title: Tim Hardin

text: Late in 2012 it was announced that a tribute album, "Reason to Believe:The Songs of Tim Hardin" featuring indie and alternative rock bands from Britain and America, was to be released in January 2013. Mark Lanegan, who sang the Hardin number "Red Balloon" on the album, told "Rolling Stone": "I've always been haunted by his devastating voice and beautiful songs...I can’t imagine anyone hearing him and not feeling the same". Another performer on the album, Canadian singer-songwriter Ron Sexsmith, noted of Hardin [that]..."you get what he’s telling you without him spelling it out...when it came time to make my first record I can remember keeping that in mind." Initially the album is described on one music website as appearing "surprisingly mainstream," but later acknowledged in the article as a "comprehensive package...[that]..transcends its limitations...[with the folkier songs]...capturing the fragility of Hardin’s original work without disrupting the moody, maudlin flow." The tribute album has also been described as providing an opportunity to focus more on Hardin's music than the issues with drugs and his early death.


title: Tim Hardin

text: Roger Daltrey chose Hardin's song "Dream" for his "commemorative CD of favorite music when he won the 2016 Music Industry Trusts Award for his services to music and charity..."[noting in the CD track notes]"...I was a huge fan of Tim."


title: Tim Hardin

text: On his third solo album recorded in 2015, Pete Sando, previously of the 1960s band Gandalf, included a song called "Misty Roses on a Stone" that he had co-written as a dedication to Hardin and said to be composed after a visit to the singer's grave. He acknowledged that he been very influenced by Hardin, noting in particular..."his lyrical economy and musical balance...just the sheer simplicity and beauty of his songs was so appealing."


title: Tim Hardin

text: It has been reported that Bob Dylan said Hardin was "the greatest living songwriter" after hearing his first album. In a 1980 interview when asked about the Dylan quote Hardin recalled: "Yeah, I played him part of the album one night and he started flipping out, you know. Man, he got down on his knees in front of me and said: Don't change your singing style and don't bleep 'a' blop..." In the same interview, Hardin did express some mixed feelings about Dylan, but in another article Brian Millar concluded [that] "Dylan was right: for some years Tim Hardin was the greatest songwriter alive. And just as no one sang Dylan like Dylan, no one sings Hardin like Hardin." Hardin was a direct descendent of John Wesley Hardin, a 19th-century outlaw, and it has been said that this provided the inspiration for Dylan's album "John Wesley Harding".


title: Tim Hardin

text: By 1967 after critical acclaim for his first album and the release of an earlier work entitled "This is Tim Hardin", Hardin was in demand to tour Europe and the United States and his songs were being widely covered. However there was evidence of a decline in the quality of his work noted as being due in part to "his own combativeness in the studio, addiction to heroin, drinking problems, and frustration over his lack of commercial success," and he began to miss shows and perform poorly, reputedly falling asleep on stage at London's Royal Albert Hall in 1968. At the time he was viewed as enigmatic, with one journalist stating that while "his position as one of the best songwriters of his generation is unquestioned...[he]...courted the scene in the most fumbling manner imaginable." The same writer notes Hardin's ambivalent relationship with his audience, often ignoring them, just singing "at times badly, at times beautifully...somehow always fascinating." It has been written that Hardin did have an "uninspired stage presence" in spite of having what the reporter said was "not a bad voice."


title: Tim Hardin

text: After his death in 1980, there was considerable reflective journalism about his impact. It was reported that, along with Leonard Cohen, Hardin was the only musician who could rival Bob Dylan in composing "deeply moving love songs," however the critic also noted that Hardin never gained the attention he deserved and when found dead, not one of his albums was still in print. Jon Marlow writing in the "Miami News" said he was not about to "glorify yet another dead junkie's lifestyle" but held that the "Tim Hardin Memorial" album is an "unheralded but still beautiful record of 12 songs that deserve your attention and money...has nothing to do with dead-hero worship...it's simply here to remind us that via his first two albums Tim Hardin made a lot of promises he couldn't keep." Another reviewer wrote of the memorial album that it "firmly establishes Hardin as an enduring and influential artist." The excesses of his lifestyle came under scrutiny and while it was never concluded whether he was a jazz rather than a folk artist, one reviewer noted that "few people who have never heard the poignant, often lonely, tone of [his] body of work would dispute the suggestion that he was one of the most affecting singer-songwriters of the modern pop era." It was said in the "Los Angeles Weekly" that Hardin's life showed drugs, alcohol and creativity were not a long-lasting or positive partnership, with the writer concluding: "I don't think Tim Hardin was ever really sure how good he was, and he rocketed from arrogance to despair conscious of the promises he couldn't keep..[he is]...gone, but the songs aren't and they will last."


title: Laparotomy

text: A laparotomy is a surgical procedure involving a surgical incision through the abdominal wall to gain access into the abdominal cavity. It is also known as a celiotomy.


title: Laparotomy

text: The first successful laparotomy was performed without anesthesia by Ephraim McDowell in 1809 in Danville, Kentucky. On July 13, 1881, George E. Goodfellow treated a miner outside Tombstone, Arizona Territory, who had been shot in the abdomen with a .32-caliber Colt revolver. Goodfellow was able to operate on the man nine days after he was shot, when he performed the first laparotomy to treat a bullet wound.


title: Laparotomy

text: The term comes from the Greek word λᾰπάρᾱ (lapara) 'the soft part of the body between the ribs and hip, flank' and the suffix "-tomy", from the Greek word τομή (tome) '(surgical) cut'.


title: Laparotomy

text: In diagnostic laparotomy (most often referred to as an exploratory laparotomy and abbreviated ex-lap), the nature of the disease is unknown, and laparotomy is deemed the best way to identify the cause.


title: Laparotomy

text: In therapeutic laparotomy, a cause has been identified (e.g. colon cancer) and the operation is required for its therapy.


title: Laparotomy

text: Usually, only exploratory laparotomy is considered a stand-alone surgical operation. When a specific operation is already planned, laparotomy is considered merely the first step of the procedure.


title: Laparotomy

text: Depending on incision placement, laparotomy may give access to any abdominal organ or space, and is the first step in any major diagnostic or therapeutic surgical procedure of these organs, which include:


title: Laparotomy

text: The most common incision for laparotomy is a vertical incision in the middle of the abdomen which follows the linea alba.


title: Laparotomy

text: Midline incisions are particularly favoured in diagnostic laparotomy, as they allow wide access to most of the abdominal cavity.


title: Laparotomy

text: Globally, there are few studies comparing perioperative mortality following laparotomy across different health systems. One major prospective study of 10,745 adult patients undergoing emergency laparotomy from 357 centres in 58 high-, middle-, and low-income countries found that mortality is three times higher in low- compared with high-HDI countries even when adjusted for prognostic factors. In this study the overall global mortality rate was 1.6 percent at 24 hours (high 1.1 percent, middle 1.9 percent, low 3.4 percent; P < 0.001), increasing to 5.4 percent by 30 days (high 4.5 percent, middle 6.0 percent, low 8.6 percent; P < 0.001). Of the 578 patients who died, 404 (69.9 percent) did so between 24 h and 30 days following surgery (high 74.2 percent, middle 68.8 percent, low 60.5 percent). Patient safety factors were suggested to play an important role, with use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist associated with reduced mortality at 30 days.


title: Laparotomy

text: Taking a similar approach, a unique global study of 1,409 children undergoing emergency laparotomy from 253 centres in 43 countries showed that adjusted mortality in children following surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed in these settings. Internationally, the most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries.


title: Laparotomy

text: Absorption of drugs administered orally was shown to be significantly affected following abdominal surgery.


title: Laparotomy

text: A related procedure is laparoscopy, where cameras and other instruments are inserted into the peritoneal cavity via small holes in the abdomen. For example, an appendectomy can be done either by a laparotomy or by a laparoscopic approach.


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Paranoia is a 2013 American thriller film directed by Robert Luketic. Barry L. Levy and Jason Hall wrote the screenplay, loosely based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Joseph Finder. It stars Liam Hemsworth, Gary Oldman, Amber Heard, and Harrison Ford. The film was released on August 16, 2013 and bombed at the box office, grossing $17 million against a budget of $35 million. It was described as "clichéd and unoriginal" by review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, where it has a 7% approval rating.


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Adam Cassidy is a low-level inventor who works for a corporation run by Nicholas Wyatt. After being fired for insubordination, Adam uses the company's credit card to pay for bottle service for his friends at a club. Wyatt and his enforcer, Miles Meechum, blackmail Adam into becoming a corporate spy for Wyatt by threatening to have him arrested for fraud.


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Adam is trained by Judith Bolton and infiltrates a company run by Wyatt's former mentor, Jock Goddard. He provides Goddard, who stole several of Wyatt's ideas, with an advanced software able to hack into cellphones, with potential military applications. FBI Agent Gamble interrogates Adam, revealing that three other employees of Wyatt who transferred to Goddard's company were found dead, but Adam ignores him.


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Adam finds out Emma Jennings, a woman he met during the party, is the Director of Marketing of Goddard's company. He initiates a relationship with Emma in order to steal files about Goddard's upcoming projects. Wyatt threatens to kill Adam's father, Frank Cassidy, if Adam doesn't steal a revolutionary prototype cellphone, called Occura developed by Goddard. Adam later finds out Meechum and Bolton are monitoring him, so he destroys the cameras in his apartment. In retaliation, Meechum runs over Adam's friend, Kevin, with a car, almost killing him. Adam is given 48 hours to steal the prototype.


