title: Shahbaz Gill

text: Gill was born in Faisalabad and received his early education there. He then pursued higher education abroad. He received a Ph.D. in Management and Leadership from the University of Malaya in 2008. He started his teaching career in 2004 and has been a part of the faculty of Quaid-i-Azam University and International Islamic University, Islamabad, before finally moving to COMSATS University, Lahore. At the University of Illinois, he worked as a Clinical Assistant Professor of Business Administration.


title: Shahbaz Gill

text: Gill has been an assistant professor of business administration at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign since 2019.


title: Shahbaz Gill

text: Gill was appointed as a spokesperson for the Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan, Usman Buzdar in 2018. In March 2019, Buzdar appointed him to inspect the government institutions and offices on his behalf. He resigned from the post of spokesperson on 13 September 2019.


title: Shahbaz Gill

text: On 9 August 2022, Gill was arrested on charges of sedition for allegedly trying to incite Pakistani army officers to mutiny. Gill was reportedly "dragged out of his vehicle" before being taken into custody. Gill was arrested for statements he made on ARY News on 8 August about alleged rifts within Pakistan's military over Imran Khan's ouster from office during the no-confidence motion in April 2022.


title: Shahbaz Gill

text: Gill testified in court that he had been on a hunger strike for four days and was not allowed to change his clothes and take a bath. Shahbaz's request for judicial remand was denied and police granted his requested two-day physical remand. While in custody, he and his party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, claimed that he was sexually assaulted. However, in a written statement submitted before the court, Gill stated that he hadn't been sexually assaulted by the police while in detention, though he still said that he was subjected to torture by investigators. Lawyers for Gill submitted a medical report by doctors of Central Jail Rawalpindi in which they declared that Gill was tortured.


title: Wind power in India

text: Wind power generation capacity in India has significantly increased in recent years. As of 30 September 2022, the total installed wind power capacity was 41.666 GW, the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. Wind power capacity is mainly spread across the Southern, Western, and Northwestern states.


title: Wind power in India

text: Wind power costs in India are decreasing rapidly. The levelised tariff of wind power reached a record low of per kWh (without any direct or indirect subsidies) during auctions for wind projects in December 2017. However, the levelised tariff increased to per kWh in March 2021. In December 2017, union government announced the applicable guidelines for tariff-based wind power auctions to bring more clarity and minimise the risk to the developers.


title: Wind power in India

text: The Indian government has installed over 800 wind-monitoring stations all over the country through the National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) and issued wind potential maps at 50m, 80m, 100m, and 120m above ground level. The recent assessment indicates a gross wind power potential of 302 GW in the country at 100 meters and 695.50 GW at 120 meters above ground level. The estimated potential is found on the higher side as the present installed capacity is operating below 20% CUF on average against the minimum 30% CUF considered while assessing the wind potential.


title: Wind power in India

text: The table below shows India's year on year installed wind power, annual wind power generation and annual growth in wind power generation since 2006.


title: Wind power in India

text: Development of wind power in India began in December 1952, when Maneklal Sankalchand Thacker, a distinguished power engineer, initiated a project with the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to explore the possibilities of harnessing wind power in the country. The CSIR established a Wind Power Sub-Committee under P. Nilakantan, which was assigned the task of investigating the available resources that could be practically utilized, along with researching the economic possibilities of wind energy. With assistance from the Indian Meteorological Department, the Sub-Committee extensively reviewed available data on surface winds in India and their velocity duration, and began detailed surveys of promising sites for harnessing the optimum amount of wind energy; it also successfully developed and tested large wood-and-bamboo windmills.


title: Wind power in India

text: In September 1954, a Symposium on Solar Energy and Wind Power organised by the CSIR and UNESCO was held in New Delhi; among the attendees was E. W. Golding, a British power engineer and authority on wind energy generation. Convinced of the potential of wind power in India, he recommended continued and extensive wind velocity surveys in different regions of India, the full-time assignment of staff to experimental wind power studies, the establishment of a dedicated research laboratory and development of small to medium-sized wind-powered electrical generators. Golding's recommendations were adopted by the CSIR in 1957. By this time, regions of Saurashtra and around Coimbatore had been identified as promising sites for generating electricity from wind power, and the Wind Power Sub-Committee had begun to erect 20 wind velocity survey stations across India, in addition to testing its indigenously designed windmills and obtaining a 6 kW. Allgaier wind turbine, which was presented to India by the West German government; experiments at Porbandar with the latter had commenced by 1961. The Indian government also considered a proposal to erect over 20,000 small to medium-sized wind-powered electrical generators in rural districts, to be used for powering water pumps and supplying electricity for remotely situated structures such as lighthouses.


title: Wind power in India

text: In 1960, the CSIR established a Wind Power Division as part of the new National Aeronautical Laboratory (NAL) in Bangalore, which was founded that year. From the 1960s into the 1980s, the NAL and other groups continued to carry out wind velocity surveys and develop improved estimates of India's wind energy capacity. Large-scale development of wind power began in 1985 with the first wind project in Veraval, Gujarat, in the form of a 40-kW Dutch machine (make Polenko) connected to the grid. The project, an initiative of late Dr. K S Rao, the then Director of GEDA (Gujarat Energy Development Agency), was a joint venture between GEDA and J K Synthetics Ltd. Though the performance of this machine was quite poor, it established the technical viability of operating wind turbines in the grid-connected mode in India. Subsequently, the Government of India planned several demonstration wind farms in the coastal regions of the country and simultaneously launched a massive programme to identify sites suitable for wind projects. In 1986, demonstration wind farms were set up in the coastal areas of Maharashtra (Ratnagiri), Gujarat (Okha) and Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli) with 55 kW Vestas wind turbines. These demonstration projects were supported by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). The demonstration projects set up in 1985-86 established beyond doubt, both the technical and economic viability of the wind energy projects, while the wind-mapping programme resulted in the identification of many sites suitable for wind power projects (C-WET 2001; Mani 1990, 1992, 1994; Mani and Mooley 1983).


title: Wind power in India

text: The potential for wind farms in the country was first assessed in 2011 to be more than 2,000 GW by Prof. Jami Hossain of TERI University, New Delhi.


title: Wind power in India

text: This was subsequently re-validated by Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, US (LBNL) in an independent study in 2012.


title: Wind power in India

text: As a result, the MNRE set up a committee to reassess the potential and through the National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE, previously C-WET) has announced a revised estimation of the potential wind resource in India from 49,130 MW to 302,000 MW assessed at 100 m hub height. Wind turbines are now being set up at even 120 m hub height and the wind resource at higher hub heights of around 120 m or more that are prevailing is possibly even more.


title: Wind power in India

text: However, an Offshore Wind Policy was announced in 2015 and presently weather stations and LIDARs are being set up by NIWE at some locations.


title: Wind power in India

text: Wind power accounts for nearly 10% of India's total installed power generation capacity and generated 62.03 TWh in the fiscal year 2018–19, which is nearly 4% of total electricity generation. The capacity utilisation factor is nearly 19.33% in the fiscal year 2018-19 (16% in 2017–18, 19.62% in 2016-17 and 14% in 2015–16). 70% of annual wind generation is during the five months duration from May to September coinciding with Southwest monsoon duration.


title: Wind power in India

text: In India, solar power is complementary to wind power as it is generated mostly during the non-monsoon period in daytime. Nearly 40% of the wind power is generated during the night time which is equal to the stored solar power in terms of price.


title: Wind power in India

text: The Government of Tamil Nadu realized the importance and need for renewable energy, and set up a separate Agency, as a registered society, called the Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA) as early as 1985.


title: Wind power in India

text: Tamil Nadu is a leader in Wind Power in India. The largest capacity wind turbine of 4.2 MW is installed in Tamil Nadu state as of October 2022.


title: Wind power in India

text: In Muppandal windfarm, the total capacity is 1500 MW with nearly 3000 wind turbines, the largest wind power plant in India. The total wind installed capacity in Tamil Nadu is 7633 MW.


title: Wind power in India

text: During the fiscal year 2014–15, the electricity generation is 9.521 GWh, with about a 15% capacity utilization factor.


title: Wind power in India

text: Maharashtra is one of the prominent states that installed wind power projects second to Tamil Nadu in India. As of the end of March 2016, the installed wind power capacity is 4655.25 MW . As of now there are 50 developers registered with the state nodal agency "Maharashtra Energy Development Agency" for the development of wind power projects. All the major manufacturers of wind turbines including ReNew Power, Suzlon, Vestas, Gamesa, Regen, and Leitner Shriram have a presence in Maharashtra.


title: Wind power in India

text: Gujarat government's focus on tapping renewable energy has led to a sharp rise in the wind power capacity in the last few years. According to official data, wind power generation capacity in the state has increased a staggering ten times in the last six years. Gujarat has 16% of the total capacity of the country. ONGC Ltd. has installed a 51MW wind energy farm at Bhuj in Gujarat. Renewable energy projects worth a massive Rs 1 lakh crore of memorandums of understanding (MoUs) in the Vibrant Gujarat Summit in 2017. The largest wind turbine of 5.2 MW capacity at 120 meters hub height was installed in the state as of November 2022.


title: Wind power in India

text: In consideration of a unique concept, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh has sanctioned another 15 MW project to Madhya Pradesh Windfarms Ltd. MPWL, Bhopal at Nagda Hills near Dewas under consultation from Consolidated Energy Consultants Ltd. CECL Bhopal. All 25 WEGs have been commissioned on 31.03.2008 and are under successful operation.


title: Wind power in India

text: 55 MW production of wind power is installed in Kerala. The first wind farm of the state was set up in 1997 at Kanjikode in Palakkad district.


