title: Positional notation

text: We are left with a base-60, or sexagesimal numeral system utilizing 60 of the 62 standard alphanumerics. (But see "Sexagesimal system" below.) In general, the number of possible values that can be represented by a formula_12 digit number in base formula_13 is formula_14.


title: Positional notation

text: The common numeral systems in computer science are binary (radix 2), octal (radix 8), and hexadecimal (radix 16). In binary only digits "0" and "1" are in the numerals. In the octal numerals, are the eight digits 0–7. Hex is 0–9 A–F, where the ten numerics retain their usual meaning, and the alphabetics correspond to values 10–15, for a total of sixteen digits. The numeral "10" is binary numeral "2", octal numeral "8", or hexadecimal numeral "16".


title: Positional notation

text: The notation can be extended into the negative exponents of the base "b". Thereby the so-called radix point, mostly ».«, is used as separator of the positions with non-negative from those with negative exponent.


title: Positional notation

text: Numbers that are not integers use places beyond the radix point. For every position behind this point (and thus after the units digit), the exponent "n" of the power "b" decreases by 1 and the power approaches 0. For example, the number 2.35 is equal to:


title: Positional notation

text: If the base and all the digits in the set of digits are non-negative, negative numbers cannot be expressed. To overcome this, a minus sign, here »-«, is added to the numeral system. In the usual notation it is prepended to the string of digits representing the otherwise non-negative number.


title: Positional notation

text: The conversion to a base formula_16 of an integer represented in base formula_17 can be done by a succession of Euclidean divisions by formula_18 the right-most digit in base formula_16 is the remainder of the division of by formula_20 the second right-most digit is the remainder of the division of the quotient by formula_21 and so on. The left-most digit is the last quotient. In general, the th digit from the right is the remainder of the division by formula_16 of the th quotient.


title: Positional notation

text: When converting to a larger base (such as from binary to decimal), the remainder represents formula_16 as a single digit, using digits from formula_17. For example: converting 0b11111001 (binary) to 249 (decimal):


title: Positional notation

text: For the fractional part, conversion can be done by taking digits after the radix point (the numerator), and dividing it by the implied denominator in the target radix. Approximation may be needed due to a possibility of non-terminating digits if the reduced fraction's denominator has a prime factor other than any of the base's prime factor(s) to convert to. For example, 0.1 in decimal (1/10) is 0b1/0b1010 in binary, by dividing this in that radix, the result is 0b0.00011 (because one of the prime factors of 10 is 5). For more general fractions and bases see the algorithm for positive bases.


title: Positional notation

text: In practice, Horner's method is more efficient than the repeated division required above. A number in positional notation can be thought of as a polynomial, where each digit is a coefficient. Coefficients can be larger than one digit, so an efficient way to convert bases is to convert each digit, then evaluate the polynomial via Horner's method within the target base. Converting each digit is a simple lookup table, removing the need for expensive division or modulus operations; and multiplication by x becomes right-shifting. However, other polynomial evaluation algorithms would work as well, like repeated squaring for single or sparse digits. Example:


title: Positional notation

text: More explicitly, if formula_26 is a factorization of formula_27 into the primes formula_28 with exponents then with the non-empty set of denominators formula_29


title: Positional notation

text: where formula_31 is the group generated by the formula_32 and formula_33 is the so-called localization of formula_34 with respect to


title: Positional notation

text: The denominator of an element of formula_35 contains if reduced to lowest terms only prime factors out of formula_36.


title: Positional notation

text: This ring of all terminating fractions to base formula_27 is dense in the field of rational numbers formula_38. Its completion for the usual (Archimedean) metric is the same as for formula_38, namely the real numbers formula_40. So, if formula_41 then formula_42 has not to be confused with formula_43, the discrete valuation ring for the prime formula_44, which is equal to formula_45 with formula_46.


title: Positional notation

text: The representation of non-integers can be extended to allow an infinite string of digits beyond the point. For example, 1.12112111211112 ... base-3 represents the sum of the infinite series:


title: Positional notation

text: Since a complete infinite string of digits cannot be explicitly written, the trailing ellipsis (...) designates the omitted digits, which may or may not follow a pattern of some kind. One common pattern is when a finite sequence of digits repeats infinitely. This is designated by drawing a vinculum across the repeating block:


title: Positional notation

text: This is the repeating decimal notation (to which there does not exist a single universally accepted notation or phrasing).


title: Positional notation

text: An irrational number has an infinite non-repeating representation in all integer bases. Whether a rational number has a finite representation or requires an infinite repeating representation depends on the base. For example, one third can be represented by:


title: Positional notation

text: For integers "p" and "q" with "gcd" ("p", "q") = 1, the fraction "p"/"q" has a finite representation in base "b" if and only if each prime factor of "q" is also a prime factor of "b".


title: Positional notation

text: For a given base, any number that can be represented by a finite number of digits (without using the bar notation) will have multiple representations, including one or two infinite representations:


title: Positional notation

text: which are transcendental. The number of transcendentals is uncountable and the sole way to write them down with a finite number of symbols is to give them a symbol or a finite sequence of symbols.


title: Positional notation

text: In the decimal (base-10) Hindu–Arabic numeral system, each position starting from the right is a higher power of 10. The first position represents 10 (1), the second position 10 (10), the third position 10 ( or 100), the fourth position 10 ( or 1000), and so on.


title: Positional notation

text: Fractional values are indicated by a separator, which can vary in different locations. Usually this separator is a period or full stop, or a comma. Digits to the right of it are multiplied by 10 raised to a negative power or exponent. The first position to the right of the separator indicates 10 (0.1), the second position 10 (0.01), and so on for each successive position.


title: Positional notation

text: The sexagesimal or base-60 system was used for the integral and fractional portions of Babylonian numerals and other Mesopotamian systems, by Hellenistic astronomers using Greek numerals for the fractional portion only, and is still used for modern time and angles, but only for minutes and seconds. However, not all of these uses were positional.


title: Positional notation

text: Modern time separates each position by a colon or a prime symbol. For example, the time might be 10:25:59 (10 hours 25 minutes 59 seconds). Angles use similar notation. For example, an angle might be (10 degrees 25 minutes 59 seconds). In both cases, only minutes and seconds use sexagesimal notation—angular degrees can be larger than 59 (one rotation around a circle is 360°, two rotations are 720°, etc.), and both time and angles use decimal fractions of a second. This contrasts with the numbers used by Hellenistic and Renaissance astronomers, who used thirds, fourths, etc. for finer increments. Where we might write , they would have written


title: 2011–12 Manchester City F.C. season

text: The 2011–12 season was Manchester City Football Club's 110th season of competitive football, 83rd season in the top flight of English football and 15th season in the Premier League. After finishing third in the league the previous season, the Blues qualified for the UEFA Champions League for only the second time in their history and the first since 1968–69, when the tournament was known as the European Cup.


title: 2011–12 Manchester City F.C. season

text: The season was filled with ups and downs, but in the end it will be forever remembered as the one that brought Manchester City the long-awaited league title after a 44-year wait. City's third English top tier title was clinched on the final day of the season, after the Blues defeated Queens Park Rangers 3–2, coming back from being down 1–2 with two stoppage-time goals just before the final whistle. The championship marked City's first English title since 1968, as well as the first time the Premier League has been won by a club whose current spell in the top division began after the league commenced play. It was also the first Premier League title to be decided on goal difference, with City's game-winning goal against QPR coming 15 seconds after the final whistle blew in city rivals Manchester United's 1–0 win over Sunderland, which would otherwise have brought the title to the Reds.


title: 2011–12 Manchester City F.C. season

text: "Awarded to the outstanding player of the season as judged by a panel assembled by the Premier League's sponsor."


title: 2011–12 Manchester City F.C. season

text: "Awarded monthly to the manager that was chosen by a panel assembled by the Premier League's sponsor."


title: 2011–12 Manchester City F.C. season

text: "Awarded monthly to the player that was chosen by a panel assembled by the Premier League's sponsor."


title: 2011–12 Manchester City F.C. season

text: "Awarded on a weekly basis to the Premier League or Football League team that a five-man LMA adjudication panel deems to have performed in some outstanding manner."


title: 2011–12 Manchester City F.C. season

text: "Awarded to the player that receives the most votes in a poll conducted each month on the official website of Manchester City."


title: 2011–12 Manchester City F.C. season

text: "Awarded every calendar year from a shortlist of three based on a vote of the 53 CAF national team managers."


title: Intergang

text: Intergang is a fictional organized crime syndicate appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Armed with technology supplied by the villainous New Gods of the planet Apokolips, they consistently appear as enemies of various DC superheroes.


title: Intergang

text: Intergang first appeared in "Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen" #133 (October 1970) and was created by Jack Kirby. Members of Intergang were first shown in the first issue of Kirby's "Forever People" in 1971.


title: Intergang

text: Intergang was founded in the 1920s by a gangster, Moxie "Boss" Mannheim, who was later killed by rivals. It was then revived by Morgan Edge and run by Boss Moxie's son, Bruno "Ugly" Mannheim, as revealed in "Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen" #139. Bruno was, however, getting orders and weaponry from Darkseid, who was using Intergang to help track down the Anti-Life Equation.


title: Intergang

text: Morgan Edge was the head of the Galaxy Broadcasting System television network (which had recently purchased the "Daily Planet" and had Clark Kent transferred to its Metropolis affiliate WGBS-TV as its anchorman). It was later revealed that this was not the real Morgan Edge, but a clone from the "Evil Factory". When the clone could not bring itself to kill the original Edge at the order of Darkseid, the real Edge was imprisoned. The original Edge would later escape with the help of Jimmy Olsen. During an ensuing battle with Intergang, the clone was mistaken for the original by Intergang hitman Tombstone Gear and incinerated. The real Edge was soon free to resume his role as Galaxy's president.