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Adam uses Emma's thumbprint lifted from a spoon to gain security access to the company's vault. He is confronted there by Goddard, who intends to take over Wyatt's company with evidence that Adam was acting as Wyatt's spy. Emma finds out Adam used her. Adam recruits Kevin to help him. A meeting is set with Wyatt and Goddard, where it is revealed that Bolton has spied against Wyatt on Goddard's behalf. Both men speak of the crimes they have committed to sabotage each other's companies.


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Adam has secretly used software to transmit their conversation to Kevin, whose computer recordings are turned over to the FBI. Goddard, Wyatt, Bolton and Meechum are arrested by Gamble, while Adam is released for contributing to the FBI's investigation. He opens a small startup company in Brooklyn with Kevin and their friends, and reconciles with Emma, thanking her with a passionate kiss.


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Principal photography commenced on location in Philadelphia in July 2012, and returned for further filming at the end of November 2012. The first trailer was released on June 6, 2013.


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Relativity Media released "Paranoia" on August 16, 2013, and it was a box office bomb. The film debuted at #13 in the United States, generating only $3.5 million in its first weekend and going on to gross a total of $7.4 million in the US. It made $9.7 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $17.1 million. "Variety" magazine listed "Paranoia" as one of "Hollywood's biggest box office bombs of 2013".


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 7% of 107 critics have given "Paranoia" a positive review; the average rating is 3.81/10. Their consensus is: "Clichéd and unoriginal, "Paranoia" is a middling techno-thriller with indifferent performances and a shortage of thrills." On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 32 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Paranoia (2013 film)

text: Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" wrote, "Not since Taylor Lautner has Hollywood ogled a pretty boy this vacant and poorly prepared." Andrew Barker of "Variety" wrote, "No one seems paranoid enough in this indifferently made, nearly tension-free thriller." Stephen Farber of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "slick but muddled".


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: Kim Ki-bum (born August 21, 1987), known mononymously as Kibum, is a South Korean actor and singer. He was a member of Super Junior. After the release of Super Junior's third studio album "Sorry, Sorry" in 2009, Kim announced his leave from the group to pursue his acting career. In 2015, Kim announced he ended his contract with SM Entertainment and departure from the group. Kim made his television debut in the Korean television drama, "April Kiss", in 2004.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: Kim was born in Seoul, South Korea. He has a younger sister, Kim Sae-hee, who lives with his mother. One of his cousin is an actor and model, Shin Dong-wook. At the age of ten, he moved to Los Angeles, California, United States where he attended Santa Monica High School. In 2002, he was discovered by a talent agent from South Korea and was recommended to audition for the "Starlight Casting System" by SM Entertainment. Kim signed a contract with SM Entertainment and became an official trainee, being trained in areas of singing, acting, dancing, and other performing talents such as hosting and modeling. Although he resided in Seoul at the time, he constantly returned to Los Angeles to visit his family and to attend short school sessions.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: Kim debuted as an actor on April 21, 2004 in KBS drama "April Kiss" as young Han Jung Woo. This was followed in March 2005, with Joo Yeo Myeong in another KBS drama, "Sharp 2", co-starring labelmates Go Ara and Heechul. In November 2005 he played a small role in the MBC drama, "Marrying a Millionaire", appearing in one episode where he plays the young Kim Younghoon.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: Kim debut as part of 12-member rotational project group "Super Junior 05" on November 6, 2005 on SBS's music programme "Popular Songs", performing their first single, "TWINS (Knock Out)". Their debut album "SuperJunior05 (Twins)" was released a month later on December 5, 2005 and debuted at No. 3 on the monthly MIAK K-pop album charts.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: In 2006, he took on the lead role in the MBC daily sitcom, "Rainbow Romance", sharing the lead with Kim Heechul for 243 episodes. This was followed by Kim's second drama with Go Ara, "Snow Flower" in November on SBS. In March 2006, SM Entertainment began to recruit new members for the next Super Junior generation. However, plans changed and the company declared a halt in forming future Super Junior generations. Following the addition of thirteenth member Kyuhyun, the group dropped the suffix "05" and became officially credited as Super Junior. The re-polished group's first CD single "U" was released on June 7, 2006, which was their most successful single until the release of "Sorry, Sorry" in March 2009.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: He appeared in "Attack on the Pin-Up Boys", a 2007 high school Korean film that starred all members of Super Junior except Kyuhyun. He plays the narrator of the story; a student who investigates the mysterious happenings at school.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: In April 2008, Kim returned to acting after 16 months, starring in another daily MBC drama, "Chunja's Happy Events" alongside Wang Bitna. He was picked as the co-presenter of Thailand's "12 Plus Powder" along with the primary presenter, bandmate Choi Siwon, in early 2008. However, the co-presenter was switched to bandmate Donghae for another product of 12 Plus – "roll-on".


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: In 2009 when Super Junior released their third album, "Sorry, Sorry", Kim was absent during promotions for the first single, "Sorry, Sorry", leading to speculation that he left Super Junior, which was denied by both SM Entertainment and band members. When Super Junior released their second single, "It's You", Kim had no singing solo and was again absent from all promotions. SM finally issued a statement stating that Kim was busy with solo projects, and re-confirmed he would be absent from promotional activities, but that he had not left Super Junior. Even though he is featured in promotional material for their concert tour "Super Show 2 Tour", Kim did not take part due to an injury to his foot requiring six weeks of rest. After the release of "Sorry, Sorry – Answer", Kim who was absent from the music video, stated "Firstly, I am in the process of preparing for the play and releasing the drama. Whether I will participate in the fourth album, resume solo activities, or continue acting, need to be further discussed with my company".


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: In 2010, Kim starred in his second film "Jumunjin", released on the January 21. It is a love story of a ghost man (Kim) and a girl that lives in the country side. From January 26 to March 28, Kim starred in theatrical play "A Nap", at Baekam Art Hall in Samseong-dong, Seoul. He played a young version of male lead Young-jin with Lee Joo-seung. The play is based on a short story of the same name by Park Min-gyu and directed by filmmaker Hur Jin-ho. In May 2010 it was confirmed that Kim would neither participate in the fourth album, "Bonamana", nor any further Super Junior activities until further notice, as he would be focusing on his acting career.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: In October 2011 Kim played Joseon scholar-official Pak Paengnyeon in historical drama "Deep Rooted Tree".


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: In May 2012, Kim will star as the male lead Geum Eun-dong in "I Love Lee Tae-ri", where he plays a 14-year-old middle school student who goes to a performance of his favorite singer and becomes a man in his 20s, who is the secretary of a haughty heiress, Lee Tae-ri, played by Park Ye-jin.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: Kim will star as Duan Yu in the 2013 Chinese television drama, "The Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils" and the title character in 2014 Chinese television drama, "Lucky Tianbao".


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: On August 18, 2015, Kibum announced via his personal SNS that his contract with SM Entertainment had ended.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: In 2020, Kibum starred in his own YouTube Channel, “Yangban Kim Kibum”. Since his departure from Clover Company, the channel has ceased producing new content.


title: Kim Ki-bum

text: On January 13, 2022, it confirmed that Kibum left from Clover Company and signed an exclusive contract with PA Entertainment and plans to accelerate his acting activities in the future, starting with fan meetings in March 2022.


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: All Creatures Great and Small is a 1975 British film (copyrighted in 1974), directed by Claude Whatham and starring Simon Ward and Anthony Hopkins as Yorkshire vets James Herriot and Siegfried Farnon. It is based on the first two James Herriot novels (actually written by veterinary surgeon Alf Wight): "If Only They Could Talk" (1970) and "It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet" (1972).


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: The film was given the same title as the 1972 US compilation volume of these two novels. It is the first of a series of films and television series based on Herriot's work. A sequel was released in 1976, somewhat confusingly titled "It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet", although it actually covers the two following novels, "Let Sleeping Vets Lie" and "Vet in Harness".


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: In 1937, newly qualified vet James Herriot travels to Yorkshire for the post of assistant in Siegfried Farnon’s practice. He learns the facts of country life, but has to overcome the prejudices of the Darrowby locals who are sceptical of the novice vet's ability. In between cases, Herriot courts farmer’s daughter Helen Alderson.


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: The film was made for NBC's "Hallmark Hall of Fame" but it was theatrically released outside the US. The producers were Duane Bogie for FCB Productions and David Susskind for the Talent Associates.


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: According to one account, the budget was $1.2 million, nearly twice what NBC paid for it. Another account said the budget was $1 million, with $650,000 from NBC, $250,000 from EMI (who distributed), and $100,000 privately raised.


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: The lead role was given to Simon Ward, who later recalled, "I hadn't known the books and a lot of people hadn't known about them then, so at that time I wasn't taking on a national icon. It's always nerve-wracking playing a real person particularly if that real person is still alive and comes and sits on set watching you. Although Herriot was the most charming wonderful man who I really adored and kept in touch with till he died."


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: Filming started in May 1974, in the town of Malton, North Riding of Yorkshire. Studio work was done in London.


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: Ward said "The roughest thing was putting a hand up a pregnant mare... for the film I had to do it again and again."


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: Having passed the British censors in September 1974, the film wasn't released until 9 May 1975, when it opened in London at the small cinema Studio Two in Oxford Street. The Times' film critic David Robinson didn't like it ("'All Creatures Great and Small' is so wholesome and warmhearted it makes you want to scream. Not on account of these qualities in themselves, but because of the director's (Claude Whatham) inability to give them any more depth or meaning than a television series"), but acknowledged that Anthony Hopkins' and Simon Ward's playing made their characters somewhat believable.


