title: Sali Berisha

text: On 6 December 2022 during protests Berisha was assaulted in the face resulting in him being given a black eye. The assailants mother had told the media that her son had been suffering from mental problems for 5 years. That he was mentally unstable. He is awaiting trial. President Begaj, Prime Minister Rama, and rival from a dispute of the Democratic Party leadership Lulzim Basha all condoned the assault on Berisha. Berisha himself forgave the perpetrator.


title: Sali Berisha

text: Berisha is married to Liri Berisha (née Ramaj), a pediatrician. Liri Berisha is the president of Albanian Children Foundation. Her foundation focuses on children with autism and Down syndrome. The couple have two children, a daughter, Argita Malltezi (née Berisha) who is a professor of law at the University of Tirana, and a son, Shkëlzen Berisha.


title: Sali Berisha

text: On 19 May 2021, Berisha, his wife, son and daughter were sanctioned by the US Department of State and barred from entry into the United States after being accused of "involvement in significant corruption". On the press conference Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken stated:


title: Sali Berisha

text: On 22 July 2022 Berisha revealed he has been banned from entering the United Kingdom. He said that the accusations against him include links to organised crime groups and criminals that pose a


title: Sali Berisha

text: On July 21 the British embassy in Tirana announced it had taken action against several Albanian individuals but did not disclose their names. The prime minister's special envoy to the Western Balkans Stuart Peach said in a statement:


title: Sali Berisha

text: In 1996, Human Rights Watch published a report regarding human rights abuses perpetrated under Berisha's administration. It claims that:


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: 4 World Trade Center (4 WTC; also known as 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street at the southeastern corner of the World Trade Center site. Fumihiko Maki designed the building. It houses the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: The current 4 World Trade Center is the second building at the site to bear this address. The original building was a nine-story structure at the southeast corner of the World Trade Center complex. It was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, along with the rest of the World Trade Center. The current building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008, and it opened to tenants and the public on November 13, 2013. The building has of space.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: 4 World Trade Center is at 150 Greenwich Street, within the new World Trade Center (WTC) complex, in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The land lot is bounded by Greenwich Street to the west, Cortlandt Way to the north, Church Street to the east, and Liberty Street to the south. Within the World Trade Center complex, nearby structures include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and Liberty Park to the southwest; the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to the west; One World Trade Center to the northwest; and the World Trade Center Transportation Hub. 2 World Trade Center, and 3 World Trade Center to the north. Outside World Trade Center, nearby buildings include 195 Broadway and the Millennium Hilton New York Downtown hotel to the northeast; the American Stock Exchange Building to the south; One Liberty Plaza to the east; and Zuccotti Park to the southeast.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: The old 4 World Trade Center was a nine-story low-rise office building completed in 1975 that was 118 ft (36 m) tall, and located in the southeast corner of the World Trade Center site. The building was designed by Minoru Yamasaki and Emery Roth & Sons. The first tenants, the Commodities Exchange Center, started to move into the building in January 1977. On July 1, 1977, the Mercantile Traders finalized the move. The building's major tenants were Deutsche Bank (Floor 4, 5, and 6) and the New York Board of Trade (Floors 7, 8, and 9). The building's side facing Liberty Street housed the entrance to The Mall at the World Trade Center on the basement concourse level of the WTC.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: 4 World Trade Center was home to commodities exchanges on what was at the time one of the world's largest trading floors (featured in the Eddie Murphy movie "Trading Places"). These commodities exchanges collectively had 12 trading pits.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: The World Trade Center's twin towers were destroyed during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, creating debris that destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, such as the original 4 World Trade Center. Much of the southern two-thirds of the building was destroyed, and the remaining north portion virtually destroyed, as a result of the collapse of the South Tower. The structure was subsequently razed.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: At the time of the September 11 attacks, the building's commodities exchanges had of silver coins and of gold coins in the basement. The coins in the basement were worth an estimated $200 million. Much of the coins had been removed by November 2001; trucks transported the coins out of the basement through an intact but abandoned section of the Downtown Hudson Tubes. Many coins belonging to the Bank of Nova Scotia were purchased in 2002, repackaged by the Professional Coin Grading Service, and resold to collectors.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001. His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks. In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site. The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003. The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub. By July 2004, two towers were planned on the southeast corner of the site: the 62-story 3 World Trade Center and the 58-story 4 World Trade Center. The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers. The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki was hired to design the new 4 World Trade Center, on the eastern part of the World Trade Center site at 150 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers were selected as the architects for 2 and 3 World Trade Center, respectively. The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006. 4 World Trade Center would be a 61-story, building. The building would have contained of retail space in its base and of offices. The lower stories would have had a trapezoidal plan, changing to a parallelogram on the upper stories. The lowest stories of 4 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall. The same month, PANYNJ agreed to occupy within 4 WTC, paying , a lower rental rate than what Silverstein had wanted. The city government offered to rent another , thus allowing Silverstein to obtain a mortgage loan for the tower's construction. Silverstein would be allowed to evict the city government if he could rent out the space at market rate.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: As part of the project, Cortlandt Street (which had been closed to make way for the original World Trade Center) was planned to be rebuilt between 3 and 4 WTC. The plans for Cortlandt Street affected the design of the lower stories of both 3 and 4 WTC, as one of the proposals called for an enclosed shopping atrium along the path of Cortlandt Street, connecting the two buildings. The street was eventually rebuilt as an outdoor path. Final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were announced in September 2007. The three buildings would comprise the commercial eastern portion of the new World Trade Center, contrasting with the memorial in the complex's western section. At the time, construction of 4 WTC was planned to begin in January 2008. As part of its agreement with the PANYNJ, Silverstein Properties was obliged to complete 3 and 4 WTC by the end of 2011.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: In 2007, the PANYNJ started constructing the East Bathtub, a site that was to form the foundations of 3 and 4 WTC. The process involved excavating a trench around the site to a depth of , then constructing a slurry wall around the site. The PANYNJ was supposed to give the site to Silverstein Properties at the end of 2007; the contractors would have received a $10 million bonus if they had completed the work early. If Silverstein did not receive the site by January 1, 2008, the PANYNJ would pay Silverstein $300,000 per day until the site was transferred. The agency ultimately gave the site to Silverstein on February 17, 2008. The PANYNJ paid a $14.4 million penalty for turning over the site 48 days after the deadline.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: The PANYNJ voted in early 2008 to extend the deadline for 4 WTC's completion to April 2012. Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk. A study published in early 2009 predicted that 4 WTC, the first of Silverstein's three towers at the World Trade Center site, would not be fully leased until 2014 due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008. 4 WTC's construction was temporarily halted that March after city officials found that workers were operating a construction crane without a permit. Disputes between the PANYNJ and Silverstein continued through late 2008, when Silverstein claimed that the agency owed him $300,000 per day for failing to demolish a barrier around the site, as the barrier prevented him from erecting the tower's foundations. The PANYNJ claimed that the barrier was several feet outside the excavation site and that it did not owe Silverstein anything. That December, an arbitration panel ruled that the PANYNJ owed Silverstein an extra $20.1 million.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: By May 2009, Silverstein wanted the PANYNJ to fund the construction of 2 and 4 WTC, but the PANYNJ was only willing to provide funding for 4 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein. At the time, the PANYNJ had leased one-third of 4 WTC's office space, but no tenant had been signed for 2 WTC. Silverstein also held an option to lease space to the city government for , but he was reluctant to exercise the option, since he believed that market-rate rents for the space would increase drastically when the building opened. Silverstein expressed confidence that the building would attract financial tenants since it was close to Wall Street. Three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 4 WTC's power. By the end of that year, the building had reached the tenth story; the project to date had been funded entirely by insurance proceeds.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: A New York state board voted in November 2010 to allow Silverstein to finance 4 WTC and another tower with up to $200 million of bonds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Silverstein also wanted to sell $1.36 billion worth of Liberty bonds to fund 4 WTC's completion. Silverstein decided in December 2010 to postpone the bond offering because of instability in the municipal bond market. Early the next year, he exercised his option to lease space to the New York City government. After the muni market stabilized, the PANYNJ planned to vote on the Liberty bond offering in early 2011. The vote was delayed after several institutional investors objected to the fact that the Liberty bonds would have greater seniority than a bond offering that had previously been placed on the building. If the Liberty bonds were not sold by the end of that year, Silverstein would not have enough money to complete the tower.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: Meanwhile, during early 2011, the building was constructed at an average rate of one floor per week, and the building had reached the 23rd floor by May 2011. After five months of negotiations, the PANYNJ announced a revised financing plan for the tower in September 2011, in which the Liberty bonds were subordinate to the existing bond offering. The agency started selling Liberty bonds in November 2011. The building's steel frame was built first, followed by the concrete core and the exterior curtain wall. The building had reached the 61st story by the beginning of 2012. A cable on one of the building's construction cranes snapped on February 16, 2012, dropping a steel beam 40 stories; no one was seriously injured, and work resumed shortly afterward. The building's superstructure was topped out on June 26, 2012, when workers installed the final steel beam on the 72nd floor. In the two days after the tower's topping-out, there were two construction accidents, neither of which resulted in serious injuries.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: The building's basements were flooded in late 2012 during Hurricane Sandy, although the tower was still expected to be completed the following year. Structural steel and concrete completed by June 1, 2013, followed by the removal of construction fencing in September 2013. The building opened on November 13, 2013, along with the neighboring section of Greenwich Street. It was the second tower to open as part of the new World Trade Center, after 7 World Trade Center. 4 World Trade Center had cost US$1.67 billion to build, having been funded by insurance payouts and Liberty bonds. At the time, the PANYNJ and the city government were the building's only tenants. Though the two governmental tenants collectively occupied around 60 percent of the building, the "Financial Times" reported that some of the space could be subleased. Janno Lieber of Silverstein Properties expressed optimism that the building's design would attract tenants, saying: "We have a building that's going to feel like a tower on Park Avenue."


