Story Prize in 2006.


title: Scott Snyder

text: In 2008, Snyder wrote a short story called "The Thirteenth Egg" for the anthology "Who Can Save Us Now? Brand-New Superheroes and Their Amazing (Short) Stories".


title: Scott Snyder

text: In 2009, Snyder began writing for Marvel Comics. His first foray into the genre was a one-shot focusing on the first Human Torch, part of Marvel's 70th anniversary celebrations. He later wrote the four-issue miniseries, "Iron Man: Noir", which debuted in April 2010.


title: Scott Snyder

text: Vertigo began publishing "American Vampire", Snyder's first creator-owned ongoing series, in March 2010. The first five issues feature an original storyline by Stephen King. "American Vampire" won the 2011 Eisner Award for Best New Series, as well as the 2011 Harvey Award for Best New Series.


title: Scott Snyder

text: His run as writer of "Detective Comics" began with issue No. 871 (Jan. 2011) of that title, which marked the beginning of his exclusive contract with DC Comics. He and Kyle Higgins wrote the "" miniseries which debuted in May 2011.


title: Scott Snyder

text: Beginning in September 2011, Snyder became the writer of both "Batman" and a new "Swamp Thing" ongoing series as part of The New 52, DC Comics' company-wide relaunch of all of its titles. Snyder's Batman series was creating a number of critically and fan-acclaimed stories, and reinventing classic characters for DC’s then-new continuity. Snyder later became the co-writer of "Talon", a spin-off of the "Court of Owls" storyline in "Batman", which focused on a rogue Talon from the Court.


title: Scott Snyder

text: It was announced at the 2012 New York Comic Con that Snyder would be writing a new Superman ongoing series, titled "Superman Unchained", with art by Jim Lee. The series began publication in June 2013.


title: Scott Snyder

text: Snyder left the "Swamp Thing" series as of issue #18 (May 2013) and began writing "The Wake", a 10-issue, ocean-based horror miniseries drawn by Snyder's "American Vampire: Survival Of The Fittest" collaborator Sean Murphy. The series follows marine biologist Lee Archer, who along with the Department of Homeland Security, discovers a potential threat to humanity that may involve strange, humanoid creatures that inhabit the ocean depths. The story shifts between three time periods: the near future, two centuries in the future and the distant past. The covers of the first five issues form a mural when placed side by side.


title: Scott Snyder

text: The same month, DC published a Free Comic Book Day sneak preview of "Superman Unchained", an ongoing series written by Snyder and illustrated by Jim Lee, which was later published on June 12, 2013, and intended to coincide with the feature film "Man of Steel", which opened two days later. Snyder explained his approach to the series: "The way to approach a character as iconic as him is you just come at it from a standpoint of what you love the most about the character, and then write a story that explores that, tear it down and build it back up."


title: Scott Snyder

text: Snyder was one of the co-writers of the "Batman Eternal" series which launched in April 2014. The second run of "Batman Eternal", retitled as "Batman & Robin Eternal" launched on October 7, 2015. During this time, Snyder and Detective Comics collaborate Jock launched the Image Comics series "Wytches", the media rights to which were purchased by Brad Pitt's Plan B Entertainment in October 2014. In 2016, Snyder and artist John Romita Jr. collaborated on the "All-Star Batman" series as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch.


title: Scott Snyder

text: Snyder and Greg Capullo launched the "" limited series in August 2017. Snyder and artist Andy Kubert created the "New Challengers", part of "The New Age of DC Heroes" line. Snyder and Rafael Albuquerque crafted "The Fifth Season" chapter in "Action Comics" #1000 (June 2018).


title: Scott Snyder

text: He co-wrote "Justice League: No Justice" with Joshua Williamson and James Tynion IV, with art by Francis Manapul. Following that, Snyder re-launched the main "Justice League" series with art from Jim Cheung and Jorge Jimenez, while Williamson and Tynion wrote the companion series "Justice League Odyssey" and "Justice League Dark", respectively.


title: Scott Snyder

text: In 2018, Snyder, along with co-writer Tony Patrick and artist Cully Hamner, launched the mini-series "Batman and the Signal", featuring Duke Thomas as Gotham's daylight protector, The Signal. A spin-off limited series from "Dark Nights: Metal", "The Batman Who Laughs", was launched by him and Jock in 2019. In 2020, he and Greg Capullo released the DC Black Label miniseries "Batman: Last Knight on Earth", described as "the grand finale" of their New 52 run. That same year, the two launched the follow-up to "Dark Nights: Metal"—"".


title: Scott Snyder

text: Snyder's Image series "Nocterra", drawn by "Detective Comics" artist Tony S. Daniel, was launched in March 2021 following a Kickstarter campaign for the first issue. A television adaptation is currently in development at Netflix. In July 2021, Snyder announced an eight-title digital first deal with comiXology Originals, all to be published through his creator-owned imprint Best Jackett Press. The first three, "We Have Demons" with Greg Capullo, "Clear" with Francis Manapul, and "Night of the Ghoul" with Francesco Francavilla, debuted in October 2021.