title: Intergang

text: Following the clone's death, different Intergang members had to run Intergang in Edge's absence. Joe Danton was the first to run Intergang and he was later killed by a car bomb. Then Max Danner became the new Intergang leader. He led Intergang in some criminal activities until he got apprehended. Clark Kent appeared as a key witness until he had to briefly leave to rescue Mr. Xavier. The outcome of the trial was not shown. When Intergang was dissolved, SKULL took over their territories. When a SKULL assassin was sent after Intergang crime boss Samuel Simeon, he was saved by Superman, though he was later apprehended by Superman trying to start a new mob outside of Metropolis.


title: Intergang

text: In the Post-Crisis DC Universe, Morgan Edge was the leader of Intergang, until he suffered a heart attack due to stress. While he believed he was working for Darkseid, his Apokoliptian contact was actually DeSaad, whose only aim in supplying him with weaponry was to cause suffering. While he was in the hospital his legitimate businesses were taken over by his father Vincent Edge, and Intergang was taken over by Bruno "Ugly" Mannheim, who trained on Apokolips with Granny Goodness. A later retcon has it that Mannheim was the original leader of Intergang, dealing knowingly with DeSaad. How Edge took over is unrevealed.


title: Intergang

text: Eventually, Intergang was brought down by Clark Kent and Cat Grant, Mannheim was arrested, but managed to escape. He attempted to disappear through a "Boom Tube" (a New Gods transporter), but it collapsed when he was halfway through.


title: Intergang

text: Some time later, Mannheim's father "Boss" Moxie Mannheim, a gangster who had been in prison since the 1940s after being captured by the Newsboy Legion, was released. Discovering that the Newsboys were, seemingly, the same age as when he first fought them, he determined to find out how such a thing could be. Meeting renegade Project Cadmus geneticist Dabney Donovan, he arranged for himself and his former gang members from the 1940s to be cloned into youthful bodies with superpowers. This led to his henchmen Ginny "Torcher" McGee, Mike "Machine" Gun, Noose, and Rough House being cloned and receiving superpowers. Using Vincent Edge to arrange a meeting between Metropolis' gang-leaders, he killed them all and declared himself the new head of Intergang. The new Intergang spent much of their time tracking down Jimmy Olsen, whom Moxie believed knew Superman's secret identity.


title: Intergang

text: Following a short-lived attempt by Morgan Edge to regain control, Lex Luthor gained control of Intergang, retaining Moxie as a figurehead. Moxie and his remaining lieutenants were later captured by Superman. When last seen, Intergang was run by a criminal cyberneticist named Frank Sixty.


title: Intergang

text: Intergang is later seen in Metropolis robbing a bank during the Justice League's absence, only to be stopped and beaten by the Avengers.


title: Intergang

text: There was some suggestion that Boss Moxie (who was a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains at the time) was slain during the miniseries "Infinite Crisis". The suggestion comes from a sequence during the Battle of Metropolisuring which Superboy-Prime snaps a villain's neck, killing him. In an interview DC editor-in-chief Dan DiDio confirmed that Boss Moxie did indeed die in "Infinite Crisis" #7 by stating that Superboy-Prime snapped his neck.


title: Intergang

text: In the pages of "52", Intergang members Noose and Rough House visit Kahndaq and offer Adrianna Tomaz as tribute to Black Adam in exchange for safe passage for their group's smuggling activity. Both of them are killed by Black Adam.


title: Intergang

text: In week 9, Question tells Renee Montoya that Intergang is preparing for an invasion of Gotham City. Two weeks later, the pair finally have a confrontation with the two operatives of Intergang in Gotham, Whisper A'Daire and Kyle Abbot, known in the public eye as the manager of "HSC International Banking", an holding connected to Intergang itself, and her bodyguard. In the weeks that follow, the further investigations of Montoya and the Question reveal Intergang to be operating a mining company called Ridge Ferrick in regions such as Australia, and also having expanded into nations such as Oolong Island, Bialya and Yemen, reorganized along quasi-religious lines, complete with a "holy" text known variously as the Book of Crime or the Crime Bible, which treats Cain as a heroic, if not semi-divine, figure for his role according to Judeo-Christian theology in creating the "most sacred" crime of murder. It has even been revealed that the original text is bound by the stone with which Cain slew Abel. In issue #25, Bruno Mannheim was revealed as the current head of Intergang, which is also behind the kidnapping of many of the world's "mad scientists", in a grand plan to take over America by the end of the year. He shows himself now acting like a cult leader, exalting the power of crime as the dominant order in the 21st century, and now becoming a cannibal, eating anyone he kills who refuses to join Intergang. At the same time, Magpie and Ventriloquist swear their allegiance to Intergang.


title: Intergang

text: Bruno "Ugly" Mannheim returns as a giant wielding alien technology, claiming that someone other than Darkseid is behind Intergang's current activities.


title: Intergang

text: In the storyline "Gotham Underground", Intergang is in a gang war with Tobias Whale. Intergang buys him out and makes Tobias Whale the CEO of Kord Enterprises which has become a front for Intergang's criminal activities.


title: Intergang

text: In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. Gotham City has fallen to Intergang's Religion of Crime branch. During a gunfight between his gang and the police, Mister Untouchable claimed that Intergang has cut him out of the action occurring in Metropolis by selling the location of their meth laboratory to the law enforcement.


title: Intergang

text: Attackers from Intergang ambush Lois Lane and Jon Kent when she was driving him home from school. They run Lois' car off the road and into the woods. While Jon knocks out one of the attackers, Lois contacts Superman who defeats the attackers. Later at their barn, Lois and Clark figure out that their attackers are from Intergang and had followed Lois from her meeting with Cora Benning suspecting that she is "Author X". Bruno Mannheim was informed by two of his men that the attack on "Author X" has failed. He throws the two men into the swimming pool and electrifies it. Lois and Jon later visit Cora Benning's office and find a note stating that she was taken by Intergang. While leaving the office, the three of them encounter Bruno Mannheim in the hall who claims that he is asking for directions. Lois thinks to herself that Mannheim is trying to get her to lower her guard. When Lois goes to pick up Jon from school and finds him in the library, they are ambushed by Intergang agents who then trap them in a tool closet which they set on fire. Jon's superpowers manifest as he manages to break down the door. When Jon gets Lois out of the burning tool closet, they are then surrounded by Intergang thugs. Breaking off his fight with Blackrock, Superman manages to save Lois and Jon as the Intergang thugs are caught in the explosion.


title: Intergang

text: In the first probable future of Superman, seen by Waverider, Intergang takes Metropolis hostage with a nuclear bomb, which detonates due to a member of Intergang being too nervous, leading to Lois Lane's death (among others), and thus, Superman destroying every nuclear weapon that exists on Earth.


title: Tanya Hope

text: Tanya Hope is an Indian actress and model who appears in Kannada, Telugu, and Tamil films. Hope started modeling and became Miss India Kolkata 2015. She was a finalist of Femina Miss India 2015. She debuted in 2016 with the Telugu film "Appatlo Okadundevadu".


title: Tanya Hope

text: Tanya Hope was born and brought up in Bangalore. Her father is a businessman. She went to Sacred heart girls high school in Bangalore. She pursued her graduation in International relations at the University of Westminster, England. She attended modeling training in Pune, at Tiara Training Studios. In 2015, Hope won the FBB Femina Miss India Kolkata.


title: Tanya Hope

text: After debuting in Telugu films with Appatlo Okadundevadu in 2016, she played the role of A.C.P. Catherine in another Telugu movie "Patel S. I. R." released in 2017 starring Jagapati Babu. Hope's first Tamil movie is Thadam, directed by Magizh Thirumeni. She is one of the three heroines along with Vidya Pradeep and Smruthi Venkat. She is playing Jessie in the Kannada film "Home Minister" starring Upendra and directed by Sujay k. Srihari. She stars in "Paper Boy" with Santosh Sobhan.


title: Tanya Hope

text: Hope was one of the lead actresses in Darshan’s 51st film "Yajamana". She appeared in the film's hit song "Basanni" in the titular role.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Jews and Judaism in China are predominantly composed of Sephardi Jews and their descendants. Other Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews and a number of converts.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: The Jewish Chinese community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and it also encompasses the full spectrum of Jewish religious observance. Though a small minority, Chinese Jews have had an open presence in the country since the arrival of the first Jewish immigrants during the 8th century CE. Relatively isolated communities of Jews developed from ancient all the way to modern China, most notably the Kaifeng Jews (the term "Chinese Jews" is often used in a restricted sense in order to refer to these communities).