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: The first tenants to move in were the PANYNJ and the city government. The New York City government leased of space in the completed building. The PANYNJ leased approximately for its headquarters, having relocated in 2015 from 225 Park Avenue South in Gramercy Park, Manhattan. When 4 WTC opened, there was relatively low demand for office space in lower Manhattan, in part because many of the area's financial firms were downsizing their spaces. There was so little demand for office space in the new tower that Silverstein rented out the vacant space for events, charging $50,000 per day for each floor. According to "The Wall Street Journal", these included a Super Bowl commercial, a film shoot for the 2014 movie "Annie", and a wine-tasting event.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: By July 2015, the tower was 62 percent leased. A February 2017 announcement by Spotify that it would lease floors 62 through 72 for its United States headquarters, along with a subsequent expansion announcement that July, brought 4 World Trade Center to full occupancy. SportsNet New York, carrier of New York Mets broadcasts, moved its headquarters from 1271 Avenue of the Americas to an facility in 4 WTC. The SportsNet New York studios in 4 WTC also double as the New York City studios for NFL Network, hosting their morning show "Good Morning Football".


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: Silver Art Projects, a nonprofit organization operated by Larry Silverstein's grandson Cory Silverstein, opened 28 art studios on the 28th floor in 2020. Twenty-five of the studios are reserved for the program's artists, who are selected through an annual application process and occupy each studio for free, while the remaining three studios are for the program's mentors.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: The facade is a curtain wall with glass panes that span the full height of each story. The facade consists of glass panes measuring wide and tall. Most of the facade is made of reflective glass, except at the lobby, where the facade is made of clear glass. Five of the lowest stories are mechanical floors and contain narrow vertical louvers. The western facade of the tower, which faces the National September 11 Memorial, does not have louvers. The "New York Daily News" wrote that Maki and Associates wanted the building's design to "pay deference to the memorial". Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the MEP engineer.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: According to "Engineering News-Record", Maki and Associates had designed 4 WTC as a "minimalist tower with an abstract sculptural presence". The upper floors accommodate offices using two distinct floor shapes. Floors 7 to 46 each span and are parallelogram in plan, reflecting the shape of the World Trade Center site. the shape of a parallelogram. Floors 48 to 63 each cover and are trapezoidal in plan. At the two obtuse angles of the parallelogram, there are deep grooves along the facade. The top story contains a penthouse office.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: The structural engineer for the building is Leslie E. Robertson Associates, founded by Robertson, the chief engineer for the original Twin Towers in the 1960s. The tower's foundation is composed of concrete footings that descend to the underlying bedrock. When the original World Trade Center was developed, the contractors found that there was a gap in the bedrock at the southeast corner of the site. Although the bedrock under most of the site is deep, the southeast corner contains a pothole, where the bedrock descends to because of erosion during the Last Glacial Period. The current tower's foundation is surrounded by a slurry wall. The slurry wall is largely anchored to the bedrock, except at the southeast corner of the site, where the pothole made this impossible.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: DCM Erectors manufactured the steel for the building's superstructure. The superstructure consists of a steel frame weighing . In addition, the building uses of concrete and of rebar. The center of the tower contains a mechanical core made of reinforced concrete, which includes mechanical equipment, stairs, and elevators. Schindler manufactured the building's elevators, which operate at a speed of . The retail space on the lower stories contains six escalators, two passenger elevators, and two freight elevators. The upper stories are served by 37 elevators, which consist of 34 passenger elevators and three service elevators.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: Six floors are used for retail. They consist of the ground floor, the three floors immediately above the ground floor as well as the two floors below ground. The retail space occupies the eastern part of the ground floor. The lower levels of the building are used by retail businesses, including Eataly. These are connected via an underground shopping mall and concourse, connecting to the PATH and the New York City Subway via the World Trade Center Transportation Hub.


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: The building's ground-floor lobby is two stories high, with a ceiling. The lobby occupies the western part of the ground floor, facing the National September 11 Memorial. The space contains wood-beamed ceilings, white-granite floors, and Swedish black granite walls. Suspended from the lobby's ceiling is Kozo Nishino's sculpture "Sky Memory", which consists of seven pieces of titanium trusses collectively weighing . "Sky Memory" measures across and hangs above the floor. The lobby also contains "Vandal Gummy", a sculpture of a bear by street artist WhIsBe. The artist Ivan Navarro designed an LED sculpture near the bottom of the lobby's escalators. Leading from the lobby are three hallways, where video art is displayed on wood-paneled walls. "The Wall Street Journal" wrote that 4 WTC's lobby "will be the largest lobby by volume in New York".


title: 4 World Trade Center

text: When the building was being constructed, David W. Dunlap of "The New York Times" wrote that 4 WTC was "the biggest skyscraper New Yorkers have never heard of". "The Wall Street Journal" wrote that the lobby "offers a grand front to the World Trade Center Memorial" and that the effect of the lobby's design "is intriguingly calming for a building soon to rest at the heart of the Financial District." Upon the tower's opening, Daniel Libeskind wrote: "The WTC site has emerged from 12 years of contention and construction to become what we all hoped it would be: a place that will show the world everything that is great about cities, especially New York."


title: Lorna Watson

text: She was one of the presenters of "Spy School". Her acting roles include various characters in television sketch shows "Rush Hour", "The Wrong Door" and "Watson & Oliver" with comedy partner Ingrid Oliver. The two met at Tiffin Girls' School in Kingston upon Thames. She also played a one-off character called 'Thingy' in the 'fashion phonies' episode of CBBC's "Hotel Trubble". Her influences are French & Saunders and Fry & Laurie. In March 2012 she appeared on "Let's Dance for Sport Relief" with Ingrid Oliver; they danced to Ravel's "Boléro".


title: Lorna Watson

text: In 2013 she appeared as Sister Boniface in the "Father Brown" episode "The Bride of Christ" and took part in a special series of "The Great British Bake Off".


title: Lorna Watson

text: In January 2020, it was announced that Lorna would be reprising her Sister Boniface role for a new series called "Sister Boniface Mysteries", with a ten-episode first series premiering on the streaming service BritBox.


title: Murugappa Group

text: Murugappa Group is an Indian conglomerate founded in 1900. The Group has 28 businesses including nine companies listed on the NSE and the BSE. Headquartered in Chennai, the major companies of the Group include Carborundum Universal Ltd., Cholamandalam Financial Holdings Ltd., Cholamandalam Investment and Finance Company Ltd., Cholamandalam MS General Insurance Company Ltd., Coromandel International Ltd., Coromandel Engineering Company Ltd., EID Parry (India) Ltd., Parry Agro Industries Ltd., Shanthi Gears Ltd., Tube Investments of India Limited., Net Access India Ltd and Wendt (India) Ltd.