title: Scott Snyder

text: Snyder has a wife named Jeanie and two sons named Jack and Emmett. On March 3, 2019, Snyder announced that they were expecting another child in May. Their child, a son named Quinn, was born on May 4, 2019.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Leo III the Isaurian (; ; 685 – 18 June 741), also known as the Syrian, was Byzantine Emperor from 717 until his death in 741 and founder of the Isaurian dynasty. He put an end to the Twenty Years' Anarchy, a period of great instability in the Byzantine Empire between 695 and 717, marked by the rapid succession of several emperors to the throne. He also successfully defended the Empire against the invading Umayyads and forbade the veneration of icons.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Of Syrian extraction, Leo was born in Germanikeia, Commagene (modern Kahramanmaraş in Turkey). His original name was Konon (; or "Cononus"). Some, including the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes, have claimed that Konon's family had been resettled in Thrace, where he entered the service of Emperor Justinian II, when the latter was advancing on Constantinople with an army of loyalist followers, and horsemen provided by Tervel of Bulgaria in 705. Leo was likely to have been a Jacobite Christian, but would have converted to the Chalcedonian creed upon joining the Byzantine hierarchy. Leo was fluent in Arabic, possibly as a native language, and was described by Theophanes as "the Saracen minded."


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: After the victory of Justinian II, Konon was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Alania and Lazica to organize an alliance against the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I. According to the Chronicle of Theophanes Justinian wanted to get rid of Konon and took back the money that had been given to him to help advance Byzantine interests, thus leaving Konon stranded in Alania. The chronicle describes the mission as successful and Konon returning eventually to Justinian after crossing the Caucasus mountains in May with snowshoes and taking the fortress of Sideron (associated with Tsebelda) on the way.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Konon was appointed commander ("stratēgos") of the Anatolic Theme by Emperor Anastasius II. On his deposition, Konon joined with his colleague Artabasdus, the "stratēgos" of the Armeniac Theme, in conspiring to overthrow the new Emperor Theodosius III. Artabasdus was betrothed to Anna,


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Leo entered Constantinople on 25 March 717 and forced the abdication of Theodosius III, becoming emperor as Leo III. The new emperor was immediately forced to attend to the Second Arab siege of Constantinople, which commenced in August of the same year. The Arabs were Umayyad forces sent by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and serving under his brother Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik. They had taken advantage of the civil discord in the Byzantine Empire to bring a force of 80,000 to 150,000 men and a massive fleet to the Bosphorus.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Careful preparations, begun three years earlier under Anastasius II, and the stubborn resistance put up by Leo wore out the invaders. An important factor in the victory of the Byzantines was their use of Greek fire. The Arab forces also fell victim to Bulgarian reinforcements arriving to aid the Byzantines. Leo was allied with the Bulgarians but the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor was uncertain if they were still serving under Tervel of Bulgaria or his eventual successor Kormesiy of Bulgaria.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Unable to continue the siege in the face of the Bulgarian onslaught, the impenetrability of Constantinople's walls, and their own exhausted provisions, the Arabs were forced to abandon the siege in August 718. Sulayman himself had died the previous year and his successor Umar II would not attempt another siege. The siege had lasted 12 months.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Having thus saved the Empire from extinction, Leo proceeded to consolidate its administration, which in the previous years of anarchy had become completely disorganized. In 718 he suppressed a rebellion in Sicily; the following year saw the deposed Emperor Anastasios II raise an army and attempt to retake the throne, but he was captured and executed by Leo's government.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Leo secured the Empire's frontiers by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts and by restoring the army to efficiency; when the Umayyad Caliphate renewed its invasions in 726 and 739, as part of the campaigns of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, the Arab forces were decisively beaten, particularly at Akroinon in 740. His military efforts were supplemented by his alliances with the Khazars and the Georgians.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Leo undertook a set of civil reforms including the abolition of the system of prepaying taxes which had weighed heavily upon the wealthier proprietors, the elevation of the serfs into a class of free tenants and the remodelling of Family law, maritime law and criminal law, notably substituting mutilation for the death penalty in many cases. The new measures, which were embodied in a new code called the "Ecloga" ("Selection"), published in 726, met with some opposition on the part of the nobles and higher clergy. The Emperor also undertook some reorganization of the theme structure by creating new themata in the Aegean region.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Leo's most striking legislative reforms dealt with religious matters, especially iconoclasm ("icon-breaking," therefore an iconoclast is an "icon-breaker"). After an apparently successful attempt to enforce the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the empire (722), he issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images (726–729).


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: A revolt which broke out in Greece, mainly on religious grounds, was crushed by the imperial fleet in 727 (cf. Agallianos Kontoskeles). In 730, Patriarch Germanos I of Constantinople resigned rather than subscribe to an iconoclastic decree. Leo had him replaced by Anastasios, who willingly sided with the Emperor on the question of icons. Thus Leo suppressed the overt opposition of the capital.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: In the Italian Peninsula, the defiant attitude of Popes Gregory II and later Gregory III on behalf of image-veneration led to a fierce quarrel with the Emperor. The former summoned councils in Rome to anathematize and excommunicate the iconoclasts (730, 732); in 740 Leo retaliated by transferring Southern Italy and Illyricum from the papal diocese to that of the patriarch of Constantinople. The struggle was accompanied by an armed outbreak in the exarchate of Ravenna in 727, which Leo finally endeavoured to subdue by means of a large fleet. But the destruction of the armament by a storm decided the issue against him; his southern Italian subjects successfully defied his religious edicts, and the Exarchate of Ravenna became effectively detached from the Empire.