title: Wind power in India

text: Odisha a coastal state has a higher potential for wind energy. The current installed capacity stands at 2.0 MW. Odisha has a wind power potential of 1700MW. The Govt of Odisha is actively pursuing to boost Wind power generation. However, it has not progressed like other states primarily because Odisha having a huge coal reserve and a number of existing and upcoming thermal power plants, is a power surplus state.


title: Wind power in India

text: The total installation in West Bengal is 2.10 MW till Dec 2009 at Fraserganj, Distt- South 24 Paraganas. More 0.5 MW (approx) at Ganga Sagar, Kakdwip, Distt - South 24 Paraganas. Both the project owned by the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency (WBREDA), Govt. of WB, and the project was executed on a turnkey basis by Utility Powertech Limited (UPL).


title: Wind power in India

text: The union territory of Ladakh and its Kargil district are potential wind energy areas, which are yet to be exploited. Wind Speeds are higher during the winter months in Ladakh, which is complementary to the hydropower available during the summer months from the snow melt water. Being a Himalayan region located at a higher altitude, the heating energy requirements are high which can be met by renewable energy resources such as wind, solar and hydropower. The union territory is yet to open its account in grid-connected wind power installations.


title: Wind power in India

text: The union government has released a draft policy for the repowering of wind power projects which states that the repowering potential is nearly 25,406 MW. The policy includes the installation of additional wind turbines, of minimum 3 MW capacity each with hub heights above 120 meters, located in between the existing wind turbines in place of few existing turbines without any effect on one another's performance.


title: Wind power in India

text: India has an offshore wind energy potential of around 70 GW in parts along the coast of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. As of May 2022, there is no offshore wind project under construction or operation.


title: Wind power in India

text: India started planning in 2010 to enter into offshore wind power, and a 100 MW demonstration plant located off the Gujarat coast began planning in 2014. In 2013, a consortium (instead of a group of organizations), led by Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) started project FOWIND (Facilitating Offshore Wind in India) to identify potential zones for development of offshore wind power in India and to stimulate R & D activities in this area. The other consortium partners include the Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP), DNV GL, the Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL) and the World Institute of Sustainable Energy (WISE). The consortium was awarded a grant of €4.0 million by the delegation of the European Union to India in 2013 besides co-funding support from GPCL. The project activities will be implemented from December 2013 to March 2018.


title: Wind power in India

text: The project focuses on the States of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu for the identification of potential zones for development through techno-commercial analysis and preliminary resource assessment. It will also establish a platform for structural collaboration and knowledge sharing between stakeholders from European Union and India, on offshore wind technology, policy, regulation, industry, and human resource development. FOWIND activities will also help facilitate a platform to stimulate offshore wind-related R&D activities in the country. The consortium published initial pre-feasibility assessment reports for offshore wind farm development in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu on 16 June 2015.


title: Wind power in India

text: In September 2015, India's cabinet has approved the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy. With this, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has been authorized as the Nodal Ministry for use of offshore areas within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)


title: Wind power in India

text: India seems pacing up rapidly towards offshore wind energy development as the Nodal Ministry (MNRE) & Nodal Agency (NIWE) calls with the Expression of Interest (EoI) inviting the bidders for development of first 1000MW commercial-scale offshore wind farm in India, near the coast of Gujarat. The EoI published on 16 Apr 2018, specifies the proposed area identified under the FOWIND & FOWPI study funded by European Union. The proposed location of the offshore wind farm could be 23–40 km off the coast from the Pipavav port, Gulf of Khambhat. The proposed area covers about 400sq km. The wind measurements & other data collection are in progress under the supervision of NIWE.


title: Nimona

text: Nimona is a fantasy graphic novel by ND Stevenson, an American cartoonist. The story follows Nimona, a shapeshifter who joins the villain Ballister Blackheart in his plans to destroy the over-controlling Institute. Blackheart tries to operate under his code of ethics, while Nimona has no problem with killing. The setting mixes magic and technology.


title: Nimona

text: Stevenson began work on "Nimona" while studying at Maryland Institute College of Art, revisiting a character he had created while at high school. Stevenson published "Nimona" as a webcomic from 2012 through 2014, initially through Tumblr, developing the story and the art style as time progressed. The finished work ultimately doubled as his senior thesis. After an agent reached out to Stevenson, HarperCollins printed "Nimona" as a book in 2015. It has been translated into at least 16 other languages and adapted into an audiobook.


title: Nimona

text: The comic won an Eisner Award, a Cybils Award, and a Cartoonist Studio Prize. Reviews and academic analyses have highlighted themes of queerness and fluidity of identity, and how they oppose and subvert traditional controlling institutions and exclusionary systems.


title: Nimona

text: An animated feature film adaptation was first announced in 2015 by 20th Century Fox Animation. After Disney bought Fox, it cancelled the film, but it was revived by Annapurna Pictures and is scheduled to be released on Netflix in 2023.


title: Nimona

text: Nimona is a shapeshifter, usually a human girl but able to grow and shrink and take any human or animal form. She insists on being the sidekick to Ballister Blackheart. Blackheart was once a knight for the Institution, but lost an arm in a joust with Ambrosius Goldenloin – now the Institution's champion – so was kicked out. Blackheart seeks to destroy the Institution, but operates under his own code of ethics. Nimona pushes to make his plans more violent and often kills people. They discover the Institution is using jaderoot, a poisonous plant used for dark magic. Blackheart has Nimona impersonate a TV news anchor to publicize this, and plant poisonous, but non-fatal, apples in markets to spread fear. The Institute's Director orders Goldenloin to kill Nimona; instead, he meets Blackheart in a tavern, begging him to send Nimona away instead.


title: Nimona

text: Blackheart meets Dr. Meredith Blitzmeyer, who has made a device powered by "anomalous energy". When Nimona is near the device she cannot transform. Goldenloin continues to refuse orders to kill him; it is hinted that Blackheart and Goldenloin were more than just friends. He agrees to kill Nimona and capture Blackheart. At a public event, the two spread more poison and while people panic about its effects, Blackheart speaks and convinces people to rebel against the Institution. He is captured by Goldenloin and used as a trap to lure Nimona. Her head is sliced off during the fight, but she lives and they escape. Blackheart questions her powers, and she lets slip that her earlier story – that a witch cast a spell on her as a child – was made up. They argue, and Nimona leaves Blackheart.


title: Nimona

text: Blackheart learns that his poison has caused deaths. He sneaks into a hospital to treat poison victims, but is captured. Goldenloin guards him, having been demoted from champion. The two talk and Goldenloin admits that the jousting incident was not an accident. The Director offered him the position of champion, on the condition that he win the joust against Blackheart; after losing the fight he used the explosive lance in desperation. Blackheart is brought to an Institution laboratory, where the Director reveals their occult experiments to develop weapons. Nimona is imprisoned there; she attempted to rescue Blackheart, but was captured in a self-repairing vessel built to contain jaderoot. They take a blood sample out, but Nimona has control over those cells and they turn into a colossal beast that escapes to kill the Director and ravage the city. A flashback shows Nimona trapped by villagers. She claimed to be one of their children, but they believed she was impersonating a child that died. The Institution took Nimona and experimented on her.


title: Nimona

text: Blackheart tells Goldenloins about Blitzmeyer's device which he uses to fight the beast. The human form of Nimona learns that Blackheart revealed the device and turns on him. Blackheart defeats the beast, but the fight damages the lab and its automatic purge system. Blackheart escapes, carrying Goldenloin, but Nimona does not. The disasters make clear the Institution's use of jaderoot, and Blackheart becomes a hero. While watching over Goldenloin in hospital, a doctor calls Nimona a monster, and Blackheart insists she was not. When the same doctor returns moments later, Blackheart understands that the first doctor was Nimona. Blackheart and Blitzmeyer found a lab together, and Goldenloin and Blackheart become closer. Blackheart never sees Nimona again, to his knowledge, but wonders about every stranger and animal who looks at him.


title: Nimona

text: In a course as Maryland Institute College of Art, ND Stevenson received an assignment to create a new character, and revisited an idea from high school of a female shapeshifter. According to Stevenson, he created Nimona by combining this shapeshifter with a Joan of Arc-inspired character that he was drawing at the time. Nimona's look was based on his own experiences with cosplay; Stevenson preferred cosplaying as male characters rather than female characters, and wanted "to do a costume that people who weren't interested in looking particularly buxom or sensual might want to dress as". Other characters and a story followed as Stevenson revisited the concept several times over his junior year, and later received approval for the comic to be their senior thesis.


title: Nimona

text: Stevenson initially published "Nimona" online on Tumblr. The comic began as a collection of one- and two-page comics. Stevenson says that he "had no idea what "Nimona" was when I started it" and that it was experimental, but that he knew very early how it would end. According to Stevenson, an agent reached out to him shortly after he had posted the first few pages. Stevenson was still at school when he learned his agent had sold "Nimona" to the publisher HarperCollins.


title: Nimona

text: The webcomic ran from June 2012 to September 2014. Stevenson described completing "Nimona" as both satisfying and "a little sad". HarperCollins published the completed comic as a young adult graphic novel in May 2015. The work has since been translated into several other languages, including Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, and Turkish.


title: Nimona

text: In August 2016, an audiobook version of "Nimona" was published through Audible. It features voicework by Rebecca Soler, Jonathan Davis, Marc Thompson, January LaVoy, Natalie Gold, Peter Bradbury, and David Pittu, has a runtime of two hours and seventeen minutes, and is unabridged.


title: Nimona

text: Reviews and academic analyses have presented "Nimona" as a depiction of identity, particularly fluid identity. Nimona's form is unsettled and indefinable, though Mihaela Precup said that Nimona's queerness was mostly hinted at through linguistic markers and fashion choices. Precup noted the "subversive potential of a specific kind of queer cuteness", while James J. Donahue said that "Nimona" showed the fluidity of identity construction to a young-adult audience along with empowering moments. Ballister's perceived identity also shifts from a supervillain to a hero, challenging clichés around good and evil. "Nimona" has been highlighted as promoting alternate perspectives on gender and allowing readers to come to terms with their own identities.


