title: CBGB (film)

text: "CBGB" premiered on DirecTV's video on demand platform "DirecTV Cinema" on September 5, 2013 and was available through October 2, 2013, in standard and high-definition formats (including "Yekra", an all-new independent film streaming and social distribution site). Following a national release in select theaters beginning October 4, 2013, it was shown at various times throughout the CBGB Music & Film Festival in New York City from October 9 through October 13, 2013. The DVD and Blu-ray were scheduled for release on December 31, 2013.


title: CBGB (film)

text: "CBGB" made its theatrical premiere on October 4, 2013 and grossed $3,909 at the box office its opening weekend from one theater. The film then began its wide release in select theaters October 4, 2013. The total U.S. theatrical gross for the film was $40,400.


title: CBGB (film)

text: The film has been panned by critics. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 7% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 43 reviews, with a weighted average score of 3.4/10, with the consensus simply reading "Hey! Ho! No no!". At Metacritic, the film has received an average score of 30 out of 100, based on 17 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: CBGB (film)

text: Robert Abele of the "Los Angeles Times" called it "merely a mess of caricatures". Likewise, Brian McManus of "The Village Voice" writes: "CBGB's biggest problem is that it's taken such electrifying source material and done absolutely zilch with it."


title: CBGB (film)

text: The soundtrack was released on October 8, 2013. It is available on CD, Vinyl and as a digital download. The first pressing Omnivore released of the soundtrack is a double album on translucent pink vinyl. Rhino released a deluxe digital version with additional tracks on the same day.


title: Mary Fields

text: Mary Fields ("circa" 1832–1914), also known as Stagecoach Mary and Black Mary, was the first African American female star route mail carrier in the United States.


title: Mary Fields

text: She was not an employee of the United States Post Office Department, which did not hire or employ mail carriers for star routes, but rather awarded star route contracts to persons who proposed the lowest qualified bids. These people, in accordance with the department's application process, posted bonds and sureties to substantiate their ability to finance the route. Once a contract was awarded, the contractor could then drive the route themselves, sublet the route, or hire an experienced driver. Some individuals obtained multiple star route contracts and conducted the operations as a business.


title: Mary Fields

text: Fields had the star route contract for the delivery of U.S. mail from Cascade, Montana, to Saint Peter's Mission. She drove the route for two four-year contracts, from 1895 to 1899 and from 1899 to 1903.


title: Mary Fields

text: Author Miantae Metcalf McConnell provided documentation discovered during her research about Mary Fields to the United States Postal Service Archives Historian in 2006. This enabled the USPS to establish Mary Fields' contribution as the first African-American female star route mail carrier in the United States.


title: Mary Fields

text: Fields was born into slavery in Hickman County, Tennessee, in around 1832. After the Civil War ended, she was emancipated and found work as a chambermaid on board the "Robert E. Lee", a Mississippi River steamboat. There, she encountered Judge Edmund Dunne and ultimately worked in his household as a servant. After Dunne's wife died, he sent Fields and his late wife's five children to live with his sister Mother Mary Amadeus in Toledo, Ohio where she was Mother Superior of an Ursuline convent.


title: Mary Fields

text: In 1884, Mother Amadeus was sent to Montana Territory to establish a school for Native American girls at St. Peter's Mission, west of Cascade. Learning that Amadeus was stricken with pneumonia, Fields hurried to Montana to nurse her back to health. Amadeus recovered, and Fields stayed at St. Peter's. Fields took on multiple roles regarded as “men’s work” at the time such as maintenance, repairs, fetching supplies, laundry, gardening, hauling freight, growing vegetables, tending chickens, and repairing buildings, and eventually became the forewoman.


title: Mary Fields

text: Native Americans called Fields "White Crow", because "she acts like a white person but has black skin".


title: Mary Fields

text: Life in a nunnery was placid, but Fields' hearty temperament and habitual profanity made the religious community uncomfortable. In 1894, after several complaints and an incident with a disgruntled male subordinate that involved gunplay, the bishop barred her from the convent. Fields moved to Cascade where she opened a tavern, but profits waned due to allowing the cash-poor to dine free. It closed due to bankruptcy about 10 months later.


title: Mary Fields

text: By 1895, at sixty years old, Fields secured a job as a Star Route Carrier which used a stagecoach to deliver mail in the unforgiving weather and rocky terrain of Montana, with the help of nearby Ursuline nuns, who relied on Mary for help at their mission. This made her the first African-American woman to work for the U.S. Postal Service. True to her fearless demeanor, she carried multiple firearms, most notably a .38 Smith & Wesson under her apron to protect herself and the mail from wolves, thieves and bandits, driving the route with horses and a mule named Moses. She never missed a day, and her reliability earned her the nickname "Stagecoach Mary" due to her preferred mode of transportation. If the snow was too deep for her horses, Fields delivered the mail on snowshoes, carrying the sacks on her shoulders.


title: Mary Fields

text: She was a respected public figure in Cascade, and the town closed its schools to celebrate her birthday each year. When Montana passed a law forbidding women to enter saloons, the mayor of Cascade granted her an exemption. In 1903, at age 71, Fields retired from star route mail carrier service. The townspeople's adoration for Fields was evident when her home was rebuilt by volunteers after it caught fire in 1912. She continued to babysit many Cascade children and owned and operated a laundry service from her home.


title: Mary Fields

text: Fields died in 1914 at Columbus Hospital in Great Falls. Her funeral was one of the largest the town had ever seen. She was buried outside of Cascade.


title: Mary Fields

text: Fields was Catholic, though she preferred the company (and activities) of local men to the sisters and their religious trappings.


Sheikh Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Aziz Al Thani (; born 1968) is a Qatari politician who has served as Prime Minister of Qatar and Minister of the Interior since 28 January 2020. A member of the ruling Al Thani family, he previously served as Chief of the Amiri Diwan from 2014 to 2020.


title: Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Aziz Al Thani

text: Sheikh Khalid was born in Doha in 1968. He went to school in Doha and then to the US where he completed his bachelor's degree in Business Administration in 1993.


text: Sheikh Khalid worked in the Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Limited until 2002. He then worked at the office of the First Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2002 to 2006. In March 2006, Sheikh Khalid joined the Amiri Diwan. On 11 July 2006, he was appointed as director of the office of the Private Secretary of the heir apparent Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. On 9 January 2007, he was appointed director of the Office of Sheikh Tamim. Before becoming prime minister, he served as chief of the Amiri Diwan from 11 November 2014 to 27 January 2020.


text: On 28 January 2020, he was appointed Prime Minister following Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser al-Thani's resignation.


title: Vz. 24

text: The vz. 24 rifle is a bolt-action carbine designed and produced in Czechoslovakia from 1924 to 1942. It was developed from the German Mauser Gewehr 98 line, and features a very similar bolt design. The rifle was designed in Czechoslovakia shortly after World War I, to replace the Vz. 98/22, also a Czech-designed derivative of the Gewehr 98. The vz. 24 featured a barrel which was shorter and considered more handy than the Gewehr 98 barrel. The vz. 24 was chambered in 7.92×57mm Mauser like its predecessors.


title: Vz. 24

text: Throughout the late 1920s and into the 1930s, Czechoslovakia exported hundreds of thousands of vz. 24 rifles to various countries across the globe, with variants chambered in the original 7.92×57mm Mauser, 7×57mm Mauser, and 7.65×53mm Argentine. These included contracts for several South American countries, most of which were 7 mm or 7.65 mm guns. Around 40,000 rifles were sent to Spanish Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War. Nearly 200,000 rifles were purchased by China, seeing action in the Second Sino-Japanese War, which became part of World War II. Iran purchased vz. 24 rifles, along with two other variants, through the late 1920s and 1930s, and later produced their own copies in the late 1940s.


title: Vz. 24

text: Germany acquired hundreds of thousands of the rifles in 1939 when they occupied Czechoslovakia and pressed them into service under the designation "Gewehr 24(t)"; during the occupation, production of the rifles continued until 1942, when the factories were converted to the German-designed Karabiner 98k. During this period, several hundred thousand rifles were also built for the Romanian Army. Vz. 24 rifles saw extensive service during World War II in multiple theaters, predominantly with the German and Romanian armies on the Eastern Front. Lithuanian vz. 24s, which had been captured during the German invasion in 1941, were later seized by Soviet forces, who in turn used them to arm the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War in the 1960s.


title: Vz. 24

text: After World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was dismantled; one of the new states to emerge from the ruins of the Habsburg Monarchy was Czechoslovakia. The new state received control of the Skoda factory in Brno, which was renamed the Brno Arms Works in November 1918. The following year, the factory began producing the first short rifles based on the German Gewehr 98 design, the "Mauser Jelená". At least 150 of the rifles were chambered in 7mm Mauser, with at least as many also chambered in 7.92×57mm Mauser. The original Gewehr 98 rifle featured a barrel that was long, which proved to be too long and cumbersome in the trench fighting of World War I. Nevertheless, Brno developed the long vz. 98/22 in 1922 from the basic Gewehr 98 design, with a long barrel, along with a vz. 98/22 Short Rifle variant, though it did not see significant production.


title: Vz. 24

text: Starting in 1923, Brno decided to develop a rifle based on the German "Karabiner" 98AZ, a shortened version of the Gewehr 98 with a barrel. This resulted in the vz. 23, a rifle with a long barrel that was initially produced with parts cannibalized from other rifles. The design was further refined into the vz. 23A, which consisted of newly manufactured components. Further refinements produced the vz. 24, which entered production in 1924. That year, Brno Arms Works, which had been controlled by the Czechoslovak government, was privatized to encourage export sales.


title: Vz. 24

text: The vz.24 became the primary rifle of the Czechoslovak Army before World War II. It resembled the German Karabiner 98k, which it predated by more than a decade. Unlike the K98k, the vz. 24 has a longer top handguard, and it retains a straight bolt handle. Between 1924 and 1938, Czechoslovakia manufactured more than 775,600 rifles, with the first rifles entering service in 1926. The final order was placed in July 1938, as tensions escalated with Nazi Germany over the Sudeten Germans. Following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, production continued for the Slovak Republic (a Nazi client state). The exact number of rifles manufactured between 1938 and 1939 is unknown, but may be less than 10,000, based on serial numbers of surviving rifles.