title: Murugappa Group

text: The Group has presence in several segments including abrasives, auto components, bicycles, sugar, farm inputs, fertilizers, plantations, bioproducts and nutraceuticals. It owns brands like BSA, Hercules, Montra, Mach City, Ballmaster, Ajax, Parry's, Chola, Gromor, Shanthi Gears and Paramfos. The Group has a workforce of over 50,000 employees. The current executive chairman is MM Murugappan.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The Janssen COVID19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Jcovden, is a COVID19 vaccine that was developed by Janssen Vaccines in Leiden, Netherlands, and its Belgian parent company Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of American company Johnson & Johnson.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: It is a viral vector vaccine based on a human adenovirus that has been modified to contain the gene for making the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID19. The body's immune system responds to this spike protein to produce antibodies. The vaccine requires only one dose and does not need to be stored frozen.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Clinical trials for the vaccine were started in June 2020, with phaseIII involving around 43,000 people. On 29 January 2021, Janssen announced that 28 days after a completed vaccination, the vaccine was 66% effective in a one-dose regimen in preventing symptomatic COVID19, with an 85% efficacy in preventing severe COVID19 and 100% efficacy in preventing hospitalization or death caused by the disease.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine has been granted an emergency use authorization (EUA) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and a conditional marketing authorization by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Because cases of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome have been reported after receipt of the Janssen COVID19 vaccine, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends "preferential use of mRNA COVID19 vaccines over the Janssen COVID19 vaccine, including both primary and booster doses administered to prevent COVID19, for all persons aged 18 years of age and older. The Janssen COVID19 vaccine may be considered in some situations, including for persons with a contraindication to receipt of mRNA COVID19 vaccines." In February 2022, Johnson & Johnson announced it has temporarily suspended production of the vaccine though they also noted that it will likely resume at some point in the future and that it will honor all pre-existing contracts that oblige Janssen to supply its vaccine by using the millions of already existing vaccine doses in its inventory where requested.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The Janssen COVID19 vaccine is used to provide protection against infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in order to prevent COVID19 in people aged eighteen years and older.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine is given by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle. The initial course consists of a single dose.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: There is no evidence that a second booster dose is needed to prevent severe disease in healthy adults. On 21 October, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began recommending a booster dose.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: A vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a >30% lower limit of the 95% confidence interval. Efficacy is closely related to effectiveness, which is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 15 October 2021, Janssen reported at a meeting of the US Food and Drug Administration Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) that a single dose produced durable protection against severe disease and hospitalization for at least 6 months in the United States, even when Delta emerged, but also a global decrease in protection against moderate disease attributed to emerging variants outside the US. Janssen also reported that a booster dose given 2 months after the primary dose increased efficacy against symptomatic disease to globally and to in the US and that it also increased efficacy against severe disease to nearly globally.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine consists of a replication-incompetent recombinant adenovirus type 26 (Ad26) viral vector expressing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein in a stabilized conformation. The PER.C6 cell line derived from human embryonic retinal cells is used in the production (replication) of the Ad26 adenovirus vector. It is similar to the approach used by the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine which use human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells for adenovirus vector replication.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The Ad26 viral vector lacks the E1 gene required for replication. Therefore, it cannot replicate in the human organism.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The vaccine contains the following excipients: citric acid monohydrate, trisodium citrate dihydrate, ethanol (alcohol), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBCD) (hydroxypropyl betadex), polysorbate 80, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Unpunctured vials may be stored between for up to twelve hours, and the vaccine can remain viable for months in a standard refrigerator. It is not shipped or stored frozen.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2020, Johnson & Johnson entered a partnership with Catalent to provide large-scale manufacturing of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine at Catalent's Bloomington, Indiana facility. In July 2020, the partnership was expanded to include Catalent's facility in Anagni, Italy.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In September 2020, Grand River Aseptic Manufacturing agreed with Johnson & Johnson to support the manufacture of the vaccine, including technology transfer and fill and finish manufacture, at its Grand Rapids, Michigan facility.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In December 2020, Johnson & Johnson and Reig Jofre, a Spanish pharmaceutical company, entered into an agreement to manufacture the vaccine at Reig Jofre's Barcelona facility.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February 2021, Sanofi and Johnson & Johnson struck a deal for Sanofi to provide support and infrastructure at Sanofi's Marcy-l'Étoile, France facility to manufacture approximately twelve million doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine per month once authorized.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March 2021, Johnson & Johnson and Aspen Pharmacare made a deal to manufacture 220 million vaccines at Aspen's Gqeberha facility in Eastern Cape, South Africa. They plan to distribute the vaccine to other countries, mainly in Africa, and also through the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) program.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March 2021, Merck & Co and Johnson & Johnson struck a deal for Merck to manufacture the Johnson & Johnson vaccine at two facilities in the United States to help expand the manufacturing capacity of the vaccine using provisions of the Defense Production Act. That same month, human error at a plant run by Emergent BioSolutions in Baltimore resulted in the spoilage of up to fifteen million doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. The error, which was caught before the doses left the plant, delayed expected shipments of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine within the United States. As the error had involved combining ingredients of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine with the AstraZeneca vaccine, the Biden administration gave control of the plant to Johnson & Johnson and said the plant should produce only the Johnson & Johnson vaccine to avoid further mix-ups. In July 2021, the FDA authorized Emergent to resume production (but not distribution) of the Janssen vaccine. 400million doses were destroyed.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Review of Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) safety monitoring data by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through 21 April 2021, (by which time 7.98million doses of the Janssen COVID19 vaccine had been administered), showed that "97% of reported reactions after vaccine receipt were nonserious, consistent with preauthorization clinical trials data."


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The most common side effects of the vaccine in the trials were usually mild or moderate, occurred within two days after vaccination, and got better within 1 or 2 days.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The most common side effects are pain at the injection site, headache, tiredness, muscle pain, and nausea, affecting more than 1 in 10 people. Coughing, joint pain, fever, chills, redness, and swelling at the injection site occurred in less than 1 in 10 people. Sneezing, tremor, throat pain, rash, sweating, muscle weakness, pain in the arms and legs, backache, weakness, and feeling generally unwell occurred in less than 1 in 100 people. Rare side effects (that occurred in less than 1 in 1,000 people) are hypersensitivity (allergy) and itchy rash.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: An increased risk of the rare and potentially fatal thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) has been associated with mainly younger female recipients of the vaccine. This syndrome, marked by formation of blood clots in the blood vessels in combination with low levels of blood platelets 4–28 days after the vaccines administration, occurred at a rate of about 7 per 1 million vaccinated women aged 18–49 years old and it occurs more rarely in other populations (i.e., women 50 years and older and men of all ages).


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, can occur in rare cases within a few minutes to one hour after receiving a dose.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In May 2021, with 7.98 million doses administered, the CDC reported four cases of anaphylaxis after vaccination (none of which resulted in death) and 28 cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (of which three resulted in death).


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In July 2021, the US fact sheet for the vaccine was updated to indicate that there may be an increased risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome during the 42 days following vaccination. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) listed Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) as a very rare side effect of COVID19 Vaccine Janssen and added a warning in the product information.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In August 2021, the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) recommended updating the product information to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) that "cases of dizziness and tinnitus (ringing or other noises in one or both ears) are linked to the administration of COVID19 vaccine Janssen." Tinnitus was later labeled as "very rare" in a final safety study by the manufacturer.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In December 2021, the CDC accepted the recommendation from a panel of experts for a preference of using the Pfizer-BioNech and Moderna vaccines over the Janssen vaccine due to rare but serious blood clotting events. In May 2022, the FDA limited the use of the Janssen vaccine to those over eighteen unable to access other vaccines or who are otherwise "medically ineligible" for other vaccine options.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The stabilized version of the spike proteinthat includes two mutations in which the regular amino acids are replaced with prolineswas developed by researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' Vaccine Research Center and the University of Texas at Austin.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: During the COVID19 pandemic, Johnson & Johnson committed over toward development of a not-for-profit vaccine in partnership with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Johnson & Johnson said its vaccine project would be "at a not-for-profit level" as the company viewed it as "the fastest and the best way to find all the collaborations in the world to make this happen". In November, Johnson & Johnson announced that Janssen would commit about $604 million and BARDA would commit $454 million to fund the ENSEMBLE trial.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Johnson & Johnson subsidiary Janssen Vaccines, in partnership with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), was responsible for developing the vaccine candidate, based on the same technology used to make its Ebola vaccine.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Preclinical trials indicated that the vaccine effectively protected hamsters and rhesus macaques from SARS‐CoV‐2.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In June 2020, Johnson & Johnson and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) confirmed that they planned to start clinical trials of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in September 2020, with the possibility of phaseI–IIa human clinical trials starting at an accelerated pace in the second half of July.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: A phase I–IIa clinical trial started with the recruitment of the first subject on 15 July 2020 and enrolled study participants in Belgium and the US. Interim results from the phaseI–IIa trial established the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S. With one dose, after 29 days, the vaccine ensured ninety percent of participants had enough antibodies required to neutralize the virus. After 57 days, that number reached one hundred percent. 1x10 viral particles (high dose) provided an increase in the neutralizing-antibody titers compared to 5×10 (low dose). After the second dose 56 days after the first dose among participants between the ages of 18 and 55 years, the incidence of grade 3 solicited systemic adverse events was much lower than that after the first immunization in both the low-dose and high-dose groups, a finding that contrasts with observations with respect to messenger RNA–based vaccines, for which the second dose has been associated with increased reactogenicity. A substudy with 20 participants found that humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including cytotoxic T cells, lasted for at least 8 months.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: A phase III clinical trial called ENSEMBLE started enrollment in September 2020 and completed enrollment on 17 December 2020. It was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial intended to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single-dose vaccine versus placebo in adults aged 18 years of age and older. Study participants received a single intramuscular injection of Ad26.COV2.S at a dose level of 5×10 virus particles on day one. The trial was paused on 12 October 2020, because a volunteer became ill, but the company said it found no evidence that the vaccine had caused the illness and announced on 23 October 2020 that it would resume the trial. On 29 January 2021, Janssen announced safety and efficacy data from an interim analysis of ENSEMBLE trial data, which demonstrated the vaccine was 66% effective at preventing the combined endpoints of moderate and severe COVID19 at 28 days post-vaccination among all volunteers. The interim analysis was based on 468 cases of symptomatic COVID19 among 43,783 adult volunteers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, and the United States. No deaths related to COVID19 were reported in the vaccine group, while five deaths in the placebo group were related to COVID19. During the trial, no anaphylaxis was observed in participants.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: A second phase III clinical trial called ENSEMBLE2 started enrollment on 12 November 2020. ENSEMBLE2 differed from ENSEMBLE in that its study participants received two intramuscular (IM) injections of Ad26.COV2.S, one on day1 and the next on day 57. Early results indicated 85% efficacy against severe/critical disease. Plasma from 8 participants showed greater neutralization activity against the Delta variant than against Beta.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Beginning on 1 December 2020, clinical trial of the vaccine candidate has been undergoing a "rolling review" process by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency (EMA), a step to expedite EMA consideration of an expected conditional marketing authorization. On 16 February 2021, Janssen applied to the EMA for conditional marketing authorization of the vaccine. The European Commission approved the COVID19 Vaccine Janssen on 11 March 2021. In Finland, the Janssen vaccine is only offered for those aged 65 and over.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 4 February 2021, Janssen Biotech applied to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for an emergency use authorization (EUA), and the FDA announced that its Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) would meet on 26 February to consider the application. On 24 February, ahead of the VRBPAC meeting, briefing documents from Janssen and the FDA were issued; the FDA document recommends granting the EUA, concluding that the results of the clinical trials and the safety data are consistent with FDA EUA guidance for COVID19 vaccines. At the 26 February meeting, VRBPAC voted unanimously (22–0) to recommend that a EUA for the vaccine be issued. The FDA granted the EUA for the vaccine the following day. On 28 February, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the use of the vaccine for those aged 18 and older.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 13 April 2021, the CDC and the FDA issued a joint statement recommending that use of the Janssen vaccine be suspended, due to reports of six cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis—a "rare and severe" blood clot—in combination with low levels of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia), in six women between the ages of 18 and 48 who had received the vaccine.<ref name="CDC/FDA"></ref> The symptoms occurred 6–13 days after they had received the vaccination, and it was reported that one woman had died and a second woman had been hospitalized in critical condition.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 23 April, the FDA and the CDC determined that the recommended pause regarding the use of the Janssen COVID19 Vaccine in the US should be lifted and use of the vaccine should resume. The EUA and the fact sheets were updated to reflect the risks of thrombosis-thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS).