title: Nimona

text: Nimona's monstrous nature has been discussed as representing how institutions perceive queerness as the "ultimate other" that threatens stability. Multiple analyses have viewed the Institution as one that persecutes queerness and establishes heteronormative hegemonic ideologies through structural violence. "Nimona" presents a potential to challenge and abolish these systems. In this way, the comic has been compared to "The Legend of Korra" and "Steven Universe". One paper on the work concluded that it is "the blurring of boundaries", especially when it comes to institutions, bodies, and motivations, that allows for these institutions to be undermined.


title: Nimona

text: "Nimona" won an Eisner Award, a Cybils Award, and a Cartoonist Studio Prize. It was also nominated for another Eisner Award and a National Book Award. The hardcover collection of "Nimona" became a New York Times bestseller.


title: Nimona

text: A reviewer for io9 rated "Nimona" as one of the "Best New and Short Webcomics of 2012", while "Paste Magazine" called "Nimona" the best webcomic of 2014. A review for CNN recommended "Nimona" specifically for teenage readers. Reviewers noted the science fantasy setting which mixes magic with technology and highlighted the conflict between Blackheart's code of honor against Nimona's desire to kill and steal. Iain A. MacInnes, a scholar who focuses on U.S. popular and youth culture, said that "Nimona" added to the varieties of medieval aesthetics in modern media.


title: Nimona

text: The artwork has been described as light and sketchy and compared to that of Kate Beaton, Eleanor Davis and Faith Erin Hicks. Stevenson produced "Nimona" a page at a time, resulting in a development of art style over time; one reviewer said that while the initial art was "clunky", a reader could see Stevenson's technique improve as the work went on, and it was excellent by the fifth chapter.


title: Nimona

text: In 2015, 20th Century Fox Animation acquired the rights for an animated feature film adaptation. It was being produced by Fox's subsidiary Blue Sky Studios, with Patrick Osborne to direct and Marc Haimes to write the script.


title: Nimona

text: In May 2019, after The Walt Disney Company's acquisition of Fox, the film was delayed from February 2020 to March 2021; it was later delayed again to January 2022. In February 2021, Disney announced that it was shutting down Blue Sky Studios and that the film adaptation was cancelled. After its cancellation, and again amid the controversy of Disney's involvement in Florida's "Don't Say Gay" bill, several former Blue Sky staff members spoke to media about the film. They stated that, when cancelled, the film was "75% complete" and that it was to include an "I love you" scene between Blackheart and Goldenloin and a same-sex kiss. Staff also stated that they received pushback from Disney leadership, centered around the film's LGBT themes.


title: Nimona

text: On April 11, 2022, it was announced the film had been picked up by Netflix and Annapurna Pictures with a 2023 release date. The film has new directors, Nick Bruno and Troy Quane, while Chloë Grace Moretz and Riz Ahmed will be returning, voicing Nimona and Ballister Blackheart respectively, along with Eugene Lee Yang as Ambrosius Goldenloin.


title: Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

text: Swaragini — Jodein Rishton Ke Sur ("Swaragini — Join the Melody of Relationships") is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series that premiered on 2 March 2015 on Colors TV. Produced by Rashmi Sharma under the Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, it starred Helly Shah, Tejasswi Prakash, Varun Kapoor, and Namish Taneja. The show ended on 14 December 2016, completing 469 episodes.


title: Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

text: Swara, a liberal middle-class Bengali girl lives with her single mother Sharmishtha Bose. Ragini has been raised as a traditional Marwari by her single father Shekhar Gadodia, as her mother died. Swara and Ragini soon become friends, but learn they're half-sisters as Swara is Shekhar and Sharmishtha's daughter. Previously Shekhar's mother Parvati had separated them and married him off to Janki when Sharmishtha was pregnant with Swara. Back to present, Swara and Ragini unite and get Sharmishtha and Shekhar married.


title: Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

text: As Ragini's fiancé Lakshya falls for Swara, Ragini lies that she betrayed him and marries Lakshya, whose cousin Sanskaar and Swara fall in love and marry. Ragini tries to make trouble for Swara, but is exposed and kicked out. She apologizes for her mistakes. Still vengeful for Ragini's lies, Lakshya leaves her and marries Kavya, his evil lover who just wants his property. Swara and Ragini expose her. Kavya is jailed after trying to kill them. Lakshya realises he loves Ragini, and they unite and consummate their marriage.


title: Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

text: Sharmishtha gets pregnant but Parvati does not agree due to being middle aged. She wants her to get an abortion.


title: Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

text: A boy named Rajat traps Sanskar's sister in his love for the Maheswari wealth but Swara discovers his ploy and with the help of Sanskar, Lakshaya and Ragini,they expose him. In an attempt to arrest Rajat, he kidnaps Swara. Due to circumstances, Sanskar ends shooting Rajat to save Swara and she falls off the cliff.


title: Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

text: A rockstar named Sahil saves Swara. Swara has lost her memory and can longer recognise Sanskar and his family. Sahil gets obsessed with Swara and tries to kidnap her. Swara regains her memory. Sahil tries to kidnap Swara again and kill Sanskar but he is arrested with the help of his mother Maya.


title: Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

text: Sharmishtha falls down the stairs and has a miscarriage. Later it is revealed that Parvati caused the miscarriage and that Sharmishtha gave birth to a boy who is still alive. Parvati ordered the nurse to abandon the boy on the streets with a beggar. Swara discovers this.


title: Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

text: Adarsh and Parneeti turn on the Maheswari family and blackmail Swara and Ragini into getting Durga Prasad to transfer the property in his name in exchange for their brother which they earlier kidnapped. Ragini and Swara rescue their brother. Adarsh throws the Maheswari family out of the house. He causes misunderstandings between Swara, Ragini, Lakshaya and Sanskar. But Swara and Ragini overcome them and unite. They manage to defeat Parneeti and Adarsh and have him arrested. Durga Prasad disowns him. Shekhar expels Parvati from the house. Lakshaya disappears and Swara blames Sanskar. Swara and Ragini move back to their parents' house.


title: Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

text: Lakshya is alive, posing as Abhimanyu Khanna, a dead person as he blames himself for his accidental death. He lives with Abhimanyu's wife Mansi and daughter Mishka. Swara's friend Nikhil arrives from Canada. It turns out that Mishka is Nikhil and Mansi's daughter through an affair, and they'd killed Abhimanyu to get his property. Swara, Ragini, Lakshya and Sanskaar unite as they expose Nikhil and Mansi. Lakshya and Ragini adopt Mishka.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: Twelfth Night (also known as Epiphany Eve) is a Christian festival on the last night of the Twelve Days of Christmas, marking the coming of the Epiphany. Different traditions mark the date of Twelfth Night as either or , depending on whether the counting begins on Christmas Day or .


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: A superstition in some English-speaking countries suggests it unlucky to leave Christmas decorations hanging after Twelfth Night, a tradition also variously attached to the festivals of Candlemas (2 February), Good Friday, Shrove Tuesday, and Septuagesima. Other popular customs include eating king cake, singing Christmas carols, chalking the door, having one's house blessed, merrymaking, and attending church services.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In many Western ecclesiastical traditions, Christmas Day is considered the "First Day of Christmas" and the Twelve Days are , inclusive, making Twelfth Night on , which is Epiphany Eve. In some customs, the Twelve Days of Christmas are counted from sundown on the evening of until the morning of , meaning that the Twelfth Night falls on the evening and the Twelfth Day falls on . However, in some church traditions only full days are counted, so that is counted as the Eleventh Day, as the Twelfth Day, and the evening of is counted as the Twelfth Night. In these traditions, Twelfth Night is the same as Epiphany. However, some such as the Church of England consider Twelfth Night to be the "eve" of the Twelfth Day (in the same way that Christmas Eve comes before Christmas), and thus consider Twelfth Night to be on The difficulty may come from the use of the words "eve" which is defined as "the day or evening before an event", however, especially in antiquated usage could be used to simply mean "evening".


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: Bruce Forbes writes:In 567 the Council of Tours proclaimed that the entire period between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered part of the celebration, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or what the English called Christmastide. On the last of the twelve days, called Twelfth Night, various cultures developed a wide range of additional special festivities. The variation extends even to the issue of how to count the days. If Christmas Day is the first of the twelve days, then Twelfth Night would be on January 5, the eve of Epiphany. If December 26, the day after Christmas, is the first day, then Twelfth Night falls on January 6, the evening of Epiphany itself.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: The Church of England, Mother Church of the Anglican Communion, celebrates Twelfth Night on the 5th and "refers to the night before Epiphany, the day when the nativity story tells us that the wise men visited the infant Jesus".


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In 567 A.D, the Council of Tours "proclaimed the twelve days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of Advent fasting in preparation for the feast." Christopher Hill, as well as William J. Federer, states that this was done to solve the "administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east."


