title: Rock cycle

text: Rocks exposed to high temperatures and pressures can be changed physically or chemically to form a different rock, called metamorphic. Regional metamorphism refers to the effects on large masses of rocks over a wide area, typically associated with mountain building events within orogenic belts. These rocks commonly exhibit distinct bands of differing mineralogy and colors, called foliation. Another main type of metamorphism is caused when a body of rock comes into contact with an igneous intrusion that heats up this surrounding country rock. This "contact metamorphism" results in a rock that is altered and re-crystallized by the extreme heat of the magma and/or by the addition of fluids from the magma that add chemicals to the surrounding rock (metasomatism). Any pre-existing type of rock can be modified by the processes of metamorphism.


title: Rock cycle

text: Rocks exposed to the atmosphere are variably unstable and subject to the processes of weathering and erosion. Weathering and erosion break the original rock down into smaller fragments and carry away dissolved material. This fragmented material accumulates and is buried by additional material. While an individual grain of sand is still a member of the class of rock it was formed from, a rock made up of such grains fused together is sedimentary. Sedimentary rocks can be formed from the lithification of these buried smaller fragments (clastic sedimentary rock), the accumulation and lithification of material generated by living organisms (biogenic sedimentary rock - fossils), or lithification of chemically precipitated material from a mineral bearing solution due to evaporation (precipitate sedimentary rock). Clastic rocks can be formed from fragments broken apart from larger rocks of any type, due to processes such as erosion or from organic material, like plant remains. Biogenic and precipitate rocks form from the deposition of minerals from chemicals dissolved from all other rock types.


title: Rock cycle

text: In 1967, J. Tuzo Wilson published an article in Nature describing the repeated opening and closing of ocean basins, in particular focusing on the current Atlantic Ocean area. This concept, a part of the plate tectonics revolution, became known as the "Wilson cycle". The Wilson cycle has had profound effects on the modern interpretation of the rock cycle as plate tectonics became recognized as the driving force for the rock cycle.


title: Rock cycle

text: At the mid-ocean divergent boundaries "new" magma is produced by mantle upwelling and a shallow "melting zone". This "juvenile" basaltic magma is an early phase of the igneous portion of the cycle. As the tectonic plates on either side of the ridge move apart the new rock is carried away from the ridge, the interaction of heated circulating seawater through fractures starts the retrograde metamorphism of the new rock.


title: Rock cycle

text: The new basaltic oceanic crust eventually meets a subduction zone as it moves away from the spreading ridge. As this crust is pulled back into the mantle, the increasing pressure and temperature conditions cause a restructuring of the mineralogy of the rock, this metamorphism alters the rock to form eclogite. As the slab of basaltic crust and some included sediments are dragged deeper, water and other more volatile materials are driven off and rise into the overlying wedge of rock above the subduction zone, which is at a lower pressure. The lower pressure, high temperature, and now volatile rich material in this wedge melts and the resulting buoyant magma rises through the overlying rock to produce island arc or continental margin volcanism. This volcanism includes more silicic lavas the further from the edge of the island arc or continental margin, indicating a deeper source and a more differentiated magma.


title: Rock cycle

text: At times some of the metamorphosed downgoing slab may be thrust up or obducted onto the continental margin. These blocks of mantle peridotite and the metamorphic eclogites are exposed as ophiolite complexes.


title: Rock cycle

text: The newly erupted volcanic material is subject to rapid erosion depending on the climate conditions. These sediments accumulate within the basins on either side of an island arc. As the sediments become more deeply buried lithification begins and sedimentary rock results.


title: Rock cycle

text: On the closing phase of the classic Wilson cycle, two continental or smaller terranes meet at a convergent zone. As the two masses of continental crust meet, neither can be subducted as they are both "low density" silicic rock. As the two masses meet, tremendous compressional forces distort and modify the rocks involved. The result is regional metamorphism within the interior of the ensuing orogeny or mountain building event. As the two masses are compressed, folded and faulted into a mountain range by the continental collision the whole suite of pre-existing igneous, volcanic, sedimentary and earlier metamorphic rock units are subjected to this new metamorphic event.


title: Rock cycle

text: The high mountain ranges produced by continental collisions are immediately subjected to the forces of erosion. Erosion wears down the mountains and massive piles of sediment are developed in adjacent ocean margins, shallow seas, and as continental deposits. As these sediment piles are buried deeper they become lithified into sedimentary rock. The metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks of the mountains become the new piles of sediments in the adjoining basins and eventually become sedimentary rock.


title: Rock cycle

text: The plate tectonics rock cycle is an evolutionary process. Magma generation, both in the spreading ridge environment and within the wedge above a subduction zone, favors the eruption of the more silicic and volatile rich fraction of the crustal or upper mantle material. This lower density material tends to stay within the crust and not be subducted back into the mantle. The magmatic aspects of plate tectonics tends to gradual segregation within or between the mantle and crust. As magma forms, the initial melt is composed of the more silicic phases that have a lower melting point. This leads to partial melting and further segregation of the lithosphere. In addition the silicic continental crust is relatively buoyant and is not normally subducted back into the mantle. So over time the continental masses grow larger and larger.


title: Rock cycle

text: The presence of abundant water on Earth is of great importance for the rock cycle. Most obvious perhaps are the water driven processes of weathering and erosion. Water in the form of precipitation and acidic soil water and groundwater is quite effective at dissolving minerals and rocks, especially those igneous and metamorphic rocks and marine sedimentary rocks that are unstable under near surface and atmospheric conditions. The water carries away the ions dissolved in solution and the broken-down fragments that are the products of weathering. Running water carries vast amounts of sediment in rivers back to the ocean and inland basins. The accumulated and buried sediments are converted back into rock.


title: Rock cycle

text: A less obvious role of water is in the metamorphism processes that occur in fresh seafloor volcanic rocks as seawater, sometimes heated, flows through the fractures and crevices in the rock. All of these processes, illustrated by serpentinization, are an important part of the destruction of volcanic rock.


title: Rock cycle

text: The role of water and other volatiles in the melting of existing crustal rock in the wedge above a subduction zone is a most important part of the cycle. Along with water, the presence of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds from abundant marine limestone within the sediments atop the down going slab is another source of melt inducing volatiles. This involves the carbon cycle as a part of the overall rock cycle.


title: Giuseppe Tornatore

text: Giuseppe Tornatore (born 27 May 1956) is an Italian film director and screenwriter. He is considered one of the directors who brought critical acclaim back to Italian cinema. In a career spanning over 30 years he is best known for directing and writing drama films such as "Everybody's Fine", "The Legend of 1900", "Malèna", "Baarìa" and "The Best Offer". His most noted film is "Cinema Paradiso", for which Tornatore won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He has also directed several advertising campaigns for Dolce & Gabbana.


title: Giuseppe Tornatore

text: Tornatore is also known for his long-standing association with composer Ennio Morricone, who composed music for thirteen Tornatore feature films since 1988.


title: Giuseppe Tornatore

text: Born in Bagheria, near Palermo, Tornatore developed an interest in acting and the theatre from at least the age of 16 and put on works by Luigi Pirandello and Eduardo De Filippo.


title: Giuseppe Tornatore

text: He worked initially as a freelance photographer. Then, switching to cinema, he made his debut with "Le minoranze etniche in Sicilia" ("The Ethnic Minorities in Sicily"), a collaborative documentary film which won a Salerno Festival prize. He then worked for RAI before releasing his first full-length film, "Il Camorrista", in 1985. This evoked a positive response from audiences and critics alike and Tornatore was awarded the "Silver Ribbon" for "best new director".


title: Giuseppe Tornatore

text: In 1988, a collaboration with producer Franco Cristaldi gave birth to Tornatore's best known screen work: "Cinema Paradiso", a film narrating the life of a successful film director who has returned to his native town in Sicily for the funeral of his mentor. This obtained worldwide success and won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Subsequently, Tornatore released several other films. In 2007 he won the Silver George for Best Director at the 29th Moscow International Film Festival for "The Unknown Woman".


title: Giuseppe Tornatore

text: Tornatore describes himself as "one who does not believe and who regrets this". His brother, Francesco Tornatore, is a producer.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: The Fugitive Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme "Doctor Who". She is portrayed by the English actress Jo Martin, the first non-white person to play the role.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: Within the programme's narrative, the Doctor is a Time Lord, from the planet Gallifrey. They travel in time and space in their time capsule, the TARDIS. Due to their alien physiology, the Doctor, when critically injured, can regenerate their body, gaining a new physical appearance and personality. This plot device has allowed a number of actors, both male and female, to portray the Doctor through the decades. Each actor to play the Doctor offers a different take on the Doctor's essential personality. Martin's portrayal of the Doctor is a battle-hardened figure who doesn't Suffer fools gladly, with an authoritative and composed demeanour. Unlike most incarnations of the character, Martin's Doctor will readily make use of physical combat and available weaponry to decisively end conflict.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: The Fugitive Doctor is a more ruthless incarnation of the character. It was initially unknown where this incarnation, who is encountered during the Thirteenth Doctor's (Jodie Whittaker) era, fitted within the show's fictional chronology, although many commenters speculated that she was from the Doctor's past, prior to the First Doctor. It was confirmed in "Once, Upon Time" (2021) that she is a past incarnation of the Doctor, from a period that was, at some point, erased from the Doctor's memory, though it is still unknown specifically where this incarnation fits in. The Thirteenth Doctor first encounters her on Earth, where she had hidden herself from the Time Lords, for whom she had been compelled to work as part of the mysterious "Division".


