title: Srirangapatna

text: The Karighatta viewpoint gives good panorama of Mysore and Srirangapatna cities from a height of 3,000 feet. Karighatta is a hill a few kilometres outside the 'island' town of Srirangapatna. The name Karighatta translates to "Black Hill" in Kannada. The hill supports the dry scrub jungle and many tamarind and gooseberry trees are found around the temple. A small river, Lokapavani, a tributary of Kaveri flows by the hill. The main entrance to the temple, with huge wooden doors opens into a large quadrangle, which is the main shrine for Vaikunta Srinivasa in black stone, flanked by Yoga Srinivasa (without his consort) and Bhoga Srinivasa idols. The hill may be climbed by stone steps (450 in number). A winding paved road is used for vehicular transport. The stone steps lead to a flat hilltop where the temple stands. The hillock has a superb panoramic view of Srirangapatna and Mysore. The beautiful landscape around the hill and the confluence of the Kaveri and Lokapavani rivers can be seen from atop the hill.


title: Srirangapatna

text: The famous Nimishamba (the incarnation of Parvathi, the goddess wife of Lord Shiva) temple is on the bank of the Lokapavani river. This temple too can be clearly seen from the top of the Karighatta hill. It is a belief that Parvathi will clear all the problems and troubles of her devotees within a minute ("nimisha" in Sanskrit), and hence the name.


title: Srirangapatna

text: The Garrison Cemetery is located in Srirangapatna, on the banks of the river Cauvery, about 300m from the Bangalore Mysore Highway. It has about 307 graves of the European officers killed in the final assault on Tippu Sultan in 1799, and their family members. Among the graves, there are 80 graves of the officers of the Swiss Regiment de Meuron, and the rest of the graves are their family members.


title: Srirangapatna

text: The Scott’s Bungalow is located in Seringapatam on the banks of the river Cauvery, at about half a mile from the Mysore Gate of the Seringapatam gate. The bungalow was the residence of Col. Scott, an officer of the Madras Army who took part in the siege of Seringapatam in 1799. The bungalow is associated with the legend and tragedy of Col. Scott. The story of Scott’s Bungalow is lamented in a poem by Walter Yeldham called "The Deserted Bungalow", published in 1875.


title: Srirangapatna

text: Between the Garrison Cemetery and Scott’s Bungalow a path leads to house on the river banks. This house is known as "Lord Harris's House" or "The Doctor's Bungalow" or "Puraniah's Bungalow". This house was the residence of General Harris, for a short time after the siege of Seringapatam in 1799, and went on to become headquarters of the commanding officer of Seringapatam. In 1809, the house was the scene of a mutiny by officers of the Madras Army, led by Col. Bell, against Sir. George Barlow, the Governor of Madras. Purnaiah, lived in this house after his retirement from service in 1811, and died there on 28 March 1812. A tablet on the wall records the connection of Lord Harris and Puraniah to the house.


title: Srirangapatna

text: The fortress is in the west of the island, and is surrounded by double walls. The point at which the British broke through the walls, and thus Tipu Sultan's troops surprised, is marked by an obelisk. Also highlighted is the place where Tipu Sultan was killed by the British forces. In addition, the dungeon in which the Mysore rulers had imprisoned British soldiers.


title: Srirangapatna

text: This was the place where Tipu Sultan used to imprison all the British officers. It is near the death place memorial of Tipu Sultan and is surrounded by gardens on all four sides. Bailey was the only British officer who died in that place and could not make it through the tough conditions and so it was later named after him.


title: Srirangapatna

text: Another version says that the commanding officer of the British at the Battle of Pollilur (1780), Col. Baillie, was imprisoned here after the defeat of his troops in the First Mysore War.


title: Srirangapatna

text: Obelisk in Srirangapatna is a memorial erected by the then government of Mysore in memory of the English soldiers died during the siege of Srirangapatna. The Memorial was built during the reign of Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV in 1907, to celebrate the defeat of Tipu in 1799. The inscription on the plaque reads "This monument is erected by the government of Mysore in 1907 in order to commemorate the siege of Seringapatam by the British forces under lieutenant general G. Harris ( George Harris, 1st Baron Harris ) and its final capture by assault on 4 May 1799. As also the names of those gallant officers who fell during the operations."


title: Srirangapatna

text: Near the town is the Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, where several bird species breed, including the painted stork, open-billed stork, black-headed ibis, river tern, great stone plover and Indian shag.


title: A1 (group)

text: A1 (stylised as a1) is a British-Norwegian boy group formed in 1998. The original line-up consisted of Paul Marazzi, Christian Ingebrigtsen, Mark Read and Ben Adams. Ingebrigtsen is originally from Oslo, Norway, while the other members originate from London.


title: A1 (group)

text: Their debut single, "Be the First to Believe", entered the UK Singles Chart at number six in mid-1999. They achieved chart success in the UK and other parts of the world in the late 1990s and early 2000s, particularly Southeast Asia. In the UK, they scored two number ones and six other top 10 hits, seven of which were written by the band. Adding to this, they also won a BRIT Award for "British Breakthrough Act" in 2001. They were managed by band manager Tim Byrne, who also formed Steps.


title: A1 (group)

text: Marazzi left the band in 2002, citing personal reasons. The three remaining members subsequently decided to split due to exhaustion from being on the road for the best part of four years straight.


title: A1 (group)

text: In December 2009, Ingebrigtsen, Read and Adams reformed a1, without Marazzi, in Norway for a series of concerts at the Christiania Theatre in Oslo. Since their comeback, they have released new singles as well as their fourth and fifth studio albums, "Waiting for Daylight", in 2010, and "Rediscovered", in 2012.


title: A1 (group)

text: In 2014, a1 appeared on the itv2 documentary "The Big Reunion" along with other bands such as Eternal, Damage, Girl Thing, 3T and a new band called 5th Story, made up of Dane Bowers (from Another Level), Gareth Gates, Kenzie (from Blazin' Squad), Kavana and Adam Rickitt.


title: A1 (group)

text: In 2017, Marazzi met his former bandmates in Newcastle after his 15-year absence, and he will appear on their 20th anniversary tour.


title: A1 (group)

text: Paul Marazzi, who had missed the cut for Steps, met Tim Byrne in 1998 to talk about forming a second group. Auditions were held where Christian Ingebrigtsen, Mark Read, and Ben Adams were recruited and the band was formed by the management team of Byrne and Vicky Blood.


title: A1 (group)

text: A1 signed with Columbia Records in February 1999 and released "Be the First to Believe" in Summer 1999. In November they released "Here We Come", which reached number 4 in Norway and had four top ten singles in the UK.


title: A1 (group)

text: In 2000, they achieved two number ones with "Take On Me" and "Same Old Brand New You". The video for their seventh single, "No More", was filmed in Singapore while they were on tour there. In 2001, the band began a massive arena tour of Asia, where they were very well received. During a mall signing in Indonesia, four teenage girls were killed in a stampede. In 2001, Sony Music launched a paid subscription service for a1 called 'Access All Areas', the first for an artist signed to the company. This was an early version of a social network allowing fans to meet and chat online.


title: A1 (group)

text: Their third album, "Make It Good" saw a change in direction but was to be their last studio project. On 8 October 2002, Marazzi left the group, citing personal reasons, and a1 subsequently decided to split.


title: A1 (group)

text: In January 2004 a "Best of A1" album was released in Asia; a compilation featuring all of their singles, two previously unreleased concert recordings, and three exclusive B-Sides. In 2009, following Adams' appearance on "Celebrity Big Brother", the band released its "Greatest Hits" in the UK.


title: A1 (group)

text: In 2005, Adams went on to release his first solo single, "Sorry", which peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. Adams was also due to record an album but parted with his record label. In 2009, he appeared as a contestant on "Celebrity Big Brother", eventually placing fifth. He attracted much attention later that same year when he posed naked for the cover of "Attitude".


title: A1 (group)

text: In 2003, Ingebrigtsen also began a solo career, with his first solo single, "In Love With an Angel", being released in 2004. The single stayed in the Top 10 of the Norway Singles Chart for nearly three months. The song was swiftly followed by "Things Are Gonna Change", which became Ingebrigsten's final solo single before he moved into other areas of showbusiness.


title: A1 (group)

text: In 2002, Read focused on becoming a songwriter for other artists, after signing a deal with Metrophonic. Read has written for artists such as Charlotte Church, Boyzone, Michael Bolton, Robin Gibb, and The Hollies. Read released his debut solo single, "Greatest Lady in My Life", on 2 March 2009. His debut solo album, "Peace at Last" was released in June 2009.


title: A1 (group)

text: Months after he left the band, Marazzi hosted the Andy Cole Children's Foundation (now All Star Kids) on 26 April 2003 together with Jo Good. He turned down the offer to appear in I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2004. In late 2005 he formed a soul/rock band in Sunderland, Northeast England called Snagsby. He left the band in early 2009. Marazzi then went to work in The George Hotel in Whitby as a club DJ.


title: A1 (group)

text: In November 2008, the remaining members of the band formed a MySpace account to keep fans updated of their current situation. In summer 2009, the band made an official announcement, stating that not only were they to reform, but they were to play a series of concerts in Oslo in December of that year. Marazzi posted on his Facebook that he wished them good luck when he found out about his former bandmates' reunion on a TV show in Norway. The announcement also stated that the band's first new single in seven years, "Take You Home", would be released via iTunes in Norway on 2 November. The single entered the Norway Singles Chart at No. 9, based on download sales. It was announced in late 2009 that the band would compete to represent Norway in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, with the band's second single since their reformation, "Don't Wanna Lose You Again". The song peaked at No. 4 on the Norwegian Singles Chart. The band reached the national final of the contest and finished in second place. The band made their official UK comeback on New Year's Eve by performing at the Heaven New Year's Eve Party in London. In March 2010, the band embarked on a worldwide tour that began in Norway, with performances in Oslo, Stavanger, Kristiansand, Bergen, Trondheim and Haugesund. The tour extended to Europe and ROTW in autumn 2010. The band's first new studio album since 2002 was released on 11 October 2010, and includes the singles "Take You Home", "Don't Wanna Lose You Again", "In Love and I Hate It" and "Waiting for Daylight".