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In medieval and Tudor England, Candlemas traditionally marked the end of the Christmas season, although later, Twelfth Night came to signal the end of Christmastide, with a new but related season of Epiphanytide running until Candlemas. A popular Twelfth Night tradition was to have a bean and pea hidden inside a Twelfth-night cake; the "man who finds the bean in his slice of cake becomes King for the night while the lady who finds a pea in her slice of cake becomes Queen for the night." Following this selection, Twelfth Night parties would continue and would include the singing of Christmas carols, as well as feasting.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: Food and drink are the centre of the celebrations in modern times. All of the most traditional ones go back many centuries. The punch called wassail is consumed especially on Twelfth Night and throughout Christmas time, especially in the UK, and door-to-door wassailing (similar to singing Christmas carols) was common up until the 1950s. Around the world, special pastries, such as the tortell and king cake, are baked on Twelfth Night, and eaten the following day for the Feast of the Epiphany celebrations. In English and French custom, the Twelfth-cake was baked to contain a bean and a pea so that those who received the slices containing them should be respectively designated king and queen of the night's festivities.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In parts of Kent, there is a tradition that an edible decoration would be the last part of Christmas to be removed in the Twelfth Night and shared amongst the family.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London has had a tradition since 1795 of providing a Twelfth Night cake. The will of Robert Baddeley made a bequest of £100 to provide cake and punch every year for the company in residence at the theatre on 6 January. The tradition continues.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In Ireland, it is still the tradition to place the statues of the Three Kings in the crib on the Twelfth Night or, at the latest, the following day, Little Christmas.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In colonial America, a Christmas wreath was always left up on the front door of each home. When taken down at the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas, any edible portions would be consumed with the other foods of the feast. The same held true in the 19th–20th centuries with fruits adorning Christmas trees. Fresh fruits were hard to come by and were therefore considered fine and proper gifts and decorations for the tree, wreaths, and home. Again, the tree would be taken down on the Twelfth Night, and such fruits, along with nuts and other local produce used, would then be consumed.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: Modern American Carnival traditions are seen in New Orleans. In the mid-twentieth century, friends gathered for weekly king cake parties. Whoever got the slice with the "king", usually in the form of a miniature baby doll (symbolic of the Christ Child, "Christ the King"), hosted the next week's party. Traditionally, this was a bean for the king and a pea for the queen. Parties centred around king cakes are no longer common and king cake today is usually brought to the workplace or served at parties, the recipient of the plastic baby being obligated to bring the next king cake to the next function. In some countries, Twelfth Night and Epiphany mark the start of the Carnival season, which lasts through Mardi Gras Day.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In Spain, Twelfth Night is called "Cabalgata de Reyes" ("Parade of Kings"), and historically the "kings" would go through towns and hand out sweets.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In France, "Gateau des Rois" ("Kings' Cakes") are eaten all month long. The cakes vary depending on the region; in northern France, it is called a "galette" and is filled with "frangipane", fruit, or chocolate. In the south, it is more of a brioche with candied fruit.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: Twelfth Night in the Netherlands became so secularised, rowdy, and boisterous that public celebrations were banned from the church.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In some places, particularly South West England, Old Twelfth Night is still celebrated on 17 January. This continues the custom of the Apple Wassail on the date that corresponded to 6 January on the Julian calendar at the time of the change in calendars enacted by the Calendar Act of 1750.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: It is unknown whether Shakespeare's play "Twelfth Night, or What You Will" was written to be performed as a Twelfth Night entertainment, since there is no record of the circumstances of its composition. The earliest known performance took place at Middle Temple Hall, one of the Inns of Court, on Candlemas night, 2 February 1602. The play has many elements that are reversed, in the tradition of Twelfth Night, such as a woman Viola dressing as a man, and a servant Malvolio imagining that he can become a nobleman.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: Ben Jonson's "The Masque of Blackness" was performed on 6 January 1605 at the Banqueting House in Whitehall. It was originally entitled "The Twelfth Nights Revells". The accompanying Masque, "The Masque of Beauty" was performed in the same court the Sunday night after the Twelfth Night in 1608.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: Robert Herrick's poem "Twelfth-Night, or King and Queene", published in 1648, describes the election of king and queen by bean and pea in a plum cake, and the homage done to them by the draining of wassail bowls of "lamb's-wool", a drink of sugar, nutmeg, ginger, and ale.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: Charles Dickens' 1843 "A Christmas Carol" briefly mentions Scrooge and the Ghost of Christmas Present visiting a children's Twelfth Night party.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: In chapter 6 of Harrison Ainsworth's 1858 novel "Mervyn Clitheroe", the eponymous hero is elected King of festivities at the Twelfth Night celebrations held in Tom Shakeshaft's barn by receiving the slice of plum cake containing the bean; his companion Cissy obtains the pea and becomes queen, and they are seated together in a high corner to view the proceedings. The distribution has been rigged to prevent another person from gaining the role. The festivities include country dances, the introduction of a "Fool Plough", a plough decked with ribands brought into the barn by a dozen mummers together with a grotesque "Old Bessie" (played by a man), and a Fool dressed in animal skins with a fool's hat. The mummers carry wooden swords and perform revelries. The scene in the novel is illustrated by Hablot Knight Browne ("Phiz"). In the course of the evening, the fool's antics cause a fight to break out, but Mervyn restores order. Three bowls of gin punch are disposed of. At eleven o'clock, the young men make the necessary arrangements to see the young ladies safely home across the fields.


title: Twelfth Night (holiday)

text: The Dead—the final, novella-length story in James Joyce's 1914 collection "Dubliners"—opens on Twelfth Night, or Epiphany Eve, and extends into the early morning hours of Epiphany itself. Critics and writers consider the story "just about the finest short story in the English language" and "one of the greatest short stories ever written". Its adaptations include a play, a Broadway musical, and two films. The story begins at the bustling and sumptuous annual dance hosted by Kate Morkan and Julia Morkan, aunts to Gabriel Conroy, the main character. Throughout the festivities, a series of minor obligations and awkward encounters leaves Gabriel with a sense of unease, inducing self-doubt, or at least doubt in the person he presents himself as. This unease sharpens during a dinner speech in which Gabriel grandiosely ponders whether because "...we are living in a skeptical and, if I may use the phrase, a thought-tormented age", the generation currently coming of age in Ireland will begin to "lack those qualities of humanity, of hospitality, of kindly humor which belonged to an older day." High spirits and singing soon resume. Gabriel and his wife Gretta depart for their hotel in the early morning hours. This destination for Gabriel kindles both erotic possibility and deep love. However, at the hotel, Gretta, moved by a song they had just heard sung at the party, offers a tearful, long-withheld revelation that momentarily shatters Gabriel's feelings of warmth, leaving him shaken and bewildered. After Gretta drifts off to sleep, Gabriel, still rapt in the emotional wake of her revelation, gazes out the window at the falling snow and experiences a profound and unifying epiphany, one that reconciles the fears, doubts, and façades that had haunted him throughout the evening and, he seems to recognise, throughout his life to that point.


title: James P. Gorman

text: James Patrick Gorman (born 14 July 1958) is an Australian-American financier who is the chairman and chief executive officer of Morgan Stanley. He was formerly Co-President and Co-Head of Strategic Planning at the firm.


title: James P. Gorman

text: James P. Gorman was born in Melbourne, Australia. He is one of 10 children. He was educated at Xavier College, and earned his Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws from the University of Melbourne, where he was a residential member and president of Newman College.


title: James P. Gorman

text: In 1982 he joined law firm Phillips Fox and Masel (now DLA Piper) before heading to the United States to obtain a Master of Business Administration from Columbia Business School.


title: James P. Gorman

text: After graduating Columbia, he joined McKinsey & Company and eventually became a senior partner. At McKinsey he worked on the Merrill Lynch account for ten years, and helped develop Merrill's online internet strategy. In 1999, he joined Merrill Lynch in the newly created role of chief marketing officer. He also joined the 19-member executive management committee. Within two years, he was in charge of Merrill's brokerage business.


title: James P. Gorman

text: Gorman left Merrill in February 2006 to join Morgan Stanley as the President and Chief Operating Officer of the Global Wealth Management Group (GWMG). In October 2007, Gorman took on the additional role of Co-Head of Strategic Planning with Chief Financial Officer Colm Kelleher. In December 2007, he was named Co-President of Morgan Stanley, along with Walid Chammah, with the day-to-day responsibility for Wealth Management and Asset Management.


title: James P. Gorman

text: In 2009, he helped create the largest wealth management platform globally when he led the merger and integration of Morgan Stanley's wealth management business with Citi's Smith Barney business. Structured as a staggered acquisition, Morgan Stanley purchased the remainder of the joint venture in June 2013, and is a global leader in wealth management with over 16,000 financial advisors and $1.8 trillion in client assets.


title: James P. Gorman

text: In September 2009, it was announced he would become CEO of Morgan Stanley in January 2010. He also assumed the title of Chairman in January 2012 following the retirement of John J. Mack. Press reports indicate his compensation as Chairman and CEO was $9.75 million for 2012, with the "New York Times" reporting an increase to $18 million in 2013.


title: James P. Gorman

text: In the wake of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, which led to a popular vote to leave the European Union, Gorman said there was "nothing good about Brexit". He added that some jobs would be moved not only out of England, but out of Europe entirely, possibly to New York City or Tokyo.


title: James P. Gorman

text: In January 2020, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) that recognizes Australians who have demonstrated outstanding service or exceptional achievement. Gorman said he was "honoured to receive this award and extremely proud to represent Australia abroad." "While most of my working life has been in the US my heart remains firmly Australian," Mr Gorman said.


title: James P. Gorman

text: As a result of his work in 2020, James Gorman was paid a 22% raise ($6 million) from 2019 pay of $27 million by Morgan Stanley, making him the highest-paid bank executive in America. The Wall Street firm generated record revenue that year and announced two multibillion-dollar acquisitions of E*trade Financial Corp. and Eaton Vance Corp. and avoided much of the economic recession caused by the pandemic.


title: James P. Gorman

text: Gorman is scheduled to speak at the November 2022 Global Financial Leaders' Investment Summit, with the Hong Kong Democracy Council claiming that his presence, along with other financial executives, legitimizes the Hong Kong government's whitewashing of the erosion of freedoms in the city. Several members of Congress also warned that US financial executives should not attend the Summit, saying "Their presence only serves to legitimise the swift dismantling of Hong Kong's autonomy, free press and the rule of law by Hong Kong authorities acting along with the Chinese Communist Party."