title: Leo III the Isaurian

text: Scholars have discussed the mutual influence of Muslim and Byzantine iconoclasm, noting that Caliph Yazid II had issued an iconoclastic edict, also targeting his Christian subjects, already in 721.


title: 2000 United States men's Olympic basketball team

text: The men's national basketball team of the United States won the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. They defeated France by a score of 85–75 in the gold medal game. Team USA won gold for the 12th time in 14 Olympic basketball tournaments.


text: In the Preliminary Round, Team USA was undefeated (5-0), and qualified for the quarterfinals. In the knockout rounds, Team USA faced Russia (Quarterfinals), Lithuania (Semifinals), and France (Gold Medal Game).


title: Arthur Cabral

text: Arthur Mendonça Cabral (born 25 April 1998) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A side Fiorentina.


title: Arthur Cabral

text: Born in Campina Grande, Paraíba, Cabral joined Ceará's youth setup in 2014. He made his first team debut on 22 July 2015, coming on as a late substitute and scoring a last-minute winner in a 2–1 away victory against Tupi, for the year's Copa do Brasil.


title: Arthur Cabral

text: In October 2015, Cabral was loaned to Palmeiras and returned to the youth setup. Back to Ceará in the following year, he spent some time in the under-20 squad before being definitely promoted to the first team in the 2017 season.


title: Arthur Cabral

text: Cabral contributed with four goals in 16 matches during the 2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, as his side achieved promotion to Série A. On 7 March 2018, he scored a brace in a 3–0 Campeonato Cearense away win against Ferroviário-CE.


title: Arthur Cabral

text: On 30 November 2018, Palmeiras officially signed Cabral for R$ 5,000,000 from Ceará. Here, he played three league matches, scoring one goal.


title: Arthur Cabral

text: On 30 September 2019, Cabral was loaned to FC Basel in the Swiss Super League for their 2019–20 season under manager Marcel Koller. He made his team debut in the Swiss Cup match on 15 September in the away game against lower tier FC Meyrin being substituted in after 74 minutes as Basel won 3–0 to progress to the next round.<ref name="fcb-achiv-2019/20-cup-meyrin-fcb"></ref> He played his first game in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League group stage on 19 September as Basel won 5–0 at home in the St. Jakob-Park against Russian team Krasnodar.<ref name="fcb-achiv-2019/20-uefa-fcb-krasnodar"></ref> He then made his domestic league debut on 22 September as Basel played a 1–1 draw with Young Boys in the Stadion Wankdorf.<ref name="fcb-achiv-2019/20-yb-fcb"></ref> Cabral scored his first goal for his new club in the next league match one week later, on 25 September, as Basel won 4–0 at home against Zürich.<ref name="fcb-achiv-2019/20-fcb-fcz"></ref> During his next match just four days later, on 29 September, he scored two goals as Basel won 3–0 against Luzern.<ref name="fcb-achiv-2019/20-fcb-fcl"></ref>


title: Arthur Cabral

text: On 29 June 2020, the club announced that Cabral, whose loan had come to the end, was signed permanently. He scored his first hat-trick for his club on 8 August 2021 against Servette, in fact he scored four goals as Basel won 5–1.<ref name="fcb-achiv-2021/22-fcb-servette"></ref> He scored his first hat-trick at international level just two weeks later, on 19 August, in the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League play-off match as Basel won 3–1 at home against Swedish club Hammarby IF.


title: Arthur Cabral

text: FCB announced on 29 January 2022 that their top-scorer Cabral had transferred out to Fiorentina. In his two and a half years with the club Cabral had a total of 118 appearances for Basel scoring a total of 75 goals. 77 of these games were in the Super League, 3 in the Swiss Cup, 26 in the European competitions and 12 were test matches. He scored 46 goals in the domestic league, 2 in the cup, 17 in the European competitions and the other 10 were scored during the tests.


title: Arthur Cabral

text: On 29 January 2022, Cabral joined Serie A side Fiorentina. He scored his first goal on 26 February 2022, in a 2–1 defeat against Sassuolo.


title: Arthur Cabral

text: Cabral has represented Brazil at the U-23 level, playing in a friendly match against Colombia in September 2019.


title: Arthur Cabral

text: In October 2021, Cabral received his first call-up to the Brazilian senior team for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification matches as an injury replacement for Matheus Cunha.


title: Phantom Zone

text: The Phantom Zone is a prison-like parallel dimension appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It is mainly associated with stories featuring Superman. It first appeared in "Adventure Comics" #283 (April 1961), and was created by Robert Bernstein and George Papp. It was frequently used in the "Superman" comics before the continuity was rebooted in the 1980s, after "Crisis on Infinite Earths", and has appeared occasionally since.


title: Phantom Zone

text: The Phantom Zone was a "pocket universe" discovered by Jor-El that existed outside the space-time continuum; it was used on the planet Krypton as a humane method of imprisoning criminals. Kryptonians had abolished the death penalty in the long distant past. In more recent history, criminals were punished by being sealed into capsules and rocketed into orbit in suspended animation with crystals attached to their foreheads to slowly erase their criminal tendencies; Klax-Ar was one criminal who received this punishment but escaped. Gra-Mo was the last to suffer the punishment, for it was then abolished in favor of the Zone.