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: The Fugitive Doctor first appears in "Fugitive of the Judoon", disguised as human tour guide Ruth Clayton by means of a Chameleon Arch. As Ruth, she lives alongside her "husband" Lee in 21st century Gloucester with no knowledge of her true nature. The Judoon locate her and invade the city, intending to present her to Galifreyan Commander Gat. Lee, a fellow Time Lord and fugitive, directs Ruth to a lighthouse, where her previous identity is restored. At the same time, the Thirteenth Doctor finds a police box buried in the grounds – Ruth's TARDIS. As they reveal their identities to one another it transpires that neither Doctor recognises the other, leading to confusion between the pair as they both assumed the other was a future version of themselves. After tricking Gat into accidentally killing herself with a malfunctioning gun, the Fugitive Doctor parts with her other self acrimoniously.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: She reappears in "The Timeless Children", when the Thirteenth Doctor is trapped in the Matrix by the Master. He informs her that she is the Timeless Child, and had lived many lives prior to what she believed to be her first incarnation. In trying to escape and reconcile this knowledge with her identity, she encounters a projection of the Fugitive Doctor. The projection reminds her that she has never previously been defined by her past before disappearing.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: The Fugitive Doctor reappears in "Once, Upon Time". In that episode, the Thirteenth Doctor has been cast back into her past timestream to her previous visit to the Temple of Atropos, where she last confronted the Ravagers known as Swarm and Azure. Thirteen finds she has no memory of the events, but upon spotting her reflection in a mirrored wall panel sees she is in her Fugitive Doctor incarnation. The Thirteenth Doctor learns that the Fugitive Doctor had led a team of Division operatives, including the Lupari officer Karvanista, to capture the two Ravagers and uses her past self's methods as an inspiration to fix the situation in the present.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: In "The Vanquishers", Karvanista finally reveals to the Thirteenth Doctor that he was actually once the Fugitive Doctor's companion. However, she abandoned him at some point, which has made him bitter towards the Doctor. Karvanista is unable to tell the Thirteenth Doctor anything about her past as the Fugitive Doctor because the Division has implanted a device in his brain that will kill him if he tries. The Doctor later recovers a fob watch containing all of her lost memories, but she chooses to deposit it deeper into the TARDIS for safe-keeping until a time that she really needs it, rather than recovering those lost memories.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: The Fugitive Doctor reappeared in "The Power of the Doctor" as an AI hologram which was used to trick The Master after he stole the Doctor's body. The Fugitive Doctor assisted Yaz and Vinder to bring the Doctor back.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: On 23 April 2022, Big Finish Productions announced that Jo Martin would reprise her role for "The Fugitive Doctor Adventures", a series of "Doctor Who" audio dramas following her incarnation of the Doctor after the events of "Fugitive of the Judoon".


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: The Fugitive Doctor is a darker incarnation, with an acerbic tongue and a short temper. She exhibits a violent streak when she attacks a Judoon and is more comfortable holding a gun, before manipulating a foe into unknowingly killing themselves with it. Comparisons have been drawn with previous incarnations. Martin herself compared her character's grumpier disposition to that of the Twelfth Doctor. She nonetheless exhibits all of the Doctor's heroic qualities and charm, encouraging her future self when she is trapped by the Master.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: The character is also intended to hark back to earlier Doctors, to suggest that she is from the Thirteenth Doctor's past. She declines to use a sonic screwdriver and refers to the TARDIS as her "ship", much like the First Doctor. The interior of her TARDIS is also modelled after the set used in the 1960s, with white walls and an identical central console.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: Her costume was designed by Ray Holman to reflect her sterner nature. Black combat trousers and boots both hint at a Doctor accustomed to fighting and call back to the costume of the Twelfth Doctor. A dark-coloured Scottish tweed waistcoat and frock coat, with a period cut after the classic Doctors, add to the suggestion of a fiercer incarnation. A brightly coloured shirt with a stand collar and frilled cuffs provide a contrast to hint at the Doctor's eccentricity and were made from African Kente cloth as a tribute to the actor's heritage and the significance of her casting. This Doctor has also occasionally worn a pair of yellow sunglasses with this outfit.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: Jo Martin was cast as the programme's first black Doctor, a milestone which met with much praise from commentators.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: It was not announced prior to the broadcast of the character's first appearance in "Fugitive of the Judoon" that a new Doctor would be debuting. Promotional materials credited Jo Martin only as playing Ruth, while she herself was not told that she would be playing the Doctor until she was offered the part after her audition. She was then only able to tell her husband the character she was playing.


title: Fugitive Doctor

text: Martin's performance as the Fugitive Doctor has been lauded by critics, with some expressing their desire to see more of the character on screen.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: Emil Peter Forsberg (; born 23 October 1991) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Bundesliga club RB Leipzig and the Sweden national team.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: Forsberg was awarded Guldbollen in 2021 as Sweden's best footballer of the year. He has also been voted the Swedish Midfielder of the Year four times (2016, 2017, 2019 and 2021). He was a member of the Sweden squad that reached the quarter-finals of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and also represented his country at UEFA Euro 2016 and 2020, the latter of which he scored four goals in four games. He is known for his quick, effective passing style, and is a creative playmaker renowned for his ability to create chances and assists.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: Born in Sundsvall, Forsberg started his career with his home-town team and joined the first team squad in 2009 when the club was playing in Sweden's second tier of football, Superettan. He went on to play several matches for Sundsvall in his first season. For his second season at the club he had become a regular in the starting eleven at Sundsvall and played 30 out of 30 matches for the 2010 season. Forsberg had started to produce goals during his second season at the club but raised his performance for the 2011 season when he scored 11 goals in 27 matches as Sundsvall were promoted to Sweden's first tier of football, Allsvenskan. For his first season in Allsvenskan Forsberg played 21 matches out of 30 and scored 6 goals, however Sundsvall were relegated to Superettan once again after losing the relegation play-offs against Halmstads BK.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: On 10 December 2012, Forsberg was presented as a Malmö player. He joined the club on 1 January 2013 when the transfer window opened in Sweden. Forsberg signed a four-year contract lasting until the end of the 2016 season. His first season at the club proved to be a success as he played 28 matches out of 30 and scored five goals for the club as they won the league title. He also played all matches for the club during the qualification stage for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League and scored two goals. During Malmö FF's successful 2014 season Forsberg made 29 league appearances, scoring 14 goals and thus being an important part in the team that defended the league title. He also participated in all of the club's matches in the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League campaign in which Malmö FF qualified for the group stage. As recognition of Forsberg's feats during the season he won the award for Allsvenskan Midfielder of the year. He was also nominated for Swedish midfielder of the year at Fotbollsgalan.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: In January 2015, Forsberg joined German second league side RB Leipzig on a three and a half year deal. In February 2016, he extended his contract until 2021. During the 2015–16 season Forsberg was voted the best player in 2. Bundesliga and in January 2016 Liverpool were reportedly eyeing Forsberg. In round three of 2016–17 Bundesliga Forsberg was named player of the round by "Kicker". At the end of the 2016–17 season, Forsberg finished off as the highest assister in the Bundesliga and top 5 leagues in Europe with 22 assists, and made the Bundesliga team of the season. On 13 September 2017, Forsberg scored RB Leipzig's first ever Champions League goal in their first match ever in a 1–1 draw against Monaco.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: In the 2019–20 season, he scored a brace in the stoppage time in a 2–2 draw against Benfica, to secure a place for RB Leipzig in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League knockout phase, where they managed to reach the semi-finals. On 4 November 2020, Forsberg scored a goal in a 2–1 win over Paris Saint-Germain in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: Having previously played for the Swedish under-19 team, Emil Forsberg made his senior international debut for the Swedish national team in a 2–1 friendly win over Moldova on 17 January 2014.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: He made his competitive debut in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifier against Liechtenstein on 12 October 2014. He scored his first international goal for Sweden in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying play-offs against Denmark, helping Sweden beat the Danes 4–3 on aggregate and qualify for Euro 2016. Forsberg played in all three games for Sweden at Euro 2016 as Sweden was eliminated in the group stage.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: In May 2018, he was named in Sweden's 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. On 3 July 2018 in a round of 16 tie between Sweden and Switzerland Forsberg scored the winner for Sweden to send them into the quarter finals of the World Cup for the first time in almost a quarter of a century.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: Forsberg was included in Sweden's 26-man squad for UEFA Euro 2020. Forsberg scored four goals in the tournament, and hit both the crossbar and the post in the Round of 16 game against Ukraine when Sweden lost 2–1 after extra-time, for his performances, he received praise as one of the best players in the tournament. He is the only Swedish player to have scored four goals in a UEFA European Championship, beating Tomas Brolin's (in 1992) and Henrik Larsson's (in 2004) previous record of three goals.


title: Emil Forsberg

text: Emil Forsberg is the son of former GIF Sundsvall player Leif Forsberg, and grandson of Lennart Forsberg who also played for GIF Sundsvall. On 17 July 2016, Forsberg married Shanga Hussain, who is a former footballer. The couple live in Leipzig, having first met in Sundsvall. They own a dog, Roffe, who is a Golden Retriever. They had their first child in August 2018.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: <onlyinclude>Brian Sicknick, a United States Capitol Police (USCP) officer, died on January 7, 2021, after having two strokes one day after he responded to an . The District of Columbia chief medical examiner found that Sicknick had died from stroke, classifying his death as natural and additionally commented that "all that transpired played a role in his condition." His cremated remains were laid in honor in the Capitol Rotunda on February 2, 2021, before they were buried with full honors at Arlington National Cemetery.</onlyinclude>


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: <onlyinclude>Multiple media outlets reported Sicknick's death was due to injuries he sustained, but months later the Washington D.C. medical examiner reported there were no injuries to Sicknick. Within a day after his death, the U.S. Capitol Police and the U.S. Justice Department each said that his death was due to injuries from the riot. Meanwhile media, citing two anonymous law enforcement officials, incorrectly reported for weeks that Sicknick had died after being struck in the head with a fire extinguisher during the unrest.</onlyinclude>