title: James P. Gorman

text: Gorman serves as a Director of the Council on Foreign Relations, and Chair of the Board of Overseers of the Columbia Business School, and is a member of the Financial Services Forum, Business Council and the Business Roundtable. He formerly served as a Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, President of the Federal Advisory Council to the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, Co-Chairman of the Partnership for New York City, Co-Chairman the Business Committee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and served on the board and as Chairman (2006) of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association in Washington, D.C.


title: James P. Gorman

text: Gorman is a dual citizen of Australia and the United States and lives in Manhattan. He has two adult children. Gorman earned $27 million in 2019.


title: Grapeshot

text: In artillery, a grapeshot is a type of ammunition that consists of a collection of smaller-caliber round shots packed tightly in a canvas bag and separated from the gunpowder charge by a metal wadding, rather than being a single solid projectile. When assembled, the shot resembled a cluster of grapes, hence the name. Grapeshot was used both on land and at sea. On firing, the canvas wrapping disintegrates and the contained balls scatter out from the muzzle, giving a ballistic effect similar to a giant shotgun.


title: Grapeshot

text: Grapeshot was devastatingly effective against massed infantry at short range and was also used at medium range. Solid shot was used at longer range and canister at shorter. When used in naval warfare, grapeshot served a dual purpose. First, it continued its role as an anti-personnel projectile. However, the effect was diminished due to a large portion of the crew being below decks and the addition of hammock netting in iron brackets intended to slow or stop smaller shot. Second, the shot was cast large enough to cut rigging, destroy spars and blocks, and puncture multiple sails.


title: Grapeshot

text: Canister shot, also known as case shot, fired a larger number of smaller projectiles loosely packaged in a tin or brass container, possibly guided by a wooden sabot. The later shrapnel shell contained similarly smaller projectiles, and used a timed bursting charge to expel those projectiles from the front of the container.


title: Grapeshot

text: Langrage is a type of improvised round that uses chain links, nails, shards of glass, rocks or other similar objects as the projectiles. Although langrage can be cheaply made, its ballistics are inferior to metal spheres.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: The Lady Chablis (March 11, 1957 – September 8, 2016), also known as The Grand Empress and The Doll, was an American actress, author, and transgender club performer. Through exposure in the bestselling nonfiction book "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil", and its 1997 film adaptation, she became one of the first trans performers to be introduced to a wide audience.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: Born on March 11, 1957, Chablis grew up in Quincy, Florida. Her parents divorced when she was five, and she was supported by her aunt, Katie Bell, and grandmother, Anna Mae Ponder, after her mother moved to Chicago to be a nurse. She did not meet her mother until she was nine, or her father until she was 12. She went on to live with her father in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in 1969.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: She changed her name to "The Lady Chablis" when she was 16 years old and living in Atlanta. "My mom was going to have a baby and she miscarried. The baby's name was going to be La Quinta Chablis and she told me to take the name. I didn't even know what Chablis was."


title: The Lady Chablis

text: Chablis' mother moved back to Florida and practiced nursing at Sunland Hospital in Tallahassee. She lived with her mother and her new husband, who owned a dry-cleaning business. Chablis became close to her neighbor, Connie, who offered her a lot of support and a refuge from homophobic troubles at home.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: Chablis began her career at age 15 in the Fox Trot gay bar in Tallahassee. It was there that she met Cliff Taylor, who performed under the pseudonym of Miss Tina Devore. He was the first male in Quincy that Chablis ever met who dressed up. Taylor offered to have Chablis stay with him if she ever moved to Atlanta. She moved there in 1974 at the age of 17, previously living with her aunt in Tallahassee for about eighteen months.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: She began working at the Prince George Inn, a gay-owned restaurant, where she began a relationship with one of her co-workers. She left in 1975 after the relationship ended, and picked up work at Eckerd's Drugstore. After becoming sick for three weeks, she had to leave that position too. A new friend, Linda, saw the decline in Chablis' health and moved her into her two-bedroom apartment. She found another job, this time at a Burlington Coat Factory outlet.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: Chablis and Linda moved to Regency Woods apartment complex. Encouraged by her friend's lush life and surroundings, Chablis decided to return to the stage. She eventually found herself at The Locker Room, a bathhouse.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: In the late 1980s, a job offer from The Friends Lounge, a cabaret bar in Savannah, Georgia, resulted in her moving south from Atlanta.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: She performed at Club One on its opening night in 1988, and was a regular performer there until August 6, 2016, just before she was hospitalized.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: In the early 1990s, she moved with her partner, Jesse, to Columbia, South Carolina, where she began working at a new spot, The Menage. The Menage closed after three years, due to new competition, and Chablis did not find much work for a couple of years.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: She was a prominent character in John Berendt's best-selling 1994 book "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil", during her days working at The Pickup on Congress Street. She left her job in a dispute over pay.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: Chablis frequently performed at her "home" nightclub of Club One, where she was known as the "Grand Empress". Chablis traveled the U.S. performing her show, "The Doll Revue", at various venues and special events, such as gay pride gatherings. She also appeared on radio shows.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: Chablis' autobiography "Hiding My Candy: The Autobiography of the Grand Empress of Savannah" was published in 1996, a year before she played herself in the Clint Eastwood-directed movie adaptation of "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil", starring Kevin Spacey and John Cusack.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: The Lady Chablis was featured in the closing segment of the Savannah episode of "Bizarre Foods America" on The Travel Channel. She joined host Andrew Zimmern at several Savannah restaurants including Elizabeth on 37th. In 2012, she was interviewed in Savannah on the local television and internet talk show "MAMA Knows Best" (season 2, episode 1). On April 19, 2013, Chablis performed for the grand opening of the short-lived Mama's Cabaret in Lewiston, Maine, with "MAMA" Savannah Georgia.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: In her early career as an entertainer, under the name Brenda Dale Knox, she won multiple titles in drag pageantry including:


title: The Lady Chablis

text: Chablis said she did not want any label except her name, "The Lady Chablis", and said she found it hurtful when people called her a "drag queen". In his book, Berendt wrote that he met Chablis as she was returning home from having a hormone injection. In her book "Hiding My Candy", Chablis said she had not undergone sex reassignment surgery.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: The Lady Chablis died on September 8, 2016, from "Pneumocystis" pneumonia, aged 59, at Savannah's Candler Hospital.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: On November 5, a special screening of "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil" was shown at Savannah's Lucas Theatre for the Arts, with a tribute to Chablis beforehand. A few of Chablis' gowns were on display in the theatre's lobby. Jerry Spence, the former hairdresser who appeared in both the book and movie, was in attendance. A reception was held at Club One after the memorial service and, after the movie screening, Club One Cabaret held two Lady Chablis tribute shows.