title: Phantom Zone

text: The inmates of the Phantom Zone reside in a ghost-like state of existence from which they can observe, but cannot interact with, the regular universe. Inmates do not age or require sustenance in the Phantom Zone; furthermore, they are telepathic and mutually insubstantial. As such, they were able to survive the destruction of Krypton and focus their attention on Earth, as most of the surviving Kryptonians now reside there. Most have a particular grudge against Superman because his father created the method of their damnation, and was often the prosecutor at their trials. When they manage to escape, they usually engage in random destruction, particularly easy for them since, on Earth, each acquires the same powers as Superman. Nevertheless, Superman periodically released Phantom Zone prisoners whose original sentences had been completed, and most of these went to live in the bottle city of Kandor.


title: Phantom Zone

text: The sole inmate of the Phantom Zone who was not placed there as punishment for a crime is Mon-El, a Daxamite who fell victim to lead poisoning. Superboy was forced to cast him into the Phantom Zone to keep him alive, where he remained for nearly a thousand Earth years until the time of the Legion of Super-Heroes when Brainiac 5 created a medication that allowed him to leave safely.


title: Phantom Zone

text: Green Lantern Guy Gardner once experienced an extended and tortuous stay after an explosion of a Green Lantern Power Battery sent him there, until rescued by Superman and Green Lantern Hal Jordan, who had believed him to be dead all that time.


title: Phantom Zone

text: Phantom Girl can enter or leave the Phantom Zone as she pleases, and once did so to interrogate the prisoners about Jor-El.


title: Phantom Zone

text: Superman develops communications equipment for the Phantom Zone, like the Zone-o-Phone, and refinements to the projector. In addition, the city of Kandor uses the Phantom Zone regularly, with parole hearings sometimes chaired by Superman. However, since the departure of Kandor, that is, outside of Mon-El, most of the inhabitants were confined to lifers and generally not inclined to making conversation with their jailer. As for Superman himself, as much as he appreciates how the Zone is necessary to contain its Kryptonian inmates, who otherwise would be extremely dangerous and destructive in a yellow-sun environment, and to shelter Mon-El, he apparently privately harbors concerns about the justness of its penal use. This is illustrated in the acclaimed story "For the Man Who Has Everything" by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, where Clark is ensnared in a fantasy illusion created by an alien parasitical plant called a Black Mercy. As his subconscious resists the illusion of a peaceful life on Krypton, among the first signs of its degeneration is the sight of his cousin, Kara Zor-El, hospitalized after being attacked by an anti-Phantom Zone militant who left literature protesting that the Phantom Zone is a method of torture.


title: Phantom Zone

text: In the Steve Gerber miniseries "The Phantom Zone" #1-4 (January–April 1982), it is revealed that the Zone not only has a breach through which other inmates had escaped, but that they were never heard from again. The imprisoned Superman and Quex-Ul use this method and travel through several dimensional "layers" seeking the exit into the physical universe. They finally encounter a Kryptonian wizard named Thul-Kar, who tells them that he believed Jor-El's prophecy of Krypton's doom and entered the Phantom Zone through magic. Using the same breach, he discovered the truth about the Phantom Zone: all its levels are manifestations of the consciousness of a sentient, malevolent entity called Aethyr, The Oversoul.


title: Phantom Zone

text: As explained by Thul-Kar, Aethyr itself came into being uncounted millennia ago when two spiral galaxies collided at an almost primordial stage after the physical universe's creation. Countless worlds were simultaneously destroyed and the deaths of so many beings merged somehow to form a single, evil consciousness that called itself Aethyr The Oversoul. This supremely powerful entity enclosed itself into a dimension outside the physical universe within itself, forming the Phantom Zone.


title: Phantom Zone

text: The Zone itself is an interface between the Earth-One dimension (the physical universe) and Aethyr's mind, the outer layer (where zone criminals are housed) representing its ability for abstract thought; the Zone is basically Aethyr's capacity to imagine other possibilities of existence, and is the outermost template of its consciousness. Only by entering Aethyr's core realm can a zone prisoner escape back to the physical universe, but this process is dangerous since any being who tries risks being destroyed in numerous ways as well as by forever having their souls merged with Aethyr's essence while within Aethyr's core realm. This is because as someone enters deeper into Aethyr's consciousness, then no longer exist as an abstract entity and its existence becomes subject to Aethyr's whims. When attacking Superman and Quex-Ul, Aethyr personified itself as an aggressive, purple-skinned dog's head that breathed flames capable of destroying and absorbing the souls of those that it wishes to conquer. While Quex-Ul is killed by Aethyr in this fashion, Superman manages to make his way out of the Phantom Zone by avoiding those flames and flying directly through Aethyr's skull and its mind, returning to Earth through a tear in the fabric of Aethyr's mind and the physical universe, but not without encountering the horrific remains of all of the souls entrapped within Aethyr over the millennia.