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: A second film, "It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet" was released in 1976. John Alderton took over the role of James and Colin Blakely that of Siegfried, while Lisa Harrow returned as Helen. The film was directed by Eric Till from a script by Alan Plater.


title: All Creatures Great and Small (film)

text: Starting in 1978, there was a TV series based on the book, which was a huge ratings success in Britain and ran until 1990.


title: High-speed steel

text: It is often used in power-saw blades and drill bits. It is superior to the older high-carbon steel tools used extensively through the 1940s in that it can withstand higher temperatures without losing its temper (hardness). This property allows HSS to cut faster than high carbon steel, hence the name "high-speed steel". At room temperature, in their generally recommended heat treatment, HSS grades generally display high hardness (above Rockwell hardness 60) and abrasion resistance (generally linked to tungsten and vanadium content often used in HSS) compared with common carbon and tool steels.


title: High-speed steel

text: In 1868 English metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet developed Mushet steel, considered the forerunner of modern high-speed steels. It consisted of 2% carbon, 2.5% manganese, and 7% tungsten. The major advantage of this steel was that it hardened when air cooled from a temperature at which most steels had to be quenched for hardening. Over the next 30 years, the most significant change was the replacement of manganese with chromium.


title: High-speed steel

text: In 1899 and 1900, Frederick Winslow Taylor and Maunsel White ("né" Maunsel White III; 1856–1912; grandson of Maunsel White; 1783–1863), working with a team of assistants at the Bethlehem Steel Company at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, US, performed a series of experiments with heat treating existing high-quality tool steels, such as Mushet steel, heating them to much higher temperatures than were typically considered desirable in the industry. Their experiments were characterised by a scientific empiricism in that many different combinations were made and tested, with no regard for conventional wisdom or alchemic recipes, and detailed records kept of each batch. The result was a heat treatment process that transformed existing alloys into a new kind of steel that could retain its hardness at higher temperatures, allowing much higher speeds and rate of cutting when machining.


title: High-speed steel

text: The Taylor-White process was patented and created a revolution in machining industries. Heavier machine tools with higher rigidity were needed to use the new steel to its full advantage, prompting redesigns and replacement of installed plant machinery. The patent was contested and eventually nullified.


title: High-speed steel

text: The first alloy that was formally classified as high-speed steel is known by the AISI designation T1, which was introduced in 1910. It was patented by Crucible Steel Co. at the beginning of the 20th century.


title: High-speed steel

text: Although molybdenum-rich high-speed steels such as AISI M1 had seen some use since the 1930s, it was the material shortages and high costs caused by WWII that spurred development of less expensive alloys substituting molybdenum for tungsten. The advances in molybdenum-based high speed steel during this period put them on par with, and in certain cases better, than tungsten-based high speed steels. This started with the use of M2 steel instead of T1 steel.


title: High-speed steel

text: High speed steels are alloys that gain their properties from a variety of alloying metals added to carbon steel, typically including tungsten and molybdenum, or a combination of the two, often with other alloys as well. They belong to the Fe–C–X multi-component alloy system where X represents chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, or cobalt. Generally, the X component is present in excess of 7%, along with more than 0.60% carbon.


title: High-speed steel

text: In the unified numbering system (UNS), tungsten-type grades (e.g. T1, T15) are assigned numbers in the T120xx series, while molybdenum (e.g. M2, M48) and intermediate types are T113xx. ASTM standards recognize 7 tungsten types and 17 molybdenum types.


title: High-speed steel

text: The addition of about 10% of tungsten and molybdenum in total maximises efficiently the hardness and toughness of high speed steels and maintains those properties at the high temperatures generated when cutting metals.


title: High-speed steel

text: Combining molybdenum, tungsten and chromium steel creates several alloys commonly called "HSS", measuring 63–65 Rockwell "C" hardness.


title: High-speed steel

text: Lasers and electron beams can be used as sources of intense heat at the surface for heat treatment, remelting (glazing), and compositional modification. It is possible to achieve different molten pool shapes and temperatures, as well as cooling rates ranging from 10 to 10 K s. Beneficially, there is little or no cracking or porosity formation.


title: High-speed steel

text: While the possibilities of heat treating at the surface should be readily apparent, the other applications beg some explanation. At cooling rates in excess of 10 K s eutectic microconstituents disappear and there is extreme segregation of substitutional alloying elements. This has the effect of providing the benefits of a glazed part without the associated run-in wear damage.


title: High-speed steel

text: The alloy composition of a part or tool can also be changed to form a high speed steel on the surface of a lean alloy or to form an alloy or carbide enriched layer on the surface of a high speed steel part. Several methods can be used such as foils, pack boronising, plasma spray powders, powder cored strips, inert gas blow feeders, etc. Although this method has been reported to be both beneficial and stable, it has yet to see widespread commercial use.


title: High-speed steel

text: HSS drill bits formed by rolling are denoted HSS-R. Grinding is used to create HSS-G, cobalt and carbide drill bits.


title: High-speed steel

text: The main use of high-speed steels continues to be in the manufacture of various cutting tools: drills, taps, milling cutters, tool bits, hobbing (gear) cutters, saw blades, planer and jointer blades, router bits, etc., although usage for punches and dies is increasing.


title: High-speed steel

text: High speed steels also found a market in fine hand tools where their relatively good toughness at high hardness, coupled with high abrasion resistance, made them suitable for low speed applications requiring a durable keen (sharp) edge, such as files, chisels, hand plane blades, and damascus kitchen knives and pocket knives.


title: High-speed steel

text: High speed steel tools are the most popular for use in woodturning, as the speed of movement of the work past the edge is relatively high for handheld tools, and HSS holds its edge far longer than high carbon steel tools can.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: A maze can be generated by starting with a predetermined arrangement of cells (most commonly a rectangular grid but other arrangements are possible) with wall sites between them. This predetermined arrangement can be considered as a connected graph with the edges representing possible wall sites and the nodes representing cells. The purpose of the maze generation algorithm can then be considered to be making a subgraph in which it is challenging to find a route between two particular nodes.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: If the subgraph is not connected, then there are regions of the graph that are wasted because they do not contribute to the search space. If the graph contains loops, then there may be multiple paths between the chosen nodes. Because of this, maze generation is often approached as generating a random spanning tree. Loops, which can confound naive maze solvers, may be introduced by adding random edges to the result during the course of the algorithm.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: This algorithm, also known as the "recursive backtracker" algorithm, is a randomized version of the depth-first search algorithm.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Frequently implemented with a stack, this approach is one of the simplest ways to generate a maze using a computer. Consider the space for a maze being a large grid of cells (like a large chess board), each cell starting with four walls. Starting from a random cell, the computer then selects a random neighbouring cell that has not yet been visited. The computer removes the wall between the two cells and marks the new cell as visited, and adds it to the stack to facilitate backtracking. The computer continues this process, with a cell that has no unvisited neighbours being considered a dead-end. When at a dead-end it backtracks through the path until it reaches a cell with an unvisited neighbour, continuing the path generation by visiting this new, unvisited cell (creating a new junction). This process continues until every cell has been visited, causing the computer to backtrack all the way back to the beginning cell. We can be sure every cell is visited.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: As given above this algorithm involves deep recursion which may cause stack overflow issues on some computer architectures. The algorithm can be rearranged into a loop by storing backtracking information in the maze itself. This also provides a quick way to display a solution, by starting at any given point and backtracking to the beginning.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Mazes generated with a depth-first search have a low branching factor and contain many long corridors, because the algorithm explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: The depth-first search algorithm of maze generation is frequently implemented using backtracking. This can be described with a following recursive routine:


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: A disadvantage of the first approach is a large depth of recursion – in the worst case, the routine may need to recur on every cell of the area being processed, which may exceed the maximum recursion stack depth in many environments. As a solution, the same backtracking method can be implemented with an explicit stack, which is usually allowed to grow much bigger with no harm.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: There are several data structures that can be used to model the sets of cells. An efficient implementation using a disjoint-set data structure can perform each union and find operation on two sets in nearly constant amortized time (specifically, formula_1 time; formula_2 for any plausible value of formula_3), so the running time of this algorithm is essentially proportional to the number of walls available to the maze.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: It matters little whether the list of walls is initially randomized or if a wall is randomly chosen from a nonrandom list, either way is just as easy to code.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Because the effect of this algorithm is to produce a minimal spanning tree from a graph with equally weighted edges, it tends to produce regular patterns which are fairly easy to solve.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Note that simply running classical Prim's on a graph with random edge weights would create mazes stylistically identical to Kruskal's, because they are both minimal spanning tree algorithms. Instead, this algorithm introduces stylistic variation because the edges closer to the starting point have a lower effective weight.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Although the classical Prim's algorithm keeps a list of edges, for maze generation we could instead maintain a list of adjacent cells. If the randomly chosen cell has multiple edges that connect it to the existing maze, select one of these edges at random. This will tend to branch slightly more than the edge-based version above.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: The algorithm can be simplified even further by randomly selecting cells that neighbour already-visited cells, rather than keeping track of the weights of all cells or edges.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: It will usually be relatively easy to find the way to the starting cell, but hard to find the way anywhere else.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: All the above algorithms have biases of various sorts: depth-first search is biased toward long corridors, while Kruskal's/Prim's algorithms are biased toward many short dead ends. Wilson's algorithm, on the other hand, generates an "unbiased" sample from the uniform distribution over all mazes, using loop-erased random walks.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: We begin the algorithm by initializing the maze with one cell chosen arbitrarily. Then we start at a new cell chosen arbitrarily, and perform a random walk until we reach a cell already in the maze—however, if at any point the random walk reaches its own path, forming a loop, we erase the loop from the path before proceeding. When the path reaches the maze, we add it to the maze. Then we perform another loop-erased random walk from another arbitrary starting cell, repeating until all cells have been filled.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: This procedure remains unbiased no matter which method we use to arbitrarily choose starting cells. So we could always choose the first unfilled cell in (say) left-to-right, top-to-bottom order for simplicity.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Mazes can be created with "recursive division", an algorithm which works as follows: Begin with the maze's space with no walls. Call this a chamber. Divide the chamber with a randomly positioned wall (or multiple walls) where each wall contains a randomly positioned passage opening within it. Then recursively repeat the process on the subchambers until all chambers are minimum sized. This method results in mazes with long straight walls crossing their space, making it easier to see which areas to avoid.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: For example, in a rectangular maze, build at random points two walls that are perpendicular to each other. These two walls divide the large chamber into four smaller chambers separated by four walls. Choose three of the four walls at random, and open a one cell-wide hole at a random point in each of the three. Continue in this manner recursively, until every chamber has a width of one cell in either of the two directions.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Other algorithms exist that require only enough memory to store one line of a 2D maze or one plane of a 3D maze. Eller's algorithm prevents loops by storing which cells in the current line are connected through cells in the previous lines, and never removes walls between any two cells already connected. The Sidewinder algorithm starts with an open passage along the entire top row, and subsequent rows consist of shorter horizontal passages with one connection to the passage above. The Sidewinder algorithm is trivial to solve from the bottom up because it has no upward dead ends. Given a starting width, both algorithms create perfect mazes of unlimited height.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Most maze generation algorithms require maintaining relationships between cells within it, to ensure the end result will be solvable. Valid simply connected mazes can however be generated by focusing on each cell independently. A binary tree maze is a standard orthogonal maze where each cell always has a passage leading up or leading left, but never both. To create a binary tree maze, for each cell flip a coin to decide whether to add a passage leading up or left. Always pick the same direction for cells on the boundary, and the end result will be a valid simply connected maze that looks like a binary tree, with the upper left corner its root. As with Sidewinder, the binary tree maze has no dead ends in the directions of bias.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: A related form of flipping a coin for each cell is to create an image using a random mix of forward slash and backslash characters. This doesn't generate a valid simply connected maze, but rather a selection of closed loops and unicursal passages. The manual for the Commodore 64 presents a BASIC program using this algorithm, using PETSCII diagonal line graphic characters instead for a smoother graphic appearance.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Certain types of cellular automata can be used to generate mazes. Two well-known such cellular automata, Maze and Mazectric, have rulestrings B3/S12345 and B3/S1234. In the former, this means that cells survive from one generation to the next if they have at least one and at most five neighbours. In the latter, this means that cells survive if they have one to four neighbours. If a cell has exactly three neighbours, it is born. It is similar to Conway's Game of Life in that patterns that do not have a living cell adjacent to 1, 4, or 5 other living cells in any generation will behave identically to it. However, for large patterns, it behaves very differently from Life.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: For a random starting pattern, these maze-generating cellular automata will evolve into complex mazes with well-defined walls outlining corridors. Mazecetric, which has the rule B3/S1234 has a tendency to generate longer and straighter corridors compared with Maze, with the rule B3/S12345. Since these cellular automaton rules are deterministic, each maze generated is uniquely determined by its random starting pattern. This is a significant drawback since the mazes tend to be relatively predictable.


title: Maze generation algorithm

text: Like some of the graph-theory based methods described above, these cellular automata typically generate mazes from a single starting pattern; hence it will usually be relatively easy to find the way to the starting cell, but harder to find the way anywhere else.


title: Dm-drogerie markt

text: dm-drogerie markt (usually abbreviated as dm) is a chain of retail stores headquartered in Karlsruhe, Germany, offering cosmetics, healthcare items, household products and health food and drinks. The company was founded in 1973 when it opened its first store in Karlsruhe.


title: Dm-drogerie markt

text: In its industry sector, dm-drogerie markt is Germany's largest retailer measured by revenues. The company is known for its flat hierarchical structures and high level of social commitment. Götz Werner claimed that the well-being of employees is more important than the company's returns.


title: Dm-drogerie markt

text: dm has more than 62,600 people employed in more than 3,700 stores in twelve European countries. In the 1970s, dm only had outlets in Germany and Austria. In the 1990s, it opened stores in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Croatia. In the 2000s the company expanded to Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Italy and Poland.


title: Dm-drogerie markt

text: In March 2017, for the first time in its history, dm-drogerie markt started selling to consumers outside Europe with an Alibaba Group's Tmall Global cross-border flagship store to China. This expansion was initiated and is managed by a Shanghai-based Tmall Partner oddity Asia.


title: Trump travel ban

text: The Trump travel ban (labeled the "Muslim ban" by critics) denotes a series of executive actions enacted by Donald Trump as President of the United States in 2017. First, Executive Order 13769 placed stringent restrictions on travel to the United States for citizens of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. Following protests and legal challenges, a second order, Executive Order 13780, amended some provisions of the first order, and removed Iraq from the list. Finally, Presidential Proclamation 9645 added restrictions on Chad, North Korea, and Venezuela, while Sudan was removed.


title: Trump travel ban

text: On January 31, 2020, the Trump administration announced the expansion of the travel ban on six more countries: Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Nigeria, Sudan, and Tanzania. On January 20, 2021, newly-inaugurated president Joe Biden issued a proclamation revoking the Trump travel bans.


title: Trump travel ban

text: On December 7, 2015, as a candidate for president, Donald Trump called for "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States until our country's representatives can figure out what the hell is going on." His comments were condemned by several of his competitors for the Republican nomination, including Chris Christie, Jeb Bush, Marco Rubio, and Lindsey Graham, as well as by several Republican state party chairmen, civil rights activist Ibrahim Hooper of the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), and Democratic candidates for president Bernie Sanders and Martin O'Malley.


title: Trump travel ban

text: In the days after the first executive order was issued, White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer objected to the characterization of the executive order as a "travel ban". However, Trump himself referred to his actions as a "travel ban". In early May 2017, Spicer was asked by a reporter "If this White House is no longer calling this a 'Muslim ban'...why does the president's website still explicitly call for 'preventing Muslim immigration'?" After the question was asked, the text "DONALD J. TRUMP STATEMENT ON PREVENTING MUSLIM IMMIGRATION" was removed from Trump's campaign website.


title: Trump travel ban

text: All three travel bans were challenged in court. This delayed implementation and motivated the second and third revisions; eventually Presidential Proclamation 9645 and its accompanying travel ban was upheld in the Supreme Court.


title: Trump travel ban

text: More than 135 million people lived in countries affected by the original ban (which has since been expanded). Muslim countries were most affected — Iran, Somalia, Yemen, Libya, and Syria experienced a 92%, 86%, 83%, 80%, 83%, and 77% decrease in the number of immigrant visas to the United States compared to the previous year.


title: Trump travel ban

text: The United States government has a system to provide 'waivers' as exceptions to people affected from the countries who need visas. The waivers are granted at the discretion of the consular officers who review the applications. The waiver is granted to those facing a lot of undue hardship that requires them to be with their loved ones in the United States. For example, if a family member in the United States is dying, a person from the country with a travel ban on it would be granted a waiver to see their family member one last time. However, getting a waiver doesn't guarantee entry to the country. After being approved for the waiver the applicants must still apply for a visa. Only 2% of the people who applied for the waiver were granted one. From 33,176 applicants through April 30, 2018, 579 applicants had been granted the waiver.


title: Trump travel ban

text: On January 20, 2021, in his second proclamation as president after being inaugurated earlier that day, Joe Biden issued Proclamation 10141 to revoke the Trump travel bans (Executive Order 13780, and Proclamations 9645, 9723, and 9983).


title: Trump travel ban

text: During his presidential campaign, Donald Trump called for the suspension of immigration to the United States from seven "terror prone" countries. In January 2017, he signed an executive order partially implementing that policy and halving annual U.S. refugee intake from 100,000 to 50,000.


title: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) (film)

text: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) is a 1972 American sex comedy anthology film directed by Woody Allen. It consists of a series of short sequences loosely inspired by David Reuben's 1969 book of the same name.


text: The film was an early success for Woody Allen, grossing over $18 million in North America alone against a $2 million budget, making it the 10th highest-grossing film of 1972.


text: The credits at the start and close of the film are played over a backdrop of a large mass of white rabbits, to the tune of "Let's Misbehave" by Cole Porter.


text: The film holds an 89% "Fresh" rating of on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 19 reviews.


text: An August 1972 review by "Time" said that many of the film's ideas "sound good on paper" but that the "skits wind down rather than take off from the ideas"; the film includes "some broad, funny send-ups of other movies ("Fantastic Voyage", "La notte"), and its fair share of memorably wacky lines" but that "overall it is just Woody marking time and being merely a little funnier".


text: The "Time Out Film Guide" noted that some of the film's sketches are "dross, but the parodies of Antonioni (all angst and alienation of a wife who can achieve orgasm only in public places) and of TV panel games ('What's My Perversion?') are brilliantly accurate and very funny. Best of all is the sci-fi parody entitled "What Happens During Ejaculation?""


text: In 2004, Christopher Null, founder of filmcritic.com, called it a "minor classic and Woody Allen's most absurd film ever".