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 11 February 2021, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines issued an emergency authorization for the Janssen COVID19 vaccine, as well as the Moderna COVID19 vaccine, the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine, the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine (Sputnik V), and the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In December 2020, Johnson & Johnson entered into an agreement in principle with the GAVI vaccine alliance to support the COVAX Facility. On 19 February 2021, Johnson & Johnson submitted its formal request and data package to the World Health Organization for an Emergency Use Listing (EUL); an EUL is a requirement for participation in COVAX. Johnson & Johnson anticipates providing up to five hundred million doses through 2022 for COVAX. The World Health Organization issued an EUL for the Janssen COVID19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S vaccine on 12 March 2021.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 18 February 2021, the vaccine received emergency authorization in South Africa. On 13 April 2021, South Africa suspended its rollout of the vaccine. The program resumed on 28 April 2021.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 26 February 2021, the South Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety began a review of Johnson & Johnson's application for approval of its vaccine.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In late November 2020, Johnson & Johnson submitted a rolling review application to Health Canada for approval of its vaccine.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In April 2021, the Australian government stated that it would not be purchasing the Janssen vaccine, as it "does not intend to purchase any further adenovirus vaccines at this time". The Therapeutic Goods Administration granted provisional approval for use of the Janssen vaccine in Australia on 25 June 2021.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 10 June 2021, the vaccine received emergency use authorization in Chile. The vaccine will be provided via COVAX.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 15 June 2021, Malaysia's National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) issued conditional registration for emergency use of the vaccine.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 7 July 2021, the vaccine received provisional approval for use for people aged 18 and above in New Zealand.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 7 August 2021, Health and Family Welfare Minister of India announced that Johnson and Johnson single-dose vaccine was approved for emergency use in India through a supply agreement with homegrown vaccine maker Biological E. Limited.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: On 7 September 2021, National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) issued emergency use authorization in Indonesia.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In October 2021, the FDA and the CDC authorized the use of either homologous or heterologous vaccine booster doses.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In October 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) authorized the use of either homologous or heterologous vaccine booster doses. The authorization was expanded to include all adults in November 2021.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: About 19.4million doses of the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine were administered in the EU/EEA from authorization to 26 June 2022.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Given the Janssen vaccine is a single dose and has a lower cost, it was expected to play an important role in low and middle-income countries. Since it is a single dose vaccine, it has been a popular vaccine to distribute to the homeless, the incarcerated, and refugee populations. This is due to the fact that it is difficult for these aforementioned demographics to be contacted for vaccines that require a second dose. With lower costs and lower requirements of storage and distribution in comparison to the COVID19 vaccines by Pfizer and Moderna, the Janssen vaccine is more easily transported, stored, and administered. South African health minister Zweli Mkhize announced on 9February 2021 that the country would sell or swap its one million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine. Once it did so, South Africa began vaccination using the Janssen vaccine on 17 February 2021, marking the vaccine's first use outside of a clinical trial.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In July 2020, Johnson & Johnson pledged to deliver up to three hundred million doses of its vaccine to the US, with one hundred million upfront and an option for twenty million more. The deal, worth more than $1billion, is funded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) and the U.S. Department of Defense. The deal was confirmed on 5August.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In August 2020, Johnson & Johnson signed a contract with the US federal government for $1billion, agreeing to deliver one hundred million doses of the vaccine to the US following the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) grant of approval or emergency use authorization (EUA) for the vaccine. Under its agreement with the US government, Johnson & Johnson was targeted to produce twelve million doses by the end of February 2021, more than sixty million doses by the end of April 2021, and more than one hundred million doses by the end of June 2021. However, in January 2021, Johnson & Johnson acknowledged manufacturing delays would likely prevent it from meeting its contract of twelve million doses delivered to the US by the end of February. In February 2021, through congressional testimony by a company executive, Johnson & Johnson indicated that the company could deliver twenty million doses to the US government by the end of March and one hundred million doses in the first half of 2021.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In February 2021, Johnson & Johnson announced that it planned to ship the vaccine immediately following authorization.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In March 2021, the Canadian government placed an order with Johnson & Johnson for ten million doses, with an option to purchase up to twenty-eight million more; on 5March, the vaccine became the fourth to receive Health Canada approval.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Shipments of the vaccine were scheduled to start in the second half of April 2021, with a commitment to deliver at least two hundred million doses to the EU in 2021.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The European distribution of the vaccine was slightly delayed until the EMA decided that rare cases of vaccine-induced blood clots did not outweigh the benefits of helping to fight the COVID19 pandemic.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops expressed concern about the vaccine because the cell line Per.C6, which is used in development and production, was originally derived from the retinal tissue of an 18-week-old fetus electively aborted in 1985. Although the use of fetal tissue in vaccine development has become common since the 1930s, especially with cell-based vaccines, there are currently alternatives that do not carry the same potential ethical concerns as the Janssen vaccine. Some bioethicists dismiss that ethical concerns to using cells derived from ethically compromised sources should be addressed or alternatives sought. Others advance the view that the cells used for COVID19 vaccines are thousands of generations removed from their source material and do not contain any fetal tissue.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In December 2020, the Vatican published a note approved by Pope Francis, stating that "...all [COVID-19] vaccinations recognized as clinically safe and effective can be used in good conscience..." However, the key objection to using these vaccines still remains.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: In September 2021, after criticism that doses of its single-shot COVID19 vaccine produced in Aspen Pharmacare's facility in South Africa were being exported to Europe, millions of doses that had been shipped to Europe and stored in warehouses will be returned to Africa, and newly manufactured doses will be shipped to African countries.


title: Janssen COVID-19 vaccine

text: Videos on video-sharing platforms circulated around May 2021 showing people having magnets stick to their arms after receiving the vaccine, purportedly demonstrating the conspiracy theory that vaccines contain microchips, but these videos have been debunked.


title: Toms Shoes

text: Toms (stylized as TOMS) is a for-profit company<ref name="Fairfield Citizen - For/Non Profit"></ref> based in Los Angeles, California. Founded in 2006 by Blake Mycoskie, an entrepreneur from Arlington, Texas, the company designs and markets shoes as well as eyewear, coffee, apparel and handbags.


title: Toms Shoes

text: The company was taken over by its creditors: Jefferies Financial Group Inc, Nexus Capital Management LP, and Brookfield Asset Management Inc in December 2019, and founder Mycoskie ceased to be an owner.


title: Toms Shoes

text: Blake Mycoskie visited Argentina in 2002 while competing in the second season of "The Amazing Race" with his sister. He returned on vacation in January 2006, and met a woman who was volunteering to deliver shoes to children. Mycoskie offered to help and has cited the shoe distribution experience, and the many shoeless children he encountered, as the birth of his idea for his eventual company.


title: Toms Shoes

text: He decided to develop a type of alpargata (a simple canvas slip-on shoe that is popular in Argentina) for the North American market, with the goal of providing a new pair of free shoes to youth of Argentina and other developing nations for every pair sold. According to Mycoskie, Bill Gates encouraged him by saying that the lack of shoes was a major contributor to diseases in children.


title: Toms Shoes

text: Upon returning to the U.S., Mycoskie sold the online driver education company that he was running for $500,000 to finance Toms Shoes.


title: Toms Shoes

text: The company name is derived from the word "tomorrow," and evolved from the original concept, "Shoes for Tomorrow Project." Mycoskie initially commissioned Argentine shoe manufacturers to make 250 pairs of shoes. Sales officially began in May 2006. After an article ran in the "Los Angeles Times", the company received order requests for nine times the available stock online, and 10,000 pairs were sold in the first year. The first batch of 10,000 free shoes were distributed in October 2006 to Argentine children.


title: Toms Shoes

text: In 2007, the company launched its first annual "One Day Without Shoes" event, which encouraged participants to go shoeless for one day in order to raise awareness about the impact shoes can have on a child's life. The event has had corporate sponsors such as AOL, Flickr, and the Discovery Channel.