title: Phantom Zone

text: Mister Mxyzptlk is later possessed by Aethyr. During the process while Mxyzptlk is imprisoned on his own home dimension, Thul-Kar communicates with Mxyzptlk and offers him an escape in exchange for the merger. This merger, however, empties the Phantom Zone of its criminal inhabitants. As the Phantom Zone villains head to Earth to conquer it, Thul-Kar and Nam-Ek are re-absorbed into Aethyr. Superman awakes and sees that the Phantom Zone villains are wreaking havoc on Earth, causing destruction to the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. and demanding Superman come out and fight them. Superman battles the Phantom Zone villains in Washington D.C. While fighting Faora Hu-Ul, he witnesses her disappearing as she is absorbed into Aethyr. Mister Mxyzpltk reveals that his strong personality has taken over Aethyr and he absorbs all the rest of the Phantom Zone inhabitants back into himself, determined to torture them endlessly and wreak havoc as he sees fit. Mxyzpltk-Aethyr leaves, intending to next take over the Fifth Dimension, and Superman is left to put out the fires in Washington and then rid Metropolis of the Kryptonite remains of Argo City.


title: Phantom Zone

text: In the Post-"Crisis" DC Universe, the Phantom Zone first appears after Superman returns from space with a Kryptonian artifact called the Eradicator. This device, created by his Kryptonian ancestor Kem-L, attempts to recreate Krypton on Earth, building the Fortress of Solitude; the extradimensional space in which the Eradicator finds the Kryptonian materials necessary is called the Phantom Zone. A Phantom Zone Projector is part of Superman's current Fortress. It has been used to access the Bottle City of Kandor and to trap villains such as the White Martians.


title: Phantom Zone

text: The Phantom Zone has been independently discovered by various characters where it is called the "Buffer Zone" by the Bgztlians, the "Still Zone" by the White Martians, the "Stasis Zone" by Loophole, the "Ghost Zone" by Prometheus, and the "Honeycomb" by the Queen Bee I. In Post-"Crisis"/Post-"Zero Hour" continuity, it was Loophole's "Stasis Zone" technology that exiled Mon-El, known in the new continuity as Valor/M'Onel, into the Phantom Zone for 1,000 years.


title: Phantom Zone

text: Superman fashions the Phantom Zone technology into an arrow projectile which upon striking a victim will project them into the Phantom Zone. Roy Harper, the original Speedy, steals this arrow from Superman when the original Teen Titans are invited for a visit many years ago. Roy, however, never uses the arrow and passes it on to his replacement, Mia Dearden, who uses the arrow during the events of "Infinite Crisis" on Superboy-Prime. He is too strong for even the Phantom Zone arrow, and manages to break out.


title: Phantom Zone

text: At one point, the White Martians imprison Batman in the Phantom Zone and take his identity as Bruce Wayne.


title: Phantom Zone

text: Batman devises a measure made after Superman recovers from his first battle with Doomsday, that, when the Justice League or any other superhero groups encounter a Doomsday Level Threat, a group of heroes, authority, and military forces will contain it within a proximity after clearing all civilians within it. If Superman and the rest fall, the Doomsday Protocol will commence by sending it to the Phantom Zone.


title: Phantom Zone

text: In "Action Comics", General Zod, along with Ursa and Non, appear in search of the son of Zod and Ursa.


title: Phantom Zone

text: "Supergirl" #16 shows a form of life native to the Phantom Zone. These Phantoms are enraged over the use of their universe to house criminals and seek revenge on the one responsible.


title: Phantom Zone

text: During the "New Krypton" storyline, the Kryptonians in Kandor have started to take matters into their own hands and started rounding up some of Superman's enemies to throw them into the Phantom Zone. First, they attack the Science Police where they make off with the Parasite. The second target is Silver Banshee who the Kandorians chase across the skies. At Arkham Asylum, the Kryptonians knock out Nightwing and Robin where they make off with Toyman while another group knocks out Black Lightning to claim Toyman. Bizarro is even attacked by Thara's group while flying. While Superman, Supergirl, and Zora are disgusted at what some of the Kandorians did and demands the ones responsible to turn themselves over to the authorities, Alura would not cooperate and gives the orders to throw the villains that they rounded up into the Phantom Zone. Those who were thrown into the Phantom Zone were later freed by Superman.


title: Phantom Zone

text: In the miniseries "52" the Phantom Zone is ingested by Mister Mind while he is mutating into a giant insect form. Once full-grown, Mind regurgitates it in an attempt to destroy Booster Gold and Rip Hunter, but the attack is deflected by Supernova, who returns the Phantom Zone to its proper dimensional plane. Supernova is able to control the Zone as his supersuit's powers are based upon Phantom Zone projector technology stolen by Rip Hunter.


title: Phantom Zone

text: In "Action Comics" #874, the Phantom Zone vanished. "Action Comics" #886 offers a possible explanation as to the Phantom Zone's disappearance, the theory being that the Phantom Zone was actually the mythical Nightwing, counterpart to the Flamebird, imprisoned in an altered state of being. Having chosen a new Avatar, Chris Kent, who was freed from the Zone, he too would have been freed from his shackles, thus causing the Phantom Zone to cease to exist.


title: Phantom Zone

text: In "The New 52", Jor-El suggests going into the Phantom Zone when Krypton was about to explode. Zod, however, appears with other Phantom Zone prisoners and attempts to escape the Phantom Zone. Krypto sacrifices himself by attacking Xa-Du, thus going into the Phantom Zone as well.


title: Phantom Zone

text: It is revealed that Doctor Xa-Du was the first Kryptonian prisoner to be sent to the Phantom Zone due to his forbidden experiments in suspended animation, with Jor-El executing the sentence. The Phantom Zone is reverted to the Pre-"Crisis" version.