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: <onlyinclude>Brian Sicknick's death was investigated by the Metropolitan Police Department's Homicide Branch, the USCP, and the FBI. On March 14, Julian Khater and George Tanios were arrested for assaulting Sicknick with a chemical spray and for other charges. The medical examiner found no evidence that Sicknick had an allergic reaction to the chemical spray. Prosecutors later said on April 27 that the chemical spray was pepper spray. Neither of the two men have been charged with causing Sicknick's death.</onlyinclude>


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: Brian David Sicknick (July 30, 1978 – January 7, 2021) was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, to Gladys and Charles Sicknick. He grew up in South River, New Jersey, as the youngest of three sons. Sicknick attended East Brunswick Technical High School to study electronics but later aspired to become a police officer. He graduated from the high school in 1997.After struggling to find a job as a police officer, Sicknick joined the New Jersey Air National Guard in 1997, toward that end. He served on the 108th Wing at Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst, as a fire team member and leader with the security force squadron. In 1998, he wrote a letter to "Home News Tribune", his local newspaper, expressing his skepticism towards America's soft stance against Saddam Hussein.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: He was deployed to Saudi Arabia to support Operation Southern Watch in 1999, and to Kyrgyzstan to support Operation Enduring Freedom in 2003. Sicknick later criticized U.S. motivations for the War in Afghanistan and the government's strategy in the Iraq War. In 2003, he wrote again to "Home News Tribune", noting a decline in morale among troops. He was honorably discharged in that same year as a staff sergeant.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: Sicknick also worked as a school custodian in Cranbury, New Jersey. He later moved to Springfield, Virginia, and joined the United States Capitol Police in July 2008. One of his first assignments occurred during the first inauguration of Barack Obama. On December 31, 2013, he earned a Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice degree from the University of Phoenix. Sicknick was an outspoken supporter of Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election, but those who had met him "said his political views did not align neatly with one political party": he opposed Trump's impeachment, supported gun control, opposed animal cruelty and was concerned about the national debt. He was remembered by Caroline Behringer, a staffer for House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, for comforting her as she returned to work at the Capitol following Trump's 2016 victory.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: During the attack on the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, Sicknick was on duty with the Capitol Police outside the Capitol's west side, on the front line facing protesters. At 2:23 p.m., rioters attempted to breach the police line formed by barricades of bicycle racks. Sicknick and some other officers there were pepper sprayed and became unable to perform their duties for about 20 minutes. Sicknick retreated, bent over, and used water to wash out his face. Within five minutes of the pepper spray attack, rioters breached the police line and seized control of the west side of the building.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: There was no evidence that Sicknick had any injuries or an allergic reaction to the chemical spray, according to a statement by the medical examiner months later. Sicknick texted his brother on Wednesday night after the riot, reporting that he had been twice attacked with pepper spray and was in good shape. However, Sicknick later collapsed around 10 p.m. at the Capitol and was taken to a local hospital.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: After being in the hospital for almost a day, Brian Sicknick died around 9:30 p.m. on January 7, 2021. Earlier that day, he had two strokes. The strokes were due to a basilar artery blood clot, which caused damage to his brainstem and cerebellum.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: Sicknick's family had been informed that he was treated for a stroke caused by a blood clot, and had been surviving on a ventilator. Family members drove from New Jersey and had not yet arrived at the hospital when he died. The Sicknick family urged the public and press not to politicize his death.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: On the night of his passing, the Capitol Police announced Sicknick's death in a press release stating that "Sicknick passed away due to injuries sustained while on-duty". Months later, the medical examiner reported that Sicknick had no injuries, and died of natural causes.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: On April 19, 2021, the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of the District of Columbia issued a press release about the death of Brian Sicknick. It said that the manner of death was natural and the cause of death was "acute brainstem and cerebellar infarcts due to acute basilar artery thrombosis" (two strokes at the base of the brain stem caused by an artery clot). The term "natural" was used to indicate a death caused by a disease alone; and if an injury contributed to the manner of death, it would not be considered natural. It took more than 100 days to release these results from the January autopsy. The full autopsy report was not released to the public.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: The chief medical examiner, Dr. Francisco J. Diaz, told "The Washington Post" that there was no evidence that Sicknick was injured or had an allergic reaction to chemical irritants. Due to privacy laws, he declined to say whether Sicknick had a preexisting medical condition. Diaz noted that Sicknick had engaged the rioters and said “all that transpired played a role in his condition.”


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: According to CNN, some neurologists did not think that the strokes were natural. Stress and traumatic events can lead to a stroke. Based on media accounts, a forensic pathologist thought that Sicknick's manner of death could have been classified better as homicide, accident, or undetermined.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: The Capitol Police said it accepted the medical examiner's findings "but this does not change the fact Officer Brian Sicknick died in the line of duty, courageously defending Congress and the Capitol."


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: Accounts of Sicknick's death changed over time, amid an atmosphere of confusion. At first there were erroneous rumors and then there was incorrect information from the authorities and news media that lasted for months.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: As his condition deteriorated in the hospital on January 7, rumors had begun to circulate of an officer's death. In the afternoon, the U.S. Capitol Police (USCP) issued a statement rebutting such reports. Sicknick's family was told he was on a ventilator with a blood clot on his brain and his situation did not look good. He died later that night.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: Within hours of Sicknick's death, the Capitol Police released a statement late January 7 that Sicknick died "due to injuries sustained while on-duty" while "physically engaging with protesters" at the Capitol. On January 8, the United States Department of Justice published a statement by Acting Attorney General Jeffrey A. Rosen, which attributed Sicknick's death "to injuries he suffered defending the U.S. Capitol, against the violent mob who stormed it". Months later on April 19, the medical examiner reported that there was no evidence that Sicknick had any injuries.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: Some initial media reports regarding Sicknick's cause of death were incorrect. On January 8, the Associated Press, "The Wall Street Journal", and separate stories in "The New York Times" cited two anonymous law enforcement officials as saying that Sicknick was struck in the head by a fire extinguisher. Similar reports followed on January 9. Meanwhile, Sicknick's father said Sicknick was pepper-sprayed and hit in the head, reported Reuters on January 10.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: On February 2, the U.S. House of Representatives made a reference to the "New York Times" article about Sicknick's death. In their memorandum for the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump was, "The insurrectionists killed a Capitol Police officer by striking him in the head with a fire extinguisher." On the same day, CNN reported that according to a law enforcement official, medical examiners had not found evidence of blunt force trauma on Sicknick's body. Investigators then thought the reports were false that Sicknick was injured by being struck with a fire extinguisher. On February 11, "The New York Times" reported that "police sources and investigators are at odds" over whether Sicknick had been hit with a fire extinguisher.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: On February 2, it was reported that investigators were considering a chemical irritant as a possible cause of death. There were false implications by prosecutors that the chemical irritant was bear spray, until April 27 when they said it was pepper spray. On April 19, the medical examiner said that there was no evidence that Sicknick had an allergic reaction to a chemical spray.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: In April and May 2021, Senator Ron Johnson (R-WI) sent letters to the acting U.S. Capitol Police chief requesting information on the handling of Sicknick's death. USCP General Counsel Thomas DiBiase replied that the department did not put out a release that Sicknick was assaulted with a fire extinguisher, and that DiBiase was unaware of any communication between the USCP and House Impeachment Managers about Sicknick's death.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: In a January 7 press release, the U.S. Capitol Police (USCP) said that Sicknick's death would be investigated. The next day, the USCP opened a homicide investigation into Sicknick's death, joined by the D.C. Metropolitan Police Department and other federal agencies.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: On February 2, CNN reported that investigators were having trouble finding evidence of homicide. One law enforcement official said that medical examiners found no evidence of any blunt force trauma. So investigators concluded that early reports of Sicknick being hit with a fire extinguisher were false. They considered the possibility that Sicknick became ill from a chemical irritant spray and were reviewing videos for evidence.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: On March 14, Julian Khater and George Tanios were arrested by federal authorities and charged with crimes that included assault of Officer Sicknick with a chemical spray. There could not be a charge of homicide because the cause of death had not been determined. Autopsy results were still pending almost 10 weeks after Sicknick's death.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: In an April 19 press release, the medical examiner's office said that Sicknick's death was by natural causes. The ruling made it difficult for prosecutors to pursue homicide charges. A week later, prosecutors said that the chemical sprayed on Sicknick was pepper spray.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: On January 8, 2021, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi ordered flags at the Capitol to be lowered to half-staff in honor of Sicknick. Vice President Mike Pence called Sicknick's family to offer his condolences, and a deputy press secretary for the Trump administration issued a written statement. The following weekend, Trump ordered flags to be flown at half-staff at all federal buildings, grounds, and vessels for three days. The governors of New Jersey and Virginia also ordered flags to be flown at half-staff in their respective states. On January 12, 2021, a memorial service was held in Sicknick's hometown of South River, New Jersey. His family, New Jersey Senator Bob Menendez, and local officials were in attendance. Menendez presented to Sicknick's family the flag that had flown over the Capitol in his honor. Sicknick's high school, East Brunswick Technical High School, announced plans to plant an oak tree on campus in his honor. The New Jersey Devils ice hockey team aired a video of New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy giving a brief eulogy for Sicknick, followed by a moment of silence.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: On January 29, Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer announced that Sicknick would lie in honor at the Capitol rotunda. The arrival ceremony began on the evening of February 2, 2021, at the Capitol's east front, followed by a viewing period attended by President Joe Biden, who had taken office on January 20, and First Lady Jill Biden. Vice President Kamala Harris and Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff paid their respects on February 3, along with several legislators and police officers. Later that day, Sicknick's cremated remains, accompanied by a procession, departed the Capitol for Arlington National Cemetery, where burial took place.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: Members of Sicknick's family attended Super Bowl LV in February 2021 as honored guests of the National Football League, along with three officers of the Metropolitan Police Department.