title: Vz. 24

text: The vz. 24 was a bolt-action design based on the Mauser action, featuring a straight bolt handle. The rifle's barrel, which was long, featured 4-groove rifling with a right-hand twist. Overall, the rifle was long, and it weighed . The primary chambering was for 7.92×57mm Mauser, but export variants were also chambered for 7×57mm Mauser and 7.65×53mm Argentine. Ammunition was stored in a five-round, fixed, internal magazine that fit flush with the bottom of the stock, which was fed with stripper clips. The rifles were fitted with tangent rear sights that were graduated in increments, up to a maximum range of . The front sight blade was fitted with a protector to prevent it from being damaged.


title: Vz. 24

text: The rifle's stock featured a semi-pistol grip and an upper hand guard that extended from the forward receiver ring to the forward barrel band. Sling swivels were placed on the bottom rear of the butt and the left side of the grip and on the rear barrel band. Grasping grooves were placed just forward of the recoil lug to aid in handling the rifle. A cleaning rod was stored in the stock under the barrel.


title: Vz. 24

text: Many South American countries purchased the vz. 24 rifle in various calibers. Between 1928 and 1938, the Bolivian Army purchased 101,000 vz. 24 rifles, which were chambered in 7.65×53mm Argentine. These rifles were used against Paraguay during the Chaco War in the 1930s, and many of them were captured by the Paraguayan Army, which in turn used them against Bolivia. Colombia ordered 10,000 rifles between 1929 and 1937 and Venezuela purchased an unknown number of rifles in 1930; both countries' rifles were chambered in 7 mm. In 1932, Brazilian revolutionaries ordered 15,000 rifles, which were built with bent bolt handles. Peru ordered 5,000 rifles chambered in 7 mm in 1934, and Ecuador purchased 30,000 rifles in 7.92 mm in 1936. Guatemala and El Salvador ordered 4,000 and 300 7.92 mm rifles in 1937, respectively, and Nicaragua purchased 1,000 7 mm rifles that year. Also in 1937, Uruguay ordered 6,000 rifles in 7 mm, of which 2,000 were vz. 32/Modelo 1932 variants, which were essentially lightened vz. 24s.


title: Vz. 24

text: Several European countries also acquired the rifle, all in the 7.92 mm caliber. The Lithuanian Army acquired the vz. 24 in the 1930s, and many of these rifles were captured by German forces during Operation Barbarossa before falling into the hands of the Soviet Army later in the war. Some of these rifles were then sent to Vietnam to arm the Viet Cong, and some were captured a third time by American forces during the Vietnam War. Yugoslavia purchased 40,000 rifles in 1926, all of which came from Czechoslovak Army stockpiles, and a further 10,000+ between 1928 and 1930. These rifles saw action during World War II during the German invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, as well as during the Partisans' insurgency against the German occupation. In 1935, Latvia traded surplus No. 1 Mk. III Lee–Enfield rifles for 15,000 vz. 24s; Brno Arms Works in turn sold the Lee–Enfields to Iraq. During World War II, Latvian resistance fighters employed the vz. 24s that had been ordered by the Latvian Army against the German occupation forces.


title: Vz. 24

text: The vz. 24 also saw action in the Spanish Civil War by the Catalan Republican troops. About 40,000 vz. 24s were bought by the Soviet Union from Czechoslovakia to be sent to the Spanish Civil War. The vz. 24s were shipped from Murmansk on 1 March 1938, along with other material (T-26 tanks and 76 mm French field artillery). The French freighter , which carried all the material, managed to get the weapons to Bordeaux from where they were sent by land across the border to Catalonia. Despite arriving late in the war, the vz. 24 was used in Catalonia and the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula and saw action in the Battle of the Ebro, where the vz. 24 showed good results despite the Francoist-Nationalist victory. After the defeat of the Second Spanish Republic, Generalissimo Francisco Franco kept the rifles that survived the battle until 1959, when they were sold to Interarms.


title: Vz. 24

text: Starting in 1927, the Chinese Nationalist government began ordering rifles, and by 1937 had purchased 195,000 vz. 24s. They saw action during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the late 1930s and many of these rifles were captured by Japanese forces. They were then used to arm five infantry divisions stationed in China as well as the Collaborationist Chinese Army. After the war, Japan surrendered the rifles to China, which were then issued to Nationalist forces for use during the Chinese Civil War. China manufactured a copy of the vz. 24 that featured a shorter barrel and a side folding bayonet. Some of these rifles were captured by the People's Liberation Army and used in Korea. Japan also ordered 40,000 rifles for the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1938.


title: Vz. 24

text: After World War II, rifles from Czechoslovakia were sent to Iraq. In 1967, the secessionist state of Biafra ordered various weapons from Czechoslovakia, including 1,860 vz. 24 rifles.


title: Vz. 24

text: After the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1938, the Germans took existing stocks of the vz.24 into service under the designation Gewehr 24(t) ('t' being the national origin designator "tschechoslowakisch", the German word for "Czechoslovak"; such national origin designators were German practice for all foreign weapons taken into service). The G24(t) rifles manufactured after the German occupation were completed to a modified design to adhere to German standards. This included changes to the butt stock, with slots cut to fit German slings and the installation of the disc and hollow rod assembly that allowed soldiers to disassemble their bolts. Brno continued production of the rifle, which progressively gained some K98k features as stocks of pre-war components were used up. The original flat butt plate was replaced with the cupped butt plate of the K98k type, and the walnut stocks were replaced with easier to produce laminate versions.


title: Vz. 24

text: In 1942, the production line at the Považská Bystrica plant was converted entirely to building K98k rifles and the main plant in Brno was similarly converted the following year. Over the course of 1941 and 1942, a total between 255,000 and 330,000 G24(t) rifles were built before production switched over to the K98ks. The G24(t) rifles did not receive the old Czechoslovak stampings, and instead only bore standard army proof marks and "Waffenamt" inspection codes.


title: Vz. 24

text: In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Romanian Army decided to adopt the vz. 24 rifle as its standard infantry rifle, though it had not acquired enough weapons to fully arm its troops by the time the country entered World War II in 1941. The first orders for the vz. 24 rifles were placed in 1938 after the German invasion. Romanian-contract vz. 24s have a two-letter prefix at the start of the serial number, the first letter being variable and the second "R" to designate Romania. Each initial letter denotes manufacturing blocks of 25,000 rifles. Romanian vz. 24s "AR", "BR", "CR" through "YR" represent different periods of manufacturing, though several blocks have not been reported, including "IR", "JR", "KR", "MR", "NR", "QR", "VR", and "ZR". Over the course of the contract, the Czechs manufactured between 400,000 and 750,000 Romanian vz. 24s. The first two years of production included royal crests for the King of Romania, though rifles built from 1940 onward do not feature crests, and many of the surviving early rifles have had their crests ground off. By mid-1943, 445,640 rifles had been received by the Romanian Army.


title: Vz. 24

text: Romania was part of the Axis for much of World War II, from 1941 to 1944. Romanian vz. 24s saw action in Ukraine, Bessarabia, and in particularly heavy fighting during the Battle of Stalingrad. It was not until 1944, after significant defeats at the hands of the Soviet Red Army, that Romania joined the Allies.


title: Vz. 24

text: In 1929, Iran ordered 30,000 vz. 24 rifles chambered in 7.92 mm, all of which came from Czechoslovak Army stocks. A further order for 240,000 rifles was placed in 1930, though these were for the vz.98/29 variant with a longer barrel; another order for 30,000 vz. 98/29 "musketon" rifles was placed at the same time. Like several other countries' orders, the initial contract for the 30,000 vz. 24s came from Czechoslovak Army stocks, while the later orders for the vz. 98/29 variants were new production guns. The total order was not completed before Czechoslovakia was conquered by Germany. The "musketon" rifles were designated as the Model 30 carbine, and in the late 1940s, Czechoslovakia assisted the Iranians with setting up a factory to manufacture their own license-built copies, the Model 49 carbine.


title: Vz. 24

text: The rifles, which were referred to as "Brnos" or "Bernos", after their city of manufacture, proved to be prized by Iran's various tribal groups, which frequently rebelled against the government of the Shah. After Reza Shah was deposed in 1941 by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, significant numbers of the rifles fell into the hands of tribal rebels, and they were used in tribal conflicts throughout the 1950s. During the Anglo-Soviet occupation, the Soviets seized and distributed 10,000 of the Brnos to Kurdish tribes in western Iran, which they also helped to train. The Kurdish force proved to be the basis of the Peshmerga.


title: Cetaphil

text: Cetaphil or is a line of skin care products from the Swiss company Galderma, including cleansers, bar soap, cream, lotion, and moisturizers. It was developed in 1947, in Texas, by an American pharmacist. Cetaphil products are available worldwide in more than 70 countries, commonly sold at grocery stores and pharmacies throughout the United States, Canada and India. They are also available in pharmacies in


title: Cetaphil

text: Australia, Hong Kong, South Korea, Indonesia, the Philippines, South Africa, Singapore, some European, Latin American and Caribbean countries.


title: Cetaphil

text: The brand makes products for people with sensitive, dry and/or acne-prone skin as an alternative to harsher types of soap. The website claims all Cetaphil products work without creating five challenges: irritation, roughness, weakened skin barrier, tightness and dryness.


title: Cetaphil

text: Cetaphil is highly used and known for its line of scent-free lotion and moisturizers. It is oil-free and historically has been known to be safe for most types of skin because of its simplicity and non-harsh chemical build up, even though the use of parabens remains controversial. New ingredients were added in 2021, however, and there may therefore be less evidence base regarding the "harshness" of these ingredients for those with the most sensitive skin.