title: Phantom Zone

text: During the "Dark Days: Metal" event of the "DC Rebirth" reboot, Superman has theorized that the Phantom Zone might be actually a permeable membrane between Earth-0 (DC Universe) and the Dark Multiverse.


title: Phantom Zone

text: Throughout the Silver Age of Comic Books, the following inhabitants of the Phantom Zone have been depicted. Based on this list, at least 34 Kryptonians were projected into the Phantom Zone on Krypton over a period of less than 256 Kryptonian days. Refer to the entry on the Kryptonian Calendar for details on the relationship between Kryptonian sun-cycles and Earth years.


title: Phantom Zone

text: In the "Elseworlds" tale "", Superman is sentenced to the Phantom Zone in 1989 when he is stripped of his powers in a confrontation with the Ultra-Humanite that ends with his foe's death, after the Ultra-Humanite's actions led to the death of Superman's wife Lois Lane and his son Joel being tricked into killing Superman's daughter Kara before Joel dies himself, as well as arranging various 'accidents' for Clark Kent's other remaining loved ones. The judges reason that even if Superman feels that he may have killed his foe deliberately after the deaths of his family and friends, putting him in a conventional prison without his powers would be dangerous and solitary confinement was too extreme given his past deeds, selecting the Zone based on the suggestion of the new Batman, Bruce Wayne Junior. Superman is released in 1999 by the now-rejuvenated Bruce Wayne as Bruce returns to the role of Batman - Bruce noting that he is ending the sentence a few months early but is certain that nobody would object to early release "for good behavior" - although Superman was briefly able to appear as a phantom in the real world in 1997 to distract a foe who was about to kill Knightwing (Superman's grandson, adopted by Batman's son after the deaths of Superman's children).


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer. Transduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell receiving the DNA (which occurs in conjugation), and it is DNase resistant (transformation is susceptible to DNase). Transduction is a common tool used by molecular biologists to stably introduce a foreign gene into a host cell's genome (both bacterial and mammalian cells).


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: Transduction was discovered by Norton Zinder and Joshua Lederberg at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1952 in Salmonella.


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: When bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) that are lytic infect bacterial cells, they harness the replicational, transcriptional, and translation machinery of the host bacterial cell to make new viral particles (virions). The new phage particles are then released by lysis of the host. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage chromosome is integrated as a prophage into the bacterial chromosome, where it can stay dormant for extended periods of time. If the prophage is induced (by UV light for example), the phage genome is excised from the bacterial chromosome and initiates the lytic cycle, which culminates in lysis of the cell and the release of phage particles. Generalized transduction (see below) occurs in both cycles during the lytic stage, while specialized transduction (see below) occurs when a prophage is excised in the lysogenic cycle."


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: The packaging of bacteriophage DNA into phage capsids has low fidelity. Small pieces of bacterial DNA may be packaged into the bacteriophage particles. There are two ways that this can lead to transduction.


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: Generalized transduction occurs when random pieces of bacterial DNA are packaged into a phage. It happens when a phage is in the lytic stage, at the moment that the viral DNA is packaged into phage heads. If the virus replicates using 'headful packaging', it attempts to fill the head with genetic material. If the viral genome results in spare capacity, viral packaging mechanisms may incorporate bacterial genetic material into the new virion. Alternatively, generalized transduction may occur via recombination. Generalized transduction is a rare event and occurs on the order of 1 phage in 11,000.


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: The new virus capsule that contains part bacterial DNA then infects another bacterial cell. When the bacterial DNA packaged into the virus is inserted into the recipient cell three things can happen to it:


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: "Specialized transduction" is the process by which a "restricted" set of bacterial genes is transferred to another bacterium. Those genes that are located adjacent to the prophage are transferred due to improper excision. Specialized transduction occurs when a prophage excises imprecisely from the chromosome so that bacterial genes lying adjacent to it are included in the excised DNA. The excised DNA along with the viral DNA is then packaged into a new virus particle, which is then delivered to a new bacterium when the phage attacks new bacterium. Here, the donor genes can be inserted into the recipient chromosome or remain in the cytoplasm, depending on the nature of the bacteriophage.


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: When the partially encapsulated phage material infects another cell and becomes a prophage, the partially coded prophage DNA is called a "heterogenote".


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: "Lateral transduction" is the process by which very long fragments of bacterial DNA are transferred to another bacterium. So far, this form of transduction has been only described in "Staphylococcus aureus", but it can transfer more genes and at higher frequencies than generalized and specialized transduction. In lateral transduction, the prophage starts its replication in situ before excision in a process that leads to replication of the adjacent bacterial DNA. After which, packaging of the replicated phage from its "pac" site (located around the middle of the phage genome) and adjacent bacterial genes occurs in situ, to 105% of a phage genome size. Successive packaging after initiation from the original "pac" site leads to several kilobases of bacterial genes being packaged into new viral particles that are transferred to new bacterial strains. If the transferred genetic material in these transducing particles provides sufficient DNA for homologous recombination, the genetic material will be inserted into the recipient chromosome.


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: Because multiple copies of the phage genome are produced during in situ replication, some of these replicated prophages excise normally (instead of being packaged in situ), producing normal infectious phages.