title: Toms Shoes

text: In October 2007, Toms Shoes received the People's Design Award, as determined by an online popularity contest by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum


title: Toms Shoes

text: By 2011, over 500 retailers carried the brand globally and in the same year, Toms launched its eyewear line. By 2012 over two million pairs of new shoes had been given to children in developing countries around the world. The Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative at the University of New Mexico has described the company as an example of social entrepreneurship.


title: Toms Shoes

text: The company launched TOMS Roasting Co. in 2014, and with each purchase of TOMS Roasting Co. coffee, the company works with other organizations to provide 140 liters of safe water (equal to a one-week supply) to a family in need that lives in a coffee-producing region. In 2015, TOMS Bag Collection was launched to help contribute to advancements in maternal health. Purchases of TOMS Bags help provide training for skilled birth attendants and distribute birth kits containing items that help women practice safe childbirth.


title: Toms Shoes

text: In June 2014, the company announced that Mycoskie was looking to sell part of his stake in the company to help it grow faster and meet its long-term goals. On August 20, 2014 Bain Capital acquired 50% of Toms. Reuters reported that the transaction valued the company at $625 million; Mycoskie's personal wealth following the deal was reported at $300 million. Mycoskie retained 50% ownership of Toms, as well as his role as "Chief Shoe Giver". Mycoskie said he would use half of the proceeds from the sale to start a new fund to support socially minded entrepreneurship, and Bain would match his investment and continue the company's one-for-one policy.


title: Toms Shoes

text: Toms' business model is known as the "one for one concept" model, which is referring to the company's promise to deliver a pair of free shoes to a child in need for every sale of their retail product. The countries involved have included Argentina, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, Rwanda, South Africa and the United States. The business has grown beyond producing shoes and has included eyewear and apparel in Toms product lines. The company uses word-of-mouth advocacy for much of its sales, centering its business focus on corporate social responsibility. Part of this model originally involved a non-profit arm called "Friends of Toms" that recruited volunteers to help in the shoe distributions in foreign countries. Toms trademarked the phrase "One for One" to describe its own business model. Toms has received criticism from the international development community who have stated that Toms' model is designed to make consumers feel good rather than addressing the underlying causes of poverty. Criticisms have also included whether or not the shoe donation is as effective as a monetary donation to other charities. Toms responded to this criticism by moving 40% of its supply chain for shoe donation to countries they actively give in. Toms presently manufactures shoes in Kenya, India, Ethiopia and Haiti.


title: Toms Shoes

text: A 2014 paper in the "Journal of Development Effectiveness" studied the effect of Toms Shoes on local shoe markets, and did not find any statistically significant effect, although analysts and the paper's authors noted the study was limited in scope and time-scale.


title: Toms Shoes

text: More recent papers such as "Shoeing the Children: The Impact of the TOMS Shoe Donation Program in Rural El Salvador" suggest harmful effects and even an economical decline in local production in the target countries. "Looking at cross-country data on used-clothing imports across African countries, he finds that these imports explain roughly 40% of the decline in production in the region and 50% of the decline in employment over the period 1981–2000." The same study about Toms Shoes specifically states psychological and therefore social consequences in El Salvador: "In-kind donations may exhibit negative externalities on the psychology of recipients, unintentionally fostering a sense of dependency on outside donors."


title: Toms Shoes

text: In 2019, Amy Smith, TOMS' Chief Giving Officer, announced in their 2019 Impact Report that the company would no longer be following the "One for One" business model that TOMS pioneered. This was her statement:


title: Toms Shoes

text: "We made the decision to decouple our impact from the One for One model we pioneered, and to expand our giving portfolio to include impact grants. This way, we can support organizations working to address some of today’s most pressing issues."


title: Toms Shoes

text: Author Daniel H. Pink described the company's business model as "expressly built for purpose maximization", whereby Toms is selling both shoes and its ideal. Toms' consumer market are purchasing shoes and also making a purchase that transforms them into benefactors for the company. Another phrase used to try to describe the business model has been "caring capitalism". Part of how Toms has developed this description is by incorporating the giving into its business model before it made a profit, making it as integral to the business model as its revenue generating aspects. Business tycoon and Virgin Group founder Richard Branson wrote of the company's business model in his book "Screw Business as Usual", "They look for communities that will benefit most from Toms based on their economic, health and education needs while taking into account local business so as not to create a correlating negative effect." He also commented on Toms' expansion into eyewear in order to help the nearly 300 million people who are visually impaired in developing nations.


title: Toms Shoes

text: The company's shoe distribution partners have focused on distributing shoes in areas where health and social benefits of the shoes would be the highest. For example, in Ethiopia the shoes are intended to help prevent a soil-borne disease that attacks the lymphatic system and which largely affected women and children. Toms sunglasses are sold with the One for One model, however it does not necessarily provide glasses only to those in developing countries. The One for One model includes putting money toward medical treatment, eye surgeries and prescription glasses. Toms works with the Seva Foundation among other partners to accomplish this. The first countries that Toms implemented its program were Nepal, Cambodia and Tibet. The original three designs, according to Leigh Grogan, were "The stripe on the temples represents the buyer; the stripe on the tips represents the person whose sight is being helped, and the middle stripe represents Toms, which brings the two together."


title: Toms Shoes

text: Shoes have been given to children in 70 countries worldwide, including the United States, Argentina, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Eswatini, Guatemala, Haiti and South Africa. Toms are sold at more than 500 stores internationally, including Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom, and Whole Foods Market, which include shoes made from recycled materials.


title: Toms Shoes

text: A story by "LA Weekly" priced the manufacturing cost of a pair of Toms Shoes at $3.50-$5.00 in U.S. dollars, and noted that the children's shoes given out by the company were among the cheapest to make, which is not necessarily apparent to consumers. According to garment-industry author Kelsey Timmerman, many people he spoke to in Ethiopia were critical of the company, saying that they felt it exploited the idea of Ethiopian poverty as a marketing tool. An Argentina-based shoemaker agreed, saying that the imagery used by the company was manipulative.


title: Toms Shoes

text: Employees of Toms travel to different countries on "Giving Trips" to deliver shoes to children in person. In 2006, Toms distributed 10,000 pairs of shoes in Argentina. In November 2007, the company distributed 50,000 pairs of shoes to children in South Africa. As of April 2009, Toms had distributed 140,000 pairs of shoes to children in Argentina, Ethiopia, South Africa as well as children in the United States. As of 2012, Toms has given away over one million pairs of shoes in 40 countries.


title: Toms Shoes

text: Students attending colleges across the United States have created TOMS campus clubs. As of March 20, 2014, 281 campus clubs existed in the United States with another dozen located in Canada. By comparison, another nonprofit organization known as Lions Club International was established in 1917 and is known for working to ending the cause of blindness, reports 400 Lions’ campus clubs in 42 countries.


title: Toms Shoes

text: In 2009 Toms partnered with the Charlize Theron Africa Outreach Project to create limited edition shoes, and used profits to benefit education and medical support in remote areas of Africa suffering from AIDS outbreaks. Toms has also produced shoes with a handlebar mustache symbol in place of the traditional Toms symbol in support of the Movember Foundation. Toms is a supporter of the charity , with which it has partnered with for several years, including its WaterForward project, which aims to bring clean water to underdeveloped countries. An additional partner charity is FEED, a charity where a consumer will purchase a pair of shoes and the company will donate twelve meals to impoverished schools in addition to a pair of shoes for impoverished children.


title: Toms Shoes

text: The major mission of Toms is that a business, rather than a charity, would help their impact last longer. In his speech at the Second Annual Clinton Global Initiative Mycoskie states that his initial motivation was a disease called podoconiosis—a debilitating and disfiguring disease which causes one's feet to swell along with many other health implications. Also known as "Mossy Foot", podoconiosis is a form of elephantiasis that affects the lymphatic system of the lower legs. The disease is a soil-transmitted disease caused by walking in silica-rich soil. Toms currently works with factories nearby where they perform some of their shoe drops.


title: Toms Shoes

text: The Tom's 'One for One' model has inspired many different companies to adopt similar concepts. Warby Parker, launched in 2010, donates a pair of glasses to someone in need for every pair of glasses it sells. The social business Ruby Cup uses a 'Buy One Give One' model for their menstrual cup venture, benefiting women in Kenya. A Bristol chiropractic center influenced by Mycoskie's "Start Something That Matters" book started donating £1 to Cherish Uganda for every appointment attended. citizenAID North America launched in 2018, donates life-saving training to US teachers and educators.


title: Toms Shoes

text: In July 2011, Toms founder Blake Mycoskie participated in an event sponsored by the group Focus on the Family. After being criticized for supporting a socially conservative non-profit, Mycoskie posted an apology on his website stating that he and his handlers had not heard of Focus on the Family before participating in the event and decided it was a mistake. He also stated that he and the company support equal human and civil rights.


title: Decanter

text: A decanter is a vessel that is used to hold the decantation of a liquid (such as wine) which may contain sediment. Decanters, which have a varied shape and design, have been traditionally made from glass or crystal. Their volume is usually equivalent to one standard bottle of wine (0.75 litre).


title: Decanter

text: A carafe, which is also traditionally used for serving alcoholic beverages, is similar in design to a decanter but is not supplied with a stopper.


title: Decanter

text: Throughout the history of wine, decanters have played a significant role in the serving of wine. The vessels would be filled with wine from amphoras and brought to the table where they could be more easily handled by a single servant.