title: Cetaphil

text: Prior to a change in formulation, Cetaphil cleanser ingredients were: water, cetyl alcohol, propylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate, stearyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben. However, in 2021 Cetaphil changed its formula, adding several new ingredients including niacinimide, panthenol, and glycerin.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: <section begin=summary/>A stretched version of the Citation S/II, a Model 560 prototype flew in August 1987, it was certified on December 9, 1988, and delivered from April 1989; 774 were delivered until 2011.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The upgraded Citation Ultra was announced in September 1993, the Citation Encore upgraded with PW535 turbofans was announced in 1998, before the improved Encore+. Its US military designation is UC-35 as an executive transport and OT-47B as a drug interdiction reconnaissance aircraft.<section end=summary/>


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The Citation V (Model 560) is a development of the Citation S/II, retaining the supercritical airfoil and swept wing roots of that aircraft, but with a fuselage stretch and recontoured interior for increased passenger space. The passenger cabin is long, wide and high with a dropped aisle, has seven windows on each side and accommodates a four-seat club plus three chairs and a closed, belted lavatory. Maximum seating capacity is eleven, consisting of two pilots, eight passengers in the cabin, and one additional passenger or crew member in the belted lavatory. The engines were changed to more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D-5A turbofans with of thrust, an overall increase of over the S/II that increased cruise speed to and service ceiling to , although maximum range decreased from to due to slightly increased fuel consumption. Cessna also replaced the fluid deicing system of the S/II with improved pneumatic deicing boots for decreased weight and easier maintenance, and the horizontal stabilizer span was increased slightly to compensate for the increased engine thrust. The Citation V was also the first Citation with an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) offered as standard equipment, albeit only on the captain's side.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: A preproduction prototype flew in early 1986 and the first engineering prototype made its maiden flight in August 1987. The Citation V was announced at the NBAA convention later that year, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification was granted on December 9, 1988 and 262 were delivered between April 1989 and mid 1994. The Citation V was the best-selling business jet on the market during its production run.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The Citation V was followed in 1994 by the Citation Ultra with slightly more thrust, the Citation Encore in 2001 then the Citation Encore+ in 2007 through early 2010.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The upgraded Citation V Ultra was announced in September 1993 and FAA certification was granted in June 1994. It features extensively redesigned JT15D-5D engines with new compressors, high-pressure turbines, and a one-piece solid machined fan disks, increasing thrust to while reducing fuel consumption and weight; consequently, the Ultra was the first straight winged Citation with sufficient performance to exceed its critical Mach number in level flight. The captain's side EFIS of the Citation V was upgraded to a full Honeywell Primus 1000 glass cockpit for both pilots. Deliveries amounted to 279.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The Ultra was named "Flying" magazine's "Best Business Jet" of 1994 and it was produced until 1999. Both the Citation V and Ultra hold 5814 pounds of fuel.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The Citation Ultra Encore was announced at the 1998 NBAA convention, upgraded with new PW535 engines, plus trailing link main undercarriage, more fuel capacity, updated interior and improved systems. Its maximum cruise altitude is FL 450. Deliveries amounted to 168. The Encore was certified in April 2000 with first delivery in late September 2000.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The upgraded Citation Encore+ was offered from 2007 through early 2010. Deliveries amounted to 65. It was certified by the FAA in December 2006.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The Encore+ adds FADEC and Rockwell Collins Pro Line 21 avionics with a center MFD and both side PFDs.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: It can take off in in ISA conditions, has good hot-and-high performance and climbs directly to FL 450 in 27 min.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: Fuel burn is for the first hour then , it costs $1,800–1,900 per hour overall with December 2018 fuel prices and $325,000 for fixed expenses.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: Light checkups are due every 150 h, basic maintenance at 300 h or 24 months, comprehensive inspections at 1,200 h or 36 months, engine hot section inspections at 2,500 h with 5,000 h overhauls and simple inspections at 10,000 and 12,000 h and at 10,000 and 15,000 landings.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: An Encore+ is valued at $3.4–3.8 million in December 2018 and it benefits from Textron Aviation's support.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The CJ3 has better fuel efficiency and runway performance but a shorter cabin, the Learjet 45XR cruises faster and hauls more but needs longer runways and burns more fuel, while the CJ4 has better payload/range but is more expensive.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The later Model 560 variants are the fastest and farthest flying jets with the type certificate of the original Citation 500.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: Softer landing trailing link main landing gear reduced fuel tank capacity to 5,440 pounds, 360 pounds less than the Ultra's, but it has more range. The wheel track was narrowed 3.7 feet for better ground tracking and easier crosswind landing.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The wing leading edge is de-iced by Bleed air. Boundary layer energizers and a stall fence improve stall characteristics. Pressurization is digitally controlled and brake modulation is improved. Redesigned interior fittings and passenger seats provide more seated headroom. Passenger service units provide more even airflow and temperature control.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: MTOW increases by 330 pounds to 16,630 pounds, to carry five passengers with full fuel, lengthening takeoff from the 3,180 feet needed by the Ultra. The improved PW535 high altitude thrust allow the Encore to climb faster and cruise higher.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The UC-35A is the United States Army designation and UC-35C is the United States Marine Corps designation for the Citation Ultra, which replaced older versions of the C-12 Huron.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: Another version of the Model 560 is the OT-47B Tracker, five of which were purchased by the Department of Defense for use in drug interdiction reconnaissance operations, based at Maxwell Air Force Base. The OT-47B utilizes AN/APG-66 fire control radar and the WF-360TL imaging system. The OT-47Bs have been operated on loan to the Colombian Air Force and Peruvian Navy.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The UC-35B is the Army designation and UC-35D is the Marine Corps designation for the Citation Encore.


title: Cessna Citation V

text: The aircraft is operated by private individuals, companies, fractionals, charter operators and aircraft management companies.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha Jun-hwan (Hangul: 차준환; born October 21, 2001) is a South Korean figure skater who competes in the men's singles discipline. He is the 2022 Four Continents champion, the 2018–2019 Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, the 2016–17 Junior Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, and a six-time South Korean national champion (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022). He has won five bronze medals on the ISU Grand Prix series and four medals on the ISU Challenger Series (including gold at the 2022 CS Finlandia Trophy). He represented South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2022 Winter Olympics.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha was born on October 21, 2001, in Seoul. He has worked as a child actor, model, and ballet dancer. He has a brother who is four years older than him.Cha appeared on music variety television show King of Mask Singer in June 2020.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha began skating at the age of seven, during a school excursion. His first coach was Shin Hea-sook. His skating idols were Evgeni Plushenko and Daisuke Takahashi.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha placed fourth as a junior skater at the 2011 South Korean Championships. In 2012, he won the junior level at the South Korean Championships. In the 2012–13 season, he took the novice gold medal at the Asian Trophy and repeated as the junior champion at the South Korean Championships. At the 2014 Korean Championships, he placed fifth at the senior level. This was his first senior experience at national championships.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: During the 2014–15 season, Cha won the novice gold medal at the Merano Cup and the senior bronze medal at the South Korean Championships. In March 2015, he began training in Toronto under Brian Orser to improve his jumps, including the triple Axel and quads.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Making his junior international debut, Cha won gold at the 2015 Skate Canada Autumn Classic by over 30 points. Competing with an ear infection at the 2016 South Korean Championships, he repeated as the senior national bronze medalist. In February, he represented South Korea at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, placing fourth in the short program, fifth in the free skating, and fifth overall. In March, Cha competed in Debrecen, Hungary at the 2016 World Junior Championships, placing seventh in the short program, sixth in the free skating, and seventh overall.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: In the 2016–17 season, Cha made his Junior Grand Prix debut at the JGP Japan. He performed a clean short program except for his flying camel spin, which got a level 2. He received 79.34 points, which put him in second place. In the free program, he skated cleanly except for an under-rotation on his triple Salchow. He was the last skater in the free skate, placing first by scoring another personal best of 160.13 points, and set a new world record of 239.47 points for junior men's combined total score. He won a second gold medal at the 2016 JGP Germany, which qualified him for the 2016–17 Junior Grand Prix Final, where he won the bronze medal.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha won his first national title in January 2017, at the South Korean Championships. He finished fifth at the 2017 World Junior Championships.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha had to overcome injuries and boot problems to win his second national title in January 2018, at the South Korean Championships. Having accumulated the highest point total across the three qualifying events, Cha was selected to represent South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang, South Korea, where he placed fifteenth as the youngest competitor in the men's event.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha began his season by winning the silver medal at the 2018 Autumn Classic, after placing second in the short program with 90.56 points and first in the free skate with 169.22, ahead of training mate Yuzuru Hanyu. He won the silver medal at the 2018 Finlandia Trophy with a total score of 239.19 points, behind Mikhail Kolyada.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: At his first Grand Prix assignment, the 2018 Skate Canada, he placed third in the short program and third in the free skate to win the bronze medal overall, landing two clean quadruple salchows across both segments of the competition. With this finish, Cha became the second-ever South Korean figure skater to win a Grand Prix medal, after Yuna Kim, and the first-ever South Korean man to make the podium at a Grand Prix. Cha then won a second bronze medal at 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki with a total of 243.19 points, making him the first-ever South Korean man to win two medals on the Grand Prix series. These two bronze medals gave him 22 qualification points, enough for him to qualify for the 2018 Grand Prix Final, making him the first South Korean man to do so and the first from his country since Kim.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha concluded the Grand Prix series at the final, placing fourth in the short program and third in the free skate, with a season's best of 174.42 in the free skate and 263.49 for his total score. This put him on the podium in third place, earning him the bronze medal. He is the first South Korean man to win a Grand Prix Final medal, and the second-ever South Korean skater to do so since Kim.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: After winning this third consecutive South Korean national title, Cha competed at the 2019 Four Continents Championships. He placed second in the short program, winning a small silver medal. He struggled in the free skate, where six of his jumps were called underrotated. He placed eighth in the free skate, and dropped to sixth place overall.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: He concluded his season at the 2019 World Figure Skating Championships. He placed eighteenth in both the short program and free skate to finish nineteenth overall.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Beginning the season at the 2019 CS Autumn Classic International, Cha attempted the quad flip in competition for the first time. Cha was fourth overall in the competition after a number of jumps were called underrotated. At his first Grand Prix assignment, 2019 Skate America, Cha doubled his planned quad in the short program placing seventh. Multiple falls in the free skate dropped him to eighth overall. Cha was sixth at the 2019 Cup of China.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: After winning another Korean national title, Cha competed at the 2020 Four Continents Championships, held in Seoul. He earned a season's best in the short program despite underrotating his triple Axel attempt. In the free skate, four of his jumps were called underrotated, which was sufficient to keep him off the podium at the event. Cha was assigned to represent South Korea at 2020 World Championships but the competition was cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: The pandemic prompted long-term changes to Cha's training situation, as he was no longer able to reside in Canada, where he had trained since 2015. Cha was assigned to compete at the 2020 Skate Canada International, but the event was also cancelled as a result of the pandemic.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha's first event of the season was the 2021 South Korean Championships, where he won his fifth consecutive title. He was assigned to Korea's lone men's berth at the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm. Cha placed eighth in the short program. Errors in the free skate had him place thirteenth in that segment, but he held tenth overall. Cha's result qualified one berth for Korea at the 2022 Winter Olympics, with the possibility of a second to be earned later.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha's first competition of the season was the Olympic test event, the 2021 Asian Open in Beijing, where he placed sixth. His first Grand Prix assignment was initially the 2021 Cup of China, but following its cancellation he was reassigned to the 2021 Gran Premio d'Italia in Turin. Third in the short program, he dropped to fifth overall after a sixth-place free skate. At this second Grand Prix, 2021 NHK Trophy, he was third in the short program and fifth in the free skate. However, despite his fifth-place free he remained in third overall, taking the bronze medal. Cha pronounced himself "happy but also disappointed because I had a lot of mistakes, I really fought through."