text: The film was banned in Ireland on March 20, 1973. A cut version was passed in 1979 and released theatrically in 1980, removing both a bestiality reference ("the greatest lay I ever had", referring to a sheep) and a man having sex with a bread loaf. The ban on the uncut version was eventually lifted.


title: Edward Gaming

text: EDG's "League of Legends" team, officially called EDG Hycan, competes in the "League of Legends" Pro League (LPL) and plays home games at the Shanghai Electric Industrial Park. It is the only LPL team to have won both the Mid-Season Invitational and the World Championship, in 2015 and 2021 respectively.


title: Edward Gaming

text: Edward Gaming (EDG) first entered the professional "League of Legends" scene in September 2013. EDG secured a spot in the 2014 LPL Spring Split by acquiring the slot of LMQ, which had left to compete in the 2014 NA Challenger Series. EDG's first acquisitions were Jie and former Positive Energy AD carry NaMei, who both signed with the team on 10 February. Soon after on 12 February, they acquired former World Elite players ClearLove and fzzf as their jungler and support, as well as Koro1 as their top laner.


title: Edward Gaming

text: EDG gained a reputation as a "super team", emerging as the champions of the 2014 LPL Spring Split on 25 May.


title: Edward Gaming

text: They continued to perform well into the 2014 LPL Summer Split, finishing in first place in both the regular season and playoffs. In the finals of the playoffs on 24 August, they defeated OMG in the LPL Spring Final on 24 August. In addition to their LPL success, EDG also found success in other events, finishing top two at every major tournament they competed in. EDG won the 2014 China Regional Finals on 7 September, securing the first seed from China at the 2014 World Championship. However, EDG underperformed at the World Championship. The team tied for second in their group with ahq e-Sports Club and ended up losing to fellow LPL team Star Horn Royal Club 2–3 in the first round of playoffs.


title: Edward Gaming

text: On 12 September, EDG won the X Championship Season I. On 26 October, EDG placed first at the 2014 NVIDIA Game Festival. On 2 November, EDG finished in second place at the 2014 National Electronic Sports Tournament (NEST 2014). Samsung Galaxy Blue AD carry Deft announced on 11 November that he had joined EDG. On 2 December, mid laner PawN joined EDG from Samsung Galaxy White. EDG won the 2014 National Electronic Sports Open, defeating LGD Gaming in the finals on 7 December. On 13 December, they placed first at Demacia Cup Season 2. On 17 December, Azure, now known as Meiko, joined the team.


title: Edward Gaming

text: On 4 January, NaMei left the team and joined Star Horn Royal Club. On 15 January, the day before the beginning of the 2015 LPL Spring Split, fzzf announced his retirement. He was replaced temporarily by Mouse, who played with the team at the G-League 2014 Finals, and in the first two weeks of the LPL Spring Split.


title: Edward Gaming

text: From week three of the split, Meiko played as the team's support. On 26 April, Reapered joined as a coach. EDG finished first in the 2015 LPL Spring Playoffs, defeating LGD 3–2 in the finals. EDG's LPL Spring title qualified them for the inaugural Mid-Season Invitational.


title: Edward Gaming

text: EDward Gaming beat SK Telecom T1 in the finals of the 2015 Mid-Season Invitational and were crowned as the tournament's inaugural champions.


title: Edward Gaming

text: In January 2016, in the 2015 GHL Storm Hero Gold Finals, EDG lost to eStar 2–4 and finished runners-up. In June 2016, EDG E-sports Club officially announced the suspension of the Storm Hero Project.


title: Edward Gaming

text: On 23 April 2016, in the 2016 LPL Spring Final, EDG lost to Royal Never Give Up (RNG) 1–3 and finished runners-up.


title: Edward Gaming

text: EDG qualified for the 2016 LPL Summer Playoffs thanks to their placement in the regular season. EDG lost to RNG 0–3 in the 2015 LPL Summer Final and received the second seed for the LPL at the 2016 World Championship.


title: Edward Gaming

text: EDG tied with AHQ after the group stage, and the former qualified for the quarterfinals after beating the latter in a tiebreaker match. On 16 October 2016, EDG lost to South Korean team ROX Tigers 1–3 in the quarterfinals and was eliminated from the tournament. In the Demacia Cup held in December 2016, EDG defeated RNG 3–1 and advanced to the finals. In the final, EDG defeated the I May and set a record of five consecutive tournament championships by an LPL team.


title: Edward Gaming

text: In April 2017, EDG lost to RNG 1–3 in the LPL Spring Playoffs semifinals and followed up with a 3–2 victory over OMG, finishing third. In the LPL Summer Split, the EDG defeated Invictus Gaming (IG) in the second round of playoffs to advance to the finals. In the final, EDG defeated RNG to win their fifth LPL title and qualify for the 2017 World Championship. EDG was eliminated from the 2017 World Championship after failing to place top two in their group, ending with a 2–4 record.


title: Edward Gaming

text: In 2017, the club officially established EDG.M as its mobile division and acquired the original 2016 World Cyber Games champion roster. In the Kings Glory Champions Cup, EDG lost 2–4 to the Qiao Gu Reapers in the quarterfinals.


title: Edward Gaming

text: In July 2017, EDG and Tyloo announced their new strategic partnership, stating that they would jointly train new players and help cultivate CS:GO talent in China. In November, the two teams created a jointly-owned "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds" team.


title: Edward Gaming

text: On 31 October 2017, EDG and Lyon Esports announced their joint venture to establish "Lyon China" to compete in "FIFA Online 3" esports tournaments.


title: Edward Gaming

text: In the 2018 LPL Spring Split, EDG advanced to the playoffs after finishing first in the regular season, defeating Rogue Warriors before losing to RNG in the finals and finishing runners-up.


title: Edward Gaming

text: On 4 May 2018, EDG announced the completion of a nearly ¥100 million Pre-A round of financing, with the joint lead investor being the China Idol Entertainment Industry Fund, which is dominated by Capital and CIC Zhongcai.


title: Edward Gaming

text: EDG placed sixth in the regular season of the 2020 LPL Spring Split with a record of 9 wins and 7 losses. In the first round of the playoffs, they defeated RNG and advanced to the second round. In the second round, they lost 1–3 to FunPlus Phoenix (FPX). EDG placed ninth in the regular season of the 2020 LPL Summer Split with a record of 8 wins and 8 losses and failed to qualify for the playoffs; the team's worst domestic performance to date.


title: Edward Gaming

text: EDG won the 2021 World Championship, and became the first team to do so while playing three full best-of-five series.


title: Edward Gaming

text: During the 2022 League of Legends World Championship, Edward Gaming finished 5-8th after losing 2-3 to DRX, becoming the second team in World Championship history to be reverse swept at the event.


title: Zettai ryōiki

text: The ideal "zettai ryōiki" ratio for the length of the miniskirt, the exposed portion of thigh, and the over-knee part of the socks is 4:1:2.5, with a tolerance of 25%. The ratio has also been referred to as a among fans.


title: Zettai ryōiki

text: "Zettai ryōiki" fans have also assigned letter grades for the ratio variants, from grade E (too much leg is seen, the skirt is also too long) to grade A (short skirt, high socks, short exposed area). Some fans have conceived of a grade S character which adds the criteria of a twintails hairstyle and a "tsundere" (cold on the outside, warm on the inside) personality.


title: Zettai ryōiki

text: The term originates from the 1995 anime series "Neon Genesis Evangelion", where it was used with a different meaning. In an insert leaflet that came with VHS cassettes, the expression ("Ryōiki" both translates to 'field' and 'territory') was used as a translation of the English-language term from the anime into Japanese. An A.T. Field was a type of a protective energy shield, dubbed a and made a being using it impervious to attacks. Also, the term could refer to . The "Neon Genesis Evangelion" manga also gave a shortened version of the term, "Zettai Ryōiki", in furigana next to the words "A.T. Field". The idea of a "holy area no one can intrude upon" was where the current meaning of the term originated. The expression first spread in the "otaku" community and then became widely used outside of the subculture. For example, it is now included in the general-purpose dictionary "Daijisen".


title: Zettai ryōiki

text: "Zettai ryōiki" was originally only applicable to a combination of miniskirt and overknee socks, but with its popularization it started being used toward outfits which featured other kinds of hosiery and bottom clothing, including, for example, thigh highs, knee highs, stockings, garters, hotpants, and swimsuits.


title: Zettai ryōiki

text: The clothing combination is very popular in Japan. As with loose socks, a special "socks glue" can be used to glue the socks to the legs for a perfect look.


title: Zettai ryōiki

text: Japanese advertising agency WIT launched a campaign in 2013 which paid women to wear temporary tattoos on their upper thighs promoting various products and media. They were encouraged to wear skirts and long socks to highlight the area.


title: Zettai ryōiki

text: On February 8, 2014, a specialty shop named Zettai Ryōiki dedicated to overknee socks and tights opened in Akihabara, Tokyo.


title: Zettai ryōiki

text: On February 13, 2006, the Japanese company Banpresto, which produced video games based on "Neon Genesis Evangelion", filed two applications for registration of the term "Zettai Ryōiki" as a trade mark. Both applications were rejected on June 26 of the same year, on the basis of unpaid registration fees.


title: Brown–Forman

text: The Brown–Forman Corporation is an American company, one of the largest in the spirits and wine business. Based in Louisville, Kentucky, it manufactures several well known brands throughout the world, including Jack Daniel's, Old Forester, Woodford Reserve, GlenDronach, BenRiach, Glenglassaugh, Finlandia, Herradura, Korbel, and Chambord. Brown–Forman formerly owned Southern Comfort and Tuaca before selling them off in 2016.