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: Transduction with viral vectors can be used to insert or modify genes in mammalian cells. It is often used as a tool in basic research and is actively researched as a potential means for gene therapy.


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: In these cases, a plasmid is constructed in which the genes to be transferred are flanked by viral sequences that are used by viral proteins to recognize and package the viral genome into viral particles. This plasmid is inserted (usually by transfection) into a producer cell together with other plasmids (DNA constructs) that carry the viral genes required for the formation of infectious virions. In these producer cells, the viral proteins expressed by these packaging constructs bind the sequences on the DNA/RNA (depending on the type of viral vector) to be transferred and insert it into viral particles. For safety, none of the plasmids used contains all the sequences required for virus formation, so that simultaneous transfection of multiple plasmids is required to get infectious virions. Moreover, only the plasmid carrying the sequences to be transferred contains signals that allow the genetic materials to be packaged in virions so that none of the genes encoding viral proteins are packaged. Viruses collected from these cells are then applied to the cells to be altered. The initial stages of these infections mimic infection with natural viruses and lead to expression of the genes transferred and (in the case of lentivirus/retrovirus vectors) insertion of the DNA to be transferred into the cellular genome. However, since the transferred genetic material does not encode any of the viral genes, these infections do not generate new viruses (the viruses are "replication-deficient").


title: Transduction (genetics)

text: Some enhancers have been used to improve transduction efficiency such as polybrene, protamine sulfate, retronectin, and DEAE Dextran.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: Total Drama World Tour (often shortened as TDWT) is the third season of "Total Drama". The series' extension was commissioned by Teletoon from the producers, Fresh TV. The season's elements and plot structure is largely based on "The Amazing Race", with the semi-final episode being a direct parody of the reality series.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: In this season, fifteen returning contestants and two new contestants are taken on a trip around the world, and compete in cultural themed challenges of countries they visit. An added twist in this season is that they are required to break spontaneously into song, or else be immediately eliminated. The original cast from this and past seasons do not compete in the next season, "", as there is a new cast. However, nine of these original contestants each have a cameo in the next season, while seven of them return to compete again in the fifth season, "Total Drama All-Stars".


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: As with the previous seasons, fifteen returning contestants and two new ones (Alejandro and Sierra, later three with the addition of Blaineley) partake in an elimination-based competition for the grand prize of C$1,000,000 (US$731,485.00), led by series host Chris McLean (Christian Potenza).


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: In this season, contestants are taken around the world throughout international based challenges and are required to break into song whenever Chris rings a special chime (usually forced and when a mishap happens; Bridgette gets stuck to a pole, the 15 contestants remaining fall off the plane onto Japan, the final four are attacked by a condor, etc.), or face instant elimination. There are 30 songs in total, and every episode takes place in a different location.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: As the contestants are eliminated, they take the "Drop of Shame" by parachuting out of the plane in which the elimination ceremonies take place. When eliminated, they lose the chance at the million dollars (though such an elimination may not be permanent) and are forced to be sent home.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: The winner of "Total Drama World Tour" is Alejandro in Canada, while Heather is the runner-up. However, in the American version and iTunes version, Heather is the winner. Beth, Eva, Geoff, Justin, Katie, Sadie, and Trent do not return to compete; instead, they appear on the aftermath special, sitting in the peanut gallery and on the last episode while cheering for the finalists, Alejandro and Heather.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: However, as stated multiple times in following seasons, there was never any clear winner, as the money was thrown into a volcano by Ezekiel, making the money burn into ashes. This is the second season (the first one being "Total Drama Island") in the series where no contestant wins anything.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: This season's entire plot structure and elements is expanded into a related series called "" which aired in 2015. This series also takes place around the world and also features eighteen competitors (teams) like "Total Drama World Tour", however whereas World Tour was still organized like "Survivor", "The Ridonculous Race" was based on "The Amazing Race".


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: "Total Drama World Tour" is a Canadian animated television series which premiered on June 10, 2010 at 8:30 p.m. EST on Teletoon and it premiered on June 21, 2010 at 9:00 p.m. EST on Cartoon Network. It aired on ABC3 at 6:40 a.m. in Australia.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: The show's producers created two alternate endings for the final episode, such that the winner seen in one country's broadcasts is the runner-up in other countries (and vice versa) where the show airs. Heather was shown as the first winner when Australia aired the season for the first time worldwide. Heather was also depicted as the winner in airings from Bulgaria, Brazil, France, Israel, Italy, Latin America, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, Singapore, Spain (including Catalonia), and in the United States. Canada then aired Alejandro as the winner, which was later aired in Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, and in Sweden.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: The main "Total Drama World Tour" cast consists of host Chris McLean, assistant Chef Hatchet, and the contestants. The remaining contestants from "Total Drama Island" and "Total Drama Action" also appear in the show but serving in lesser capacities as commentators on "The Aftermath".