title: Decanter

text: The Ancient Romans pioneered the use of glass as a material. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, glass production became scarce causing the majority of decanters to be made of bronze, silver, gold, or earthenware. The Venetians reintroduced glass decanters during the Renaissance period and pioneered the style of a long slender neck that opens to a wide body, increasing the exposed surface area of the wine, allowing it to react with air.


title: Decanter

text: In the 1730s, British glass makers introduced the stopper to limit exposure to air. Since then, there has been little change to the basic design of the decanter.


title: Decanter

text: Although conceived for wine, other alcoholic beverages, such as cognac or single malt Scotch whisky, are often stored and served in stoppered decanters. Certain cognacs and malt whiskies are sold in decanters such as the 50-year-old single malt Dalmore or the Bowmore Distillery 22 Year Old.


title: Decanter

text: Liquid from another vessel is poured into the decanter in order to separate a small volume of liquid, containing the sediment, from a larger volume of "clear" liquid, which is free of such. In the process, the sediment is left in the original vessel, and the clear liquid is transferred to the decanter. This is analogous to racking, but performed just before serving.


title: Decanter

text: Decanters have been used for serving wines that are laden with sediments in the original bottle. These sediments could be the result of a very old wine or one that was not filtered or clarified during the winemaking process. In most modern winemaking, the need to decant for this purpose has been significantly reduced, because many wines no longer produce a significant amount of sediment as they age.


title: Decanter

text: Baskets called decanting cradles, usually made of wicker or metal, are used to decant bottles that have been stored on their side without needing to turn them upright, thereby avoiding stirring up sediment. These are particularly useful in restaurants, for service of a wine ordered during a meal, but less important at home, where a bottle can be stood upright the day before.


title: Decanter

text: Another reason for decanting wine is to aerate it, or allow it to "breathe". The decanter is meant to mimic the effects of swirling the wine glass to stimulate the oxidation processes which triggers the release of more aromatic compounds. In addition it is thought to benefit the wine by smoothing some of the harsher aspects of the wine (like tannins or potential wine faults like mercaptans).


title: Decanter

text: Many wine writers, such as author Karen MacNeil in the book "The Wine Bible", advocate decanting for the purposes of aeration, especially with very tannic wines like Barolo, Bordeaux, Cabernet Sauvignon, Port, and Rhône wines while noting that decanting could be harmful for more delicate wines like Chianti and Pinot noir.


title: Decanter

text: However, the effectiveness of decanting is a topic of debate, with some wine experts such as oenologist Émile Peynaud claiming that the prolonged exposure to oxygen actually diffuses and dissipates more aroma compounds than it stimulates, in contrast to the effects of the smaller scale exposure and immediate release that swirling the wine in a drinker's glass has.


title: Decanter

text: In addition it has been reported that the process of decanting over a period of a few hours does not have the effect of softening tannins. The softening of tannins occurs during the winemaking and oak aging when tannins go through a process of polymerization that can last days or weeks; decanting merely alters the perception of sulfites and other chemical compounds in the wine through oxidation, which can give some drinkers the sense of softer tannins in the wine.


title: Decanter

text: In line with the view that decanting can dissipate aromas, wine expert Kerin O'Keefe prefers to let the wine evolve slowly and naturally in the bottle, by uncorking it a few hours ahead, a practice suggested by wine producers such as Bartolo Mascarello and Franco Biondi Santi.


title: Decanter

text: Other wine experts, such as writer Jancis Robinson, tout the aesthetic value of using a decanter, especially one with an elegant design and made with clear glass, and believe that for all but the most fragile of wines that there is not much significant damage to the wine by decanting it.


title: Aashiq Banaya Aapne

text: Aashiq Banaya Aapne () is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language romantic thriller film starring Emraan Hashmi, Sonu Sood, Tanushree Dutta, and Navin Nischol. It was released on 2 September 2005. The film marked the debut of actress Tanushree Dutta and was shot under the banner Shagun Film Creations.


title: Aashiq Banaya Aapne

text: Karan loves Sneha but is too shy to ever express his feelings to her. Although Karan's feelings are evident to many, he is content in just seeing Sneha smile and never gathers the courage to tell her how he feels. On one occasion, Karan invites Sneha to a party, where she meets the charming and mischievous Vikram ("Vicky").


title: Aashiq Banaya Aapne

text: Vikram, aka Vicky is Karan's childhood friend. The exact opposite of Karan, Vicky is an extrovert and a notorious flirt. All three lives change when Vicky joins Karan and Sneha in college, and Sneha begins feeling drawn towards Vicky. However, Vicky is not convinced of Sneha's feelings. To prove her love towards Vicky, Sneha decides to seduce him and they make love. The next morning, Sneha confesses to Vicky that she loves him, and the previous night should end Vicky's doubts once and for all.


title: Aashiq Banaya Aapne

text: Fearing Vicky's intentions, Karan tries to talk him out of his relationship with Sneha, but Vicky assures him that this time he really is in love and not flirting. Karan feels he has lost the only woman he has ever loved but knows he cannot do anything about it. However, life goes on and the three of them share a special bond of friendship. Vicky also tries to help Karan with his love life by setting him up with another college friend, Chandni.


title: Aashiq Banaya Aapne

text: Everything seems to be going well between the two, but one night's incident, where Vicky is caught cheating with Chandni, leads to Karan breaking up with her. Things change, trust is broken, obsession and confusion ensue, and Sneha is heartbroken and taken aback. Vicky tries to talk to Sneha but Karan intervenes and fights with him. Sneha breaks them apart but takes Karan's side. Vicky parts from them but claims Sneha will always be his. One night, Sneha is left in a paranoid state after Vicky appears to call and maliciously text her, and subsequently pounds at her door and throws a rock through her window, with a message claiming Sneha as his own. Sneha then turns towards Karan for support. Vicky is later shown getting thrown in jail for possession of drugs. Over time, Karan finally musters the courage to propose to Sneha, with the approval of her father.


title: Aashiq Banaya Aapne

text: The night Sneha and Karan get engaged, Vicky is bailed out of jail and re-enters their lives, bringing Chandni along with him. Vicky gets Karan to confess the truth to Sneha of what really happened. It turns out that Karan could never get over liking Sneha, nor his jealousy towards Vicky. After walking in on them, Karan decides to have Vicky entirely removed from both their lives and begins to frame him in order to win Sneha's trust. It is revealed that Vicky was drugged and then seduced by Chandni at a time when Sneha would catch them together. Karan later steals Vicky's phone and harasses Sneha with it, and goes on to pound on her door and throw a rock through her window, in a similar way as Vicky had done before. Knowing that Vicky kept drugs for a friend, Karan tips off the police to have him arrested.


title: Aashiq Banaya Aapne

text: Sneha is shocked and horrified at Karan's misdeeds, saying that she now hates him. Karan then attempts suicide by holding a gun to his head. As Vicky and Sneha try to stop him, Karan fires a shot in Vicky's direction but instead kills Chandni. Vicky and Karan engage in a bloody fight which ends with the two and Sneha severely wounded and unconscious. All three are hospitalized as authorities investigate all the incidents. In the end, Karan is arrested for Chandni's murder but apologizes to Sneha and wishes her all the best. Sneha later reconciles with Vicky and they both profess their love for each other.


title: Aashiq Banaya Aapne

text: The soundtrack album marked the debut for Himesh Reshammiya as a singer in Bollywood. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, the album sold approximately 2,000,000 units. The song "Aashiq Banaya Aapne" was later re-composed for the film "Hate Story 4", sung by Reshammiya and Neha Kakkar.


title: Aashiq Banaya Aapne

text: Ziya Us Salam, reviewing for "The Hindu", wrote that Emraan Hashmi performs "with such mechanical ease that one would be forgiven for believing that a robot was at work". Rediff.com termed the story as being 'as old as the hills'. Taran Adarsh for Bollywood Hungama wrote that the film "looks like a collage of scenes, assembled in a film that abounds in mediocrity".


title: United States congressional delegations from Texas

text: These are tables of congressional delegations from the State of Texas to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives.


text: The current dean of the Texas delegation is Representative Eddie Bernice Johnson (TX-30), having served in the House since 1993.


text: Republicans have complete control of the congressional redistricting process in Texas, as any new maps are drawn and passed by the Republican-held state legislature and signed into law by the Republican governor.


text: Starting in the 2022 midterms, per the 2020 United States census, Texas will gain two new congressional seats.


text: Below is a table of United States congressional district boundary maps for the State of Texas, presented chronologically. All 10 redistricting events that took place in Texas in the decades between 1973 and 2013 are illustrated here.


text: After the 1870 United States census, Texas gained two seats. At first, the state used at-large seats, but after 1875 all the seats were districted.


text: After the 1910 United States census, Texas gained two seats. At first, they were elected at-large, but starting in 1919 all were districted. There was not a reapportionment after the 1920 United States census.


text: After the 1930 United States census, Texas gained three seats. At first, they were elected at-large, but starting in 1935 all were districted. There was no reapportionment after the 1940 United States census.


text: After the 1950 United States census, Texas gained one seat. At first, it was elected at-large, but starting in 1959 all were districted.


text: After the 1960 United States census, Texas gained one seat. At first, it was elected at-large, but starting in 1967 all were districted.


text: As typical, the delegation was redistricted for the 2002 elections. They were also redistricted in 2003, which gave Republicans a majority of seats after the 2004 elections.


title: Eggcorn

text: An eggcorn is the alteration of a phrase through the mishearing or reinterpretation of one or more of its elements, creating a new phrase having a different meaning from the original but which still makes sense and is plausible when used in the same context. Eggcorns often arise as people attempt to make sense of a stock phrase that uses a term unfamiliar to them, as for example replacing "Alzheimer's disease" with "old-timers' disease", or Shakespeare's "to the manner born" with "to the manor born".


title: Eggcorn

text: Eggcorns arise when people attempt to use analogy and logic to make sense of an expression – often a stock one – that includes a term which is not meaningful to them. For example, the stock expression "in one fell swoop" might be replaced by "in one foul swoop", the archaic adjective "fell" (for "fierce", "cruel", or "terrible") being replaced with the common word "foul" in order to convey the cruel/underhand meaning of the phrase as the speaker understands it.


title: Eggcorn

text: Eggcorns are of interest to linguists as they not only show language changing in real time, but can also shed light on how and why the change occurs.


title: Eggcorn

text: The term "eggcorn" (the original coinage was "egg corn", but quickly was contracted into one word), as used to refer to this kind of substitution, was coined by professor of linguistics Geoffrey Pullum in September 2003 in response to an article by Mark Liberman on the website "Language Log", a group blog for linguists. Liberman discussed the case of a woman who substituted the phrase "egg corn" for the word "acorn", and he argued that the precise phenomenon lacked a name. Pullum suggested using "egg corn" itself as a label.