title: A1 (group)

text: In October 2011, the group appeared on Channel 5's OK TV to promote their British comeback gig at the O2 Academy Islington on 31 October 2011. The gig received positive reviews from sites such as "This Must Be Pop" and Time Out. On 18 November 2011, the band released a new single, "Another Year Gone". On 28 February 2012, the group performed at the Singapore Indoor Stadium with Blue and Jeff Timmons from 98 Degrees. The concert was entitled "The Greatest Hits Tour: Blue, Jeff Timmons of 98 Degrees and a1 – Live in Singapore." They also visited Jakarta, Indonesia and Manila, Philippines as part of the concert tour. On 8 May 2012, the band announced the release of a new single, "Just Three Words", a duet with Annie Khalid.


title: A1 (group)

text: In December 2013 it was announced that A1 will be appearing, again without Marazzi, on the itv2 documentary "The Big Reunion". In October 2014, A1 with other bands from the TV show Blue, Five, Damage, 3T, 911 and a new band called 5th Story toured together in October 2014, the tour was called The Big Reunion Boy band Tour 2014.


title: A1 (group)

text: On 3 October 2014 A1 performed on the Norwegian show called "The Hit", they chose to perform the song Critical Love written by Mathilde Johnson and became their newest single after winning.


title: A1 (group)

text: A1 gave a concert on 22 October 2016 in Singapore and in Manila and Cebu on 23 and 25 October, respectively.


title: A1 (group)

text: On 22 July 2017 Paul Marazzi met with his past band-mates in Newcastle. On Instagram post of the band, the group posted a picture with original members Ben Adams, Christian Ingebrigtsen, Mark Read and Paul Marazzi. A follow up post on the band's Facebook page suggested that they may reform for "One last song.. or 2 or 3". The photo was posted on 17 September 2017, a day after Ben Adams posted a photo of him and Paul at the backstage for Flashdance The Musical Tour in Sunderland. There was then no confirmation that Paul had indeed reunited with a1.


title: A1 (group)

text: On 7 May 2018 Ben Adams called BBC Radio 2 host Matt Lucas, announcing a1 will go on a 20th anniversary tour the next year. He said they probably had to do something slightly special for their 20-year reunion, and they had invited original member Paul Marazzi back. The tour will start in Asia after Ben finishes his Flashdance show in November, and they will also do some tours in UK and release new music as well.


title: A1 (group)

text: On 23 May 2018, it was announced that they will be doing a set of concerts in Southeast Asia with Marazzi on board. It was announced via their Twitter and Facebook page.


title: A1 (group)

text: On 12 October 2018, they released their first single with all members since the departure of Marazzi, and the disbandment of the group, 16 years previously. The song is called "Armour".


title: A1 (group)

text: On 27 February 2019 the group announced their first UK comeback, first live show with original line up in 15 years. The show will be held at O2 Academy Islington, London on 1 November 2019.


title: A1 (group)

text: On 18 March 2001, during a mall signing in Mall Taman Anggrek, Jakarta, Indonesia, four teenage girls were killed in a stampede and two others were reported critical. A spokesman for the group said: "They are devastated and are immediately planning to return to Great Britain. They have cancelled the rest of the tour and their thoughts are with the families and friends of those killed and injured."


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: From December 1963 to December 1969, English rock group the Beatles sent out spoken and musical messages on flexi disc to members of their official fan clubs in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) each Christmas. An LP compilation of all seven, titled From Then to You in the UK and The Beatles Christmas Album in the US, was sent out in 1970.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: Conceived as a means to appease fan-club members whose letters, due to their sheer volume, were not always being answered in a timely manner, the records included the Beatles' messages of thanks to "loyal Beatle people", along with skits, Christmas carols, and original compositions.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: None of the original recordings had been subject to general release until a vinyl box set of all the records was distributed in December 2017. A version of "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)", an original composition which appeared in edited form on the 1967 record, gained an official release in 1995, as part of "The Beatles Anthology" project.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: The first Christmas recording from the Beatles featured several renditions of the traditional carol "Good King Wenceslas" and individual messages from the four, ending with a closing chorus of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Ringo". This offering, as well as 1964's, was scripted by Beatles' press officer Tony Barrow, who had instigated the Christmas message programme.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: An edited version of this recording was sent to members of the Beatles' American fan-club in December 1964.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: The song "Jingle Bells" is sung, followed by individual messages to the fans. John Lennon mocks the script by making it obvious he's reading from a prepared text; when Paul McCartney asks him if he wrote this himself, he says, "No it's somebody's bad handwrouter." John continues: "It's been a busy year, Beatle peedles, one way and another, but it's been a great year... too. You fans have seen to that, page two... Thanks a lot, folks, and a hap-py, er, Christmas and a merry goo year. Crimble maybe." (The statement "is" apparently handwritten as at various points in the recording, McCartney reads "making them" as "melting them" before correcting himself and George Harrison reads "quite a time" as "quiet time" before correcting himself with "great time" as well.) Finishing up the record is a brief rendition of the traditional song "Oh Can You Wash Your Father's Shirt?"


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: "Another Beatles Christmas Record" was not sent to American fans. Instead, US-based fans received an edited version of "The Beatles Christmas Record", which had been sent to British fan-club members in 1963. Also, as opposed to using flexi-discs, the US fan-club sent the message in a tri-fold cardboard mailer, with the "record" embedded in one of the flaps of cardboard.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: Several off-key, a cappella versions of "Yesterday" are dispersed throughout the record, alongside Lennon's "Happy Christmas to Ya List'nas", "Auld Lang Syne" (which briefly morphs into an impression of Barry McGuire's "Eve of Destruction"), then begin singing the Four Tops' "It's the Same Old Song" (but stop after George tells them they can't continue because the song is copyrighted), and an original poem titled "Christmas Comes But Once a Year".


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: Members of the Beatles US fan-club did not receive this (or any) Christmas flexi-disc in 1965. Rather, they received a black and white postcard, with a photo of the Fab Four and the message "Season's Greetings – Paul, Ringo, George, John." "The Beatle Bulletin", the publication of the US fan-club, explained in its April 1966 edition that the tape arrived too late to prepare the record in time for Christmas.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: Recorded between sessions for "Strawberry Fields Forever", for the 1966 offering, the usual greetings and thanks gave way to a 'Pantomime'-themed collection of original songs and comic skits. The songs include "Everywhere It's Christmas", "Orowayna", and "Please Don't Bring Your Banjo Back". McCartney plays the piano. The sketches performed include "Podgy the Bear and Jasper" and "Felpin Mansions."


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: Once again, the US fan-club members did not get a flexi-disc. Instead, they received a postcard with the message on one side and a short version of "The Beatle Bulletin" on the other, with enough room for a mailing label and postage.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: An elaborate production, "Christmas Time Is Here Again!" was developed around the concept of several groups auditioning for a BBC radio show. The title song, "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)", serves as a refrain throughout the record. The Beatles portray a multitude of characters, including game show contestants, aspiring musicians ("Plenty of Jam Jars", by the Ravellers), and actors in a radio drama ("Theatre Hour"). At the end Lennon reads a poem, "When Christmas Time Is Over." This offering was likely a deliberate homage to/continuation of the broadly similar "Craig Torso" specials produced for BBC Radio 1 that same year by the Beatles' friends and collaborators the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, and also shares much in common with their then-unreleased track "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)", recorded six months previously.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: While UK fans received a flexi-disc in an elaborate sleeve, North American fans received a postcard similar to that of 1966.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: The first Beatles Christmas fan-club disc to be recorded by the individual Beatles separately, the 1968 offering is a collage of odd noises, musical snippets and individual messages. McCartney's song "Happy Christmas, Happy New Year" is featured, along with Lennon's poems "Jock and Yono" and "Once Upon a Pool Table". Also notable is a rendition of "Nowhere Man" by the ukulele-playing Tiny Tim, which Harrison recorded in New York. Also included is a sped-up snippet of the Beatles' own "Helter Skelter" and a brief snippet of Perrey & Kingsley's "Baroque Hoedown", which was used three years later in Disneyland's Main Street Electrical Parade. "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", "Yer Blues" and "Birthday" are also heard in the background for part of the message. The dialogue and songs for the flexi-disc were organised and edited together by DJ and friend of the Beatles, Kenny Everett.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: Finally, the US fans got a flexi-disc for Christmas in 1968, but it came in a modified version of the 1967 UK sleeve.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: The final Beatles Christmas offering was also recorded separately, as the band had effectively split by this point. It features an extensive visit with Lennon and his wife Yoko at their Tittenhurst Park estate, where they play "what will Santa bring me?" games. Harrison and Ringo Starr appear only briefly, the latter to publicise his recent film, "The Magic Christian". McCartney sings his original ad-lib, "This is to Wish You a Merry, Merry Christmas." Starting at 1:30, at the tail-end of Starr's song, the guitar solos from "The End" are heard, followed by Ono interviewing Lennon.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: For the only time, the North American and UK album sleeve jackets were identical. The North American version of the flexi-disc had an elaborate collage of the Beatles' faces on it (drawn by Ringo), while the rear album sleeve contained stick-figure scribbles made by his son, Zak Starkey.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: In December 1970, in the wake of the band's break-up, the UK fan-club sent out a compilation LP of all seven of the Beatles' Christmas recordings, entitled "From Them to You". The master tapes having been mislaid, the LP was mastered from copies of the original flexi discs. In the US, the seven messages were issued as "The Beatles Christmas Album" sent out by the fan-club around springtime 1971. It was the first time the 1964 and 1965 messages had been made available in the US. With no new recording, the LP served to remind that the Beatles were no more, but had the advantage of durability over the original flexi discs.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: With no general release of the recordings having been made until 2017, numerous bootlegs of the recordings appeared before then.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: In December 1982, two albums claiming to comprise a legitimate release of the Beatles' Christmas messages appeared on the US market. One of them, which contained the 1963–1966 recordings, was called "Christmas Reflections", on a label called Desert Vibrations Heritage Series (HSRD-SP1). The other, with the recordings from 1967 to 1969, was called "Happy Michaelmas" and was on a label called The Adirondack Group (AG-8146).