title: Death of Brian Sicknick

text: On August 5, 2021, Brian Sicknick, along with Capitol Police officers Howard Liebengood and Billy Evans, and Metropolitan Police officer Jeffrey L. Smith, was posthumously honored in a signing ceremony for a bill to award Congressional Gold Medals to Capitol Police and other January 6 responders. His name is noted in the text of the bill, and Biden remarked on his death. At the December 2022 Congressional Gold Medal ceremony, Sicknick's family members refused to shake the hands of Mitch McConnel and Kevin McCarthy.


title: 2036: Nexus Dawn

text: 2036: Nexus Dawn (known in Chinese and Taiwanese territories as 2036: Clone Era, 2036: Chain Dawn, or 2036: Copy of the Times; alternatively known as Blade Runner 2036) is a 2017 American neo-noir science fiction short film acting as a prequel to the feature film "Blade Runner 2049". It is one of three such prequels, alongside "Blade Runner Black Out 2022" and "". The short was released on August 30, 2017, approximately five weeks before the release of the feature film, and features Jared Leto as "Blade Runner 2049" character Niander Wallace, alongside Benedict Wong. The film was written by Hampton Fancher and Michael Green, who also wrote the feature film, and directed by Luke Scott, whose father Ridley Scott directed the original "Blade Runner" and is executive producer on the sequel "Blade Runner 2049".


title: 2036: Nexus Dawn

text: The film takes place in Los Angeles in 2036, 13 years before the events of "Blade Runner 2049", and tells the story of Wallace's meeting with the "lawmakers" and his attempts to convince them to allow his new line of replicants to enter production.


title: 2036: Nexus Dawn

text: Niander Wallace is called to a hearing about his desire to manufacture a new generation of replicants. Wallace is warned that what he is doing is illegal and not open to debate, which Wallace questions saying they are debating it. Wallace points out that Earth's ecosystem is collapsing and the only thing that will be able to sustain the human race is cheap labor provided by replicants. He also claims the new replicants are not dangerous to humans, but the lawmakers remain unconvinced. To prove this, he orders his replicant assistant, a newly developed Nexus-9, to purposely cut himself and then decide between Wallace's life and his own. The replicant then cuts his own throat, shocking the lawmakers. Wallace once again asks them if they are willing to authorize the production of new replicants.


title: 2036: Nexus Dawn

text: The Chinese version of the film features a prologue consisting of a wall of text before the film begins. The text explains that replicant production was banned after "the Blackout" in 2022, leading to the bankruptcy of the Tyrell Corporation; additionally, the text explains that the Earth's ecosystem has been on the brink of collapse since the mid-2020s. Niander Wallace, the blind CEO of the Wallace Corporation, is explained to have acquired the Tyrell Corporation, and have begun to develop a new generation of replicants to serve as a slave force to help rebuild the Earth's environment. This prologue also appears before "Blade Runner" short film "".


title: 2036: Nexus Dawn

text: On August 29, 2017, it was announced that Denis Villeneuve had selected three filmmakers to direct short films exploring incidents that occurred between the events of "Blade Runner" and "Blade Runner 2049". The first, "2036: Nexus Dawn", is directed by Luke Scott, and follows Niander Wallace as he presents a new Nexus-9 replicant to lawmakers in an attempt to have a prohibition on replicants lifted. The short film also stars Benedict Wong as one of the lawmakers.


title: Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)

text: This glossary of nautical terms is an alphabetical listing of terms and expressions connected with ships, shipping, seamanship and navigation on water (mostly though not necessarily on the sea). Some remain current, while many date from the 17th to 19th centuries. The word nautical derives from the Latin "nauticus", from Greek "nautikos", from "nautēs": "sailor", from "naus": "ship".


title: Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)

text: Further information on nautical terminology may also be found at Nautical metaphors in English, and additional military terms are listed in the Multiservice tactical brevity code article. Terms used in other fields associated with bodies of water can be found at Glossary of fishery terms, Glossary of underwater diving terminology, Glossary of rowing terms, and Glossary of meteorology.


title: Primitive Technology

text: Primitive Technology is a YouTube channel run by John Plant. Based in Far North Queensland in the Australian state of Queensland, the series demonstrates the process of making tools and buildings using only materials found in the wild. Created in May 2015, the channel has gained over 10 million subscribers and over 1.05 billion views as of October 2022.


title: Primitive Technology

text: Plant describes his subject as a hobby, and he "lives in a modern house and eats modern food". He stated in a comment on a January 2018 video that he owns the land on which he films the videos. He states on his website that he has no Aboriginal ancestry and has not received military training.


title: Primitive Technology

text: In a correspondence with Michelle Castillo of CNBC in 2018, Plant stated that he was in his mid 30s. He also said he went to university and received a Bachelor of Science degree but "didn't do anything with it", and instead mowed lawns for a living while going out into the bush in his spare time to practice his hobby. He stated his affinity for subsisting off of nature began at a young age: at 11, he would make huts by a creek behind his house using only natural materials.


title: Primitive Technology

text: Each video guides viewers through the progress of one or more projects demonstrating the techniques and methods he uses to create tools or buildings. As he explains on his blog, he builds "completely from scratch using no modern tools or materials", only using what he can source from his natural environment, such as plant materials, clay, soil, and stones. Episodes of the series contain no speaking, and only minimal ambient sound. Text descriptions of actions on-screen appear in the closed-caption feature. During the videos he does not wear any clothing except cargo shorts.


title: Primitive Technology

text: In June 2015, Plant created the Primitive Technology blog on WordPress. That blog was a primary source of his videos through November 2018 when he posted the "Iron Prills" video, whereupon Plant moved exclusively to YouTube.


title: Primitive Technology

text: Plant created the Primitive Technology channel in May 2015. The first video was uploaded on 1 May 2015. Since that time, each of his videos has garnered millions of views. The channel amassed 5.4 million subscribers and 350 million views by September 2017, increasing to 8.7 million subscribers and 615 million views by September 2018. As of December 2021, the channel has over 10.3 million subscribers and over 994 million views.


title: Primitive Technology

text: For the first two years of the channel's existence, the man in the videos remained anonymous. In June 2017, he identified himself as John Plant when he complained to Facebook that his videos were being stolen as a result of people reposting them on the website, and that the practice had cost him thousands of Australian dollars.


title: Primitive Technology

text: Plant has authored the 192 page, illustrated, hardcover book "Primitive Technology: A survivalist's guide to building tools, shelters, and more in the wild" (), published by Clarkson Potter on October 29, 2019. The book is "a practical guide to building huts and tools using only natural materials from the wild" containing "50 projects with step-by-step instructions on how to make tools, weapons, shelters, pottery, clothing, and more".


title: Primitive Technology

text: After a video on December 13, 2019, no new videos were uploaded to Primitive Technology in the usual timeframe. On May 28, 2020, a post explaining the hiatus was posted to a Reddit community maintained by fans of the Primitive Technology channel. The post stated that Plant was taking a break from YouTube because he was working on a project for a cable network. Another post on February 8, 2021, explained that Plant shot a pilot episode for the project but the network wanted to change the format, and that Plant could not share any more information. In his free time, Plant was still recording new material, but he did not want to post it if he deemed it of not high enough quality. On 2 March 2022, Plant posted his first video in over two years, titled "Primitive Technology: Thatched Workshop". He continues to upload videos monthly.


title: Rishad Premji

text: Rishad Premji is the son of the Wipro head Azim Premji and was named as the successor of his father. He was until recently the Chief Strategy Officer at Wipro and has taken over as Chairman of Wipro in July 2019. He was the Chairman of NASSCOM for the year 2018–19.


title: Rishad Premji

text: Rishad was a student of Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai and later did a bachelor's degree in Economics from Wesleyan University and his MBA from Harvard Business School.


title: Rishad Premji

text: In 2005, he married his childhood friend Aditi. They have two children. Rishad enjoys travelling and movies and is a huge cricket fan.


title: Rishad Premji

text: After his MBA, Rishad worked with Bain and Co. for two years and then for four years with GE Capital in USA.