title: History of the Jews in China

text: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of Hong Kong, which was for a time a British colony; Shanghai (the International Settlement and French Concession); and Harbin (the Trans-Siberian Railway). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from pogroms in the Russian Empire arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: The presence of a community of Jewish immigrants in China arguably began sometime in the Song Dynasty though a number of scholars have argued for their presence there in earlier Tang dynasty times. In the 9th century, the Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh noted the travels of Jewish merchants called "Radhanites", whose trade took them to China via the Silk Road through Central Asia and India. He mentioned the presence of Jewish merchants in a number of Chinese cities, and the important economic role they played transporting merchandise as well as transmitting scientific and technological expertise by land and sea all the way from Spain and France via the Middle East to China. The medieval Italian explorer Jacob of Ancona, the supposed author of a book of travels, was a scholarly Jewish merchant who wrote in vernacular Italian, and reached China in 1271, although some authors question its veracity.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: During the period of China's opening to the West and British quasi-colonialism, the first group to settle in China were Jews who arrived in China under British protection following the First Opium War. Many of these Jews were of Indian or Iraqi origin, due to significant British colonialism in these regions. The second community came in the first decades of the 20th century when many Jews arrived in Hong Kong and Shanghai during those cities' periods of economic expansion. Many more Jews arrived as refugees from the Russian Revolution of 1917. A surge of Jews and Jewish families was to arrive in the late 1930s and 1940s, for the purpose of seeking refuge from the Holocaust in Europe and were predominantly of European origin. Shanghai was notable for its special area assigned to Jewish refugees, most of whom left after the war, the rest relocating prior to or immediately after the establishment of the People's Republic of China.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Over the centuries, the Kaifeng community came to be virtually indistinguishable from the Hui and Han Chinese population and is therefore no longer recognized by the Chinese government as a separate ethnic minority. This is as a result of having maintained already-Jewish and adopted many Han Chinese customs including patrilineal descent and extensive intermarriage with the Hui population. Since their religious practices are considered to be functionally extinct, they are not eligible for expedited immigration to Israel under the Law of Return unless they explicitly convert.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Today, many descendants of the Jews have assimilated into Hui Muslim populace. Some of them, as well as international Jewish communities are beginning to search for these descendants to help them revive their interest in their Jewish roots. This is especially important in modern China because belonging to any minority group includes a variety of benefits including reduced restrictions on the number of children and easier admission standards to tertiary education.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: It has been asserted by some that the Jews who have historically resided in various places in China originated with the Lost Ten Tribes of the exiled ancient Kingdom of Israel who relocated to the areas of present-day China. Traces of some ancient Jewish rituals have been observed in some places.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: One well-known group was the Kaifeng Jews, who are purported to have traveled from Persia to India during the mid-Han Dynasty and later migrated from the Muslim-inhabited regions of northwestern China (modern day Gansu province) to Henan province during the early Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127).


title: History of the Jews in China

text: There is an oral tradition that the first Jews immigrated to China through Persia following the Roman Emperor Titus's capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE. A large number of Jews emigrated from Persia during the reign of Emperor Ming of Han (58–75 CE). Writing in 1900, Father Joseph Brucker hypothesized that Jews came to China from India by a sea route since ancient times.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Three steles with inscriptions found at Kaifeng bear some historical suggestions. The oldest, dating from 1489, commemorates the construction of a synagogue (1163) (bearing the name "Qīngzhēn Sì", a term often used for mosque in Chinese), states the Jews entered China from India in the Later Han Dynasty (25–220 CE), the Jews' 70 Chinese surnames, their audience with an "un-named" Song Dynasty Emperor, and finally lists the transmission of their religion from Abraham down to the prophet Ezra. The second tablet, dated 1512 (found in the synagogue "Xuanzhang Daojing Si") details the Jews' religious practices. The third is dated 1663 and commemorates the re-rebuilding of the "Qingzhen si" synagogue and recaps the information from the other two steles.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Father Joseph Brucker believed Matteo Ricci's manuscripts indicate there were only approximately ten or twelve Jewish families in Kaifeng in the late 16th and early 17th century, and that they had reportedly resided there for five or six hundred years. It was also stated in the manuscripts that there was a greater number of Jews in Hangzhou. This could be taken to suggest that loyal Jews fled south along with the soon-to-be crowned Emperor Gaozong to Hangzhou. In fact, the 1489 stele mentions how the Jews "abandoned Bianliang" (Kaifeng) after the Jingkang Incident.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Many Jewish communities were established in China in the Middle Ages. However, not all left evidence of their existence. The following are those known today: Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Yangzhou, Ningxia, Guangzhou, Beijing, Quanzhou, Nanjing, Xi'an and Luoyang.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: The contemporary term for Jews in use among Chinese today is "Youtairen" () in Mandarin Chinese and "yau tai yan" in Cantonese. The terms have a similar pronunciation to "יהודאי" ("Yehudai")—the "Aramaic" word for Jew—and to "Ἰουδαῖος" ("iudaios"), the Greek word.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: It has been recorded that the Chinese historically called the Jews "Tiao jin jiao" (挑筋教), loosely, "the religion which removes the sinew," probably referring to the Jewish dietary prohibition against eating the sciatic nerve (from "Genesis" 32:32).


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Jewish dietary law ("kashrut"), which forbids the eating of, among other foods, non-ruminant mammals, shellfish and reptiles, would have most likely caused Jewish communities to stand out from the surrounding mainstream Chinese population, as Chinese culture is typically very free in the range of items it deems suitable for food.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Jews have also been called the Blue-Hat Hui (), in contrast to other populations of Hui people, who have identified with hats of other colors. The distinction between Muslim and Jewish Hui is not, and historically has not been, well recognised by the dominant Han population.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: A modern translation of the "Kaifeng Steles" has shown the Jews referred to their synagogue as "The Pure and Truth", which is essentially the same as the term used in modern China to refer to Muslim mosques (清真寺). lǐbàisì 禮拜寺 and qīngzhēnsì 清真寺 were used as names of both synagogues and mosques by Jews and Muslims.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: According to an oral tradition dictated by Xu Xin, Director of the Centre for Judaic Studies at Nanjing University, in his book "Legends of the Chinese Jews of Kaifeng", the Kaifeng Jews called Judaism "Yīcìlèyè jiào" (一賜樂業教), lit. the religion of Israel. "Yīcìlèyè" is a transliteration and partial translation of "Israel". Xu Xin translates this phrase as "Chosen people, endowed by God, and contented with their lives and work".


title: History of the Jews in China

text: The earliest evidence showing the presence of Jews in China is from the beginning of the 8th century: a business letter written in the Judeo-Persian language, discovered by Marc Aurel Stein. The letter (now housed in the British Museum) was found in Dandan Uiliq, an important post along the Silk Road in northwest China during the Tang Dynasty (618–907). The text is thirty-seven lines in length and was written on paper, a product then manufactured only in China. It was identified, by David Samuel Margoliouth, as dating from 718 CE. Ibn Zeyd al Hassan of Siraf, a 9th-century Arabian traveler, reports that in 878 followers of the Chinese rebel leader Huang Chao besieged Canton (Guangzhou) and killed a large number of foreign merchants, Arabs, Persians, Christians and Jews, resident there.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: China was a destination for Radhanite Jews who brought boys, female slaves from Europe to sell to any local according to the Book of Roads and Kingdoms by ibn Khordadbeh. At Dandan Oilik an 8th-century document written in Judeo-Persian was found and translated by Aurel Stein.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Sources indicate that Jews in China were often mistaken for Muslims by other Chinese. The first plausible recorded written Chinese mention of Jews uses the term "Zhuhu" (竹忽) or "Zhuhudu" (朱乎得) (perhaps from Arabic "Yehoud" or from Hebrew "Yehudim", "Jews") found in the "Annals of the Yuan Dynasty" in 1329 and 1354. The text spoke of the reinforcement of a tax levied on "dissenters" and of a government decree that the Jews come en-masse to Beijing, the capital.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who visited China, then under the Yuan Dynasty, in the late 13th century, described the prominence of Jewish traders in Beijing. Similar references can be found in the notes of the Franciscan John of Montecorvino, first archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing in the early 14th century, and the writings of Ibn Batuta, an Arabian envoy to the Mongol Empire in the middle of the 14th century.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Genghis Khan called both Jews and Muslims "Huihui" when he forbade Jews and Muslims from practicing kosher and halal preparation of their food, calling both of them "slaves" and forcing them to eat Mongol food, and banned them from practicing circumcision.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say “we do not eat Mongol food”. [Cinggis Qa’an replied:] “By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?” He thereupon made them eat. “If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime.” He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: “if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat”. Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), a Ming emperor conferred seven surnames upon the Jews, by which they are identifiable today: Ai (艾), Shi (石), Gao (高), Jin (金), Li (李), Zhang (張), and Zhao (趙).


title: History of the Jews in China

text: The first modern Western record of Jews residing in China is found in the records of the 17th-century Jesuit missionaries in Beijing. The prominent Jesuit Matteo Ricci, received a visit from a young Jewish Chinese man in 1605. Ricci mentioned this man's name as Ngai, who has since been identified by the French sinologist Paul Pelliot as a Jew named Ai T'ien, who explained that the community he belonged to was monotheistic, or believing in only one God. It is recorded that when he saw a Christian image of Mary with the child Jesus, he took it to be a picture of Rebecca with Esau or Jacob, figures from Hebrew Scripture. Ngai (Ai Tian, Ai T'ien) declared that he had come from Kaifeng, and stated that this was the site of a large Jewish population. Ricci sent an ethnic Chinese Jesuit Lay Brother to visit Kaifeng; later, other Jesuits (mostly European) also visited the city. It was later discovered that the Jewish community had a synagogue ("Libai si"), which was constructed facing the west, and housed a number of written materials and books.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: The Jews who managed the synagogue were called "Mullahs". Floods and fire repeatedly destroyed the books of the Kaifeng synagogue. They obtained some from Ningxia and Ningbo to replace them. Another Hebrew roll of law was bought from a Muslim in Ning-keang-chow in Shen-se (Shanxi), who acquired it from a dying Jew at Canton.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: The Chinese called Muslims, Jews, and Christians in ancient times by the same name, "Hui Hui" (Hwuy-hwuy). Crossworshipers (Christians) were called the "Huay who abstain from animals without the cloven foot", Muslims were called "Hwuy who abstain from pork", Jews were called "Hwuy who extract the sinews (removes the sciatic nerve)". Hwuy-tsze (Hui zi) or Hwuy-hwuy (Hui Hui) is presently used almost exclusively for Muslims, but Jews were still called Lan Maou Hwuy tsze (Lan mao Hui zi) which means "Blue cap Hui zi". At Kaifeng, Jews were called "Teaou kin keaou "extract sinew religion". Jews and Muslims in China shared the same name for synagogue and mosque, which were both called "Tsing-chin sze" (Qingzhen si) "Temple of Purity and Truth", the name dated to the 13th century. The synagogue and mosques were also known as Le-pae sze (Libai si). A tablet indicated that Judaism was once known as "Yih-tsze-lo-nee-keaou" (israelitish religion) and synagogues known as Yih-tsze lo nee leen (Israelitish Temple), but it faded out of use.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: A Muslim in Nanjing told Semedo that four families of Jews converted to Islam since they were the last Jews in Nanjing, their numbers diminishing.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Various Jewish Chinese individuals worked in government service and owned big properties in China in the 17th century.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Shanghai's first wave of Jews came in the second half of the 19th century, many being Mizrahi Jews from Iraq. The first Jew who arrived there was Elias David Sassoon, who, about the year 1850, opened a branch in connection with his father's Bombay house. Since that period Jews gradually migrated from India to Shanghai, most of them being engaged from Bombay as clerks by the firm of David Sassoon & Co. The community was composed mainly of "Asian," (Sephardi) German, and Russian Jews, though there were a few of Austrian, French, and Italian origin among them. Jews took a considerable part in developing trade in China, and several served on the municipal councils, among them being Silas Aaron Hardoon, partner in the firm of E. D. Sassoon & Co., who served on the French and English councils at the same time. During the early days of Jewish settlement in Shanghai, Jews were involved in the trade in opium and Bombay cotton yarn.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Contemporaneous sources estimated the Jewish population in China in 1940—including Manchukuo—at 36,000 (source: Catholic Encyclopedia).


title: History of the Jews in China

text: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of Hong Kong, which was for a time a British colony; Shanghai (the International Settlement and French Concession); and Harbin (the Trans-Siberian Railway). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from pogroms in the Russian Empire arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture. China's Jewish communities have been ethnically diverse, ranging from the Jews of Kaifeng and all other ports throughout China. Kaifeng Jewish ancestry has been found among their descendants living among the Hui Muslims, such as during a hajj pilgrimage the Hui Muslim woman Jin Xiaojing (金效靜) found out about her Jewish ancestry and wrote about it in an article, "China's Jews" (中国的犹太人) published in "Points East" in 1981. Scholars have pointed out that Hui Muslims may have absorbed Kaifeng Jews instead of Han Confucians and Buddhists. Jewish converts to Islam who became Hui Muslims in 16th century China were called the blue hat Hui (藍帽回回) since they converted to Islam due to similarities in their traditions. One of the 7 prominent Hui Muslim clans of Kaifeng, the Zhang Jewish clan, became Muslim. The Zhang family, among several Hui Muslims with Kaifeng Jewish ancestry call themselves "fake Muslims" since they are openly proud of their ancestry Instead of being absorbed into Han, a portion of the Jews of China of Kaifeng became Hui Muslims. In 1948 Samuel Stupa Shih (Shi Hong Mo) (施洪模) said he saw a Hebrew language "Religion of Israel" Jewish inscription on a tombstone in a Qing dynasty Muslim cemetery to a place west of Hangzhou. It is reported that they came to be more or less totally assimilated into the Hui Muslim populace, due to widespread intermarriage; especially during the Ming Dynasty. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, however, some international Jewish groups, most notably Shavei Israel, have helped Chinese Jews rediscover their Jewish heritage and reconnect with their Jewish roots.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Jewish life in Shanghai had really taken off with the arrival of the British. Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East came as traders via India and Hong Kong and established some of the leading trading companies in the second half of the 19th century. Later, after World War I, many Ashkenazi Jews came from Europe. Rebbe Meir Ashkenazi (Chabad-Lubavitch) was the Chief Rabbi of Shanghai (1926–1949).


title: History of the Jews in China

text: At the early 20th century many Russian Jews fleeing pogroms in several towns in Russian Empire decided to move to northeast China for permanent settlement (Rabbi Aharon Moshe Kiselev served in Harbin from 1913 until his death in 1949). After the Russian Revolution of 1917, many White Russians, fled to Harbin (former Manchuria). These included, among others, Dr. Abraham Kaufman, who played a leading role in the Harbin Jewish community after 1919, the parents of future Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, and Teodor Parnicki at the age of 12. According to estimates, over 20,000 Jews lived in Harbin and played a key role in the shaping of local politics, economy and international trade.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Dr. Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Republic of China, admired the Jewish people and Zionism, and he also saw parallels between the persecution of Jews and the domination of China by the Western powers. He stated, "Though their country was destroyed, the Jewish nation has existed to this day ... [Zionism] is one of the greatest movements of the present time. All lovers of democracy cannot help but support wholeheartedly and welcome with enthusiasm the movement to restore your wonderful and historic nation, which has contributed so much to the civilization of the world and which rightfully deserve [sic] an honorable place in the family of nations."


title: History of the Jews in China

text: The Japanese occupation of Northeast China in 1931 and the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932 had a negative impact on the Harbin Jewish community (13,000 in 1929). Most of those Jews left Harbin for Tianjin, Shanghai, and the British Mandate of Palestine. Until 1939, the Russian Jews were about 5,000 in Shanghai.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Another wave of 18,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and Poland immigrated to Shanghai in the late 1930s and early 1940s to escape the Holocaust. Shanghai was an open city at the time and it did not have restrictions on immigration, and some Chinese diplomats such as Ho Feng Shan issued "protective" passports and the Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara issued transit visas with which refugees could go to Shanghai after a short stay in Japan. In 1943, the occupying Japanese army required these 18,000 Jews, formally known as "stateless refugees," to relocate to an area of in Shanghai's Hongkew district (today known as the Hongkou District) where many lived in group homes called "Heime". The total number of Jews who entered Shanghai during this period equaled the total number of Jews who fled to Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and South Africa combined. Many of the Jews in China later moved to found the modern state of Israel.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Shanghai was an important safe-haven for Jewish refugees during the Holocaust, since it was one of the few places in the world where one didn't need a visa. However, it was not easy to get there. The Japanese, who controlled the city, preferred to look the other way. However, some corrupt officials also exploited the plight of the Jews. By 1941, nearly 20,000 European Jews had found shelter there.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Notable Jews during the Second Sino-Japanese War include Dr. Jakob Rosenfeld, Stanisław Flato, Ruth Weiss, Eva Sandberg (photographer and wife of Communist leader Xiao San), and Morris Abraham Cohen.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Late in the war, Nazi representatives pressured the Japanese army to devise a plan to exterminate Shanghai's Jewish population, and this pressure eventually became known to the Jewish community's leadership. However, the Japanese had no intention of further provoking the anger of the Allies after their already notorious invasion of China and their additional invasion of a number of other Asian nations, so they delayed the German request until the War ended. With the intercession of the Amshenower Rebbe and the translation skills of Leo (Ariyeh) Hanin, the Japanese ultimately kept the Jews of Shanghai safe.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: In general, in the period from 1845 to 1945, more than 40,000 Jews came to China to do business or in search of a safe haven.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: After World War II and the establishment of the PRC in 1949, most of these Jews emigrated to Israel or the West, although a few remained. Three prominent non-Chinese lived in China from the establishment of the People's Republic of China to the contemporary period: Sidney Shapiro, Israel Epstein, and Ruth Weiss, two American emigres and one Austrian emigre, are of Jewish descent. Another Jewish-American, Sidney Rittenberg served as interpreter to many top Chinese officials.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Structured Jewish life returned to Beijing in 1979 with the founding of Kehillat Beijing, an egalitarian lay-led community serving ex-patriate Jews from all over the world.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Sara Imas, the Shanghai-born daughter of Shanghai's Jewish Club president, Leiwi Imas, became the first Chinese Jewish immigrant to Israel after the two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1992. Leiwi Imas, who had to leave Germany for Poland in 1939, arrived in Shanghai the same year. He spent his final years in Shanghai until 1962, prior to the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. Although Sara Imas's non-Chinese appearance and family background brought her much trouble during the Cultural Revolution when she was accused of being a foreign capitalist and spy, today Sara Imas has returned to Shanghai, working as the Chinese representative of an Israeli diamond company.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: On June 27, 1985, an international group of scholars and activists gathered in Palo Alto, California to establish the Sino-Judaic Institute. Rabbi Anson Laytner serves as the incumbent president.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Since the 1990s, the Shanghai municipal government has taken the initiative to preserve historical Western architectures that were constructed during Shanghai's colonial past. Many formerly Jewish-owned hotels and private residence have been included in the preservation project. In 1997, the Kadoorie-residence-turned Shanghai Children's Palace, had their spacious front garden largely removed in order to make room for the city's overpass system under construction. A One Day Tour of the history of Jewish presence in Shanghai can be arranged through the Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai. Rabbi Shalom Greenberg from Chabad-Lubavitch in New York City arrived in Shanghai to serve this community in August 1998. Rabbi Arthur Schneier, president of the Appeal of Conscience Foundation of New York, donated a Torah to the community that same year. On the first day of Rosh Hashanah, in September 1999, a Jewish New Year service was held at the Ohel Rachel Synagogue for the first time since 1952.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: As of 2010, it is estimated that 2,000 to 3,000 Jews lived in Shanghai. In May 2010, the Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai was temporarily reopened to the local Jewish community for weekend services. Synagogues are found in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, serving both native Chinese Jews, Israelis and diaspora Jewish communities across the world.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: In 2001, Rabbi Shimon Freundlich from the Chabad-Lubavitch movement came and settled in Beijing with the mission of building and leading the Chabad-Lubavitch Centre of Beijing. Kehillat Beijing continues its practice of conducting weekly lay-led Shabbat services, regular holiday observance, and community activities including retreats and celebrations. In 2007, the Sephardic community of Shanghai opened a synagogue, study hall, kosher kitchen, and educational classes for children and adults. The community has its own hacham, who functions as a teacher and chazan, in addition to Rabbi Ephraim Bezalel, who manages local community affairs and kashrut needs. Since a significant amount of Chinese food products and food ingredients are exported to the American market, a number of kosher certification agencies send rabbis to China to serve as kosher inspectors (mashgichim). As of 2009, over 50 mashgichim have been stationed in China, 7 of them from the Orthodox Union.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: As of 2019, Harbin could claim a single Jewish inhabitant, professor Dan Ben-Canaan, who helped advise the local government on restoring the city's synagogues and other Jewish-related buildings.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: Kaifeng's Jewish community has reported increasing suppression by the authorities since 2015, reversing the modest revival it experienced in the 1990s. The observance of public religious services and the celebration of religious festivals like Passover and Sukkot have been prohibited, and Jewish community groups have been shut down. Signs have been removed from the Kaifeng Synagogue, a historical site located on Teaching the Torah Lane that is now under strict surveillance.


title: History of the Jews in China

text: A small number of Chinese Jews have succeeded in making aliyah and immigrating to Israel with the help of private organisations such as Shavei Israel.


title: Pataudi Palace

text: The Pataudi Palace, also called Ibrahim Kothi, is a palace of the former ruling family Pataudi family in Pataudi town of Gurgaon district (now Gurugram district) in Haryana state of India. Passed from the last ruling nawab, Iftikhar Ali Khan, to his son, the last recognized titular nawab, Mansoor Ali Khan, the palace is currently held by his son Saif Ali Khan, who is the current patriarch of the Pataudi family.


title: Pataudi Palace

text: After the high-profile wedding between the nawab of Pataudi and the begum of Bhopal, the nawab felt the old family home was not grand enough to house his new bride in the manner she was accustomed. At the request of Iftikhar Ali Khan (1910–52), the 8th Nawab of Pataudi, the building was designed in the style of the colonial-era mansions of Imperial Delhi by Robert Tor Russell (1888–1972) assisted by the Karl Malte von Heinz.


title: Pataudi Palace

text: It was repossessed by actor Saif Ali Khan, son of the last Nawab in 2014 and , the palace remained closed for renovations. The renovation was soon completed and the Pataudi family stays in the palace during winters.


title: Pataudi Palace

text: Nearby Akbar Manzil, built after 1857 as the official residence of the then Nawab, was later converted into a kachahri (judicial complex), and is now used as a godown (store).


Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, commonly referred to as IUPUI, is a public research university in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is a collaboration between Indiana University and Purdue University that offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees from both universities. Administered primarily through Indiana University as a core campus and secondarily through Purdue University as a regional campus, it is Indiana's primary urban research and academic health sciences institution. IUPUI is located in downtown Indianapolis along the White River and Fall Creek.


title: Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis

text: Among more than 550 degree programs, the urban university hosts the primary campuses for both the Indiana University School of Medicine, with more than 2,000 students, and the Indiana University School of Dentistry, the only dental school in the state. Also the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law is one of the two Indiana University law schools. After excluding the research budget of the IU School of Medicine, IUPUI is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity."


text: The IUPUI Jaguars compete in the NCAA's Division I in the Horizon League. Several athletics venues are located on the campus, including the IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium and Indiana University Natatorium, the largest indoor pool in the United States with a seating capacity of 4,700.


text: On August 12, 2022, the boards of trustees of both Purdue and IU announced that IUPUI will split into two separate universities, with completion of the split to be finished by the fall 2024 semester.


text: Founded in 1969, IUPUI is an urban campus in Indianapolis, the 15th largest city in the United States, with a population of two million in the metropolitan statistical area. The campus is just west of downtown, within walking distance of the state capitol and other governmental offices, and the site of numerous nationally renowned businesses and art, sports, education, and health facilities.


text: In 1968, Dr. Maynard K. Hine, dean of the IU School of Dentistry began working with then-Mayor of Indianapolis Richard Lugar, IU President Joseph L. Sutton, Purdue President Frederick L. Hovde, and others to establish IUPUI in 1969 through the merger of the Indianapolis extension programs of both IU and Purdue. Some schools, however, were established before the merger, including the IU School of Medicine, IU School of Dentistry, IU Robert H. McKinney School of Law, IU School of Liberal Arts, and IU Herron School of Art.


text: The student-run newspaper of the former IU extension campus, the "Onomatopoeia", and that of the former Purdue University extension campus, the "Component", merged in 1971 to form "The Sagamore", which operated until 2009. Archives are available online. That publication was replaced by "The Campus Citizen" in 2011.


text: IUPUI includes the nation's largest nursing school, the main campus of the largest medical school in the country, the only dental school in the state, and the country's oldest school of physical education. IUPUI is among the top 20 campuses in the nation for graduate professional degrees conferred.


text: As a core campus of Indiana University, IUPUI is primarily governed by the IU Board of Trustees. Purdue University degree-granting programs are governed by the Purdue University Board of Trustees. While integrated into the Indiana University system budget, IUPUI is semi-autonomous in that it retains some independent control of its own academic curricula.


text: On August 12, 2022, the boards of trustees of both Purdue and IU announced that IUPUI would split into two separate universities, with completion of the split set to be finished by the fall 2024 semester. The School of Science will be operated by IU along with its other programs, including business, law, nursing, and social work, with the exception of the computer science department. The computer science, engineering, and technology programs will be operated by Purdue as a fully integrated extension of its West Lafayette campus. IU will add new computer science programs to its School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, and Purdue intends to open a branch of its applied research institute on or near the IUPUI campus. IU will provide certain administrative services to both academic organizations and for the athletic programs.


text: IUPUI is one of nine campuses of the Indiana University and one of five campuses of the Purdue University system. The campus offers more than 550 degree programs provided by 17 different schools, two of which are Purdue University schools.


text: IUPUI has more students from the state of Indiana than any other campus in the state, the largest number of underrepresented minorities in the Indiana University system, and the largest population of graduate and professional students of any university in Indiana. Almost 75 percent of IUPUI classes have 25 or fewer students.


text: IUPUI has more than 3,800 full-time faculty members. With research funding of more than $535 million, IUPUI is the second-largest site for research in Indiana.


text: IUPUI has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1972. Many individual programs at IUPUI are accredited by discipline-specific accreditors.


text: IUPUI's research expenditures for fiscal year 2014 totaled $271,093,483 with the federal government as the largest sponsor of the research at 61 percent of the total.


text: IUPUI CyberLab is a research and development lab in the School of Engineering and Technology. The lab provides research and intellectual support for the design, development, and implementation of innovative educational technology. The CyberLab was established in 1996 by Dr. Ali Jafari and funded by William Plater, the Executive Vice-Chancellor of IUPUI at the time. Ali Jafari, David Mills, Brian Ho, and Amy Warner was the first team at the CyberLab to start working on the development of the very first online (based on the Internet) on an Indiana University campus. The team received $160,000 from Indiana University to continue to implement Oncourse for all courses at IUPUI. Starting in 1998, Indiana University - Purdue University was the first IU campus to put all courses online. The CyberLab continued to develop and has now launched several projects, including; Sakai, ANGEL Learning, Epsilen, and the current project called CourseNetworking.


text: <mapframe text="IUPUI campus" width="300" height="300" latitude="39.7750" longitude="-86.1773" zoom="14">


text: The IUPUI campus covers and is located in downtown Indianapolis along the Indianapolis Cultural Trail just two blocks west of the Indiana Statehouse and adjacent to White River State Park. The entire campus is located in the 46202 zip code.


text: In 2013, IUPUI opened a School of Public Health named in honor of Richard M. Fairbanks. The Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health will focus on the areas of urban health, health policy, biostatistics and epidemiology. Dr. Paul K. Halverson was named founding dean of the school.


text: In 2012, the Indiana Commission for Higher Education approved IU's proposal to create what is believed to be the world's first school dedicated to the study and teaching of philanthropy. The school has built on the strengths of the Center of Philanthropy at IU, a pioneer in philanthropy education, research and training. In 2013, the School was named the Indiana University Lilly School of Philanthropy in honor of the Lilly family's philanthropic leadership, as well as their profound contributions to education, research and the well-being of society. Dr. Gene Tempel was named founding dean of the school.


text: The IUPUI campus is home to several nationally renowned hospitals and research entities including Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Eskenazi Health, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Regenstrief Institute and the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute.


text: More than 20 works of sculpture are located outdoors on the IUPUI campus, and the list of public art at IUPUI currently consists of 31 artworks. Additional sculptures are located on private property adjacent to IUPUI including the Indiana Avenue cultural district, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health and the J.F. Miller Foundation.


text: Sustainability efforts began at IUPUI in the early 1990s with the development of a paper-recycling program. In 2005, the efforts became more formal through the development of an interdisciplinary campus coalition, with the formation of the IUPUI Office of Sustainability in 2011. The Office of Sustainability was formed to create a culture of campus sustainability and to make IUPUI a place where students, faculty and staff are engaged in research, teaching and learning about urban sustainability and its best practices. IUPUI has been named a Tree Campus USA for its campus forest management.


text: The Office of Sustainability conducts recycling and waste reduction programs; initiated energy savings projects including LEED Gold Certification achieved by the Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute and solar photovoltaic panels on the IU Kelley School of Business; implemented pollution prevention programs; created sustainable transportation on campus including the installation of bike maintenance stations and additional bike racks, supporting the development of a bike hub and establishing a partnership with Zip Cars; and developed an IUPUI Sustainability Certificate for students.


text: IUPUI offers student organizations, fraternities and sororities, cultural heritage month celebrations, as well as Division I athletics, Jagapalooza, and others including IUPUI's signature event, The IUPUI Regatta.


text: With an enrollment of more than 30,000, IUPUI's student body (undergraduate, graduate/professional) consists of 56% female and 44% male students, with 89% of students from Indiana. Demographically, the student body is 71% White, 10% African American, 4% Asian/Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 5% Hispanic, 6% International, 3% two or more races, less than 1% American Indiana/Alaska Native and 1% unknown.


text: On-campus housing can currently accommodate approximately 2,400 students and includes Ball Residence Hall, University Tower, Riverwalk Apartments, The Townhomes at IUPUI and the newest addition, North Residence Hall.


text: Ball Hall, University Tower, Riverwalk Apartments and North Hall offer Residential Based Learning Communities on designated floors, areas or buildings where students request to live near others that share an interest in a particular social cause or academic area. There are 12 different themes including International House, Living Your Freshman Experience, Women in Science, Purdue House and others.


text: IUPUI also offers a dining hall in the heart of campus inside of University Tower. Tower Dining is open to students, faculty, staff and the general public and seats 470 simultaneously. Breakfast, lunch and dinner are served Monday through Friday and brunch on Saturday and Sunday. Tower Dining offers six different dining options, including special dietary menus such as vegetarian and low-fat.


text: IUPUI offers more than 400 organizations in which students can get involved. Students can join an existing organization, start their own organization and/or plan, work at or attend a campus activity. Campus Center and Student Experiences helps students find matching activities outside of the classroom to their coursework, as well as to their academic and career goals. The Spot is a one-stop-shop portal that contains a comprehensive list of student organizations, events, FAQs, and grant information.


text: At IUPUI, there are two recognized university student organizations representing graduate, professional, and undergraduate students.


text: IUPUI is home to 24 nationally recognized fraternities and sororities that span across four governing councils and include the National Pan-Hellenic Council, the College Panhellenic Council, Multicultural Greek Council, and the Interfraternity Council. Student membership in IUPUI's fraternities and sororities has tripled since fall 2010.


text: Through the Center for Service & Learning and Division of Student Affairs, IUPUI gives students the opportunity to volunteer on campus and in the Indianapolis community through numerous campus-wide service and civic engagement events. During the 2014–2015 academic year, 8,750 students participated in 303,061 hours of service to 438 community partners.


text: Campus Recreation provides activities that facilitate healthy lifestyles for a diverse population of students, faculty and staff at IUPUI. Membership provides access to swimming at the world-class IU Natatorium, fitness classes, three weight and fitness rooms, recreational open gym, access to the new IUPUI Outdoor Recreational Complex (outdoor basketball courts) and participation in the intramural program, which includes basketball, broomball, dodgeball, flag football, golf, inner tube water polo, kickball, racquetball, soccer, softball, ultimate Frisbee and volleyball.


text: IUPUI also has a partnership with the National Institute for Fitness and Sport and offers discounted fitness opportunities to NIFS for all full- and part-time IUPUI students. Through this partnership, the NIFS initiative fee will be waived and the monthly membership dues will be reduced for full and limited memberships.


text: The IUPUI Jaguars compete at the NCAA Division I level in the Horizon League in 16 men's (7) and women's (9) sports. The Jaguars have earned NCAA Tournament bids in volleyball, NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship, women's soccer, men's golf, NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship and women's tennis, as well as The Summit League championship in volleyball, men's tennis and women's soccer. Nine athletes have been recognized as Summit League Athletes of the Year, with seven coaches earning Coach of the Year honors. Prior to 1995, IUPUI athletic teams were known as the Metros and competed in NCAA Division II.


text: IUPUI is home to the Indiana University Natatorium, host of numerous national swimming championships including the 2016 U.S. Olympic Team Trials-Diving, and the IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium, host of the 1987 Pan American Games, 2006 & 2007 USA Track & Field Championships and several NCAA Championships. Additionally, the stadium serves as the home field for the


text: Upon the split of IUPUI in 2024, the IUPUI athletic program will transfer to the new IU Indianapolis.


text: Closely affiliated with IUPUI, Indiana University–Purdue University Columbus was established in 1970 and is located one hour south of Indianapolis in Columbus, Indiana—an area known for its collection of modern architecture with an estimated population of more than 45,000. The growing campus serves more than 1,700 undergraduate and graduate students who live primarily in Bartholomew, Brown, Decatur, Jennings Jackson, Johnson, Ripley and Shelby counties, and offers a broad range of undergraduate degree programs in business, communication studies, elementary education, English, general studies, mechanical engineering, nursing, psychology and sociology, as well as two graduate degree programs – Master of Business Administration and Master of Arts in Mental Health Counseling. IUPUC is administered through IUPUI as a regional campus.


title: O.A.R.

text: O.A.R. (short for Of A Revolution) is an American rock band, founded in 1996 in Rockville, Maryland. The band consists of lead vocalist/guitarist Marc Roberge, drummer Chris Culos, guitarist Richard On, bassist Benj Gershman, saxophonist/guitarist Jerry DePizzo, and touring members, trumpet player Jon Lampley and keyboardist Mikel Paris. Together, the band has released ten studio albums. The band is well known for their live shows and extensive summer touring, and have released six live records, with the latest release, "Live From Merriweather", in November 2019. Four of the band members grew up in Rockville, Maryland and attended Thomas Sprigg Wootton High School. After graduating, they went on to study at Ohio State University. There they met the fifth member, saxophonist/guitarist Jerry DePizzo from Youngstown, Ohio.


title: O.A.R.

text: Their newest album, "The Arcade", was released on July 15th, 2022. The album was produced by Jantz Spalding.


title: O.A.R.

text: After earlier iterations performing together as far back as middle school, O.A.R. was formed in 1996 by lead vocalist Marc Roberge and drummer Chris Culos, inspired in part by Roberge's older brother, who plays drums for the band Foxtrot Zulu. They later recruited Richard On and Benj Gershman. In 1996 they recorded their debut album, "The Wanderer", at Gizmo Recording Company in Silver Spring, Maryland with engineer/producer Gantt Kushner. Many songs from the album, including "Black Rock" and "That Was A Crazy Game of Poker", became staples of their live shows and are still played at most concerts today.


title: O.A.R.

text: The three of the four band members attended one semester at Alexander Muss High School in Israel, graduated from Wootton High School in Rockville, Maryland, then moved to Columbus, Ohio to attend Ohio State University. While at OSU, they met Jerry DePizzo, from Youngstown, Ohio. He joined the band as the saxophonist, completing the current lineup. In 1999, they returned to Gizmo Recording to record their second album, "Soul's Aflame".


title: O.A.R.

text: Unlike other similar bands, O.A.R. did not use much formal advertising/marketing plans to obtain an audience, instead choosing to rely on word-of-mouth and touring alone. Their third album "Risen" debuted at No.11 on the "Billboard" top internet sales chart. They received offers from various major labels, but ultimately chose to sign with Lava Records in 2002. The following year, their fourth album "In Between Now and Then" debuted at No. 156 on the "Billboard" 200 chart.


title: O.A.R.

text: In 2005, O.A.R. released their fifth album, "Stories of a Stranger", which debuted at No. 40 on the Billboard 200. It produced the singles "Love and Memories", "Heard the World", and "Lay Down." "Love and Memories" was the band's first single to chart and receive significant radio airplay, peaking at 98 in the Pop 100, at 30 in Modern Rock Tracks, and at 18 in Adult Top 40. The music videos for "Love and Memories" and "Lay Down" received airplay on VH1 and MTV. The video for "Lay Down" received a "Woodie" award from MTV for streaming video.


title: O.A.R.

text: On January 14, 2006, O.A.R. reached a new peak of popularity by drawing roughly 18,000 fans and selling out New York City's Madison Square Garden, which earned them a review in "The New York Times". On October 5, 2006, a press release declared that O.A.R. had officially sold in excess of 1.2 million albums over their career. The band attributes much of its popularity to the recording and subsequent trading and downloading of their live shows.


title: O.A.R.

text: On July 15, 2008, O.A.R. released their sixth studio album, "All Sides". The first radio single for "All Sides", "Shattered (Turn the Car Around)", was released on June 13, despite the band initially having hesitations about including the song on the album. It surpassed "Love And Memories", peaking at 2 in Adult Top 40. In December 2008, VH1 named the music video for "Shattered" as number 18 on their Top 40 Videos of 2008.


title: O.A.R.

text: In 2010, O.A.R. returned to the studio to record their seventh studio album, "King". The band introduced several of their new songs during the 2010 tour, including: "Over and Over", "Fire", "Dangerous Connection", and "Gotta Live." "King" was released on Wind-up Records on August 2, 2011 and debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200, the highest-charting debut for the band so far. The album's first single, "Heaven", was released on June 7, 2011. On May 8, 2012, O.A.R. released a new single as part of a collaboration with Duracell in support of Team USA in the 2012 London Summer Olympics. The song is called "Champions", and features rapper B.o.B, who contributed the vocals in the verses.


title: O.A.R.

text: On November 19, 2012, O.A.R. released a live CD/DVD entitled "Live on Red Rocks", which consists of footage and music from their performance at Red Rocks Amphitheatre on their 2012 summer tour.


title: O.A.R.

text: In an interview with Billboard magazine posted on January 16, 2014, Jerry Depizzo revealed that their eighth studio album would be released in May 2014, and that the lead single would be "Peace"—a new song they played live many times on their 2013 summer tour. On March 21, 2014, the band announced via various social media sites that the new album, titled "The Rockville LP" would be released on June 10, 2014.


title: O.A.R.

text: "The Rockville LP" debuted at number 13 on "Billboard"'s top 200, #1 independent albums, #6 top current rock albums, and #7 current digital albums.


title: O.A.R.

text: In May 2016, the band announced the release of a career spanning compilation to coincide with their 20th anniversary. Entitled "XX", the album was released on August 5, 2016 bundled with a disc of live performances and two new songs "Follow Me, Follow You" and "I Go Through""." The band embarked on a two-month tour of North America.


title: O.A.R.

text: In 2018, O.A.R. returned to the studio to record their ninth studio album, "The Mighty". The first single from the album is "Miss You All the Time", released on October 12, 2018. "The Mighty" was presented and released to the public on March 29, 2019.


title: O.A.R.

text: O.A.R. released a new single “Alive” on November 18, 2021 to tease out a forthcoming tour and album in 2022. The album, titled The Arcade, was their tenth album. It was released on July 15, 2022.


title: O.A.R.

text: The band's Heard The World foundation was founded to support youth, education and sustainable programs both in the U.S. and abroad.


title: O.A.R.

text: On December 14, 2012, O.A.R. performed with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra at the Music Center at Strathmore. The concert benefited the Heard the World Foundation.


title: O.A.R.

text: In December 2009, Jerry DePizzo headlined a charity fundraiser for Music Loves Ohio in Columbus at The Basement.


title: O.A.R.

text: The band worked with SAIC, a US defense contractor, to raise money for the Paralyzed Veterans of America, a service organization focused on assisting veterans with spinal cord injuries and diseases, through digital downloads of the band's song "Light Switch Sky." Proceeds from downloads of the song through July 22, 2010 supported paralyzed veterans. The song was co-written by O.A.R. and their fans through a competition on Twitter.


title: O.A.R.

text: On October 4, 2012, the band headlined a "But for Ohio State: Rock the Oval" concert at Ohio State University to help raise money for the school that the band's members attended.


title: O.A.R.

text: O.A.R. performed at the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games.


title: O.A.R.

text: Marc Roberge and Jon Lampley performed the Star Spangled Banner in Columbus, Ohio before an NHL game between the Columbus Blue Jackets and the Boston Bruins on March 5, 2022. The game was notable for holding a ceremony retiring the first jersey number in Blue Jackets history; Rick Nash's number 61.


title: Law Commission of India

text: Law Commission of India is an executive body established by an order of the Government of India. The Commission's function is to research and advise the Government of India on legal reform, and is composed of legal experts, and headed by a retired judge. The commission is established for a fixed tenure and works as an advisory body to the Ministry of Law and Justice. The last chairman of the Commission retired in August 2018, and since then, it has not been reconstituted.


title: Law Commission of India

text: The first Law Commission was established during colonial rule in India, by the East India Company under the Charter Act of 1833, and was presided by Lord Macaulay. After that, three more Commissions were established in pre-independent India. The first Law Commission of independent India was established in 1955 for a three-year term. Since then, twenty one more Commissions have been established. The last chairman of the law commission was retired Supreme Court judge, Justice B.S. Chauhan, who completed his tenure on 31 August 2018. Subsequently, the Commission has not been reconstituted. In February 2020, the Government of India announced its intention to reconstitute the Commission, and the Supreme Court of India is currently hearing a petition challenging the delay in appointing members to the 22nd Law Commission. On November 7 2022, Justice Rituraj Awasthi (Former Chief Justice of Karnataka HC) was appointed as the Chairperson of the 22nd Law Commission and Justice KT Sankaran, Prof. Anand Paliwal, Prof. DP Verma, Prof.(Dr) Raka Arya and Shri M. Karunanithi as Members of the Commission.


title: Law Commission of India

text: The origin of the first Law Commission of India lies in the diverse and often conflicting laws prevailing in the local regions and those administered by the East India Company, which was granted Royal Charters and also conferred powers by the various Indian rulers to administer and oversee the conduct of the inhabitants in the local areas where the Company exercised control. During this period of administration by the company, two sets of laws operated in the areas; one which applied to and in relation to British citizens and the second which applied to the local inhabitants and aliens. This was considered as a major stumbling block for proper administration by the British Government during the times which is now known as the British Raj. In order to improve the law and order situation and also to ensure uniformity of legal administration, various options were looked for. Until then the British Government had been passing various enactments to deal with particular situations, such as the Prohibition of Sati in (1829) by Lord William Bentinck under the influence of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. However it was for the first time in (1833) that the idea to establish a Law Commission for a comprehensive examination of the existing legal system prevailing in the British administered areas and its overhaul was instituted.


title: Law Commission of India

text: The First Law Commission was established in 1834 by the British Government under the Chairmanship of Lord Macaulay. It suggested various enactments to the British Government, most of which were passed and enacted and are still in force in India. Few of the most important recommendations made by this First Law Commission were those on, "Indian Penal Code" (first submitted in 1837 but enacted in 1860 and still in force), "Criminal Procedure Code" (enacted in 1898, repealed and succeeded by the "Criminal Procedure Code of 1973"), etc. Thereafter three more Law Commissions were established which made a number of other recommendations the "Indian Evidence Act" (1872) and "Indian Contract Act" (1872), etc. being some of the significant ones. The contribution of these Law Commissions can be enumerated as under;


title: Law Commission of India

text: A Two-member Viceroy's Executive Council (composed of Sir Henry Maine and Sir James Fitzjames Stephen) also worked on the side-lines of the Law Commissions and ensured the passage of the following noteworthy laws;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The tradition of pursuing law reform through the medium of a Law Commission was continued in post-independent India. The first law commission in Independent India was established in 1955 and since then twenty more law commissions have been established. Each of these Commissions have been chaired by a prominent legal personality in India and has made a significant contribution to the legal diaspora of India. The contribution of each of these Commissions has been enumerated below.


title: Law Commission of India

text: The first Law Commission of independent India was established in 1955. The Chairman of this commission was Mr. M. C. Setalvad, who was also the First Attorney General of India. The term of this commission was established as three years (which by convention has been followed till date) and this Commission submitted its last report on 16 September 1958. The reports submitted by the First Law Commission of India are as under;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Second Law Commission was established in 1958 under the Chairmanship of Justice T. V. Venkatarama Aiyar. It stayed in office till 1961. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Third Law Commission was established in 1961 under the Chairmanship of Justice J. L. Kapur. It stayed in office till 1964. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Fourth Law Commission was established in 1964 and was again under the Chairmanship of Justice J. L. Kapur. It stayed in office till 1968. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Fifth Law Commission was established in 1968 under the Chairmanship of Mr. K. V. K. Sundaram. It stayed in office till 1971. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Sixth Law Commission was established in 1971 under the Chairmanship of Justice P. B. Gajendragadkar. It stayed in office till 1974. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Seventh Law Commission was established in 1974 again under the Chairmanship of Justice P. B. Gajendragadkar. It stayed in office till 1977. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Eighth Law Commission was established in 1977 under the Chairmanship of Justice H. R. Khanna. It stayed in office till 1979. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Ninth Law Commission was established in 1979 under the Chairmanship of Justice P. V. Dixit. It stayed in office till 1980. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Tenth Law Commission was established in 1981 under the Chairmanship of Justice K. K. Mathew. It stayed in office till 1985. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Eleventh Law Commission was established in 1985 under the Chairmanship of Justice D. A. Desai. It stayed in office till 1988. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Twelfth Law Commission was established in 1988 under the Chairmanship of Justice Manharlal Pranlal Thakkar. It stayed in office till 1989. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Thirteenth Law Commission was established in 1991 under the Chairmanship of Justice K. N. Singh. It stayed in office till 1994. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Fourteenth Law Commission was established in 1995 under the Chairmanship of Justice K. Jayachandra Reddy. It stayed in office till 1997. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Fifteenth Law Commission was established in 1997 under the Chairmanship of Justice B. P. Jeevan Reddy. It stayed in office till 2000. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Sixteenth Law Commission was established in 2000. For the period till 2001 Justice B. P. Jeevan Reddy continued as the Chairman of the commission while in the period between 2002 and 2003 the Commission worked under the Chairmanship of Justice M. Jagannadha Rao. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Seventeenth Law Commission was established in 2003 and continued to be under the Chairmanship of Justice M. Jagannadha Rao. It stayed in office till 2006. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Eighteenth Law Commission of India was established on 1 September 2006 and continued till 31 August 2009. Justice M. Jagannadha Rao continued to serve as the Chairman of the commission until 28 May 2007 on which date Justice A. R. Lakshmanan was appointed as the Chairman of the commission. It presented the following reports;


title: Law Commission of India

text: The nineteenth Law Commission of India's Chairman was Chairman Mr. Justice P. V. Reddi, 2009-2012 of 19th Law Comiission.


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Twentieth Law Commission of India's Chairman were Justice D. K. Jain from January 2013 to October 2013 and Justice A. P. Shah from November 2013 to August 2015. The Terms of Reference of the Twentieth Law Commission were as follows:-


title: Law Commission of India

text: (ii) Identify laws which are not in harmony with the existing climate of economic liberalization and need change.


title: Law Commission of India

text: (iii) Identify laws which otherwise require changes or amendments and to make suggestions for their amendment.


title: Law Commission of India

text: (iv) Consider in a wider perspective the suggestions for revision/amendment given by Expert Groups in various Ministries/Departments with a view to coordinating and harmonising them.


title: Law Commission of India

text: (v) Consider references made to it by Ministries/ Departments in respect of legislation having bearing on the working of more than one Ministry/ Department.


title: Law Commission of India

text: (ii) Take all such measures as may be necessary to harness law and the legal process in the service of the poor.


title: Law Commission of India

text: C. Keep under review the system of judicial administration to ensure that it is responsive to the reasonable demands of the times and in particular to secure:


title: Law Commission of India

text: (i) elimination of delays, speedy clearance of arrears and reduction in costs so as to secure quick and economical disposal of cases without affecting the cardinal principle that decisions should be just and fair.


title: Law Commission of India

text: (ii) simplification of procedure to reduce and eliminate technicalities and devices for delay so that it operates not as an end in itself but as a means of achieving justice.


title: Law Commission of India

text: D. Examine the existing laws in the light of Directive Principles of State Policy and to suggest ways of improvement and reform and also to suggest such legislations as might be necessary to implement the Directive Principles and to attain the objectives set out in the Preamble to the Constitution.


title: Law Commission of India

text: E. Examine the existing laws with a view for promoting gender equality and suggesting amendments thereto.


title: Law Commission of India

text: F. Revise the Central Acts of general importance so as to simplify them and to remove anomalies, ambiguities and inequities.


title: Law Commission of India

text: G. Recommend to the Government measure for making the statute book up to date by repealing obsolete laws and enactments or parts thereof which have outlived their utility.


title: Law Commission of India

text: H. Consider and to convey to the Government its views on any subject relating to law and judicial administration that may be specifically referred to it by the Government through Ministry of Law and Justice (Department of Legal Affairs).


title: Law Commission of India

text: I. Consider the requests for providing research to any foreign countries as may be referred to it by the Government through Ministry of Law & Justice (Department of Legal Affairs).


title: Law Commission of India

text: J. Examine the impact of globalization on food security, unemployment and recommend measures for the protection of the interests of the marginalized.


title: Law Commission of India

text: In 2015, the Law Ministry had forwarded a list of 48 former judges of high courts and Supreme Court to the Prime Minister's Office to select the next Law Commission Chairperson. The term of the 20th Law Commission ended on 30 August last year and the Union Cabinet approved creation of the 21st Law Commission on 9 September. The Law Ministry brought out a notification to create the 21st law panel on 14 September last.


title: Law Commission of India

text: One of the key issues pending before the law panel is a call on amending the Indian Penal Code amid allegations of abuse and arbitrary use of the law. The Law Ministry had urged the commission to study the usage of the provisions of Section 124A (Sedition) of the IPC.


title: Law Commission of India

text: Former Supreme Court judge Balbir Singh Chauhan was appointed Chairman of the 21st Law Commission. Mr. Justice Ravi R. Tripathi, retired judge of the Gujarat High Court was appointed as Full-time Member.


title: Law Commission of India

text: On 10 June 2016, Mr. Satya Pal Jain, Additional Solicitor General of India was appointed as Part-time Member of the commission.


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Law Commission works in close co-ordination and under the general instruction of Ministry of Law and Justice. It generally acts as the initiation point for law reform in the country. Internally, the Law Commission works in a research-oriented manner. Employing a number of research analysts (and even law students from 2007), the commission works upon the assigned agenda and primarily comes up with research based reports, often conclusive and with recommendations. The permanent members of the Commission generally are responsible for framing the exact topic and reference to work upon and often takes the services of eminent law experts and jurists who are familiar with the matter under review. These experts may either work part-time with the commission or may have been requested to contribute to specific reports or issues under review.


title: Law Commission of India

text: According to the commission's website, the commission's regular staff consists of about a dozen research personnel of different ranks and varied experiences with a small group of secretarial staff looks after the administration side of the commission's operations and the internal functioning of the commission can be described as a process with the following stages;


title: Law Commission of India

text: Once the Report is submitted to the Ministry of Law and Justice, the task of the Commission ends unless it is required to rework upon identified areas of provide clarifications by the Government on the report submitted. Upon receipt of the Report, it is the responsible for follow-up action on the recommendations made by the commission in the Report. Generally the Ministry of Law and Justice forwards the Report with its remarks to other relevant Ministries in the Government of India and seeks from them their opinion on the relevance of the recommendation and finalizes with them the manner of implementation of these recommendations. When the proposals are cleared by the various Ministries and approved by the Cabinet, the Ministry of Law and Justice goes for drafting of the implementing legislation or follows the draft submitted by the Law Commission (which usually is the case) and presents the same for approval before the Parliament.


title: Law Commission of India

text: The Law Commission of India, though an ad hoc body, has been key to law reform in India. Its role has been both advisory and critical of the government's policies. The Supreme Court of India and academia have recognized the commission as pioneering and prospective. In a number of decisions, the Supreme Court has referred to the work done by the commission and followed its recommendations. The fact that the chairman of the commission is generally a retired judge of the Supreme Court has helped the prominence of the commission.


title: Law Commission of India

text: The recommendations of the commission are not binding on the government. "They are recommendations. They may be accepted or rejected. Action on the said recommendations depends on the ministries/departments, which are concerned with the subject matter of the recommendations." This has resulted in a number of important and critical recommendations not being implemented. The commission, however, has continued to work upon its assigned tasks.


title: Law Commission of India

text: The power vested in the commission to "suo motu" take up matters for discussion and submit recommendations has also worked well to the advantage of India's legal system. The history of the commission is replete with such recommendations which have been made in the wake of the hour and where the law has needed change. Further, the commission has been often returned to review its earlier reports in the wake of changed scenarios and the aptness of law in such situations. Euthanasia and related issues, in particular, has been one such area where the commission has been relook the situation at least three times, with the latest being its 196th report on the topic.


title: Law Commission of India

text: Besides the Law Ministry, the commission has also been requested to work upon specific issues and submit its views by the Supreme Court on various occasions. The latest in regard has been the 205th report of the commission which has been prepared in view of the Supreme Court's request for assistance in determination of "certain legal issues relating to child marriage, and the different ages at which a person is defined as a child in different laws." The report stirred a public debate in India for recommending "inter alia", a reduction in marriage age of boys to be at par with girls at 18, instead of the long continuing 21 and 18 respectively.


title: Law Commission of India

text: With all its past and present works being continuously provided on the internet, the commission has also provided a firm assistance to legal research in the country. The fact that a number of its reports have been taken receptively by the various ministries and have been worked upon to change the legal scenario, is itself an indicator sufficient enough of the role of the commission in furtherance of law reform in India.


title: Ward (law)

text: In law, a ward is a minor or incapacitated adult placed under the protection of a legal guardian or government entity, such as a court. Such a person may be referenced as a "ward of the court".


title: Ward (law)

text: The wardship jurisdiction is an ancient jurisdiction derived from the British Crown's duty as "parens patriae" ("parent of the nation") to protect his or her subjects, and particularly those unable to look after themselves. In the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, the Monarch as "parens patriae" is parent for all the children in their realms, who, if a judge so determines, can become wards of court. However, the House of Lords, in the case of "Re F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation)", held that the Queen has no "parens patriae" jurisdiction with regard to mentally disabled adults. A court may take responsibility for the legal protection of an incapacitated person as well a minor, and the ward is known as a ward of the court or a ward of the state.


title: Ward (law)

text: In Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, the child is termed a ward of the court. In Ireland and the United Kingdom "the" is not used; the ward is thus termed a ward of court. In Canada the legal term is permanent ward, except in Ontario, which uses the term Crown ward.


title: Ward (law)

text: Children who are in the custody of government departments, also known as foster care, become wards of the respective government entity, and in the US they are wards of the states in which they reside. The government or state is "in loco parentis" to the child, which generally entails supporting the child and assuming all legal authority to make medical and legal decisions on the child's behalf.


title: Ward (law)

text: The indigenous peoples in Canada remain wards of the Crown as a result of Indian Act legislation. Some scholars and political organizations, such as the Assembly of First Nations, have argued that this represents an apartheid-like system of governance.


title: Ward (law)

text: These wards could be the result of any of: anonymous birth (""), found abandoned, unregistered children, children assigned by a court to the care of the (ASE), or minor orphans who suddenly find themselves without parents for whatever reason.


title: Ward (law)

text: Children recognized as wards of the state are eligible for adoption, and continue to be wards until they are. Legal status of wards of the state in France are covered by law 224-4 of the .


title: Ward (law)

text: In the Supreme Court case "Cherokee Nation v. Georgia", the native peoples were legally made to be wards of the state. One consequence of this was that they were not permitted to sue the US government because of their status as a dependent nation.


title: Ward (law)

text: The Indian Appropriations Act was passed on 3 March 1871, with an amendment ending tribal recognition and the treaty system. All Indians were made wards of the state; thus the U.S. government no longer needed tribal consent in dealing with the tribes.


title: Ward (law)

text: In California, a juvenile offender may be ordered to be a ward of a court if such juvenile violated any state law, curfew, or from excessive truancies since the juvenile criminal justice system in California is geared toward rehabilitation instead of punishment.


title: Fara Williams

text: Fara Tanya Franki Merrett MBE (born 25 January 1984) is an English former footballer who played as a central midfielder for multiple clubs, as well as the English national team. A consistent goalscorer and set-piece specialist, Williams was considered one of England's leading players. After making her senior debut in 2001, Williams earned 172 caps for the England Women's Team, making her their highest capped player. She played at the 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2017 European Championships, as well as the World Cups in 2007, 2011 and 2015. Williams also featured for Team GB at the 2012 London Olympics.


title: Fara Williams

text: Williams' club career started with Chelsea then she progressed to Charlton Athletic in 2001. She signed for Everton in 2004 and later became the captain of the club, winning the Premier League Cup in 2008 and the FA Women's Cup in 2010. After eight years with Everton she signed for local rivals Liverpool in 2012 and won the league title in 2013 and 2014. Williams was named The Football Association (FA) Young Player of the Year in 2002, FA Players' Player of the Year in 2009 and FA International Player of the Year in both 2007 and 2009.


title: Fara Williams

text: Williams attended Shene School in Richmond, London and joined Chelsea Ladies under–14s at the age of 12. She scored 30 goals for Chelsea's first team in 2000–01 and signed for Charlton Athletic Ladies during the following season. She won Charlton's Player of the Year and the FA Women's Young Player of the Year in her first season, 2001–02.


title: Fara Williams

text: A back injury ruled Williams out of much of the 2002–03 season. In May 2003 Williams scored an unfortunate own goal three minutes after coming on as a substitute in Charlton's 3–0 FA Women's Cup final defeat to Fulham. She headed a corner from Fulham's Rachel Unitt – Williams' England teammate and then flatmate – into her own net.