title: The Lady Chablis

text: Upon news of her death, several of Chablis' former co-stars made tributes to her. Paul Hipp, alongside whom she appeared in the movie adaptation of "Midnight in the Garden", said: "So sad to hear of The Lady Chablis' passing. She was super talented, kind, and laugh out loud funny. She was a true transgender pioneer, way ahead of her time (in the Deep South, no less). This pic of The Lady and me was taken between shots while filming "Midnight In The Garden Of Good And Evil". Feel free to envy our glamour." Chablis was impersonated on the second episode of Season 7 of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" by drag queen Jaida Essence Hall.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: Pascal Wehrlein (born 18 October 1994) is a German-Mauritian racing driver for the Porsche Formula E Team. He previously raced in Formula One for the Sauber and Manor teams. Holding dual nationality of Germany and Mauritius, he raced under the German flag in Formula One. He had previously raced in DTM, winning the title with the Mercedes-Benz team HWA AG in 2015. In 2014 Wehrlein became the youngest driver to win a DTM race at the age of 19, and the following year he was the youngest to win the title, at the age of 20.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: In February 2016 he began driving full-time in Formula One for Manor, scoring his first championship point at the Austrian Grand Prix. During the season, he regularly out-qualified his lesser rated team mate Rio Haryanto, until Haryanto was replaced mid-season by Esteban Ocon.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: Manor folded in early 2017 and Wehrlein moved to Sauber. However, before the season began, he was involved in an accident at the Race of Champions that left him unable to compete in the first two races of the season. Despite this, he scored Sauber's only points that year. He was replaced for the 2018 season by Charles Leclerc.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: Wehrlein later raced in Formula E with the Indian Mahindra team alongside Jérôme d'Ambrosio, but left the team midway through the 2019–2020 championship season.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: Wehrlein was born in Sigmaringen to a German father and Mauritian mother. His father Richard Wehrlein, who entered German boxing championships, owns a CNC machining company in Ostrach.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: Wehrlein began karting in 2003 and raced only in his native Germany in his early career. He worked his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF2 category by 2009, when he finished on fifth position in ADAC Kart Masters.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: 2010 saw his debut in the ADAC Formel Masters championship with ADAC Berlin-Brandenburg e.V. (also known as Mücke Motorsport). Wehrlein finished sixth in the championship with a win at Sachsenring and three other podiums.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: He remained in the series with the team for the next year. Wehrlein scored seven wins at Oschersleben, Sachsenring, Zolder, Nürburgring and Lausitz on his way to the championship title.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: In 2012, Wehrlein stepped up to the Formula 3 Euro Series, continuing with Mücke Motorsport. He finished 2nd in the championship to Daniel Juncadella.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: Wehrlein made his debut in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) in 2013 at the age of 18. In a career spanning three seasons Wehrlein managed to be one of the leading drivers in the field despite his youthful age.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: In his debut season he achieved 3 points finishing 22nd in the championship. He also achieved his first of two fastest laps in his career.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: In 2014 he switched teams to HWA where he became the youngest driver in the series history to claim pole position and win a race on route to 8th in the championship with 46 points collected. Besides his stand out victory at Lausitz, Wehrlein's second best result of the season was a fifth-place finish at Norisring.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: In 2015 DTM returned to running two races per race weekend, resulting in 18 rounds in the 2015 championship. Due to the inconsistency of most teams and drivers Wehrlein won the title easily having scored in all rounds except for three. He achieved 5 podiums, one fastest lap and two wins. He is the first driver to win the championship having not claimed a pole position throughout his championship season while also being the youngest ever DTM champion.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: In September 2014, it was announced that Wehrlein would act as a reserve driver for the Mercedes F1 Team and was signed up to be their first junior driver. He took part in preseason testing in Barcelona, driving for both Force India and Mercedes.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: On 10 February 2016, it was announced that Wehrlein would make his F1 debut with Manor Racing. It is understood that Manor would receive access to Mercedes's wind tunnel in exchange for hiring Wehrlein. He picked number 94, in reference to his birth year. Wehrlein scored his and Manor's only point of the season at the with a tenth-place finish.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: On 16 January 2017, Wehrlein signed with Sauber. He was forced to miss the first test in Barcelona due to an injury he sustained while competing in the Race of Champions. He was replaced by Antonio Giovinazzi before returning for the second test at the same circuit. Despite being fit to take part in the , he later withdrew after participating in the first two practice sessions, with Giovinazzi replacing him for the rest of the race weekend. On 3 April 2017, Sauber F1 announced Wehrlein would again be replaced by Giovinazzi for the 2017 Chinese Grand Prix. He proceeded with entry into the following Bahrain Grand Prix, qualifying 13th and finishing the race in 11th. He finished eighth in the Spanish Grand Prix after running a one-stop strategy. He did not lose a single one of the places he gained, although a five-second penalty for a pit entry violation cost him seventh to Carlos Sainz Jr. His race at the Monaco Grand Prix ended when, on the 57th lap, Jenson Button tried to lunge down the inside at Portier but succeeded in flipping the Sauber onto its side against the barriers, necessitating another scan of his back. He scored his second points finish of the season in the chaotic Azerbaijan Grand Prix after fighting hard with his teammate Marcus Ericsson for 10th position. This took his points tally to 5 points. Despite having beaten Ericsson in both qualifying and the majority of races, plus being the only driver who scored points for Sauber that season, on 2 December 2017, Sauber announced that Wehrlein would not be renewed for the 2018 season and that he would be replaced by Charles Leclerc.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: On 7 February 2018, it was announced that Wehrlein would return to DTM with Mercedes-AMG's HWA Team after losing his Formula One seat to Charles Leclerc. During the 2018 DTM season Wehrlein achieved one podium and finished the championship in 8th.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: After that season, Wehrlein left the Mercedes Junior Team. He also stopped being a Mercedes factory driver.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: Wehrlein moved to Formula E for the 2018–19 season, driving for Mahindra Racing. He did not contest the opening round of the season in Diriyah, with Felix Rosenqvist replacing him, instead making his debut at the Marrakesh ePrix. Wehrlein earned his first pole position in just his third race in the series at the Mexico City ePrix. In the race he crossed the finish line in second, 0.210s behind Lucas di Grassi after being overtaken in the last corner, but was given a 5-second time penalty for cutting a corner earlier in the race which relegated him to sixth position. He set the fastest qualifying time in the qualifying session for the Paris ePrix, but he and teammate d'Ambrosio had their times disallowed for underweight cars, promoting Oliver Rowland to pole position. On 8 June 2020, Wehrlein announced his departure from the Mahindra team in a post on Instagram.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: Wehrlein was signed up to drive for the Porsche Formula E team for the 2020-21 Formula E World Championship. Wehrlein replaced Neel Jani and partnered with fellow countryman André Lotterer. Wehrlein took pole at the Puebla ePrix and crossed the finish line first, before being disqualified after his team failed to declare his tyre set.


title: Pascal Wehrlein

text: Both drivers were retained for the 2021-22 season. Wehrlein took pole in the championship's third round at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City and went on to win the race, claiming his and Porsche's maiden Formula E victory as well as Porsche's first 1-2 finish, with Lotterer crossing the line in second place.


title: Academic writing

text: Academic writing or scholarly writing is nonfiction produced as part of academic work, including reports on empirical fieldwork or research in facilities for the natural sciences or social sciences, monographs in which scholars analyze culture, propose new theories, or develop interpretations from archives, as well as undergraduate versions of all of these.


title: Academic writing

text: Though the tone, style, content, and organization of academic writing vary across genres and across publication methods, nearly all academic writing shares a relatively formal prose register, frequent reference to other academic work, and the use of fairly stable rhetorical moves to define the scope of the project, situate it in the relevant research, and to advance a new contribution.


title: Academic writing

text: Academic writing often features a prose register that is conventionally characterized by "evidence...that the writer(s) have been persistent, open-minded, and disciplined in study"; that prioritizes "reason over emotion or sensual perception"; and that imagines a reader who is "coolly rational, reading for information, and intending to formulate a reasoned response."


title: Academic writing

text: Three linguistic patterns that correspond to these goals, across fields and genres, include the following:


title: Academic writing

text: The stylistic means of achieving these conventions can differ by academic discipline, a fact that helps explain the distinctive sounds of, for example, writing in history versus engineering or physics versus philosophy. Biber and Gray suggested that there are significant differences with regards to complexity in academic writing in humanities versus science, with humanities writing often focused on structural elaboration, and sciences, on structural compression.


title: Academic writing

text: One theory that attempts to account for these differences in writing is known as "discourse communities".


title: Academic writing

text: Academic style, particularly in humanities, has been often criticized for being too full of jargon and hard to understand by the general public. In 2022, Joelle Renstrom argued that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on academic writing and that many scientific articles now "contain more jargon than ever, which encourages misinterpretation, political spin, and a declining public trust in the scientific process."


title: Academic writing

text: A discourse community is essentially a group of people that shares mutual interests and beliefs. "It establishes limits and regularities...who may speak, what may be spoken, and how it is to be said; in addition [rules] prescribe what is true and false, what is reasonable and what foolish, and what is meant and what not."


title: Academic writing

text: The concept of a discourse community is vital to academic writers across nearly all disciplines, for the academic writer's purpose is to influence how their community understands its field of study: whether by maintaining, adding to, revising, or contesting what that community regards as "known" or "true." Academic writers have strong incentives to follow conventions established by their community in order for their attempts to influence this community to be legible.


title: Academic writing

text: Constraints are the discourse community's written and unwritten conventions about what a writer can say and how he or she can say it. They define what is an acceptable argument. Each discourse community expects to see a writer construct his or her argument using their conventional style of language and vocabulary, and they expect a writer to use the established intertext within the discourse community as the building blocks for his or her argument.


title: Academic writing

text: In order for a writer to become familiar with some of the constraints of the discourse community they are writing for, across most discourses communities, writers will:


title: Academic writing

text: Each of theses above are constructed differently depending on the discourse community the writer is in. For example, the way a claim is made in a high school paper would look very different from the way a claim is made in a college composition class. It is important for the academic writer to familiarize himself or herself with the conventions of the discourse community by reading and analyzing other works, so that the writer is best able to communicate his or her ideas.


title: Academic writing

text: Writing Across the Curriculum designates educational programs that support improving student writing in the different disciplinary communities, through writing centers, courses in writing programs, and disciplinary courses with substantial writing requirements. The Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse provides resources for such programs at all levels of education.


title: Academic writing

text: Within discourse communities, academic writers build on top of the ideas established by previous writers.


title: Academic writing

text: Good academic writers know the importance of researching previous work from within the discourse community and using this work to build their own claims. By taking these ideas and expanding upon them or applying them in a new way, a writer is able to make their novel argument.


title: Academic writing

text: Intertextuality is the combining of past writings into original, new pieces of text. Usually attributed to Julia Kristeva, the concept of intertextuality is helpful for understanding that all texts are necessarily related to prior texts through a network of explicit or implicit links, allusions, repetitions, acknowledged or unacknowledged inspiration, and direct quotations. Writers (often unwittingly) make use of what has previously been written and thus some degree of borrowing is inevitable. One of the most salient features of academic writing irrespective of discipline is its unusually explicit conventions for marking intertextuality through citation and bibliography. Conventions for these markings (e.g., MLA, APA, IEEE, Chicago, etc.) vary by discourse community.


title: Academic writing

text: Summarizing and integrating other texts in academic writing is often metaphorically described as "entering the conversation," as described by Kenneth Burke:


title: Academic writing

text: There are a number of areas of importance in all academic and scholarly writing. While some areas, such as the use of appropriate references and the avoidance of plagiarism, are not open to challenge, other elements, such as the appropriate style, are contested.


title: Academic writing

text: Academic writing encompasses many different genres, indicating the many different kinds of authors, audiences and activities engaged in the academy and the variety of kinds of messages sent among various people engaged in the academy. The partial list below indicates the complexity of academic writing and the academic world it is part of.


title: Academic writing

text: T"hese are acceptable to some academic disciplines, e.g. Cultural studies, Fine art, Feminist studies, Queer theory, Literary studies"


title: Academic writing

text: A commonly recognized format for presenting original research in the social and applied sciences is known as IMRD, an initialism that refers to the usual ordering of subsections:


title: Academic writing

text: Standalone methods sections are atypical in presenting research in the humanities; other common formats in the applied and social sciences are IMRAD (which offers an "Analysis" section separate from the implications presented in the "Discussion" section) and IRDM (found in some engineering subdisciplines, which features Methods at the end of the document).


title: Major Dad

text: Major Dad is an American sitcom television series created by Richard C. Okie and John G. Stephens, developed by Earl Pomerantz, that originally ran from September 17, 1989, to May 17, 1993 on CBS, starring Gerald McRaney as Major John D. MacGillis and Shanna Reed as his wife Polly. The cast also includes Beverly Archer, Matt Mulhern, Jon Cypher, Marisa Ryan, Nicole Dubuc, and Chelsea Hertford.