title: Rishad Premji

text: In 2014, Rishad was recognised as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum for his outstanding professional accomplishments, leadership and commitment to society.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: Thomas Stuart Ricketts (born May 23, 1966) is the Chairman of the Chicago Cubs, and the Chairman, co-founder and former CEO of Incapital LLC, a firm that provides securities firms and individual investors more efficient access to corporate bonds. Together with his sister Laura and brothers Pete and Todd, the Ricketts siblings serve as the board of directors for the Cubs. He is the son of TD Ameritrade Holding Corporation founder J. Joseph Ricketts. Joe Ricketts has a net worth of US$2.3 billion as of 2018 according to Forbes.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: In January 2009, a Ricketts family bid led by Tom emerged as the winning bidder for the Chicago Cubs. The bid was estimated to total around $900 million for the team and related assets. In October 2009, the sale was approved unanimously by the owners of the other 29 Major League Baseball teams. Ricketts was introduced as the chairman of the Cubs on October 31, 2009. Tom Ricketts and his three siblings - Peter, Laura, and Todd share ownership of the team through their family trust.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: Born in Omaha, Nebraska, Thomas Stuart Ricketts is the son of Marlene Margaret (Volkmer) and Joe Ricketts, who founded Ameritrade when Tom was eight years old. Joe Ricketts let it be known that he wanted his children to establish themselves through their own hard work and would not be allowed to join TD Ameritrade until they reached the age of 30.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: Ricketts is one of four children. His brother J. Peter Ricketts, who lives in Omaha, is the 40th and current Governor of Nebraska and was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for the 2006 U.S. Senate race in Nebraska. His younger sister, Laura Ricketts, is a former corporate lawyer. His brother, Todd Ricketts served as a board member of T.D. Ameritrade from 2011 to 2020 and currently serves on the board of Charles Schwab, is a former finance chair of the Republican National Committee and entrepreneur. Tom Ricketts and his wife Cecelia and their five children all live in Wilmette, Illinois.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: In 1983, Ricketts moved to Chicago in order to attend the University of Chicago with his older brother Peter, also a student at the University of Chicago. Ricketts received a bachelor's degree from the university in 1988 and returned to receive his Master of Business Administration in 1993. Ricketts has given generous donations to the University of Chicago and established the 'New Year Scholarship Fund,' which awards an incoming student a full undergraduate scholarship.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: In April 2007, Sam Zell announced his intention to acquire the Chicago-based Tribune Company. After acquiring the Tribune, Zell announced that he would sell the Cubs and related entities including Wrigley Field and a 25% share of SportsNet Chicago. Under bankruptcy protection, the sale of the Cubs and the 25% interest in SportsNet Chicago would raise needed funds for the ailing Tribune company. In a campaign led by Ricketts, the family was selected for the winning bid on January 22, 2009. "Forbes" estimated that the ownership stake in the Chicago Cubs represents $642 million out of the total $900 million bid made by Ricketts.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: Tom Ricketts has said that his love for the Chicago Cubs started during the 1984 season when he was 18 years old and moved to Chicago to attend college. Later, Tom and his brother Pete lived in an apartment over the "Sports Corner" at Addison and Sheffield, across the street from Wrigley Field. He met his wife Cecelia in the Wrigley bleachers and simply states that "my family and I are Cubs fans". The bid was reviewed by Major League Baseball and other stake holders. Although several close friends told the press about Ricketts's deep love for the Cubs, the Ricketts family decided not to court media attention until the bid was accepted by all parties.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: On July 6, 2009, the "Chicago Tribune" reported that Tom Ricketts and family had reached an agreement with the Tribune Company to purchase the Cubs, Wrigley Field, and 25% of Comcast SportsNet Chicago for close to $900 million, as was originally reported. The contract was sent to commissioner Bud Selig for approval. Final approval came by a unanimous vote of the other MLB owners in an October 6, 2009 conference call. On October 27, 2009, the Ricketts family, with Tom Ricketts as board chairman, officially took over 95% ownership of the Chicago Cubs, Wrigley Field, and 25% ownership of Comcast SportsNet Chicago. The Tribune opted to retain a 5% ownership stake in the team and the Chicago Cubs acquired the remaining stake in 2019.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: Since acquiring the Chicago Cubs in October 2009, the Ricketts family placed a priority on renovating Wrigley Field. In 2014, the nearly $1 billion renovation project of Wrigley Field and the collateral land finally broke ground after winning city approval.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: Besides preserving Wrigley Field, the objective was to also leverage the Wrigley investment to create a public space adjacent to the stadium that would function as a town square, offering year-round attractions for neighbors, families, fans and visitors.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: On Opening Day of the 2017 season, with Cubs fans celebrating its first in a century role as the defending world champions of baseball, the Ricketts family delivered The Park at Wrigley. Chairman Tom Ricketts, president of business operations Crane Kenney, Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel, numerous elected officials, neighbors and community leaders cut the ribbon at the Park at Wrigley.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: On March 30, the Ricketts family opened their first hotel, located on Clark Street, across from the front entrance of Wrigley Field.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: "By the end of the 2018 off-season and next, our initial plan [will be] complete," said Ricketts, whose family bought the team from Tribune Company in 2009. "That doesn't mean we're done, because it's a 100-year- old ballpark. There will be something else we have to fix after that. But it will be great to have the major construction done a year from now. We'll get the upper-deck renovation done after the 2018 season, and that will really help the ballpark a lot."


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: Ricketts is the chairman, co-founder and former CEO of Incapital LLC. Ricketts spent one summer early in life working at TD Ameritrade, giving customers stock quotes over the phone.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: When Ricketts finished undergraduate studies (1988), he joined the Chicago Board Options Exchange as a market maker. Ricketts held this position until 1994, shortly after finishing his MBA. From 1995 to 1996, he served as vice president with Mesirow Financial until moving to ABN AMRO as vice president in their brokerage division. Ricketts is credited with pioneering the idea of using the Internet and other technologies to help companies sell their investment-grade bonds directly to retail investors, as opposed to limiting sales only to institutions. He helped launch the first version of this system while at ABN AMRO. In 1999 he left ABN AMRO to found Incapital.


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: Thomas Ricketts co-founded Chicago-based Incapital LLC in 1999. The securities and investment banking firm has since expanded with two additional offices in Boca Raton, Florida and London, England. Ricketts served as Incapital Chairman. "Forbes" describes the company as a "technologically-oriented investment bank focused exclusively on the underwriting and distribution of fixed income products to individual investors. Incapital underwrites for several major U.S. corporations through its InterNotesSM product platform."


title: Thomas S. Ricketts

text: In Feb. 2021, Incapital announced it was merging with 280 CapMarkets to create a new fintech, InspereX, with a mission of "improving fixed income distribution and trading for all market participants." The merger was completed in July 2021. Post-merger, Ricketts serves as chairman of the board of InspereX.


title: Choronzon

text: Choronzon is a demon that originated in writing with the 16th-century occultists Edward Kelley and John Dee within the latter's occult system of Enochian magic. In the 20th century he became an important element within the mystical system of Thelema, founded by Aleister Crowley, where he is the "dweller in the abyss", believed to be the last great obstacle between the adept and enlightenment. Thelemites believe that if he is met with proper preparation, then his function is to destroy the ego, which allows the adept to move beyond the abyss of occult cosmology.


title: Choronzon

text: Including Crowley's spelling of the name, "Choronzon", there appear to be three alternatives. Meric Casaubon states that the name is "Coronzon" (without an 'h') in his "True and Faithful Relation…". However, this is at variance with the spelling that appears in John Dee's own journals. Laycock's "Enochian Dictionary" gives the latter spelling as "Coronzom", citing an original manuscript (Cotton XLVI Pt. I, fol. 91a) as the source for the variant. A.D. Mercer's "Liber Coronzom" discusses the question of spelling in some detail and includes images taken from Dee's original diaries and from Casaubon's "True and Faithful Relation..." showing the differences.


title: Choronzon

text: Otherwise known as "the demon of dispersion", Choronzon is described by Crowley as a temporary personification of the raving and inconsistent forces that occupy the abyss. In this system, Choronzon is given form in evocation only so it may be mastered.


title: Choronzon

text: Crowley states that he and Victor Benjamin Neuburg evoked Choronzon in Bou Saâda, Algeria in December 1909. In Crowley's account, it is unclear whether Choronzon was evoked into an empty Solomonic triangle while Crowley sat elsewhere, or whether Crowley himself was the medium into which the demon was invoked. Nearly all writers except Lawrence Sutin take him to mean the latter. In the account, Choronzon is described as changing shape, which is read variably as an account of an actual metamorphosis, a subjective impression of Neuburg's, or fabrication on Crowley's part.


title: Choronzon

text: The account describes the demon throwing sand over the triangle to breach it, following which it attacked Neuburg 'in the form of a naked savage', forcing him to drive it back at the point of a dagger. Crowley's account has been criticized as unreliable, as the relevant original pages are torn from the notebook in which the account was written. This, along with other inconsistencies in the manuscript, has led to speculation that Crowley embroidered the event to support his own belief system. Crowley himself claimed, in a footnote to the account in Liber 418, that "(t)he greatest precautions were taken at the time, and have since been yet further fortified, to keep silence concerning the rite of evocation." Arthur Calder-Marshall, meanwhile, asserts in "The Magic of my Youth" that Neuburg gave a quite different account of the event, claiming that he and Crowley evoked the spirit of "a foreman builder from Ur of the Chaldees", who chose to call himself "P.472". The conversation begins when two British students ask Neuburg about a version of the story in which Crowley turned him into a zebra and sold him to a zoo. Neuburg's response in this book contradicts both the words attributed to him in Liber 418 and the statement of Crowley biographer Lawrence Sutin.


title: Choronzon

text: Choronzon is deemed to be held in check by the power of the goddess Babalon, inhabitant of Binah, the third sephirah of the Tree of Life. Both Choronzon and the abyss are discussed in Crowley's "Confessions" (ch. 66):


title: Choronzon

text: C.F. Russell, one of Crowley's disciples, went on to found the Choronzon Club, later renamed the GBG.


title: Choronzon

text: In much the same way that Satan has been championed by some of those who object to the Abrahamic God, Choronzon has been turned into a positive figure by some iconoclastic occultists, in particular chaos magicians who object to what they see as the stultifying and restrictive dogma of Thelema. Peter Carroll's "Mass of Choronzon" is a ritual with the purpose of casting the energy of one's ego into the universe to effectuate an unknown desire. This, in part, has served as an inspiration for modernized ritual effectuation based on the "333 current".


title: Choronzon

text: Carroll himself states in the aforementioned book, however, that Choronzon is simply the name given to the obsessional side-effects of any deluded search for a false Holy Guardian Angel, or anything which the magician would mistake for his own profound genius itself.


title: Choronzon

text: An invocation of Choronzon forms the basis for a 1980 episode of "Hammer House of Horror" entitled "Guardian of the Abyss", in which a cult called The Choronzon Society uses John Dee's scrying mirror to conjure Choronzon.


title: Choronzon

text: An experimental multimedia project using the name Choronzon has existed since the late eighties, beginning as two separate and unknown cassette-culture projects, one from the west coast of the United States and the other from the eastern USA. When the internet made each project aware of the other, they fused these into one project. As of 2021, they operate the domain choronzon.org. They have released several albums as well as a printed book, "Panic Pandemic." Claiming that what they do is not merely music, but also actual magick acts fused into it, the project's works are distributed through both underground and traditional means. The "demon" Choronzon is cited as an actual member of the project, part of which has centered on extending the mythos around this entity past the Thelemic version of Choronzon into a modernized "post-abyssal" one, presenting Choronzon as an anti-hero and demigod, after becoming a reversed Satan in the form of a "risen demon".