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: The season began production in 2009 when Fresh TV commissioned Teletoon to order new "Total Drama" episodes for an upcoming third season. This season was to be called "Total Drama: The Musical" when it first entered production. Keith Oliver and Chad Hicks directed this new season while two new voice actors, Marco Grazzini and Annick Obonsawin had to be hired if they wanted to voice the two new characters, Alejandro and Sierra. The season's title was later changed to the current title, "Total Drama World Tour" in 2010 upon the airing of Celebrity Manhunt's Total Drama Action Reunion Special due to the singing no longer being the main focus for this season.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: "Total Drama World Tour" won numerous awards in 2011, from such outlets as the ToonZone Awards and the KidScreen Awards. At the ToonZone Awards, it won "Best Foreign Series," "Best Music Score on a TV Series," and "Best Voice Actress" for Annick Obonsawin. It was additionally nominated for "Best Original Song" for "Oh My Izzy" (sung by Scott McCord and Megan Fahlenbock), and "Best Voice Actor" for Carter Hayden. In the 2011 KidScreen Awards, the season won "Best Animated Series," "Best Voice Talent," and "Best Tweens/Teens Program."


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: Despite the many accolades and the enormous critical acclaim, some events of this season were severely criticized, such as the under-use of characters who had smaller roles in the preceding seasons, and the overuse of characters who had already won a preceding season or, at the very least, made it far into them. Other aspects of the season that had a negative reception were the creator's handling of Ezekiel (where he was turned into a feral monster over time), as many fans felt he was not given jusitifable character development; the constant losing streak of Team Victory and the love triangle between Duncan, Courtney and Gwen. The love triangle was eventually addressed in a video with the show's creators on Christian Potenza's YouTube channel, revealing that the breaking up of Duncan and Courtney was actually a network request, rather than a decision on the creator's part. "Total Drama World Tour" currently holds a 7.8 on Metacritic, which indicates "generally favorable reviews."


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: Australia is the only country that released "Total Drama World Tour" on home video, which was released on a Region 4 DVD. The first part of the season was released in a Collection 1 DVD on April 3, 2013 while the second half of the season was released in a Collection 2 DVD on August 7, 2013.


title: Total Drama World Tour

text: Teletoon hosted a "Total Drama World Tour" based website starting in 2010 called "Total Drama Online" where people could play games and earn badges to win prizes, but was only available in Canada. The site was then replaced with universal games available to everyone in 2013, but removed all special features from the site.


title: Reference work

text: A reference work is a work, such as a paper, book or periodical (or their electronic equivalents), to which one can refer for information. The information is intended to be found quickly when needed. Such works are usually "referred" to for particular pieces of information, rather than read beginning to end. The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid use of the first person, and emphasize facts.


title: Reference work

text: Indices are a common navigation feature in many types of reference works. Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors, rather than by an individual author. Updated editions are usually published as needed, in some cases annually ("Whitaker's Almanack", "Who's Who").


title: Reference work

text: Reference works include almanacs, atlases, bibliographies, biographical sources, catalogs such as library catalogs and art catalogs, concordances, dictionaries, directories such as business directories and telephone directories, discographies, encyclopedias, filmographies, gazetteers, glossaries, handbooks, indices such as bibliographic indices and citation indices, manuals, research guides, thesauruses, and yearbooks. Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as reference software, CD-ROMs, DVDs, or online through the Internet. Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia, is both the largest and the most-read reference work in history.


title: Reference work

text: In contrast to books that are loaned, a reference book or reference-only book in a library is one that may only be used in the library and may not be borrowed from the library. Many such books are reference works (in the first sense), which are, usually, used briefly or photocopied from, and therefore, do not need to be borrowed. Keeping reference books in the library assures that they will always be available for use on demand. Some reference-only books are too valuable to permit borrowers to take them out. Reference-only items may be shelved in a reference collection located separately from circulating items. Some libraries consist entirely, or to a large extent, of books which may not be borrowed.


title: Reference work

text: An electronic resource is a computer program or data that is stored electronically, which is usually found on a computer, including information that is available on the Internet. Libraries offer numerous types of electronic resources including electronic texts such as electronic books and electronic journals, bibliographic databases, institutional repositories, websites, and software applications.


title: Demographics of Iraq

text: The Iraqi people (; ; Syriac: ܥܡܐ ܥܝܪܩܝܐ; Turkish: "Iraklılar") are people identified with the country of Iraq.


title: Demographics of Iraq

text: Iraqi Arabs are the largest Semitic people in Iraq, whIle Iraqi Kurds are the largest Indo-European, non-Semitic ethnic group and largest ethnic minority. Iraqi Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in the country. Studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq and Mesopotamia share significant similarities in genetics and that Mesopotamian Arabs, who make up the majority of Iraqis, are genetically distinct from other Arab populations in the Arabs of the Arabian peninsula.


title: Demographics of Iraq

text: The population was estimated to be 39,650,145 in 2021 (residing in Iraq) Turkmen (4.5-6 million), Assyrians and Armenians (0.5 million), Yazidis (500,000), Marsh Arabs, and Shabaks (250,000). Other minorities include Mandaeans (3,000), Roma (50,000) and Circassians (2,000). The most spoken languages are Mesopotamian Arabic, Kurdish, Syriac and Iraqi Turkmen dialects. The percentages of different ethno-religious groups residing in Iraq vary from source to source due to the last Iraqi census having taken place over 30 years ago. A new census of Iraq was planned to take place in 2020, but this was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was rescheduled to November 2022 but was postponed again with an "electronic national population census" planned in the last quarter of 2023.


title: Demographics of Iraq

text: According to the CIA World Factbook, citing a 1987 Iraqi government estimate, the population of Iraq is formed of 65% Arabs followed by 30% Kurds. and also Marsh Arabs.