title: Major Dad

text: The first season is set at the fictional Camp Singleton (meant to represent Camp Pendleton), where hard-charging United States Marine Corps Major John D. "Mac" MacGillis is commander of the infantry training school's acquisition division. MacGillis's life is changed when he falls in love with a liberal journalist, Polly Cooper. The show follows Mac in his work life, where he deals with Lt. Eugene Holowachuk (Matt Mulhern), Sgt. Byron James (Marlon Archey), and Merilee Gunderson (Whitney Kershaw), as well as his home life, as he learns to live with Polly's three daughters, Elizabeth, Robin, and Casey.


title: Major Dad

text: At the beginning of the second season, the MacGillis family moves to Camp Hollister (based on Marine Corps Base Quantico), where Mac must adapt to the role of staff secretary (or "staff weenie") and the crazy antics of Commanding (Brigadier) General Marcus C. Craig, Aide-de-Camp 1st Lt. Eugene Holowachuk (who transferred with Major MacGillis from Camp Singleton), and Gunnery Sgt. Alva "Gunny" Bricker, the General's secretary, a no-nonsense Marine, who despite her brusque nature and unprepossessing physical appearance, is the target of many enthusiastic (and unseen) suitors.


title: Major Dad

text: Character development increased during the second season, such as the revelation that MacGillis is a former member of the United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon.


title: Story of O (film)

text: Story of O (, ) is a 1975 erotic drama film directed by Just Jaeckin from a screenplay by Sébastien Japrisot, based on the 1954 novel of the same name by Pauline Réage. It stars Corinne Cléry and Udo Kier.


title: Story of O (film)

text: A young woman fashion photographer, known only as O, is taken by her lover René to Château Roissy, where she is subject to various sexual and sadomasochistic acts as part of her training to serve the members of the club. O is taught to be constantly available for oral, vaginal, and anal intercourse. She is regularly stripped, blindfolded, chained and whipped. She leaves Roissy wearing an iron ring as a sign of her initiation and indicator to men in the society that she is a sex slave.


title: Story of O (film)

text: O meets a vain model named Jacqueline, whom she photographs and grows enamored with. René introduces O to his much older step-brother, Sir Stephen, and the two men share O, as René wishes O to learn to obey and serve someone whom she does not love. While Sir Stephen proves to be a more severe and strict master than René, O soon believes he is in love with her.


title: Story of O (film)

text: At Sir Stephen's direction, O is sent to an all-female country house in Samois, run by a woman named Anne-Marie, where she undergoes further beatings and training in submission. O's visit concludes with having rings pierced into her labia at the request of Sir Stephen, and receiving a brand with his initials.


title: Story of O (film)

text: Sir Stephen tells O that René is in love with Jacqueline, and that O must seduce her and get her to undergo training at Roissy. While at first resistant to getting Jacqueline to go to Roissy, O eventually agrees. Jacqueline moves into O's flat, and is seduced by her. O reveals her BDSM lifestyle and describes her stay at Roissy to Jacqueline, who is initially repulsed and disbelieving.


title: Story of O (film)

text: Sir Stephen shares O with two other men of his acquaintance, one simply known as "the commander" and the other a young man named Ivan. After one sexual encounter with O, Ivan believes himself to be in love with her and requests Sir Stephen release her. However O refuses to leave Sir Stephen.


title: Story of O (film)

text: O takes Jacqueline to Roissy where she will be trained to serve René. Later Sir Stephen and O visit the commander's home in Brittany for a party, where O is treated as a visual spectacle, wearing nothing but chains and an owl mask. Watching O at the party, Sir Stephen feels that his ownership of her is complete.


title: Story of O (film)

text: Some time after that, O asks Sir Stephen if he would endure the same punishments and experiences that she has undergone to show her unconditional love for him. When he says "I suppose so", she suddenly burns his hand with a hot cigarette holder, leaving there a circle, or an O.


title: Story of O (film)

text: "Story of O" was the first in a series of sex-oriented films for Anthony Steel, although he was always clothed.


title: Story of O (film)

text: The film was refused a UK theatrical release certificate from the BBFC in 1975, but was eventually passed without cuts for DVD in 2000.


title: Story of O (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 40% based on ten reviews, with an average rating of 4.9 out of 10.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), also known as the Etruscan pygmy shrew or the white-toothed pygmy shrew, is the smallest known extant mammal by mass, weighing only about on average. (The bumblebee bat is regarded as the smallest mammal by skull size and body length.)


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The Etruscan shrew has a body length of about excluding the tail. It is characterized by very rapid movements and a fast metabolism, eating about 1.5–2 times its own body weight per day. It feeds on various small vertebrates and invertebrates, mostly insects, and can hunt individuals of the same size as itself. These shrews prefer warm and damp climates and are widely distributed in the belt between 10° and 30°N latitude stretching from Europe and North Africa up to Malaysia. They are also found in the Maltese islands, situated in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Although widespread and not threatened overall, they are generally uncommon and are endangered in some countries.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The Etruscan shrew has a slender (not truncated) body, with a length between excluding the tail, which adds another . The body mass varies between and and is usually about . In comparison, the related greater white-toothed shrew can be twice as long and weighs four to five times more. The head is relatively large, with a long, mobile proboscis, and the hind limbs are relatively small. The ears are relatively large and protuberant. The Etruscan shrew has a very fast heart beating rate, up to 1511 beats/min (25 beats/s) and a relatively large heart muscle mass, 1.2% of body weight. The fur color on the back and sides is pale brown, but is light gray on the stomach. The fur becomes denser and thicker from fall through the winter. The shrew usually has 30 teeth, but the 4th upper intermediate tooth is very small (rudimentary), and is absent in some individuals. Near the mouth grow a dense array of short whiskers, which the shrew actively uses to search for prey, especially in the night. Dimorphism in body features between males and females is absent.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: Etruscan shrews live alone except during mating periods. Their lifespan is estimated at typically around two years, but with a large uncertainty. They protect their territories by making chirping noises and signs of aggressiveness. They tend to groom themselves constantly when not eating, and are always moving when awake and not hiding. The hiding periods are short, and typically last less than half an hour. Clicking sounds are heard when these shrews are moving, which cease when they rest. The shrews are more active during the night when they make long trips; during the day, they stay near the nest or in a hiding place. They reach their maximum level of activity at dawn.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: Due to its small size and consequent high surface-area-to-volume ratio, the Etruscan shrew is at a constant risk of hypothermia, and would quickly freeze to death if not for its extremely rapid metabolism. Its skeletal muscles contract at a rate of about 13 contractions/sec during respiration alone. In cold seasons and during shortages of food, the shrews lower their body temperatures down to about and enter a state of temporary hibernation to reduce energy consumption. Recovery from this state is accompanied by shivering at a frequency of 58 muscle contractions/sec. This induces heating at a rate of up to 0.83 °C/min, which is among the highest values recorded in mammals; the heart rate increases exponentially with time from 100 to 800–1200 beats/min, and the respiratory rate rises linearly from 50 to 600–800 beats/min.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: Etruscan shrews mate primarily from March to October, though they can be pregnant at any time of the year. Pairs usually form in the spring and may tolerate each other and their young for some time at the nest. The gestation period is 27–28 days, and they have 2–6 cubs per litter. Cubs are born naked and blind, weighing only . After their eyes open at 14 to 16 days old, they mature quickly. The mother usually moves the young when they are 9 to 10 days old, and if disturbed, she relocates them by leading them with her tail in a train-like formation, with each cub biting the tail of the one in front. The young Etruscan shrews are weaned at 20 days old. By three to four weeks of age, the young are independent and are soon sexually mature.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The Etruscan shrew inhabits a belt extending between 10° and 40°N latitude across Eurasia. In Southern Europe, it has been found in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey, with unconfirmed reports in Andorra, Gibraltar and Monaco; it has been introduced by humans to some European islands, such as Canary Islands.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The shrew also occurs in North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia) and around the Arabian Peninsula (Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Syria, and Yemen including Socotra). In Asia, it was observed in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China (Gengma County only), Burma, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Laos, Malaysia (Malaysian part of Borneo island), Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Vietnam. There are unconfirmed reports of the Etruscan shrew in West and East Africa (Guinea, Nigeria, Ethiopia) and in Armenia, Brunei, Indonesia, Kuwait and Uzbekistan.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: Overall the species is widespread and not threatened, but its density is generally lower than of the other shrews living in the area. In some regions it is rare, especially in Azerbaijan, Georgia (included into the Red Book), Jordan and Kazakhstan (Red Book).


