title: NBC Nightly News

text: NBC Nightly News (titled as NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt for its weeknight broadcasts since June 22, 2015) is the flagship daily evening television news program for NBC News, the news division of the NBC television network in the United States. First aired on August 3, 1970, the program is currently the second most watched network newscast in the United States, behind ABC's "World News Tonight". "NBC Nightly News" is produced from Studio 1A at NBC Studios at 30 Rockefeller Center in New York City. Select Los Angeles–based editions broadcast from The Brokaw News Center in Universal City, California, or when broadcasting from Washington, D.C., either from the NBC News bureau based at WRC-TV in the Tenleytown neighborhood, or NBC's secondary studio overlooking Capitol Hill.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: Since 2015, the broadcast has been anchored by Lester Holt on weeknights, José Díaz-Balart on Saturday and Kate Snow on Sunday. Previous anchors have included John Chancellor, David Brinkley, Tom Brokaw and Brian Williams.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: The program is broadcast live over most NBC stations from 6:30 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time seven days a week; the "Western Edition" of the program occasionally features breaking news and/or updated information on news stories covered during the original telecast for Pacific Time Zone viewers, and some stations in that time zone carry it live at 3:30 p.m. PT to lead into their late afternoon local news blocks. Its current theme music, "The Mission" (which debuted in 1985) was composed by John Williams.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: "NBC Nightly News" replaced "The Huntley–Brinkley Report" in August 1970 upon Chet Huntley's retirement. At first, David Brinkley, John Chancellor, and Frank McGee rotated duties as anchors. At least one, usually two, and very rarely all three anchored the program on a given night. Except for the few nights when one of the men solo anchored, each evening's program included one anchor based in New York City and one in Washington, D.C., as had been the case on the "Huntley-Brinkley Report". Brinkley's appearances were always from Washington and McGee's were always from New York. Chancellor moved between those two cities depending on his partner for the evening.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: In addition to Brinkley as a holdover from the "Huntley-Brinkley Report", McGee had earned praise for his anchoring or co-anchoring of space flights, and Chancellor had also earned praise as McGee's co-anchor for the space missions of Apollo 12 and Apollo 13.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: With network executives perceiving the instability of this arrangement as a factor in "Nightly News" losing audience share to the "CBS Evening News", NBC discontinued the rotation arrangement, and McGee eventually took over for Hugh Downs as host of "Today". Chancellor became the sole anchor of the program on August 9, 1971, with Brinkley providing a three-minute commentary segment, "David Brinkley's Journal," from Washington several times a week.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On June 7, 1976, NBC brought Brinkley back to the anchor desk and tried the dual-anchor approach once again. Initially, Chancellor and Brinkley both reported from New York City, however Brinkley would later return to Washington. Chancellor again became sole anchor of "Nightly News" on October 10, 1979, with Brinkley once again providing commentaries until he left NBC for ABC News in 1981, where he became host of that network's new Sunday morning interview show "This Week".


title: NBC Nightly News

text: Despite the various changes, Chancellor was never able to break the grip that Walter Cronkite and the "CBS Evening News" had on the American news viewer, although "Nightly News" was sometimes a strong second place in the evening news ratings for most of the 1970s. After stepping down from the anchor desk on April 2, 1982, Chancellor remained on the program as an editorial commentator until his retirement in 1993.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On April 5, 1982, Tom Brokaw, who had been serving as anchor of "Today" since 1976, joined the program and took over co-anchor duties in New York City, while Roger Mudd became anchor in Washington. Mudd was dropped from the broadcast and Brokaw became the solo anchor of "Nightly News" on September 5, 1983, the same day that his ABC competitor, Peter Jennings, became sole anchor of "World News Tonight". With Brokaw being the sole anchor, the "Nightly News" was now completely based in New York City. Among other news items, he covered the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster, EDSA Revolution, Loma Prieta earthquake, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and Hurricane Andrew. As anchor, Brokaw conducted the first one-on-one American television interviews with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and Russian President Vladimir Putin. He was the only network anchor in Berlin when the Berlin Wall fell. Brokaw's presence slowly attracted viewers, and during the 1990s, "Nightly News" battled for the viewership lead with "World News Tonight". He and Katie Couric hosted a prime-time newsmagazine, "Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric", that aired from 1993 to 1994 before being folded into the multi-night "Dateline NBC" program. By 1997, "NBC Nightly News" had solidified its first place standing in the ratings, a spot it would retain solely for ten years. The once-dominant "CBS Evening News", anchored by Dan Rather, had lost a substantial portion of the audience it held during the Walter Cronkite era and slid to third place (where it still remains as of 2017) in the viewership wars.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On September 11, 2001, Brokaw joined Katie Couric and Matt Lauer around 9:30 a.m., following the live attack on the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and continued to anchor all day, until after midnight. Following the collapse of the second tower, Brokaw said:


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On May 28, 2002, Brokaw announced his retirement as anchor of "Nightly News", to take effect shortly after the Presidential election in 2004. During this last time helming the network's Presidential election coverage, NBC graphic designers created images of a giant electoral map on the ice rink at Rockefeller Plaza, and cherry pickers tallied the electoral vote count on the façade of 30 Rockefeller Plaza (this tradition has continued with each election since then). Brokaw's final broadcast took place on December 1, 2004, ending 22 years on the "Nightly News" desk and a 21-year run as the network's chief newsman – a record tenure in NBC's history.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: Brian Williams, a frequent substitute for Brokaw for "NBC Nightly News", succeeded him as the program's permanent anchor on December 2, 2004. The program held onto the #1 ratings spot among the network evening newscasts from Williams' first day, averaging about 10 million viewers each week until February 2007, when it slipped behind its closest competitor "World News with Charles Gibson". However, "NBC Nightly News" regained the lead a few months later; it has now been America's most-watched evening newscast for over a decade.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: Williams rose to new levels of popularity for his live spot reporting during and after the 2005 hurricane season. With the transition to Williams, the show recognized its past in its opening seconds, with small photos of past anchors and sets and the voices of John Cameron Swayze, Huntley, Brinkley, Chancellor, and Brokaw, as well as an orchestral version of the "G-E-C" NBC Chimes serving as an intro bumper, before going into the opening headlines summary read by Williams; this montage was discontinued on September 17, 2007. On December 4, 2006, "Nightly News" was presented with "limited commercial interruptions" through a sponsorship arrangement with Philips, marking the first time in its 36-year history that the newscast experimented with reduced advertising.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: During Williams' tenure as main anchor of the program, Lester Holt and Kate Snow often substituted while he was on vacation or on assignment; other substitute anchors included Savannah Guthrie, Tamron Hall, Harry Smith, Jenna Wolfe, Erica Hill, Hoda Kotb, Natalie Morales and Carl Quintanilla, as well as now-former NBC anchors Ann Curry, Campbell Brown, David Gregory, Amy Robach, Peter Alexander, and John Seigenthaler.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: "NBC Nightly News" began broadcasting in high definition on March 26, 2007, becoming the first of the three network evening news programs to make the transition (the "CBS Evening News" began broadcasting in HD on January 7, 2008; "ABC World News Tonight" began broadcasting in HD on August 25, 2008, during its coverage of the 2008 Democratic National Convention). Most news video from on-remote locations continued to be shot in standard definition at the time, while the network's news bureaus underwent a conversion to HD, which was completed in 2009.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: The "Nightly News" set in Studio 3C, which had been in use since January 27, 1992, was retired on May 4, 2007. The broadcast temporarily relocated to Studio 8G on the same set as of May 8, 2007 used for the studio segments seen during the network's "Sunday Night Football" broadcasts and its pregame show, and where NBC's 2006 Congressional election coverage originated. After months of construction, Studio 3C was re-opened on October 22, 2007, with the introduction of a new set for "Nightly News"; sister cable network MSNBC's new set in Studio 3A was also inaugurated at that time. On October 24, 2011, the broadcast moved to Studio 3B, which also served as the homebase of Williams' short-lived newsmagazine for NBC, "Rock Center".


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On February 4, 2015, Williams apologized on the program for having “conflated” on numerous occasions an account that he had been aboard a Chinook helicopter shot down by enemy fire from a rocket-propelled grenade while covering the Invasion of Iraq in 2003, when he was in fact aboard a helicopter that followed behind it. This came after he received criticism by U.S. soldiers for embellishing the story when a segment from the January 30, 2015 broadcast recounting the incident was posted on the program's Facebook page. The revelation spurred negative press towards Williams, including some asking for him to be fired by NBC News, although Paul Rieckhoff, founder of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America, stated that “persecuting [Williams] over this mistake will do little to help our veterans and service members”.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: Amid that controversy and questions over Williams' claims that made regarding his experiences while reporting from New Orleans on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, including that he contracted dysentery from accidentally ingesting flood water, the news division decided to launch an internal investigation into the matter that would be conducted through its investigative unit. On February 7, 2015, Williams stated in a memo to NBC News staff that he would take himself "off the daily broadcast for the next several days," with Lester Holt substituting for him on the weeknight broadcasts.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On February 10, 2015, Williams was suspended without pay for six months due to the scandal which arose after he came under fire for fabricating a story about his reporting on the Iraq War and Hurricane Katrina. Williams claimed to have been reporting in Iraq in 2002 when the helicopter he was traveling on was hit by an RPG and he was forced to land. He had told the story several times, including his appearances on the "Late Show with David Letterman" and on "Nightly News" itself only a few nights before several war veterans who had been with Williams in 2002 claimed that Williams had not been present at the time of the crash, but showed up about an hour later to report on it. Williams issued an apology, saying he had "misremembered" the story in his head and it had been a genuine accident, but many critics accused Williams of fabricating the story and called for his resignation. Williams later announced that he would be taking some time off because he had become "too much a part of the news." NBC announced that weekend anchor Lester Holt would anchor the program in the interim.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On June 18, 2015, NBC News and MSNBC chairman Andrew Lack announced that Lester Holt would become the main anchor of "NBC Nightly News" on a permanent basis effective on June 22, 2015 (Holt was on a scheduled vacation on the day of the announcement, with "Today" presenter Savannah Guthrie serving as interim anchor of the broadcast that week). After his suspension ended in August, Brian Williams was reassigned to MSNBC where he previously served as both an anchor and correspondent.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: Holt previously served as interim anchor of the weeknight broadcasts from August 6, 2013 to September 2, 2013 when Williams went on medical leave from NBC News in order to undergo knee replacement surgery. With his promotion to main anchor, Holt is the first African-American solo weeknight anchor of a major network newscast. Max Robinson was co-anchor of ABC's "World News Tonight" from 1978 to 1983, and Gwen Ifill was a co-anchor of the "PBS NewsHour" from 2013 to 2016.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On June 27, 2016, "NBC Nightly News" switched to a full 16:9 letterbox presentation, with the existing graphics package being re-positioned for the 16:9 format. On October 10, 2016, the newscast debuted an entirely new on-air look with graphics originally optimized for the full 16:9 presentation, including a new program logo replacing variations of the previous one that had been used since November 8, 1999.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On August 11, 2021, it was announced that executive producer Jennifer Suozzo would be departing the program and Meghan Rafferty would be interim executive producer on August 16, 2021.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On September 13, 2021, "NBC Nightly News" permanently moved from Studio 3C to Studio 1A, also the home of "Today".


title: NBC Nightly News

text: NBC first offered a Saturday evening newscast in 1961, with Sander Vanocur anchoring the "NBC Saturday Night Report". Four years later, NBC correspondents Ray Scherer and Robert MacNeil were partnered at the anchor desk on "The Scherer-MacNeil Report" on Saturdays, continuing until 1967. At that time, the network replaced it with a second weekend airing of "The Frank McGee Report", which had been airing on Sundays for several years by that point. The Saturday edition of the "Report" ran for about a year and a half.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On January 4, 1969, the "Huntley-Brinkley Report" was expanded to Saturday evenings, with the main anchors working solo on alternating weeks. When lower-than-expected ratings occurred, the network pulled the pair off Saturdays and assigned others such as McGee and Vanocur to anchor the broadcast. On August 2, 1970, two days after the weekday "Huntley-Brinkley" broadcast ended, the network expanded its evening newscast to Sundays, which also replaced the Sunday broadcast of "The Frank McGee Report". For the first year after the Sunday broadcast began, Chancellor, Brinkley and McGee rotated on the program as they did on weeknights; there were no separate weekend anchors. The Saturday and Sunday broadcasts were respectively titled "NBC Saturday Night News" and "NBC Sunday Night News" until sometime in the 1970s, when they adopted the "NBC Nightly News" name.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: When Chancellor became sole anchor of the weeknight editions in August 1971, separate anchors were named for the weekend editions.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: The weekend editions may occasionally be abbreviated or preempted due to NBC Sports telecasts (such as golf tournaments, Notre Dame football games, NASCAR Races and Thoroughbred Racing tournaments) that overrun into the program's time slot. During NFL Season, the Sunday editions air live in every time zone at 6:30 p.m. Eastern time, immediately prior to "Football Night in America" and "NBC Sunday Night Football".


title: NBC Nightly News

text: In April 2020, NBC News began producing a version of "NBC Nightly News" targeted at children ages 6 to 16, featuring stories aimed at children. This edition is hosted by Lester Holt and new episodes premiere every Thursday on NBC News' YouTube channel. Beginning on October 31, 2020, occasional editions of "NBC Nightly News: Kids Edition" have aired on Saturdays on NBC.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: The following are people who have been the principal news anchors for the NBC television network's flagship weekday evening-news program, titled since 1970 as "NBC Nightly News", as well as its predecessor programs.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: Bill Hanrahan handled the announcing duties for the newscast until his retirement in 1983, as he had done for the predecessor "Huntley-Brinkley Report". The next announcer for the program was long-time NBC staff announcer Howard Reig. He retired to Florida in 2005, but a recording he had made before his retirement was used on the program until December 14, 2007. When the show was broadcast on remote or a new substitute anchor was used, Reig recorded a new introduction in a Miami studio. Since Holt took over as anchor, the weekend editions have been voiced by Bill Wolff, who had also worked occasionally on special weekday editions when Reig was unavailable. On December 17, 2007, the weeknight broadcast introduced an opening by Academy Award winning actor/producer Michael Douglas until it was discontinued on June 18, 2015 and was replaced by Wolff.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: From late 2007 through 2012, the intro commenced with a timeline showing the different NBC News anchors and logos whilst the show's theme song plays followed by showing the NBC News' filming station in New York (It does not appear when telecasts are filmed in other areas like Washington).


title: NBC Nightly News

text: From 2012 through 2016, the intro was different pictures of the earth which formed into the NBC News' filming station in New York.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: In September 2001, a letter containing anthrax was addressed to then "NBC Nightly News" anchor Tom Brokaw as part of the 2001 anthrax attacks. Brokaw was not harmed, but two NBC News employees were infected.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On April 18, 2007, NBC News received a package containing a "multimedia manifesto" from Seung-Hui Cho, the gunman responsible for the Virginia Tech shooting that occurred two days earlier, the deadliest school shooting in American history. Upon the package's discovery, NBC News handed the package over to federal authorities. The specific details of the package contained a DVD disc of Cho reading from a typed manifesto (also in the package), as well as more than 40 pictures of Cho brandishing weapons, including the two handguns believed to have been used in the massacre. Some of the package's contents were shown, albeit copied from the originals and edited for profanity, on the April 18, 2007 edition of "NBC Nightly News", with anchor Brian Williams and NBC chief justice correspondent Pete Williams (no relation to Brian) examining the package's contents in the opening moments of the broadcast.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: On November 29, 2011, a fire alarm went off in the studio a few seconds into the "Nightly News" Eastern Time Zone broadcast. Despite the false alarm, Brian Williams continued to anchor throughout the entire broadcast. Once the alarm had been turned off, Williams redid the broadcast for the Mountain and Pacific Time Zones, and other select stations. NBC News apologized for the incident on the program's Twitter account:


title: NBC Nightly News

text: NBC's Seattle, Detroit, Buffalo, Minneapolis, Boston, and Burlington affiliates are separately available through most Canadian cable companies. Because of their markets proximity to the Canadian border, NBC affiliates WDIV, WGRZ, and WPBN (through WGTQ's HD2 channel) air live broadcasts of "NBC Nightly News" without cable.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: The Antillean, Cayman, and some of the Leeward islands air live episodes of NBC Nightly News through Miami-based NBC affiliate WTVJ, which is carried by cable provider FLOW TV as part of their lineup.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: In Great Britain, "NBC Nightly News" is broadcast on NBC News Now, a channel provided by Sky UK because of its affiliation with Comcast. For the rest of Europe, "NBC Nightly News" is broadcast live on CNBC Europe at 12:30 AM CET (11:30 PM GMT and 10:30 PM during DST respectively). It also airs on the 24-hour news network OSN News in MENA Region, with the weekday editions airing immediately after their original telecast in the U.S. and the weekend edition being simulcast live.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: In Hong Kong, the program is broadcast live (or delayed) on TVB Pearl daily at 7:30 AM Hong Kong Time (corresponding to 18:30, or 6:30 PM, in the Eastern Time Zone of the U.S.).


title: NBC Nightly News

text: In the Philippines, "NBC Nightly News" returned on Philippine cable and satellite TV starting January 1, 2021, broadcast live daily at 7:30 AM (or 6:30 AM during daylight saving time in the US) on TAP Edge. Starting October 26, 2021, broadcasts of the program were moved to sister channel TAP TV (However, the program will be pre-empted on the other days to give way for the live coverage of ISU Figure Skating Championships events).


title: NBC Nightly News

text: "NBC Nightly News" is broadcast on AFN|news, a channel that is available to several American military bases and ships around the world through the American Forces Network.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: In the Philippines, "NBC Nightly News" was aired Mondays through Fridays at 8:30 AM (after "Daybreak"), Saturdays at 9:00 AM and Sundays at 10:00 AM local time; it is also rebroadcast at 5:30 PM each weeknight, 1:30 PM on Saturdays, 4:30 AM on Tuesdays to Saturdays, 10:00 PM on Sundays and daily at 1:30 AM local time on 9TV (formerly as Talk TV and Solar News Channel). The newscast was discontinued in February 2015 as a part of transitory preparations as 9TV eventually re-branded to CNN Philippines on March 16, 2015.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: The East Coast feed of the program was broadcast in Bermuda on local NBC affiliate VSB-TV in the British Overseas Territory; the station ceased broadcasting on August 31, 2014. Access to the programme in the Bahamas remains through cable feeds of WNBC/New York or WTVJ/Miami.


title: NBC Nightly News

text: "NBC Nightly News" is also available worldwide as an audio podcast, and can be streamed on demand from the NBC News website the night of its original broadcast after 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Beginning with the March 27, 2018 broadcast, "Nightly News" broadcasts have also started appearing on NBC News's YouTube channel. On January 25, 2015, NBC began indicating that the video podcast of the program would be discontinued and refers users to the news division's website or mobile apps to view editions of "Nightly News" on mobile devices, although such apps are not compatible with devices that feature podcast support such as early generation Apple TV or Roku devices (current-gen devices offer access to an NBC News app with newscast replays). The video podcast was discontinued on February 14, 2015.


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: Bilinda Jayne Butcher (born 16 September 1961) is an English musician and singer-songwriter, best known as a vocalist and guitarist of the shoegaze band My Bloody Valentine.


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: Butcher was born and raised in London and later relocated with her parents and older sister Jo-Anne to Golden Valley, Derbyshire, a small hamlet in the countryside. Her forename is an alternate spelling of Belinda and was chosen by her mother. Butcher has been quoted as saying, "if I'd been a guy I would have been named Bill, but since I was a girl it became Bilinda".


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: Butcher has said that growing up in Golden Valley she was considered "a weirdo" as she wore clothes based on 1920s fashion and listened to records on a portable gramophone. Butcher stated: "My mother thought I was up in the clouds. I never watched the news or read the papers; it was like I lived in another era. Everybody was into punk and I was living in the '20s and '30s." At age sixteen, Butcher moved back to London and began studying dance at the Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance, but left after a year.


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: After leaving Trinity Laban, Butcher worked as a nanny for a French family in London for six months and later moved to Paris for another six months with her partner. The pair moved back to London, squatting in Brixton, and had a child, Toby.


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: Butcher was recruited as a vocalist for My Bloody Valentine in April 1987. She replaced original vocalist David Conway and shared vocal duties briefly with Joe Byfield. Butcher, whose prior musical experience was playing classical guitar as a child and singing and playing tambourine "with some girlfriends for fun", learned that the group needed a backing vocalist from her boyfriend, who had met drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig on a ferry from the Netherlands. At her audition for the band, she sang "The Bargain Store", a song from Dolly Parton's 1975 album of the same name. She was chosen as a vocalist ahead of a girl called Julie who was in a relationship with Douglas Hart from The Jesus and Mary Chain.


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: Butcher was featured as co-vocalist and co-guitarist on My Bloody Valentine's non-album single, "Strawberry Wine", and the band's second mini album, "Ecstasy", both of which were released in 1987 on Lazy Records. She performed vocals and guitar on all further My Bloody Valentine releases, until the band's second studio album "Loveless" (1991), on which her guitar duties were performed by co-vocalist and guitarist Kevin Shields. She contributed a third of the lyrics to "Isn't Anything" (1988) and "Loveless", as well as other releases including "You Made Me Realise" (1988), "Glider" (1990) and "Tremolo" (1991).


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: My Bloody Valentine attempted to record a third studio album after signing with Island Records in October 1992 for a reported £250,000 contract. The band's advance went towards the construction of a home studio in Streatham, South London, which was completed in April 1993. Several technical problems with the studio sent the band into "semi-meltdown", according to Shields. Despite suggestions to the contrary, Butcher never left the band, although she did leave the home studio in Streatham. My Bloody Valentine reunited in 2007, and released their third album, "m b v", in 2013.


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: During My Bloody Valentine's hiatus, Butcher collaborated with two major bands. She performed lead vocals on two tracks—"Ballad Night" and "Casino Kisschase"—on the hip hop band Collapsed Lung's album "Cooler" (1996), and performed backing vocals on the Dinosaur Jr song "I Don't Think" from "Hand It Over" (1997). At Primavera Sound in 2013, Butcher performed with The Jesus and Mary Chain, providing vocals on "Just Like Honey".


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: Butcher's vocals have been referred to as a trademark of My Bloody Valentine's sound, alongside Kevin Shields' guitar techniques. On a number of occasions during the recording of "Isn't Anything", Butcher was awoken and recorded vocals, which she said "influenced [her] sound" by making them "more dreamy and sleepy". A similar process was used during the recording of "Loveless", on which her vocals have been described as "dreamy [and] sensual". Explaining the situation, Butcher said: "often when we do vocals, it's 7:30 in the morning; I've usually just fallen asleep and have to be woken up to sing … I'm usually trying to remember what I've been dreaming about when I'm singing". Her singing was originally influenced by Françoise Hardy and later by Kim Gordon of Sonic Youth.


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: Butcher wrote a third of the lyrics on both "Isn't Anything" and "Loveless." According to Butcher, she "didn't have a plan and never thought about lyrics until it was time to write them. I just used whatever was in my head for the moment". Some of her lyrics were written as a result of attempting to understand rough versions of songs Shields had recorded. Butcher has said: "He [Shields] never sang any words on the cassettes I got but I tried to make his sounds into words. It always became my own thing in the end though".


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: Like Shields, Butcher uses a number of offset guitars. Her most notable instruments include several Fender electric guitars, including Jaguars, Jazzmasters and Mustangs. On occasion, Butcher uses a Charvel Surfcaster, which she has referred to as her favourite guitar. When performing live, Butcher uses a minimal number of effects pedals and processors.


title: Bilinda Butcher

text: During her adolescence, Butcher became a fan of gothic rock bands such as Bauhaus, and later post-punk artists such as The Birthday Party.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: Whitefish (Salish: epɫx̣ʷy̓u, "has whitefish") is a town in Flathead County, Montana, United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, there were 7,751 people in the town.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: Long before the first Europeans came to Whitefish, native American tribes inhabited the area, most notably the Kootenai, the Pend d’Oreille, and the Bitterroot Salish. The Kootenai lived in the area for more than 14,000 years, inhabiting the mountainous terrain west of the Continental Divide, and traveled east of the divide for occasional buffalo hunts. Though trappers, traders, and waves of westward immigrants passed through the area during the second half of the century, it wasn’t until 1883 that the first permanent settler, John Morton built a cabin on the shore of Whitefish Lake, just west of the mouth of the Whitefish River. Morton was joined by the local logging industry forefathers—including the Baker and Hutchinson brothers—in the early 1890s. Logging crews “boomed-up” their logs behind a dam built at the river mouth by the Boston & Montana Commercial Company, which, when opened, created a rush of water that helped float the logs down the river to Kalispell.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The Great Northern Railway was built through what is now Whitefish in 1904, which sparked the development of the town. The town incorporated in 1905. The area was originally known as Stumptown due to the abundant amount of timber that had to be cleared to build the town and railroad and because tree stumps were left in the streets throughout downtown. Early residents of the town worked for the railroad and nearby logging industries. In 2006, over 68,000 passengers embarked and disembarked through the historic Whitefish Depot, a stop on Amtrak's Empire Builder line, with some percentage of those headed to the ski resort on Big Mountain.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: Skiing has been part of the Whitefish area for more than 50 years. In 1937, the "Whitefish Lake Ski Club" obtained a special permit from the U.S. Forest Service enabling them to build cabins and trails in the Hell Roaring Creek region. Great Falls businessmen Ed Schenck and George Prentice recognized the area’s potential and, after World War II, began efforts to develop a full-fledged ski resort on the mountain with local people donating labor, preparing the slopes, even giving up free time to help push through an all-weather mountain road. On December 14, 1947, Schenck, Prentice, and a thousand townsfolk stood on the newly christened ski resort's slopes to watch the brand new T-Bar lift bring their community vision to life.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The town started a curfew siren in 1919 that they called the "ding-dong ordinance". The historic siren was restored to the new city hall.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The town is located on the western side of the continental divide, near Glacier National Park. Whitefish Lake is a natural lake with maximum length and width and is at its deepest. The Whitefish River bisects the town of Whitefish as it courses south by southeast to briefly join the Stillwater River before its flows enter the Flathead River.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The historic district of Whitefish is a neighborhood called ""The Avenues"". This neighborhood is bordered by East 2nd Street to the north, Kalispell Avenue to the west, East 7th Street to the south, and Pine Avenue to the east. It is next to downtown, with many of its houses on the historic registry.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Whitefish has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. Large seasonal temperature differences typify this climatic region, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 5,032 people, 2,229 households, and 1,203 families living in the city. The population density was 1,138.5 people per square mile (439.6/km). There were 2,652 housing units at an average density of 600.0 per square mile (231.7/km). The racial makeup of the city was 95.97% White, 0.14% African American, 1.11% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.72% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.93% of the population.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: There were 2,229 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no male present, and 46.0% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20, and the average family size was 2.86.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The population was spread out in the city, with 21.6% under 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% 65. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The median income for a household in the city was $33,038, and the median income for a family was $41,009. Males had a median income of $36,298 versus $19,583 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,098. About 13.8% of families and 18.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.9% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 6,357 people, 2,982 households, and 1,562 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 4,086 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.8% White, 0.5% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: There were 2,982 households, of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.6% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10, and the average family size was 2.77.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The median age in the city was 40.1 years. 19.6% of residents were under 18; 7.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30.2% were from 25 to 44; 28.9% were from 45 to 64, and 14.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: As of 2019, according to the Census' American Community Survey estimates, of 2019, there were 7,714 people, 3,332 households in the city. The median age was 41 years old. The median yearly salary was 52,037 dollars, the home average value was 364,500 dollars, 54.7% had a college degree, and 9.5% were veterans who served in wartime higher than the national average. The population was 97% White, 2% Hispanic, and 1% Native American.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: Whitefish is known for its environmentalism, with an extensive system of protected trails and forests designed to purify the town's water. It has been ranked one of the top places for skiing in the United States. The town has been labeled as a "model of resistance" against hate and racism.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: "Huckleberry Days Arts Festival" is an annual arts festival featuring 100 artists and food vendors. The event includes a huckleberry dessert bake-off contest.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The "Taste of Whitefish" is an annual event that has been held for more than twenty-five years. The event features over twenty-five restaurants, caterers and beverage companies offering samples of their specialties.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The "Whitefish Winter Carnival" is an annual winter festival celebrating winter topics with a parade, "penguin plunge" into Whitefish Lake, and snow sculptures. It is held the first weekend in February each year.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: "Under the Big Sky Music Festival" takes place annually in Whitefish. The festival explores the breadth and legacy of America, with both traditional and contemporary takes on America's rich musical traditions, across two stages in naturally formed amphitheaters on a local ranch.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The "Whitefish Arts Festival" (WAF) occurs over the 4th of July weekend and is a tradition going back over forty years. It is a favorite throughout the Northwest and maintains a long tradition of high-quality arts and fine crafts. Artists from across the country are represented in the WAF. Metal sculptures, paintings and photography, woodworking, pottery, jewelry, clothing, and home decorations are just some of the featured fine arts. All of the art is handmade.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The annual "Whitefish Trail Hootenanny" occurs in downtown Whitefish to celebrate and support the public land and trails that ring the town. It includes live music and local culinary specialties to raise funds to protect public land.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: Every year Whitefish hosts a songwriter retreat called "Nashville Heads West". This retreat brings Nashville-based songwriters to Whitefish to River Meadow Ranch for one week of writing songs with the added inspiration "of being under Montana’s big sky."


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The "Whitefish Trail Legacy Run" is an annual ultra trail race to celebrate the unique public trail system. It includes a 50-kilometer ultra-marathon and a 1/2 marathon, a 10-kilometer, and a 5-kilometer race. It takes place in the first week of October in conjunction with the Oktoberfest celebration.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The "World Indoor Golf Championship" has been held in Whitefish for over sixteen years and is a 9-hole "miniature golf" tournament in downtown Whitefish.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The "Glacier Challenge" is a six-leg, multi-sport relay covering 50 miles of Montana. The race features six legs of running, biking, canoeing, and kayaking covering almost 50 miles in and around Whitefish. A triathlon has recently been added to include the first three legs of the Glacier Challenge. Participants enter as a solo team, partner duo, or group team. The 50 miles race consists of an 8-mile run, kayak, road bike, mountain bike, canoe, and 3.1-mile run. There are also food vendors, activities for children, and music.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: Whitefish's government system consists of a city council with six council members and a mayor and city manager. As of March 2020, the mayor was John Muhlfeld and the current city manager is Dana Smith.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The Whitefish School District serves Whitefish. Schools in the district include Muldown Elementary School, Whitefish Middle School. Whitefish High School and Whitefish Independent High School. Whitefish School District offers students K-12 a wide range of academic supplements, for example, online Virtual High School and dual credit opportunity through Flathead Valley Community College. Whitefish High School is known as the Bulldogs.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: Whitefish High School is home to numerous state championship teams; the most recent is the girls' cross country team. They have won four consecutive titles. Other state athletic accomplishments have been made in football, girls' and boys' golf, volleyball, boys' and girls' basketball, boys' and girls' track and field, girls' softball, boys' and girls' tennis, speech, and debate.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: Whitefish is part of the Missoula media market, which covers a seven-county area of northwestern Montana. The city's main newspaper is "The Whitefish Pilot", while the "Flathead Beacon", a regional newspaper for the Flathead Valley based in Kalispell, publishes "Whitefish Area News". Three radio stations are licensed to Whitefish, all owned by Bee Broadcasting, Inc.: KJJR 880 AM, KSAM 1240 AM, and KWOL-FM 105.1.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: North Valley Hospital is a private nonprofit general medicine and surgical Critical Access Hospital located in Whitefish and is affiliated with Kalispell Regional Medical Center.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: U.S. Route 93 and MT 40 run through Whitefish. Commercial airline service is available at Glacier Park International Airport along U.S. Route 2.


title: Whitefish, Montana

text: The Whitefish Amtrak station is served by Amtrak's Chicago–Portland/Seattle "Empire Builder", as well as intercity buses to Kalispell and Missoula. The station is Amtrak's busiest in Montana. The Whitefish Amtrak station is owned by "Stumptown Historical Society" and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Gregory Edward Hemphill (born 14 December 1969) is a Scottish-Canadian comedian, actor, writer, and director. He is best known for his work with Ford Kiernan on the BBC Scotland comedy series "Chewin' The Fat" (1999–2005) and "Still Game" (2002–2007, 2016–2019). Hemphill was Rector of the University of Glasgow (2001–2004).


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Hemphill was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Edward, a chartered accountant, and Anne Hemphill (née Brophy) a teacher. The family left Scotland in the mid 1970s, and he spent much of his childhood in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, which has contributed to his distinctive accent, Scottish-Canadian. He returned to Scotland in the late 1980s to study at the University of Glasgow, where he achieved an MA Honours Degree in theatre, film and television. He is married to actress Julie Wilson Nimmo, best known for playing Miss Hoolie in "Balamory". They got married in a hot air balloon whilst flying over Las Vegas in 1999. The couple have two sons together. They live in Elie, Fife.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: He is a keen fan of professional wrestling from childhood as well as a Celtic season-ticket holder. During his time in Canada, he gained an appreciation for ice hockey and baseball, supporting the Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Blue Jays.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Politically, he supports the Scottish National Party and voted "Yes" in favour of independence at the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Hemphill was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow in March 2001. He was one of five candidates and narrowly defeated Alasdair Gray for the post. He completed his three-year term in 2004, and was widely praised for taking an active interest in the role.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Hemphill has appeared in several projects. In 1990, he performed at the Edinburgh Fringe with Rab Christie and Neil Warhurst as the ""Trio Brothers Troup"", where they won the 1990 "So You Think You're Funny" trophy. He continued his stage work, appearing in the 1992 God Plus Support performance and in the popular 1995 "Only an Excuse?" tour. He also ventured into radio as the original presenter of football show, "Off the Ball" on BBC Radio Scotland and "Eddie Mair Live".


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Hemphill and Kiernan scripted seven episodes between 1999 and 2000, for then popular children's television show "Hububb". These were, Lullabubb, Top of the Bubbs, Conquer Leserest, Casual-Tea, Bubb Goes Boo, 2010: A Space Bubbsy and No Go Pogo. He guest starred alongside Kiernan in one episode, which he also scripted with Kiernan, Casual-Tea. However, his best known performances are alongside Ford Kiernan in the television sketch show "Chewin' the Fat" and its spin off, "Still Game". In series three of "Still Game", Hemphill's brother Steve has a cameo as a CN Tower lift operative.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Following the success of "Chewin' The Fat", Kiernan and Hemphill wrote Still Game. Still Game was based on the original play that the pair wrote for the Edinburgh Festival in 1997. The Characters Jack Jarvis and Victor McDade had appeared throughout the four series of "Chewin' The Fat". Six series, and four specials were broadcast between 2002 and 2007.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: In 2014, Still Game returned, with a live show at The SSE Hydro, where Hemphill reunited with Ford Kiernan. The show was a sell out, and featured the whole original cast Paul Riley, Mark Cox, Jane McCarry, Sanjeev Kohli and Gavin Mitchell. The series returned to television screens on BBC One in October 2016.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Hemphill appeared in the Scottish Gaelic-language drama, "Eilbheas", in which Hemphill played the spirit of Elvis set in the Western Isles. It was first shown on the launch night of BBC Alba. He has also written "Appointment with the Wicker Man" with Donald McLeary for the National Theatre of Scotland, a stage production about a small community's attempts to produce a musical version of "The Wicker Man".


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Hemphill has been involved in the Scottish wrestling scene, matched against actor, comedian and writer, Robert Florence. They played bitter rivals at "Kelvin Brawl" in the Glasgow's Kelvin Hall on 21 June 2013. Comedian Frankie Boyle became part of this venture, unmasking himself at the end of the match.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Hemphill guest starred in an episode of the award-winning children's television programme "Katie Morag" in 2014, playing the part of Donald John Cameron.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: Hemphill is currently starring as Mr Sawdust in the CBeebies television series Olga da Polga alongside his wife Julie Wilson Nimmo.


title: Greg Hemphill

text: In 2016, alongside Donald McLeary, Hemphill wrote the script for the horror/comedy film "West Skerra Light". At a length of one hour, this was his first full-length drama as a film director. In 2017, alongside Hopscotch Films, Hemphill was involved in directing the black comedy ghost-hunting drama "Long Night at Blackstone". It is due to be screened on BBC ONE Scotland on 2 April.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: Ladies in Lavender is a 2004 British drama film written and directed by Charles Dance. The screenplay is based on a 1908 short story by William J. Locke. The film stars Judi Dench, Maggie Smith, Natascha McElhone, and Miriam Margolyes.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: "Ladies in Lavender" is set in picturesque coastal Cornwall, in a tight-knit fishing village in 1936. A gifted young Polish violinist from Kraków, Andrea is sailing to America when he is swept overboard from his ship in a storm. When the Widdington sisters, Janet and Ursula, discover the handsome stranger washed up on the beach below their house, they nurse him back to health. However, the presence of the musically talented young man disrupts the peaceful lives of the sisters and the community in which they live.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: Holidaying artist Olga Danilof, the sister of famed violinist Boris Danilof, becomes interested in Andrea after hearing him play the violin. Olga writes a letter to the sisters, telling them who she is and that she would like to introduce her brother to Andrea. Instead of giving him the letter, understanding her sister has feelings for Andrea, Janet burns it. As time progresses, Olga and Andrea grow closer, and one day Andrea angrily confronts the sisters about the letter. Andrea, realizing that Ursula has feelings for him, apologizes for getting angry and they reconcile.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: Olga tells her brother of Andrea's talent, and he asks to meet Andrea in London. When Andrea meets with Olga to discuss the letter from her brother, she tells him that they must leave on a train immediately because her brother is only in London for 24 hours. Although Andrea cares deeply for the sisters, he knows this is his chance to start a career, and he leaves with Olga without saying goodbye. The sisters, worried that something has happened to him, call a friend of Andrea's who tells them he saw Andrea and Olga getting on a train. Thinking she'll never see him again, Ursula is heartbroken and Janet consoles her as best she can. Andrea later sends them a letter, along with a portrait of himself painted by Olga, thanking them for saving his life. The sisters travel to London to attend Andrea's first public performance in Britain, while the rest of the village listens in on the radio.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: The original story by William Locke was first published on 26 December 1908 in "Collier's" magazine, Vol.42, later appearing in book form in his short-story collection "Faraway Stories" (1916).


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: "Ladies in Lavender" was produced by Tale Partnerships and Scala Productions, with funding by Baker Street Media Finance, Paradigm Hyde Films, and the UK Film Council. Lakeshore Entertainment handled the rights to international distribution.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: Filming took place in September and October 2003. Exteriors were filmed in Cadgwith, Helston, St. Ives and Prussia Cove in Cornwall. Interiors were filmed at the Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: The film marked the directorial debut of actor Charles Dance. Longtime friends Maggie Smith and Judi Dench were appearing together in a play in London's West End when Dance first approached them about the project. They immediately accepted his offer without even reading the script, they said in the film featurette "Ladies In Lavender: A Fairy Tale". The film was the first English-language role for German actor Daniel Brühl.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: On November 8, 2004, "Ladies in Lavender" had it's UK premiere as the 58th Royal Film Performance, an event held in aid of the Film & TV Charity. It was released nationwide in the United Kingdom on 12 November 2004. It made its North American debut at the Tribeca Film Festival on 23 April 2005. The film opened in limited release in the United States on 29 April 2005.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: Prior to its release in the UK, the film screened at the Taormina Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival. It was released as "Les Dames de Cornouailles" in France, "Der Duft von Lavendel" in Germany, "Lavendelflickorna" in Sweden, and "Parfum de lavande" in French-speaking Canada. "Ladies in Lavender" was positively received by critics.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: In his review in "The New York Times", critic Stephen Holden wrote: "[Dench and Smith] sink into their roles as comfortably as house cats burrowing into a down quilt on a windswept, rainy night... This amiably far-fetched film... heralds the return of the Comfy Movie (increasingly rare nowadays), the cinematic equivalent of a visit from a cherished but increasingly dithery maiden aunt. In this fading, sentimental genre peopled with grandes dames (usually English) making 'grande' pronouncements, the world revolves around tea, gardening and misty watercolor memories."


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" called the film "perfectly sweet and civilized... It's a pleasure to watch Smith and Dench together; their acting is so natural it could be breathing."


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: In "The Guardian", Peter Bradshaw observed that "despite a bit of shortbread-sugary emotion and an ending that fizzles out disappointingly, there's some nice period detail and decent lines in Charles Dance's directing debut," while Philip French of "The Observer" commented on the "beautiful setting, a succession of implausible incidents, and characteristically excellent work from Smith (all suppression and stoicism) and Dench (exuding unfulfilled yearning)."


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: Peter Keough of the "Boston Phoenix" said, "This exercise in scenery and music is as innocuous as a nosegay."


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: In the "Chicago Tribune", Robert K. Elder awarded the film two out of a possible four stars and added: "[it] exemplifies that kind of polite, underdramatic "Masterpiece Theatre" staging that can either provide a surgical examination of English society or bore the pants off you. "Ladies in Lavender" does a bit of both... director Dance's momentum fades soon after Andrea's ankle mends, and we're left with a vague back story involving Andrea's intent to emigrate to America, though the mystery of how he ended up in Cornwall is never revisited nor revealed. [He] becomes sort of a blank character, a personality on whom we can impose our own curiosity and emotions... as compelling and original as this theme is, it's not enough to keep our attention, no matter how lovely the ladies in lavender are."


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: "Ladies in Lavender" grossed £2,604,852 (GBP) in the UK and $6,765,081 (USD) in North America (on limited release). Its total worldwide gross was $20,377,075 (USD).


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: Both Judi Dench and Maggie Smith were nominated for Best European Actress at the European Film Awards. Dench was nominated for the ALFS Award for British Actress of the Year by the London Film Critics Circle.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: The film's original music was written by Nigel Hess and performed by Joshua Bell and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Hess received a Classical BRIT Awards nomination for Best Soundtrack Composer.


title: Ladies in Lavender

text: The violin music played by Andrea, including compositions by Felix Mendelssohn, Niccolò Paganini, Jules Massenet, Claude Debussy, Pablo de Sarasate, and Johann Sebastian Bach, was also performed by Bell.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: Sun Kil Moon is an American folk rock act from San Francisco, California, founded in 2002. Initially a continuation of the defunct indie rock band Red House Painters, Sun Kil Moon is now the primary recording moniker of vocalist and guitarist Mark Kozelek. The project is named after the Korean super flyweight boxer Sung-Kil Moon.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: Following the delayed release of Red House Painters' final studio album, "Old Ramon" (2001), vocalist and guitarist Kozelek began recording new material under the name Sun Kil Moon with bandmates Anthony Koutsos (drums) and Jerry Vessel (bass), alongside Geoff Stanfield and Tim Mooney. The resulting album, "Ghosts of the Great Highway", was released in 2003 to critical acclaim. The project's second studio album, "Tiny Cities" (2005), was composed entirely of Modest Mouse cover songs.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: In 2008, the band released its third studio album, "April". Recorded as a three-piece by Kozelek, Koutsos and Stanfield, the album was well received and featured guest vocal appearances from noted indie rock musicians Will Oldham and Ben Gibbard.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: Inspired by classical guitar music, Kozelek recorded Sun Kil Moon's fourth studio album, "Admiral Fell Promises" (2010), as a solo act, and continued to record mostly alone on its follow-up, "Among the Leaves" (2012). In 2013, Kozelek released three studio albums under his own name before releasing Sun Kil Moon's sixth studio album, "Benji", in February 2014, to widespread critical acclaim and increased exposure, with the band releasing their seventh studio effort, "Universal Themes," in 2015. Sun Kil Moon's eighth studio album, "Common as Light and Love Are Red Valleys of Blood", was released in February 2017, which was followed by their ninth studio album, "This Is My Dinner," in November 2018. The tenth Sun Kil Moon studio album, "I Also Want to Die in New Orleans", was released in March 2019.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: Following the dissolution of Red House Painters after the tumultuous release of their last album, "Old Ramon", Kozelek released a handful of solo recordings before forming Sun Kil Moon in 2002. The initial Sun Kil Moon consisted of Kozelek with former Red House Painters bandmates Anthony Koutsos and Jerry Vessel, as well as bassist Geoff Stanfield of Black Lab and drummer Tim Mooney.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: The band's debut album, "Ghosts of the Great Highway", was released in November 2003 by Jetset Records. It contains several songs concerned with true-life stories of deceased boxers, such as Mexican featherweight champion Salvador Sánchez, Filipino flyweight champion Pancho Villa, and also Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, two of the three boxers died at the age of 23 as Kim died at 27. The album was well received by critics, garnering an overall rating of 84/100 on Metacritic.com.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: The band's follow-up "Tiny Cities" was released in November 2005 on Kozelek's own label Caldo Verde Records. The album covers eleven songs by the indie/alternative group Modest Mouse. "Ghosts of the Great Highway" was re-issued as a double CD in February 2007 on Caldo Verde. The second disc features six bonus tracks, including a cover of "Somewhere" written by Leonard Bernstein.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: Sun Kil Moon's third studio album "April" was released in April 2008 and features guest vocals from Will Oldham and Ben Gibbard. The album was issued as a double CD, featuring a bonus disc of alternate recordings of album tracks. The album was met with further critical acclaim, including a 4.5/5-star rating from AllMusic and 4-star reviews from "Billboard", "Mojo", "The Boston Globe", and "Drowned in Sound".


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: "Admiral Fell Promises" was released on July 13, 2010, and whilst credited to Sun Kil Moon, only Kozelek plays on the record, on nylon stringed guitar, and vocals.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: "Among The Leaves", Sun Kil Moon's fifth studio album, was released on May 29, 2012. Tim Mooney, the band's former drummer, died in June 2012.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: Sun Kil Moon's sixth studio album, "Benji", was released in February 2014. The record met with critical acclaim, and was named in the Best of 2014 lists of "Fact", Stereogum, Pitchfork, Rough Trade, Drowned in Sound, Tiny Mix Tapes, and the NME. Soundblab selected it as the best album of 2014.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: Sun Kil Moon's seventh album of original material, "Universal Themes", was released on June 2, 2015. The album features contributions from drummer Steve Shelley, who previously collaborated with Kozelek on the album, "Benji".


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: On July 20, 2016 it was announced that Sun Kil Moon would release a new double album, "Common as Light and Love Are Red Valleys of Blood", on February 28, 2017. The announcement was accompanied by the release of a new song, "God Bless Ohio". The album was released on February 17, 2017 with Caldo Verde Records. Mark Kozelek subsequently toured Europe, South America, and the United States, both as a solo act and with Sun Kil Moon, to promote the album.


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: On November 1, 2018, Sun Kil Moon released their ninth studio album, "This Is My Dinner". The following year, their tenth studio album was released, titled "I Also Want to Die in New Orleans", named after the $uicideboy$ album "I Want to Die in New Orleans". This album saw Kozelek working with Donny McCaslin and Jim White, the former being heavily present on David Bowie's 2016 album, "Blackstar".


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: Kozelek's favorite sport is boxing, and the name Sun Kil Moon was inspired by that of boxer Moon Sung-kil. Kozelek discussed boxing and the murder of Agapito Sánchez four years after a fight he witnessed in a 2012 interview:


title: Sun Kil Moon

text: Several of the band's songs are inspired by the sport, such as "Duk Koo Kim". Duk Koo Kim was a Korean boxer who died after a nationally televised bout with Ray Mancini on November 13, 1982. Mancini is from Youngstown, Ohio, which is very close to Kozelek's hometown of Massillon. The triumph of the local hero soon turned into a tragedy that included the suicide deaths of both Kim's mother and the bout's referee, Richard Green. The song "Pancho Villa" is named after the Filipino boxer known by that name, and also mentions Salvador Sánchez and Benny Paret.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján (; 1510 – 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from what is now Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Vázquez de Coronado had hoped to reach the Cities of Cíbola, often referred to now as the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. His expedition marked the first European sightings of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River, among other landmarks. His name is often Anglicized as Vasquez de Coronado or just Coronado.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado was born into a noble family in Salamanca, in 1510 as the second son of Juan Vázquez de Coronado y Sosa de Ulloa and Isabel de Luján. Juan Vázquez held various positions in the administration of the recently captured Emirate of Granada under Íñigo López de Mendoza, its first Christian governor.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado went to New Spain (present-day Mexico) in 1535 at about age 25, in the entourage of its first Viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, the son of his father's patron and Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend. In New Spain, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz de Estrada, called "the Saint" ("la Santa"), sister of Leonor de Estrada, ancestor of the de Alvarado family and daughter of Treasurer and Governor Alonso de Estrada y Hidalgo, Lord of Picón, and his wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez de la Caballería, from a converso Jewish family. Vázquez de Coronado inherited a large portion of a Mexican "encomendero" estate through Beatriz and had eight children by her.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia), a province of New Spain located northwest of Mexico and comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. In 1539, he dispatched Friar Marcos de Niza and Estevanico (more properly known as Estevan), a survivor of the Narváez expedition, on an expedition north from Compostela toward present-day New Mexico. When de Niza returned, he told of a city of vast wealth, a golden city called Cíbola, whose Zuni residents were assumed to have murdered Estevan. Though he did not claim to have entered the city of Cíbola, he mentioned that it stood on a high hill and that it appeared wealthy and as large as Mexico City.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado assembled an expedition with two components. One component carried the bulk of the expedition's supplies, traveling via the Guadalupe River and Gulf of California under the leadership of Hernando de Alarcón. The other component traveled by land, along the trail on which Friar Marcos de Niza had followed Esteban. Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested large sums of their own money in the venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez de Coronado the commander of the expedition, with the mission to find the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. This is the reason he pawned his wife's estates and was lent 70,000 pesos.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: In the autumn of 1539, Mendoza ordered Melchior Díaz, commander of the Spanish outpost at San Miguel de Culiacán, to investigate Friar de Niza's findings, and on November 17, 1539, Díaz departed for Cíbola with fifteen horsemen. At the ruins of Chichilticalli, he turned around because of "snows and fierce winds from across the wilderness". Díaz had encountered Vázquez de Coronado before he had departed San Miguel de Culiacán, and reported that initial investigations into Friar de Niza's report disproved the existence of the bountiful land he had described. Díaz's report was delivered to Viceroy Mendoza on March 20, 1540.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado set out from Compostela on February 23, 1540, at the head of a much larger expedition composed of about 400 European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 to 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, four Franciscan friars (the most notable of whom were Juan de Padilla and the newly appointed provincial superior of the Franciscan order in the New World, Marcos de Niza), and several slaves, both natives and Africans. Many other family members and servants also joined the party.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: He followed the Sinaloan coast northward, keeping the Gulf of California on his left to the west until he reached the northernmost Spanish settlement in Mexico, San Miguel de Culiacán, about March 28, 1540, whereupon he rested his expedition before they began trekking the inland trail. Aside from his mission to verify Friar de Niza's report, Melchior Díaz had also taken notice of the forage and food situation along the trail, and reported that the land along the route would not be able to support a large concentrated body of soldiers and animals. Vázquez de Coronado, therefore, decided to divide his expedition into small groups and time their departures so that grazing lands and water holes along the trail could recover. At intervals along the trail, Vázquez de Coronado established camps and stationed garrisons of soldiers to keep the supply route open. For example, in September 1540, Melchior Díaz, along with "seventy or eighty of the weakest and least reliable men" in Vázquez de Coronado's army, remained at the town of San Hieronimo, in the valley of Corazones, or Hearts. Once the scouting and planning was done, Vázquez de Coronado led the first group of soldiers up the trail. They were horsemen and foot soldiers who were able to travel quickly, while the main bulk of the expedition would set out later.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: After leaving Culiacan on April 22, 1540, Vázquez de Coronado followed the coast, "bearing off to the left", as Mota Padilla says, by an extremely rough way, to the Sinaloa River. The configuration of the country made it necessary to follow the river valley until he could find a passage across the mountains to the course of the Yaqui River. He traveled alongside this stream for some distance, then crossed to the Rio Sonora, which he followed nearly to its source before a pass (now known as Montezuma Pass) was discovered. On the southern side of the Huachuca Mountains he found a stream he called the "Nexpa", which may have been either the Santa Cruz or the San Pedro in modern Arizona of modern maps, most likely the northward-flowing San Pedro River. The party followed this river valley until they reached the edge of the wilderness, where, as Friar Marcos had described it to them, they found Chichilticalli. Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona in the Sulphur Springs Valley, within the bend of the Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Mountains. This fits the chronicle of Laus Deo description, which reports that "at Chichilticalli the country changes its character again and the spiky vegetation ceases. The reason is that ... the mountain chain changes its direction at the same time that the coast does. Here they had to cross and pass the mountains in order to get into the level country." There Vázquez de Coronado met a crushing disappointment: Cíbola was nothing like the great golden city that de Niza had described. Instead, it was just a village of nondescript pueblos constructed by the Zuni. The soldiers were upset with de Niza for his mendacious imagination, so Vázquez de Coronado sent him back south to New Spain in disgrace.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Despite what is shown in the accompanying map, on-the-ground research by Nugent Brasher beginning in 2005 revealed evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north between Chichilticalli and Zuni primarily on the future New Mexico side of the state line, not the Arizona side as has been thought by historians since the 1940s. Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about thirty miles east of the great bend of the Arkansas River, ending about twenty miles west-southwest of the location depicted on the map, with Quivira being mostly on tributaries of the Arkansas River instead of directly on the Kansas River. For details, see the heading below, "Location of Quivira..."


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado traveled north on one side or the other of today's Arizona–New Mexico state line, and from the headwaters of the Little Colorado River, he continued on until he came to the Zuni River. He followed the river until he entered the territory controlled by the Zuni. The members of the expedition were almost starving and demanded entrance into the community of Hawikuh (of which the preferred Zuni word is Hawikku). The residents refused, denying the expedition entrance to the community. Vázquez de Coronado and his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis. The ensuing skirmish constituted the extent of what can be called the Spanish Conquest of Cíbola. He never personally led his men-at-arms in any subsequent battles. During the battle, Vázquez de Coronado was injured. During the weeks that the expedition stayed at Zuni, he sent out several scouting expeditions.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: The first scouting expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition headed northwest to the Hopi communities they recorded as Tusayan. Upon arrival, the Spanish were also denied entrance to the village that they came across and, once again, resorted to using force to enter. Materially, Hopi territory was just as poor as that of the Zuni in precious metals, but the Spaniards did learn that a large river (the Colorado) lay to the west.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Three leaders affiliated with the Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the Colorado River. The first was Hernando de Alarcón, then Melchior Díaz and lastly García López de Cárdenas. Alarcón's fleet was tasked to carry supplies and to establish contact with the main body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable to do so because of the extreme distance to Cibola. He traveled up the Sea of Cortés and then the Colorado River. In this exploration, he hauled some supplies for Vázquez de Coronado, but eventually, he buried them with a note in a bottle. Melchior Díaz was sent down from Cíbola by Vázquez de Coronado to take charge of the camp of Corazones and to establish contact with the fleet. Soon after arriving at the camp he set out from the valley of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland in a north/northwesterly direction until he arrived at the junction of the Colorado River and Gila River. There, indigenous informants, probably the Cocomaricopa (see Seymour 2007b), told him that Alarcón's sailors had buried supplies and left a note in a bottle. The supplies were retrieved, and the note stated that Alarcón's men had rowed up the river as far as they could, searching in vain for the Vázquez de Coronado expedition. They had given up and decided to return to their departure point because worms were eating holes in their boats. Díaz named the river the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" because the indigenous people of the area used firebrands to keep their bodies warm in the winter. Díaz died on the trip back to the camp in the valley of the Corazones.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find the Colorado River, led by Don García López de Cárdenas. The expedition returned to Hopi territory to acquire scouts and supplies. Members of Cárdenas's party eventually reached the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, where they could see the Colorado River thousands of feet below, becoming the first non-Native Americans to do so. After trying and failing to climb down into the canyon to reach the river, the expedition reported that they would not be able to use the Colorado River to link up with Hernando de Alarcón's fleet. After this, the main body of the expedition began its journey to the next populated center of pueblos, along another large river to the east, the Rio Grande in New Mexico.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Hernando de Alvarado was sent to the east, and found several villages around the Rio Grande. Vázquez de Coronado had one commandeered for his winter quarters, Coofor, which is across the river from present-day Bernalillo near Albuquerque, New Mexico. During the winter of 1540–41, his army found themselves in conflict with the Rio Grande natives, which led to the brutal Tiguex War. This war resulted in the destruction of the Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of hundreds of Native Americans. The Spaniards also captured a Wichita woman, Big Eyes, who had been enslaved by the Tiguex, and who would become a guide for the expedition.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: From an indigenous informant the Spanish called "the Turk" ("el turco"), Vázquez de Coronado heard of a wealthy nation called Quivira far to the east. In Spring 1541 he led his army and priests and indigenous allies onto the Great Plains to search for Quivira. The Turk was probably either Wichita or Pawnee and his intention seems to have been to lead Vázquez de Coronado astray and hope that he got lost in the Great Plains.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: With the Turk guiding him, Vázquez de Coronado and his army might have crossed the flat and featureless steppe called the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and Eastern New Mexico, passing through the present-day communities of Hereford and Canadian. The Spanish were awed by the Llano. "The country they [the buffalo] traveled over was so smooth that if one looked at them the sky could be seen between their legs." Men and horses became lost in the featureless plain and Vázquez de Coronado felt like he had been swallowed up by the sea.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: On the Llano, Vázquez de Coronado encountered vast herds of bison—the American buffalo. "I found such a quantity of cows ... that it is impossible to number them, for while I was journeying through these plains ... there was not a day that I lost sight of them."


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado found a community of people he called Querechos. The Querechos were not awed or impressed by the Spanish, their weapons, and their "big dogs" (horses). "They did nothing unusual when they saw our army, except to come out of their tents to look at us, after which they came to talk to the advance guard, and asked who we were." As Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, following the buffalo herds on the plains. The Querechos were numerous. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement of two hundred tipis—which implies a population of more than one thousand people living together for at least part of the year. Authorities agree that the Querechos (Becquerel's) were Apache Indians.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast in the direction in which the Turk told him that Quivira was located. He and his army descended off the tabletop of the Llano Estacado into the caprock canyon country. He soon met with another group of Indians, the Teyas, enemies of the Querechos.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: The Teyas, like the Querechos, were numerous and buffalo hunters, although they had additional resources. The canyons they inhabited had trees and flowing streams and they grew or foraged for beans, but not corn. The Spanish, however, did note the presence of mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, and plums.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: An intriguing event was Vázquez de Coronado's meeting among the Teyas an old blind bearded man who said that he had met many days before "four others like us". He was probably talking about Cabeza de Vaca, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors of the Narváez expedition to Florida made his way across southern Texas six years before Vázquez de Coronado.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Scholars differ in their opinions as to which historical Indian group were the Teyas. A plurality believe they were Caddoan speakers and related to the Wichita. The place where Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas has also been debated. The mystery may have been cleared up—to the satisfaction of some—by the discovery of a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite. While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon country, his army suffered one of the violent climatic events so common on the plains. "A tempest came up one afternoon with a very high wind and hail ... The hail broke many tents and tattered many helmets, and wounded many of the horses, and broke all the crockery of the army, and the gourds which was no small loss."


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: In 1993, Jimmy Owens found crossbow points in Blanco Canyon in Crosby County, Texas, near the town of Floydada in Floyd County. Archaeologists subsequently searched the site and found pottery sherds, more than forty crossbow points, and dozens of horseshoe nails of Spanish manufacture, plus a Mexican-style stone blade. This find strengthens the evidence that Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas in Blanco Canyon.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Another guide, probably Pawnee and named Ysopete, and probably Teyas as well told Vázquez de Coronado that he was going in the wrong direction, saying Quivira lay to the north. By this time, Vázquez de Coronado seems to have lost his confidence that fortune awaited him. He sent most of his expedition back to New Mexico and continued with only forty Spanish soldiers and priests and an unknown number of Indian soldiers, servants, and guides. Vázquez de Coronado, thus, dedicated himself to a reconnaissance rather than a mission of conquest.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: After more than thirty days journey, Vázquez de Coronado found a river larger than any he had seen before. This was the Arkansas, probably a few miles east of present-day Dodge City, Kansas. The Spaniards and their Indian allies followed the Arkansas northeast for three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo. The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment and fear but calmed down when one of Vázquez de Coronado's guides addressed them in their own language.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after a few more days of traveling. He found Quivira "well settled ... along good river bottoms, although without much water, and good streams which flow into another". Vázquez de Coronado believed that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men and women Quivirans were nearly naked. Vázquez de Coronado was impressed with the size of the Quivirans and all the other Indians he met. They were "large people of very good build". Vázquez de Coronado spent twenty-five days among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms just over the horizon. He found nothing but straw-thatched villages of up to two hundred houses and fields containing corn, beans, and squash. A copper pendant was the only evidence of wealth he discovered. The Quivirans were almost certainly the ancestors of the Wichita people.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to the further edge of Quivira, called Tabas, where the neighboring land of Harahey began. He summoned the "Lord of Harahey" who, with two hundred followers, came to meet with the Spanish. He was disappointed. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with bows, and some sort of things on their heads, and their privy parts slightly covered". They were not the wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought. Disappointed, he returned to New Mexico. Before leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered the Turk garroted (executed). The Turk is regarded as an Indian hero in a display at Albuquerque's Indian Pueblo Cultural Center because his disinformation led Vázquez de Coronado onto the Great Plains and thus relieved the beleaguered pueblos of Spanish depredations for at least a few months.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Archaeological evidence suggests that Quivira was in central Kansas with the westernmost village near the small town of Lyons on Cow Creek, extending twenty miles east to the Little Arkansas River, and north another twenty miles to the town of Lindsborg on a tributary of the Smoky Hill River. Tabas was likely on the Smoky Hill River. Archaeologists have found numerous 16th-century sites in these areas that probably include some of the settlements visited by Vázquez de Coronado.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: At Harahey "was a river, with more water and more inhabitants than the other". This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Smoky Hill River near Salina or Abilene. It is a larger river than either Cow Creek or the Little Arkansas and is located at roughly the 25 league distance from Lyons that Vázquez de Coronado said he traveled in Quivira. The people of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was the same sort of a place, with settlements like these, and of about the same size" as Quivira. They were probably the ancestors of the Pawnee.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado returned to the Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was badly injured in a fall from his horse "after the winter was over", according to the chronicler Castañeda—probably in March 1542. During a long convalescence, he and his expeditionaries decided to return to New Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado and his expedition departed New Mexico in early April 1542, leaving behind two friars. His expedition had been a failure. Although he remained governor of Nueva Galicia until 1544, the expedition forced him into bankruptcy and resulted in charges of war crimes being brought against him and his field master, Cárdenas. Vázquez de Coronado was cleared by his friends on the Audiencia, but Cárdenas was convicted in Spain of basically the same charges by the Council of the Indies. Vázquez de Coronado remained in Mexico City, where he died of an infectious disease on September 22, 1554. He was buried under the altar of the Church of Santo Domingo in Mexico City.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Vázquez de Coronado caused a large loss of life among the Puebloans, both from the battles he fought with them in the Tiguex War and from the demands for food and clothing that he levied on their fragile economies. However, thirty-nine years later when the Spanish again visited the Southwestern United States, they found little evidence that Vázquez de Coronado had any lasting cultural influences on the Indians except for their surprise at seeing several light-skinned and light-haired Puebloans.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial near Sierra Vista, Arizona to commemorate his expedition. The nearby Coronado National Forest is also named in his honor.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" references the "Cross of Coronado". According to the film, this gold cross, discovered in a Utah cave system, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by Hernán Cortés in 1521. Such an event never happened because Vázquez de Coronado would have been 11 or 12 years old in 1521 and still living in Spain. In addition, when Indy captures the cross from robbers aboard a ship off the coast of Portugal, the ship can be seen to be named "The Coronado".


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: In 1992, underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made the film "O No Coronado!" detailing the expedition of Vázquez de Coronado through the use of recycled images from Westerns, conquest films, and "The Lone Ranger" television series.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: The song "Hitchin' to Quivira" from independent singer-songwriter Tyler Jakes's 2016 album "Mojo Suicide" is based on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: The song "Coronado And The Turk" from singer-songwriter Steve Tilston's 1992 album "Of Moor And Mesa" is based on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: There is a large hill just northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas, that is called Coronado Heights. The former owner of the land built a small castle atop the hill to commemorate Vázquez de Coronado's 1541 visit to the area. The castle and the area around it is now a public camping and recreation area. The soft sandstone rocks at the peak of the hill are covered in the names of past visitors to the area.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Coronado High Schools in Lubbock, Texas; El Paso, Texas; Colorado Springs, Colorado; and Scottsdale, Arizona were named for Vázquez de Coronado. Because a don is a name for a Spanish nobleman, the Coronado Don became the school mascot in Scottsdale.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Coronado Center, a two-story indoor shopping mall in Albuquerque, New Mexico is named after Vázquez de Coronado.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Coronado Road in Phoenix, Arizona, was named after Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has been named the Coronado Freeway.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Coronado, California is not named after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but is named after Coronado Islands, which were named in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them "Los Cuatro Coronados" (the four crowned ones) to honor four martyrs.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: The 1995 film, "Charlie's Ghost: The Secret of Coronado" also known as "Charlie's Ghost Story" starring Cheech Marin, follows the story of a young boy who meets the ghost of Coronado and tries to help him by giving his remains a proper burial.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Beatriz was the second daughter of Alonso de Estrada and Marina de la Caballería; niece of Diego de Caballeria. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully calculated political union that Francisco and Marina orchestrated. Through this marriage, Francisco became a wealthy man. Beatriz brought to the marriage the encomienda of Tlapa, the third largest encomienda in New Spain. This marriage was an important source of funding for Francisco's expedition.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Beatriz and Francisco have been reported, through different sources, to have had at least four sons (Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, and Alonso) and five daughters (Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana and Mayor).


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: After Alonso's death, Beatriz ensured that three of their daughters were married into prominent families of New Spain. She never remarried.


title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

text: Beatriz reported that her husband had died in great poverty, since their encomiendas had been taken away from them due to the New Laws, and that she and her daughters lived in misery too, a shame for the widow of a conqueror that had provided such valuable service to his majesty. This, as most reports from the early days of New Spain, both positive and negative and regarding all things, have been proven to be false, part of the power struggles among settlers and attempts to exploit the budding new system that tried to find a way to administer justice in land the king could not see nor the army reach. Francisco, Beatriz and their children actually ended their days comfortably.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: The Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA or GCA68) is a U.S. federal law that regulates the firearms industry and firearms ownership. Due to constitutional limitations, the Act is primarily based on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except by manufacturers, dealers and importers licensed under a scheme set up under the Act.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: The GCA was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22, 1968, and is Title I of the U.S. federal firearms laws. The National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA) is Title II. Both GCA and NFA are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF).


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: GCA repealed the Federal Firearms Act of 1938, though many of its provisions were reenacted as part of the GCA, which revised the FFA and its predecessor, the National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA).


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: The bill was initially prompted by the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963. The President was shot and killed with a rifle purchased by mail-order from an ad in the magazine "American Rifleman". Congressional hearings followed and a ban on mail-order gun sales was discussed, but no law was passed until 1968. At the hearings NRA Executive Vice-President Franklin Orth supported a ban on mail-order sales, stating, "We do not think that any sane American, who calls himself an American, can object to placing into this bill the instrument which killed the president of the United States."


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: Precursors of the passage of the Gun Control Act were Senate Bill 1975 in 1963, "A Bill to Regulate the Interstate Shipment of Firearms", and Senate Bill 1592 in 1965, "A Bill to Amend the Federal Firearms Act of 1938". Both were introduced by Senator Thomas J. Dodd and met with fierce opposition on the floor but the bills also paved the way for the creation of the Gun Control Act of 1968.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: The April 4, 1968, assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., shortly followed by the June 5 assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, compounded by shifting societal attitudes towards gun ownership, renewed efforts to pass the bill. On June 11, 1968, a tie vote in the House Judiciary Committee halted the bill's passage. On reconsideration nine days later, the bill was passed by the committee. The Senate Judiciary Committee similarly brought the bill to a temporary halt, but as in the House, it was passed on reconsideration. House Resolution 17735, known as the Gun Control Act, was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22, 1968 banning mail order sales of rifles and shotguns and prohibiting most felons, drug users and people found mentally incompetent from buying guns.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: The Gun Control Act of 1968 was amended in 1993 by the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act which introduced a background check requirement of prospective gun purchasers by licensed sellers, and created a list of categories of individuals to whom the sale of firearms is prohibited:


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: (ii) A person shall not be considered to have been convicted of such an offense for purposes of this chapter if the conviction has been expunged or set aside, or is an offense for which the person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored (if the law of the applicable jurisdiction provides for the loss of civil rights under such an offense) unless the pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the person may not ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: While many states upon completion of sentence automatically reinstate rights to vote, sit on a jury, or serve in public office, no states restore gun ownership rights upon completion of sentence. Some states reinstate rights depending on the crime convicted of, and others have a petition process. Those convicted of a federal offense must contact the Office of the Pardon Attorney, Department of Justice, to receive a presidential pardon. Under the Department's rules governing petitions for executive clemency, 28 C.F.R. §§ 1.1 et seq., an applicant must satisfy a minimum waiting period of five years before he becomes eligible to apply for a presidential pardon of his federal conviction.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: According to a 21 Sep 2011 "Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees" from ATF, holders of state-issued medical marijuana cards are automatically "prohibited people" under 18 U.S.C 922 (g)(3) and "shipping, transporting, receiving or possessing firearms or ammunition" by a medical marijuana card holder is a violation.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: Additionally, 18 U.S.C 922 (x) generally prohibits people under 18 years of age from possessing handguns or handgun ammunition with certain exceptions for employment, target practice, education, and a handgun possessed while defending the home of the juvenile or a home in which they are an invited guest.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993 created the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) to prevent firearms sales to such prohibited people.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: The Gun Control Act mandated the licensing of individuals and companies engaged in the business of selling firearms. This provision effectively prohibited the direct mail order of firearms (except antique firearms) by consumers and mandated that anyone who wants to buy a gun in an interstate transaction from a source other than a private individual must do so through a federally licensed firearms dealer. The Act also banned unlicensed individuals from acquiring handguns outside their state of residence. The interstate purchase of long guns (rifles and shotguns) was not impeded by the Act so long as the seller is federally licensed and such a sale is allowed by both the state of purchase and the state of residence.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: Private sales between residents of two different states are also prohibited without going through a licensed dealer, except for the case of a buyer holding a Curio & Relic license purchasing a firearm that qualifies as a curio or relic.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: Private sales between unlicensed individuals who are residents of the same state are allowed under federal law so long as such transfers do not violate the other existing federal and state laws. While current law mandates that a background check be performed if the seller has a federal firearms license, private parties living in the same state are not required to perform such checks under federal law.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: A person who does not have a Federal Firearms License may not be "in the business" of buying or selling firearms. Individuals buying and selling firearms without a federal license must be doing so from their own personal collection.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: Under the Gun Control Act, a federally licensed importer, manufacturer, dealer or collector shall not sell or deliver any rifle or shotgun or ammunition for rifle or shotgun to any individual less than 18 years of age, nor any handgun or ammunition for a handgun to any individual less than 21 years of age.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: While the Gun Control Act prohibits the direct mail-ordering of firearms, a person may ship a gun via contract carrier (such as United Parcel Service (UPS), United States Postal Service or FedEx) to a gunsmith (who has an FFL) or the gunmaker's factory for repairs or modification. After the repair work is done, the gunsmith or the factory can ship the gun directly back to the customer.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: The GCA created what is known as the "sporting purposes" standard for imported firearms, saying that they must "be generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes". GCA sporting purposes includes hunting and organized competitive target shooting, but does not include "plinking" or "practical shooting" (which the ATF says is closer to police/combat-style competition and not comparable to more traditional types of sports), nor does it allow for collection for historical or design interest.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: The law also required that all newly manufactured firearms produced by licensed manufacturers in the United States and imported into the United States bear a gun serial number. Firearms manufactured prior to the Gun Control Act and firearms manufactured by non-FFLs remain exempt from the serial number requirement. Defacement or removal of the serial number (if present) is a felony offense.


title: Gun Control Act of 1968

text: In a June 1966 essay, Neal Knox wrote that what was then called the Dodd Bill was opposed by outdoorsmen and conservationists Harry R. Woodward, C. R. Gutermuth of the Wildlife Management Institute, Richard H. Stroud of the Sport Fishing Institute, Howard Carter Jr. of the National Shooting Sports Foundation, E. C. Hadley of the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute, Robert T. Dennis of the Izaak Walton League, "and countless other sportsmen, and sportsmen and industry groups" because it would have a far-reaching and damaging effect on the hunting and shooting sports, while failing to reduce crime.