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: After winning his sixth South Korean national title, Cha was named to the South Korean Olympic team. First sent to compete at the 2022 Four Continents Championships in Tallinn, Cha placed first in both segments to take the gold medal, becoming the first South Korean man to win a medal at Four Continents. He said afterward that "when coming here, I was not thinking about medals or winning this competition, just training and just doing what I trained before. It was pretty tough to solve all the elements during my practice sessions, but finally I got the medal and I'm very satisfied with this."


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Competing at the 2022 Winter Olympics in the men's event, Cha skated a clean short program to place fourth in that segment with a new personal best of 99.51. He admitted to nervousness beforehand due to concerns about results, but said that "despite my nervousness, I, trusting my own competence, managed to finish this program as I did in my training." Cha opened his free skate with a hard fall on quad toe loop, but recovered to execute the rest of the program, placing seventh in that segment and finishing fifth overall.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha concluded his season at the 2022 World Championships, in a men's field considerably more open than usual due to the absences of Nathan Chen and Yuzuru Hanyu and the International Skating Union banning all Russian athletes due to their country's invasion of Ukraine. He placed seventeenth in the short program, but subsequently withdrew before the free skate due to boot problems.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Following the end of the Beijing Olympic cycle, Cha said that he wanted to break away from his habit of using "rather classical music" and instead "I wanted to show a different side of my character and reinvent myself on the ice. I wanted something modern, with vocals." He and choreographer Shae-Lynn Bourne chose the music of Michael Jackson for the short program, while the free skate used the soundtrack of the James Bond film "No Time to Die", which he cited as one of his favourites. Cha opted to begin the season with back-to-back events on the Challenger series, citing a desire for "motivation for myself to improve as quickly as possible." He won silver at the 2022 CS Nepela Memorial, and then gold at the 2022 CS Finlandia Trophy on the following weekend.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: Cha's first Grand Prix assignment of the year was the 2022 Skate America, where he won the bronze medal. He said the result was "not perfect and it was not what I wanted, but I tried hard and I'm quite satisfied." At this second event, the 2022 NHK Trophy, he finished sixth in the short program after two jumping errors. He rallied in the free skate, finishing second in that segment and rising to third overall, for his second bronze medal of the series. He expressed pleasure at the result after disappointment on the previous day.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: "Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only". "Personal best highlighted in" bold.


title: Cha Jun-hwan

text: "Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only. Previous ISU world bests highlighted in" bold.


title: President of Turkmenistan

text: The president of Turkmenistan (), officially the president and chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan, is the head of state and head of government of Turkmenistan. The president is also the supreme commander in chief of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan and heads the State Security Council.


title: President of Turkmenistan

text: Serdar Berdimuhamedow is the current president of Turkmenistan, the third in the history of the country since it gained independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. He succeeded his father, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow when the latter stepped down in 2022 after a reign of 15 years, the first president to do so. In the 2022 election, Berdimuhamedow received 72.97% of the country's popular vote against nine other candidates. The country passed reforms in 2016 eliminating term limits for the presidency and removing the previous age requirement of below 70, as well as extending the term from five to seven years.


title: President of Turkmenistan

text: The powers of the president of Turkmenistan may be terminated in accordance with article 57 of the Turkmen constitution in the event of:


title: President of Turkmenistan

text: Should the president be removed from office as well as the in event of death or resignation, the chairman of the Assembly is legally appointed as acting president, with elections being held no later than 60 days after the fact. This has never taken place; in 2006, when Turkmenistan's only presidential vacancy occurred due to Niyazov's death in office, the State Security Council of Turkmenistan transferred the right to act as President to the first deputy chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers on an ad-hoc basis. The requirement that an acting president does not have the right to run for president was also dropped.


title: President of Turkmenistan

text: The Oguzkhan Presidential Palace is the principal residence/workplace of the president, located on Independence Square in Ashgabat. The various halls of the palace are used to receive foreign leaders and sign presidential decrees. Former President Saparmurat Niyazov owned a private residence in an official residence in Arshabil, a town 28 kilometres outside of Ashgabat.


title: President of Turkmenistan

text: The president of Turkmenistan utilizes a specially made Boeing 777-200LR, painted in the national colours, during international and regional visits. These planes are provided by Turkmenistan Airlines. The president employs a Mercedes-Benz S-Class vehicle to transport him throughout the capital city. On some occasions, the vehicle is escorted by a mounted troop from the armed forces. The president also utilizes trains to transport them from one place to another.


title: President of Turkmenistan

text: The "' Presidential Security Service" ("Prezidentiniň howpsuzlyk gullugy") is responsible for ensuring the protection and security of the president. Established in November 1990, it is a direct reporting body of the President of Turkmenistan. In the early 1990s, the Presidential Security Service was removed from the National Security Committee and transformed into an independent body. On 23 September 1994, the Law of Turkmenistan "On the operative-search activity" came into force, according to which one of the main tasks of the service is to ensure the security of the President of Turkmenistan. During state visits to foreign countries, the service provides at least 10 agents to protect the president. The Presidential Security Service is organized in the following way:


title: Samgyeopsal

text: Samgyeopsal (; ), samgyeopsal-gui ( ), or grilled pork belly is a type of "gui" (grilled dish) in Korean cuisine.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: Directly translated from Korean, "samgyeop-sal" () means "three layer flesh," referring to striations of lean meat and fat in the pork belly that appear as three layers when cut.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: It is the part of the abdomen under the loin from the 5th rib or 6th rib to the hind limb. In Korea, the word "samgyeop-sal," meaning "pork belly", often refers to "samgyeop-sal-gui" (grilled pork belly), in the same way that the word "galbi," meaning "ribs", often refers to "galbi-gui" (grilled beef ribs). "Gui" refers to roasted, baked, or grilled dishes.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: One can also find "ogyeopsal" (), with an "o" meaning "five" and "gyeop" meaning a layer. "Ogyeop-sal" includes the skin part of the pork belly, unlike "samgyeop-sal" where the skin is removed.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: The first mention of the meat dish was in a "Donga-ilbo" article published on November 3, 1984, titled "How to Distinguish Between Good and Bad Meat", where the dish is called "segyepsal (세겹살)" instead of samgyeopsal. The word samgyeopsal only became an entry for the Standard Korean Language Dictionary after 1994. The last mention of "segyeopsal" was in an article in 1974.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: Until the 1980s, the main type of meat the Koreans preferred was beef, but pork and chicken meat were encouraged at a national policy level as a good alternative as most of the cattle were used for agriculture and thus beef supplies were deficient. In response to government policies, Chaebols, especially Samsung, started to run pork farms. Samsung later shut down the farms due to backlash from farmers worried that Samsung was attempting real estate speculation.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: During the late 1980s to the 1990s, the dish became a popular menu along with Jokbal and sundae (a type of sausage, not the ice cream), as Samsung and Lotte entered the meat processing industry. The use of pork in traditional Korean cuisine such as Bossam or jeyuk-bokkeum focused on methods of hiding its smell with strong seasoning using spices such as ginger, garlic, and leek. After the smell problem was solved by scientific methods such as castration of pigs at the production level, the popularization of samgyeopsal became possible. In 1996, "daepae samgyeopsal", a samgyeopsal that is named because it is thinly cut like it was cut by a Plane (called "daepae" in Korean. A tool to cut wood), was invented. The Hoesik culture after the 1998 financial crisis also popularized the dish as part of the South Korean office cuisine. During the 2000s, beoljip samgyeopsal, which was named as such because the way the meat is cut resembled a beehive (beoljip in Korean) appeared. From 2005, the Jeju island culture of providing bigger portions of meat in (a traditional Korean unit that is equivalent to 600gs) instead of 100 grams, and the popularization of Jeju Black pig meat influenced the samgyeopsal culture.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: Thick, fatty slices of pork belly, sometimes with the skin left on and sometimes scored on the diagonal, are grilled on a slanted metal griddle or a gridiron at the diners' table, inset with charcoal grills or convex gas burners. Usually, diners grill the meat themselves, flipping and cutting them with tongs and scissors, and eat directly from the grill.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: The meat is usually neither marinated nor seasoned, although marinated samgyeopsal in flavors such as ginseng, wine, garlic, herbs, curry, doenjang, and gochujang has gained popularity since the late 2000s. Slices of garlic, onions, green chili peppers, mushrooms, and kimchi are often grilled alongside using the fat trickling from the pork belly.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: Common accompaniments for "samgyeopsal" include "ssam" vegetables such as lettuce, "kkaennip" (perilla leaves), "ssammu" (pickled radish paper) and dipping sauces such as "ssamjang" (made with seasoned mixture of chili paste and soy bean paste) and "gireum-jang" (made with sesame oil, salt, and black pepper), "jangajji" (soy sauce-pickled vegetables) such as "myeongi-jangajji" (pickled Siberian onion leaves) or "yangpa-jangajji" (pickled onions), kimchi, as well as sliced garlic, onions, and seasoned shredded scallions. Garlic, onions, and kimchi can be either grilled with the meat or consumed raw with the cooked meat. Mushrooms, such as button mushrooms or oyster mushrooms, are also grilled with the meat.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: Grilled meat is placed on fresh and/or pickled leaves of vegetables, with some "ssamjang", and rolled up to make "ssam" (wrap) which is eaten in one mouthful. Any combination of accompaniments mentioned above can be added to the roll according to preference, most popularly sliced garlic.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: Cooked rice, stews such as "kimchi-jjigae" and "doenjang-jjigae", as well as "naengmyeon" (cold noodles), can be served as meals. Sometimes, leftover meat is mixed with rice, "gim-garu" (seaweed flakes), and seasonings to make "bokkeum-bap" (fried rice) at the end.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: Samgyeopsal is often accompanied by, or accompanying (as "anju") shots of soju. "Somaek", a simple cocktail made by dumping a shot of soju into a glass of beer, is also a popular beverage consumed with "samgyeopasal".