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The Etruscan shrew favors warm and damp habitats covered with shrubs, which it uses to hide from predators. Areas where open terrain such as grasslands and scrub meet deciduous forests are usually inhabited. It can be found at sea level but is usually confined to the foothills and lower belts of mountain ranges, though has been found up to above sea level. It colonizes riparian thickets along the banks of lakes and rivers, as well as human-cultivated areas (abandoned gardens, orchards, vineyards, olive groves and edges of fields). The shrew, however, avoids intensively cultivated areas, as well as dense forests and sand dunes. It is poorly adapted to digging burrows, so it arranges its nests in various natural shelters, crevices and others' uninhabited burrows. They frequent rocks, boulders, stone walls and ruins, darting quickly in and out between them.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: Because of its high ratio of surface area to body volume, the Etruscan shrew has an extremely fast metabolism and must eat 1.5–2.0 times its body weight in food per day. It feeds mostly on various invertebrates, including insects, larvae and earthworms, as well as the young of amphibians, lizards and rodents, and can hunt prey of nearly the same body size as itself. It prefers species with a soft, thin exoskeleton, so it avoids ants when given a choice. Grasshoppers, where common, are often regular prey. It kills large prey by a bite to the head and eats it immediately, but takes small insects back to its nest. When hunting, it relies mostly on its sense of touch rather than vision, and may even run into its food at night.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The largest threat to Etruscan shrews originates from human activities, particularly destruction of their nesting grounds and habitats as a result of farming. Etruscan shrews are also sensitive to weather changes, such as cold winters and dry periods. Major predators are birds of prey.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: In J. R. R. Tolkien's novel "The Lord of the Rings", the Battle of the Pelennor Fields () was the defence of the city of Minas Tirith by the forces of Gondor and the cavalry of its ally Rohan, against the forces of the Dark Lord Sauron from Mordor and its allies the Haradrim and the Easterlings. It was the largest battle in the War of the Ring. It took place at the end of the Third Age in the Pelennor Fields, the townlands and fields between Minas Tirith and the River Anduin.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: In search of Tolkien's sources, scholars have compared the battle with the historic account of the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields where King Theodoric I was trampled to death by his own men after he fell from his horse. Others have likened the death of the Witch-King of Angmar to the death of Macbeth, who was similarly prophesied not to die by the hand of man "of woman born"; and the crowing of a cockerel at the moment the Witch-King was about to enter the city has been said to recall the cock-crow heralding the resurrection of Jesus at the moment that Simon Peter denied knowing him.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: Scholars analysing the story have commented on Tolkien's theory of northern courage, which carries on even in the face of certain death. They have noted, too, the elegiac tone, echoing that of the Old English poem "Beowulf", the use of alliterative verse, and the nature of the armour, which is mostly early medieval-style mail shirts with additions of plate armour. Others have commented on Tolkien's vivid descriptions of battle, noting that he served in the Battle of the Somme.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: The city of Minas Tirith was besieged following the fall of Osgiliath and the Rammas Echor, Gondor's final barriers against the forces of Mordor. In the retreat to the city, Faramir, son of Denethor, Steward of Gondor, was severely wounded. Since the despairing Steward refused to leave his son's side, the Wizard Gandalf took command of the city's defences. Meanwhile, the enemy forces assembled before the city on the Pelennor Fields. A Great Darkness of smoke and cloud from Mordor blotted out the sun on the Dawnless Day. The Nazgûl or Ringwraiths, Sauron's most feared servants, flew over the battlefield on fell beasts, causing the defenders' morale to waver.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: Sauron's army from Minas Morgul, led by the Witch-king of Angmar (chief of the Nazgûl) greatly outnumbered the combined armies of Gondor and its allies. This army consisted of tens of thousands of orcs, trolls, and Men who had allied with Sauron. Sauron's forces included Haradrim Southrons who brought elephantine beasts, Easterlings from Rhûn and Variags from Khand, and many Orcs and Trolls. Tolkien describes the army as the greatest to "issue from that vale since the days of Isildur's might, no host so fell and strong in arms had yet assailed the fords of Anduin; and yet it was but one and not the greatest of the hosts that Mordor now sent forth."


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: The defenders' numbers were considerably less. Faramir was outnumbered by ten times at Osgiliath. The companies from outlying provinces of Gondor that came to the aid of Minas Tirith amounted to nearly 3,000 defenders. Prominent among these was a 700-strong contingent led by Prince Imrahil of Dol Amroth, Denethor's brother-in-law. Their number was smaller than expected since Gondor's coastal towns were being attacked by the Corsairs of Umbar.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: Rohan, Gondor's northern ally, contributed a 6,000-strong cavalry army. The Men of Rohan (the Rohirrim) were "thrice outnumbered by the Haradrim alone".


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: Further reinforcements from the coastal towns of Gondor sailed on Corsair ships to the city, led by Aragorn, who had a claim to the throne of Gondor, as he was descended from the last High King of Gondor and Arnor. He led a small force of Rangers of the North, representing Arnor.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: After breaking the city gate with Grond, the Witch-king of Angmar rode under "the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed." Gandalf, on his horse Shadowfax, alone stood in his way. But before the two could fight, they heard the horns of the Rohirrim, who had arrived at the Rammas Echor, the wall around the Pelennor Fields, newly broken by the invading orcs. Dawn broke, and the main battle began. The Rohirrim had bypassed Sauron's lookouts thanks to the Wild Men (the Drúedain), who led them through the hidden Stonewain Valley of their Drúadan Forest.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: Charging the ranks of Mordor, the Rohirrim split into two groups. The left group, including the van, broke the Witch-king's right wing. The right group secured the walls of Minas Tirith. They destroyed siege engines and camps, and drove off the Haradrim cavalry. Théoden killed the chieftain of the Haradrim and threw down their standard. The Witch-king exchanged his horse for his winged steed and attacked Théoden. With a dart, he killed the king's horse, Snowmane; it fell and crushed the king.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: The Black Breath, the terror spread by the Witch-King, drove off Theoden's guards, but his niece Éowyn (disguised as a man and calling herself "Dernhelm") stood firm, challenging the Witch-king. She cut off the head of the Witch-king's mount; he broke her shield and shield arm with his mace. The hobbit Meriadoc Brandybuck, who had accompanied "Dernhelm", stabbed the Witch-king behind the knee with his Barrow-blade, a dagger from the ancient kingdom of Arnor enchanted against the forces of Angmar. The Witch-king staggered forwards, and Éowyn "drove her sword between crown and mantle", killing him. This fulfilled Glorfindel's Macbeth-style prophecy following the fall of Arnor that the Witch-king would not die "by the hand of man". Both the weapons that struck his undead flesh were destroyed.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: Éowyn's brother Éomer arrived to find Théoden mortally wounded; he named Éomer king before dying. Éomer then saw his sister unconscious. Mistaking her for dead, he became enraged and led his entire army in a near-suicidal charge. His vanguard broke out far beyond the rest of the Rohirrim, risking becoming encircled. Meanwhile, Imrahil led Gondor's men in a sortie from Minas Tirith. Imrahil rode up to Éowyn and found she was still alive, though gravely ill from the Black Breath. She and Merry were sent to the Houses of Healing in the city.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: Denethor prepared to burn himself and his son upon a funeral pyre, believing Faramir to be beyond cure. Only the intervention of the hobbit Peregrin Took, Beregond (a Guard of the Citadel) and Gandalf saved Faramir, but Denethor immolated himself before they could stop him. Tolkien indirectly states that Théoden's death could have been prevented if Gandalf had helped the Rohirrim instead, as he had intended.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: Out on the Pelennor Fields, the battle was turning against Gondor and its allies. Though the Rohirrim had inflicted enormous damage on their enemies, Sauron's forces were still numerically superior, and Gothmog, the lieutenant of Minas Morgul, in command after the death of the Witch-king, summoned reserves from nearby Osgiliath. The Rohirrim were now on the southern half of the Pelennor, with enemies between them and the Anduin, and Gothmog's reinforcements threatened to occupy the centre of the Pelennor, thus surrounding the Rohirrim and preventing the Gondorian troops from joining with them. Éomer was by this time only about a mile from the Harlond, so rather than cut his way through to the river, he prepared to make a last stand on a hill.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: Meanwhile, a fleet of black ships, apparently the navy of the Corsairs of Umbar, Sauron's allies, sailed up Anduin to the Harlond. Just before reaching the quays, the flagship unfurled the ancient banner of the Kings of Gondor. This sight alone put heart into the Rohirrim and Imrahil's forces and demoralised Sauron's armies. The ships indeed were manned by Aragorn and his Rangers, Gimli the Dwarf, Legolas the Elf, the Half-elven brothers Elladan and Elrohir and many troops from southern Gondor. (Later in the book, Legolas and Gimli relate how a ghostly host commanded by Aragorn, the Dead Men of Dunharrow, captured the ships from the Corsairs chiefly through fear.)


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: This proved the turning point of the battle. A large portion of Sauron's forces were now pinned between Aragorn's and Éomer's forces, while Imrahil's troops advanced from the direction of the city. Another prophecy is fulfilled when Aragorn and Éomer meet again "in the midst of the battle", as Aragorn had said in the Hornburg. Though the advantage now rested with Gondor, fighting continued throughout the day, until at sunset no living enemy remained on the Pelennor Fields.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: The battle was only a tactical defeat for Sauron, as he had committed only a small portion of his forces to the assault, but he had lost the Witch-king, his chief lieutenant. The Captains of the West understood that their victory too would be only momentary, unless the Ring-bearer completed his task. Therefore, it was decided that the Host of the West should march to the Morannon without delay, to draw Sauron's attention away from Mordor. The victory allowed them to send a force to challenge Sauron, and still leave Minas Tirith better defended than it had been during the siege. However, Denethor was dead, as were Halbarad, Théoden, and many officers and men of Gondor and Rohan, and some would have to be kept in Gondor in case of attack, so only a small force could be sent. The climactic Battle of the Morannon soon followed.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: "The War of the Ring", the third volume of "The History of the Lord of the Rings", contains superseded versions of the battle. Some changes of detail are apparent. For example, Théoden dies by a projectile to the heart instead of being crushed by his horse; when Éowyn reveals her sex she has cut her hair short, a detail absent from the final version. Tolkien also considered killing off both Théoden and Éowyn.


title: Battle of the Pelennor Fields

text: The scholar Elizabeth Solopova notes that Tolkien repeatedly referred to a historic account of the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields by Jordanes, and analyses the two battles' similarities. Both battles take place between civilisations of the "East" and "West", and like Jordanes, Tolkien describes his battle as one of legendary fame that lasted for several generations. Another apparent similarity is the death of the Visigoth king Theodoric I on the Catalaunian Fields and that of Théoden on the Pelennor. Jordanes reports that Theodoric was thrown off by his horse and trampled to death by his own men who charged forward. Théoden similarly rallies his men shortly before he falls and is crushed by his horse. And like Theodoric, Théoden is carried from the battlefield with his knights weeping and singing for him while the battle still goes on.