title: The Power of Love (Huey Lewis and the News song)

text: "The Power of Love" is a 1985 single by Huey Lewis and the News, written for the of the 1985 blockbuster film "Back to the Future". The song became the band's first number-one hit on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 and their second number-one hit on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart. In the United Kingdom, it was released as a double-A side with "Do You Believe in Love", becoming the band's only top ten hit on the UK Singles Chart. The song is included alongside "Back in Time" on the film's soundtrack, and appears as a bonus track on international editions of the band's fourth studio album, "Fore!".


text: Huey Lewis was approached to write a theme song for the film. He met with Bob Gale, Steven Spielberg, and Robert Zemeckis, from the film's production team, who intended that the band be Marty McFly's favorite band. Though flattered, Lewis did not want to participate because he did not know how to write film songs and did not want to write one called "Back to the Future". Zemeckis assured Lewis he could write any song he wanted. Lewis agreed to submit the next song he wrote, which was "The Power of Love". The lyrics do not make any mention of the film's storyline.


text: The song appears early in "Back to the Future" as Marty McFly (played by Michael J. Fox) skateboards to school.


text: Later in the film, McFly and his band play a hard rock version of the song for a Battle of the Bands audition, at which a judge played by Huey Lewis tells Marty's group that they are "just too darn loud", and later when Marty returns to his neighborhood. In the sequel, "Back to the Future Part II", the 2015 version of Marty attempts to play the song on his guitar just after being fired but ends up playing it very poorly due to his damaged hand from his 1985 accident with a Rolls-Royce. Finally, it can be briefly heard playing in the car where Needles and his buddies are driving when Needles challenges Marty to the fate-determining car race near the end of "Back to the Future Part III".


text: The music video, filmed in June 1985, shows the band playing in a nightclub (Uncle Charlie's, a frequent stop for the band in their early career) with Emmett Brown (Christopher Lloyd) showing up in his DeLorean, apparently after time-traveling, and a couple stealing it for a joy ride. Lewis said filming took the entire day and night to complete, with the band finishing up at 3:00 AM. The video is included as a bonus feature in several home video releases of "Back to the Future".


text: The "Back to the Future" soundtrack version, also the version used in the music video, has a run time of 3:51.


text: A 12" version of the song was released to most countries, remixed by John "Jellybean" Benitez, features a seven-minute dance version with changes in its mix such as additional backing keyboards and an extended guitar solo.


text: A 7" single released in 1985 to radio in some countries as promotion of the film contains an edit of the aforementioned extended remix, with a run time of 4:21. In selected countries, this shorter edit was featured on the B-side of the 12" single. Whilst this version is occasionally played on radio, it has only ever been included on one Huey Lewis "Best Of", and as a result is a very rare version of the song.


text: "Cash Box" said that "the inimitable charm and drive which made "Sports" such a pop/rock winner is displayed from the first chords."


text: At the 13th Annual American Music Awards, the song was nominated for "Favorite Single" and "Favorite Video Single", winning in both categories. The song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 58th Academy Awards but lost to Lionel Richie's "Say You, Say Me". It was also nominee at the 28th Annual Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, but lost against USA for Africa's "We Are the World", to which Lewis and his bandmates had contributed backing vocals.


text: "The Power of Love" debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart at No. 46 for the week ending June 29, 1985, with "Billboard" calling the song "an out-of-the-box monster hit".


title: Olympia (1938 film)

text: Olympia is a 1938 German sports film written, directed and produced by Leni Riefenstahl, which documented the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin during the Nazi period. The film was released in two parts: Olympia 1. Teil — Fest der Völker (Festival of Nations) (126 minutes) and Olympia 2. Teil — Fest der Schönheit (Festival of Beauty) (100 minutes). The first documentary about the Olympics made, "Olympia" set the precedent for future cinematic documents, glorifying the Olympics, particularly the Summer Games. The 1936 Summer Olympics torch relay was devised for the Games by the secretary general of the Organizing Committee, Dr. Carl Diem. Riefenstahl staged the torch relay for the film, with competitive events of the Games.


title: Olympia (1938 film)

text: Many advanced motion picture techniques, which later became industry standards but which were groundbreaking at the time, were employed, including unusual camera angles, smash cuts, extreme close-ups and placing tracking shot rails within the bleachers. Although restricted to six camera positions on the stadium field, Riefenstahl set up cameras in as many other places as she could, including in the grandstands. She attached automatic cameras to balloons, including instructions to return the film to her, and she also placed automatic cameras in boats during practice runs. Amateur photography was used to supplement that of the professionals along the course of races. Perhaps the greatest innovation seen in "Olympia" was the use of an underwater camera. The camera followed divers through the air and, as soon as they hit the water, the cameraman dived down with them, all the while changing focus and aperture.


title: Olympia (1938 film)

text: While the craft employed are almost universally admired, "Olympia" is controversial due to its political context and propaganda value. Nevertheless, it appears on many lists of the greatest films of all time, including "Time" magazine's "All-Time 100 Movies."


title: Olympia (1938 film)

text: "Olympia" was made in three language versions: German, French and English. There are slight differences between each one, including which portions were included and their sequence within the film. The French version is known by the alternate title "Les Dieux du Stade" (Gods of the Stadium).


title: Olympia (1938 film)

text: It seems to have been Riefenstahl's habit to re-edit the film upon re-release, so that there are multiple versions of each language version of the film. For example, as originally released, the famous diving sequence (the penultimate sequence of the entire film) ran about four minutes. Riefenstahl subsequently reduced it by about 50 seconds. (The entire sequence can be seen in prints of the film circulated by the collector Raymond Rohauer.)


title: Olympia (1938 film)

text: The reaction to the film in Germany was enthusiastic, and it was received with acclaim and accolades around the world. In 1960, Riefenstahl's peers voted "Olympia" one of the 10 best films of all time. "The Daily Telegraph" recognised the film as "even more technically dazzling" than "Triumph of the Will". "The Times" described the film as "visually ravishing ... A number of sequences in the supposedly documentary Olympia, notably that devoted to the high-diving competition, become less and less concerned with record and more and more abstract: as some of the divers hit the water, the visual interest of patterns of movement takes over."


title: Olympia (1938 film)

text: American film critic Richard Corliss observed in "Time" that "the matter of Riefenstahl 'the Nazi director' is worth raising so it can be dismissed. [I]n the hallucinatory documentary "Triumph of the Will" ... [she] painted Adolf Hitler as a Wagnerian deity ... But that was in 1934–35. In ["Olympia"] Riefenstahl gave the same heroic treatment to Jesse Owens."


title: Olympia (1938 film)

text: The film won a number of prestigious film awards but fell from grace, particularly in the United States when, in November 1938, the world learned of Kristallnacht, an especially violent pogrom against the Jews of Germany. Riefenstahl was touring the U.S. to promote the film at that time and was immediately asked to leave the country.


title: Olympia (1938 film)

text: There had been few screenings of "Olympia" in English-speaking countries upon its original release; the film was not shown in the United States until 1940, and was then re-released in 1948 under the title "Kings of the Olympics" in a truncated version acquired from Germany by the U.S. Office of Alien Property Custodian and severely edited without Riefenstahl's involvement. In 1955 Riefenstahl agreed to remove three minutes of Hitler footage for screening at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The same version was also screened on West German television and in cinemas around the world.


title: Terminalia chebula

text: Terminalia chebula, commonly known as black- or chebulic myrobalan, is a species of "Terminalia", native to South Asia from India and Nepal east to southwest China (Yunnan), and south to Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Vietnam.


title: Terminalia chebula

text: In India, it is known as "Harad" in Hindi and Urdu, "Kadukkai" in Tamil, "Hirada" in Marathi, "Hilikha" in Assamese and "Horitoky" in Bengali.


title: Terminalia chebula

text: "Terminalia chebula" is a medium to large deciduous tree growing to tall, with a trunk up to in diameter. The leaves are alternate to subopposite in arrangement, oval, long and broad with a petiole. They have an acute tip, cordate at the base, margins entire, glabrous above with a yellowish pubescence below. The fruit is drupe-like, long and broad, blackish, with five longitudinal ridges. The dull white to yellow flowers are monoecious, and have a strong, unpleasant odour. They are borne in terminal spikes or short panicles. The fruits are smooth ellipsoid to ovoid drupes, yellow to orange-brown in colour, with a single angled stone.


title: Terminalia chebula

text: "Terminalia chebula" Is found throughout South and Southeast Asia including in India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand. In China, it is native in W Yunnan and cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi (Nanning), and Taiwan (Nantou).


title: Terminalia chebula

text: In India, it is found in the Sub Himalayan region from Ravi eastwards to West Bengal and Assam, ascending up to the altitude of in the Himalayas. This tree is wild in forests of Northern India, central provinces and Bengal, common in Madras, Mysore and in the southern part of the Bombay presidency.


title: Terminalia chebula

text: This tree yields smallish, ribbed and nut-like fruits which are picked when still green and then pickled, boiled with a little added sugar in their own syrup or used in preserves. The seed of the fruit, which has an elliptical shape, is an abrasive seed enveloped by a fleshy and firm pulp. Seven types of fruit are recognized (vijaya, rohini, putana, amrita, abhaya, jivanti, and chetaki), based on the region where the fruit is harvested, as well as the colour and shape of the fruit. Generally speaking, the" vijaya" variety is preferred, which is traditionally grown in the Vindhya Range of west-central India, and has a roundish as opposed to a more angular shape. The fruit also provides material for tanning leather and dyeing cloth.


title: Terminalia chebula

text: "Terminalia chebula" is a main ingredient in the Ayurvedic formulation "Triphala" which is used for kidney and liver dysfunctions. The dried fruit is also used in Ayurveda as a purported antitussive, cardiotonic, homeostatic, diuretic, and laxative. It is also used as a soothing agent for dry cough.


