title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: On 25 March 1908, Stalin was arrested in a police raid and interned in Bailov Prison. In prison, he studied Esperanto, then regarding it as the language of the future. Leading the Bolsheviks imprisoned there, he organised discussion groups and had those suspected of being police spies killed. He planned an escape attempt but it was later cancelled. He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province. The journey there took three months, over the course of which he contracted typhus, and spent time in both Moscow's Butyrki Prison and Vologda Prison. He finally arrived at the village in February 1909. There he stayed in a communal house with nine fellow exiles but repeatedly got into trouble with the local police chief; the latter locked Stalin up for reading revolutionary literature aloud and fined him for attending the theatre. While in the village, Stalin had an affair with an Odessan noblewoman and teacher, Stefania Petrovskaya. In June Stalin escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman. From there, he made it to St Petersburg, where he was hidden by supporters.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: By July 1909, Stalin was back in Baku. There he began to express the need for the Bolsheviks to help boost their ailing fortunes by re-uniting with the Mensheviks. He was increasingly frustrated with Lenin's factionalist attitudes.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: In October 1909, Stalin was arrested alongside several fellow Bolsheviks, but bribed the police officers into letting them escape. He was arrested again on 23 March 1910, this time with Petrovskaya. He was sentenced into internal exile and sent back to Solvychegodsk, being banned from returning to the southern Caucuses for five years. He had gained permission to marry Petrovskaya in the prison church, but he was deported on the same day—23 September 1910—that he received permission to do so. He would never see her again. In Solvychegodsk, he commenced a relationship with a teacher, Serafima Khoroshenina, and before February 1911 had registered as her cohabiting partner; she however was soon exiled to Nikolsk. He then entered into an affair with his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, with whom he fathered a son, Konstantin. He also spent time reading and planting pine trees.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Stalin was given permission to leave Solvychehodsk in June 1911. From there, he was required to stay in Vologda for two months, where he spent much of his time in the local library. There, he also had a relationship with the sixteen-year old Pelageya Onufrieva, who was already in an established relationship with the Bolshevik Peter Chizhikov. He then proceeded to St Petersburg, On 9 September 1911 he was again arrested, and held prisoner by the Okhrana for three weeks. He was then exiled to Vologda for three years. He was permitted to travel there on his own, but on the way hid from the authorities in St Petersburg for a while. He had hoped to attend a Prague Conference that Lenin was organising but did not have the funds. He then returned to Vologda, living in a house owned by a divorcee; it is likely that he had an affair with her.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: At the Prague Conference, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was established; Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev subsequently proposed co-opting the absent Stalin onto the group. Lenin believed that Stalin would be useful in helping to secure support for the Bolsheviks from the Empire's minority ethnicities.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: According to Conquest, Lenin recognised Stalin as "a ruthless and dependable enforcer of the Bolsheviks' will".


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Stalin was then appointed to the Central Committee, and would remain on it for the rest of his life. On 29 February, Stalin then took the train to St Petersburg via Moscow. There, his assigned task was to convert the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, "Zvezda" ("Star") into a daily, "Pravda" ("Truth"). The new newspaper was launched in April 1912. Stalin served as its editor-in-chief, but did so secretly. He was assisted in the newspaper's production by Vyacheslav Scriabin. In the city, he stayed in the flat of Tatiana Slavatinskaya, with whom he had an affair.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: By May 1912, he was back in Tiflis. He then returned to St Petersburg via Moscow, and stayed with N. G. Poletaev, the Bolsheviks' Duma deputy. During that same month Stalin was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison; in July he was sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. On 12 July, he arrived in Tomsk, from which he took a steamship on the Ob River to Kolpashevo, from which he travelled to Narym, where he was required to remain. There, he shared a room with the fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. After only two months, Stalin escaped via canoe and made it to Tomsk by September. There he waited for Sverdlov to follow him, and the two proceeded to St Petersburg, where they were hidden by supporters.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Stalin returned to Tiflis, where the Outfit planned their last big action. They attempted to ambush a mail coach, but were unsuccessful; after fleeing, eighteen of their members were apprehended and arrested. Stalin returned to St Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for "Pravda", moving from apartment to apartment. After the Duma elections of October 1912 resulted in six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks being elected, Stalin began calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions in "Pravda". Lenin criticised him for this opinion, with Stalin declining to publish forty-seven of the articles which Lenin sent to him. With Valentina Lobova, he travelled to Krakow, a culturally Polish part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to meet with Lenin. They continued to disagree on the issue of reunification with the Mensheviks. Stalin left and returned to St Petersburg but at Lenin's request he made a second trip to Krakow in December. Stalin and Lenin bonded on this latter visit, with the former eventually bowing to Lenin's views on reunification with the Mensheviks. On this trip, Stalin also made friends with Roman Malinovsky, a Bolshevik who was secretly an informer for the Okhrana.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna, where he stayed with the wealthy Bolshevik sympathiser Alexander Troyanovsky. He was in the city at the same time as Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito, although he likely did not meet either of them at the time. There, he devoted himself to examining the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the various national and ethnic minorities living in the Russian Empire. Lenin had wanted to attract these minorities to the Bolshevik cause and to offer them the right of succession from the Russian state; at the same time, he hoped that they would not take up this offer and would want to remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia. Stalin had not been able to read German, but had been assisted in studying German texts by writers like Karl Kautsky and Otto Bauer by fellow Bolshevik Nikolai Bukharin. He finished the article, which was titled "Marxism and the National Question". Lenin was very happy with it, and in a private letter to Maxim Gorky he referred to Stalin as the "wonderful Georgian". According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work".


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: The article was published in March 1913 under the pseudonym of "K. Stalin", a name he had been using since 1912. This name derived from the Russian language word for steel ("stal"), and has been translated as "Man of Steel". It was—according to Service—an "unmistakably Russian name". Montefiore suggested that Stalin stuck with this name for the rest of his life because it had been used on the article which established his reputation within the Bolshevik movement.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: In February 1913, Stalin was back in St. Petersburg. At the time, the Okhrana were cracking down on the Bolsheviks by arresting leading members. Stalin himself was arrested at a masquerade ball held by the Bolsheviks as a fundraiser at the Kalashnikov Exchange.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Stalin was subsequently sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult. In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. Stalin wrote letters to many people whom he knew, begging for them to send him money, in part to finance his escape attempt. The authorities were concerned about any escape attempt and thus moved Stalin, along with Sverdlov, to the hamlet of Kureika, on the edge of the Arctic Circle, in March 1914. There, the Bolshevik pair lived in the "izba" of the Taraseeva family, but frustrated one another as housemates. In the hamlet, Stalin, circa age 35, had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, then 14-years-old, who subsequently fell pregnant with Stalin's child. Circa December 1914, Pereprygia gave birth to Stalin's child, although the infant died soon after. In 1916, Lidia - now 15-years-old - was pregnant again. She gave birth to a son, named Alexander, in around April 1917. Stalin, then absent, later came to know of the child's existence but showed no apparent interest in him. The child would come to be known as Alexander Davydov, after Lidia's husband Yakov Davydov, who adopted Alexander.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Near the end of summer 1914, the authorities moved Stalin to Selivanikha, where he was visited by his close friend Suren Spandarian. Here, he lived closely with the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak communities, with whom he went on fishing trips. He spent lengthy periods on Polovinka island, where he constructed a one-man shelter and spent much time fishing in the adjacent Yenisei River. He also went on solitary hunting trips, tracking down Arctic foxes, partridges, and ducks. Stalin served as an informal doctor for the community and played with the local children. The locals gave Stalin a pet dog, which he named Stepan Timofeevich and nicknamed Tishka.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: While Stalin was in exile, Russia had entered the First World War, but was faring poorly against the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. The Russian government began conscripting exiles into the Russian Army. In October 1916, Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted, leaving for Monastyrkoe. In December they set forth from there to Krasnoyarsk, arriving in February 1917. There, a medical examiner ruled him unfit for military service due to his crippled arm. This was convenient for Stalin as it meant that he would not be sent to fight on the Eastern Front, but also remained a source of embarrassment for him. Stalin was required to serve four more months on his exile, and he successfully requested that he be allowed to serve it in nearby Achinsk. There, he stayed in the apartment of fellow Bolshevik Vera Shveitzer.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Stalin was in Achinsk when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd—as St Petersburg had been renamed—and the Tsar abdicated, to be replaced by a Provisional Government. In March, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd with Kamenev. There, Stalin and Kamenev expressed the view that they were willing to temporarily back the new administration and accept the continuation of Russian involvement in the First World War so long as it was purely defensive. This was in contrast to the view of Lenin—who was still in a self-imposed exile in Europe—that the Bolsheviks should oppose the Provisional Government and support an end to the war.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: On 25 March 1917 (12 March, Old Style) Stalin returned from exile in Siberia to Petrograd with L. B. Kamenev, and M. K. Muranov. On 15 March, Stalin and Kamenev assumed control of "Pravda", removing Vyacheslav Molotov from that position. Stalin was also appointed as the Bolshevik representative to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. Lenin then returned to Russia, with Stalin meeting him on his arrival at Petrograd's Finland Station. In conversation, Lenin convinced Stalin to adopt his view on the Provisional Government and the ongoing war. On 29 April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time. Over the coming months he spent much of his time working on "Pravda", at the Petrograd Soviet, or assisting Lenin on the Central Committee. He lived with Molotov in an apartment on Shirokaya Street where he and Molotov became friends.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Stalin was involved in planning an armed demonstration of the Bolsheviks' supporters. Although not explicitly encouraging those armed supporters who carried out the July Days uprising, he partially did so by informing its leaders that "you comrades know best". After the armed demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding "Pravda". During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and subsequently took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him to five safe houses over the course of three days. Stalin then oversaw the smuggling of Lenin out of Petrograd to Razliv. He himself left the flat that he shared with Molotov and moved in with the Alliluyeva family. In Lenin's absence, he continued editing "Pravda" and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. At the Congress, Stalin was selected as the chief editor of all Bolshevik press and was appointed a member of the constituent assembly.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a coup. Stalin and Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was opposed by Kamenev and other Bolsheviks. Lenin returned to Petrograd and at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October, he secured a majority in favour of a coup. Kamenev nevertheless disagreed and wrote a letter warning against insurrection that Stalin agreed to publish in "Rabochii Put". Trotsky censured Stalin for publishing it, with the latter responding with offering his resignation, which was not accepted.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin managed to salvage some of this equipment in order to continue his activities. In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup—the October Revolution—was being directed. Armed Bolshevik militia had seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the "Aurora", sailed up to the Winter Palace, and opened fire, with the assembled delegates of the Provisional Government surrendering and being arrested by the Bolsheviks.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Stalin's birth name in Georgian was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (). An ethnic Georgian, he also was a subject of the Russian Empire, so he also had a Russified version of his name: Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili ().