title: Brown–Forman

text: As of fiscal 2016 the company had sales of $3.08 billion. The roughly 40 members of the Brown family, cousins that are descendants of founder George Garvin Brown, control more than 70% of the voting shares and in 2016 had a net worth of $12.3 billion.


title: Brown–Forman

text: The company was founded in 1870 by George Garvin Brown, a young pharmaceuticals salesman in Louisville, who had the then-novel idea of selling top-grade whiskey in sealed glass bottles.


title: Brown–Forman

text: In 1890, the organisation's name was changed to Brown–Forman and Company in order to reflect the partnership. Despite the prohibitionist movement in America, the company prospered.


title: Brown–Forman

text: George Forman died in 1901, and Brown purchased his stock. Shorty after this, Brown–Forman was incorporated.


title: Brown–Forman

text: In 1904, Owsley Brown, George Garvin Brown's son, came into the business. When George Garvin Brown died at the age of 70 in 1917, his son, Owsley, took over as president of Brown–Forman.


title: Brown–Forman

text: With the onset of Prohibition in the United States, Brown–Forman was granted one of six national licenses to produce medicinal whiskey.


title: Brown–Forman

text: In 2005, the company sold its Lenox division (one of the oldest and most famous manufacturers of fine china in the United States), which had been acquired in 1983, to Department 56 for $160 million. The income generated by the sale was distributed to the shareholders in the form of a one time special dividend.


title: Brown–Forman

text: In 2006, the company acquired the Chambord liqueur brand (a super-premium black raspberry liqueur produced in France) for $255 million.


title: Brown–Forman

text: In 2007, the company acquired Tequila Herradura, a Mexican company that produces the Casa Herradura tequila brand (a super-premium tequila produced in Mexico) for $776 million, while it also sold its Hartman Luggage division (one of the leaders in the travel goods industry and originally a subdivision of Lenox), to Clarion Capitol Partners. One year later, it sold the Bolla and Fontana Candida Italian wine brands to Gruppo Italiano Vini (GIV). The terms of neither sale were disclosed.


title: Brown–Forman

text: In 2011, the company sold Fetzer Vineyards and associated brands to Chilean wine producer Viña Concha y Toro S.A. for $238 million.


title: Brown–Forman

text: In 2016, Brown–Forman also reached an agreement to purchase The BenRiach Distillery Company Limited for approximately £285 million. The purchase brought GlenDronach, BenRiach, and Glenglassaugh to Brown–Forman's portfolio.


title: Brown–Forman

text: The company is a sponsor of the Brown–Forman Retailer of the Year awards given by the American Beverage Licensees.


title: Brown–Forman

text: Brown–Forman has two classes of common stock, both of which are traded publicly on the New York Stock Exchange. The Class A shares carry voting privileges and are thinly traded due to control by the Brown family while the Class B shares are non-voting stock.


title: Brown–Forman

text: In 2009, "Newsweek" magazine ranked Brown–Forman in their "Green Rankings" which examines 500 of the largest corporations on their environmental track record. Brown–Forman was ranked 63rd out of 500 overall, and was ranked 3rd in the food and beverage industry sector.


title: Brown–Forman

text: In 2011, Brown–Forman was accused of illegally subsidizing its distributors in China, and subsequently delaying payment to them as agreed under contract. The Shanghai Administration for Industry and Commerce fined Brown–Forman 2 million renminbi (US$320,000) for illegal subsidization.


title: 91 Days

text: 91 Days is a Japanese anime television series. Set during the United States Prohibition era, the series follows Angelo Lagusa and his quest to seek revenge against the Vanetti Family. The series aired from July 9, 2016 to October 1, 2016.


title: 91 Days

text: The story is set in the fictional form of America during the last years of Prohibition in 1932, where brewed liquor dominates the black market thanks to the Italian Mafia. Angelo Lagusa, a young man whose family was murdered in a Mafia dispute, seeks revenge against the Vanetti Family, particularly its Don, Vincent Vanetti which is the Mafiosi that controls Lawless district, and one of the high ranking members of the Cosa Nostra. After seven years in hiding in the Midwest following the night of the murder, Angelo receives an anonymous letter from a friend of his father's, prompting him to return to Lawless and exact his revenge. Under the name of Avilio Bruno, he begins to infiltrate the Vanetti clan by slowly befriending the Don's son, Nero. However, in this dramatic 91-day story, revenge breeds revenge, and killing may yield drastic consequences. How will Angelo Lagusa and Nero Vanetti fare, in this tragic harvest field that they have only begun to sow?


title: 91 Days

text: The Vanetti Family origins from Savoca, Sicily. When Vincenzo Vanetti immigrated to USA, due to the economic crisis, he dreamed of building an Empire that he can rule. He got Made in the Moreno Family through Ganzo Alari. He served under the Morenos for years, which had Lawless district and West Chicago on their palms, but the Morenos and the Galassias didn’t get along with each other, and Vincent took the opportunity to increase his own power by dealing with the Galassias in secrecy with Alari's help, but Don Moreno’s accountant, Testa Lagusa found out about this. In April of 1925, Vincent killed Don Moreno and the Lagusas to keep the knowledge from being leaked out. For the last several years, the Vanettis were the most feared and respected Family alongside the Galassias, but with Vincent getting sick, the other clans began to rise, and that made the Vanetti authority begin to fail.


title: 91 Days

text: Don Orco used to be a member of the Moreno Family, but situations made him split from them. Since then, he became another Mafia Boss that made the streets of Lawless a bloody path. Not only they are rich but their name makes people afraid of their lives. Tactics, Anger, Prestige, and plans that are difficult to trace, can be found in this violent crime outfit.


title: 91 Days

text: The Galassia family is part of the Chicago Outfit and controls the majority of Chicago's underworld and tries to grab hold of Lawless. Their feud with the Moreno Family led to the conspiracy that murdered Don Moreno and the Lagusas and created the Vanetti Empire that ruled Lawless for 7 years. They try their best to turn the Vanettis into their puppets. The Vanetti and Orco families are not strong enough to go against them and often comply with what they ask.


title: 91 Days

text: Testa Lagusa was a member of the Moreno Family, even before Vincent and the others. He was extremely loyal to his Don, which by the time they controlled all brothels, bars and black market of Lawless. But with Vincent's betrayal and Galassia's rising influence, Testa and Moreno were murdered by the Vanettis. But his only legacy for revenge, Angelo, makes the story longer for bloodshed.