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: Less than a year later, on 29 September 1983, an entrepreneur announced that he was going to issue all seven messages on one record, which he planned to call "John, Paul, George and Ringo". The Beatles' representatives quickly sued, claiming copyright and trademark violations, and won in court. As a result, the 1983 album was never released, and the two 1982 LPs were withdrawn.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: The first three minutes of the music bed of the 1967 single, with greetings recorded for the 1966 single superimposed during the final minute, was released under the title "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)" as one of the B-sides of the "Free as a Bird" single in December 1995. (Starr recorded his own cover of "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)" on his 1999 Christmas album, "I Wanna Be Santa Claus".)


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: Dialogue from the 1965 and 1966 recordings were featured as the tail-end of the 2006 compilation, "Love". After the final number, "All You Need Is Love", has ended, nonsensical ad-libs from the group that appeared at the end of the 1965 flexi-disc are heard. Mere seconds later, this is merged into the final moments from the 1966 flexi-disc, complete with McCartney's ad-lib line, "Jolly Good".


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: An edited and abridged version of the 1963 single appeared as unlockable bonus content in 2009 "" video game and was made available as a free download from the iTunes Store between 23 December 2010 and 9 January 2011.


title: The Beatles' Christmas records

text: A limited-edition vinyl box set containing all seven Christmas records, titled "The Christmas Records", was officially released on 15 December 2017. The box set includes a 16-page booklet. On 2 November 2017, the Beatles posted a video advertisement on YouTube. The cover shows the faces of John, Paul, George and Ringo, all of whom are wearing Santa hats, and the words "Happy Christmas Beatle People!" are written on the cover.


title: Bardock

text: , Burdock in Viz Media's English manga translation, is a fictional character from the "Dragon Ball" media franchise. Created by Toei Animation based on series protagonist Goku's visual design by franchise creator Akira Toriyama, he first appears in the animated television special "" as its morally ambiguous protagonist. Bardock has few overall manga and anime appearances within the series, though he plays a pivotal part as Goku's biological father in setting up the backstory of his son, originally known by the name Kakarot, as one of the last survivors of the Saiyan genocide by the intergalactic tyrant Frieza.


title: Bardock

text: Bardock has been well received by commentators and viewers as a tragic figure. Toriyama himself was moved by the character's story, which led to his decision to incorporate the character into the series' canon continuity. Bardock's popularity has led to the character appearing in a variety of franchise media, including several video games as well as a starring role in the 2011 spin-off manga .


title: Bardock

text: A reworked version of the character developed by Toriyama appeared as the protagonist in the manga chapter Dragon Ball Minus: The Departure of the Fated Child.


title: Bardock

text: Bardock is a mercenary who is first introduced in "" as the leader of a platoon of Saiyan warriors. Within the series, the Saiyans are depicted as a warlike species who display a wide array of special abilities, possessing immense natural strength, "ki" energy manipulation, as well as superhuman agility, reflexes and senses. With the exception of their monkey-like tails, which enables the transformation of an individual in view of a full moon into a Great Ape, Saiyans have the same outward appearance as humans but with larger, more muscular builds.


title: Bardock

text: Akira Toriyama explained in an interview published in the March 2014 issue of "Saikyō Jump" that Bardock and his wife are among the rare Saiyans who are joined by an emotional bond as opposed to a practical reproductive purpose. Gine was at one point a member of a four-person team of Saiyan warriors along with Bardock where they developed feelings for each other, though Gine eventually retired from the team as she is not an effective fighter due to her gentle nature. He considers Bardock to be one of the strongest low-class warriors, but below a mid-class warrior in power. On the depiction of Bardock's bravery in "", director Tatsuya Nagamine explained in a January 2019 interview with "V Jump" that he considers the character to be the only Saiyan left who retains his people's pure nature, whereas the rest of the Saiyans have lost their original pride as a warrior race prior to the events of the film. Bardock's facial features are very similar to his son Kakarot, which has led to certain characters, who knew Bardock, recognizing the familial relationship between the two characters when they encounter Goku.


title: Bardock

text: Bardock's signature ability is the "Final Spirit Cannon" (ファイナルスピリッツキャノン) or "Riot Javelin", an energy sphere attack. During a routine incursion on the planet Kanassa in "Bardock – The Father of Goku", one of its surviving inhabitants strikes Bardock, giving him its native precognition ability to see into the future in the process.


title: Bardock

text: Bardock's basic design was originally conceived for the "Bardock – Father of Goku" television special by Toei Animation production staff. Animator and character designer Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru was primarily responsible for designing Bardock and his team members during production of the television special in mid-1990. His initial design of Bardock was relatively unchanged after it went through minor alterations by series creator Akira Toriyama, who recalled that a Toei employee approached him about their project for an original story based on the visual design of a character who has the same face as Goku, of which Toriyama had no recollection of creating. Toriyama said that he allowed Toei Animation to have creative control for the animated television special as he was too busy with the manga serialization for the "Dragon Ball" series at the time. He believed that he was consulted about the character designs as Toei's proposed original content impinged upon Goku's past; Bardock's face was given a scar while his cold and stern demeanour represents the brutal edge of a martial race, but is otherwise nearly identical to Goku. He is dressed in battle armor similar to Frieza's armed forces; according to Nakatsuru, the armor's specific visual design is patterned after that of Toshiro Mifune's character in "Seven Samurai" at the insistence of Mitsuo Hashimoto, director of the television special.


title: Bardock

text: Toriyama commented that Toei's depiction of Bardock in the finished product was admirable. He said that he tends to avoid serious material in his work and he would have stuck to a lighter comedic tone had he authored Bardock's story himself, but complimented Toei's approach for giving a bit more emotional depth to the series' mythos. Toriyama noted that the character's name is "strong-sounding" and a pun on burdock, which is thematically connected to his sons' Saiyan names and to his usual practice of naming Saiyan characters after vegetables. Toriyama decided to have the character appear in the original manga. Bardock is depicted in two panels during Goku's first confrontation with Frieza, when Frieza comments that Goku looks just like the Saiyan who resisted when he destroyed planet Vegeta, and the narrator informs the reader that he was Goku's father.


title: Bardock

text: Bardock is voiced by Masako Nozawa in Japanese. Sonny Strait is Bardock's most consistent voice actor for English localizations in the series' Funimation dub as well as most media. Strait noted that he has done much more voice acting work for Bardock's appearances in video games, in comparison to his animated appearances.


title: Bardock

text: Thanks to his Saiyan biology, Bardock had super strength, speed, agility, reflexes, the ability to fly, with telepathy, telekinesis, generate energy from his very being called ki, produce energy blasts, absorb energy and energy blasts, control energy, sense energy around him and enhance his abilities by increasing his energy through force of will.


title: Bardock

text: Following the conquest of planet Kanassa led by his team, Bardock began to see visions of Frieza's plan to destroy planet Vegeta, as well as Goku's future on Earth. After his son is set to be transported away from their homeworld to Earth, he attempts to prevent the destruction of his species by challenging Frieza in the orbit of planet Vegeta, but is obliterated by Frieza. Before his death, however, Bardock has one final vision of Goku challenging Frieza, and dies smiling knowing his son is destined to avenge their people's annihilation.


title: Bardock

text: "" by Naho Ōishi is a what-if story which explores Bardock's miraculous survival from being obliterated by Frieza's attack. He is hurled into the distant past to a strange planet where he comes into conflict with Frieza's ancestor, Chilled, and eventually succeeds in achieving the Super Saiyan transformation. The manga is later adapted into an animated short film.


title: Bardock

text: In "Dragon Ball Minus: The Departure of the Fated Child", a story included in the collected volume of "Jaco the Galactic Patrolman" which takes place months before the destruction of Planet Vegeta, Bardock believes that Frieza is up to something when they receive an order for all Saiyans to return home. Gine, who makes her first series appearance, is convinced by Bardock to send their infant son, Kakarot, in a space pod to Earth, a planet far enough away to escape Frieza's interest, with a native population weak enough to pose no threat to Kakarot. Bardock's personality is written as a caring father who is no longer apathetic towards his son, and he lacks the unrepentant nature displayed in "Bardock – The Father of Goku". Gine is presented as a warm and kind mother who loves her sons deeply.


title: Bardock

text: "" presents an adapted version of Goku's origin story from "Minus" that led to him being sent to Earth. Goku is depicted as a toddler for the film's iteration of his origin story, and is visibly upset about leaving his parents behind. Bardock decides to send Goku to Earth so he can escape the impending destruction of their home planet, which leads to an emotional farewell where Gine implores the departing Goku to not forget them.


title: Bardock

text: Bardock appears in the flashback scenes of "Dragon Ball Super" manga adaption’s chapter 77, takes place after Goku's birth and prior to both "Dragon Ball Minus" and "Bardock – The Father of Goku". During an invasion on Planet Cereal, led by Frieza's army, Bardock was able to rescue the Namekian sage Monaito and a young Cerelian named Granolah. However, he was unable to save Granolah's mother, Muezli from being mercilessly killed by Frieza's brokers, the Heeters. Off-screen, Bardock was able to defeat a Heeter named Gas and survive the battle to ensure the safety of Granolah and Monaito.


title: Bardock

text: Back in the present day, Vegeta knew who Bardock was and tells Goku that he was the latter's father, much to Granolah, Monaito and Goku's surprise.


title: Bardock

text: An alternate reality version of the character appears in the "Super Dragon Ball Heroes" promotional anime. In several promos, Bardock allies with the time patrol, a future force bent to avert the changes in time, and turns into the Super Sayian 3 Form. In the television series "Super Dragon Ball Heroes", in the Space-Time-War arc, another alternate version Bardock is portrayed as a mysterious cloaked warrior. He assists his son Goku and company against other foes, including a masked Goku Black. Black recognized Bardock during their fight and acknowledges to Black that he had left his past life a long time ago. In the climax of the arc, it is revealed that Bardock, along with several other cloaked fighters are working with a woman named Aeos, a supreme kai. In the following arc, Bardock serves as one of Aeos's bodyguards as she hosts a Tournament across the multiverse, similar to the Tournament of Power from "Dragon Ball Super". He also fights a two on one battle with Goku and Jiren in his Super Sayian 3 form.