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Stalin's surname () is transliterated as according to the official romanization system of the Georgian government. An alternative transliteration is using ISO standard 9984:1996. His name was Russified to "", which is in turn transliterated into English as and . "Besarionis dze" means "son of Besarion," and was Russified to "Vissarionovich" ("son of Vissarion", the Russian version of "Besarion").


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: There are several etymologies of the () root. In one version, the name derives from the village of Jugaani in Kakhetia, eastern Georgia. In Georgian, the suffix means "child" or "son".


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: An article in the newspaper "Pravda" in 1988 claimed the word derives from the Old Georgian for "steel" which might be the reason for his adoption of the name Stalin. ("") is derived from combining the Russian (""), "steel", with the possessive suffix (""), a formula used by many other Bolsheviks, including Lenin.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: The surname "Jughashvili" could possibly be of non-Georgian origin since the various peoples of the Caucasus region had moved around for centuries. Throughout his life, Stalin often heard rumours that his paternal grandfather was ethnically Ossetian. However, like many other parts of Stalin's early life, his ancestry is often mixed up with facts and rumours. According to theories advanced by Mihail Vayskopf, it is the Ossetian for "herd of sheep"; the surname "Jugayev" is common among Ossetians, and before the revolution names in South Ossetia were traditionally written with the Georgian suffix, especially among Christianized Ossetians. Allusions to the hypothesis of Ossetian ethnicity of Stalin are present in the important Stalin Epigram by Osip Mandelstam:


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Like many outlaws, Stalin used many aliases throughout his revolutionary career, of which "Stalin" was only the last. During his education in Tiflis, he picked up the nickname "Koba", after the Robin Hood-like protagonist from the 1883 novel "The Patricide" by Alexander Kazbegi. This became his favorite nickname throughout his revolutionary life. Stalin continued to use Koba as his Party name in the underground world of the RSDLP. During conversations, Lenin called Stalin "Koba". Among his friends he was sometimes known by his childhood nickname "Soso" – a Georgian diminutive form of the name Ioseb. Stalin is also reported to have used at least a dozen other nicknames, pseudonyms and aliases such as "Josef Besoshvili"; "Ivanov"; "A. Ivanovich"; "Soselo" (a youthful nickname), "K. Kato"; "G. Nizheradze"; "Chizhikov" or "Chizhnikov"; "Petrov"; "Vissarionovich"; "Vassilyi". Directly following World War II, as the Soviets were negotiating with the Allies, Stalin often sent directions to Molotov as "Druzhkov".


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Stalin's apparent ease in escaping from Tsarist persecution and very light sentences led to rumours that he was an Okhrana agent. His efforts in 1909 to root out traitors caused much strife within the party; some accused him of doing this deliberately on the orders of the Okhrana. The Menshevik Razhden Arsenidze accused Stalin of betraying comrades he did not like to the Okhrana. The prominent Bolshevik Stepan Shaumyan directly accused Stalin of being an Okhrana agent in 1916. According to his personal secretary Olga Shatunovskaya, these opinions were shared by Stanislav Kosior, Iona Yakir and other prominent Bolsheviks. The rumours were reinforced by being published in the Soviet Union memoirs of Domenty Vadachkory, who wrote that Stalin used an Okhrana badge (supposedly stolen) to help him escape exile. It also appears suspicious that Stalin played down the number of his escapes from prisons and exiles. Still there was no hard evidence of Stalin's collaboration with the Okhrana and a few alleged reports from Stalin to the Okhrana published by the media appear to be forgeries.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore found that in all surviving Okhrana records Stalin is described as a revolutionary and never as a spy. Montefiore argued that Stalin escaped from his exiles so frequently because the exile system was not secure: an exile only needed money and false papers to escape the village where he was settled, and thousands did. Stalin also had spies of his own in the Okhrana, warning him of their actions. In 1956, the magazine Life published the Eremin Letter, supposedly written by Colonel Ermin, head of the Tiflis Okhrana, which stated that Stalin was an agent, but it has since been shown to be a forgery. In his 1967 biography of Stalin, Edward Ellis Smith argued that Stalin was an Okhrana agent by citing his suspicious ability to escape from Okhrana dragnets, travel unimpeded, and rabble-rouse full-time with no apparent source of income. One such example was the raid that occurred on the night of 3 April 1901, when nearly everyone of importance in the Socialist-Democratic movement in Tiflis was arrested, except for Stalin, who was apparently "enjoying the balmy spring air, and in one of his to-hell-with-the-revolution moods, [which] is too impossible for serious consideration." Montefiore, however, wrote that Stalin spotted Okhrana agents waiting for him outside his place of employment whilst he was riding a tram; he stayed on the tram and immediately went into hiding.


title: Early life of Joseph Stalin

text: Service thought there are "no serious grounds" for deeming Stalin an Okhrana agent. Similarly, Robert Conquest was of the view that such claims "must be dismissed". Stephen Kotkin wrote in his biography of Stalin that these claims simply aren't true and were never proven.


title: Kyle McCarley

text: Kyle McCarley (born December 5) is an American voice actor known for his work in video games and anime. In anime, he is known as the voice of Shigeo Kageyama from "Mob Psycho 100", Mikazuki Augus from "", Shinji Mato from "" and "", Ryota Watari from "Your Lie in April", Killy from "Blame", Narancia Ghirga from "", Joe Shimamura from and Helbram from "The Seven Deadly Sins". In video games, he is known for his performances as lead characters 9S from "", Zeroken from "Disgaea 5", Alm in "", Gatekeeper in "", Harry Potter in "" and the comedic role of Doi in "Hi Score Girl" and as his role as Wizard Cookie in "Cookie Run: Kingdom".


title: Kyle McCarley

text: McCarley is married to Katelyn Gault, who is a voice actress that made her debut in "Little Witch Academia".