title: 91 Days

text: The anime was announced in March 2016. It is directed by Hiro Kaburagi and written by Taku Kishimoto, with animation by the studio Shuka. Tomohiro Kishi is designing the series' characters, and Shōgo Kaida is producing the music. The opening theme song, "Signal", is performed by TK from Ling tosite sigure, while the closing theme, "Rain or Shine", is performed by ELISA. The series premiered on July 9, 2016 on TBS and also aired on the Animeism programming block on MBS, CBC and BS-TBS. The series was simulcasted on Crunchyroll, with Funimation handling dubbing and distribution of the series in North America.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country's airspace. They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944, known as the Chicago Convention. The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states, but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules. The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network. The use of the terms "freedom" and "right" confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties (air services agreements) that allow them.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports, while the other freedoms are about carrying people, mail and cargo internationally. The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties, especially the Chicago Convention. Several other freedoms have been added, and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties, they have been agreed to by a number of countries. The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial. Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms. They are relatively rare, but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union (European Common Aviation Area), and between Australia and New Zealand.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Freedoms of the air apply to commercial aviation. The terms 'freedom' and 'right' are a shorthand way of referring to the type of international services permitted between two or more countries. Even when such services are allowed by countries, airlines may still face restrictions to accessing them by the terms of treaties or for other reasons.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The first and second freedoms grant rights to pass through a country without carrying traffic that originates or terminates there and are known as 'transit rights'. The Chicago Convention drew up a multilateral agreement in which the first two freedoms, known as the International Air Services Transit Agreement (IASTA) or "Two Freedoms Agreement", were open to all signatories. At the end of 2017, the treaty was accepted by 133 countries.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: A country granting transit rights may impose fees for the privilege. The reasonableness of such fees has caused controversy at times.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The first freedom is the right to fly over a foreign country without landing. It grants the privilege to fly over the territory of a treaty country without landing. Member states of the International Air Services Transit Agreement grant this freedom (as well as the second freedom) to other member states, subject to the transiting aircraft using designated air routes. As of the summer of 2007, 129 countries were parties to this treaty, including such large ones as the United States, India, and Australia. However, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, and China never joined, with Canada leaving the treaty in 1988. These large and strategically located non-IASTA-member states prefer to maintain tighter control over foreign airlines' overflight of their airspace and negotiate transit agreements with other countries on a case-by-case basis. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and China did not allow airlines to enter their airspace. There were flights from Europe to Japan that refueled in Alaska. Since the end of the Cold War, first freedom rights are almost completely universal. Most countries require prior notification before an overflight and charge fees, which can sometimes be substantial.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: IASTA allows each member country to charge foreign airlines "reasonable" fees for using its airports (which is applicable, presumably, only to the second freedom) and "facilities"; according to IATA, such fees should not be higher than those charged to domestic airlines engaged in similar international services. Such fees indeed are commonly charged merely for the privilege of the overflight of a country's national territory, when no airport usage is involved. (Overflights might still be using services of a country's air traffic control centers). For example, the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S., an IASTA signatory, charges the so-called "en route" fees, of $61.75 per , of great circle distance from point of entry of an aircraft into the U.S.-controlled airspace to the point of its exit from this airspace. In addition, a lower fee—the "oceanic" fee—is charged ($26.51 per ) for flying over the international waters where air traffic is controlled by the U.S., which includes sections of Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and much of the northern Pacific Ocean. Countries that are not signatories of the IASTA charge overflight fees as well; among them, Russia is known for charging high fees, especially on the transarctic routes between North America and Asia, which cross Siberia. In 2008, Russia temporarily denied Lufthansa Cargo permission to overfly its airspace with cargo ostensibly due to "delayed payments for its flyover rights". European airlines pay Russia €300 million a year for flyover permissions.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The second freedom allows technical stops without the embarking or disembarking of passengers or cargo. It is the right to stop in one country solely for refueling or other maintenance on the way to another country. Because of longer range of modern airliners, second freedom rights are comparatively rarely exercised by passenger carriers today, and then often as fifth freedom, allowing new passengers to embark at the stop. But second freedom rights are widely used by air cargo carriers, and are more or less universal between countries.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The most famous example of the second freedom is Shannon Airport (Ireland), which was used as a stopping point for most transatlantic flights until the 1960s, since Shannon Airport was the closest European airport to the United States. Anchorage was similarly used for flights between Western Europe and East Asia, bypassing Soviet airspace, prohibited until the end of the Cold War. Anchorage was still used by some Chinese airlines for flights to the U.S. and Toronto until the 2000s. Flights between Europe and South Africa often stopped at Ilha do Sal (Sal Island) in Cabo Verde, off the coast of Senegal, due to many African nations refusing to allow South African flights to overfly their territory during the Apartheid regime. Gander, Newfoundland was also a frequent stopping point for airlines from the USSR and the Eastern Bloc on the way to the Caribbean, Central America, Mexico, and South America.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: In contrast to transit rights, 'traffic rights' allow commercial international services between, through and in some cases within the countries that are parties to air services agreements or other treaties. While it was agreed that the third to fifth freedoms would be negotiated between states, the International Air Transport Agreement (or "Five Freedoms Agreement") was also opened for signatures, encompassing the first five freedoms. The remaining four freedoms are made possible by some air services agreements but are not 'officially' recognized because they are not mentioned by the Chicago Convention.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The third and fourth freedoms allow basic international service between two countries. Even when reciprocal third and fourth freedom rights are granted, air services agreements (e.g. the Bermuda Agreements) may still restrict many aspects of the traffic, such as the capacity of aircraft, the frequency of flights, the airlines permitted to fly and the airports permitted to be served. The third freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo from one's own country to another. The right to carry passengers or cargo from another country to one's own is the fourth freedom. Third and fourth freedom rights are almost always granted simultaneously in bilateral agreements between countries.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Beyond rights allow the carriage of traffic between (and sometimes within) countries that are foreign to the airlines that operate them. Today, the most controversial of these are fifth freedom rights. Less controversial but still restricted at times, though relatively more common are sixth freedom rights.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Beyond rights also encompass international flights with a foreign intermediate stop where passengers may only embark and disembark at the intermediate point on the leg of the flight that serves the origin of an airline operating it. It also includes 'stopover' traffic where passengers may embark or disembark at an intermediate stop as part of an itinerary between the endpoints of a multi-leg flight or connecting flights. Some international flights stop at multiple points in a foreign country and passengers may sometimes make stopovers in a similar manner, but because the traffic being carried does not originate in the country where the flight takes place it is not cabotage but another form of beyond rights.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The fifth freedom allows an airline to carry revenue traffic between foreign countries as a part of services connecting the airline's own country. It is the right to carry passengers from one's own country to a second country, and from that country onward to a third country (and so on). An example of a fifth freedom traffic right is an Emirates flight in 2004 from Dubai to Brisbane, Australia and onward to Auckland, New Zealand, where tickets can be sold on any sector.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Fifth freedom traffic rights are intended to enhance the economic viability of an airline's long haul routes, but tend to be viewed by local airlines and governments as potentially unfair competition. The negotiations for fifth freedom traffic rights can be lengthy, because in practice the approval of at least three different nations is required.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Fifth freedom traffic rights were instrumental to the economic viability of long-haul flight until the early 1980s, when advances in technology and increased passenger volume enabled the operation of more non-stop flights. The excess capacity on multi-sector routes could be filled by picking up and dropping off passengers along the way. It was not uncommon for carriers to schedule stops in one or more foreign countries on the way to a flight's final destination. Fifth freedom flights were common between Europe and Africa, South America and the Far East. An example of a multi-sector flight in the mid-1980s was an Alitalia service from Rome to Tokyo via Athens, Delhi, Bangkok and Hong Kong. Fifth freedom flights remained highly common in East Asia during the 2000s, particularly on routes serving Tokyo, Hong Kong and Bangkok. Between the latter two destinations, in 2004, service was provided by at least four airlines whose home base was not in either Hong Kong or Bangkok. The Singapore-Bangkok route has also constituted an important fifth freedom market. In the late 1990s, half of the seats available between the two cities were offered by airlines holding fifth freedom traffic rights. Other major markets served by fifth freedom flights can be found in Europe, South America, the Caribbean and the Tasman Sea.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Fifth freedom traffic rights are sought by airlines wishing to take up unserved or underserved routes, or by airlines whose flights already make technical stops at a location as allowed by the second freedom. Governments (e.g. Thailand) may sometimes encourage fifth freedom traffic as a way of promoting tourism, by increasing the number of seats available. In turn, though, there may be reactionary pressure to avoid liberalizing traffic rights too much in order to protect a flag carrier's commercial interests. By the 1990s, fifth freedom traffic rights stirred controversy in Asia because of loss-making services by airlines in the countries hosting them. Particularly in protest over US air carriers' service patterns in Asia, some nations have become less generous in granting fifth freedom traffic rights, while sixth freedom traffic has grown in importance for Asian airlines.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The Japan-United States bilateral air transport agreement of 1952 has been viewed as being particularly contentious because unlimited fifth freedom traffic rights have been granted to designated US air carriers serving destinations in the Asia Pacific region west of Japan. For example, in the early 1990s, the Japanese government's refusal to permit flights on the New York City—Osaka—Sydney route led to protests by the US government and the airlines that applied to serve that route. The Japanese government countered that only about 10% of the traffic on the Japan—Australia sector was third and fourth freedom traffic to and from the US, while the bilateral agreement specified that primary justification for unlimited fifth freedom traffic was to fill up aircraft carrying a majority of US-originated or US-destined traffic under those rights. Japan had held many unused fifth freedom traffic rights beyond the USA. However, these were seen as being less valuable than the fifth freedom traffic rights enjoyed by US air carriers via Japan, because of the higher operating costs of Japanese airlines and also geographical circumstances. Japan serves as a useful gateway to Asia for North American travelers. The US contended that Japan's favourable geographical location and its flag airlines' carriage of a sizeable volume of sixth freedom traffic via gateway cities in Japan helped to level the playing field. In 1995, the air transport agreement was updated by way of liberalizing Japanese carriers' access to US destinations, while placing selected restrictions on US air carriers.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Up until the 1980s, Air India's flights to New York JFK from India were all operated under fifth freedom rights. From its 1962 initiation of Boeing 707 service to Idlewild (renamed JFK in 1964), flights had intermediate stops at one Middle East airport (Kuwait, Cairo, or Beirut), then two or three European airports, the last of which was always London's Heathrow, with trans-Atlantic service operating between Heathrow and JFK. This service continued well into the Boeing 747 era. Currently, Air India's North American flights are nonstop Boeing 777 service to India, with one exception, that being a revival of fifth freedom flights operating Boeing 787 service on the Newark—Heathrow—Ahmedabad route. However, Air India does not currently operate that route.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The fifth freedom has been discussed in 2017 in connection with the Saint Helena Airport. Flights (by a South African airline) serving it have to refuel at Windhoek Airport; but they are not allowed to board more passengers coming from connecting flights, which means that passengers from Cape Town must do a detour over Johannesburg with fairly little connecting time, with risk of missing the once-weekly flight.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The unofficial sixth freedom combines the third and fourth freedoms and is the right to carry passengers or cargo from a second country to a third country by stopping in one's own country. It can also be characterized as a form of the fifth freedom with an intermediate stop in the operating airline's home market. This characterization is often invoked as protectionist policy as the traffic, like fifth freedom traffic, is secondary in nature to third and fourth freedom traffic. Consequently, some nations seek to regulate sixth freedom traffic as though it were fifth freedom traffic.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Sixth-freedom traffic has historically been widespread in Asia, where Southeast Asian carriers such as Thai Airways and Singapore Airlines carried traffic on the Kangaroo Route between Europe and Australia, and Japanese carriers carried traffic between Southeast Asia and the Americas. More recently, carriers in the Persian Gulf region have developed intercontinental sixth-freedom hubs, and Copa Airlines has developed a sixth-freedom hub in Panama to connect many cities in North and South America. Another example is Air Canada, which has pursued a strategy of carrying passengers between the US and points in Europe and Asia through its Canadian hubs.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: While sixth freedom operations are rarely legally-restricted, they may be controversial: for example, Qantas has complained that Emirates, Singapore Airlines and other sixth-freedom carriers have unfair advantages in the market between Europe and Australia.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Because the nature of air services agreements is essentially a mercantilist negotiation that strives for an equitable exchange of traffic rights, the outcome of a bilateral agreement may not be fully reciprocal but rather a reflection of the relative size and geographic position of two markets, especially in the case of a large country negotiating with a much smaller one. In exchange for a smaller state granting fifth freedom rights to a larger country, the smaller country may be able to gain sixth freedom traffic to onward destinations from the larger country.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: On 2 October 2007, the United Kingdom and Singapore signed an agreement that allowed unlimited seventh freedom rights from 30 March 2018, along with a full exchange of other freedoms of the air.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: Cabotage is the transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country by a vessel or an aircraft registered in another country. Originally a shipping term, cabotage now covers aviation, railways and road transport. It is "trade or navigation in coastal waters, or, the exclusive right of a country to operate the air traffic within its territory".