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: Lake Louise is a hamlet within Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada. Named after Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, it lies in Alberta's Rockies on the Bow River, northeast of the lake that shares its name. Initially settled in 1884 as an outpost for the Canadian Pacific Railway, Lake Louise sits at an elevation of , making it Canada's highest community. The nearby lake, framed by mountains, is one of the most famous mountain vistas in the world; the famous Chateau Lake Louise also overlooks the lake.


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Indigenous peoples lived in the foothills and forests of the Rocky Mountains - including what is today Lake Louise, where they hunted bison and other big game animals. In the Stoney language of the Nakoda people the area is called , meaning "lake of the little fishes".


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: During the 1870s, the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) started. The railway was planned to run through Bow Valley. A Nakoda guide took CPR workman Tom Wilson to the site in 1882, and Wilson named it Emerald Lake. The hamlet was later called Holt City, and then Laggan, before being renamed Lake Louise. A ca. 1890 CPR station was replaced in 1910 but continued to be used by the railway company for other purposes until it was donated in 1976 to Heritage Park Historical Village in Calgary. The depot was moved to the park and restored to the era when the Lake Louise village was called Laggan. The 1910 station was declared a heritage railway station by the federal government in 1991, and has been preserved and today operates as a restaurant.


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: Lake Louise was added to Banff National Park in 1892, and has since become a tourist destination made accessible by its location off the Trans-Canada Highway.


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: The hamlet is located in Division No. 15, one of 19 census divisions of Alberta and the federal riding of Banff—Airdrie. It is located beside the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1), west of Calgary.


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: The background of Lake Louise is filled with views of several snow-capped mountains, including Mount Temple, Mount Whyte, and Mount Niblock.


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: Lake Louise experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfc"). Annual snowfall averages and although winter temperatures can fall below in January and February the averages are and respectively. Summers consist of frosty mornings and crisp, cool days. Snow can occur in any month of the year. Since lower elevations on said latitude have humid continental climates instead, it may also be described as a subalpine climate. Because of its high diurnal air temperature variation and high altitude, the frost-free period averages only 14 days.


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: Lake Louise recorded a population of 691 in the 2011 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada. Residents often change year to year, with workers in the service and tourism industries moving to the area for work.


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: Lake Louise features a shopping centre named Samson Mall. Lake Louise Ski Resort, a downhill ski area, is located across Highway 1. Chateau Lake Louise is southwest of the community on the shores of the lake.


title: Lake Louise, Alberta

text: The Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) runs adjacent to the community while Highway 1A begins at the entrance to the community. The southern terminus of the Icefields Parkway (Highway 93) is just north of the community.


title: Craig Federighi

text: Craig Federighi (born May 27, 1969) is an American engineer and business executive who is the senior vice president (SVP) of software engineering at Apple Inc. He oversees the development of iOS, iPadOS, macOS and Apple's common operating system engineering teams. His teams are responsible for delivering the software of Apple's products, including the user interface, applications and frameworks.


title: Craig Federighi

text: Federighi was born on May 27, 1969 in San Leandro, California. He graduated from Acalanes High School in Lafayette, California.


title: Craig Federighi

text: Federighi received a bachelor of science in electrical engineering and computer science and a master of science in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1991 and 1993, respectively.


title: Craig Federighi

text: Federighi worked under Steve Jobs at NeXT, where he led development of the Enterprise Objects Framework. He joined Apple when it acquired NeXT in 1996, but then left it in 1999 for Ariba, where held several roles including Chief Technology Officer.


title: Craig Federighi

text: Federighi returned to Apple in 2009 to lead macOS engineering, at a time when Apple had just finished developing Mac OS X Snow Leopard, which was highly regarded for its focus on speed and quality. In March 2011, Federighi succeeded Bertrand Serlet as vice president of Mac Software Engineering at Apple, and in August 2012 he was promoted to senior vice president, reporting to CEO Tim Cook. Upon Scott Forstall's departure from Apple, his role was expanded to encompass iOS in addition to macOS. In the following decade of Federighi's leadership, many observers noted a marked decline in the quality and security of Apple's software products.


title: Craig Federighi

text: As of September 2016, Federighi was reported to own more than 500,000 shares of Apple stock worth about US$180 million as of June 2020.


title: Craig Federighi

text: Within the community of Apple users and developers, Federighi is known for his energetic presentations of new Apple software, frequently featuring absurdist humor such as references to his hair, use of new software features to organize events such as office karaoke parties and camping trips, and his claimed love of the band Rush. A running gag in Federighi’s macOS presentations involves him describing the fictional exploits of the “crack product marketing team,” venturing naked through California in a Volkswagen Minibus and ultimately arriving at the location after which the version of the operating system is named. Federighi has some notable nicknames around Apple, such as "Hair Force One". Additionally, Apple CEO Tim Cook has called him "Superman".


title: Craig Federighi

text: His first appearance onstage during a major Apple event was at WWDC 2009, where he helped Bertrand Serlet introduce Mac OS X Snow Leopard. He made another appearance during 2010's 'Back to the Mac' presentation, showing off Mac OS X Lion. He introduced iOS 7 and OS X Mavericks at Apple's WWDC 2013 developer conference, and iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite at WWDC 2014. At WWDC 2015, he delivered most of Apple's 2-hour main opening-day presentation, introducing iOS 9 and OS X 10.11 "El Capitan", and revealing plans to release Apple's new programming language Swift as an open-source project. In September 2015, he demoed 3D Touch in the new iPhone 6S.


title: Craig Federighi

text: At WWDC 2016, Federighi introduced iOS 10 and macOS 10.12 "Sierra" and said that the 15-year-old OS X would be rebranded as "macOS" in tune with the naming scheme used for iOS, tvOS, and watchOS. He emphasized the use of widgets on the iOS lock screen and announced new APIs for Siri and iMessage that would be open to all developers. In March 2016, Federighi wrote an article for the Washington Post, stating that "I became an engineer because I believe in the power of technology to enrich our lives" as his motivation.


title: Craig Federighi

text: In 2017, Federighi announced that the Safari web browser would block cookies from following people from site to site.


title: Craig Federighi

text: At an Apple Special Event in September 2017, Federighi initially failed to properly demo the Face ID feature on the iPhone X. Apple stated that before the event, some Apple employees had inadvertently triggered Face ID on one of the demonstration phones, causing it to instead prompt for a passcode when Federighi attempted to unlock it.


title: Craig Federighi

text: At WWDC 2020, he was the lead presenter showcasing many of Apple's recent advancements. He also introduced iOS 14, iPadOS 14, and macOS 11 "Big Sur".


title: Craig Federighi

text: He made a cameo appearance within the September 2020 Apple Event, appearing briefly during a segment. However, he did not speak.


title: Craig Federighi

text: At the November 2020 Apple Special Event, a video of him “setting the mood” by waking a MacBook from sleep instantly became a meme.


title: Craig Federighi

text: In November 2021, he appeared at the Web Summit talking about the dangers of allowing sideloading in the iOS ecosystem


title: Dilbert principle

text: The Dilbert principle is a concept in management developed by Scott Adams, creator of the comic strip "Dilbert", which states that companies tend to systematically promote incompetent employees to management to get them out of the workflow. The Dilbert principle is inspired by the Peter principle, which holds that employees are promoted based on success in their current position until they reach their "level of incompetence" and are no longer promoted. Under the Dilbert principle, employees who were never competent are promoted to management to limit the damage they can do. Adams first explained the principle in a 1995 "Wall Street Journal" article, and expanded upon it in his 1996 business book "The Dilbert Principle".


title: Dilbert principle

text: In the "Dilbert" strip of February 5, 1995, Dogbert says that "leadership is nature's way of removing morons from the productive flow". Adams himself explained,


title: Dilbert principle

text: I wrote "The Dilbert Principle" around the concept that in many cases the least competent, least smart people are promoted, simply because they’re the ones you don't want doing actual work. You want them ordering the doughnuts and yelling at people for not doing their assignments—you know, the easy work. Your heart surgeons and your computer programmers—your smart people—aren't in management. That principle was literally happening everywhere.