title: Kyle McCarley

text: In September 2022, McCarley's contract to voice Shigeo Kageyama, the protagonist of "Mob Psycho 100", was not renewed by Crunchyroll. McCarley, who is a member of SAG-AFTRA, had offered to work on a non-union contract for the third season, on the condition that Crunchyroll meet with SAG-AFTRA representatives to discuss potential future contracts. Crunchyroll refused the offer, sparking criticism from anime fans and media outlets. Despite the controversy, Crunchyroll continued with their simulcast strategy of releasing "Mob Psycho 100 III" dubbed episodes on the same day as the subtitled release with little marketing or advanced notice beforehand. Mob's new voice actor, McCarley's replacement, has remained uncredited thus far.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Louis-Nicolas d'Avout (10 May 1770 – 1 June 1823), better known as Davout, 1st Duke of Auerstaedt, 1st Prince of Eckmühl, was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. His talent for war, along with his reputation as a stern disciplinarian, earned him the nickname "The Iron Marshal" ("Le Maréchal de fer"). He is ranked along with Marshals Louis-Alexandre Berthier and Jean Lannes as one of Napoleon's finest commanders. His loyalty and obedience to Napoleon were absolute. During his lifetime, Davout's name was commonly spelled Davoust - this spelling appears on the Arc de Triomphe and in much of the correspondence between Napoleon and his generals.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Davout was born in the small village Annoux (Yonne) as the eldest son of Jean-François d'Avout (1739–1779), a calvalry officer and his wife (married in 1768) Françoise-Adélaïde Minard de Velars (1741–1810). He was of (poor) noble descent but educated in the nearby Brienne-le-Chateau, which had a military academy also attended by Napoleon, before also transferring to the "École Militaire" in Paris on 29 September 1785. He graduated on 19 February 1788 and was appointed a "sous-lieutenant" in the Royal-Champagne Cavalry Regiment in garrison at Hesdin (Pas-de-Calais). On the outbreak of the French Revolution, Davout embraced its principles. He was "chef de bataillon" in a volunteer corps in the campaign of 1792, and distinguished himself at the Battle of Neerwinden the following spring. He had just been promoted to general of brigade when he was removed from the active list because of his noble birth. After he divorced his wife in 1794 he served in the Rhine campaign of 1796, and accompanied General Louis Desaix in the Egyptian expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: On his return, he did not take part in the Battle of Marengo, where his friend Desaix was killed while making a decisive contribution to the victory. Napoleon, who had great confidence in his abilities, finally promoted him to general of division and arranged his marriage to his sister Pauline's sister-in-law Aimée Leclerc, thus making him part of Napoleon's extended family, and gave him a command in the . At the ascension of Napoleon as emperor in 1804, Davout was named as one of the original 18 Marshals of the Empire. Davout was the youngest and least experienced the generals promoted to marshal, which earned him the hostility of other generals throughout his career. On 18 June 1805 he was present at the Battle of Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez after joining a Batavian flotilla, headed for Boulogne, as an observer. As commander of the III Corps of the "Grande Armée", Davout rendered his greatest services. At the Battle of Austerlitz, following a forced march of 48 hours to fall on the left flank of the Russian army, the III Corps bore the brunt of the allies' attack. In the subsequent War of the Fourth Coalition, Davout, with a single corps, with the intention to fall on the Prussian left wing, fought and won the Battle of Auerstädt against the main Prussian Army, under the Duke of Brunswick, which had more than twice as many soldiers at its disposal (more than 63,000, to Davout's 28,000). Historian François-Guy Hourtoulle writes: ""At Jena, Napoleon won a battle he could not lose. At Auerstädt, Davout won a battle he could not win"". As a reward, Napoleon let Davout and his men enter Berlin first on 25 October 1806.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Davout added to his renown in the battles of Eylau and Friedland. Napoleon left him as governor-general of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw following the Treaties of Tilsit in 1807, and the next year awarded him with the title of Duke of Auerstädt. During the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809, Davout took part in the Battle of Eckmühl, and also distinguished himself in the Battle of Wagram, where he commanded the right wing. He was later made Prince of Eckmühl following the campaign. In 1810 Davout travelled to Compiègne with Napoleon to collect the 18-year-old bride Marie-Louise of Austria. Davout was entrusted by Napoleon with the task of organizing the "corps of observation of the Elbe", which would become the gigantic army with which Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. In this, he commanded the I Corps, the strongest corps, numbering over 70,000. On 1 July he left Vilnius. On the order of Napoleon Davout secretly took over the command Jérôme Bonaparte, occupied Minsk but had lost a third of his men due to sickness and desertion. He defeated the Russians at Mohilev before he joined the main army at Smolensk, with which he continued throughout the campaign. During the retreat from Moscow he conducted the rear guard, which was deemed too slow by the emperor, and was replaced by Marshal Michel Ney in the Battle of Vyazma. His inability to hold out at the Battle of Krasnoi, he was threatened with destruction, until the arrival of Ney. Among the booty captured by the Russians were Davout's war chest, a plethora of maps of the Middle East, Central Asia and India, and Davout's Marshal baton. The loss of his baton led him into disgrace and he would not meet with the emperor again until his return from Elba.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: In April 1813, Davout commanded the Hamburg military district. (The French had initially been driven out by the Russians in March 1813.) He defended the poorly fortified and provisioned city, through the long Siege of Hamburg, only surrendering on direct order by King Louis XVIII, who had come to the throne after Napoleon's abdication in April 1814. The French restored their authority with many reprisals among the population. During the siege, he expelled up to 25,000 of Hamburg's poorest citizens out of the city into the cold winter, many of whom perished of cold and starvation. Between 1806 and 1814, when the French occupation came to an end by Davout's surrender, the population decreased by nearly one-half, to 55,000.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Davout's military character has been interpreted as cruel and he had to defend himself against many attacks upon his conduct at Hamburg. He was a stern disciplinarian, who exacted rigid and precise obedience from his troops, and consequently his corps was more trustworthy and exact in the performance of its duty than any other. For example, Davout forbade his troops from plundering enemy villages, a policy he would enforce by the use of the death penalty. Thus, in the early days of the "Grande Armée", the III corps tended to be entrusted with the most difficult work. He was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the ablest of Napoleon's marshals. Upon the first restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, he retired into private life, openly displaying his hostility to the Bourbons, and when Napoleon returned from Elba, Davout rejoined him.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Appointed Minister of War, he reorganized the French Army insofar as time permitted, and he was so indispensable to the war department that Napoleon kept him in Paris during the Waterloo campaign. To what degree his skill and bravery would have altered the fortunes of the campaign of 1815 can only be surmised, but Napoleon has been criticized for his failure to avail himself in the field of the services of the best general he then possessed.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Davout directed the gallant, but hopeless, defence of Paris after the Battle of Waterloo. He received the command of the army assembled under the walls of Paris, and would have fought, had he not received the order of the provisional government to negotiate with the enemy. On 24 June 1815, Davout was sent by Joseph Fouché, the president of the provisional government, to the dethroned emperor at the Élysée Palace with a request to quit Paris, where his continued presence could lead to trouble and public danger. Napoleon received him coldly but left Paris the next day and resided at Malmaison until 29 June when he departed for Rochfort. In later years, Napoleon said of Davout bitterly that ""he betrayed me too. He has a wife and children; he thought that all was lost; he wanted to keep what he had got,"" while on another occasion he remarked that, ""I thought that Davout loved me, but he loved only France."" Subsequently, Davout retired with the army beyond the Loire and made his submission to the restored Bourbon monarchy on 14 July, and within a few days gave up his command to Marshal Jacques MacDonald. Davout was exiled to Louviers on 27 December 1815.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: He was deprived of his titles upon the second restoration. When some of his subordinate generals were proscribed, he demanded to be held responsible for their acts, as executed under his orders, and he endeavoured to prevent the condemnation of Ney. After half a year, the hostility of the Bourbons towards Davout faded and he became reconciled to the monarchy. In 1817, his rank and titles were restored and in 1819, he became a member of the Chamber of Peers.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: In 1822, Davout was elected mayor of Savigny-sur-Orge, a position he held for a year. His son Louis-Napoléon, was also mayor of the city from 1843 to 1846. A main square bears their name in the city, as does a boulevard in Paris.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Davout died on 1 June 1823. His remains rest in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, where an elaborate tomb marks his grave.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Davout was known as a methodical person in both military and personal affairs. Within the army and among his social peers, he was often considered cold and distant; while respected, he was not well-liked. During times of peace, he preferred to spend time with his family and care for his home, rather than cultivate his high social standing.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Because of his stubborn personality and limited social skills, he developed many enemies and antagonists within the army's officer corps, notably Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Joachim Murat (with whom he clashed strongly during the 1812 campaign), Louis-Alexandre Berthier and Baron Thiébault (who would harshly criticize Davout in his memoirs).


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Perhaps his fiercest anger was directed towards Bernadotte, who he perceived to have failed to come to his aid at Auerstadt, though close enough to observe the smoke and hear the cannon fire. His anger was so intense that Davout requested to settle the matter with a personal duel, averted only by Napoléon's personal intervention. Bernadotte was eventually sent back to Paris in disgrace after being caught by Napoleon retreating without orders at the battle of Wagram. Bernadotte then caught the eye of the Swedish ambassador, looking for a well-connected French officer to take on the role of heir to the Swedish throne. When Sweden threw in her lot against Napoleon in the War of the Sixth Coalition, Davout personally asked to be placed opposite Bernadotte's contingent, in order to gain retribution for the latter's betrayal. But with Davout assigned to defend Hamburg (which he did, up to and beyond Napoleon's abdication), they never did face each other in battle.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Of the other Marshals, Davout had the best relations with Michel Ney, Nicolas Charles Oudinot and Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr. His best friend was possibly Charles-Étienne Gudin de La Sablonnière, one of his subordinates, who was killed in battle in 1812.


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: Davout was also noted for his loyalty to his long-time second wife Louise "Aimée" Julie Davout (née Leclerc, sister of Charles Leclerc and sister-in-law of Pauline Bonaparte) (Pontoise, 19 June 1782Paris, 17 December 1868), whom he married in 1801 and who remained with him until his death. Their marriage was loving and the couple seem to have been faithful to each other despite very long periods of separation. They had eight children, four of whom died in childhood:


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: The title of duke went to the descendants of Louis-Nicolas' brother Charles Isidor (1774–1854) by his marriage in 1824 to Claire de Cheverry (1804–1895). He also had a sister Julie (1771–1846), married in 1801 to Marc-Antoine Bonnin de La Bonninière, 1st Count de Beaumont (1763–1830), and another brother, Alexandre-Louis-Edme, 1st Baron d'Avout (1773–1820), married in 1808 to Alire Parisot (1786–1856).


title: Louis-Nicolas Davout

text: The youngest daughter, Adelaide-Louise, marquise de Blocqueville, left provision in her will for the name of her father to be given to a lighthouse. In 1897, the Phare d'Eckmühl was opened on the headland of Penmarc'h in Brittany.


title: Tillandsia

text: Tillandsia is a genus of around 650 species of evergreen, perennial flowering plants in the family Bromeliaceae, native to the forests, mountains and deserts of northern Mexico and south-eastern United States, Mesoamerica and the Caribbean to mid Argentina. Their leaves, more or less silvery in color, are covered with specialized cells (trichomes) capable of rapidly absorbing water that gathers on them.


title: Tillandsia

text: They are also commonly known as air plants because they are epiphytes, not needing soil for nourishment. They have a natural propensity to cling to whatever surfaces are readily available: telephone wires, tree branches, bark, bare rocks, etc. Their light seeds and a silky parachute facilitate their spread. Most "Tillandsia" species are epiphytes – which translates to 'upon a plant'. Some are aerophytes, which have a minimal root system and grow on shifting desert soil. Due to their epiphytic way of life, these plants will not grow in soil but live on the branches of trees, in deserts and on other substrates that will not be saturated with water for very long.


title: Tillandsia

text: "Tillandsia" are perennial herbaceous plants which exhibit a multitude of physiological and morphological differences making this a diverse genus. Having native habitats that vary from being epiphytic and saxicolous, species have certain adaptations, such as root systems designed to anchor to other plants or substrates, and modified trichomes for water and nutrient intake. Some of the species, like the majority of Bromeliaceae, grow as funnel bromeliads, with a compressed stem axis. The leaves are then close together in rosettes, and cover the lower areas of the leaves, forming a funnel for collecting water.


title: Tillandsia

text: These leaf rosettes, a common physical characteristic in "Tillandsia" species, collect nutrients and water. The flowers typically involve bright, vibrant colors, with blooms or inflorescences produced on a stalk or several stalks. The flower's color varies greatly; red, yellow, purple and pink flowers exist in this genus, and multicolored flowers are known. The bright colors attract pollinators. An air plant's foliage may also change color when it blooms, also attracting pollinators. The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold with double perianth. The three free sepals are symmetrical and pointed. The seeds have a "parachute" similar to the dandelion.