title: Samgyeopsal

text: In South Korea, the third day of March is "Samgyeopsal Day", due to samgyeopsal's three-layered composition. According to a 2006 survey by National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, 85% of South Korean adults stated that their favourite slice of pork is the pork belly.


title: Samgyeopsal

text: There is a myth in South Korea that eating Samgyeopsal protects humans from air pollution by particulates (sometimes translated as fine dust 미세먼지 in Korean). This is thought to have originated from the practice of Korean miners eating pork after an intensive mining operation. Contrary to the myth, samgyeopsal can rather help the absorption of chemicals in the particulates that are soluble in oil.


title: XPO Logistics

text: XPO is an American transportation company that conducts less-than-truckload shipping. The company's headquarters are located in Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.


title: XPO Logistics

text: The company was initially called "Express-1 Expedited Solutions" before being renamed to "XPO Logistics" in September 2011. In June 2012, XPO listed its shares on the New York Stock Exchange.


title: XPO Logistics

text: In April 2015, XPO purchased European transport company Norbert Dentressangle at a cost of billion, including acquired debt.


title: XPO Logistics

text: In June 2016, XPO was included in the "Fortune 500" list of the largest U.S. corporations based on revenue.


title: XPO Logistics

text: In 2019, XPO was the first global logistics company to join the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Industrial Liaison Program, a partnership organization that pairs MIT resources with corporations worldwide to solve global business challenges.


title: XPO Logistics

text: The company spun off its logistics segment to a separate company named GXO Logistics in August 2021. This was followed by XPO Logistics spinning off its brokerage and other services segment to a separate company named "RXO Inc." in November 2022.


title: XPO Logistics

text: The company has conducted logistics operations for the Evian Golf Championship and the Paris Marathon. In 2019, XPO Logistics released a mobile game simulating freight operations for the Tour de France.


title: XPO Logistics

text: A 2018 article by The New York Times profiled experiences of several female employees working at a Memphis warehouse operated by XPO. The warehouse is described as windowless and, lacking air-conditioning, sometimes temperatures surpass . According to a police report and XPO employees, a worker died of cardiac arrest on the warehouse floor in 2017 and other workers were told to continue working. There have been several cases of miscarriage in pregnant works at the warehouse, which the article attributes to management's refusal to allow pregnant workers to avoid the most strenuous jobs. XPO spokesperson Erin Kurtz stated that the claims were unsubstantiated and filled with inaccuracies.


title: Languages of Japan

text: The most widely spoken language in Japan is Japanese, which is separated into several dialects with Tokyo dialect considered standard Japanese.


title: Languages of Japan

text: In addition to the Japanese language, Ryūkyūan languages are spoken in Okinawa and parts of Kagoshima in the Ryūkyū Islands. Along with Japanese, these languages are part of the Japonic language family, but they are separate languages, and are not mutually intelligible with Japanese, or with each other. All of the spoken Ryukyuan languages are classified by UNESCO as endangered.


title: Languages of Japan

text: In Hokkaidō, there is the Ainu language, which is spoken by the Ainu people, who are the indigenous people of the island. The Ainu languages, of which Hokkaidō Ainu is the only extant variety, are isolated and do not fall under any language family. Ever since the Meiji period, Japanese has become widely used among the Ainu people and consequently Ainu languages have been classified critically endangered by UNESCO.


title: Languages of Japan

text: In addition, languages such as Orok, Evenki and Nivkh spoken in formerly Japanese controlled southern Sakhalin are becoming more and more endangered. After the Soviet Union took control of the region, speakers of these languages and their descendants migrated to mainland Japan and still exist in small numbers.


title: Languages of Japan

text: Not until shortly after the turn of the second century did indications of language appear in Chinese texts. Chinese characters were adopted and records of spoken language were made in Japan. Hiragana and Katakana characters were incorporated as a relatively accurate way to represent the sounds of Chinese characters.


title: Languages of Japan

text: Chinese characters were first introduced to Ryūkyūan languages shortly into the 13th-century. Details concerning the language before then are not well known. 14th-century records indicate that gifts from Ryūkyū Islands to China used Hiragana, which indicates that these languages were tied to Mainland Japanese at the time.


title: Languages of Japan

text: History records that people in Hokkaidō, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands spoke Ainu languages, but there are also places in and around Tōhoku whose names derive from Ainu languages. According to 16th-century records, Ainu languages had no written form. Only from the 19th-century did the Ainu languages begin to use Katakana.


title: Languages of Japan

text: Record show that the Orok language was spoken during the latter part of the Edo period in Hokkaidō, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands; however, there are only a few speakers still in existence.


title: Languages of Japan

text: Like Orok, the Nivkh language was spoken in Sakhalin and later in Hokkaidō, and the Kuril Islands. It is unknown whether speakers of Nivkh still remain in Japan.


title: Languages of Japan

text: Since the Middle Ages, owing to visits from Europeans, Japanese has adopted a number of foreign words.


title: Languages of Japan

text: Post-1543 Portuguese was the initial contact language with Europeans, but this was later replaced by Dutch after the Japanese removed Portuguese people from the country. The Japanese government conducted negotiations with Western authorities in Dutch until around 1870. Since then English became the primary language of interaction with Western countries.


title: Languages of Japan

text: The oral languages spoken by the native peoples of the insular country of Japan at present and during recorded history belong to either of two primary phyla of human language:


title: Languages of Japan

text: In addition to these two indigenous language families, there is Japanese Sign Language, as well as significant minorities of ethnic Koreans and Chinese, who make up respectively about 0.5% and 0.4% of the country's population and many of whom continue to speak their ethnic language in private (see Zainichi Korean). There is also a notable history of use of "Kanbun" (Classical Chinese) as a language of literature and diplomacy in Japan, similar to the status of the Latin language in medieval Europe, which has left an indelible mark on the vocabulary of the Japanese language. "Kanbun" is a mandatory subject in the curricula of most Japanese secondary schools.


title: Menger sponge

text: In mathematics, the Menger sponge (also known as the Menger cube, Menger universal curve, Sierpinski cube, or Sierpinski sponge) is a fractal curve. It is a three-dimensional generalization of the one-dimensional Cantor set and two-dimensional Sierpinski carpet. It was first described by Karl Menger in 1926, in his studies of the concept of topological dimension.


title: Menger sponge

text: The second iteration gives a level-2 sponge, the third iteration gives a level-3 sponge, and so on. The Menger sponge itself is the limit of this process after an infinite number of iterations.


title: Menger sponge

text: The formula_1th stage of the Menger sponge, formula_2, is made up of formula_3 smaller cubes, each with a side length of (1/3). The total volume of formula_2 is thus formula_5. The total surface area of formula_2 is given by the expression formula_7. Therefore the construction's volume approaches zero while its surface area increases without bound. Yet any chosen surface in the construction will be thoroughly punctured as the construction continues so that the limit is neither a solid nor a surface; it has a topological dimension of 1 and is accordingly identified as a curve.


title: Menger sponge

text: Each face of the construction becomes a Sierpinski carpet, and the intersection of the sponge with any diagonal of the cube or any midline of the faces is a Cantor set. The cross-section of the sponge through its centroid and perpendicular to a space diagonal is a regular hexagon punctured with hexagrams arranged in six-fold symmetry. The number of these hexagrams, in descending size, is given by formula_8, with formula_9.


title: Menger sponge

text: The sponge's Hausdorff dimension is ≅ 2.727. The Lebesgue covering dimension of the Menger sponge is one, the same as any curve. Menger showed, in the 1926 construction, that the sponge is a "universal curve", in that every curve is homeomorphic to a subset of the Menger sponge, where a "curve" means any compact metric space of Lebesgue covering dimension one; this includes trees and graphs with an arbitrary countable number of edges, vertices and closed loops, connected in arbitrary ways. Similarly, the Sierpinski carpet is a universal curve for all curves that can be drawn on the two-dimensional plane. The Menger sponge constructed in three dimensions extends this idea to graphs that are not planar and might be embedded in any number of dimensions.


title: Menger sponge

text: The Menger sponge is a closed set; since it is also bounded, the Heine– Borel theorem implies that it is compact. It has Lebesgue measure 0. Because it contains continuous paths, it is an uncountable set.


title: Menger sponge

text: Experiments also showed that cubes with a Menger sponge structure could dissipate shocks five times better for the same material than cubes without any pores.


title: Menger sponge

text: MegaMenger was a project aiming to build the largest fractal model, pioneered by Matt Parker of Queen Mary University of London and Laura Taalman of James Madison University. Each small cube is made from six interlocking folded business cards, giving a total of 960 000 for a level-four sponge. The outer surfaces are then covered with paper or cardboard panels printed with a Sierpinski carpet design to be more aesthetically pleasing. In 2014, twenty level-three Menger sponges were constructed, which combined would form a distributed level-four Menger sponge.


title: Menger sponge

text: A "Jerusalem cube" is a fractal object described by Eric Baird in 2011. It is created by recursively drilling Greek cross-shaped holes into a cube. The construction is similar to the Menger sponge but with two different-sized cubes. The name comes from the face of the cube resembling a Jerusalem cross pattern.


title: Menger sponge

text: Since the edge length of a cube of rank N is equal to that of 2 cubes of rank N+1 and a cube of rank N+2, it follows that the scaling factor must satisfy formula_13, therefore formula_14 which means the fractal cannot be constructed on a rational grid.


title: Menger sponge

text: Since a cube of rank N gets subdivided into 8 cubes of rank N+1 and 12 of rank N+2, the Hausdorff dimension must therefore satisfy formula_15. The exact solution is


title: Menger sponge

text: As with the Menger sponge, the faces of a Jerusalem cube are fractals with the same scaling factor. In this case, the Hausdorff dimension must satisfy formula_17. The exact solution is


title: Watchhouse

text: Watchhouse (formerly Mandolin Orange) is an Americana/folk duo based in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The group was formed in 2009 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina and consists of songwriter Andrew Marlin (vocals, mandolin, guitar, banjo) and Emily Frantz (vocals, violin, guitar), who are married to each other. Watchhouse has produced six albums of Marlin's original works of American roots music. In the last three years, the group has toured throughout the U.S and Europe, including appearances at Austin City Limits, South by Southwest, Edmonton Folk Music Festival, Telluride Bluegrass Festival, Newport Folk Festival, Pickathon, Hardly Strictly Bluegrass, Rooster Walk, and MerleFest and the Omagh Bluegrass Festival. Watchhouse was the featured artist on "CBS This Morning" 's Saturday Morning Sessions on December 7, 2019.


title: Watchhouse

text: They signed to Yep Roc Records in 2013 and have produced four albums under their umbrella, "This Side of Jordan," "Such Jubilee", "Blindfaller" and "Tides of a Teardrop".


title: Watchhouse

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Marlin recorded two instrumental albums without Frantz, "Witching Hour" and "Fable & Fire". In April 2021, the band announced that moving forward, they would change the group's name from Mandolin Orange to Watchhouse. Of the change, Marlin said ""Mandolin Orange" was born out of my 21-year-old mind. The name isn't what I strive for when I write" and that "Watchhouse" is a name that reflects their "true intentions" as a band.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The Bradford protein assay was developed by Marion M. Bradford in 1976. It is a quick and accurate spectroscopic analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution. The reaction is dependent on the amino acid composition of the measured proteins.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The Bradford assay, a colorimetric protein assay, is based on an absorbance shift of the dye Coomassie brilliant blue G-250. The Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye exists in three forms: anionic (blue), neutral (green), and cationic (red). Under acidic conditions, the red form of the dye is converted into its blue form, binding to the protein being assayed. If there's no protein to bind, then the solution will remain brown. The dye forms a strong, noncovalent complex with the protein's carboxyl group by van der Waals force and amino group through electrostatic interactions. During the formation of this complex, the red form of Coomassie dye first donates its free electron to the ionizable groups on the protein, which causes a disruption of the protein's native state, consequently exposing its hydrophobic pockets. These pockets in the protein's tertiary structure bind non-covalently to the non-polar region of the dye via the first bond interaction (van der Waals forces) which position the positive amine groups in proximity with the negative charge of the dye. The bond is further strengthened by the second bond interaction between the two, the ionic interaction. When the dye binds to the protein, it causes a shift from 465 nm to 595 nm, which is why the absorbance readings are taken at 595 nm.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The cationic (unbound) form is green / red and has an absorption spectrum maximum historically held to be at 465 nm. The anionic bound form of the dye which is held together by hydrophobic and ionic interactions, has an absorption spectrum maximum historically held to be at 595 nm. The increase of absorbance at 595 nm is proportional to the amount of bound dye, and thus to the amount (concentration) of protein present in the sample.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: Unlike other protein assays, the Bradford protein assay is less susceptible to interference by various chemical compounds such as sodium, potassium or even carbohydrates like sucrose, that may be present in protein samples. An exception of note is elevated concentrations of detergent. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a common detergent, may be found in protein extracts because it is used to lyse cells by disrupting the membrane lipid bilayer and to denature proteins for SDS-PAGE. While other detergents interfere with the assay at high concentration, the interference caused by SDS is of two different modes, and each occurs at a different concentration. When SDS concentrations are below critical micelle concentration (known as CMC, 0.00333%W/V to 0.0667%) in a Coomassie dye solution, the detergent tends to bind strongly with the protein, inhibiting the protein binding sites for the dye reagent. This can cause underestimations of protein concentration in solution. When SDS concentrations are above CMC, the detergent associates strongly with the green form of the Coomassie dye, causing the equilibrium to shift, thereby producing more of the blue form. This causes an increase in the absorbance at 595 nm independent of protein presence.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: Other interference may come from the buffer used when preparing the protein sample. A high concentration of buffer will cause an overestimated protein concentration due to depletion of free protons from the solution by conjugate base from the buffer. This will not be a problem if a low concentration of protein (subsequently the buffer) is used.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: In order to measure the absorbance of a colorless compound a Bradford assay must be performed. Some colorless compounds such as proteins can be quantified at an Optical Density of 280 nm due to the presence of aromatic rings such as Tryptophan, Tyrosine and Phenylalanine but if none of these amino acids are present then the absorption cannot be measured at 280 nm.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: Many protein-containing solutions have the highest absorption at 280 nm in the spectrophotometer, the UV range. This requires spectrophotometers capable of measuring in the UV range, which many cannot. Additionally, the absorption maxima at 280 nm requires that proteins contain aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine (Y), phenylalanine (F) and/or tryptophan (W). Not all proteins contain these amino acids, a fact which will skew the concentration measurements. If nucleic acids are present in the sample, they would also absorb light at 280 nm, skewing the results further. By using the Bradford protein assay, one can avoid all of these complications by simply mixing the protein samples with the Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye (Bradford reagent) and measuring their absorbances at 595 nm, which is in the visible range and may be accuretaly measured by the use of a mobile smartphone camera.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The procedure for Bradford protein assay is very easy and simple to follow. It is done in one step where the Bradford reagent is added to a test tube along with the sample. After mixing well, the mixture almost immediately changes to a blue color. When the dye binds to the proteins through a process that takes about 2 minutes, a change in the absorption maximum of the dye from 465 nm to 595 nm in acidic solutions occurs. This dye creates strong noncovalent bonds with the proteins, via electrostatic interactions with the amino and carboxyl groups, as well as Van Der Waals interactions. Only the molecules that bind to the proteins in solution exhibit this change in absorption, which eliminates the concern that unbound molecules of the dye might contribute to the experimentally obtained absorption reading. This process is more beneficial since it is less pricey than other methods, easy to use, and has high sensitivity of the dye for protein.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: After 5 minutes of incubation, the absorbance can be read at 595 nm using a spectrophotometer or a mobile smartphone camera (RGBradford method).


title: Bradford protein assay

text: This assay is one of the fastest assays performed on proteins. The total time it takes to set up and complete the assay is under 30 minutes. The entire experiment is done at room temperature.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The Bradford protein assay can measure protein quantities as little as 1 to 20 μg. It is an extremely sensitive technique.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The dye reagent is a stable ready to use product prepared in phosphoric acid. It can remain at room temperature for up to 2 weeks before it starts to degrade.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: Protein samples usually contain salts, solvents, buffers, preservatives, reducing agents and metal chelating agents. These molecules are frequently used for solubilizing and stabilizing proteins. Other protein assay like BCA and Lowry are ineffective because molecules like reducing agents interfere with the assay. Using Bradford can be advantageous against these molecules because they are compatible to each other and will not interfere.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The linear graph acquired from the assay (absorbance versus protein concentration in μg/mL) can be easily extrapolated to determine the concentration of proteins by using the slope of the line.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: It is a sensitive technique. It is also very simple: measuring the OD at 595 nm after 5 minutes of incubation. This method can also make use of a Vis spectrophotometer or a mobile smartphone camera (RGBradford method).


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The Bradford assay is linear over a short range, typically from 0 µg/mL to 2000 µg/mL, often making dilutions of a sample necessary before analysis. In making these dilutions, error in one dilution is compounded in further dilutions resulting in a linear relationship that may not always be accurate.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: Basic conditions and detergents, such as SDS, can interfere with the dye's ability to bind to the protein through its side chains. However, there are some deterd protein, it is possible that the concentration measured will be inaccurate.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The reagents in this method tend to stain the test tubes. Same test tubes cannot be used since the stain would affect the absorbance reading. This method is also time sensitive. When more than one solution is tested, it is important to make sure every sample is incubated for the same amount of time for accurate comparison.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: It is also inhibited by the presence of detergents, although this problem can be alleviated by the addition of cyclodextrins to the assay mixture.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: Much of the non-linearity stems from the equilibrium between two different forms of the dye which is perturbed by adding the protein. The Bradford assay linearizes by measuring the ratio of the absorbances, 595 over 450 nm. This modified Bradford assay is approximately 10 times more sensitive than the conventional one.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The Coomassie Blue G250 dye used to bind to the proteins in the original Bradford method readily binds to arginine and lysine groups of proteins. This is a disadvantage because the preference of the dye to bind to these amino acids can result in a varied response of the assay between different proteins. Changes to the original method, such as increasing the pH by adding NaOH or adding more dye have been made to correct this variation. Although these modifications result in a less sensitive assay, a modified method becomes sensitive to detergents that can interfere with sample.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: In summary, in order to find a standard curve, one must use varying concentrations of BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) in order to create a standard curve with concentration plotted on the x-axis and absorbance plotted on the y-axis. Only a narrow concentration of BSA is used (2-10 ug/mL) in order to create an accurate standard curve. Using a broad range of protein concentration will make it harder to determine the concentration of the unknown protein. This standard curve is then used to determine the concentration of the unknown protein. The following elaborates on how one goes from the standard curve to the concentration of the unknown.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: First, add a line of best fit, or Linear regression and display the equation on the chart. Ideally, the R value will be as close to 1 as possible. R represents the sum of the square values of the fit subtracted from each data point. Therefore, if R is much less than one, consider redoing the experiment to get one with more reliable data.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: The equation displayed on the chart gives a means for calculating the absorbance and therefore concentration of the unknown samples. In Graph 1, x is concentration and y is absorbance, so one must rearrange the equation to solve for x and enter the absorbance of the measured unknown. It is likely that the unknown will have absorbance numbers outside the range of the standard. These should not be included calculations, as the equation given cannot apply to numbers outside of its limitations.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: In a large scale, one must compute the extinction coefficient using the Beer-Lambert Law A=εLC in which A is the measured absorbance, ε is the slope of the standard curve, L is the length of the cuvette, and C is the concentration being determined. In a micro scale, a cuvette may not be used and therefore one only has to rearrange to solve for x.


title: Bradford protein assay

text: In order to attain a concentration that makes sense with the data, the dilutions, concentrations, and units of the unknown must be normalized (Table 1). To do this, one must divide concentration by volume of protein in order to normalize concentration and multiply by amount diluted to correct for any dilution made in the protein before performing the assay.


title: Clair de lune (poem)

text: "Clair de lune" (French for "Moonlight") is a poem written by French poet Paul Verlaine in 1869. It is the inspiration for the third and most famous movement of Claude Debussy's 1890 "Suite bergamasque". Debussy also made two settings of the poem for voice and piano accompaniment. The poem has also been set to music by Gabriel Fauré, Louis Vierne, Sigfrid Karg-Elert, Josef Szulc, and Alphons Diepenbrock.


title: JD Samson

text: JD Samson (born August 4, 1978), stage name of Jocelyn Samson is an American musician, producer, songwriter and DJ best known as a member of the bands Le Tigre and MEN.


title: JD Samson

text: Samson grew up in Pepper Pike, Ohio, and attended Orange High School. Samson came out as a lesbian at age 15 and is well known for her support of both LGBT and feminist causes. In high school, Samson played field hockey and was involved in her school's gay-straight alliance.


title: JD Samson

text: Samson graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in 2000, with a degree in film. While at school, Samson held jobs as a manager of a coffee shop, a campus tour guide, and as a research assistant for her queer-theory professor. Additionally, she co-produced and directed the Sarah Lawrence College Film and Video Festival while at school.


title: JD Samson

text: Samson joined Le Tigre in 2000 when co-founder Sadie Benning left the band before the album "Feminist Sweepstakes" was recorded. Samson had previously worked as the band's projectionist and slide-show operator during live performances in support of their first record, "Le Tigre". The self-proclaimed "underground electro-feminist performance artists" combined visuals, music and dance in their performances. Samson's contributions to Le Tigre include the song "Viz", which deals with her experiences as a member of a sexual minority, and "New Kicks," which contains excerpts of a protest that Samson recorded.


title: JD Samson

text: "Feminist Sweepstakes" came out in 2001 and was released on Mr. Lady Records & Videos in North America and on Chicks On Speed Records in Europe. Le Tigre's final album, "This Island" (2004), was Le Tigre's first on a major label (Universal Records). Ric Ocasek of the Cars produced one track, "Tell You Now". Samson and her Le Tigre bandmates Kathleen Hanna and Johanna Fateman also produced the Christina Aguilera song "My Girls ft. Peaches", for Aguilera's album "Bionic". In the second half of 2006, the band decided to take an extended break.


title: JD Samson

text: In 2016, Le Tigre reunited to show support for Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign, releasing their first song in a decade entitled "I'm With Her".


title: JD Samson

text: In 2007, Samson and Fateman formed a new project, MEN, as a DJ, production, and remix team. After initial songwriting and outside remix work, Fateman took time off to have a child, and Samson recruited the members of her side band Hirsute, including Ladybug Transistor's Michael O'Neill and Ginger Brooks Takahashi, to perform live as MEN. Samson has said that their music speaks of "issues such as wartime economies, sexual compromise, and the demand for liberties through lyrical content and an inventive, high-energy stage show".


title: JD Samson

text: In 2009 MEN self-released an EP called MEN that sold out following US tours with Peaches and Gossip. MEN also toured in the UK and Europe during this time. Their debut album "Talk About Body" was released on February 1, 2011 via Iamsound in the US and through Sony/Columbia in Europe. The album included singles for the songs "Who Am I To Feel So Free", "Off Our Backs", and "Credit Card Babies".


title: JD Samson

text: In the spring of 2012 MEN changed their name to JD Samson & MEN and released an EP Next in April followed in September by the song "Let Me Out Or Let Me In" in support of the Russian feminist punk-rock collective Pussy Riot. JD Samson & MEN's second full-length album was titled "Labor".


title: JD Samson

text: Samson also has performed as a member of the band The New England Roses and as keyboard player of electro-punk artist Peaches' live band, The Herms, with Radio Sloan and Samantha Maloney. Samson collaborates with Nick van Hofwegen of Young N' Sick on their electro disco project, SHARER. In 2020 Samson released a minimal live to tape record with Roddy Bottum and Michael O'Neill under the name, CRICKETS.


title: JD Samson

text: Samson has a songwriting and publishing deal through Universal Music Publishing Group. They have written songs for Christina Aguilera ("My Girls ft. Peaches"), Junior Senior ("Can I Get Get Get"), Cobra Starship ("Shwick"), French Horn Rebellion ("Girls ft. JD Samson and Fat Tony"), The Aikiu, Bitch and Ferron, Pelifics ("Spray Painted Knuckles"), among others.


title: JD Samson

text: Samson is a co-founder of the performance art group "Dykes Can Dance". In 2003, she released 'JD's Lesbian Calendar', a collaboration with photographer Cass Bird, which was followed up in 2006 with 'JD's Lesbian Utopia', a calendar documenting Samson's travels around the U.S. in an RV. Since then, JD has worked closely with choreographers Vanessa Anspaugh, Katy Pyle, Julie Cunningham. Samson collaborated with filmmaker, Sam Green on a project for the 2019 Whitney Biennal and is currently working on another project with him.


title: JD Samson

text: Samson appeared in John Cameron Mitchell's 2006 film "Shortbus" as "Jid", a patron of the Shortbus club.


title: JD Samson

text: Samson hosted several Broadly interviews such as Last Lesbian Bar about the disappearing lesbian bar, and interviews with Margaret Cho, and Kate Nash.


title: JD Samson

text: In 2019, Samson makes a brief appearance as a Postmates employee delivering food in the Netflix series "Russian Doll".


title: JD Samson

text: Samson wrote a widely quoted piece on the economics of being an artist for The Huffington Post in 2011. Titled "I Love My Job But It Made Me Poorer," the article examines the financial realities of a long-term career in music. In 2013, she began writing for "Talkhouse." Samson has also written for Tom Tom Magazine and Creative Time Reports.


title: JD Samson

text: Starting in 2016, Samson started teaching at NYU's Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music, where she is currently an assistant arts professor. Additionally, Samson has lectured at the We Make Waves Festival, Bard College, TED X (CLE), and the Artists with a Conscience Conference at Amherst College


title: JD Samson

text: Samson calls herself a "lesbian," "gender-nonconforming," and "non-binary" non-exclusively. Her friends refer to her using feminine singular pronouns.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: Southern Comfort is a 1981 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill and written by Michael Kane, Hill and his longtime collaborator David Giler. It stars Keith Carradine, Powers Boothe, Fred Ward, T. K. Carter, Franklyn Seales and Peter Coyote. The film, set in 1973, features a Louisiana Army National Guard squad of nine from an infantry unit on weekend maneuvers in rural bayou country as they antagonize some local Cajun people and become hunted.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: In 1973, a squad of nine Louisiana Army National Guard soldiers convene in a local bayou for weekend maneuvers. New to the squad is Corporal Hardin, a cynical transfer from the Texas Army National Guard. He soon becomes disgusted with the arrogant behavior and attitudes of the men. A happily-married chemical engineer in his civilian life, Hardin wants no part of a date with prostitutes which PFC Spencer has arranged for himself and their squad-mates. Nevertheless, he hits it off with the amiable Spencer, and both find themselves to be the most level-headed soldiers in their squad.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: The nine soldiers set out on patrol and soon get lost in the swamp. They come across a seemingly-abandoned campsite with several canoe-type boats called pirogues. To continue onward, the Guardsmen need the pirogues to get across the flooded swamp. The squad's leader, Staff Sergeant Poole, a Vietnam War veteran, tells one of his men to leave a note explaining the situation, and orders the soldiers into three of the four pirogues. As they set out across the bayou, a group of Cajun hunter-trappers return and yell at the soldiers for having taken their boats. In response, PFC Stuckey fires blanks from his M-60 machine gun at the Cajuns, thinking it funny when the Cajuns take cover. The Cajuns return fire with live ammunition, killing Poole and sending the squad into a frenzy as they make their way toward cover.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: Sgt. Casper – the strict, inexperienced, and unpopular second-in-command – orders the squad to continue their "mission." They discover that Cpl. Reece has brought along a box of live ammunition for hunting purposes. Reece is forced at knife-point by Hardin to give up the live ammo, and Casper divides it evenly among the soldiers, in order to bolster their chances of defense. They reach the shack of a one-armed Cajun hunter-trapper, who speaks only French. Casper has him arrested as a prisoner of war. The emotionally unstable Cpl. Bowden uses gasoline to ignite some TNT inside the shack, blowing it up, along with numerous provisions of food, fresh water, guns, and ammunition.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: The soldiers feel increasingly threatened. Hearing the barking of dogs, the Guardsmen presume they're about to be rescued. The dogs, however, belong to the Cajuns, who are now stalking the soldiers because of Stuckey's actions. The Guardsmen fend off the attacking dogs, only to find that lethal boobytraps have been set for them. Pvt. Cribbs is killed when he trips a spear-bed built into a spring-released cradle-frame, impaling him. The squad camps for the night. Overnight, Bowden begins to have a serious mental breakdown, refusing to speak to anyone or move. The group decides to tie him up for the night. The following morning, Reece tortures the one-armed Cajun by dunking his head in a fetid pond. Hardin discovers this and tries to stop it. Both soldiers get in a fight to the death with bayonets. As the men fight, Hardin gains the upper hand, and to his surprise, the one-armed Cajun screams in English for Hardin to kill Reece. After Reece is killed, the one-armed Cajun escapes into the swamp. Stuckey, who was close friends with Reece, threatens to kill Hardin.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: As a helicopter passes overhead, the soldiers frantically try to signal it. Rushing headlong into the swamp after the chopper as it moves onward, Stuckey sinks to his death in quicksand. Having no confidence in Casper after his inept leadership, Spencer relieves him of command. They split up to search for Stuckey. Casper throws a homemade grenade at the Cajuns to no avail, then fixes his bayonet to his rifle and charges at them. Both he and PFC. Simms are shot dead.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: Spencer, Hardin, and the now-catatonic Bowden camp for the night. The following morning Hardin and Spencer are jolted awake by a freight train, and then realize that Bowden is missing. They move to the train tracks and find Bowden hanging dead from a bridge. The one-armed Cajun appears on the tracks overhead. In perfect English, he warns Spencer and Hardin to leave the Cajuns' territory while they still can. He gives them directions on how to escape the bayou, since Hardin and Spencer saved him from physical assault by Simms and Reece.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: Following the one-armed Cajun's advice, Spencer and Hardin follow a dirt road and end up hitching a ride with a friendly Cajun couple. They are driven to a pig roast at a nearby Cajun village. As Spencer happily mixes with the villagers, a wary Hardin sees the arrival of the three remaining hunter-trappers who massacred their squad. One of Hardin's would-be-killers chases him into a shed and wounds him in the arm. Spencer suddenly shows up, firing blanks at the Cajun as a distraction, giving Hardin the chance to stab him in the groin. The other two Cajuns arrive, and Spencer runs, leading them away from the injured Hardin. Spencer, hiding around a corner, hits one of the Cajuns in the face with the butt of his M-16, knocking him out. The remaining Cajun gives chase, but as he is about to shoot Spencer, Hardin grabs him from behind. This gives Spencer the opportunity to stab him to death with his bayonet. Leaving behind the village, Spencer and Hardin slip away unseen into the swamp. As the duo moves into the swamp, another helicopter arrives overhead and seems to stay in the vicinity. They get back to the dirt road just in time to see a U.S. Army truck drive towards them. They look at each other, knowing they are finally safe.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: According to Walter Hill he and David Giler had a deal with 20th Century Fox to "acquire and develop interesting, commercial scripts that could be produced cheaply. "Alien" (1979) was one of them, and "Southern Comfort" was another. We wanted to do a survival story, and I'd already done a film in Louisiana."


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: They hired a writer, Michael Kane, to do a draft which Giler and Hill then rewrote. According to Hill, "No studio wanted to make it, but an independent guy showed up who had a relationship with Fox. Liked it, said he would finance it."


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: The film was financed by the Cinema Group. This was a company headed by William J. Immerman, whose head of production was Venetia Stevenson, daughter of director Robert Stevenson. The Cinema Group had raised a fund of $30 million to make movies, half of which was private, the other half which was publicly raised. "Southern Comfort" was their second film. ("Take This Job and Shove It" was their first.)


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: Hill said the concept of Keith Carradine's character "was that he was one of nature's aristocrats – graceful, confident of his own ability and able to separate himself from other people with an amusing remark", whereas the character played by Boothe "is much more the rational, hardworking, self made individual" and as a result "just cannot believe the nature of the situation at first" whereas Carradine's can.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: We were very aware that people were going to see it as a metaphor for Vietnam. The day we had the cast read, before we went into the swamps, I told everybody, 'People are going to say this is about Vietnam. They can say whatever they want, but I don't want to hear another word about it.'"


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: The film is supported by an atmospheric soundtrack by longstanding Hill collaborator Ry Cooder. The song "Parlez Nous à Boire", sung during the scene in the Cajun village at the end of the film, was performed by Cajun musician Dewey Balfa. The film includes many actors, including Fred Ward and Peter Coyote, who had one of their first big roles here.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: I was very proud of the actors in it. It was a tough movie to make, and they put up with a lot. They would probably tell you they put up with a lot from me. [Laughs.] But they really did it without complaint. And I just thought I was very fortunate to have the cast that I had. Jesus, it was a hard movie to make... I think when you see the movie you can see that this one wasn't nightclubs in Vegas. But it was just very hard locations to get in there. Very hard to shoot. I remember so many times we'd only have a few minutes to set the camera because the bottom of the swamp would give way. And so, for your camera positions, you had to stage and shoot very quickly in many cases. It just was hard, and the weather was miserable. However, I will say this: If you choose to go make a movie in a swamp in the middle of winter, you probably deserve what you get. [Laughs.]


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: "It was unbelievably tough", said Powers Boothe. "The actors would clamber out of the muck just in time to get back into it. The situation was even harder on the crew. They'd set up a camera platform and it would slowly sink into the bayou. Or with a tripod, one leg would sink. And how can actors hit their marks in two feet of water?... I have to give Walter Hill credit for making the three months as endurable as possible. We didn't lose our senses of humor until late in the shooting. Taking two weeks off at Christmas time helped keep our sanity."


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: Walter Hill said the film was "not a simple action movie where the people chasing the other out there is bad":


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: It is clearly in a sense the kind of fault of our guys for getting into this situation. In the collective group, there are individuals who are not as highly evolved as the others. And the answers to the dilemma, I mean both nature's noblemen, those of higher character through some innate quality. And you have people that operate on a sliding scale downward to the brute level in their response to the situation that they have gotten themselves into. All of which I think is a kind of, war is terrible. It's a wartime situation. With mixed results and accompanying paranoia even by those who are the best and the brightest of the bunch... None of us are quite as good or bad as we construct them. "Southern Comfort" is trying not to be an easy drama.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: The music was done by Ry Cooder who had just worked with Hill on "The Long Riders". Cooder later said:


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: Because my own musical fantasies and Walter Hill's film fantasies arc in sync, it's possible for me to score a film like "Southern Comfort" without understanding the first thing about its environment. All I had to do was think about this weird swamp, and the Cajun people that nobody knew about. I had to imagine what they were going to sound like, and I figured on the style of John Lee Hooker's music.


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: Walter Hill later said he was "always amazed" by the reception to the film. "The American reception was a real kind of nothing. But it was very nicely received around the world."


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: He added that the movie "didn't make a fucking nickel anywhere. Foreign, domestic, anything... I was proud of the film... But I was disappointed in the lack of response. It was a universal audience failure... Usually you can say they loved it in Japan or something. I don't think anybody loved it anywhere."


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: On the Rotten Tomatoes website the film has received a positive reception from critics with an overall rating of 76% from 21 reviews. Roger Ebert rated it 3 stars, stating that it is "a film of drum-tight professionalism" but criticizing it for making its characters "into larger-than-life stick figures, into symbolic units who stand for everything except themselves." While he said that the stock nature of the characters reminded him greatly of the way Hill approached the gang members in "The Warriors" (to which he gave a 2 stars, thumbs down review) he also said that he would recommend "Southern Comfort" partly because he had overlooked good qualities of Hill's previous film over that issue, and that the atmosphere and pacing of "Southern Comfort" were so strong that he gave it a thumbs up. At the time critics regularly made reference to the film's plot similarities to John Boorman's 1972 thriller "Deliverance".


title: Southern Comfort (1981 film)

text: In the late 1980s Iranian state TV IRIB broadcast the film, under the name "Operation Lagoon" (Amaliyate Mordab). The film was shortened to 95 minutes, and the story was changed. In the Iranian version, a group of US Army soldiers who opposed the Vietnam War are sent to a mission among man-hunters, equipped only with blanks. The soldiers are killed by man-hunters one after another as planned by US authorities. At the end, when the remaining two soldiers believe the US Army truck is coming to save them, the picture fades and a voice of constant shooting is heard, indicating the US authorities killed all the soldiers. The film was a huge hit among the Iranian audience. The Iranian film critics believed that the IRIB censored version made more sense considering the American government's alleged atrocities overseas.


title: Mayank Agarwal

text: Mayank Anurag Agarwal (born 16 February 1991) is an Indian international cricketer who plays as a right-handed top-order batter. He plays for Karnataka cricket team in domestic cricket .He made his international debut for the India cricket team on 26 December 2018 against Australia at the MCG.


title: Mayank Agarwal

text: Agarwal was born on 16 February 1991 in Bangalore. His father Anurag Agarwal is the CEO of the 35 million healthcare company Natural Remedies. Agarwal studied at the Bishop Cotton Boys' School and Jain University in Bangalore, where he was teammates with K. L. Rahul and Karun Nair.


title: Mayank Agarwal

text: Agarwal came to prominence with his performances in the Under-19 Cooch Behar Trophy in 2008-09 and 2010 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup, in which he was the leading run-getter for India. He was also adjudged Man of the Series in the Karnataka Premier League in 2010.


title: Mayank Agarwal

text: In November 2017, he scored his maiden triple century in first-class cricket, when he made 304 not out batting for Karnataka against Maharashtra in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy. It was the 50th triple century scored in first-class cricket in India. During the same month, he scored 1,000 runs in first-class cricket. He was the leading run-scorer in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy, finishing the tournament with 1,160 runs.


title: Mayank Agarwal

text: In January 2018, he was bought by the Kings XI Punjab in the 2018 IPL auction. In February 2018, he was the leading run-scorer in the 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy, with 723 runs in eight matches. He scored 2,141 runs across all formats, the highest total by any batsman in an Indian domestic season. In June 2018, he was awarded with the Madhavrao Scindia Award For The Highest Run-Scorer In Ranji Trophy by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).