title: Dilbert principle

text: Adams explained the principle in a 1995 "Wall Street Journal" article. Adams then expanded his study of the Dilbert principle in his 1996 book "The Dilbert Principle", which is required or recommended reading at some management and business programs. In the book, Adams writes that, in terms of effectiveness, use of the Dilbert principle is akin to a band of gorillas choosing an alpha-squirrel to lead them by an incredibly convoluted process. The book has sold more than a million copies and was on the "New York Times" bestseller list for 43 weeks.


title: Dilbert principle

text: The Dilbert principle can be compared to the Peter principle. As opposed to the Dilbert principle, the Peter principle assumes that people are promoted because they are competent, and that the tasks higher up in the hierarchy require skills or talents they do not possess. It concludes that due to this, a competent employee will eventually be promoted to, and then remain at, a position at which he or she is incompetent. In his book, "The Peter Principle", Laurence J. Peter explains "percussive sublimation", the act of kicking a person upstairs (i.e., promoting him to management) to get him out of the way of productive employees.


title: Dilbert principle

text: The Dilbert principle, by contrast, assumes that hierarchy just serves as a means for removing the incompetent to "higher" positions where they will be unable to cause damage to the workflow, assuming that the upper echelons of an organization have little relevance to its actual production, and that the majority of real, productive work in a company is done by people lower in the power ladder. Unlike the Peter principle, the promoted individuals were not particularly good at any job they previously held, so placing them in a supervisory position is a way to quietly remove them from the workforce without actually firing them, rather than a reward for meritorious service. An earlier formulation of this effect was known as Putt's Law.


title: Children of Heaven

text: Children of Heaven () is a 1997 Iranian family drama film written and directed by Majid Majidi. It deals with a brother and sister, and their adventures over a lost pair of shoes. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1998.


title: Children of Heaven

text: The film starts with Ali fetching his little sister Zahra's pink shoes after a cobbler has repaired them. He leaves them unattended to buy some potatoes. While he is pre-occupied, a homeless man picks up the shoes, hidden in a bag, thinking it was garbage and takes them away. Frantic to find them, the young boy, thinking the shoes fell behind the crates, knocks over plates of vegetables and is chased away by the grocer.


title: Children of Heaven

text: Ali's family lives in a poor South Tehran neighbourhood, and are having financial trouble, so he fears to tell his parents about the mishap. The landlord argues with Ali's mother because she is five months behind on the rent, and the grocer has not been paid in a while either. Ali tells Zahra about the shoes and begs her not to tell their mother; she agrees. That night, Ali's father scolds him for not helping his ill mother when she asked. While the siblings were doing their homework, they passed notes to each other discussing what to do. They devise a scheme to share Ali's Converse sneakers: Zahra will wear them to school in the morning and return them to Ali at midday so he can attend afternoon classes. Ali does well on a test and his teacher awards him a gold-colored pen with the others in his class that got good grades; he gives it to Zahra to partially make up for losing her shoes. However, the uncomfortable arrangement between him and his sister leads to Ali being late three times in a row, no matter how hard he runs; the first time the principal ignores him, the second time he gives him a warning, the third time he tells Ali to leave and return with his father who is at work trying to make money. Ali's teacher, noticing Ali's tears, persuades the principal that Ali is at the top of his class and to give the boy one more chance and let him back into class.


title: Children of Heaven

text: One day, Zahra notices her missing pink shoes on another student, Roya's feet. After class, Zahra secretly follows Roya home. She later brings Ali with her for a confrontation, but from hiding, they discover that Roya's father is blind, so they decide to leave. When Roya does well in her studies, her father buys her new violet shoes and throws away Zahra's. Zahra is dismayed when she finds out from her new friend.


title: Children of Heaven

text: Ali's father, anxious to earn more money, borrows some gardening equipment and heads off with Ali to the rich suburbs of North Tehran to find some gardening work. They try many places without success, though Ali proves to be a great help to his tongue-tied father. Finally, they come upon a mansion in which a six-year-old boy named Alireza lives under the care of his grandfather. While Ali plays with Alireza, his father works. When he is finished, Ali's father is surprised and elated by how generous the grandfather is. On the way home, Ali mentions in passing that Zahra could use a new pair of shoes; his father says that new shoes for his children is a good idea, however, their elation is short lived as their bicycle's brakes fail and the father is injured in the resulting crash.


title: Children of Heaven

text: Finally, Ali learns of a high-profile children's 4 kilometer footrace involving many schools; the third prize is one week at a vacation camp and a pair of sneakers. Ali sees this as his chance to earn a new pair of shoes for Zahra. To his bitter disappointment, in a hard-fought dash to the finish, he accidentally places first instead. Ali returns home where Zahra is waiting for him. However, before he can reveal to his sister his disappointment in his placement in the race, she is called away by their mother. In a separate scene, there is a quick shot of the children's father's bicycle as he's riding home, showing a pair of white and a pair of pink shoes among his purchases. In the final shot, Ali is dejected as his sneakers are torn from the race—he is then shown dipping his bare blistered feet in a pool.


title: Children of Heaven

text: The film was shot in Tehran. It was attempted to keep the filming secret in order to capture a more realistic image of the city. The production costs have been estimated at US$180,000. The film was distributed by Miramax.


title: Children of Heaven

text: "Children of Heaven" premiered in February 1997 at the Tehran Fajr Film Festival and was awarded several national film awards. It opened in the US on January 22, 1999, and earned a US box office total of $933,933. The worldwide total was $1,628,579.


title: Children of Heaven

text: Critical response to the film was highly positive. Some critics compared it to Vittorio de Sica's "Bicycle Thieves" (1948). Roger Ebert's review in the "Chicago Sun-Times" called it "very nearly a perfect movie for children" that "lacks the cynicism and smart-mouth attitudes of so much American entertainment for kids and glows with a kind of good-hearted purity".


title: Children of Heaven

text: In 1998, it became the first Iranian film to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, losing to the Italian film "Life Is Beautiful" by Roberto Benigni. The majority of its US earnings came after the nomination was announced. After the film had become well known worldwide due to the Oscar nomination, it was shown in several European, South American, and Asian countries between 1999 and 2001. It was successfully shown in numerous film festivals and won awards at the Fajr Film Festival, the World Film Festival, the Newport International Film Festival, the Warsaw International Film Festival, and the Singapore International Film Festival. It competed for the Grand Prize at the American Film Institute's festival of 1997.


title: Children of Heaven

text: While watching the film, Singaporean filmmaker Jack Neo and his wife were moved to "holding hands and crying after seeing the love shared by the children". "Children of Heaven" inspired Neo to explore issues faced by Singaporean youths in his 2002 film "I Not Stupid".


title: Children of Heaven

text: In the United Kingdom, the film was watched by 100,000 viewers on ITV1 in 2008, making it the year's most-watched foreign-language film on ITV. It was later watched by 100,000 UK viewers on ITV1 in 2009, again making it the year's most-watched foreign-language film on ITV. Combined, the film drew a UK viewership on ITV1 between 2008 and 2009.


title: Lacanianism

text: Lacanianism or Lacanian psychoanalysis is a theoretical system that explains the mind, behaviour, and culture through a structuralist and post-structuralist extension of classical psychoanalysis, initiated by the work of Jacques Lacan from the 1950s to the 1980s. Lacanian perspectives contend that the world of language, the Symbolic, structures the human mind, and stress the importance of desire, which is conceived of as endless and impossible to satisfy. Contemporary Lacanianism is characterised by a broad range of thought and extensive debate between Lacanians.


title: Lacanianism

text: Lacanianism has been particularly influential in post-structuralism, literary theory and feminist theory, as well as in various branches of critical theory, including queer theory. Equally, it has been criticised by the post-structuralists Deleuze and Guattari and by various feminist theorists. Its clinical relevance is limited and outside France it has had no influence on psychiatry. There is a Lacanian strand in left-wing politics, including Saul Newman's and Duane Rousselle's post-anarchism, Louis Althusser's structural Marxism, and the works of Slavoj Žižek and Alain Badiou. Influential figures in Lacanianism include Slavoj Žižek, Julia Kristeva and Serge Leclaire.


title: Lacanianism

text: Lacanians view the structure of the mind as defined by the individual's entry as an infant into the world of language, the Symbolic, through an Oedipal process. Like other post-structuralist approaches, Lacanianism regards the subject as an illusion created when an individual is signified (represented in language), but distinctively, this initial signification is incomplete, as there is always something about the subject which cannot be properly represented in language, which means that signification also divides the subject. The Symbolic is defined by the Other, those parts of the outside world with which the subject cannot identify, which is the place where signifiers are given meaning. Language is hence a discourse of the Other, outside conscious control.


title: Lacanianism

text: The unconscious mind is constituted by a network of empty signifiers that resurface in language—particularly dreams and Freudian slips—and Lacanian clinical practice focuses closely on the precise words used by the analysand (patient), which Lacan characterised as a "return to Freud". Analysis focuses largely on desire. Lacanians contend that desire cannot be satisfied, as the object and cause of desire is an unobtainable object, the objet petit a, which the subject continually associates with different things that they wrongly believe will satisfy their desire. Objet a exists as a consequence of the division of the subject in signification, so desire is said to result from an unsolvable lack at the heart of the subject.