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The unofficial modified sixth freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo between two points in one foreign country, while making a stop in the home country.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: For example, (the unofficial modified sixth freedom): a Canadian carrier departs from a US airport, stops in its Canadian hub and departs/continues onward to a different US airport.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The unofficial seventh and ninth freedoms are variations of the fifth freedom. It is the right to carry passengers or cargo in foreign territories without any service to, from or via one's own country. The seventh freedom is to provide international services between two foreign countries, and the ninth between points within a single foreign country.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The right to carry passengers or cargo within a foreign country without continuing service to or from one's own country, is sometimes known as "stand-alone cabotage". It differs from the aviation definition of "true cabotage", in that it does not directly relate to one's own country.


title: Freedoms of the air

text: The unofficial eighth freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo between two or more points in one foreign country and is also known as "cabotage".


title: Freedoms of the air

text: It is extremely rare outside Europe. The main example is the European Union, where such rights exist between all its member states. Other examples include the Single Aviation Market (SAM) established between Australia and New Zealand in 1996; the 2001 Protocol to the Multilateral Agreement on the Liberalization of International Air Transportation (MALIAT) between Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore; United Airlines' "Island Hopper" route, from Guam to Honolulu, able to transport passengers within the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands, although the countries involved are closely associated with the United States. Such rights have usually been granted only where the domestic air network is very underdeveloped. One instance was Pan Am's authority to fly between Frankfurt and West Berlin from the 1950s to the 1980s, although political circumstances and not the state of the domestic air network dictated this – only airlines of the Allied Powers of France, the United Kingdom and the United States had the right to carry air traffic between West Germany and the legally separate and distinct territory of West Berlin until 1990. In 2005, the United Kingdom and New Zealand concluded an agreement granting unlimited cabotage rights. Given the distance between the two countries, the agreement can be seen as reflecting a political principle rather than an expectation that these rights will be taken up in the near future. Similarly, New Zealand had exchanged eighth-freedom rights with Ireland in 1999.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: Des Plaines is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 60,675. The city is a suburb of Chicago and is located just north of O'Hare International Airport. It is situated on and is named after the Des Plaines River, which runs through the city just east of its downtown area.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: Potawatomi, Ottawa, and Ojibwe (Chippewa) Native American tribes inhabited the Des Plaines River Valley prior to Europeans' arrival. When French explorers and missionaries arrived in the 1600s in what was then the Illinois Country of New France, they named the waterway "La Rivière des Plaines" (English translation: "Plains River") as they felt that trees on the river resembled European plane trees. The first white settlers came from the eastern United States in 1833, after the 1833 Treaty of Chicago was negotiated, followed by many German immigrants during the 1840s and '50s. In the 1850s, the land in this area was purchased by the Illinois and Wisconsin Land Company along a railroad line planned between Chicago and Janesville, Wisconsin. In 1852, the developers built a steam-powered mill next to the river to cut local trees into railroad ties. Socrates Rand then bought the mill and converted it into a grist mill, which attracted local farmers. The Illinois and Wisconsin Railroad made its first stop in the area in the fall of 1854.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: In 1857, the Chicago, St. Paul, and Fond du Lac Railroad began running its route, stopping near the mill on the Des Plaines river, where a small business section had grown up. The railroad platted the prospective town of Rand at the site. In 1859, the Chicago and North Western Railway purchased the rail line, giving the train station the name "Des Plaines". In 1869, the Rand subdivision's name was changed to Des Plaines, and the village of Des Plaines was then incorporated.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: Des Plaines was reincorporated in 1873 and elected a village board the following year. Local brick manufacturer Franklin Whitcomb served as the first Village President.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: In 1925, village residents voted to convert to a city form of government and annexed the village of Riverview to the south. Subsequent annexations included the Orchard Place area in 1956. The city experienced rapid growth after World War II and with the opening of nearby O'Hare International Airport.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: Des Plaines was the site of Ray Kroc's first McDonald's franchise, which opened in 1955. The restaurant was demolished in 1984, and a replica was built on the site as a museum dedicated to McDonald's history. In 2017, McDonald's announced plans to demolish the building due to repeated flooding. The building has since been demolished.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: In 1979, Des Plaines was the site of the accident of American Airlines Flight 191, in which a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 departing from O'Hare lost an engine and wing material and crashed near a local trailer park just north of Touhy Avenue. All 271 people on board the aircraft died, as did two workers at a repair garage. Two more, along with three civilians, were injured.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: In 2008, the Illinois Gaming Board awarded the state's 10th casino license to Midwest Gaming and Entertainment LLC to build a casino on approximately adjacent to the Tri-State Tollway at the northwest corner of Devon Avenue and Des Plaines River Road. Midwest Gaming received the award despite having the lowest bid because other bidders were found unacceptable by the Board, with one board member finding no bidders acceptable. The city approved zoning in early 2010, and the casino opened in July 2011 as Rivers Casino.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: On July 29th, 2022, the third largest winning lotto ticket in US history valued at $1.34 billion was sold at a Speedway gas station in Des Plaines near O'Hare Airport on Touhy Ave. , the winning ticket holder has not come forward or been identified.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Des Plaines has a total area of , of which (or 98.98%) is land and (or 1.02%) is water.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: Des Plaines is traversed by two interstate highways – I-90 (the Northwest Tollway) and I-294 (the Tri-State Tollway).


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: Des Plaines is named for the Des Plaines River, which flows through it. The name is from 18th-century French referencing the American sycamore which resembles the European plane tree.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: Portions of Des Plaines are underlain by the "Des Plaines Disturbance", an area in which the layers of sedimentary rock are highly abnormal. This probably represents an ancient meteorite crater, beneath the town. The bedrock was highly fractured by the impact, with large blocks of sediment upended. The crater was eventually filled by glacial activity, so that no trace now remains on the surface.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: Addresses in the city limits of Des Plaines have their own numbering system. Areas in unincorporated Maine Township have Des Plaines postal addresses that follow the Chicago numbering system. Devon Avenue in Des Plaines is 3200 South, while it is 6400 North in Chicago. Golf Road runs through a large unincorporated area as 9600 North with a Des Plaines mailing address but is 0 North/South when entering the Des Plaines city limits. As sections become incorporated, they take on the city numbering system. For instance in 2003, land at 9661 West Golf Road, Des Plaines, became 2323 East Golf Road, Des Plaines, when it was formally incorporated into the city limits. The largest unincorporated areas are in the O'Hare area and east of the Tri-State Tollway.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: As of the 2020 census there were 60,675 people, 21,849 households, and 14,785 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 25,094 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 62.42% White, 15.23% Asian, 2.40% African American, 1.01% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 9.24% from other races, and 9.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.53% of the population.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: There were 21,849 households, out of which 48.42% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.63% were married couples living together, 10.26% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.33% were non-families. 27.42% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 2.62.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: The city's age distribution consisted of 20.4% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 28.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: The median income for a household in the city was $73,639, and the median income for a family was $93,205. Males had a median income of $52,530 versus $36,173 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,220. About 5.0% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.0% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: A notable number of Cook County residents reside in unincorporated areas which use a Des Plaines zip code. These areas are densely populated and consist primarily of high density, multi-family housing with a very high percentage of foreign born residents. In the 2000 census the population of these unincorporated areas of Cook County assigned Des Plaines zip codes was 25,617. This unincorporated area has never been a part of the city of Des Plaines, and the majority of this area is separated from the actual city of Des Plaines by a belt of Forest Preserve lands and a Tollway barrier created by I-294.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the major employers in the city are Rivers Casino (Des Plaines), Universal Oil Products, Oakton Community College, Sysco Food Services, Juno Lighting, Holy Family Medical Center, Wheels Inc. (passenger car and truck leasing), and LSG Sky Chefs.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: China Airlines maintains their Chicago office in Des Plaines. It was previously located in Michigan Plaza in the Chicago Loop.


title: Des Plaines, Illinois

text: The majority of the hit 1985 film "The Breakfast Club" was filmed at the now-defunct Maine North High School located in unincorporated Des Plaines.


title: Creature Comforts

text: Creature Comforts is a British adult stop-motion comedy mockumentary franchise originating in a 1989 British humorous animated short film of the same name. The film matched animated zoo animals with a soundtrack of people talking about their homes, making it appear as if the animals were being interviewed about their living conditions. It was created by Nick Park and Aardman Animations. The film later became the basis of a series of television advertisements for the electricity boards in the United Kingdom, and in 2003, a television series in the same style was released. An American version of the series was also made.


title: Creature Comforts

text: The original "Creature Comforts" short film was five minutes and a few seconds long and was conceived and directed by Nick Park and produced by Aardman Animations, featuring the voices of British non-actors in the same vein as the "man on the street" Vox Pop interviews. It was produced as part of a series called "Lip Synch" for Channel 4. The film won Nick Park the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1990.