title: Terminalia chebula

text: A number of glycosides have been isolated from "haritaki", including the triterpenes arjunglucoside I, arjungenin, and the chebulosides I and II. Other constituents include a coumarin conjugated with gallic acids called chebulin, as well as other phenolic compounds including ellagic acid, 2,4-chebulyl-β-D-glucopyranose, chebulinic acid, gallic acid, ethyl gallate, punicalagin, terflavin A, terchebin, luteolin, and tannic acid. Chebulic acid is a phenolic acid compound isolated from the ripe fruits. Luteic acid can be isolated from the bark.


title: Terminalia chebula

text: "Terminalia chebula" also contains terflavin B, a type of tannin, while chebulinic acid is found in the fruits.


title: Erik Christensen

text: Erik Christensen (born December 17, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who last played for HV71 of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).


title: Erik Christensen

text: Christensen was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the third round (69th overall) of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. In the 2002–03 season, Christensen received the Bob Clarke Trophy for being the leading scorer of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He tallied 108 points (54 goals) in 67 games with the Kamloops Blazers.


title: Erik Christensen

text: The 2004–05 NHL lockout left the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins of the American Hockey League (AHL) stacked with talent, but Christensen impressed Penguins management by scoring 27 points (14 goals) in his first pro season. In the 2005–06 season, he jumped out of the gate quickly, tallying 19 points (9 goals) in only 9 games. The Pittsburgh Penguins called him up on October 31, 2005.


title: Erik Christensen

text: Christensen scored his first NHL goal on November 3, 2005, against the New York Islanders (against goaltender Rick DiPietro) at 15:43 into the 2nd period. Another promising rookie for the Penguins in 2005–06 (along with Sidney Crosby, Colby Armstrong, Ryan Whitney and others), Christensen earned 13 points (6 goals) in 33 games with the Penguins during his rookie campaign.


title: Erik Christensen

text: On February 26, 2008, the Atlanta Thrashers acquired Christensen along with Colby Armstrong, Angelo Esposito, and a first-round draft pick in a trade deadline deal that sent Marián Hossa and Pascal Dupuis to the Penguins.


title: Erik Christensen

text: On March 4, 2009, the Thrashers sent Christensen to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for Eric O'Dell. He contributed 2 goals and 7 assists to the Ducks during the remainder of the season, and contributed 2 assists during the 2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs.


title: Erik Christensen

text: Christensen has been valuable in shootouts his entire career. As of the end of the 2009-2010 season, he had scored 23 goals in 43 attempts for a 53.5% success rate.


title: Erik Christensen

text: During a game against the New Jersey Devils on December 27, 2010, Christensen sustained an injury to his right knee ligament requiring him to miss four to six weeks.


title: Erik Christensen

text: On February 3, 2012, Christensen was traded by the Rangers, along with a conditional 7th round draft pick in 2013, to the Minnesota Wild for center Casey Wellman. The Wild received the conditional pick after Christensen was not re-signed by the team following the 2011-2012 season.


title: Erik Christensen

text: On June 5, 2012, Christensen signed a two-year agreement with Czech-based HC Lev Praha, of the Kontinental Hockey League. In the midst of his final year under contract with Lev, Christensen secured a mid-season transfer to the Swedish Hockey League, with HV71, on October 22, 2013. In his fourth and final season with HV71 in the 2016–17 season, Christensen contributed with 21 points in 45 games and notched a further 5 points in 16 post-season games to help HV71 capture their 5th Le Mat Trophy. A week after claiming the Championship, Christensen was not tendered a new contract with HV71 and became a free agent. He opted to end his 13-year professional career and return home to Edmonton.


title: Erik Christensen

text: Christensen's nickname has been "Crusher" since he was 14 years old. He is the cousin of actor Hayden Christensen.


title: Jon Oringer

text: Jon Oringer (born May 2, 1974) is an American programmer, photographer, and billionaire businessman, best known as the founder and CEO of Shutterstock, a stock media company headquartered in New York City. Oringer started his career while a college student in the 1990s, when he created "one of the Web's first pop-up blockers." He went on to found about ten small startups that used a subscription method to sell "personal firewalls, accounting software, cookie blockers, trademark managers," and other small programs.


title: Jon Oringer

text: In 2003, Oringer founded Shutterstock to provide microstock photography, which has been publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange since 2012. As a result of going public, in 2013 Oringer was reported to be New York's first tech billionaire. Shutterstock had over 100,000 contributors as of March 2016, with an "active customer base of 1.4 million people in 150 countries." Among other accolades, in 2012 Oringer was named New York's Technology Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young, and the following year Oringer was recognized as one of "Crain's New York" 40 Under 40.


title: Jon Oringer

text: Jon Oringer was born in 1974 in Scarsdale, New York, where he spent his childhood. He began learning computer programming in elementary school at the age of five, using his Apple IIe to code "simple games and plug-ins for bulletin board systems." As he grew older he also developed his own photos as a hobby. Attending Scarsdale High School from 1988 to 1992, by the age of fifteen Oringer was teaching guitar lessons for cash, later moving on to fixing computers out of his parents house when he realized it was more lucrative. Oringer started selling his own software products over the internet when he began attending Stony Brook University in 1993, inventing and selling thousands of copies of what "Forbes" describes as "one of the Web's first pop-up blockers." After graduating with a BS in computer science and mathematics in 1997, from 1996 to 1998 he studied computer science at Columbia University, graduating with an MS. While enrolled at Columbia he continued "trying to create products to complement the pop-up blocker," using a subscription model to sell "personal firewalls, accounting software, cookie blockers, trademark managers," and other small programs. Oringer estimates that he founded about ten small startup companies, most of which had Oringer as the sole employee.


title: Jon Oringer

text: While marketing his software through a mailing list, Oringer realized that emails with photos were better received than emails without. Finding it difficult to find affordable generic stock photos online, in 2003 he purchased a Canon Rebel camera to take pictures for a new stock-photo marketplace that catered to advertisers and "microstock photography." Oringer went on to take about 100,000 of his own images over six months, eventually posting a culled collection of 30,000 images to a new website he named Shutterstock. Funding Shutterstock entirely with his savings, Oringer rented a 600-square-foot office in New York for the company and initially handled all roles himself, including customer service. Like his previous projects he made the photographs available via subscription, with unlimited downloads and a monthly starting fee of US$49. He also advertised Shutterstock on platforms such as Google AdWords.


title: Jon Oringer

text: Initially hiring friends to serve as models for the stock photos, Oringer later hired a photo director to organize shoots for the company. When demand exceeded his photo supply, he became an agent and hired additional contributors, also hiring a team of reviewers to ensure "editorial consistency and quality."


title: Jon Oringer

text: In May 2012, Oringer brought Shutterstock public after filing for an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange, which it completed on October 17, 2012. After going public, Oringer continued to own about 55 percent of Shutterstock, largely through the investment company Pixel Holdings. Stock value over the ensuing year increased considerably, and on June 28, 2013, Andre Sequin, an analyst at RBC Capital Market, announced Oringer as the "first billionaire to come out of Silicon Alley - New York's thriving tech sector." His net wealth at the time was estimated at US$1.05 billion.


title: Jon Oringer

text: In 2014, Oringer spoke at 2014 Class Day at the Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science. After maintaining its New York headquarters for years in a Wall Street office, in March 2014 Oringer relocated Shutterstock to the Empire State Building.


title: Jon Oringer

text: In January 2015, Oringer oversaw Shutterstock's acquisition of both Rex Features, Europe's largest independent photo press agency, and PremiumBeat, a stock music and sound effects service.


title: Jon Oringer

text: Following Shutterstock's decision to implement a tool to censor results in China, Oringer defended the company's decision when faced with an employee petition against the system.


title: Jon Oringer

text: In February 2020, Oringer announced that he would be stepping down as Shutterstock CEO effective April 2020, and would become executive chairman.


title: Jon Oringer

text: Oringer has been recognized with a number of business awards, and in 2009 he was selected 41st on the Silicon Alley 100, an annual list of the 100 most influential entrepreneurs, investors, executives, and technologists in Manhattan. "Business Insider" named Oringer the coolest person in all of New York technology in 2013. Oringer was recognized in June 2012 as New York's Technology Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young, and the following year Oringer was recognized as one of "Crain's New York" class of 2013 40 Under 40.


title: Jon Oringer

text: Based in West Village in Manhattan, around 2012 Oringer became a certified commercial helicopter pilot.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: Fear, uncertainty and doubt (often shortened to FUD) is a propaganda tactic used in sales, marketing, public relations, politics, polling and cults. FUD is generally a strategy to influence perception by disseminating negative and dubious or false information and a manifestation of the appeal to fear.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: The term "fear, uncertainty and doubt" appeared as far back as the 1920s, whereas the similar formulation "doubts, fears and uncertainties" reaches back to 1693. By 1975, the term was appearing abbreviated as FUD in marketing and sales contexts as well as in public relations:


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: FUD was first used with its common current technology-related meaning by Gene Amdahl in 1975, after he left IBM to found his own company, Amdahl Corp.:


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: This usage of FUD to describe disinformation in the computer hardware industry is said to have led to subsequent popularization of the term.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: By spreading questionable information about the drawbacks of less well-known products, an established company can discourage decision-makers from choosing those products over its own, regardless of the relative "technical" merits. This is a recognized phenomenon, epitomized by the traditional axiom of purchasing agents that "nobody ever got fired for buying IBM equipment". The aim is to have IT departments buy software they know to be technically inferior because upper management is more likely to recognize the brand.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: The strategy of deliberately sowing doubts about scientific findings was used by the Tobacco Industry.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: In 1996, Caldera, Inc. accused Microsoft of several anti-competitive practices, including issuing vaporware announcements, creating FUD, and excluding competitors from participating in beta-test programs in order to destroy competition in the DOS market.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: One of the claims was related to having modified Windows 3.1 so that it would not run on DR DOS 6.0 although there were no technical reasons for it not to work. This was caused by the so-called AARD code, some encrypted piece of code, which had been found in a number of Microsoft programs. The code would fake nonsensical error messages if run on DR DOS, like:


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: If the user chose to press , Windows would continue to run on DR DOS without problems. While it had been already speculated in the industry that the purpose of this code was to create doubts about DR DOS's compatibility and thereby destroy the product's reputation, internal Microsoft memos published as part of the "United States v. Microsoft" antitrust case later revealed that the specific focus of these error messages was DR DOS. At one point, Microsoft CEO Bill Gates sent a memo to a number of employees, reading


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: At around the same time, the leaked internal Microsoft "Halloween documents" stated "OSS [Open Source Software] is long-term credible… [therefore] FUD tactics cannot be used to combat it."