title: Bardock

text: Bardock has appeared in nearly 30 "Dragon Ball" video games, including substantial storyline roles in "Dragon Ball Online" as well as its spiritual successors "Dragon Ball Xenoverse" and "Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2". In March 2018 Bardock was introduced into "Dragon Ball FighterZ" along with Broly as the game's first DLC characters.


title: Bardock

text: Shadow Studio released a highly detailed collectible statue depicting Bardock and Gine witnessing Goku's departure in a space pod.


title: Bardock

text: Bardock has received a positive reception. Both Nick Valdez and Evan Valentine from "Comicbook.com" described him as one of the most influential and popular characters in the "Dragon Ball" franchise in spite of his limited appearances. Kofi Outlaw, also from "Comicbook.com", was of the view that "Broly" "created a lot of new room for a much more noble and (anti-)heroic version of Bardock to become part of the modern Dragon Ball series", and suggested that the character should be brought back into canon continuity in some form. Strait was of the opinion that Bardock's consistent appearances in the franchise's licensed video games have contributed significantly towards the character's enduring popularity. Jemima Sebastián from the Latin American edition of "IGN" commented that the destruction of the Saiyan homeworld is one of the most important and emotional moments in "Dragon Ball" history; she also noted that fan interest in Bardock inspired a story arc in "Dragon Ball Multiverse", a "Dragon Ball" fan fiction webcomic, where Frieza never destroyed planet Vegeta and Bardock is the central character and leader of a popular revolt against Frieza. Bardock is ranked number 11 on "IGN's" list of "Top 13 Dragon Ball Z Characters"; Chris Carle said Bardock's impact in the series' overall story is quite large even though his major appearances are confined to the animated films and expanded literature. Carle noted that the character has passed on his virtuous traits to Goku, and hope to see father and son being depicted fighting side by side one day. Bardock came in 28th place on "Complex"'s list "A Ranking of All the Characters on 'Dragon Ball Z"; Sheldon Pearce notes that the character exists as a means to shed more light on Goku's character. Megan Peters, also from "Comicbook.com", opined that Goku's final moment with Bardock and Gine as he departs the Saiyan homeworld in a space pod is one of the most heartbreaking moments in the series.


title: Bardock

text: Critical commentary of Bardock's role in the series, particularly his revised personality observed in "Minus" and "Broly", drew comparisons to the Superman character Jor-El by multiple sources. In an opinion piece published by "RPP", Erich García criticized the changes made to Bardock's characterization as well as the effective retcon of events that took place in "Bardock – The Father of Goku". Garcia disliked the exclusion of Bardock's team mates who were said to form the emotional core of "Bardock – The Father of Goku", and argued that the notion of Bardock being presented as a loving father is less compelling compared to the character's original introduction as a cold and distant parent who only cares about revenge against Frieza. Garcia also claimed that "Minus" and "Broly" introduced several inconsistencies between the aforementioned works, such as Goku's age at the time of his departure from the Saiyan homeworld.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: Justin Lewis Scott (born August 26, 1986), better known by his stage name Big K.R.I.T. (a backronym for King Remembered in Time), is an American rapper and record producer. Born in Meridian, Mississippi, he started his musical career in 2005. After signing with Def Jam Recordings, K.R.I.T. gained notable recognition following the release of his single, "Country Shit", which featured Ludacris and Bun B on the remix. In June 2012, he released his debut studio album, "Live from the Underground", which debuted at number five on the "Billboard" 200 chart.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: K.R.I.T.'s second album, "Cadillactica", released in November 2014, also peaked at number five on the "Billboard" 200. In 2016, he announced that he is no longer signed to Def Jam, and the next year launched his own record label Multi Alumni. He released his third album, "4eva Is a Mighty Long Time," under his label Multi Alumni in October 2017.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: K.R.I.T. previously released several mixtapes, including "Hood Fame", with DJ Wally Sparks and "The Last King", with DJ Breakem Off. He also made guest appearances on "Pilot Talk", the third studio album and major label debut from rapper Curren$y, as well as "Kush & Orange Juice", the critically acclaimed mixtape by rapper Wiz Khalifa. When he started branding himself, he went by the name of Kritikal, before shortening it to K.R.I.T.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: In May 2010, K.R.I.T. released his mixtape, "K.R.I.T. Wuz Here", digitally, garnering critical acclaim. That same month, former president of G-Unit Records and current Senior VP of A&R at Def Jam Records, Sha Money XL, signed him to the label as one of his first priorities in his new position.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: In October 2010, K.R.I.T. co-headlined The Smoker's Club Tour 2010 alongside fellow rappers Curren$y and Smoke DZA. In November 2010, K.R.I.T. opened for Wiz Khalifa in Baltimore, Maryland Sayreville, New Jersey Winston-Salem, North Carolina and in Ashland, Virginia during the Waken Baken Tour.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: In early 2011, he was featured on the cover of "XXL" as part of their annual Top Freshmen of the year, along with the likes of other rappers including Meek Mill, Cyhi the Prynce, Lil Twist, Yelawolf, Fred the Godson, Mac Miller, YG, Lil B, Kendrick Lamar and Diggy Simmons.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: In March 2011, K.R.I.T. released his highly anticipated and entirely self-produced mixtape, "Return of 4Eva", featuring guests David Banner, Joi, Big Sant, Chamillionaire, Raheem DeVaughn, Ludacris, and Bun B. The mixtape has been acclaimed by rap critics, with William Ketchum of "HipHopDX" calling it "emotive, conceptual music" and saying that K.R.I.T. had given fans a "free album" – the magazine's highest praise for a mixtape. Meanwhile, Matthew Cole of "Slant Magazine" highlighted "Return of 4Eva" in his mixtape review column as "the best mixtape of the month," going on in a separate review to call it "the rap album to beat in 2011 ". Both critics praised K.R.I.T.'s production skills as much as his lyrics and flow, and both named K.R.I.T. as a likely successor to Southern rap legends UGK, Scarface, and Outkast. On April 20, 2011, Tom Breihan reviewed the mixtape for Pitchfork, giving an 8.2 out of 10 and awarding it the site's coveted "Best New Music" tag.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: On July 1, 2011, K.R.I.T. announced the title of his debut studio album to be, "Live from the Underground". It was originally set to be released on September 27, 2011. From October 12, 2011, until November 24, 2011, K.R.I.T. co-headlined The Smoker's Club Tour 2011 with Curren$y and Method Man. K.R.I.T. released "Live from the Underground" June 5, 2012, to tremendous expectancy. It debuted at number one on the Hip Hop, R&B, and Rap Charts. He released his first single off the album titled, "I Got This" on May 7, 2012. He went on the "Live from the Underground" tour, which he headlined along with Slim Thug. In an interview on Bootleg Kev's radio show, on August 10, 2012, he confirmed that he and fellow Southern rapper Yelawolf were working on a collaborative album entitled "Country Cousins". During the same interview, he was also asked about his favorite rappers, to which he responded, "Scarface. Man, I need these people in groups. Can I put the rest as a group? Outkast, UGK and 8Ball & MJG. That's what my iTunes consists of." K.R.I.T. along with singer Ashthon Jones collaborated with Lecrae for his single "Mayday" from "Gravity".


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: On January 10, 2013, K.R.I.T. announced his next mixtape as "King Remembered In Time". Also naming Mike WiLL Made It as a producer on both the mixtape and his next album. He went on to indicate this mixtape and his next album would not be entirely produced by himself like his previous works, with his album not being produced by himself at all. The first single off the mixtape was released on February 27, 2013, titled, "Shine On". The song features rapper Bun B and was produced by K.R.I.T. He has also put out songs produced by 9th Wonder. "K.R.I.T. (King Remembered In Time)" would be released on April 10, 2013. The mixtape features primary production handled by K.R.I.T. himself and guest appearances by Wiz Khalifa, Future, Smoke DZA and Trinidad James among others.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: On June 13, 2013, in an interview with Dead End Hip Hop, K.R.I.T. hinted towards the title of his upcoming second studio album, stating that the title is featured in the opening seconds of the Intro from his debut album "Live from the Underground". In August 2013, he told HipHopDX that Chad Hugo of The Neptunes, DJ Dahi and Terrace Martin will provide some of the album's soulful production. K.R.I.T. also said he has refocused his energy on his rhymes and delivery, as he allows producers to craft some of the beats for him. On September 30, 2013, K.R.I.T. announced that his second album would be called "Cadillactica". In October 2013, he told "XXL" that Jim Jonsin, Rico Love, DJ Toomp, and himself would also provide production on the album. On April 28, 2014, he released the first single off his second album, titled "Mt. Olympus". The second single from Cadillatica, "Pay Attention" released July 25, 2014. In an interview with HipHopSince1987, Big K.R.I.T. revealed a November 11 release date for "Cadillactica".


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: After releasing twelve freestyles in twelve hours, K.R.I.T. announced through Twitter that he and Def Jam had parted ways on July 6, 2016.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: On October 27, 2017, K.R.I.T. released his third studio album, "4eva Is a Mighty Long Time". The album marks K.R.I.T.'s first independent release under his Multi Alumni label, following a departure from Def Jam. It debuted at number seven on the "Billboard" 200. The album was supported by four singles: "Confetti", "Keep the Devil Off", "Aux Cord" and "1999".


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: Big K.R.I.T.'s musical training began in elementary school up through junior high school playing the cello, and having the ability to read music helped him out tremendously as an artist. While talking about how he started producing music, K.R.I.T. said: "At the time, I was young and I didn't have no job. It wasn't like I could really afford to pay for beats. At the same time, there was this program that came out for PlayStation, MTV Music Generator, where you could make your own beats. So I started making my own beats right around that time because I just couldn't afford to pay for the other ones." K.R.I.T. has cited UGK, Outkast, 8Ball & MJG, Tupac Shakur, The Notorious B.I.G., David Banner and CeeLo Green as his influences.


title: Big K.R.I.T.

text: Big K.R.I.T. is known in Birmingham, Alabama as being one of the favorite artists of the current Birmingham Mayor, Randall L. Woodfin. "Mt. Olympus (Reprise)" and "Energy" were featured on Mayor Woodfin's Mayoral Mixtape, which was released on Spotify in the summer of 2021.


title: Corona of glans penis

text: The corona of glans penis or penis crown refers to the rounded projecting border that forms at the base of the glans in human males. The corona overhangs a mucosal surface, known as the neck of the penis, which separates the shaft and the glans. The deep retro-glandular coronal sulcus forms between the corona and the neck of the penis.


title: Corona of glans penis

text: The corona and the neck are highly vascularized areas of the penis. The axial and dorsal penile arteries merge together at the neck before entering the glans. Small venous tributaries deriving from the corona drain the glans forming a venous retro-coronal plexus before merging with the dorsal veins. The circumference and the underside of the corona are densely innervated by several types of nerve terminals and are considered by males an erogenous area of the glans.


title: Corona of glans penis

text: In some males, small skin-colored bumps, known as pearly penile papules, may appear at the circumference of the corona. Their appearance may vary from being hardly noticeable in some men to more prominent and well-defined in others. The papules are painless, harmless and non sexually transmitted. They usually appear in late puberty and are thought to disappear with age. Even though they do not require treatment, they can easily be removed, especially for aesthetic purposes.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Isle Royale National Park is an American national park consisting of Isle Royale – known as Minong to the native Ojibwe – along with more than 400 small adjacent islands and the surrounding waters of Lake Superior, in the state of Michigan.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Isle Royale is long and wide, with an area of , making it the fourth-largest lake island in the world. In addition, it is the largest natural island in Lake Superior, the second-largest island in the Great Lakes (after Manitoulin Island), the third-largest in the contiguous United States (after Long Island and Padre Island), and the 33rd-largest island in the United States.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Isle Royale National Park was established on April 3, 1940, then additionally protected from development by wilderness area designation in 1976, declared a UNESCO International Biosphere Reserve in 1980, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2019 as the Minong Traditional Cultural Property. The park covers , with of land and of surrounding waters.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The park's northern boundary lies adjacent to the Canadian Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area along the international border. With 25,894 visits in 2021, it is the seventh least-visited National Park in the United States.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: In 1875, Isle Royale was set off from Keweenaw County, as a separate county, "Isle Royale County". In 1897, the county was dissolved, and the island was reincorporated into Keweenaw County. The highest point on the island is Mount Desor at , or about above lake level.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Isle Royale, the largest island in Lake Superior, is over in length and wide at its widest point. The park is made up of Isle Royale itself and approximately 400 smaller islands, along with any submerged lands within of the surrounding islands (16USC408g).


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Isle Royale is within about from the shore of the Canadian province of Ontario and adjacently, the state of Minnesota (near the city of Thunder Bay), and is from the Michigan shore, on the Keweenaw Peninsula, itself part of Upper Peninsula. There are no roads on the island, and wheeled vehicles or devices, other than wheelchairs, are not permitted. Rock Harbor has wheeled carts available to move personal belongings from the Rock Harbor marina to the cabins and hotel. Also, the National Park Service employs tractors and utility terrain vehicles to move items around the developed areas at Windigo, Rock Harbor, and Mott Island.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Topsoil tends to be thin, which favors trees that have horizontal root patterns such as balsam fir, white spruce, and black spruce.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Siskiwit Lake is the largest lake on the island. It has cold, clear water which is relatively low in nutrients. Siskiwit Lake contains several islands, including Ryan Island, the largest.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: According to the Köppen climate classification system, Isle Royale National Park has a mild summer Humid continental climate ("Dfb"). According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the Plant Hardiness zone is 4b at 1178 ft (359 m) elevation with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of -24.2 °F (-31.2 °C).


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: There is no weather station in the park, but the PRISM Climate Group, a project of Oregon State University, provides interpolated data for the island based on the climates of nearby areas.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The island was a common hunting ground for native people from nearby Minnesota and Ontario. A canoe voyage of thirteen miles is necessary to reach the island's west end from the mainland.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Large quantities of copper artifacts found in indian mounds and settlements, some dating back to 3000 B.C., were most likely mined on Isle Royale and the nearby Keweenaw Peninsula. The island has hundreds of pits and trenches up to 65 feet (20 m) deep from these indigenous peoples, with most in the McCargoe Cove area. Carbon-14 testing of wood remains found in sockets of copper artifacts indicates that they are at least 6500 years old.In "Prehistoric Copper Mining in the Lake Superior Region", Drier and Du Temple estimated that over 750,000 tons of copper had been mined from the region. However, David Johnson and Susan Martin contend that their estimate was based on exaggerated and inaccurate assumptions. The Jesuit missionary Dablon published an account in 1669-70 of "an island called "Menong", celebrated for its copper." "Menong", or "Minong", was the native term for the island, and is the basis for Minong Ridge. Prospecting began in earnest when the Chippewas relinquished their claims to the island in 1843, starting with many of the original native pits. This activity had ended by 1855, when no economic deposits were found. The Minong Mine and Island Mine were the result of renewed but short-lived activity from 1873 to 1881.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Isle Royale was given to the United States by the 1783 treaty with Great Britain, but the British remained in control until after the War of 1812, and the Ojibwa peoples considered the island to be their territory.  The Ojibwas ceded the island to the U.S. in the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe, with the Grand Portage Band unaware that neither they nor Isle Royale were in British territory. With the clarification to the Ojibwas of the 1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty that was signed before the Treaty of La Pointe, the Ojibwas re-affirmed the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe in the 1844 Isle Royale Agreement, with the Grand Portage Band signing the agreement as an addendum to the 1842 treaty.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: In the mid-1840s, a report by Douglass Houghton, Michigan's first state geologist, set off a copper boom in the state, and the first modern copper mines were opened on the island. Evidence of the earlier mining efforts was everywhere, in the form of many stone hammers, some copper artifacts, and places where copper had been partially worked out of the rock but left in place. The ancient pits and trenches led to the discovery of many of the copper deposits that were mined in the 19th century. The remoteness of the island, combined with the small veins of copper, caused most of the 19th-century mines to fail quickly. Between the miners and commercial loggers, much of the island was deforested during the late 19th century. Once the island became a national park in 1940, logging and other exploitive activities ended, and the forest began to regenerate.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The island was once the site of several lake trout and whitefish fisheries, as well as a few resorts. The fishing industry has declined considerably, but continues at Edisen Fishery. Today, it has no permanent inhabitants; the small communities of Scandinavian fishermen were removed by the United States National Park Service after the island became a national park in the 1940s. About 12 families still have lifetime leases for their cabins and claim Isle Royale as their heritage, and several descendant fishermen fish the Isle Royale waters commercially.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Because numerous small islands surround Isle Royale, ships were once guided through the area by lighthouses at Passage Island, Rock Harbor, Rock of Ages, and Isle Royale Lighthouse on Menagerie Island. The western tip of the island is home to several shipwrecks that are very popular with scuba divers, including the SS "America". The NPS Submerged Resources Center mapped the 10 most famous of the shipwrecks contained within the park, and published "Shipwrecks of Isle Royale National Park; The Archeological Survey", which gives an overview of the maritime history of the area. The area’s notoriously harsh weather, dramatic underwater topography, the island’s central location on historic shipping routes, and the cold, fresh water have resulted in largely intact, well preserved wrecks throughout the park.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: In January 2019, the entire island chain was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the federal government. On the Register it is called 'the Minong Traditional Cultural Property.'


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: In 1845, an Ojibwe woman named Angelique and her voyageur husband Charlie Mott were left on Isle Royale, as hires for Cyrus Mendenhall and the Lake Superior Copper Company. They were hired and carried to Isle Royale by Mendenhall's schooner, the "Algonquin", first to scout for copper. Angelique found a large mass of copper ore, upon which she and her husband were hired to stay and guard until a barge could come to retrieve it, promised in no more than 3 months' time. They were dropped off in July and were left stranded there until the following spring. They were left with minimal provisions, which consisted of a half-barrel of flour, six pounds of butter, and some beans. A supply boat was promised to arrive after the first few weeks, but it was never sent out.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Angelique and her husband were left to survive in the wilderness with limited supplies, on an island with scarce resources. They lost their canoe in a fall storm, and their fishing net was destroyed. By January 1846, Charlie went mad with hunger and even threatened to murder and eat Angelique. He returned to himself, loving and soft, but was weakening greatly, and eventually succumbed to his starvation, dying. Angelique was forced to leave the body in the cabin and created a brush shelter for herself to live in. She survived by eating poplar bark, bitter berries, and by pulling out her own hair, plaiting the strands, and creating snares with it, by which she caught rabbits on rare occasions. In the spring of 1846, the "Algonquin" returned, and brought Angelique back to her mother. She died in 1874, in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The full events were chronicled in a footnote as told by Angelique, in the first printing of a book called "The Honorable Peter White" by Ralph D. Williams in 1907; Angelique's story was pulled from the subsequent printing, thus making it the only written record survives. Humans haven't normally settled year-round on Isle Royale. For about three thousand years, Native Americans used the land for copper and fish. These Native Americans usually limited their visits to the island in the summer. Americans in the nineteenth century did likewise.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: A number of habitats exist on the island, the primary being boreal forest, similar to neighboring Ontario and Minnesota. Upland areas along some of the ridges are effectively "balds" with exposed bedrock and a few scrubby trees, blueberry bushes, and hardy grasses. Occasional marshes exist, which are typically the by-product of beaver activities. There are also several lakes, often with wooded or marshy shores. The climate, especially in lowland areas, is heavily influenced by the cold waters of Lake Superior.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Isle Royale National Park has a Great Lakes Spruce/Fir ("93") potential vegetation type and a Northern Conifer Forest ("22") potential vegetation form.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The predominant floral habitats of Isle Royale are within the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province. The area is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome transition zone between the true boreal forest to the north and Big Woods to the south, with characteristics of each. It has areas of both broadleaf and conifer forest cover, and bodies of water ranging from conifer bogs to swamps.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Conifers include jack pines ("Pinus banksiana"), black and white spruces ("Picea mariana" and "Picea glauca"), balsam firs ("Abies balsamea"), and eastern redcedars ("Juniperus virginiana").


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Deciduous trees include quaking aspens ("Populus tremuloides"), red oaks ("Quercus rubra"), paper birches ("Betula papyrifera"), American mountain ash ("Sorbus americana"), red maples ("Acer rubrum"), sugar maples ("Acer saccharum"), and mountain maples ("Acer spicatum"). There are over 600 species of flowering plants found in Isle Royale National Park such as wild sarsaparilla, marsh-marigold, wood lily and prickly wild rose.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Isle Royale National Park is known for its timber wolf and moose populations which are studied by scientists investigating predator-prey relationships in a closed environment. There is a cyclical relationship between the two animals: as the moose increase in population, so do the wolves. Eventually, the wolves kill too many moose and begin to starve and lower their reproductive rates. This is made easier because Isle Royale has been colonized by roughly just one third of the mainland mammal species, because it is so remote. In addition, the environment is unique in that it is the only known place where wolves and moose coexist without the presence of bears.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Other common mammals are red foxes, beavers, and red squirrels. Some foxes are quite used to human contact, and can be seen prowling the campgrounds at dawn, looking for stray scraps left by unwary campers. For its part, the wolf is an elusive species which avoids human interaction. Few documented cases of direct wolf/human contact exist. Ermine have been periodically sighted around docks. Other mammals that can be seen include mink (along the various lake shores) and muskrats (occasionally at beaver ponds). Several species of bat also exist on the island. Reptiles include the eastern garter snake, painted turtle, and northern redbelly snake. Six species of frogs and three species of salamander also live on the island.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Historically neither moose nor wolves inhabited Isle Royale. Just prior to becoming a national park the large mammals on Isle Royale were Canada lynx and the boreal woodland caribou. Archeological evidence indicates both of these species were present on Isle Royale for 3,500 years prior to being removed by direct human actions (hunting, trapping, mining, logging, fires, competition for resources from exotic species and possibly disease due to the introduction of invasive species). The last caribou documented on Isle Royale was in 1925. Though lynx were removed by the 1930s some have periodically crossed the ice bridge from neighboring Ontario, Canada, the most recent being an individual sighting in 1980. Although lynx are no longer present on


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: the island, their primary prey, snowshoe hares, remain. Before the appearance of wolves, coyotes were also predators on the island. Coyotes appeared around 1905 and disappeared shortly after wolves arrived in the 1950s. Four wolves were brought from Minnesota in 2018. after some debate as to whether or not the introduction was an unnatural intervention.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Moose are believed to have colonized Isle Royale sometime between 1905 and 1912. It was initially believed that a small herd of moose (moose typically do not travel in herds) colonized the islands by crossing the ice from the adjacent mainland; later this theory was modified to a herd of moose swimming 20 miles across Lake Superior from the nearest mainland. The improbability of these theories received little scrutiny until recent years. Although no thorough scientific investigation to determine how moose arrived on Isle Royale has been carried out to date, both cultural and genetic evidence indicates they were likely introduced by humans to create a private hunting preserve in the early 1900s. The cultural evidence that moose were trapped in northwestern Minnesota and transported to Isle Royale sounded far fetched to many until decades later when genetic evidence revealed the moose on Isle Royale were more closely related to moose in the far northwestern Minnesota/Manitoba border area than the mainland adjacent to Isle Royale in far northeastern Minnesota bordering Ontario. Further evidence has also shown that the Washington Harbor Club, a group of well-to-do businessmen, owned various buildings on Isle Royale in addition to railroads that ran from Baudette to Duluth and Two Harbors and so had the means to transport moose from northwestern Minnesota to Two Harbors.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: There are usually around 25 wolves and 1000 moose on the island, but the numbers change greatly year to year. In the 2006-2007 winter, 385 moose were counted, as well as 21 wolves, in three packs. In spring 2008, 23 wolves and approximately 650 moose were counted. However, recent reductions in winter pack ice had ended replenishment of the wolf population from the mainland. Due to genetic inbreeding, the wolf population had declined to two individuals in 2016, causing researchers to expect that the island's wolf population would eventually become extinct. At the same time, the island's moose population had exploded to an estimated 1600. By November 2017, the wolf population was down to one, a female.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: In December 2016, the National Park Service put forward an initial plan in which they would bring additional wolves to the island in order to prevent the pack from disappearing completely. The decision to relocate 20-30 wolves to the island was approved and from September 2018 to September 2019, 19 wolves were relocated to Isle Royale from various locations in Minnesota, Michigan, and Ontario. As of April 14, 2020, there were an estimated 14 wolves remaining on the island.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The island is composed largely of ridges, running roughly southwest-to-northeast. The main ridge, Greenstone Ridge, is over in many places. Greenstone belts are exposed, with rounded stones of chlorastrolite, also known as greenstone, near and in the lake.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The two main rock assemblages found on the island include the Portage Lake Volcanics and the Copper Harbor Conglomerate, both Precambrian in age. The volcanics are mainly ophitic flood basalts, some 100 individual flows over an accumulated thickness of at least 10,000 feet. The conglomerate outcrops on the southwestern portion of the island and consists of sedimentary rock derived from volcanic rocks in present-day Minnesota. Glacial erosion accentuated the ridge and valley topography from pre-glacial stream erosion. Glacial striations indicate a generally westward movement of the glaciers as do the recessional moraines west of Lake Desor. Drumlins are found west of Siskiwit Lake.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Recent analyses by the USGS of both unmineralized basalt and copper-mineralized rock show that a small amount of naturally occurring mercury is associated with mineralization.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Native copper and chlorastrolite, the official state gem of Michigan, are secondary minerals filling pore spaces formed by vesicles and fractures within the volcanic rocks. Prehnite and agate amygdules are also plentiful island gemstones.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Recreational activity on Isle Royale includes hiking, backpacking, fishing, boating, canoeing, kayaking, and observing nature. Wheeled vehicles are not permitted on Isle Royale, such as bicycles or canoe portage devices; however, wheelchairs are allowed.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The island offers approximately of hiking trails for everything from day hikes to a two-week circumnavigation hike. Some of the hiking trails are quite challenging, with steep grades. The Greenstone Ridge is a high ridge in the center of the island and carries the longest trail in the park, the Greenstone Ridge Trail, which runs from one end of the island to the other. This is generally done as a 4 or 5 day hike. A boat shuttle can carry hikers back to their starting point. The trail leads to the peak of Mount Desor, at , the highest point on the island, and passes through northwoods wilderness, and by inland glacial lakes, swamps, bogs and scenic shorelines.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: In total there are of hiking trails. There are also canoe/kayak routes, many involving portages, along coastal bays and inland lakes.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Windigo, at the southwest end of the island (docking site for the ferries from Minnesota), with a campstore, showers, campsites, rustic camper cabins for those wanting to sleep off of the ground and a boat dock.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Rock Harbor on the south side of the northeast end (docking site for the ferries from Michigan), with a campstore, showers, restaurant, lodge, campsites, and a boat dock. Non-camping sleeping accommodations at the park are limited to the lodge at Rock Harbor and the camper cabins at Windigo.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The park has 36 designated wilderness campgrounds. Some campgrounds in the interior are accessible only by trail or by canoe/kayak on the island lakes. Other campgrounds are accessible only by private boat. The campsites vary in capacity but typically include a few three-sided wood shelters (the fourth wall is screened) with floors and roofs, and several individual sites suitable for pitching a small tent. Some tent sites with space for groups of up to 10 are available, and are used for overflow if all the individual sites are filled.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The only amenities at the campgrounds are pit toilets, picnic tables, and fire-rings at specific areas. Campfires are not permitted at most campgrounds; gas or alcohol camp stoves are recommended. Drinking and cooking water must be drawn from local water sources (Lake Superior and inland lakes) and filtered, treated, or boiled to avoid parasites. Hunting is not permitted, but fishing is, and edible berries (blueberries, thimbleberries) may be picked from the trail.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The park is accessible by ferries, floatplanes, and passenger ships during the summer months—from Houghton and Copper Harbor in Michigan and Grand Portage in Minnesota. Private boats travel to the island from the coasts of Michigan, Minnesota, and Ontario. Isle Royale is quite popular with day-trippers in private boats, and day-trip ferry service is provided from Copper Harbor and Grand Portage to and from the park.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: Isle Royale is the only American national park to entirely close in the winter months, from November 1 through April 15, due to extreme weather conditions and for the safety and protection of visitors. Isle Royale is the least-visited national park in the contiguous United States, due to the winter closing and the distance across Lake Superior to reach the park. The average annual visitation was about 19,000 in the period from 2009 to 2018, with 25,798 visiting in 2018. It is the least-visited national park in the lower 48 states. Only three of the most remote Alaskan national parksLake Clark, Kobuk Valley and Gates of the Arcticreceive fewer visitors.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The Grand Portage ferries reach the island in 1 1/2 hours, and stay 4 hours at the island, allowing time for hiking, a guided hike or program by the park staff, and picnics.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The "Isle Royale Queen" serves park visitors out of Copper Harbor, on the northern Upper Peninsula coast of Michigan. It arrives at Rock Harbor in the park in 3 to 3 1/2 hours, spends 3 1/2 hours before returning to Copper Harbor.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The "Sea Hunter" operates round-trips and offers day trips to the Windigo visitor center through much of the season, and less frequently in early summer and autumn; it will transport kayaks and canoes for visitors wanting to explore the park from the water. It is the fastest ferry serving the island and arrives in 1 1/2 hours, including some sightseeing points along the way out and back. Because of the relatively short boat ride, day visitors are able to get four hours on the island, and get back to the mainland earlier in the afternoon. This gives visitors on a tight schedule time to visit the Grand Portage National Monument or other attractions in the same day.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The "Ranger III" is a ship that serves park visitors from Houghton, Michigan to Rock Harbor. It is operated by the National Park Service, and is said to be the largest piece of equipment in the National Park system. It carries 125 passengers, along with canoes, kayaks, and even small powerboats. It is a six-hour voyage from Houghton to the park. The ship stays overnight at Rock Harbor before returning the next day, making two round trips each week from June to mid-September. Briefly in the 2008 season, the Ranger III carried visitors to and from Windigo. This was not continued after four trips, due to low interest and long crossing times. In 2012, Park Superintendent Phyllis Green required the "Ranger III" to purify its ballast water.


title: Isle Royale National Park

text: The "Voyageur II", out of Grand Portage, crosses up to three times a week, overnighting at Rock Harbor and providing transportation between popular lakeside campgrounds. In the fall season, in addition to carrying campers and hikers, it provides day-trip service to Windigo on weekends. The Voyageur transports kayaks and canoes for visitors wanting to explore the island from the water. The "Voyageur II" and other boat taxi services ferry hikers to points along the island, allowing a one-way hike back to Rock Harbor or Windigo. Visitors may land at Rock Harbor and depart from Windigo several days later, or vice versa. Hikers frequently ride it in one direction to do a cross-island hike and then get picked up at the other end.


title: The Hills (song)

text: "The Hills" is a song by Canadian singer the Weeknd. It was released on May 27, 2015, as the second single from his second studio album, "Beauty Behind the Madness" (2015). "The Hills" was a critical success, appearing on several year-end lists. In the singer's native Canada, the song peaked at number one. In the United States, the song reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, replacing his own "Can't Feel My Face". It also made the top 10 in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Australia, and New Zealand. A music video for the song was released on May 27, 2015, directed by Grant Singer.


title: The Hills (song)

text: In May 2019, "The Hills" was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling more than ten million copies, making it the Weeknd's first diamond-certified record.


title: The Hills (song)

text: The song is written in the key of C minor in common time with a tempo of 113 beats per minute. The vocals in the song span from C3 to E5.


title: The Hills (song)

text: Producer Illangelo stated "I'm very optimistic and positive with anything I put my energy towards, so for me, Abel's success now is what I imagined it always should have been. 'The Hills' was an opportunity for us to go back to the classical, original the Weeknd moments of our first mixtapes that I co–produced and mixed in their entirety, and then bringing that into a new context, with a pop arrangement and chords in a faster tempo. It's the perfect marriage of that". While promoting "After Hours", the Weeknd claimed to have recorded 67 versions of the song.


title: The Hills (song)

text: "The Hills" received critical acclaim, with most reviewers praising the Weeknd's return to form after his pop-oriented direction with "Earned It". James Shotwell of "Under the Gun" wrote that the single fits well within Abel's prior output, but that "Abel's ability to create something altogether hypnotic regardless of production never ceases to amaze". Brian Mansfield of "USA Today" noted that "when a song takes its hook from a horror film—Wes Craven's 1977 cult classic "The Hills Have Eyes"—you know there's bound to be trouble".


title: The Hills (song)

text: In an analytical piece for "Pitchfork", Hannah Giorgis called "The Hills" "a dark, almost discordant meditation on lust, drugs, and fame" while noting that "to those familiar with his repertoire, the only twist in 'The Hills' is how it ends: as the final chords fade, a woman's voice, syrupy and sedate, closes with a lullaby of sorts—not in English, but in Amharic, the primary language of Ethiopia and the Weeknd's own native tongue". She goes on to trace the song's melodic and lyrical origins to the Ethiopian diaspora. She continues, writing that "the familiarity of Tesfaye's strained vibrato makes him the inheritor of musical legacies that Abyssinia has birthed for generations..." In a review for "The New York Post", Hardeep Phull wrote that "The 'Fifty Shades of Grey' fans who were turned on to [The] Weeknd (real name Abel Tesfaye) through his hit 'Earned It' are in for a shock, because he is in brilliantly sinister form on his new track". Continuing, Phull goes on to say that "When it comes to being a Don Juan with a dark side, this guy makes Christian Grey look like Ned Flanders".


title: The Hills (song)

text: "Rolling Stone" ranked "The Hills" at number 11 on its year-end list to find the 50 best songs of 2015. The same magazine also included "Earned It" and "Can't Feel My Face" on the same list. "Billboard" ranked "The Hills" at number 10 on its year-end list for 2015: "Number one hits aren't supposed to be this sonically adventurous and dark, but The Weeknd can do no wrong in 2015. There's barely a pop hook to speak of here—just a beguiling, harrowing soundscape that's impossible to forget". "Time" named "The Hills" the fifth-best song of 2015. The "Village Voice" ranked "The Hills" at number 22 on their annual year-end critic's poll; "Can't Feel My Face" was ranked at number three on the same poll.


title: The Hills (song)

text: On December 9, 2015, Cutting Edge Music filed a lawsuit against Tesfaye, the producers of the track, and the labels who released the song, for allegedly using the bassline from the score of the film "The Machine". The complaint also alleges that a producer who worked on the piece, Emmanuel “Mano” Nickerson, sent a message to the score's composer on Twitter stating that he had sampled the composer's work and that it might appear on the next Weeknd album. As of July 2022, the case remains unsettled.


title: The Hills (song)

text: In the United States, "The Hills" entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 20 for the chart dated June 13, 2015, and was the week's highest debut. Its debut was overwhelmingly powered by first-week digital download sales of 109,000 copies and 5.2 million domestic streams, aided by the simultaneous premiere of its music video on the single's release date. The following week, the single declined by one position but earned the largest gain in streams on the chart. It has since become the Weeknd's second number-one single in the United States on the issue dated October 3, 2015, replacing the singer's own "Can't Feel My Face", becoming the first artist since Taylor Swift to replace themselves at the top spot. "The Hills" spent six consecutive weeks at number one before being replaced by Adeles "Hello" on the issue dated of November 14, 2015. It remained in the chart's top ten for 21 consecutive weeks before finally dropping out on January 16, 2016, and also ending the Weeknd's 45-consecutive weeks in the top 10. As of June 2016, "The Hills" has sold 2,946,000 copies in the country.


title: The Hills (song)

text: In the UK, "The Hills" entered the UK Singles Chart at 51, for the week ending June 6, 2015. For the week ending September 10, 2015, it climbed from 35 to 29. For five more weeks, the song reached 23, before skyrocketing to number 5 the week later. On the week ending October 29, 2015, it reached number 3 on its 20th week, being held off by Perfect by One Direction (at number 2) and Turn the Music Louder (Rumble) by KDA (at number 1). The song spent 7 weeks altogether in the top 10 and 12 in the top 20 and was number 25 on the end of year chart.


title: The Hills (song)

text: On October 10, 2015, two remixes of the song were released online. One featured American rapper Eminem and the other featured Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj. The remix by Minaj was performed on "Saturday Night Live" along with the Weeknd. The Eminem remix was a personal request from Tesfaye, and a virtual music video was released for it. American rapper Lil Wayne remixed the song for his mixtape "No Ceilings 2".


title: The Hills (song)

text: On August 9, 2016, a remix was released by the Belgian DJ duo, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, as one of the free downloads of their "Summer of Madness" tracks. Another remix was released on Tesfaye's YouTube channel by RL Grime.


title: The Hills (song)

text: The music video for "The Hills" was directed by Grant Singer. It was uploaded to YouTube on May 27, 2015. As of April 1, 2022, the video has been viewed over 1.8 billion times. The video begins showing a wrecked car that has flipped over, and the reason it flipped is unknown. The Weeknd is seen crawling out of the car before helping two women to get out. As the song progresses, the Weeknd is seen walking by himself down South June Street in Los Angeles, and at the beginning of the second chorus, the wrecked car explodes behind him. He occasionally is pushed repeatedly by one of the women from the car. At the end of the song, he enters an abandoned mansion, and goes upstairs to a room illuminated with red light. A man holding an apple sits waiting for him, next to two other women, and the video cuts to black.


title: The Hills (song)

text: The man from inside the mansion is Rick Wilder, who also appears in both the "Can't Feel My Face" and "Tell Your Friends" music videos.


title: The Hills (song)

text: Another music video was filmed for the Eminem remix in collaboration with GoPro and United Realities. It is a 360-degree virtual reality video in which the Weeknd is seen leaving a venue and heading to his limo (taking him to the afterparty featured in an Apple Music commercial, with John Travolta as his driver). As the viewer changes the angles, it is shown that comets are raining down and the raining debris causing fiery explosions around the area. The car that's flipped over in the original music video is also in view. As he approaches his limousine, a fiery explosion consumes him.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: William Waldorf "Willy" Astor, 1st Viscount Astor (31 March 1848 – 18 October 1919) was an American-British attorney, politician, businessman (hotels and newspapers), and philanthropist. Astor was a scion of the very wealthy Astor family of New York City. He moved to Britain in 1891, became a British subject in 1899, and was made a peer as Baron Astor in 1916 and Viscount Astor in 1917 for his contributions to war charities.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: William Waldorf Astor was born in New York City. He was the only child of financier and philanthropist John Jacob Astor III (1822–1890) and Charlotte Augusta Gibbes (1825–1887). He studied in Germany and in Italy under the care of private tutors and a governess.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In his early adult years, Astor returned to the United States and went to Columbia Law School, graduating with a LL.B. in 1875. He was called to the United States Bar in 1875. He worked for a short time in law practice and in the management of his father's estate of financial and real estate holdings.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: Astor married Mary Dahlgren Paul (born 1858, died 22 December 1894) on 6 June 1878. She is buried in Trinity Church Cemetery Manhattan. They had five children:


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: After some time practicing law, Astor thought he had found his true calling and an opportunity to make a name for himself outside of his family's fortune by entering the political realm. In 1877, with his eyes set on the United States Congress, Astor entered New York City politics as a Republican.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: He was elected as a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 11th D.) in 1878; and of the New York State Senate (10th D.) in 1880 and 1881. Astor was likely supported by the boss of the New York State Republican machine, Roscoe Conkling, with whom his family was involved.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In 1880, the Maryland General Assembly voted to rename Beantown in Charles County Maryland "Waldorf" in honor of him.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In 1881, Astor was defeated by Roswell P. Flower as a candidate for the United States Congress. A second attempt at the seat also resulted in defeat. His shy nature could not handle the political attacks on his character. This was the end of his political career. The press used his political failures as fodder for harsh criticisms.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In 1882, President Chester A. Arthur appointed Astor Minister to Italy, a post he held until 1885. He told Astor, "Go and enjoy yourself, my dear boy." While living in Rome, Astor developed a lifelong passion for art and sculpture.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: Upon the death of his father in February 1890, Astor inherited a personal fortune that made him the second richest man in America. Economists widely agree that John D. Rockefeller was the wealthiest American of that time.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: in 1890 Astor initiated the construction of the luxurious Waldorf Hotel on the site of his former residence. At 13 stories high, it overshadowed the adjacent mansion of his aunt, the socialite Caroline "Lina" Schermerhorn Astor. Lina complained bitterly about the commercial establishment next door. However, in 1897, her son John Jacob Astor IV persuaded her to move away and replaced their mansion with the Astoria Hotel, which was operated as an extension of the Waldorf; the complex became the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In the meantime, the friction had blown up into a feud. Aunt Lina also insisted that she, not William's wife Mary, was "the" Mrs. Astor in New York society, just as she had when that title belonged to her husband's elder brother's wife, Charlotte Astor, when she was alive.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: As a result of the conflict, Astor moved with his wife and children to England. He rented Lansdowne House in London until 1893. That year, he purchased a country estate, Cliveden in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, from the Duke of Westminster. In 1899, William Waldorf Astor picked up British citizenship, which drew him further away from American history.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: To disappear from public view, in the summer of 1892, Astor faked his own death by having his staff report to American reporters that he had died, apparently from pneumonia. However, the ruse was soon discovered, and Astor was mocked in the press.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In 1895, he built a gothic mansion on London's Victoria Embankment at Two Temple Place overlooking the River Thames. He commissioned architect John Loughborough Pearson to design a $1.5 million building, a "crenelated Tudor stronghold" which he used as an office for managing his extensive holdings.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: Astor made several business acquisitions while he lived in London. In 1892, he purchased the "Pall Mall Gazette", and in 1893 established the "Pall Mall Magazine". In 1911 he acquired "The Observer" a national newspaper. In 1912 he sold the "Magazine", and in 1914 made a present of the "Gazette" and "The Observer", with the building in Newton Street and its contents, to his son Waldorf Astor.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In 1903, he acquired the Hever Castle Estate near Edenbridge, Kent, about 30 miles south of London. The estate of over 3,500 acres had at its centre a castle built in 1270 where Anne Boleyn lived as a child. Astor invested a great deal of time and money to restore the castle, building what is known as the "Tudor Village," and creating a lake and lavish gardens. He also added the Italian Garden (including Fernery) to display his collection of statuary and ornaments.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In 1906, he gave his eldest son Waldorf Astor and his new daughter-in-law, Nancy Witcher Langhorne, the Cliveden estate as well as the Sancy diamond as wedding presents. Nancy Astor (as she became on her marriage) became Britain's first seated female Member of Parliament.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In 1908, building on his success with the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York he financed the Waldorf Hotel in London's West End.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: Astor became a British subject in 1899. He continued his philanthropic activities, like his father. Among the charities he supported were The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street (to which he gave $250,000 in 1903); University College, London (including a gift of £20,000 in 1902 for professorships); the Cancer Research Fund; Oxford University; Cambridge University; the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children; the British Red Cross Society; Gordon Memorial College, Khartoum; the Soldiers and Sailors Families Association; and the Women's Memorial to Queen Victoria. His gifts to war charities included $125,000 to the Prince of Wales's National Relief Fund; a similar amount to Princess Louise's Officers' Families Fund; $200,000 to the British Red Cross; $25,000 to Queen Mary's Employment Committee; and a similar sum to the Lord Mayor's National Bands Fund. He gave $5,000 to King Edward's Hospital Fund annually starting with its founding in 1897.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: In recognition of his work for charity, on January 1, 1916, he was offered and accepted a peerage of the United Kingdom under the title of Baron Astor of Hever Castle in the County of Kent. On June 3, 1917, he was elevated to the rank of Viscount as The Viscount Astor. The elevation was controversial, as some felt that a rich American had bought his way into the English aristocracy.


title: William Waldorf Astor

text: On October 18, 1919, he unexpectedly died of heart failure in the lavatory of his seaside house at Brighton in Sussex. His ashes were buried under the marble floor of the Astor family chapel (also called the "Octagon Temple") at Cliveden.


title: Tyagaraja

text: Thyagaraja (Telugu: త్యాగరాజ) (4 May 1767 – 6 January 1847), also known as Thyāgayya and in full as Kakarla Thyagabrahmam, was a composer and vocalist of Carnatic music, a form of Indian classical music. Tyagaraja and his contemporaries, Shyama Shastri and Muthuswami Dikshitar, are regarded as the Trinity of Carnatic music. Thyagaraja composed thousands of devotional compositions, most in Telugu and in praise of Lord Rama, many of which remain popular today, the most popular being "Nagumomu". Of special mention are five of his compositions called the "Pancharatna Kritis" ( "five gems"), which are often sung in programs in his honour, and "Utsava Sampradaya Krithis" ( Festive ritual compositions), which are often sung to accompany temple rituals.


title: Tyagaraja

text: Tyagaraja lived through the reigns of four kings of the Maratha dynasty — Tulaja II (1763–1787), Amarasimha (1787–1798), Serfoji II (1798–1832) and Sivaji II (1832–1855), although he served none of them.


title: Tyagaraja

text: Thyāgarāja was born Kakarla Thyagabrahmam in 1767 to a Telugu Vaidiki Mulakanadu Brahmin family in Tiruvarur in present-day Tiruvarur District of Tamil Nadu. There is a school of thought led by musicologist B. M. Sundaram that contests this and proposes Tiruvaiyaru as his birthplace. He is a famous musician and his family name 'Kakarla' indicates that they were originally migrants from the village of the same name in the Cumbum taluk of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. His family belonged to the Smarta tradition and Bharadvaja gotra. Tyagaraja was the third son of his parents, and Panchanada Brahmam and Panchapakesha Brahmam are his elder brothers. He was named Tyagabrahmam/Tyagaraja after Tyagaraja, the presiding deity of the temple at Thiruvarur, the place of his birth. Tyagaraja's maternal uncle was Giriraja Kavi. Giriraja Kavi was a poet and musician. Giriraja was born in Kakarla village, Cumbum taluk in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. He is believed to have belonged to the Mulakanadu sect. Tyagaraja's maternal grandfather was named Kalahastayya, but was frequently addressed as Veena Kalahastayya as he was a noted veena player. Tyagaraja learned to play the veena in his childhood from Kalahastayya. After Kalahastayya's death Tyagaraja found "Naradeeyam", a book related to music. Tyagaraja hero-worshipped the celestial sage Narada; a reference to this is Tyagaraja's krithi "Vara Nārada" (rāga Vijayaśrī, Ādi tāḷam). Legend has it that a hermit taught him a mantra invoking Narada, and Tyagaraja, meditating on this mantra, received a vision of Narada and was blessed with the book "Svarārnavam" by the sage. During his last days, Tyagaraja took vows of Sannyasa.


title: Tyagaraja

text: Tyagaraja died on a Pushya Bahula Panchami day, 6 January 1847, at the age of 79. His last composition before his death was "Giripai Nelakonna" (rāga Sahāna, Ādi tāḷam). He was cremated on the banks of the Kaveri river at Thiruvaiyaru.


title: Tyagaraja

text: Tyāgarāja began his musical training at an early age under Sonti Venkata Ramanayya, a music scholar, after the latter heard his singing and was impressed by the child prodigy. Tyagaraja regarded music as a way to experience God's love. His compositions focused on expression, rather than on the technicalities of classical music. He also showed a flair for composing music and, in his teens, composed his first song, "Namo Namo Raghavayya", in the Desika Todi ragam and inscribed it on the walls of the house. His compositions are mainly of a devotional ("bhakti") or philosophical nature. His songs feature himself usually either in an appeal to his deity of worship (primarily the Avatar Rama), in musings, in narratives, or giving a message to the public. He has also composed krithis in praise of Krishna, Shiva, Shakti, Ganesha, Muruga, Saraswati, and Hanuman.


title: Tyagaraja

text: Sonti Venkataramanayya informed the king of Thanjavur of Tyagaraja's genius. The king sent an invitation, along with many rich gifts, inviting Tyagaraja to attend the royal court. Tyagaraja, however, was not inclined towards a career at the court, and rejected the invitation outright. He was said to have composed the krithi "Nidhi Chala Sukhama" (నిధి చాల సుఖమా) ( "Does wealth bring happiness?") on this occasion.


title: Tyagaraja

text: He spent most of his time in Tiruvaiyaru, though there are records of his pilgrimages to Tirumala and Kanchipuram. When he was in Kanchipuram, he met Upanishad Brahmayogin at the Brahmendral Mutt at Kanchipuram.


title: Tyagaraja

text: Tyagaraja, who was immersed in his devotion to Rama and led a spartan way of life, did not take any steps to systematically codify his vast musical output. Rangaramanuja Iyengar, a leading researcher on Carnatic music, in his work "Kriti Manimalai", has described the situation prevailing at the time of the death of Tyagaraja. It is said that a major portion of his incomparable musical work was lost to the world due to natural and man-made calamities. Usually, Tyagaraja used to sing his compositions sitting before deity manifestations of Lord Rama, and his disciples noted down the details of his compositions on palm leaves. After his death, these were in the hands of his disciples, then families descending from the disciples. There was not a definitive edition of Tyagaraja's songs.


title: Tyagaraja

text: The songs he composed in pure Telugu were widespread in their popularity because of the ease with which they could be sung in those days. Musical experts such as Kancheepuram Nayana Pillai, Simizhi Sundaram Iyer and Veenai Dhanammal saw the infinite possibilities for imaginative music inherent in his compositions and they systematically notated the songs available to them. Subsequently, researchers like K. V. Srinivasa Iyengar and Rangaramanuja Iyengar made an enormous effort to contact various teachers and families who possessed the palm leaves. K. V. Srinivasa Iyengar brought out "Adi Sangita Ratnavali" and "Adi Tyagaraja Hridhayam" in three volumes. Rangaramanuja Iyengar published "Kriti Mani Malai" in two volumes. He also composed songs in Sanskrit.


title: Tyagaraja

text: Furthermore, Musiri Subramania Iyer, the doyen of Bhava Sangitam, had a vast collection of books in his library. T. K. Govinda Rao, his disciple, brought out a volume of Tyagaraja's songs in English and Devanagari script. T. S. Parthasarathy, a leading scholar on Tyagaraja, published the text and meaning of Tyagaraja's songs. There are also many less comprehensive publications in Telugu.


title: Tyagaraja

text: About 700 songs remain of the 24,000 songs said to have been composed by him; however, scholars are skeptical about numbers like these, as there is no biographical evidence to support such claims.