title: Tillandsia

text: The genus "Tillandsia" was named by Carl Linnaeus after the Swedish physician and botanist Elias Tillandz (originally Tillander) (1640–1693). Some common types of "Tillandsia" include ball moss ("T. recurvata") and Spanish moss ("T. usneoides"). The genus contains around 650 species, where 635 are considered epiphytic. "Tillandsia" was traditionally divided into seven subgenera:


title: Tillandsia

text: "Tillandsia" have naturally been established in diverse environments such as equatorial tropical rain forests, high elevation Andes mountains, rock dwelling (saxicolous) regions, and Louisiana swamps, such as Spanish moss ("T. usneoides"), a species that grows atop tree limbs. However, there are also species that are lithophytic (growing in or on rocks, though this can also stretch to living on roofs or even telephone wires). Its native range is Tropical & Subtropical America.


title: Tillandsia

text: Green-leaved species of "Tillandsia" generally live in cool-to-humid climates, in areas of terrestrial shade or the lower levels of a forest. In contrast, almost all gray-leaved species live in precipitation-poor areas with high humidity. They prefer the full sun and can therefore be found in the upper floors of the woods, on rocks or (rarely) on the ground. Many of the gray species are epiphytes. Some species are more or less xeromorphic.


title: Tillandsia

text: Species of "Tillandsia" photosynthesize through a process called CAM cycle, where they close their stomata during the day to prevent water loss and open them at night to fix carbon dioxide and release oxygen. This allows them to preserve water, necessary because they are epiphytes. They do not have a functional root system and instead absorb water in small amounts through their leaves via small structures called trichomes. Species of "Tillandsia" also absorb their nutrients from debris and dust in the air.


title: Tillandsia

text: Any root system found on "Tillandsia" has grown to act as a fragile stabilizing scaffold to grip the surface they grow on. As soon as they have been soaked with water, the green assimilation tissue below the suction scales becomes visible again, the plant is therefore "greened". Now the plant can absorb more light. When the sun dries the plants, they turn white. Thanks to this special survival trick, plants without roots can absorb fog droplets as well as rainwater and thus cover their water needs.


title: Tillandsia

text: More than one-third of a tropical forest's vascular plants are "Tillandsia". Their contribution to the environment's carrying capacity allows for terrestrial fauna like earthworms to thrive in the treetops.


title: Tillandsia

text: Temperature is not critical, the range being from . Frost hardiness depends on the species. "T. usneoides", for example, can tolerate night-time frosts down to about . For most species, the ideal growth temperature is between , with a minimum of and a maximum of . Few are resistant to , but some, usually from higher elevation areas, are hardy enough to withstand light and brief freezes and live outdoors year round in areas with mild winters.


title: Tillandsia

text: Tillandsias, like other bromeliads, can multiply through pollination and seed formation. Since Tillandsia are not self-fertile, the pollen must come from another plant of the same species. Tillandsia, depending on the species, may take months or years to flower. After flowering, the plant forms offsets and dies.


title: Tillandsia

text: Generally, the thinner-leafed varieties grow in rainy areas and the thick-leafed varieties in areas more subject to drought. Most species absorb moisture and nutrients through the leaves from rain, dew, dust, decaying leaves and insect matter, aided by structures called trichomes. Air plants are growing rapidly in popularity as a low maintenance household plant. Due to their minimal root system and other adaptations, they generally do not require frequent watering, no more than four times a week, allowing the plant to completely dry before watering again.


title: Tillandsia

text: The amount of light required depends on the species; overall, air plants with silver dusting and stiff foliage will require more sunlight than air plants with softer foliage. They generally need a strong light. In summer outside, however, they prefer the light shade of a tree at the hottest hours. Plants are commonly seen mounted, placed in a terrarium, or simply placed in seashells as decorative pieces. For so-called "aerial" species (the majority of the common species in culture except "Tillandsia cyanea"), that is to say those whose roots are transformed into crampons without any power of absorption, watering is done by the leaves in the form of frequent sprays, or brief soaking of the plant in a container full of water. It is imperative to use non-calcareous water. Rainwater recovered from the flow of a mossy or green roof is best for this purpose, if available.


title: Amagami

text: , is a Japanese dating simulation game for the PlayStation 2 and the spiritual successor to "KimiKiss", both of which were developed and published by Enterbrain. Amagami was released on March 19, 2009. , six manga adaptations have been produced: two serialized in Enterbrain's "Famitsu Comic Clear", two in Hakusensha's "Young Animal" and "Young Animal Island", one in ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki Maoh" and one in Kadokawa Shoten's Comp Ace. An anime adaptation titled Amagami SS aired in Japan from July 1, 2010, to December 23, 2010. An anime sequel titled Amagami SS+ plus, pronounced as "Amagami SS Plus", aired in Japan from January 6, 2012, to March 29, 2012. Seiren is a sequel to the similarly-structured Amagami adaptation, set in the same high school, albeit 9 years later.


title: Amagami

text: Two years ago, Junichi Tachibana had his heart broken by a girl who stood him up on a date on Christmas Eve. Now a second-year student in high school, Junichi is wary of love because of his past and dislikes celebrating Christmas. However this Christmas, his encounter with one of six girls from his school: Haruka Morishima, Kaoru Tanamachi, Sae Nakata, Ai Nanasaki, Rihoko Sakurai, or Tsukasa Ayatsuji will finally open his true self and heart.


title: Amagami

text: The game saw an updated re-release with a number of bug fixes under the name of and a port to the PlayStation Portable with the same title on March 31, 2011, this time with Kadokawa Games as the publisher. This version features a playable Mahjong minigame. The PSP version requires at least PSP Firmware 6.31 to run. A port was also released for the PlayStation Vita on 30 January 2014. The game was only released in Japan.


title: Amagami

text: An anime television series adaptation by AIC titled "Amagami SS" aired from July 2, 2010, to December 23, 2010, in Japan. The anime adaptation is divided into six four-episode story arcs where each arc focuses on one of the main heroines who will become Junichi's love interest along with two extra episodes that focuses on Risa Kamizaki and Miya Tachibana. Also included are two bonus OVA Short Story DVDs that were delivered to customers who ordered the first six Blu-ray/DVDs for the first OVA and the next six Blu-ray/DVDs for the second OVA. On May 21, 2011, Sentai Filmworks announced at Anime Central 2011 they have licensed the anime series for North America. On August 13, 2011, it was announced that Amagami SS would get a second season.


title: Amagami

text: The anime has ten pieces of theme music: two opening themes and eight ending themes; each ending theme is sung by the voice actresses of the heroines of the series in their respective story arc. The first opening theme is "i Love" by azusa which ran from episode 1 to 13 and was released on July 19, 2010. The second opening theme is by azusa which was used from episode 14 to 26 and was released on October 20, 2010. The first ending theme, used for episodes one through four, is by Shizuka Itō and was released on July 21, 2010. The second ending theme, used for episodes five through eight, is by Rina Satō and was released on August 18, 2010. The third ending theme, used for episodes nine through twelve, is by Hiromi Konno and was released on September 15, 2010. The fourth ending theme, used for episodes 13 through 16, is by Yukana and was released on October 20, 2010. The fifth ending theme, used for episodes 17 through 20, is by Ryōko Shintani and was released on November 17, 2010. The sixth ending theme, used for episodes 21 through 24, is by Kaori Nazuka and was released on December 15, 2010. The seventh ending theme, used for episode 25 is by Mai Kadowaki. The eighth and final ending theme, used for episode 26 is by Kana Asumi. Both the seventh and eighth ending themes were released on January 19, 2011.


title: Amagami

text: The anime adaptation received positive reviews. THEM anime gave Amagami SS 3 out of 5 stars. They sum up the review saying it could have been better but overall an enjoyable series for older teens. Chris Beveridge from The Fandom Post gave the complete collection content a grade of A−. He recommended it for fans wanting different story arcs, and cited that it plays to the series roots as a video game.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: The Trip is a 2010 British television sitcom series and feature film directed by Michael Winterbottom, starring Steve Coogan and Rob Brydon as fictionalised versions of themselves on a restaurant tour of northern England. The series was edited into feature film format and premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2010. The full series was first broadcast on BBC Two and BBC HD in the United Kingdom in November 2010. Both the TV series and film received very positive reviews.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: Three further series followed. "The Trip to Italy" was broadcast on BBC Two in 2014, "The Trip to Spain" was filmed in 2016 and broadcast on Sky Atlantic in 2017, and "The Trip to Greece" was filmed in 2019 and aired on Sky One in 2020"." Like the first series, the second, third and fourth were each edited into feature films. Winterbottom, Coogan and Brydon stated that "The Trip to Greece" would be the final series for the show.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: Coogan and Brydon's roles as fictionalised versions of themselves are a continuation of their improvised performances in the film "A Cock and Bull Story" (2005), also directed by Michael Winterbottom. In an interview with "The Guardian", Coogan said he and Brydon exaggerated "the aspects of ourselves that help the comedy ... I like playing with the fact that it might be me, to give it a bit more edge. So some of the conversations with Rob are funny, but some of them are very uncomfortable. They're sort of genuine arguments. It's a sort of an exaggeration of real life."


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: In an effort to save his relationship with his gourmet girlfriend, Mischa (Margo Stilley), actor Steve Coogan accepts a commission from "The Observer" to go on a restaurant tour of northern England. When Mischa insists they take a break from their relationship, Steve invites colleague and frenemy Rob Brydon. On the trip, Coogan has a number of one-night stands, but is miserable professionally and personally, despite being the bigger star; Brydon, with his young family, is more content and laid-back. The two argue and attempt to one-up and humiliate each other with their impersonations of celebrities including Michael Caine and Sean Connery.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: In the second series, Rob and Steve are commissioned to do another restaurant tour, this time in Italy from Piedmont to Capri, following in the footsteps of the great Romantic poets in the early 19th century on the Grand Tour. While on the tour, Rob wins a part in an American Michael Mann film. Steve reconnects with his estranged son, Joe, who briefly joins the two towards the end of their trip.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: In the third series, Rob and Steve are commissioned to do another restaurant tour, this time in Spain.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: The fourth series is set in Greece where Rob and Steve conduct a restaurant tour that follows the path of the Odyssey.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: The concept was revived for "The Big Night In", a 20 April 2020 telethon held during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which had the pair conducting a video call from their homes to discuss making a segment for the telethon.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: "The Trip" received positive reviews. Andrea Mullaney of "The Scotsman" said that "on paper, "The Trip" sounds bloody awful: a cosy, luvvie giant in-joke for Steve Coogan and Rob Brydon", but went on to describe it as "completely brilliant" and "hilarious". Brian Viner of "The Independent" said: ""The Trip" never fails to oblige. I love it for its originality and its daring." John Crace of "The Guardian" described the show as "one of the funniest things on TV." Director Richard Curtis described the series as one of the greatest television programmes of all time at the 2013 British Comedy Awards. It was nominated, in 2011, for the BAFTA Television Award for Best Situation Comedy, and Steve Coogan won the award for Best Male Comedy Performance. It won the Best New Programme award at the 2012 Broadcast Awards in London. In 2018, Rob Brydon was nominated for the BAFTA Television Award for Best Male Comedy Performance, but lost out to Toby Jones for "Detectorists".


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: The second series, "The Trip to Italy", also received positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 87% of 54 film critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7.3 out of 10. Stephanie Zacharek of "The Village Voice" wrote that "The Trip to Italy" "is basically more of the same "Trip" ... Now we know just what to expect from Coogan and Brydon, although as long as you're willing to settle in for the ride, that's not necessarily a bad thing." Scott Foundas of "Variety" found the series a "warmly enjoyable continuation of their improvised cultural and culinary adventures." William Goss of "Film.com" wrote: "Plenty enjoyable for fans of the first one, but by the end, it also has the consistency of reheated comfort food." Amber Wilkinson of "The Daily Telegraph" gave the film version of "The Trip to Italy" a grade B score, writing that Coogan and Brydon's "improvisation has been honed to the point where the jokes land solidly without losing naturalism and the pair of them are clearly enjoying la dolce vita."


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: A review article of the series was published in the online quarterly film journal "Senses of Cinema" in 2015, which reflects upon its relationships to poetry, the work of Walter Benjamin, allegory, tragedy, mourning, Italian neorealism, Romanticism, and The Gravediggers scene from Shakespeare's "Hamlet". In 2019, "The Trip" was ranked 95th on "The Guardian" list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: In Australia, the programme was first screened Wednesday nights at 10:00pm on ABC1 starting on 14 December 2011, six months after the feature film edit of "The Trip" was released.


title: The Trip (2010 TV series)

text: The first series of "The Trip" was released on 13 December 2010. The second series was released on 12 May 2014, as well as a boxset featuring all 12 TV episodes, and a boxset of the film versions.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: Reginald Alan Hudlin (born December 15, 1961) is an American film screenwriter, director, producer, and comic-book writer. Along with his older brother Warrington Hudlin, he is known as one of the Hudlin Brothers. From 2005 to 2008, Hudlin was President of Entertainment for Black Entertainment Television (BET). Hudlin has also written numerous graphic novels. He co-produced the 88th Academy Awards ceremony in 2016 as well as other TV specials.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: Hudlin's breakout film was 1990's "House Party". He also directed the 1992 film "Boomerang". Alongside Warrington, he executive produced the 1994 anthology television film "Cosmic Slop", and directed the first of the film's three segments, "Space Traders". Hudlin worked as a producer on the 2012 film "Django Unchained", directed by Quentin Tarantino, which received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: Hudlin was born in Centreville, Illinois, the son of two teachers. Hudlin's older brother, Warrington Hudlin, is also a film director, as well as an actor and producer.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: The Hudlins grew up in East St. Louis, Illinois, where the family had deep roots. The Hudlin Brothers are paternal great-great-grandsons of Peter and Nancy Hudlin, who were part of the Underground Railroad. Their great uncle was tennis instructor Richard A. Hudlin, who mentored Arthur Ashe and Althea Gibson.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: The Hudlins attended Katherine Dunham's Center for the Performing Arts, an experimental school, Warrington for high school and Reginald for after school martial arts classes. Hudlin has said that the experience was formative, and led to his older brother attending Yale University, and his attending Harvard University. In 1979, Hudlin graduated from Assumption High School in East St. Louis.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: While an undergraduate at Harvard University, Hudlin directed his thesis project, a short film called "House Party," which received numerous awards including first place at the Black American Cinema Society Awards. The film was inspired by his experience growing up in East St. Louis. In 1983, Hudlin graduated magna cum laude from Harvard with a B.A. in Visual and Environmental Studies. His short film thesis was the basis for his first feature film, "House Party."


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: After college, Hudlin and his brother formed a production company and made music videos for such artists as Heavy D, Jamaica Boys, and others. They additionally created the "Hey Love" 1980s TV commercial for a various-artists compilation record, that played regularly on late night TV.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: Hudlin directed—with older brother Warrington producing—his first feature-length film, 1990's low-budget teen hip-hop comedy "House Party," which starred Kid 'n Play. One of the messages of the film was its promotion of safe sex. The film, distributed by New Line Cinema, was, according to "Variety", one of the most profitable films of the decade. New Line wanted to make sequels, but the Hudlins did not feel the compensation or deals were adequate.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: Hudlin directed 1992's "Boomerang," again with older brother Warrington producing. The film was a big-budget romantic comedy that starred Eddie Murphy, who had a term deal at Paramount Pictures and hired the Hudlin Brothers because he liked "House Party." It starred an all-black cast that included Robin Givens, Halle Berry, Martin Lawrence, David Alan Grier, and Chris Rock. "Boomerang" was based on an original idea by Murphy and was written by "Saturday Night Live" writers Barry W. Blaustein and David Sheffield.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: A celebration of the 25th anniversary of "Boomerang's" release was held on July 1, 2017, at the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C., with a conversation between Hudlin and producer George Alexander.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: In 1992, while making "Boomerang," Hudlin directed the first Black animated film, "Bébé's Kids", which was championed by Paramount's Brandon Tartikoff, and was made in memory of comedian Robin Harris, who had died in 1990.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: In 1994, the Hudlin Brothers produced the HBO anthology television film "Cosmic Slop", of which Hudlin directed the segment "Space Traders". The segment is an adaptation of the short story "The Space Traders" by Derrick Bell, found in Bell's book "Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism."


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: He then directed "The Great White Hype", "The Ladies Man", "Serving Sara" (2002), two episodes of the TV series "Modern Family", an episode of "The Office", an episode of "The Middle", and several episodes of "Outsourced". He was also a recurring producer and director of "The Bernie Mac Show" for three years.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: From 2005 to 2008, Hudlin was the President of Entertainment for BET. Notable shows shepherded by Hudlin at that time included the documentary series "American Gangster" and "Sunday Best," a gospel-music singing-competition show. Hudlin created "The BET Honors" and the "BET Hip Hop Awards."


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: Hudlin wrote the Marvel Comics series "Black Panther" from 2005 to 2008, including the 2006 storyline "Bride of the Panther," which saw the character marry X-Men leader Storm.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: Hudlin was a producer of Quentin Tarantino's "Django Unchained", starring Jamie Foxx, Leonardo DiCaprio, Christoph Waltz, Kerry Washington, and Samuel L. Jackson. On January 10, 2013, Hudlin received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture for the film.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: In 2014, Hudlin produced the "Black Movie Soundtrack" celebration of Black music in movies, held at Los Angeles' Hollywood Bowl and hosted by Craig Robinson. "Black Movie Soundtrack II", also hosted by Robinson, was held in 2016.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: In 2015, DC Comics announced that Hudlin and artists Denys Cowan and Derek Dingle would be part of the relaunch of the publisher's Milestone Media imprint, founded by Cowan, Dingle and Dwayne McDuffie. The comic line returned in September 2020 with the Hudlin-penned "Milestone Returns" #0.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: In 2015, Hudlin joined the board of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, a non-profit organization founded in 1986 chartered to protect the First Amendment rights of the comics community.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: By June 2017, Hudlin had been hired to direct a movie based on the comic "Shadowman". That October, Hudlin's film "Marshall", about Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American U.S. Supreme Court justice, starring Chadwick Boseman, was released.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: Hudlin contributed a story to the "Black Panther Annual" #1, released in February 2018. By July the following year, Hudlin had been hired to direct the Walt Disney Pictures film "Safety" for Disney+.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: In June 2021, the French website "LivresHebdo" said Reginald Hudlin is to direct a movie based on the comics , written by Yves Sente and drawn by .


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: On July 12, 2021, it was announced that Hudlin along with Ian Stewart will the executive producers for the 73rd Enmmy Awards which will have a live audience on September 19, 2021 on CBS.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: In 2002, Hudlin married Chrisette Hudlin (née Suter), a public relations consultant, in Montego Bay, Jamaica. They have two children.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: Reginald Hudlin's lawyer at the time was Doug Emhoff. In 2013, Chrisette Hudlin set up Emhoff on a blind date with then-Attorney General of California and future Vice-President, Kamala Harris.


title: Reginald Hudlin

text: 2021: Recipient of (Miami University of Ohio) Miami’s Summer of ‘64 Award for his contributions in bringing the Black image to screen.


title: Burhanpur

text: Burhanpur also known as "Brampore" as is a city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative seat of Burhanpur District. It is situated on the north bank of the Tapti River and southwest of the state's capital city of Bhopal. The city is a Municipal Corporation.


title: Burhanpur

text: Burhanpur was an important city under the Rashtrakuta Dynasty from 753–982. Excavations of the Tapti River and Asirgarh Fort have discovered many coins, goddess idols and temples from the prehistoric era. However, Burhanpur came to prominence during the medieval period.


title: Burhanpur

text: In 1388, Malik Nasir Khan, the Faruqi dynasty Sultan of Khandesh, discovered Burhanpur, at the behest of Shaikh Zainuddin and named it after a well-known medieval Sufi saint, Burhan-ud-Din. Burhanpur became the capital of the Khandesh sultanate. Later, Miran Adil Khan II (reigned 1457–1501), another sultan of this dynasty, built a citadel and a number of palaces in Burhanpur. During his long reign, Burhanpur was transformed into a major centre for trade and textile production.


title: Burhanpur

text: In 1601, the Mughal emperor Akbar annexed the Khandesh sultanate and Burhanpur became the capital of Khandesh subah, one of three new top-level provinces in the Mughal empire, added in 1601 (like Berar Subah in 1869 and Ahmadnagar subah in 1601–35) to the initial dozen as he conquered much of the Deccan. The city served as the residence of Khandesh's Mughal governor, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, during Akbar and Jahangir's rule. He constructed a new water supply for the city, as well as several gardens. In 1609, Mughal emperor Jahangir appointed his second son Parviz to the governorship of the Mughal provinces of the Deccan, and the prince chose Burhanpur as his headquarters and his residence.


title: Burhanpur

text: Burhanpur became a beautiful city, and many historical monuments survive in its expanse, mainly dating from the rule of the great Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Burhanpur was an important Mughal outpost. Shah Jahan spent a considerable amount of time in this city, and helped add to the Shahi Qila. The Shahi Qila is one majestic palace in Burhanpur, located to the west of the Tapti River. Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas were built on the terrace of the Qila. Little of it remains today, as the Qila is mostly in ruins. However, the parts of the palace that are still standing display exquisite sculpture and carvings. The main attraction at the palace is the "hamam" or royal bath. It was specifically built for Shah Jahan's wife, Mumtaz Mahal so that she could enjoy a luxurious bath. It is said that she died there while giving birth to her fourteenth child. Even today, the ceiling has many intricate paintings. One of these paintings depicts a monument which is said to have been the inspiration for the Taj Mahal, her final resting place. She was initially buried there for six months before being moved. The original grave called the Aahukhana is in disrepair.


title: Burhanpur

text: Around 1670 Daud Khan was the Subhadar (Governor) of Khandesh provinence, under the rule of Aurangzeb.


title: Burhanpur

text: In 1705, Santaji Ghorpade attacked Burhanpur and Khandesh subha to force the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to deploy more forces in Khandesh. This in turn relieved some of the pressure on Karnataka and Maratha swarajya from Mughal armies. In the 1720s, the city was taken by the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao during his expedition to Malwa and Delhi. In the 1750s, a Maratha army under Sadashivrao Bhau, who defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad, took control of the town. At the downfall of the Maratha Empire, the city was given to Maratha Sardar Holkar, Scindia, and then finally in 1818 was handed over to British by the Marathas.


title: Burhanpur

text: Burhanpur is situated on the southwestern border of Madhya Pradesh, near the banks of the Tapti River.


title: Burhanpur

text: As 2011 Indian Census, population of Burhanpur in 2011 was 210,886, of which males and females were 108,187 and 102,699 respectively. The population in the age group of 0 to 6 years was 28,930, of which 15,035 were males and 13,895 were females. The total number of literates in Burhanpur was 147,056, which constituted 69.7% of the population with male literacy of 73.3% and female literacy of 65.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Burhanpur was 80.8%, of which male literacy rate was 85.1% and female literacy rate was 76.3%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 14,440 and 2,179 respectively. Burhanpur had 38118 households in 2011.


title: Burhanpur

text: Islam and Hinduism is followed by 50.5% and 45.8 of the population respectively, with small number of Sikhs and Christians.


title: Burhanpur

text: Urdu is the most commonly spoken language. Hindi and Marathi are the other prominent languages. Gujarati, Sindhi and Marwari are also spoken. Nimadi is the local dialect.


title: Burhanpur

text: Burhanpur is known for its textile industry. It is the largest hub for the power loom industry in the state. It is also known for having one NTC (National Textile Corporation) project. It has a number of textile companies which are well known for interlining cloths, Grey Markin, Bleached Dhoti, Cambric, Power loom Cloth bakram and other types of fabric. There are also several cotton and oil mills in the city.


title: Burhanpur

text: Burhanpur was ruled by several dynasties, and consequently has many visitor attractions of historical interest. It has three rivers, the Tapti, the Utavali and the Mohna, with several natural sights for visitors to Burhanpur. This small town has four small ghats. Being the home of a very diverse population, Burhanpur has a notable Gurudwara, Masjid, Church, a world-famous Dargah


title: Burhanpur

text: Burhanpur is well connected to other cities of India via railway network. The city has one railway station, while regular buses are available for travel to nearby cities. The closest airport is Jalgaon Airport, a domestic airport, which is present on south side of the city, while Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport is the nearest customs airport within the state. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport is the nearest international airport located in Mumbai in Maharashtra.


title: Reinaldo Marcus Green

text: Reinaldo Marcus Green (born 1981) is an American director, producer and writer. His films include "Monsters and Men" (2018), "Joe Bell" (2020), and "King Richard" (2021), which was nominated for Best Picture at the 94th Academy Awards.


title: Reinaldo Marcus Green

text: Green was born in the Bronx to an African American father and a Puerto Rican mother and grew up in Staten Island among other areas of New York City. His parents divorced, and he and his brother Rashaad primarily lived with their father. They played baseball growing up and had MLB ambitions.


title: Reinaldo Marcus Green

text: Green attended Port Richmond High School. He went on to complete a Master of Education at Fairleigh Dickinson University, and taught at an elementary school. He then worked at AIG for five years as a director of educational programming and talent acquisitions, needing the money to pay off his undergraduate loans. However, Green's department was downsized due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008.


title: Reinaldo Marcus Green

text: Disillusioned by Wall Street and introduced to film by his brother, Green enrolled in NYU Tisch School of the Arts' graduate film program when he was 27 and has since taught at the institution as an adjunct professor.


title: Reinaldo Marcus Green

text: Green first gained prominence through his early short films both solo and in collaboration with his brother. Among these were "Stone Cars", which was shot on location in Cape Town, South Africa and showcased at the 2014 Cinéfondation in Cannes, and "Stop", which was inspired by the killing of Trayvon Martin and premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Reinaldo Marcus Green

text: After receiving the Sundance Institute Fellowship in 2017, Green made his feature film debut with the 2018 drama "Monsters and Men", which won the Special Jury Award for Outstanding First Feature at the Sundance Film Festival. His next project was "Joe Bell", produced by Jake Gyllenhaal and Cary Joji Fukunaga, and starring Mark Wahlberg, Connie Britton, and Maxwell Jenkins.


title: Reinaldo Marcus Green

text: For his first television project, Green directed three episodes of the British crime drama "Top Boy" for its third series, which premiered in 2019.


title: Reinaldo Marcus Green

text: In June 2019, it was announced Green would be directing a biopic titled "King Richard", about tennis coach and father of American tennis players Venus and Serena Williams, Richard Williams, starring Will Smith in the titular role. The film has received a number of accolades.


title: Reinaldo Marcus Green

text: Green directed the HBO miniseries "We Own This City", based on the nonfiction book of the same name by Justin Fenton. He is attached to direct the upcoming Bob Marley biopic starring Kingsley Ben-Adir for Paramount Pictures as well as an untitled dramedy for Lionsgate.


title: Murli Manohar Joshi

text: Murli Manohar Joshi (born 5 January 1934) is an Indian politician. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) of which he was the President between 1991 and 1993, and the former Member of Parliament for Kanpur parliamentary constituency. He was formerly a professor of physics in University of Allahabad. He was one of the key leaders of the BJP. Joshi later became the Union Human Resources Development minister in the National Democratic Alliance government. Joshi was awarded Padma Vibhushan, the second-highest civilian award, in 2017 by the Government of India.


title: Murli Manohar Joshi

text: Joshi was born in Delhi, hailing from Almora in Kumaon region, which is now part of the Uttarakhand state. Joshi had his early education in Chandpur, District Bijnore and Almora . He completed his B.Sc. from Meerut College and M.Sc. from Allahabad University. Here one of his teachers was Professor Rajendra Singh, who later became the RSS Sanghchalak. He did his doctorate from Allahabad University. The subject of his doctoral thesis was spectroscopy. He published a research paper in Physics in Hindi, which was a first of its kind.


title: Murli Manohar Joshi

text: Joshi came in contact with the RSS in Delhi at a young age and took part in the Cow Protection Movement in 1953–54, in the Kumbh Kisan Andolan of UP in 1955, demanding halving of land revenue assessment. During the Emergency period (1975–1977) in India, Joshi was in jail from 26 June 1975 until the Lok Sabha elections in 1977. He was elected Member of Parliament from Almora. When the Janata Party (which then included his party) came to power forming the first non-Congress government in Indian history, Joshi was elected General Secretary of the Janata Parliamentary Party. After the fall of the government, his party came out of Janata Party in 1980, and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party or the BJP. Joshi first looked after the Central Office as a General Secretary and later became Party Treasurer. As General Secretary of BJP, he was directly in charge of Bihar, Bengal and North-Eastern States. Later, when BJP formed a government in India under Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Joshi served as the Human Resource Development Minister in the cabinet.


title: Murli Manohar Joshi

text: In December 1991, Joshi held a "yatra", the "Ekta" "Yatra", intended to signal that BJP supported national unity and opposed separatist movements. It began on 11 December in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu and visited 14 states. The rally's final stop to hoist the Indian flag in Jammu and Kashmir on 26 January 1992 was considered unsuccessful, with minimal local participation.


title: Murli Manohar Joshi

text: Joshi is known to have been influenced by the life and work of Babasaheb Ambedkar, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and Deendayal Upadhyaya. Joshi was a three-term M.P. from Allahabad before he was defeated in the Lok Sabha elections of May 2004. He won election to the 15th Lok Sabha from Varanasi as a BJP candidate.


title: Murli Manohar Joshi

text: Joshi was appointed as Chairman of the Manifesto Preparation Board of the BJP in 2009. He was honoured as "Proud Past Alumni" of Allahabad University by Allahabad University Alumni Association. He was a sitting MP from Varanasi and he vacated that seat for Narendra Modi in 2014 Lok Sabha Elections. He later contested from Kanpur and won from the constituency by a margin of 2.23 lac votes.


title: White Town

text: Jyoti Prakash Mishra (born 30 July 1966), better known by his stage name White Town, is a British-Indian singer and musician. He is best known for his 1997 hit song "Your Woman".


title: White Town

text: Jyoti Prakash Mishra was born in Rourkela on 30 July 1966, and emigrated to England with his family at the age of three. He grew up in Derby.


title: White Town

text: White Town was originally the name of a band formed by Mishra in 1989, inspired by a Pixies concert he had attended. Initially, there were other members on guitar, bass, and drums; they played support gigs for various bands, most notably Primal Scream. In 1990, the project released its first self-financed record, "White Town EP", on 7" vinyl. This featured Nick Glyn-Davies on drums and Sean Deegan on bass, with Mishra on guitar and vocals. Sean Phillips, who is credited as a guitarist on the EP, joined the band shortly before the release. In time, Deegan and Glyn-Davies left and were replaced live by a drum machine and Leon Wilson on guitar. The rest of the band drifted away in the autumn of 1990, and Mishra continued with the project as a one-man band from then on, occasionally collaborating with musicians such as Gary Thatcher of the Beekeepers on guitar.


title: White Town

text: The lead single from White Town's second album, "Women in Technology", titled "Your Woman", reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1997. It also peaked at No. 1 in Spain and Iceland; No. 2 in Australia; No. 4 in Canada, Denmark, and Finland; and No. 23 on the U.S. Pop Airplay chart. After a troubled working relationship with EMI, Mishra was dropped from the label in 1997. Since then, he has gone back to working with indie labels such as Parasol Records. In 2006, he contributed the song "The PNAC Cabal" to the charity album "Voyces United for UNHCR".


title: White Town

text: The EP "A New Surprise" was released in September 2006 by Swedish indie label Heavenly Pop Hits, and was followed by the album "Don't Mention the War", which launched Mishra's own Bzangy Records label. A 7" White Town single titled "I Wanna Be Your Ex", with the B-side "Rainy Day", was released by Golly Jane Records in November 2014. Mishra released the albums "Deemab" and "Polyamory" in 2019. As of March 2020, he accumulates over 500,000 Spotify streams per month; his work received a boost in popularity in 2020 when Dua Lipa sampled the same trumpet hook White Town sampled in "Your Woman" in her song "Love Again".


title: White Town

text: Mishra has said, "I'm a mediocre singer, I'm a terrible guitarist, I'm a pretty good keyboardist, I'm a good producer, not amazing, but good." Noting his status as a one-hit wonder, he said it is "better than a no-hit wonder" and elaborated, "To be a professional musician and to be entertaining people twenty years after my biggest hit, I feel like I'm the luckiest person alive. Just to have one song that connects with people—most musicians dream their entire lives of having that."


title: White Town

text: Mishra became straight edge at the age of sixteen and is a radical Marxist. He has been outspoken about his beliefs.


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: Dora Madison Burge, sometimes credited professionally as Madison Burge and Dora Madison, is an American actress. She is known for starring as Becky Sproles on the NBC/DirecTV drama "Friday Night Lights" from 2009 to 2011. She starred as Jessica "Chilli" Chilton on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" from 2015 to 2016.


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: Burge was born in Hutto, Texas, as the youngest of six children. She attended Round Rock Christian Academy and was accepted to the University of North Texas, but deferred to pursue an acting career. She is also an aspiring singer-songwriter and dabbles with banjo percussion.


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: After appearing in a number of short films, in 2009, Burge made her television debut as Becky Sproles in the NBC/DirecTV drama "Friday Night Lights" in the fourth season until the show ended with the fifth season in 2011. According to a local interview, Burge said prior to being cast, she did not watch the show, but that did not limit her abilities when auditioning for the part as she was "so right on" for the role.


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: In 2011, Burge appeared in the religious sports drama "Seven Days in Utopia", and appeared as Lexi Samuels in three episodes of the first season of the ABC Family drama "The Lying Game".


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: Also in 2011, Burge appeared in the horror comedy "Humans vs Zombies", based on the live action role-playing game.


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: In 2012, Burge appeared in the family movie "Cowgirls n Angels" and actually performed some of the stunts on horseback.


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: In 2013, Burge appeared in My Jerusalem's music video "Mono". She also had a recurring role in the eighth and final season of the Showtime crime drama "Dexter" as Niki Walters, the daughter of Vince Masuka (C.S. Lee).


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: In 2014, Burge had a recurring role as Zoe in seven episodes of the short-lived CW science fiction romantic drama "Star-Crossed", which starred her former "Friday Night Lights" co-stars Aimee Teegarden and Grey Damon. That same year, she played Dora in the Sasquatch horror film "Exists" directed by Eduardo Sánchez.


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: In 2015, Burge joined the cast of the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" (replacing Charlie Barnett who played Peter Mills) as Jessica "Chili" Chilton, the paramedic in charge in the third season. Burge was added to the main cast in the fourth season. In 2016, her character was written out of the show.


title: Dora Madison Burge

text: In 2017, she co-starred with James Van Der Beek as Karen in the short-lived Viceland sitcom "What Would Diplo Do?".


title: Shilpa Shukla

text: Shilpa Shukla (born 22 February 1982) is an Indian film and theatre actress. She is known for her roles in the 2007 sports drama "Chak De! India" and the 2013 neo-noir film "B.A. Pass", for which she was awarded the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress.


title: Shilpa Shukla

text: Shukla was born to a Bhumihar family in the Vaishali district of Bihar. She comes from a family of bureaucrats, political leaders, and scholars. Her brother, Tenzin Priyadarshi, is a Buddhist monk, and her sister is an attorney.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: Manjul Bhargava (born 8 August 1974) is a Canadian-American mathematician. He is the Brandon Fradd, Class of 1983, Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University, the Stieltjes Professor of Number Theory at Leiden University, and also holds Adjunct Professorships at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, and the University of Hyderabad. He is known primarily for his contributions to number theory.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: Bhargava was awarded the Fields Medal in 2014. According to the International Mathematical Union citation, he was awarded the prize "for developing powerful new methods in the geometry of numbers, which he applied to count rings of small rank and to bound the average rank of elliptic curves".


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: Bhargava was born to an Indian family in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, but grew up and attended school primarily in Long Island, New York. His mother Mira Bhargava, a mathematician at Hofstra University, was his first mathematics teacher. He completed all of his high school math and computer science courses by age 14. He attended Plainedge High School in North Massapequa, and graduated in 1992 as the class valedictorian. He obtained his AB from Harvard University in 1996. For his research as an undergraduate, he was awarded the 1996 Morgan Prize. Bhargava went on to pursue graduate studies at Princeton University, where he completed a doctoral dissertation titled "Higher composition laws" under the supervision of Andrew Wiles and received his PhD in 2001, with the support of a Hertz Fellowship. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 2001–02, and at Harvard University in 2002–03. Princeton appointed him as a tenured Full Professor in 2003. He was appointed to the Stieltjes Chair in Leiden University in 2010.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: Bhargava is also an accomplished tabla player, having studied under gurus such as Zakir Hussain. He also studied Sanskrit from his grandfather Purushottam Lal Bhargava, a well-known scholar of Sanskrit and ancient Indian history. He is an admirer of Sanskrit poetry.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: His PhD thesis generalized Gauss's classical law for composition of binary quadratic forms to many other situations. One major use of his results is the parametrization of quartic and quintic orders in number fields, thus allowing the study of asymptotic behavior of arithmetic properties of these orders and fields.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: His research also includes fundamental contributions to the representation theory of quadratic forms, to interpolation problems and p-adic analysis, to the study of ideal class groups of algebraic number fields, and to the arithmetic theory of elliptic curves. A short list of his specific mathematical contributions are:


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: In 2015 Manjul Bhargava and Arul Shankar proved the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for a positive proportion of elliptic curves.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: Bhargava has won several awards for his research, the most prestigious being the Fields Medal, the highest award in the field of mathematics, which he won in 2014.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: Bhargava is the third-youngest full professor in Princeton University's history, after Charles Fefferman and John Pardon.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: In addition, he won the Morgan Prize and Hertz Fellowship in 1996, a Clay 5-year Research Fellowship, the Merten M. Hasse Prize from the MAA in 2003, the Clay Research Award in 2005, and the Leonard M. and Eleanor B. Blumenthal Award for the Advancement of Research in Pure Mathematics in 2005.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: He was named one of "Popular Science" magazine's "Brilliant 10" in November 2002. He won the $10,000 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize, shared with Kannan Soundararajan, awarded by SASTRA in 2005 at Thanjavur, India, for his outstanding contributions to number theory.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: In 2009, he was awarded the Face of the Future award at the India Abroad Person of the Year ceremony in New York City. In 2014, the same publication, the most prestigious and most widely read of the diaspora publications, gave him a second prize, India Abroad Publisher's Prize for Special Excellence.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: In 2011, he was awarded the Fermat Prize for "various generalizations of the Davenport-Heilbronn estimates and for his startling recent results (with Arul Shankar) on the average rank of elliptic curves".


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: In 2011, he delivered the Hedrick lectures of the MAA in Lexington, Kentucky. He was also the 2011 Simons Lecturer at MIT.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: In 2012, Bhargava was named an inaugural recipient of the Simons Investigator Award, and became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in its inaugural class of fellows.


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: He was awarded the 2012 Infosys Prize in mathematics for his "extraordinarily original work in algebraic number theory, which has revolutionized the way in which number fields and elliptic curves are counted".


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: In 2014, Bhargava was awarded the Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Seoul for "developing powerful new methods in the geometry of numbers, which he applied to count rings of small rank and to bound the average rank of elliptic curves".


title: Manjul Bhargava

text: In 2018 Bhargava was named as the inaugural occupant of The Distinguished Chair for the Public Dissemination of Mathematics at The National Museum of Mathematics (MoMath). This is the first visiting professorship in the United States dedicated exclusively to raising public awareness of mathematics.


title: The Originals (season 1)

text: "The Originals" is an American supernatural drama television series created by Julie Plec for The CW. A spin-off of "The Vampire Diaries", the series makes use of certain characters and story elements from the series of books of the same name. The first season premiered with a special preview on October 3, 2013, following the season premiere of its parent series, before premiering in its regular time slot on October 8, 2013.


title: The Originals (season 1)

text: The show is set in New Orleans which the Mikaelson family and Original vampires helped to build. In the first season, the focus is primarily on Klaus (Joseph Morgan), Elijah (Daniel Gillies), and Rebekah (Claire Holt), who discover in the series's backdoor pilotwhich aired on April 25, 2013, as an episode of "The Vampire Diaries"that Hayley Marshall (Phoebe Tonkin) is pregnant with Klaus' child.


title: The Originals (season 1)

text: Having fled the city many years ago, they return to find Klaus' former protégé, Marcel (Charles Michael Davis), in control of the French Quarter. Klaus decides to take back the city and enlists Elijah and Rebekah's help. The show also revolves around their relationship with other supernatural beings such as witches.


title: The Originals (season 1)

text: The first season received mixed reviews with 7.8 from IMDB. On Rotten Tomatoes the season holds a 57% based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 5.61/10. The critics consensus reads, ""The Originals" may overwhelm casual viewers with its myriad twists and bevy of supernatural beings, but this is a sleek, atmospheric "Vampire Diaries" spinoff with potential."


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: The 2011 NBA lockout was the fourth and most recent lockout in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Team owners began the work stoppage upon expiration of the 2005 collective bargaining agreement (CBA). The 161-day lockout began on July 1, 2011 and ended on December 8, 2011. It delayed the start of the from November to December, and it reduced the regular season from 82 to 66 games. The previous lockout in 1998–99 had shortened the season to 50 games. During the lockout, teams could not trade, sign, or contact players. Players additionally did not have access to NBA team facilities, trainers, or staff.


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: Negotiations between the owners, led by league commissioner David Stern, and the players, headed by director Billy Hunter and president Derek Fisher of the labor union National Basketball Players Association (NBPA), began in early 2011 and continued through November. The main issues dividing both sides were the division of revenue, the structure of the salary cap and luxury tax. Owners proposed to reduce the players' share of basketball related income (BRI) from 57% to 47%, but the players countered with 53% of BRI. Owners wanted to implement a hard salary cap and a harsher luxury tax, hoping to increase competition among teams, whereas players wanted to keep the current soft salary cap structure intact.


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: As both sides failed to reach an agreement, the NBA canceled the preseason and all games through December. On November 14, the players dissolved the union, allowing them to file antitrust lawsuits against the league. On November 26, both sides reached a tentative agreement to end the lockout. The new CBA calls for a revenue split of 49-to-51.2% and a flexible salary cap structure with harsher luxury tax. After the tentative deal was reached, owners allowed players to have voluntary workouts at team sites starting December 1. After the deal was ratified on December 8, training camps, trades, and free agency began the next day. During the lockout, some players signed contracts to play in other countries, mostly in Europe and Asia, with most of them having the option to return upon the lockout's conclusion. The lockout also affected the economy outside the league due largely to cities that had teams in the league losing revenue generated by games as well as television networks that broadcast the league losing ratings and advertisement revenue due to games not being played.


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: After the previous lockout, which shortened the from 82 to 50 games, a six-year deal between the owners, led by commissioner David Stern, and the players, led by director Billy Hunter and president Patrick Ewing of the labor union National Basketball Players Association (NBPA), was reached. As the CBA was set to expire on June 30, 2005, the two sides began to negotiate in early 2005. There were several issues obstructing the new agreement, which included adding an age limit for rookies, toughening the existing drug-testing program and limiting the length of long-term contracts. However, negotiations went smoothly and the two sides were able to reach a deal in June 2005, avoiding the lockout. That deal guaranteed players 57 percent of basketball-related income (BRI) and lasted for six years, until June 30, 2011. A year after signing the deal, eight owners signed a petition requesting Stern address the disparity between small-market and large-market teams. They wrote that "the hard truth is that our current economic system works only for larger-market teams and a few teams that have extraordinary success ...The rest of us are looking at significant and unacceptable annual financial losses."


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: Derek Fisher succeeded Ewing as NBPA president in 2006. In early 2011, negotiations on a new CBA began. The league claimed that it was losing $300 million a year (22 out of 30 teams were losing money last season) and proposed to reduce 40% of players' salary (about $800 million) and institute a hard salary cap (at $45 million per team) as opposed to a soft cap (at $58 million) currently in use. The union disputed those figures and steadfastly opposed those changes. Hunter said that he was advising players to prepare for a lockout. In May 2011, the NBPA filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), accusing the league of negotiating in bad faith by failing to provide critical financial data to the union and repeatedly threatening to lock out players. The NBA quickly rejected the complaint, saying that the league complies fully with federal labor laws. The union also considered the option of decertification, which allows players to file an antitrust lawsuit against the NBA.


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: With time winding down, negotiations continued in May and June. On the salary cap, the owners, in their newest proposal, call for a system called the "flex cap" that limits payroll at $62 million but penalizes teams if the teams payroll exceeds the league's average payroll of that season. The union argued that it is still a hard cap because the ceiling would kick in eventually. On salary reduction, players offered to cut $500 million over the next five years (their share of BRI would be reduced from 57 to 54.3 percent). The owners instead proposed to cut $2 billion over the next 10 years.


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: As a last-ditch effort to avert a lockout, owners and players met again on June 30, 2011, to negotiate, but both sides failed to reach a resolution on key issues like salary cap and BRI splits. Both Stern and Hunter said that the two sides remained far apart. The owners demanded a larger share, claiming that they were losing money. The players, on the other hand, were willing to make concessions, but they refused to completely cave in to owners' demands. Negotiations broke off, and the CBA expired at midnight.


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: The lockout was officially started by the owners on July 1, 2011, during which teams could not trade, sign, or contact players, and players could not access NBA team facilities, trainers, or staffs. Negotiations resumed at an August 1 bargaining session, but it fell apart after three hours. On August 2, 2011, the NBA filed two unfair labor practice claims against the NBPA, one at the NLRB and another at a federal district court in New York. The league accused the players of being uncooperative in negotiations by threatening to dissolve their union and file antitrust lawsuits. Hunter, in a statement released by the union, called the lawsuits "without merit" and that the union would seek to dismiss it in court. On August 4, Hunter said that he thought the entire would likely be canceled.


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: The NBPA and the owners returned to negotiate again on August 31 with a sense of urgency. No specifics were disclosed although both sides hoped to meet again soon. "Everyone loses if we don't reach an agreement, that's something that I think has always been understood," said union president Derek Fisher. "I will say we are not apart in terms of an agreed urgency on getting a deal done," said NBA deputy commissioner Adam Silver.


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: The union and owners met again on September 13 but the negotiation soon collapsed. The salary cap structure remained the main source of disagreement. Owners wanted to create a hard cap for team payroll. The union wanted to keep the current structure intact, referring to it as a "blood issue". Players were willing to cut salary only if owners agree to compromise on the salary cap. But owners were unwilling to concede, saying that there must be a system in place that allows all teams to compete. Five of the sports agents—Arn Tellem, Bill Duffy, Mark Bartelstein, Jeff Schwartz, and Dan Fegan—who represent one-third of NBA players spoke with each other about decertifying the union. They believed owners have most of the leverage in negotiation and viewed decertification as a way for players to take control. Hunter said however that players had not considered decertification at this point.


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: On September 15, Fisher sent an email to 400-plus players asking for unity. In the email, he said that recent meetings were "effective". He suggested that the failure of having a deal was not due to disagreement between players and owners, but due to disagreement among owners. Fisher also used the opportunity to counter agents' suggestion of disbanding the union, saying that they were not making "a drastic move that leaves players without a union". According to sources, there was indeed disagreement among the owners. Some thought players' proposal of taking 52% of BRI was fair, and were willing to compromise on things like tying players' future earnings to NBA's future revenue growth and maintaining current salary level. Cavaliers' Dan Gilbert and Suns' Robert Sarver were among the hardliners who oppose the deal while Knicks' James Dolan and the Lakers' Jerry Buss were among the group in favor of it. Stern denied that there was a rift among owners the following day, saying, "I don't know what the basis of Derek's belief is."


title: 2011 NBA lockout

text: On September 23, 2011, the NBA canceled training camp, which was to begin October 3, and the first week of preseason games, which were to run October 9 through 15. The incident marked only the second time in league history that games had been lost to a labor stoppage. Both the owners and the union had planned to meet on September 30 in New York and pledged to continue through the weekends if progress was being made. A source close to the situation leaked to ESPN that Stern planned to threaten the cancellation of the season if no deal was made, but the union saw this as a scare tactic and not a serious threat. Commentators speculated that Stern wanted to put pressure on the players and prevent negotiation from dragging through the fall. The meeting on September 30 was tense as Dwyane Wade reportedly yelled at Stern after he pointed his finger at Wade. The players nearly stormed out, but they remained in the meeting only after Hunter asked them to. Stern also backed down from his earlier threat that he would cancel the season if there was no deal.