title: Oregon Territory

text: A group of settlers in the Willamette Valley began meeting in 1841 to discuss organizing a government for the area. These earliest documented discussions, mostly concerning forming a government, were held in an early pioneer and Native American encampment and later town known as Champoeg, Oregon. These first Champoeg Meetings eventually led to further discussions, and in 1843 the creation of the Provisional Government of Oregon. In 1846, the Oregon boundary dispute between the U.S. and Britain was settled with the signing of the Oregon Treaty.


title: Oregon Territory

text: The United States federal government left their part of the region unorganized for two years until news of the Whitman massacre reached the United States Congress and helped to facilitate the organization of the region into a U.S. territory. On August 14, 1848, Congress passed the Act to Establish the Territorial Government of Oregon, which created what was officially the Territory of Oregon. The Territory of Oregon originally encompassed all of the present-day states of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, as well as those parts of present-day Montana and Wyoming west of the Continental Divide. Its southern border was the 42nd parallel north (the boundary of the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819), and it extended north to the 49th parallel. Oregon City, Oregon, was designated as the first capital.


title: Oregon Territory

text: The territorial government consisted of a governor, a marshal, a secretary, an attorney, and a three-judge supreme court. Judges on the court also sat as trial level judges as they rode circuit across the territory. All of these offices were filled by appointment by the President of the United States. The two-chamber Oregon Territorial Legislature was responsible for passing laws, with seats in both the upper-chamber council and lower-chamber house of representatives filled by local elections held each year.


title: Oregon Territory

text: Taxation took the form of an annual property tax of 0.25% for territorial purposes with an additional county tax not to exceed this amount. This tax was to be paid on all town lots and improvements, mills, carriages, clocks and watches, and livestock; farmland and farm products were not taxed. In addition, a poll tax of 50 cents for every qualified voter under age 60 was assessed and a graduated schedule of merchants' licenses established, ranging from the peddlar's rate of $10 per year to a $60 annual fee on firms with more than $20,000 of capital.


title: Oregon Territory

text: Oregon City served as the seat of government from 1848 to 1851, followed by Salem from 1851 to 1855. Corvallis served briefly as the capital in 1855, followed by a permanent return to Salem later that year. In 1853, as a result of the Monticello Convention and its approval by Congress and President Millard Fillmore, the portion of the territory north of the lower Columbia River and north of the 46th parallel east of the river was organized into the Washington Territory.


title: Oregon Territory

text: In 1850, 10 years after the end of the Second Great Awakening (1790–1840), of the 9 churches with regular services in the Oregon Territory, 5 were Catholic, 1 was Baptist, 1 was Congregational, 1 was Methodist, and 1 was Presbyterian. In the 1850 United States census, 10 counties in the Oregon Territory (7 counties in contemporary Oregon and 3 in contemporary Washington) reported the following population counts:


title: Oregon Territory

text: On February 14, 1859, the territory entered the Union as the U.S. state of Oregon within its current boundaries. The remaining eastern portion of the territory (the portions in present-day southern Idaho and western Wyoming) was added to the Washington Territory.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: The Piano Lesson is a 1987 play by American playwright August Wilson. It is the fourth play in Wilson's "The Pittsburgh Cycle". Wilson began writing this play by playing with the various answers regarding the possibility of "acquir[ing] a sense of self-worth by denying one's past". "The Piano Lesson" received the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: A Romare Bearden painting, "The Piano Lesson", inspired Wilson to write a play featuring a strong female character to confront African-American history, paralleling Troy in earlier "Fences". However, on finishing his play, Wilson found the ending to stray from the empowered female character as well as from the question regarding self-worth. What "The Piano Lesson" finally seems to ask is: "What do you do with your legacy, and how do you best put it to use?"


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Set in 1936 Pittsburgh during the aftermath of the Great Depression, "The Piano Lesson" follows the lives of the Charles family in the Doaker Charles household and an heirloom, the family piano, which is decorated with designs carved by an enslaved ancestor. The play focuses on the arguments between a brother and a sister who have different ideas on what to do with the piano. The brother, Boy Willie, is a sharecropper who wants to sell the piano to buy the land (Sutter's land) where his ancestors toiled as slaves. The sister, Berniece, remains emphatic about keeping the piano, which shows the carved faces of their great-grandfather's wife and son during the days of their enslavement.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Scene 1: Boy Willie and Lymon arrive in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from Mississippi and enter the Charles' household at five in the morning. They have brought a truck of watermelons to sell. Against Doaker's advice, Boy Willie wakes his sister Berniece, and tells her of Sutter's death. Berniece accuses Boy Willie of shoving Sutter down a well, and she asks him to leave. Instead, Boy Willie wakes Berniece's daughter, Maretha, causing Berniece to run back up the stairs where she sees Sutter's ghost. Lymon notices the piano which Willie intends to sell to buy Sutter's land. Doaker insists that Berniece will not sell the piano, because she refused to sell when Avery brought a buyer to the house. Willie insists that he will convince her. Maretha comes downstairs, and Willie asks her to play the piano. She plays the beginning of a few simple tunes, and he answers her song with a boogie-woogie. Berniece enters with Avery, and Willie asks whether she still has the prospective buyer's name, explaining he came to Pittsburgh to sell the piano. Berniece refuses to listen and walks out.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Scene 2: Wining Boy and Doaker talk in the kitchen when Boy Willie and Lymon enter and claim to have located the piano buyer. Willie's uncles warn him that Sutter will cheat him but Boy Willie refuses to listen. The story behind Lymon and Boy Willie's term in Parchman Prison Farm is revealed. Lymon and Willie both gather different perspectives from their experiences. Lymon wants to flee to the North where he will be better treated, while Willie feels that whites only treat blacks badly if the blacks do not try and stop them. They ask Wining Boy to play the piano, but instead he explains that being seen as nothing more than a piano player became a burden.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Doaker then tells the story of the piano's history. Generations earlier, Sutter, their family's slave-owner, broke up a family by selling a mother and child to pay for the piano which he bought for his wife as an anniversary present. The wife was happy with the piano but missed having the slaves, so Sutter had that family's husband/father (who was a carpenter and too valuable to sell), carve their likenesses on the piano. He carved likenesses of his entire history on the piano. In 1911, Boy Willie's father stole the piano from the Sutters; in retaliation he was killed. Willie declares that these are stories of the past and that the piano should now be put to good use. Willie and Lymon attempt to move the piano to test its weight. As soon as they try to move it, Sutter's ghost is heard. Berniece tells Willie to stop and informs him that he is selling his soul for money. Willie refutes her, Berniece blames Crawley's death on Willie, and the two engage in a fight. Upstairs, Maretha is confronted by the ghosts, and she screams in terror.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Scene 1: Doaker and Wining Boy are again together in the house alone. Doaker confesses that he saw Sutter's ghost playing the piano and feels that Berniece should discard the piano so as to prevent spirits from traumatizing the Charles family. Wining Boy disagrees. Lymon and Willie walk into the room after a watermelon sale. Wining Boy sells his suit and shoes to Lymon, promising its swooning effects on women. Both Lymon and Willie leave the house in hot pursuit of women.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Scene 2: Later that day as Berniece is preparing for her bath, Avery enters and proposes that Berniece should open up and let go. He tells her that she cannot continue to live her life with Crawley's memory shut inside her. Berniece changes the topic and asks Avery to bless the house, hoping to destroy the spirit of the Sutter ghost. Avery then brings up the piano and tells Berniece she should learn to not be afraid of her family's spirits and play it again. Berniece breaks down her story of her mother's tears and blood mingled with her father's soul on the piano and refuses to open her wounds for everyone to see.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Scenes 3–5: Boy Willie enters the Charles house with Grace and begins to fool around on the couch. Berniece orders them out and opens the door to see Lymon. Lymon is upset over his inability to woo women and begins to talk about women's virtues to Berniece. The two kiss, breaking Berniece's discomfort over Crawley's death, and Berniece heads back upstairs.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: The next morning, Lymon and Willie try to move the piano out and are stopped by Uncle Doaker. Willie, frustrated, demands that he will sell the piano no matter what. The day to move the piano draws closer. Excited to sell the piano, Willie quickly partakes on his actions without a care of his sister's words. Berniece appears with Crawley's gun, leading Doaker and Avery to urge them to talk it through first. Sutter's presence as a ghost is suddenly revived. Avery attempts to drive the ghost away with his blessings but is not successful. Suddenly, Berniece knows that she must play the piano again as a plea to her ancestors. Finally, the house is led to a calm aura, and Willie leaves.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Doaker Charles: The owner of the Charles household; the uncle of Berniece and Boy Willie. He lives with his niece Berniece and great-niece Maretha. A tall and thin 47-year-old man, Charles recounts the most detailed parts of his lives with his job on the railroad. Doaker plays the role of the storyteller, giving detailed and long accounts of the piano's history. Due to his old age, his connection to the past is expressed through his stories.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Doaker is also one of the only characters that truly understand Berniece's desire not to sell the piano so that the legacy of their family may remain. He may maintain a neutral view of whether the piano should be kept or sold, but he does prevent Boy Willie from taking the piano and bolting without Berniece's knowledge.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Boy Willie: Berniece's impulsive 30-year-old brother represents the lack of accepting one's past. A sharecropper and recently delivered out of prison from Mississippi, Boy Willie plans to sell the piano and use the earnings to buy the land where his ancestors had formerly toiled. His use of the legacy comes down to practicality; Willie finds the rich culture of his history engraved on the piano through pictures, blood, and tears to be a simple conversion to money. Rather than looking upon his past and accepting it, Boy Willie finds the constant need to prove himself as equal to the white man.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Unable to understand the importance of keeping one's legacy around one to understand and grow from it, Boy Willie only concerns himself with labels and capital. In the last scene of the book, after Berniece calls to the ancestors, Boy Willie finally understands that there is no escape from living his ancestral legacy and the only way to benefit from it is to learn from it.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Lymon: Lymon is the 29-year-old friend of Boy Willie and is much more secretive and shy in comparison, however, upon becoming more comfortable with the family, his attitude changes to be a sympathizer who doesn't offer many original opinions. He does not speak brashly and attempts to escape the law by staying in the North and starting a new life.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: One of the few characters in this play not related to the members of the Charles household, Lymon offers help and sporadic advice to the other characters. He listens to Doaker's version of the piano story, sympathizes with Boy Willie's desires to sell the piano, and attempts to understand Berniece's connection to the piano. Lymon is also obsessed with women and plays a large role in allowing Berniece to slowly relieve the mourning of Crawley, her deceased husband.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: His desire to please women and find his soul mate softens Berniece's gaze on crude men and gives him a slight leeway to kiss her.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Berniece: The 35-year-old mother of Maretha, Berniece symbolizes the guardian of her ancestors' past. She remains the only member of the family to adamantly demand the keepsake of the piano heirloom. Her relation with her brother further portrays her mourning of her late husband Crawley. Blaming Boy Willie for Crawley's death, Berniece questions Boy Willie's foolish actions more than others. While Boy Willie represents an opposing figure to their father Boy Charles by wanting to be a property owning man, Berniece draws similarities to her mother Mama Ola who never seemed to recover from the mourning of her husband either.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Berniece feels as if the piano should stay in the home rather be sold and it is a family heirloom. The piano is in her residence and was the one who was led to the piano first. She did not feel the need to rearrange her ancestors' past and instead embraced it. To Berniece, the piano represents her father's life, since he died over it, and her mother's toil, since she incessantly asked Berniece to play after his death. Originally playing the role of the messenger between the dead ancestors and the living descendants, Berniece prefers to stop channeling her family's ghosts after her mother's death. Since she does not want to disturb the spirits in the piano, Berniece leaves the piano untouched and does not play it.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: To save her daughter from the burdens that Berniece had to endure from playing the piano and helping her mother go through the pain and misery of losing her husband, Berniece refuses to let the spirits of her ancestors come back into her life. However, in the last scene, Berniece finally resumes her role as the middle person between the living and dead. In this last scene, Berniece plays the piano again and fulfills her duty to her family's legacy.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Maretha: The 11-year-old daughter of Berniece, Maretha plays the role of the future generation for the Charles family. Although Berniece teaches her how to play the piano, she does not allow any history of the piano to become apparent to Maretha.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Maretha's encounters with ghosts are approached without Berniece's liking. Maretha also allows experimentation among the future progeny of the Charles family, leading observations regarding the best way to pass down family history.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Avery Brown: A 38-year-old preacher who has been attempting to court Berniece ever since the death of Crawley, Avery Brown is a man of honest and good intentions. Constantly stressing his Christian view on things and advocating his hopes to build a congregation, Avery is aware that Berniece will never sell her piano heirloom. Also not related to the Charles family, Avery often offers advice to Berniece in an effort to help her let go of the fears of her past and the lingering mourning of her husband.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Avery's humble personality further emphasizes Berniece's lack of relieving her deceased husband's memory. He tries desperately to help her find her path and supports her through her pain. In the final scene, Avery's blessings on the house help bring Berniece back to her position of communicating between the living and the deceased.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Wining Boy: The comical figure in "The Piano Lesson", the Wining Boy is the 56-year-old elder brother of Doaker Charles. He tries to portray the image of a successful musician and gambler, but his music and attire are extremely dated. Instead of wanting to live in the present and the future like his nephew Boy Willie, Wining Boy drowns himself in the sorrows of his past. Whenever he ends up bankrupt, he wanders back into the Charles house to retell the days of the glory and fame.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: His former days of glory emphasize the submergence of his soul in the past. Wining Boy is also the only other character, aside from Berniece, who can speak with the dead. He speaks to the Ghosts of the Yellow Dog and to his deceased wife, Cleotha.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Grace: One of the last figures to be added to the play, Grace shows the desires of both Boy Willie and Lymon. Both men attempt to be with her and play to her good graces. Since she is not a member of the Charles family, the tension she feels in the last scene of Act Two demonstrates how strong the presence of the ancestral ghosts are in the Charles household.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: "The Piano Lesson" debuted as a staged reading at the 1986 National Playwrights Conference held at the Eugene O’Neill Theater Center.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: The first production opened on November 26, 1987 at the Yale Repertory Theatre. The cast featured Carl Gordon, Samuel L. Jackson, Rocky Carroll, Starletta DuPois, Chenee Johnson, Ylonda Powell, Tommy Hollis, Lou Myers, and Sharon Washington. The production was directed by Lloyd Richards and featured set design by E. David Cosier, Jr., costume design by Constanza Romero, lighting design by Christopher Akerlind, sound design by J. Scott Servheen, and musical direction by Dwight Andrews.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: It then opened at the Huntington Theatre Company in Boston on January 9, 1988. Charles S. Dutton assumed Jackson's role. "The Piano Lesson" was subsequently performed at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago. S. Epatha Merkerson and LisaGay Hamilton assumed DuPois and Washington's roles, respectively. The production then premiered on Broadway with the same cast at the Walter Kerr Theatre on April 16, 1990.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: "The Piano Lesson" was revived off-Broadway in 2012 in a production directed by Ruben Santiago-Hudson and with a cast including Chuck Cooper and Brandon J. Dirden.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: A Broadway revival of the play, directed by LaTanya Richardson Jackson, began previews on September 19, 2022 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, starring Samuel L. Jackson, Danielle Brooks, John David Washington, Ray Fisher, Trai Byers, Michael Potts, and April Matthis. The production opened on October 13, 2022, and is performed through January 29, 2023.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: On April 3, 2013, the production earned six Lucille Lortel Award nominations, winning in four categories on May 5. On April 23, the Off-Broadway production was recognized with Drama League Award nominations for Outstanding Revival of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Play and with two Distinguished Performance Award nominations, but failed to win any awards. The production received an Outer Critics Circle Award nomination. The play earned three 58th Drama Desk Award nominations. On May 7, the show earned a Theatre World Award for Best Debut Performance to be presented on June 3.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: Dirden won a 2013 Obie Award for Performance on May 20, while Santiago-Hudson won one for Direction. On May 8, the production was nominated for a 2013 Off-Broadway Alliance Award for Best Play Revival. It was announced as the winner on May 21.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: A Hallmark Hall of Fame TV movie entitled "The Piano Lesson" aired on CBS on February 5, 1995, starring Charles S. Dutton, Alfre Woodard, Carl Gordon, Tommy Hollis, Lou Myers, Courtney B. Vance, Zelda Harris, Rosalyn Coleman, Tommy Lafitteá, Lynne Innerst, Harold Surratt, Elva Branson, Tim Hartman, Ben Tatar, and Alice Eisner. Dutton, Gordon, Hollis, and Myers reprised their roles from the Broadway production. It was also directed by Lloyd Richards.


title: The Piano Lesson

text: On September 30, 2020, it was announced that Denzel Washington is planning to produce a new film adaptation for Netflix with Samuel L. Jackson and John David Washington. Filming was expected to begin Summer 2021 in Pittsburgh.


title: 1971 NBA Finals

text: The 1971 NBA Finals was the championship series played at the conclusion of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 25th anniversary season of 1970–71. The Western Conference champion Milwaukee Bucks, who were founded as an expansion team three years earlier, swept the Eastern Conference champion Baltimore Bullets in four games. Baltimore had dethroned the 1969–70 NBA champion New York Knicks in the Eastern Conference finals.


title: 1971 NBA Finals

text: The Bucks were the first Western Conference champions to win the league's championship since the St. Louis Hawks did so in 1958, and were the first expansion team in the NBA to win a championship since the NBA held its first expansion draft. (The Bullets originally started out as the Chicago Packers, an expansion team that began play in before moving to Baltimore in 1963.) It was also the first NBA title by a Western Conference team that has not since folded or relocated.


title: 1971 NBA Finals

text: The Bullets were forced to play Game 1 on a Wednesday night, just 48 hours after having defeated New York in Game 7 of the 1971 Eastern Conference Finals, then had to wait four days before playing Game 2.


title: 1971 NBA Finals

text: The series was the second (and last) time in NBA history that the teams alternated home games, the other being in . Most other series were held in the 2-2-1-1-1 or 2-3-2 format (a 1-2-2-1-1 format was used in 1975 and 1978). It was also the last NBA Championship Series completed before May 1.


title: 1971 NBA Finals

text: Until 2021, it was the Bucks' only and the city's second championship (with the other being the Braves). The city's 49-year drought was the fourth longest title drought in the "Big 4" major professional sports leagues, behind Buffalo, San Diego and Vancouver.


title: Pittsburgh Maulers (2022)

text: The Pittsburgh Maulers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Maulers compete in the United States Football League (USFL) North division. Founded in 2021, the Maulers are one of the eight inaugural teams for the re-launch of the original United States Football League, which ceased operations in 1986.


title: Pittsburgh Maulers (2022)

text: They currently play their home games at Protective Stadium and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama, which also hosts the University of Alabama at Birmingham Blazers.


title: Pittsburgh Maulers (2022)

text: The Pittsburgh Maulers were one of eight teams that were officially announced as a USFL franchise on "The Herd with Colin Cowherd" on November 22, 2021, Their first head coach was announced on January 20, 2022, when it was announced on "The Herd with Colin Cowherd" that former NFL running backs coach Kirby Wilson was named the Head Coach and General Manager of the Maulers. Wilson revealed on February 9, 2022, that UConn Defensive Coordinator Jarren Horton would become the Defensive Coordinator for the Maulers, while Wilson would call the offense. They made their first draft pick in franchise history, selecting QB Kyle Lauletta 7th overall. They drafted 35 players from February 22–23 in 2022.


title: Pittsburgh Maulers (2022)

text: The team begun the season 0-4, but defeated the Houston Gamblers 21-20 behind an off the bench effort by newly signed QB Vad Lee


title: Pittsburgh Maulers (2022)

text: The colors orange and purple are slightly different from what was used by the Pittsburgh Maulers team in the original USFL, as they used red and purple. In any event, the colors are a radical departure from the city's traditional sporting colors of black and gold and are more or less of an ode to the original Maulers franchise.


title: Pittsburgh Maulers (2022)

text: The logo depicts a worker swinging a large hammer, as an ode to the steel workers that Pittsburgh's history is known for. The current jerseys are a different design than the originals, with the home being purple with an orange bar across the shoulders and the away being white with a purple bar along the shoulders.


title: Pittsburgh Maulers (2022)

text: Initially, each team carried a 38-man active roster and a 7-man practice squad, but the rosters were increased to 40 active players and 50 total in May, 2022.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker (May 28, 1910 – March 16, 1975) was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".


title: T-Bone Walker

text: Aaron Thibeaux Walker was born in Linden, Texas, of African-American and Cherokee descent. His parents, Movelia Jimerson and Rance Walker, were both musicians. His stepfather, Marco Washington (a member of the Dallas String Band), taught him to play the guitar, ukulele, banjo, violin, mandolin, and piano.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: Walker began his career as a teenager in Dallas in the 1920s. His mother and stepfather were musicians, and Blind Lemon Jefferson, a family friend, sometimes came over for dinner. Walker left school at the age of 10, and by 15 he was a professional performer on the blues circuit. Initially, he was Jefferson's protégé and would guide him around town for his gigs. In 1929, Walker made his recording debut with Columbia Records, billed as Oak Cliff T-Bone, releasing the single "Wichita Falls Blues" backed with "Trinity River Blues". Oak Cliff is the community in which he lived at the time, and T-Bone is a corruption of his middle name. The pianist Douglas Fernell played accompaniment on the record.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: By the age of 25, Walker was working in clubs on Central Avenue, in Los Angeles, sometimes as the featured singer and as guitarist with Les Hite's orchestra. In 1940 he recorded with Hite for the Varsity label, but he was featured only as a singer.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: In 1942, Charlie Glenn, the owner of the Rhumboogie Café, brought T-Bone Walker to Chicago for long-time stints in his club. In 1944 and 1945, Walker recorded for the Rhumboogie label, which was tied to the club, backed up by Marl Young's orchestra.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: T-Bone Walker performed at the second famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on October 12, 1946. Jack McVea, Slim Gaillard, The Honeydrippers, Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong were all on the same program. He also performed for the third Cavalcade of Jazz concert held in the same location on September 7, 1947 along with Woody Herman as Emcee, The Valdez Orchestra, The Blenders, The Honeydrippers, Slim Gaillard, Johnny Otis and his Orchestra, Toni Harper, The 3 Blazers and Sarah Vaughn.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: Much of his output was recorded from 1946 to 1948 for Black & White Records, including his most famous song, "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)" (1947). Other notable songs he recorded during this period were "Bobby Sox Blues" (a number 3 R&B hit in 1947) and "West Side Baby" (number 8 on the R&B singles chart in 1948).


title: T-Bone Walker

text: Throughout his career Walker worked with top-notch musicians, including the trumpeter Teddy Buckner (e.g. on "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"), the pianist Lloyd Glenn, the bassist Billy Hadnott (on the LPs "Hot Leftovers" and "Good-Bye Blues"), and the tenor saxophonist Jack McVea (on the songs "Don't Leave Me Baby" and "No Worry Blues").


title: T-Bone Walker

text: He recorded from 1950 to 1954 for Imperial Records (backed by Dave Bartholomew). Walker's only record in the next five years was "T-Bone Blues", recorded during three widely separated sessions in 1955, 1956 and 1959 and released by Atlantic Records in 1959.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: By the early 1960s, Walker's career had slowed down, in spite of an energetic performance at the American Folk Blues Festival in 1962 with the pianist Memphis Slim and the prolific writer and musician Willie Dixon, among others. However, several critically acclaimed albums followed, such as "I Want a Little Girl" (recorded for Delmark Records in 1968). Walker recorded in his last years, from 1968 to 1975, for Robin Hemingway's music publishing company, Jitney Jane Songs. He won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1971 for "Good Feelin"', while signed with Polydor Records, produced by Hemingway, followed by another album produced by Hemingway, "Fly Walker Airlines", released in 1973.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: Walker's career began to wind down after he suffered a stroke in 1974. He died at his home in Los Angeles of bronchial pneumonia following another stroke in March 1975, at the age of 64. He influenced a generation of Detroit guitarists.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: Walker was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: Chuck Berry named Walker and Louis Jordan as his main influences. B.B. King cited hearing Walker's recording of "Stormy Monday" as his inspiration for getting an electric guitar. In his 1996 autobiography, King commented when first heard Walker, he thought "Jesus Himself had returned to earth playing electric guitar. T-Bone's blues filled my insides with joy and good feeling. I became his disciple. And remain so today. My biggest musical debt is to T-Bone." Blues-rock soloing pioneer Lonnie Mack named Walker his principal blues guitar influence. Walker was admired by Jimi Hendrix, who imitated Walker's trick of playing the guitar with his teeth. Steve Miller stated that in 1952, when he was eight, Walker taught him how to play his guitar behind his back and also with his teeth. He was a family friend and a frequent visitor to Miller's family home and Miller considers him a major influence on his career. "Stormy Monday" was a favorite live number of the Allman Brothers Band. The British rock band Jethro Tull covered Walker's "Stormy Monday" in 1968 for John Peel's "Top Gear". Eva Cassidy performed "Stormy Monday" on her 1996 "Live at Blues Alley" recording.


title: T-Bone Walker

text: According to Cleveland.com, Walker may have been the best R&B guitarist. He "pioneered electric blues by becoming the first artist to make the electric guitar a solo instrument and a true centerpiece of his stunning live shows".


title: V. V. Vinayak

text: V. V. Vinayak (born 9 October 1974) is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his works in Telugu films. He is known for directing action comedy and masala films.


title: V. V. Vinayak

text: Vinayak made his directorial debut with the 2002 film "Aadi" starring Jr. NTR which was a commercial success. He received the state Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director for his work in the film. In 2003, Vinayak directed two box office hits "Dil" starring Nithiin and "Tagore" starring Chiranjeevi which was screened at the 2006 IIFA Awards held in Dubai.


title: V. V. Vinayak

text: His other successful films include "Bunny" (2005), "Lakshmi" (2006), "Krishna" (2008), "Adhurs" (2010), "Naayak" (2013), and "Khaidi No. 150" (2017). In 2013, Vinayak directed a Short film to promote "Organ Donation".


title: V. V. Vinayak

text: Gandrothu Veera Venkata Vinayaka Rao, better known as V. V. Vinayak was born on 9 October 1969 in Chagallu of West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. His family owned a cinema hall. He was always interested in cinema and used to watch a lot of films in his childhood.


title: V. V. Vinayak

text: E. V. V. Satyanarayana was a leading director at the time and hailed from Vinayak's neighbouring village Dommeru. He was completed intermediate from his Grand mother house (Dommeru). At the time of his studies he was very much inspired from EVV Satyanarayana garu and his own house is beside the street of his Grand mother house (Chevvuri Venkata Rao). After completion of education, he was convinced his father and joined E. V. V. Satyanarayana as an assistant for the film "Abbayigaru" (1993). Later, he joined director Sagar of has an assistant for the film "Amma Donga" (1995) and worked with him for six films. Then, he assisted S. V. Krishna Reddy on "Sakutumba Saparivara Sametam" (2000). He also assisted Kranthi Kumar on "Paadutha Theeyaga" (1998) and "9 Nelalu" (2000).


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The gargoyle is a fantasy and horror monster inspired by the gargoyle architectural element. While they were believed in mythology to frighten away evil spirits, the idea of such statues physically coming to life is a more recent notion. Like golems, they are usually made of magically animated or transformed stone, but have animal or chimera traits and are often guardians of a place such as a cathedral or castle. They can also be depicted as vessels for demonic possession or as a living species resembling statues.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The notion of gargoyles as supernatural constructs brought to life by evil was introduced in "Maker of Gargoyles" (1932), a short pulp fiction story by Clark Ashton Smith where Reynard, a medieval stonemason, unconsciously infuses his hate and lust into two gargoyles that attack the town of Vyones and later kill him when he attempts to destroy them.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: In the novelette "Conjure Wife" (1943) by Fritz Lieber, a dragon sculpture is animated by a witch and sent to kill an archaeology professor.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: Such gargoyles also entered science fiction, such as in the "Doctor Who" episode "The Daemons" (1971).


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The notion of gargoyles as demonic vessels was introduced in "The Horn of Vapula" (Lewis Spence, 1932), in which a demon familiar is bound into a horned and goatlike gargoyle.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: Gargoyles appear as horned canine statues in the movie "Ghostbusters" (1984), where they are possessed by the demonic spirits of Zuul and Vinz Klortho.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: Gargoyles may also appear as vessels for formerly human souls, such as the Marvel Comics hero Gargoyle, who later is able to transform back into a human.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The 1908 children's book "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz" featured a Land of the Gargoyles, wooden creatures with hinged wings.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: Movies featuring races of gargoyle-like creatures include "Gargoyle" (2004) and "Rise of the Gargoyles" (2009), in which the creatures can lay eggs and turn into statues to blend in.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The notion of a friendly gargoyle was used by the Disney show "Gargoyles" (1994–1997) in which gargoyles battle monsters to protect humanity. It originates from the folk belief of gargoyles as protectors. Friendly gargoyles also appear in the "Discworld" universe, such as Constable Downspout in "Feet of Clay" (1996), and in Disney's "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1996), as Hugo, Victor and Laverne, who embody Quasimodo's subconscious.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: Gargoyles have occupied a prominent place in film, television, and gaming due to their distinctive characteristics.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: "Gargoyles" is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television and distributed by Buena Vista Television, and originally aired from October 24, 1994, to February 15, 1997. The series features a species of nocturnal creatures known as gargoyles that turn to stone during the day. After spending a thousand years an enchanted petrified state, the gargoyles (who have been transported from medieval Scotland) are reawakened in modern-day New York City, and take on roles as the city's secret night-time protectors. "Gargoyles" was noted for its relatively dark tone, complex story arcs, and melodrama; character arcs were heavily employed throughout the series, as were Shakespearean themes. The series also received favorable comparisons to "". A video game adaptation and a spin-off comic series were released in 1995. The show's storyline continued from 2006 to 2009 in a comic book series of the same title, produced by Slave Labor Graphics. IGN ranked "Gargoyles" 45th place on its 2009 list of top 100 animated series, stating: "A decent success at the time, "Gargoyles" has maintained a strong cult following since it ended more than a decade ago". Hollywood.com featured it on their 2010 list of six cartoons that should be movies. UGO.com included it on their 2011 top list of legendary medieval and fantasy TV shows.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The first season of the TV series "" features a titan known as "Gar-Ghoul" who appearance and backstory draw on the lore of gargoyles.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The third season of the TV series "Riverdale" features a monstrous antagonist known as the "Gargoyle King."


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: Gargoyle is a name shared by two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first Gargoyle, Yuri Topolov, appears in "The Incredible Hulk" #1 (May 1962), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. The first Gargoyle received an entry in the "Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition" #17, where his real name was revealed. The second Gargoyle, Isaac Christians, is a human/demon composite and a member of the Defenders. He was created by writer J. M. DeMatteis and artist Don Perlin. Perlin's design was inspired by a sequence in "Prince Valiant" in which the titular hero disguises himself as a gargoyle. During his long run on "The Defenders", Gargoyle also was the co-star of "Marvel Team-Up" #119, written by his co-creator DeMatteis, who later described the issue as "one of my favorite "favorite" stories". In 1985 Marvel published a four-issue "Gargoyle" limited series, written by DeMatteis and drawn by Mark Badger. DeMatteis said of the series, "It was a psychological fantasy. You take the interior life and make it concrete... give it substance... and play with it."


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: In the "Dungeons & Dragons" fantasy role-playing game, a gargoyle is a grotesque winged monstrous humanoid creature, with a horned head and a stony hide. The gargoyle was one of the first monsters introduced in the earliest edition of the game, in the "Dungeons & Dragons" "white box" set (1974), where they were described as a reptilian bipedal beast, Chaotic in alignment. The "kopoacinth", an aquatic version of the gargoyle, first appeared in the 1975 "Dungeons & Dragons" supplement, "Blackmoor" by Dave Arneson. The gargoyle appears in the first edition "Monster Manual" (1977), where it is described as a ferocious predator of a magical nature, found among ruins; it attacks anything it can detect. The "marlgoyle", a more horrid form of gargoyle, first appears in the module "Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth" (1982), and later appears in "Monster Manual II" (1983) as the margoyle.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: This edition of the "D&D" game included its own version of the gargoyle, in the "Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set" (1977, 1981, 1983). The gargoyle was also later featured in the "Dungeons & Dragons Game" set (1991), the "Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia" (1991), and the "Classic Dungeons & Dragons Game" set (1994). The gargoyle and margoyle also appear first in the Monstrous Compendium Volume Two (1989), and are reprinted in the "Monstrous Manual" (1993), along with the kapoacinth.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The Greyhawk campaign setting module "Gargoyle" (1989) featured the gargoyle (of the Tors). In "Gargoyle", set in the City of Greyhawk, the player characters are hired by a pair of gargoyles to find their stolen wings. The "grist" (true gargoyle) appeared in "Vale of the Mage" (1990). The "guardgoyle" for the Forgotten Realms setting appeared in the "Ruins of Zhentil Keep" boxed set (1995). Four variant gargoyles appeared in the "Dragon's Bestiary" column of "Dragon" #223 (November 1995), including the "archer", the "grandfather plaque", the "spouter", and the "stone lion". These creatures were reprinted in "Monstrous Compendium Annual Three" (1996).


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The gargoyle and kapoacinth appear in the "Monster Manual" for the 3.0 edition (2000–2002), and in the revised "Monster Manual" for 3.5 edition (2003–2007). The guardgoyle returned in "" (2005). The gargoyle appears in the "Monster Manual" for the 4th edition (2008–2014), including the "nabassu gargoyle".


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: Ordinarily, gargoyles are stone statues carved into a demonic shape and imbued with life by magical means, akin to a golem. However, their descriptions in the official source materials are sometimes unprecise and even conflicting; in the 2nd edition "Monstrous Compendium", for instance, their stats summary lists their diet as carnivorous, while the description of their ecology explains that a gargoyle requires neither food or water to survive. In some "D&D"-related works, gargoyles and their kin (see "Variants", below) are even erroneously depicted as biological creatures capable of natural reproduction. A gargoyle is usually chaotic evil. Gargoyles are sentient, cunning, and malevolent to the extreme. Their favorite sport is to capture intelligent beings and slowly torture them to death. Due to its stone body, a gargoyle has the ability to hold itself so still that it appears to be a statue. Standard gargoyles possess wings which give them flight capability.


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: The gargoyle is fully detailed in Paizo Publishing's book "Classic Horrors Revisited" (2009), on pages 16–21.\


title: Gargoyle (monster)

text: "" is an action-adventure game for the original Game Boy. Developed by Capcom, it was released on May 2, 1990, in Japan, then North America in July, and lastly Europe in 1991. The playable character Red Arremer (Firebrand in the U.S.) made his debut in the video game series "Ghosts 'n Goblins" as an antagonist character, of which this is a spin-off. "Gargoyle's Quest" was followed by the NES prequel "Gargoyle's Quest II" in 1992 and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System sequel "Demon's Crest" in 1994. According to the fictional game lore, Firebrand is a gargoyle predestined to carry on the namesake and identity of the Red Blaze – the powerful force that fought back the Destroyers long before this game takes place. As his destiny foretold, Firebrand saves the Ghoul Realm from brutal conquest by traversing the Ghoul Realm, building his powers, and preparing to fight against the Destroyers' king, Breager, so as to ensure the protection of the Ghoul Realm once more. "Gargoyle's Quest" was warmly received by contemporary and later critics alike, and sold well enough to warrant a prequel on the NES only two years later. Gargoyles also appear in the 1997 first-person shooter Blood by Monolith Productions and take two forms, one of flesh and one of stone


title: Castanea sativa

text: Castanea sativa, the sweet chestnut, Spanish chestnut or just chestnut, is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. A substantial, long-lived deciduous tree, it produces an edible seed, the chestnut, which has been used in cooking since ancient times.


title: Castanea sativa

text: "C. sativa" attains a height of with a trunk often in diameter. Around 20 trees are recorded with diameters over including one in diameter at breast height. A famous ancient tree known as the Hundred Horse Chestnut in Sicily was historically recorded at in diameter (although it has split into multiple trunks above ground). The bark often has a net-shaped (retiform) pattern with deep furrows or fissures running spirally in both directions up the trunk. The trunk is mostly straight with branching starting at low heights. The oblong-lanceolate, boldly toothed leaves are long and broad.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The flowers of both sexes are borne in long, upright catkins, the male flowers in the upper part and female flowers in the lower part. In the Northern Hemisphere, they appear in late June to July, and by autumn, the female flowers develop into spiny cupules containing 3–7 brownish nuts that are shed during October. The female flowers eventually form a spiky sheath that deters predators from the seed. The sweet chestnut is naturally self incompatible, meaning that the plant cannot pollinate itself, making cross-pollination necessary. Some cultivars only produce one large seed per cupule, while others produce up to three seeds. The nut itself is composed of two skins: an external, shiny brown part, and an internal skin adhering to the fruit. Inside, there is an edible, creamy-white part developed from the cotyledons.


title: Castanea sativa

text: Sweet chestnut trees live to an age of 500 to 600 years. In cultivation they may even grow as old as 1,000 years or more.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The tree is to be distinguished from the horse chestnut "Aesculus hippocastanum", to which it is only distantly related. The horse chestnut bears similar looking seeds (conkers) in a similar seed case, which are not palatable to humans. Other common names include "Spanish chestnut", or "marron" (French for "chestnut"). The generic name "Castanea" is the old Latin name for the plant species, while the specific epithet "sativa" means "cultivated by humans". Some selected varieties are smaller and more compact in growth yielding earlier in life with different ripening time: the Marigoule, the Marisol and the Maraval.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The species is native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor. It is found across the Mediterranean region, from the Caspian Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is thought to have survived the last ice age in several refuges in Southern Europe, on the southern coast of the Black Sea with a main centre on the southern slope of the Caucasus and in the region of north-western Syria, possibly extending into Lebanon.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The species is widely distributed throughout Europe, where in 2004 "C. sativa" was grown on of forest, of which were mainly cultivated for wood and for fruit production. Italy, France, southern Switzerland, Spain, Portugal and Greece are countries with a strong sweet chestnut tradition, with trees cultivated intensively in coppices and orchards. Countries like England, Croatia, Turkey and Georgia only have a partially developed sweet chestnut tradition due to geography or history. Nevertheless, centuries-old specimens may be found in Great Britain today. Examples can be seen particularly in the London Boroughs of Islington and Camden. In other European countries, "C. sativa" has only been introduced recently, for example in Slovakia or the Netherlands.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The tree requires a mild climate and adequate moisture for good growth and a good nut harvest. Its year-growth (but not the rest of the tree) is sensitive to late spring and early autumn frosts; it is also intolerant of lime. Under forest conditions, it will tolerate moderate shade well. It can live to more than 2,000 years of age in natural conditions, such as the Hundred Horse Chestnut near Mount Etna in eastern Sicily.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The leaves provide food for some animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearer moth "Coleophora anatipennella" and North American rose chafer "Macrodactylus subspinosus".


title: Castanea sativa

text: The two major fungal pathogens of the sweet chestnut are the chestnut blight ("Cryphonectria parasitica") and the ink disease caused by "Phytophthora cambivora" and "Phytophthora cinnamomi". In North America as well as in Southern Europe C"ryphonectria parasitica" destroyed most of the chestnut population in the 20th century. With biological control, the population of the sweet chestnut is not threatened anymore by the chestnut blight and is regenerating. Ink disease is infesting trees mostly in humid soils, with the mycelium invading the root and resulting in wilting of the leaf. Absence of fruit formation leads to die back of the petal. The ink disease is named after the black exudates at the base of the trunk. Nowadays there are cultivars that are resistant to the ink disease. "Phytophthora cambivora" caused serious damage in Asia and the US, and it still continues to destroy new plantations in Europe.


title: Castanea sativa

text: Another serious pest which is difficult to control is the gall wasp ("Dryocosmus kuriphylus") which was recently introduced in Southern Europe, originating in Asia.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The field management is dependent on the cultivation system. While cleaning the soil from the leaves and pruning is the norm, the use of fertilizer, irrigation and pesticides is less common and reserved for more intensive cultivation.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The sweet chestnut tree grows well on limestone-free, deeply weathered soil. The optimal pH value of the soil is between 4.5 and 6, and the tree cannot tolerate soil compaction. The tolerance to wet ground and to clay-rich soils is very low. It is a heat-loving tree which needs a long vegetation period. The optimal average temperature is between 8 °C and 15 °C and in January the temperature should preferably not be below -1 °C but it may tolerate temperatures as low as -15 °C. Low temperature in autumn can damage the fruit. The maximal altitude is strongly dependent on the climate. In general, the climate should be similar to viticulture. Optimal precipitation is between . Before planting, seeds must be stratified at 2-3 °C so germination can start 30–40 days later. After a year, the young trees are being transplanted.


title: Castanea sativa

text: A tree grown from seed may take 20 years or more before it bears fruits, but a grafted cultivar such as 'Marron de Lyon' or 'Paragon' may start production within five years of being planted. Both cultivars bear fruits with a single large kernel, rather than the usual two to four smaller kernels.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The fruit yield per tree is usually between , but can get as high as 300 kg. Harvest time is between middle of September and middle of November. There are three harvesting techniques:


title: Castanea sativa

text: The total world chestnut harvest was 1.17 million tons in 2006, but only 151,000 tons were "C. sativa."


title: Castanea sativa

text: The most widespread treatment before storage is water curing, a process in which the sweet chestnuts are immersed in water for nine days. The aim of this practice is to limit the main storage problems threatening the sweet chestnut: fungi development and the presence of insect worms. As an alternative to water curing, hot water treatment is also commercially used.


title: Castanea sativa

text: After water treatment, the sweet chestnuts are stored in a controlled environment with high carbon dioxide concentrations. In contrast to a cold storage system, where the fruits are stored at low temperatures in untreated air, the controlled environment method avoids flesh hardening which negatively impacts the processability of the product.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The ornamental cultivar "C. sativa" 'Albomarginata' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


title: Castanea sativa

text: Sweet chestnut has been listed as one of the 38 substances used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its supposed effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".


title: Castanea sativa

text: The species' large genetic diversity and different cultivars are exploited for uses such as flour, boiling, roasting, drying, and sweets.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The raw nuts, though edible, have a skin which is astringent and unpleasant to eat when still moist; after drying for a time the thin skin loses its astringency but is still better removed to reach the white fruit underneath. Cooking dry in an oven or fire normally helps remove this skin. Chestnuts are traditionally roasted in their tough brown husks after removing the spiny cupules in which they grow on the tree, the husks being peeled off and discarded and the hot chestnuts dipped in salt before eating them. Roast chestnuts are traditionally sold in streets, markets and fairs by street vendors with mobile or static braziers.


title: Castanea sativa

text: The skin of raw peeled chestnuts can be relatively easily removed by quickly blanching the nuts after scoring them by a cross slit at the tufted end. Once cooked, chestnuts acquire a sweet flavour and a floury texture similar to the sweet potato. The cooked nuts can be used for stuffing poultry, as a vegetable or in nut roasts. They can also be used in confections, puddings, desserts and cakes. They are used for flour, bread making, a cereal substitute, coffee substitute, a thickener in soups and other cookery uses, as well as for fattening stock. A sugar can be extracted from them. The Corsican variety of polenta (called "pulenta") is made with sweet chestnut flour. A local variety of Corsican beer also uses chestnuts. The product is sold as a sweetened paste mixed with vanilla, , sweetened or unsweetened as chestnut purée or "purée de marron", and candied chestnuts as "marrons glacés".


title: Castanea sativa

text: Leaf infusions are used in respiratory diseases and are a popular remedy for whooping cough. A hair shampoo can be made from infusing leaves and fruit husks.


title: Castanea sativa

text: "Castanea sativa" is considered as having very interesting nutritional characteristics. The fruit contains significant amounts of a wide range of valuable nutrients. In the past, its characteristic and nutritional components gave sweet chestnut an important role in human nutrition due to its beneficial health effects. Sweet chestnut is also appreciated in a gluten-free diet. Furthermore, this characteristic is valuable in cases of celiac diseases as well as reducing coronary heart diseases and cancer rates. Various composition and health studies have shown its big potential as a food ingredient and functional food. The fat content is very low and is dominated for the most part by unsaturated fatty acids. Sweet chestnut is a good source for starch; chestnuts of all varieties generally contain about the same amount of starch. The energy value per 100 g (3.5 oz) of "C. sativa" amounts to 891 kJ (213 kcal). "C. sativa" is characterized by high moisture content which ranges from 41% to 59% and a considerable level of starch (≈40 g 100 g dry matter). Regarding mineral content, the chestnut provides a good source for copper, iron, magnesium, manganese and potassium. Its sugar content ranges from 14% to 20% dry weight depending on the cultivar; which is very important, since the sensory appeal of sweet chestnut is correlated with its sugar content. However, high sugar amounts seem to have a negative impact on the fiber content. Generally, glucose content in European chestnuts is very low and ranges from zero to traces. Instead, fructose is mostly responsible for the sweet taste.


title: Castanea sativa

text: Sweet chestnut is suited for human nutrition. Most sweet chestnut is consumed in processed form, which has an impact on the nutrient composition. Its naturally high concentration of organic acids is a key factor influencing the organoleptic characteristics of fruits and vegetables, namely flavor. Organic acids are thought to play an important role against diseases as an antioxidant. Heat appears to be the most influencing factor when it comes to decreasing the organic acid content. However, even after heating sweet chestnuts, antioxidant activity remains relatively high. On the other hand, the consumer must consider that roasting, boiling or frying has a big impact on the nutritional profile of chestnut. Vitamin C significantly decreases between 25 and 54% when boiled and 2–77 % when roasted. Nevertheless, roasted or boiled chestnuts may still be a solid vitamin C source, since 100 gram still represent about 20% of the recommended daily dietary intake. The sugar content is also affected by the high temperatures. Four processes are decisive for the degrading process of sugar while cooking: hydrolysis of starch to oligosaccharide and monosaccharide, decomposition of sucrose to glucose and fructose, caramelization of sugars and degradation of sugars. Organic acids are also affected by high temperatures: their content decreases about 50% after frying, and 15% after boiling. Responsible for the aromatic characteristics of cooked chestnuts is the effect of degradation of saccharides, proteins and lipids, the caramelization of saccharides and the maillard reaction that is reducing sugar and amino acids.


title: Castanea sativa

text: This tree responds very well to coppicing, which is still practised in Britain, and produces a good crop of tannin-rich wood every 12 to 30 years, depending on intended use and local growth rate. The tannin renders the young growing wood durable and weather resistant for outdoor use, thus suitable for posts, fencing or stakes. The wood is of light colour, hard and strong. It is used to make furniture, barrels (sometimes used to age balsamic vinegar), and roof beams notably in southern Europe (for example in houses of the Alpujarra, Spain, in southern France and elsewhere). The timber has a density of 560 kg per cubic meter, and due to its durability in ground contact is often used for external purposes such as fencing. It is also a good fuel, though not favoured for open fires as it tends to spit.


title: Castanea sativa

text: Tannin is found in the following proportions on a 10% moisture basis: bark (6.8%), wood (13.4%), seed husks (10 - 13%). The leaves also contain tannin.


title: Castanea sativa

text: Pollen data indicates that the first spreading of "C. sativa" due to human activity started around 2100–2050 B.C. in Anatolia, northeastern Greece and southeastern Bulgaria. Compared to other crops, the sweet chestnut was probably of relatively minor importance and distributed very heterogeneously throughout these regions. The first charcoal remains of sweet chestnut only date from around 850–950 B.C., making it very difficult to infer a precise origin history. A newer but more reliable source are the literary works of Ancient Greece, with the richest being Theophrastus's "Historia plantarum", written in the third century B.C. Theophrastus focuses mainly on the use of sweet chestnut wood as timber and charcoal, only mentioning the use of the fruit once when commenting on the digestive difficulties it causes, but praising its nourishing quality. Several Greek authors wrote about medicinal properties of the sweet chestnut, specifically as a remedy against lacerations of the lips and of the oesophagus.


title: Castanea sativa

text: Similar to the introduction of grape vine and olive cultivation to the Latin world, "C. sativa" is thought to have been introduced during the colonisation of the Italian peninsula by the Greeks. Further clues pointing to this theory can be found in the work of Pliny the Elder, who mentions only Greek colonies in connection with sweet chestnut cultivation. Today's phylogenetic map of the sweet chestnut, while not fully understood, shows greater genetic similarity between Italian and western Anatolian "C. sativa" trees compared to eastern Anatolian specimen, reinforcing these findings. Nonetheless, until the end of the pre-Christian era, the spread and use of the chestnut in Italy remained limited. Carbonised sweet chestnuts were found in a Roman villa at Torre Annunziata near Naples, destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79.


title: Castanea sativa

text: Clues in art and literature indicate a dislike of the sweet chestnut by the Roman aristocracy. Like Theophrastus, Latin authors are sceptical of the sweet chestnut as a fruit, and Pliny the Elder even goes as far as admiring how well nature has hidden this fruit of apparently so little value. In the beginning of the Christian era, people probably started to realize the value and versatility of sweet chestnut wood, leading to a slow spread of the cultivation of "C. sativa" trees, a theory that is supported by pollen data and literary sources, as well as the increased use of sweet chestnut wood as poles and in supporting structures, wood works and pier building between A.D. 100 and 600.


title: Castanea sativa

text: Increasing sweet chestnut pollen appearances in Switzerland, France, Germany and the Iberian peninsula in the first century A.D. suggests the spreading of cultivated sweet chestnut trees by the Romans. Contrary to that notion, other scientists found no indication of the Romans spreading "C. sativa" before the fifth century. While the husks of sweet chestnuts, dated to the third or early fourth century, have been identified from the bottom of a Roman well at Great Holts Farm, in Boreham in Essex, England; this deposit includes remains of other exotic food plants and provides no evidence that any of them originated locally. No other evidence of sweet chestnut in Roman Britain has been confirmed. Indeed, no centre of sweet chestnut cultivation outside the Italian peninsula in Roman times has been detected. Widespread use of chestnut in western Europe started in the early Middle Ages and flourished in the late Middle Ages. In the mid-seventh-century Lombard laws, a composition of one solidi is set for felling a chestnut tree (or, also, hazel, pear or apple) belonging to another person ("Edictum Rothari", No. 301, 643 AD). Since the beginning of the 20th century, due to depopulation of the countryside and the abandonment of the sweet chestnut as a staple food as well as the spread of chestnut blight and ink disease, "C. sativa" cultivation has dramatically decreased. Nowadays, sweet chestnut production is sometimes seen at a turning point again, because the development of high-value sweet chestnut products combined with changing needs of an urban society is leading to a revival in "C. sativa" cultivation.


title: Square foot

text: The square foot (plural square feet; abbreviated sq. ft, sf, or ft; also denoted by ') is an imperial unit and U.S. customary unit (non-SI, non-metric) of area, used mainly in the United States and partially in Canada, the United Kingdom, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Ghana, Liberia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore and Hong Kong. It is defined as the area of a square with sides of 1 foot.


title: Square foot

text: Although the pluralization is regular in the noun form, when used as an adjective, the singular is preferred. So, an apartment measuring 700 square feet could be described as a 700 square-foot apartment. This corresponds to common linguistic usage of "foot."


title: Square foot

text: The square foot unit is commonly used in real estate. Dimensions are generally taken with a laser device, the latest in a long line of tools used to gauge the size of apartments or other spaces. Real estate agents often measure straight corner-to-corner, then deduct non-heated spaces, and add heated spaces whose footprints exceed the end-to-end measurement.


title: Lagavulin distillery

text: Lagavulin distillery is a malt whisky distillery in the village of Lagavulin on the south of the island of Islay, Scotland. It distills spirit that will become Islay single malt Scotch whisky.


title: Lagavulin distillery

text: Lagavulin is owned by Diageo, a multinational beverage alcohol company headquartered in London. It was previously marketed under the "Classic Malts" range of single malts, which is now defunct.


title: Lagavulin distillery

text: The standard bottling is a 16-year-old, bottled at 43% ABV. They also bottle a Distiller's edition, finished in Pedro Ximénez Sherry casks. Alongside these, they regularly release a 12-year-old cask strength version and various older and rarer expressions.


title: Lagavulin distillery

text: The name "Lagavulin" is an anglicisation of "Lag a' Mhuilinn", the Scottish Gaelic for "hollow of the mill".


title: Lagavulin distillery

text: The distillery of Lagavulin officially dates from 1816, when John Johnston and Archibald Campbell Brooks constructed two distilleries on the site. One of them became Lagavulin, taking over the other—which one is not exactly known. Records show illicit distillation in at least ten illegal distilleries on the site as far back as 1742, however. In the 19th century, several legal battles ensued with their neighbour Laphroaig, brought about after the distiller at Lagavulin, Peter Mackie, leased the Laphroaig distillery. It is said that Mackie attempted to copy Laphroaig's style. Since the water and peat at Lagavulin's premises was different from that at Laphroaig's, the result did not match. The Lagavulin distillery is located in the village of the same name.


title: Lagavulin distillery

text: Lagavulin is known for its producer's use of a slow distillation speed and pear shaped pot stills. The two wash stills have a capacity of 11,000 litres and the two spirit stills of 12,500 litres each.


title: Lagavulin distillery

text: International spirits ratings competitions have generally given Lagavulin's 16-year spirit extremely high scores. The San Francisco World Spirits Competition, for instance, gave the 16-year four consecutive double gold medals between 2005 and 2008 and has awarded it gold medals in the years since. "Wine Enthusiast Magazine" put the 16-year in its 90–95 point interval in 2004. Spirits ratings aggregator proof66.com, which averages scores from the San Francisco Spirits Competition, "Wine Enthusiast", and others, classifies the spirit in its highest ("Tier 1") performance category.


title: Handpan

text: Handpan is a term for a group of musical instruments that are classified as a subset of the steelpan. Several handpan makers and brands have emerged in recent years, resulting from a growing worldwide interest in the Hang, which is an instrument developed by the company PANArt that is based on the physical properties of the Trinidadian steelpan, Indian ghatam, Thai gong and Indonesian Gamelan etc.


title: Handpan

text: The basic form of a handpan consists of two metal half-shells glued together, a centre tone field (named Ding) surrounded by a circle of at least seven tone fields on the upper side and an opening in the bottom side (named Gu). Differences between manufacturers include the used materials, the manufacturing processes of the raw forms, the shaping of the tone fields and the tuning methods.


title: Handpan

text: The term handpan first appeared online in the autumn of 2007 on the website of an American steelpan producer Pantheon Steel. It was used to describe its own development of a new instrument that was launched as an alternative to the Hang.


title: Handpan

text: Consequently, the term found its way into discussions in the now-defunct Hang-Music Forum on the Internet. The successor of this forum was founded in 2009 and was called handpan.org. In this way, the expression "handpan" found wide circulation as a new generic term for this group of instruments.


title: Handpan

text: Handpan had become a necessary and universally understood term since PANArt had registered the name Hang as trademark for its musical instruments. It even started filing legal cases against other makers. However, on almost all counts these cases were unsuccessful, since the instrument's physical form was not protected under international patent law.


title: Handpan

text: The first five instruments that are generally included by the term "handpan", were Caisa by Kaisos Steel Drums (Germany, 2007), BElls by BEllart (Spain, 2009), Halo by Pantheon Steel (USA, 2009) and Spacedrum by Metal Sounds (France, 2009).


title: Handpan

text: Today, significantly more than 400 handpan builders have entered the market and offer instruments that vary widely in material, manufacturing techniques, shape, sound and quality.


title: Handpan

text: The term "handpan" has been discussed with much controversy over the instrument's relatively short life. Critics pointed out that the Hang, which most makers of the handpan use as a standard model, is essentially defined through its difference from the steelpan, even though it is based on the same physical principles.


title: Handpan

text: Furthermore, the term "pan" is used for the national culture of the steel bands in Trinidad and Tobago. Supporters stressed the necessity of a generic term. They advocated that "handpan" is a suitable and well-understood new term for the abbreviation of a "steelpan played by hand". It has become a conventionalised expression among those who are interested in these kinds of instruments, and in popular culture.


title: Handpan

text: The Hang makers of PANArt, Felix Rohner and Sabina Schärer, reject the expression "handpan" to describe the Hang. "To state it clearly and precisely: we do not make percussion instruments, handpans or hang drums."


title: Handpan

text: An alternative term used by some builders and players is "pantam". It is said to be a combination of the words pan and ghatam, two instruments that influenced the creation of the Hang. Originally this term was an alternative name for the Hang in Israel.


title: UPL (company)

text: UPL Limited, formerly United Phosphorus Limited, is an Indian multinational company that manufactures and markets agrochemicals, industrial chemicals, chemical intermediates, and specialty chemicals, and also offers crop protection solutions. Headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, the company engages in both agro and non-agro activities. The agro business is the company's primary source of revenue and includes the manufacture and marketing of conventional agrochemical products, seeds and other agricultural related products. The non-agro segment includes the manufacture and marketing of industrial chemical and other non agricultural related products such as fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, plant growth and regulators, rodenticides, industrial and specialty chemicals, and nutrifeeds. UPL products are sold in 150+ countries.


title: UPL (company)

text: United Phosphorus Limited was established on 29 May 1969. The company changed its name to UPL Limited in October 2013.


title: UPL (company)

text: On 20 July 2018, UPL signed a US$4.2 billion agreement with Platform Specialty Products Corporation (now Element Solutions Inc.) to acquire control of Arysta LifeScience Inc. The acquisition was completed in February 2019, making UPL the fifth largest generic agrochemicals company in the world after Bayer, Dupont, Syngenta and BASF.


title: Óró sé do bheatha abhaile

text: ' or ' () is a traditional Irish song, that came to be known as a rebel song in the early 20th century. is a cheer, while means "welcome home".


title: Óró sé do bheatha abhaile

text: Like many folk songs, the origins of this song are obscure, but several versions of the tune and chorus can be identified.


title: Óró sé do bheatha abhaile

text: In 1884 Francis Hogan of Brenormore, near Carrick-on-Suir, then "well over seventy years of age", reported that "this song used to be played at the ‘Hauling Home,’ or the bringing home of a wife". The "hauling home" was a ceremony that took place a month after a wedding when a bride was brought to live in her new husband's home. This version consists only of the chorus.


title: Óró sé do bheatha abhaile

text: This song has also been associated with the Jacobite cause as the traditional version mentions (), referring to Bonnie Prince Charlie and dating the song to the third Jacobite rising of 1745-1746.


title: Óró sé do bheatha abhaile

text: The tune appears as number 1425 in George Petrie's "The Complete Collection of Irish Music" (1855) under the title (modern script: ) and is marked "Ancient clan march". It can also be found at number 983 (also marked "Ancient Clan March") and as a fragment at number 1056, titled "Welcome home Prince Charley".


title: Óró sé do bheatha abhaile

text: In the early 20th century it received new verses by the nationalist poet Patrick Pearse and was often sung by members of the Irish Volunteers during the Easter Rising. It was also sung as a fast march during the Irish War of Independence.


title: Óró sé do bheatha abhaile

text: Since 1916 it has also been known under various other titles, notably () or . The latter title is associated with Pearse in particular. This version features the pirate or "Great Sea Warrior" (Grace O'Malley), a formidable power on the west coast of Ireland in the late 16th century. Pearse shows his knowledge of the Jacobite version in the way he adapts it to the new independence cause. He emphasises the Irishness of the fighters by substituting native Grace for foreign Prince Charlie and changing () to ().


title: A. M. Rathnam

text: A. M. Rathnam is an Indian film producer, lyricist, screenwriter, and director known for his works in Telugu and Tamil cinema. Under the gamut of Sri Surya Movies Entertainment, Hyderabad, a movie production house owned by him, he has produced blockbusters in Telugu such as "Karthavyam" (1990), "Peddarikam" (1992), "Sneham Kosam" (1999), and "Kushi" (2001). He ventured into Tamil cinema in 1996 with the blockbuster "Indian", which was India's Official Entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the Academy Awards. He then produced films such as "Kushi", "Run", "Boys", "Enakku 20 Unakku 18", "Dhool", "Ghilli", "7G Rainbow Colony", "Arrambam", "Yennai Arindhaal" and "Vedalam".


title: A. M. Rathnam

text: Rathnam was born in Buchireddypalem of Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh. Rathnam has two sons, director and actor Jyothi Krishna and actor Ravi Krishna. Jyothi Krishna's directorial debut "Enakku 20 Unakku 18" and its Telugu version, as well as Ravi Krishna's first four films, that also include Jyothi Krishna's second directorial venture "Kedi", were all produced by Rathnam himself. In 2012, he built a temple for Shirdi Sai Baba at his office in Valasaravakkam.


title: A. M. Rathnam

text: Ratnam started his career as a make-up man for superstar actress Vijayashanti. Being the Executive Producer for the actress, he produced his first film "Karthavyam", in 1990. Vijayashanti won the National Award for the Best Actress for this film. He made films with Kamal Haasan, Chiranjeevi and many other actors. He later began producing films in Tamil and Hindi as well, dubbing and releasing several films in other languages. He went on to finance Shankar's "Indian", which earned him the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil and was later submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, "Nayak: The Real Hero" and "Sneham Kosam" starring Chiranjeevi.


title: A. M. Rathnam

text: Rathnam produced the Tamil romance film "Kushi", starring Vijay and its same-titled Telugu remake the following year, starring Pawan Kalyan, both of which were directed by S. J. Surya and became highly successful. Later, he produced two more films, "Ghilli" and "Sivakasi" starring Vijay. Both Ghilli and Sivakasi were highly successful at the box office. During the early 1990s, he directed two films "Peddarikam" and "Sankalpam" in Telugu. He has also written the screenplay for the film "Naaga". Later, he changed the name of his production company from Sri Surya Movies Entertainment to Shri Sai Raam Creations, which is now headed by S. Aishwarya. He had done three films with Ajith Kumar such as "Arrambam", "Yennai Arindhaal" and "Vedalam", all of which were huge success.


title: Beer in Germany

text: Beer is a major part of German culture. German beer is brewed according to the "Reinheitsgebot", which permits only water, hops, and malt as ingredients; and stipulates that beers not exclusively using barley-malt, such as wheat beer, must be top-fermented.


title: Beer in Germany

text: In 2020, Germany ranked third in Europe in terms of per-capita beer consumption, behind the Czech Republic and Austria.


title: Beer in Germany

text: Kellerbiers are unfiltered lagers which are conditioned in a similar manner to cask ales. Strength and colour will vary, though in the Franconia region where these cask conditioned lagers are still popular, the strength will tend to be 5% ABV or slightly higher, and the colour will tend to be a deep amber, but the defining characteristic is the cask conditioning. Kellerbier is German for "cellar beer".


title: Beer in Germany

text: While the beer market is weaker but more centralized in northern Germany, southern Germany has many smaller, local breweries. Almost half of all German breweries are in Bavaria, where the seven main breweries produce annually. In total, there are approximately 1,300 breweries in Germany producing over 5,000 brands of beer.


title: Beer in Germany

text: The highest density of breweries in the world is found in Aufseß near the city of Bamberg, in the Franconia region of Bavaria with four breweries and only 1,352 citizens. The Benedictine abbey Weihenstephan brewery (established in 725) is reputedly the oldest existing brewery in the world (brewing since 1040).


title: Beer in Germany

text: The alcohol-by-volume, or ABV, content of beers in Germany is usually between 4.7% and 5.4% for most traditional brews. Bockbier or Doppelbock (double Bockbier) can have an alcohol content of up to 16%, making it stronger than many wines.


title: Beer in Germany

text: A "Weizen" glass is used to serve wheat beer. Originating in Germany, the glass is narrow at the bottom and slightly wider at the top; the width both releasing aroma, and providing room for the often thick, fluffy heads produced by wheat beer. It tends to be taller than a pint glass, and generally holds 500 millilitres with room for foam or "head". In some countries, such as Belgium, the glass may be 250 ml or 330 ml.


title: Beer in Germany

text: Wheat beers tend to foam a lot, especially if poured incorrectly. A customary manner is to swirl around a bit of (preferably cold) water in the glass to wet it and afterwards pouring the beer slowly, holding the glass in an angle of approximately 45 °.


title: Beer in Germany

text: A beer stein (or simply a stein ) is an English neologism for a traditional type of beer mug. Steins may be made of stoneware (rarely the inferior earthenware), pewter, porcelain, silver, glass, or wood. They may have open tops or may have hinged pewter lids with a thumb-lever.


title: Beer in Germany

text: Steins usually come in sizes of a half-litre or full litre (or comparable historical sizes). Like decorative tankards, they are often decorated in nostalgic themes, generally showing allusions to Germany or Bavaria.


title: Beer in Germany

text: It is believed by some that the lid was implemented during the time of the Black Plague to prevent diseased flies from getting into the beer.


title: Beer in Germany

text: The "Maß" (pronounced ) is a term used in German-speaking countries for a unit of volume, now typically used only for measuring beer sold for immediate on-site consumption. In modern times, a is defined as exactly 1 litre. As a Maß is a unit of measure, various designs are possible: modern "Maßkrugs" (Maßkrüge in German) are often handled glass tankards, although they may also be in the form of "steins". At the Octoberfest beer is available in Maßkrug or half-litre 'Halb'.


title: Beer in Germany

text: A "Stange" (stick or rod) is a cylindrical glass that is traditionally used for Kölsch beer. A "Becher" (tumbler), traditionally used for Altbier, is similar to a "Stange" but is slightly shorter and much thicker. "Stangen" are carried by placing them into holes in a special tray called a "Kranz" (wreath). In Cologne Stanges are usually served by traditional waiters called "Köbes".


title: Beer in Germany

text: The "Pilstulpe" ("Pilsner Tulip") or "Biertulpe" ("Beer tulip") is the tradition glass for German pilsner beers. Sizes are typically around , but can be as large as . When used in restaurant settings, a small piece of absorbent paper is placed around the base to absorb any drips from spilling or condensation.


title: Beer in Germany

text: Beer boots ("Bierstiefel" in German) have over a century of history and culture behind them. It is commonly believed that a general somewhere promised his troops to drink beer from his boot if they were successful in battle. When the troops prevailed, the general had a glassmaker fashion a boot from glass to fulfill his promise without tasting his own feet and to avoid spoiling the beer in his leather boot. Since then, soldiers have enjoyed toasting to their victories with a beer boot. At gatherings in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, beer boots are often passed among the guests for a festive drinking challenge. Since the movie "Beerfest" appeared in 2006, beer boots have become increasingly popular in the United States. Glass beer boots are either manufactured using a mold or from mouth-blown glass by skilled artisans.


title: Beer in Germany

text: In Germany, beer boots usually contain between 2 and 4 litres and are passed from one guest at the table to the next one clockwise. When almost reaching the bottom of the boot, it suddenly starts bubbling. By some accounts, drinker who caused the bubbling has to order the next boot. There are also boots known with 6 and 8 litres. That being said, beer boots are almost never seen in Germany, even among friends who do drink as much and more beer on an evening out together; normal glasses are preferred.


title: Beer in Germany

text: Oktoberfest is a 16- to 18-day festival held annually in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, running from late September to the first weekend in October. Only beer which is brewed within the city limits of Munich with a minimum of 13.5% Stammwürze (approximately 6% alcohol by volume) is allowed to be served in this festival. Upon passing this criterion, a beer is designated Oktoberfest Beer. Large quantities of German beer are consumed, with almost 7 million liters served during the 16-day festival in 2007. In 2015 the festival officially served 7.3 million liters of beer.


title: FP-45 Liberator

text: The FP-45 Liberator is a pistol manufactured by the United States military during World War II for use by resistance forces in occupied territories. The "Liberator" was never issued to American or other Allied troops, and there are few documented instances of the weapon being used for its intended purpose; though the intended recipients, irregulars and resistance fighters, rarely kept detailed records due to the inherent risks if the records were captured by the enemy. Few FP-45 pistols were distributed as intended, and most were destroyed by Allied forces after the war.


title: FP-45 Liberator

text: The concept was suggested by a Polish military attaché in March 1942. The project was assigned to the US Army Joint Psychological Warfare Committee and was designed for the United States Army two months later by George Hyde of the Inland Manufacturing Division of the General Motors Corporation in Dayton, Ohio. Production was undertaken by General Motors Guide Lamp Division to avoid conflicting priorities with Inland Division production of the M1 carbine. The army designated the weapon the "Flare Projector Caliber .45" hence the designation FP-45. This was done to disguise the fact that a pistol was being mass-produced. The original engineering drawings labeled the barrel as "tube", the trigger as "yoke", the firing pin as "control rod", and the trigger guard as "spanner". The Guide Lamp Division plant in Anderson, Indiana assembled a million of these guns. The "Liberator" project took about six months from conception to the end of production with about 11 weeks of actual manufacturing time, done by 300 workers.


title: FP-45 Liberator

text: The FP-45 was a crude, single-shot pistol designed to be cheaply and quickly mass-produced. It had just 23 largely stamped and turned steel parts that were cheap and easy to manufacture. It fired the .45 ACP pistol cartridge from an unrifled barrel. Due to this limitation, it was intended for short range use, . Its maximum effective range was only about . At longer range, the bullet would begin to tumble and stray off course. The original delivered cost for the FP-45 was $2.10/unit (), lending it the nickname "Woolworth pistol". Five rounds of ammunition could be stored in the pistol grip.


title: FP-45 Liberator

text: The "Liberator" was shipped in a cardboard box with 10 rounds of .45 ACP ammunition, a wooden dowel to remove the empty cartridge case, and an instruction sheet in comic strip form showing how to load and fire the weapon. The "Liberator" was a crude and clumsy weapon, never intended for front line service. It was originally intended as an insurgency weapon to be mass dropped behind enemy lines to resistance fighters in occupied territory. A resistance fighter was to recover the gun, sneak up on an Axis occupier, kill or incapacitate him, and retrieve his weapons.


title: FP-45 Liberator

text: It was manufactured under the "FP" prefix and referred to in official documentation as a "Flare pistol". The pistol was valued as much for its psychological warfare effect as its actual field performance. It was believed that if vast quantities of these handguns could be delivered into Axis-occupied territory, it would have a devastating effect on the morale of occupying troops. The plan was to drop it in such great quantities that occupying forces could never capture or recover all of them. It was hoped that the thought of thousands of these unrecovered weapons potentially in the hands of the citizens of occupied countries would have a deleterious effect on enemy morale.


title: FP-45 Liberator

text: General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff never saw the practicality in mass dropping the "Liberator" over occupied Europe, and authorized distribution of fewer than 25,000 of the half million FP-45 pistols shipped to Great Britain for the French resistance. Generals Joseph Stilwell and Douglas MacArthur were similarly unenthusiastic about the other half of the pistols scheduled for shipment to the Pacific. The Army then turned 450,000 "Liberators" over to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which preferred to supply Resistance fighters in both theatres with more effective weapons whenever possible.


title: FP-45 Liberator

text: French use of the FP-45 remains undocumented, however a first hand account of an assassination with an FP-45 exists from German military policeman Niklaus Lange. He claimed that there were thousands in circulation in occupied France. The OSS did distribute a few to Greek resistance forces in 1944. Most of the pistols shipped to Britain were undistributed, and later dumped at sea or melted for scrap metal.


title: FP-45 Liberator

text: One hundred thousand FP-45 pistols were shipped to China in 1943, but the number actually distributed remains unknown. A few were distributed to the Philippine Commonwealth Army, Philippine Constabulary, and resistance fighters.


title: The Allman Brothers Band discography

text: The Allman Brothers Band was an American rock band formed in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1969 by brothers Duane Allman (slide guitar and lead guitar) and Gregg Allman (vocals, keyboards, songwriting), as well as Dickey Betts (lead guitar, vocals, songwriting), Berry Oakley (bass guitar), Butch Trucks (drums), and Jai Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson (drums). The band incorporated elements of Southern rock, blues, jazz, and country music, and their live shows featured jam band-style improvisation and instrumentals.


title: The Allman Brothers Band discography

text: The group's first two studio releases stalled commercially, but their 1971 live release, "At Fillmore East", represented an artistic and commercial breakthrough. The album features extended renderings of their songs "In Memory of Elizabeth Reed" and "Whipping Post", and is often considered the best live album ever made. Group leader Duane Allman was killed in a motorcycle accident later that year, and the band dedicated "Eat a Peach" (1972) in his memory, a dual studio/live album that cemented the band's popularity. Following the motorcycle death of bassist Berry Oakley later that year, the group recruited keyboardist Chuck Leavell and bassist Lamar Williams for 1973's "Brothers and Sisters", which, combined with the hit single "Ramblin' Man", placed the group at the forefront of 1970s rock music. Internal turmoil overtook them soon after; the group dissolved in 1976, reformed briefly at the end of the decade with additional personnel changes, and dissolved again in 1982.


title: The Allman Brothers Band discography

text: The band reformed once more in 1989, releasing a string of new albums and touring heavily. A series of personnel changes in the late 1990s was capped by the departure of Betts. The group found stability during the 2000s with bassist Oteil Burbridge and guitarists Warren Haynes (in his second stint with the band) and Derek Trucks (the nephew of their drummer) and became renowned for their month-long string of shows at New York City's Beacon Theatre each spring. The band retired for good in 2014. The band has been awarded seven gold and four platinum albums, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. "Rolling Stone" ranked them 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004.


title: The Allman Brothers Band discography

text: More so than most bands, the Allman Brothers have frequently released live albums that filled the role of conventional studio albums, in that they were recently recorded and often contained new material not on any studio album, or significantly lengthened or revamped versions of studio material. An integral part of the contemporaneous evolution of the band, such live albums are included in this section.


title: The Allman Brothers Band discography

text: Retrospective live albums are concert recordings "from the vault" that were released on CD or LP years after the actual performances. Many of these albums feature the original lineup of the Allman Brothers Band, including Duane Allman on lead and slide guitar and Berry Oakley on bass.


title: The Allman Brothers Band discography

text: "Instant Live" releases are albums offered at the end of various Allman concerts, recording the majority of the concert, and making an album from the sound board recording. An example is "Rosemont Theatre, Chicago, 9/01/04".


title: Tom Tryon

text: Thomas Lester Tryon (January 14, 1926 – September 4, 1991) was an American actor and novelist. He is best known for playing the title role in the film "The Cardinal" (1963), featured roles in the war films "The Longest Day" (1962) and "In Harm's Way" (1965) with John Wayne, and especially the Walt Disney television character "Texas John Slaughter" (1958–1961).


title: Tom Tryon

text: He later turned to the writing of prose fiction and screenplays, and wrote several science fiction, horror and mystery novels.


title: Tom Tryon

text: Thomas Tryon was born on January 14, 1926, in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Arthur Lane Tryon, a clothier and owner of Stackpole, Moore & Tryon (he is often erroneously identified as the son of silent screen actor Glenn Tryon). He served in the United States Navy in the Pacific from 1943 to 1946 during and after World War II.


title: Tom Tryon

text: Tryon appeared in "Wish You Were Here" (1952), "Cyrano de Bergerac" (1953), and "Richard III" (1953).


title: Tom Tryon

text: Tryon appeared in "The Way of the World" (1955). He also guest-starred in 1955 as Antoine De More in the two-part episode "King of the Dakotas" of NBC's western anthology series "Frontier".


title: Tom Tryon

text: Tryon was signed to a long term contract to Paramount. His film debut was in "The Scarlet Hour" (1956) at Paramount, directed by Michael Curtiz. It was a crime drama about a man whose married lover persuades him to commit a robbery; Tryon was second billed. He was top billed in a low budget war film at Allied Artists, "Screaming Eagles" (1956), then supported Charlton Heston and Anne Baxter in "Three Violent People" (1956) at Paramount. He was announced for, but did not end up appearing in, "Short Cut to Hell".


title: Tom Tryon

text: Tryon's work was mostly in TV, appearing in "Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre", "The 20th Century-Fox Hour", "Playhouse 90" (an adaptation of "Charley's Aunt"), "Zane Grey Theater", "Studio 57", "Matinee Theatre", and "Lux Video Theatre". He had a support role in RKO's "The Unholy Wife" (1957) billed after Rod Steiger and Diana Dors. He had the lead in a low budget science fiction film at Paramount, "I Married a Monster from Outer Space" (1958). Tryon appeared in the lead in "The Mark Hanford Story" (February 26, 1958) on NBC's "Wagon Train" with Onslow Stevens and Kathleen Crowley.


title: Tom Tryon

text: His other television roles included "The Restless Gun", "General Electric Theater", "The Millionaire", "The Big Valley", and "The Joseph Cotten Show".


title: Tom Tryon

text: Tryon played Texas John Slaughter in a series of TV movies for Disney which ran from 1958 to 1961. The role was based on actual historical figure John Slaughter. He was considered but eventually passed over for the role of Janet Leigh's lover, Sam Loomis, in the classic thriller "Psycho" (1960); the role went to John Gavin.


title: Tom Tryon

text: Tryon starred in "The Story of Ruth" (1960) at 20th Century Fox. For that studio he appeared in "Marines, Let's Go" (1961). Disney borrowed him to star in a satire about the space age, "Moon Pilot" (1962). He was one of many names in "The Longest Day" (1962) at Fox. In 1962, Tryon was cast to play the role of Stephen Burkett ("Adam") in the unfinished Marilyn Monroe-Dean Martin comedy film, "Something's Got to Give", directed by George Cukor, but lost that role after Monroe was fired from the movie. He guest starred on "Dr. Kildare" and "The Virginian".


title: Tom Tryon

text: Tryon's greatest role was as an ambitious Catholic priest in "The Cardinal" (1963). The film was a box office hit and Tryon received a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. However, that honor barely compensated for the trauma and abuse he suffered at the hands of director Otto Preminger.


title: Tom Tryon

text: "Finally, I was in a position of being able to pick my roles," said Tryon in 1986. "But I didn't like the movie. I didn't like me in the movie. To this day, I cannot look at that film. It's because of Preminger. He was a tyrant who ruled by terror. He tied me up in knots. He screamed at me. He called me names. He said I was lazy. He said I was a fool. He never cursed me. His insults were far more personal."


title: Tom Tryon

text: Tryon guest-starred on "Kraft Suspense Theatre" and then was reunited with Preminger in "In Harm's Way" (1965).


title: Tom Tryon

text: He was part of a live television performance of "The Fall of the House of Usher". He also co-wrote a song, "I Wish I Was", which appeared on an obscure record by Dick Kallman, star of the short-lived 1965 television sitcom "Hank". Other television roles include episodes of "The Big Valley", "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre", and the 1967 TV movie remake "Winchester '73". Tryon went to Australia to make "Color Me Dead" (1969).


title: Tom Tryon

text: Disillusioned with acting, Tryon retired from the profession in 1969 and began writing horror and mystery novels. He was successful, overcoming skepticism about a classically handsome movie star suddenly turning novelist. He also moved into film financing, being executive producer on "Johnny Got His Gun" (1971).


title: Tom Tryon

text: His best-known work is "The Other" (1971), about a boy whose evil twin brother may or may not be responsible for a series of deaths in a small rural community in the 1930s. He adapted his novel into a film released the following year that starred Diana Muldaur, Uta Hagen, and John Ritter. "Harvest Home" (1973), about the dark pagan rituals being practiced in a small New England town, was adapted as "The Dark Secret of Harvest Home" (1978), a television miniseries starring Bette Davis.


title: Tom Tryon

text: An extensive critical analysis of Tryon's horror novels can be found in S. T. Joshi's book "The Modern Weird Tale" (2001). His other books include "Crowned Heads", a collection of novellas inspired by the legends of Hollywood. Tryon sold the film rights to Universal to make four films based on the novellas. The first of these novellas, "Fedora," about a reclusive former film actress whose relationship with her plastic surgeon is similar to that between a drug addict and her pusher, was later converted to a feature film directed by Billy Wilder.


title: Tom Tryon

text: Other novellas in the collection were based on the murder of former silent screen star Ramón Novarro and on the quasi-Oedipal relationship between actor Clifton Webb and his mother. "Lady" (1974) concerns the friendship between an eight-year-old boy and a charming widow in 1930s New England and the secret he discovers about her. His novel "The Night of the Moonbow" (1989) tells the story of a boy driven to violent means by the constant harassment he receives at a boys summer camp. "Night Magic," written in 1991, was posthumously published in 1995.


title: Tom Tryon

text: In 1955, Tryon married Ann L. Noyes, the daughter of stockbroker Joseph Leo Lilienthal and his wife, the former Edna Arnstein. She was the former wife of Thomas Ewing Noyes, with whom she had been a theatrical producer. The Tryons divorced in 1958, and Ann Tryon resumed her previous married name. She died in 1966. Tryon said that she committed suicide and that he kept a photograph of her in his apartment.