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: Open source software, and the Linux community in particular, are widely perceived as frequent targets of Microsoft's FUD:


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: The SCO Group's 2003 lawsuit against IBM, funded by Microsoft, claiming $5 billion in intellectual property infringements by the free software community, is an example of FUD, according to IBM, which argued in its counterclaim that SCO was spreading "fear, uncertainty, and doubt".


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: Magistrate Judge Brooke C. Wells wrote (and Judge Dale Albert Kimball concurred) in her order limiting SCO's claims: "The court finds SCO's arguments unpersuasive. SCO's arguments are akin to SCO telling IBM, 'sorry, we are not going to tell you what you did wrong because you already know...' SCO was required to disclose in detail what it feels IBM misappropriated... the court finds it inexcusable that SCO is... not placing all the details on the table. Certainly if an individual were stopped and accused of shoplifting after walking out of Neiman Marcus they would expect to be eventually told what they allegedly stole. It would be absurd for an officer to tell the accused that 'you know what you stole, I'm not telling.' Or, to simply hand the accused individual a catalog of Neiman Marcus' entire inventory and say 'it's in there somewhere, you figure it out.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: SCO stock skyrocketed from under a share to over in a matter of weeks in 2003. It later dropped to around —then crashed to under 50 cents on 13 August 2007, in the aftermath of a ruling that Novell owns the UNIX copyrights.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: Apple's claim that iPhone jailbreaking could potentially allow hackers to crash cell phone towers was described by Fred von Lohmann, a representative of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), as a "kind of theoretical threat...more FUD than truth".


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: FUD is widely recognized as a tactic to promote the sale or implementation of security products and measures. It is possible to find pages describing purely artificial problems. Such pages frequently contain links to the demonstrating source code that does not point to any valid location and sometimes even links that "will execute malicious code on your machine regardless of current security software", leading to pages without any executable code.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: The drawback to the FUD tactic in this context is that, when the stated or implied threats fail to materialize over time, the customer or decision-maker frequently reacts by withdrawing budgeting or support from future security initiatives.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: FUD has also been utilized in technical support scams, which may use fake error messages to scare unwitting computer users, especially the elderly or computer-illiterate, into paying for a supposed fix for a non-existent problem, to avoid being framed for criminal charges such as unpaid taxes, or in extreme cases, false accusations of illegal acts such as child pornography.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: The FUD tactic was used by Caltex Australia in 2003. According to an internal memo, which was subsequently leaked, they wished to use FUD to destabilize franchisee confidence, and thus get a better deal for Caltex. This memo was used as an example of unconscionable behaviour in a Senate inquiry. Senior management claimed that it was contrary to and did not reflect company principles.


title: Fear, uncertainty, and doubt

text: In 2008, Clorox was the subject of both consumer and industry criticism for advertising its Green Works line of allegedly environmentally friendly cleaning products using the slogan, "Finally, Green Works." The slogan implied both that "green" products manufactured by other companies which had been available to consumers prior to the introduction of Clorox's GreenWorks line had all been ineffective, and also that the new GreenWorks line was at least as effective as Clorox's existing product lines. The intention of this slogan and the associated advertising campaign has been interpreted as appealing to consumers' fears that products from companies with less brand recognition are less trustworthy or effective. Critics also pointed out that, despite its representation of GreenWorks products as "green" in the sense of being less harmful to the environment and/or consumers using them, the products contain a number of ingredients advocates of natural products have long campaigned against the use of in household products due to toxicity to humans or their environment. All three implicit claims have been disputed, and some of their elements disproven, by environmental groups, consumer-protection groups, and the industry self-regulatory Better Business Bureau.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Jean-Martin Charcot (; 29 November 1825 – 16 August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He worked on hypnosis and hysteria, in particular with his hysteria patient Louise Augustine Gleizes. Charcot is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms, including various conditions sometimes referred to as Charcot diseases.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Charcot has been referred to as "the father of French neurology and one of the world's pioneers of neurology". His work greatly influenced the developing fields of neurology and psychology; modern psychiatry owes much to the work of Charcot and his direct followers. He was the "foremost neurologist of late nineteenth-century France" and has been called "the Napoleon of the neuroses".


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Born in Paris, Charcot worked and taught at the famous Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital for 33 years. His reputation as an instructor drew students from all over Europe. In 1882, he established a neurology clinic at Salpêtrière, which was the first of its kind in Europe. Charcot was a part of the French neurological tradition and studied under, and greatly revered, Duchenne de Boulogne.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: "He married a rich widow, Madame Durvis, in 1864 and had two children, Jeanne and Jean-Baptiste, who later became a doctor and a famous polar explorer".


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Charcot's primary focus was neurology. He named and was the first to describe multiple sclerosis. Summarizing previous reports and adding his own clinical and pathological observations, Charcot called the disease "sclérose en plaques". The three signs of multiple sclerosis now known as Charcot's triad 1 are nystagmus, intention tremor, and telegraphic speech, though these are not unique to MS. Charcot also observed cognition changes, describing his patients as having a "marked enfeeblement of the memory" and "conceptions that formed slowly". He was also the first to describe a disorder known as Charcot joint or Charcot arthropathy, a degeneration of joint surfaces resulting from loss of proprioception. He researched the functions of different parts of the brain and the role of arteries in cerebral hemorrhage.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Charcot was among the first to describe Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT). The announcement was made simultaneously with Pierre Marie of France (his resident) and Howard Henry Tooth of England. The disease is also sometimes called peroneal muscular atrophy.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Charcot's studies between 1868 and 1881 were a landmark in the understanding of Parkinson's disease. Among other advances he made the distinction between rigidity, weakness and bradykinesia. He also led the disease formerly named "paralysis agitans" (shaking palsy) to be renamed after James Parkinson. He also noted apparent variations on PD, such as Parkinson's disease with hyperextension. Charcot received the first European professional chair of clinical diseases for the nervous system in 1882.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Charcot is best known today for his work on hypnosis and hysteria. In particular, he is best remembered for his work with his hysteria patient Louise Augustine Gleizes, who somewhat increased his fame during his lifetime; however, Marie "Blanche" Wittmann, known as the Queen of Hysterics, was his most famous hysteria patient at the time. He initially believed that hysteria was a neurological disorder for which patients were pre-disposed by hereditary features of their nervous system, but near the end of his life he concluded that hysteria was a psychological disease.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Charcot first began studying hysteria after creating a special ward for non-insane females with "hystero-epilepsy". He discovered two distinct forms of hysteria among these women: minor hysteria and major hysteria. His interest in hysteria and hypnotism "developed at a time when the general public was fascinated in 'animal magnetism' and 'mesmerization, which was later revealed to be a method of inducing hypnosis. His study of hysteria "attract[ed] both scientific and social notoriety". Bogousslavsky, Walusinski, and Veyrunes write:Charcot and his school considered the ability to be hypnotized as a clinical feature of hysteria ... For the members of the Salpêtrière School, susceptibility to hypnotism was synonymous with disease, i.e. hysteria, although they later recognized ... that "grand hypnotisme" (in hysterics) should be differentiated "from petit hypnotisme", which corresponded to the hypnosis of ordinary people.Charcot argued vehemently against the widespread medical and popular prejudice that hysteria was rarely found in men, presenting several cases of traumatic male hysteria. He taught that due to this prejudice these "cases often went unrecognised, even by distinguished doctors" and could occur in such models of masculinity as railway engineers or soldiers. Charcot's analysis, in particular his view of hysteria as an organic condition which could be caused by trauma, paved the way for understanding neurological symptoms arising from industrial-accident or war-related traumas.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: The Salpêtrière School's position on hypnosis was sharply criticized by Hippolyte Bernheim, another leading neurologist of the time. Bernheim argued that the hypnosis and hysteria phenomena that Charcot had famously demonstrated were in fact due to suggestion. However, Charcot himself had had longstanding concerns about the use of hypnosis in treatment and about its effect on patients. He also was concerned that the sensationalism hypnosis attracted had robbed it of its scientific interest, and that the quarrel with Bernheim, amplified by Charcot's pupil Georges Gilles de la Tourette, had "damaged" hypnotism.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Charcot thought of art as a crucial tool of the clinicoanatomic method. He used photos and drawings, many made by himself or his students, in his classes and conferences. He also drew outside the neurology domain, as a personal hobby. Like Duchenne, he is considered a key figure in the incorporation of photography to the study of neurological cases.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Distorted views of Charcot as harsh and tyrannical have arisen from some sources that rely on a fanciful autobiographical novel by Axel Munthe, "The Story of San Michele" (1929). Munthe claimed to have been Charcot's assistant, but in fact, Munthe was just a medical student among hundreds of others. Munthe's most direct contact with Charcot was when Munthe helped a young female patient "escape" from a ward of the hospital and took her into his home. Charcot threatened to report this to the police, and ordered that Munthe not be allowed on the wards of the hospital again.


title: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: In a 1931 letter to "The New York Times Book Review", Charcot's son Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who had, himself, been a formal student of his father at the Salpêtrière, emphatically stated: