title: Asparagales

text: The circumscription of Asparagales has been a source of difficulty for many botanists from the time of John Lindley (1846), the other important British taxonomist of the early nineteenth century. In his first taxonomic work, "An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany" (1830) he partly followed Jussieu by describing a subclass he called Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants (preserving de Candolle's "Endogenæ phanerogamæ") divided into two tribes, the Petaloidea and Glumaceae. He divided the former, often referred to as petaloid monocots, into 32 orders, including the Liliaceae (defined narrowly), but also most of the families considered to make up the Asparagales today, including the Amaryllideae.


title: Asparagales

text: By 1846, in his final scheme Lindley had greatly expanded and refined the treatment of the monocots, introducing both an intermediate ranking (Alliances) and tribes within orders ("i.e." families). Lindley placed the Liliaceae within the Liliales, but saw it as a paraphyletic ("catch-all") family, being all Liliales not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. The order Liliales was very large and had become a used to include almost all monocotyledons with colourful tepals and without starch in their endosperm (the lilioid monocots). The Liliales was difficult to divide into families because morphological characters were not present in patterns that clearly demarcated groups. This kept the Liliaceae separate from the Amaryllidaceae (Narcissales). Of these Liliaceae was divided into eleven tribes (with 133 genera) and Amaryllidaceae into four tribes (with 68 genera), yet both contained many genera that would eventually segregate to each other's contemporary orders (Liliales and Asparagales respectively). The Liliaceae would be reduced to a small 'core' represented by the tribe Tulipae, while large groups such Scilleae and Asparagae would become part of Asparagales either as part of the Amaryllidaceae or as separate families. While of the Amaryllidaceae, the Agaveae would be part of Asparagaceae but the Alstroemeriae would become a family within the Liliales.


title: Asparagales

text: The number of known genera (and species) continued to grow and by the time of the next major British classification, that of the Bentham & Hooker system in 1883 (published in Latin) several of Lindley's other families had been absorbed into the Liliaceae. They used the term 'series' to indicate suprafamilial rank, with seven series of monocotyledons (including Glumaceae), but did not use Lindley's terms for these. However they did place the Liliaceous and Amaryllidaceous genera into separate series. The Liliaceae were placed in series Coronariae, while the Amaryllideae were placed in series Epigynae. The Liliaceae now consisted of twenty tribes (including Tulipeae, Scilleae and Asparageae), and the Amaryllideae of five (including Agaveae and Alstroemerieae). An important addition to the treatment of the Liliaceae was the recognition of the Allieae as a distinct tribe that would eventually find its way to the Asparagales as the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllidaceae.


title: Asparagales

text: The appearance of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859 changed the way that taxonomists considered plant classification, incorporating evolutionary information into their schemata. The Darwinian approach led to the concept of phylogeny (tree-like structure) in assembling classification systems, starting with Eichler. Eichler, having established a hierarchical system in which the flowering plants (angiosperms) were divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons, further divided into former into seven orders. Within the Liliiflorae were seven families, including Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Liliaceae included "Allium" and "Ornithogalum" (modern Allioideae) and "Asparagus".


title: Asparagales

text: Engler, in his system developed Eichler's ideas into a much more elaborate scheme which he treated in a number of works including "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien" (Engler and Prantl 1888) and "Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien" (1892–1924). In his treatment of Liliiflorae the Liliineae were a suborder which included both families Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. The Liliaceae had eight subfamilies and the Amaryllidaceae four. In this rearrangement of Liliaceae, with fewer subdivisions, the core Liliales were represented as subfamily Lilioideae (with Tulipae and Scilleae as tribes), the Asparagae were represented as Asparagoideae and the Allioideae was preserved, representing the alliaceous genera. Allieae, Agapantheae and Gilliesieae were the three tribes within this subfamily. In the Amaryllidacea, there was little change from the Bentham & Hooker. A similar approach was adopted by Wettstein.


title: Asparagales

text: In the twentieth century the Wettstein system (1901–1935) placed many of the taxa in an order called 'Liliiflorae'. Next Johannes Paulus Lotsy (1911) proposed dividing the Liliiflorae into a number of smaller families including Asparagaceae. Then Herbert Huber (1969, 1977), following Lotsy's example, proposed that the Liliiflorae be split into four groups including the 'Asparagoid' Liliiflorae.


title: Asparagales

text: These various proposals to separate small groups of genera into more homogeneous families made little impact till that of Dahlgren (1985) incorporating new information including synapomorphy. Dahlgren developed Huber's ideas further and popularised them, with a major deconstruction of existing families into smaller units. They created a new order, calling it Asparagales. This was one of five orders within the superorder Liliiflorae. Where Cronquist saw one family, Dahlgren saw forty distributed over three orders (predominantly Liliales and Asparagales).


title: Asparagales

text: Over the 1980s, in the context of a more general review of the classification of angiosperms, the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. By the end of that decade, the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, the British Museum of Natural History and the Edinburgh Botanical Gardens formed a committee to examine the possibility of separating the family at least for the organization of their herbaria. That committee finally recommended that 24 new families be created in the place of the original broad Liliaceae, largely by elevating subfamilies to the rank of separate families.


title: Asparagales

text: The order Asparagales as currently circumscribed has only recently been recognized in classification systems, through the advent of phylogenetics. The 1990s saw considerable progress in plant phylogeny and phylogenetic theory, enabling a phylogenetic tree to be constructed for all of the flowering plants. The establishment of major new clades necessitated a departure from the older but widely used classifications such as Cronquist and Thorne based largely on morphology rather than genetic data. This complicated discussion about plant evolution and necessitated a major restructuring. "rbc"L gene sequencing and cladistic analysis of monocots had redefined the Liliales in 1995. from four morphological orders "sensu" Dahlgren. The largest clade representing the Liliaceae, all previously included in Liliales, but including both the Calochortaceae and Liliaceae "sensu" Tamura. This redefined family, that became referred to as core Liliales, but corresponded to the emerging circumscription of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998).


title: Asparagales

text: The 2009 revision of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system, APG III, places the order in the clade monocots.


title: Asparagales

text: From the Dahlgren system of 1985 onwards, studies based mainly on morphology had identified the Asparagales as a distinct group, but had also included groups now located in Liliales, Pandanales and Zingiberales. Research in the 21st century has supported the monophyly of Asparagales, based on morphology, 18S rDNA, and other DNA sequences, although some phylogenetic reconstructions based on molecular data have suggested that Asparagales may be paraphyletic, with Orchidaceae separated from the rest. Within the monocots, Asparagales is the sister group of the commelinid clade.


title: Asparagales

text: This cladogram shows the placement of Asparagales within the orders of Lilianae "sensu" Chase & Reveal (monocots) based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. The lilioid monocot orders are bracketed, namely Petrosaviales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales and Asparagales. These constitute a paraphyletic assemblage, that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants (in this case commelinids as the sister group to Asparagales); to form a clade, all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included. While Acorales and Alismatales have been collectively referred to as "alismatid monocots" (basal or early branching monocots), the remaining clades (lilioid and commelinid monocots) have been referred to as the "core monocots". The relationship between the orders (with the exception of the two sister orders) is pectinate, that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids. Numbers indicate crown group (most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) divergence times in mya (million years ago).


title: Asparagales

text: A phylogenetic tree for the Asparagales, generally to family level, but including groups which were recently and widely treated as families but which are now reduced to subfamily rank, is shown below.


title: Asparagales

text: The tree shown above can be divided into a basal paraphyletic group, the 'lower Asparagales (asparagoids)', from Orchidaceae to Asphodelaceae, and a well-supported monophyletic group of 'core Asparagales' (higher asparagoids), comprising the two largest families, Amaryllidaceae "sensu lato" and Asparagaceae "sensu lato".


title: Asparagales

text: Two differences between these two groups (although with exceptions) are: the mode of microsporogenesis and the position of the ovary. The 'lower Asparagales' typically have simultaneous microsporogenesis (i.e. cell walls develop only after both meiotic divisions), which appears to be an apomorphy within the monocots, whereas the 'core Asparagales' have reverted to successive microsporogenesis (i.e. cell walls develop after each division). The 'lower Asparagales' typically have an inferior ovary, whereas the 'core Asparagales' have reverted to a superior ovary. A 2002 morphological study by Rudall treated possessing an inferior ovary as a synapomorphy of the Asparagales, stating that reversions to a superior ovary in the 'core Asparagales' could be associated with the presence of nectaries below the ovaries. However, Stevens notes that superior ovaries are distributed among the 'lower Asparagales' in such a way that it is not clear where to place the evolution of different ovary morphologies. The position of the ovary seems a much more flexible character (here and in other angiosperms) than previously thought.


title: Asparagales

text: The APG III system when it was published in 2009, greatly expanded the families Xanthorrhoeaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Asparagaceae. Thirteen of the families of the earlier APG II system were thereby reduced to subfamilies within these three families. The expanded Xanthorrhoeaceae is now called "Asphodelaceae". The APG II families (left) and their equivalent APG III subfamilies (right) are as follows:


title: Asparagales

text: Orchidaceae is possibly the largest family of all angiosperms (only Asteraceae might - or might not - be more speciose) and hence by far the largest in the order. The Dahlgren system recognized three families of orchids, but DNA sequence analysis later showed that these families are polyphyletic and so should be combined. Several studies suggest (with high bootstrap support) that Orchidaceae is the sister of the rest of the Asparagales. Other studies have placed the orchids differently in the phylogenetic tree, generally among the Boryaceae-Hypoxidaceae clade. The position of Orchidaceae shown above seems the best current hypothesis, but cannot be taken as confirmed.


title: Asparagales

text: Orchids have simultaneous microsporogenesis and inferior ovaries, two characters that are typical of the 'lower Asparagales'. However, their nectaries are rarely in the septa of the ovaries, and most orchids have dust-like seeds, atypical of the rest of the order. (Some members of Vanilloideae and Cypripedioideae have crustose seeds, probably associated with dispersal by birds and mammals that are attracted by fermenting fleshy fruit releasing fragrant compounds, e.g. vanilla.)


title: Asparagales

text: In terms of the number of species, Orchidaceae diversification is remarkable. However, although the other Asparagales may be less rich in species, they are more variable morphologically, including tree-like forms.


title: Asparagales

text: The four families excluding Boryaceae form a well-supported clade in studies based on DNA sequence analysis. All four contain relatively few species, and it has been suggested that they be combined into one family under the name Hypoxidaceae "sensu lato". The relationship between Boryaceae (which includes only two genera, "Borya" and "Alania"), and other Asparagales has remained unclear for a long time. The Boryaceae are mycorrhizal, but not in the same way as orchids. Morphological studies have suggested a close relationship between Boryaceae and Blandfordiaceae. There is relatively low support for the position of Boryaceae in the tree shown above.


title: Asparagales

text: The relationship shown between Ixioliriaceae and Tecophilaeaceae is still unclear. Some studies have supported a clade of these two families, others have not. The position of Doryanthaceae has also varied, with support for the position shown above, but also support for other positions.


title: Asparagales

text: The clade from Iridaceae upwards appears to have stronger support. All have some genetic characteristics in common, having lost Arabidopsis-type telomeres. Iridaceae is distinctive among the Asparagales in the unique structure of the inflorescence (a rhipidium), the combination of an inferior ovary and three stamens, and the common occurrence of unifacial leaves whereas bifacial leaves are the norm in other Asparagales.


title: Asparagales

text: Members of the clade from Iridaceae upwards have infra-locular septal nectaries, which Rudall interpreted as a driver towards secondarily superior ovaries.


title: Asparagales

text: The next node in the tree (Xanthorrhoeaceae "sensu lato" + the 'core Asparagales') has strong support. 'Anomalous' secondary thickening occurs among this clade, e.g. in "Xanthorrhoea" (family Asphodelaceae) and "Dracaena" (family Asparagaceae "sensu lato"), with species reaching tree-like proportions.


title: Asparagales

text: The 'core Asparagales', comprising Amaryllidaceae "sensu lato" and Asparagaceae "sensu lato", are a strongly supported clade, as are clades for each of the families. Relationships within these broadly defined families appear less clear, particularly within the Asparagaceae "sensu lato". Stevens notes that most of its subfamilies are difficult to recognize, and that significantly different divisions have been used in the past, so that the use of a broadly defined family to refer to the entire clade is justified. Thus the relationships among subfamilies shown above, based on APWeb , is somewhat uncertain.


title: Asparagales

text: Several studies have attempted to date the evolution of the Asparagales, based on phylogenetic evidence. Earlier studies generally give younger dates than more recent studies, which have been preferred in the table below.


title: Asparagales

text: A 2009 study suggests that the Asparagales have the highest diversification rate in the monocots, about the same as the order Poales, although in both orders the rate is little over half that of the eudicot order Lamiales, the clade with the highest rate.


title: Asparagales

text: The taxonomic diversity of the monocotyledons is described in detail by Kubitzki. Up-to-date information on the Asparagales can be found on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.


title: Asparagales

text: The APG III system's family circumscriptions are being used as the basis of the Kew-hosted "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". With this circumscription, the order consists of 14 families (Dahlgren had 31) with approximately 1120 genera and 26000 species.


title: Asparagales

text: The earlier 2003 version, APG II, allowed 'bracketed' families, i.e. families which could either be segregated from more comprehensive families or could be included in them. These are the families given under "including" in the list above. APG III does not allow bracketed families, requiring the use of the more comprehensive family; otherwise the circumscription of the Asparagales is unchanged. A separate paper accompanying the publication of the 2009 APG III system provided subfamilies to accommodate the families which were discontinued. The first APG system of 1998 contained some extra families, included in square brackets in the list above.


title: Asparagales

text: Two older systems which use the order Asparagales are the Dahlgren system and the Kubitzki system. The families included in the circumscriptions of the order in these two systems are shown in the first and second columns of the table below. The equivalent family in the modern APG III system (see below) is shown in the third column. Note that although these systems may use the same name for a family, the genera which it includes may be different, so the equivalence between systems is only approximate in some cases.


title: Asparagales

text: The Asparagales include many important crop plants and ornamental plants. Crops include Allium, Asparagus and Vanilla, while ornamentals include irises, hyacinths and orchids.


title: UEFA European Under-17 Championship

text: The UEFA European Under-17 Championship or simply UEFA Under-17 Championship, is an annual football competition contested by the European men's under-17 national teams of the member associations of UEFA.


title: UEFA European Under-17 Championship

text: Spain is the most successful team in this competition, having won nine titles. France are the current champions.


title: UEFA European Under-17 Championship

text: The current competition format consists of three stages: a qualifying round, an elite round and a final tournament. The first stage takes place in autumn of the previous year, while the elite round is played in spring. The winners of each elite round group join the host team in the final tournament, played in May. Until the 1997 tournament, players born on or after 1 August the year they turned 17 years were eligible to compete. Since the 1998 tournament, the date limit has been moved back to 1 January.


title: UEFA European Under-17 Championship

text: In 2001/2002 the competition was renamed European Under-17 Championship, but the eligibility rules did not change.


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: Back of My Mind is the debut studio album by American R&B singer H.E.R. It was released on June 18, 2021, through RCA. The album features guest performances from YG, Lil Baby, Ty Dolla Sign, Yung Bleu, Cordae, DJ Khaled, Bryson Tiller and Chris Brown. The music was written and produced with a host of musicians, including Mike Will Made-It, Hit-Boy, Tiara Thomas, Kaytranada, Thundercat and Darkchild, amongst others.


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: "Back of My Mind" was met with positive reactions, with critics praising the singer's musical showcase to a greater, matured extent and the album's cohesion within various R&B sounds. The album was proceeded by three singles: "Slide", featuring rapper YG, released on September 29, 2019, "Damage", released on October 21, 2020 and "Come Through" featuring Chris Brown, released on April 23, 2021. The album contains an alternative version of the song "I Can Have It All", which also appears on DJ Khaled's 2021 album "Khaled Khaled". The album debuted at number six on the "Billboard" 200 after moving over 36,000 album-equivalent units. With this, it became her highest charting album and first top 10 entry on the chart.


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: The album received two nominations for Album of the Year and Best R&B Album at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards, it marks her third and second nominations in the categories respectively. "Damage" also received nominations for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song.


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: Gabriella Wilson, professionally known as H.E.R., rose to prominence in late 2016 and early 2017 following a series of EP's, named "H.E.R. Vol.1" and "H.E.R. Vol.2" respectively. Following this she released her first compilation album known as her eponymous debut project "H.E.R." which is a combination of both formerly released EP's and a handful of additional songs, including "Best Part", a duet with R&B singer Daniel Caesar. The album was nominated for Album of the Year at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards with H.E.R. earning two Grammy awards the same year. Following the release of "H.E.R.", she released a new compilation album in 2019, also a combination of formerly released EP's, titled "I Used to Know Her". In 2020, following the George Floyd protests she released the song "I Can't Breathe". The song was awarded with Song of the Year at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards. On June 10, 2021, H.E.R announced the album release date and a trailer on her social media accounts. The following day, she announced the album pre-order alongside the album's fifth single "We Made It". The following week, H.E.R continued teasing the album by posting photos from its photoshoot, and revealed the tracklist the day before its release.


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: The lead single "Slide" was released on September 27, 2019. The song debuted at number 85 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in January 2020, later peaking at number 43, becoming H.E.R.'s highest entry on the chart. "Damage" was released as the second single on October 21, 2020. It reached number one on Urban Radio and peaked at number 44 on the Hot 100 chart, and was certified platinum by the RIAA on May 21, 2021. "Hold On" was then released as the third single on October 25, 2020.


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: On April 23, 2021, H.E.R. released "Come Through", a duet with American singer Chris Brown, as the third single off the album, with a music video for the song premiered on May 13. The song was certified gold by RIAA in September 2021. "We Made It" was released as a promotional single off the album on June 11, 2021.


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: On review aggregator Metacritic, the album has a score of 75, indicating it received mainly positive reviews, based on seven critic reviews. Andy Kellman of AllMusic in a mixed review said that on the album "H.E.R. is often too accommodating". Reed Jackson of "Pitchfork" said that "Ballads were a staple of H.E.R.’s initial five EPs, and she again uses them frequently on "Back of My Mind", for better or worse. Nearly all of them are simple and pretty". Writing for "Exclaim!", Antoine-Samuel Mauffette Alavo reviewed the album positively, proclaiming H.E.R. is "in total control of her sound, with masterful command of her artistic direction" and complimenting the ease of adapting her "signature sounds" to fit the featured artists on the project. HipHopDX's Riley Wallace stated that "H.E.R. doesn’t push the genre or her artistry forward with this debut, but she more than proves herself a worthy torchbearer for the art of R&B balladry".


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: "Back of My Mind" debuted at number six on the "Billboard" 200 chart dated July 3, 2021, with 36,000 album-equivalent units, marking H.E.R.’s best weekly performance. 29,500 of the album-equivalent units stemmed from the album's 43.56 million on-demand streams, while 5,500 were pure album sales, and 1,000 were from track-equivalent units.


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: The album debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Top R&B Albums Chart, and number four on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. In addition, six of the album’s tracks landed on the Hot R&B Songs chart.


title: Back of My Mind (H.E.R. album)

text: H.E.R. jumped 84-32 on "Billboard" Artist 100, which ranks artist popularity, giving her best showing on the chart in over two years, since she climbed to her number 26 career peak in February 2019.


title: Grand Crew

text: Grand Crew is an American television sitcom created by Phil Augusta Jackson, that premiered on NBC on December 14, 2021, with two "sneak episodes". In May 2022, the series was renewed for a second season.


title: Grand Crew

text: On January 23, 2020, it was given a pilot order by NBC. The pilot was directed by Mo Marable and written by Phil Augusta Jackson who was expected to executive produce along with Dan Goor. Production companies involved with the series include Universal Television. On January 12, 2021, it was announced that NBC had ordered the series. On May 12, 2022, NBC renewed the series for a second season.


title: Grand Crew

text: In March 2020, "Deadline" reported Justin Cunningham had joined the cast as Wyatt Fields, Echo Kellum joined the cast as Noah Koles, and Carl Tart joined the cast as Sherm Jones, then later Nicole Byer joined the cast as Nicky and Aaron Jennings joined the cast as Anthony Holmes. On August 17, 2021, Grasie Mercedes has joined the cast as Fay.


title: Grand Crew

text: The series premiered on December 14, 2021, at 8 p.m., with two "sneak episodes" before returning on January 4, 2022 in its regular time slot, 8:30 p.m. on Tuesdays.


title: Grand Crew

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 80% approval rating with an average rating of 8/10, based on 10 critic reviews. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 63 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Air Combat Command

text: Air Combat Command (ACC) is one of nine Major Commands (MAJCOMs) in the United States Air Force, reporting to Headquarters, United States Air Force (HAF) at the Pentagon. It is the primary provider of air combat forces for the Air Force, and it is the direct successor to Tactical Air Command. Air Combat Command is headquartered at Langley Air Force Base, Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Virginia, United States.


title: Air Combat Command

text: ACC directly operates 1,110 fighter, attack, reconnaissance, combat search and rescue, airborne command and control and electronic aircraft along with command, control, computing, communications and intelligence (C4I) systems, Air Force ground forces, conducts global information operations, and controls Air Force Intelligence.


title: Air Combat Command

text: Air Combat Command consists of approximately 74,240 active duty Airmen and 10,610 Department of the Air Force Civilians. When mobilized, more than 49,000 additional Airmen of the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard, along with over 700 additional aircraft, are operationally-gained and assigned to ACC, bringing total aircraft to more than 1,800 and number of Airmen to 123,240.


title: Air Combat Command

text: Air Combat Command's mission is to provide air combat forces to the geographic Unified Combatant Commands. ACC organizes, trains, equips, and maintains combat-ready units for rapid deployment abroad while also ensuring air defense of the United States is strong enough for both peacetime and wartime needs. ACC Numbered Air Forces serve as the air components for United States Central Command, United States Southern Command, and United States Northern Command. ACC augments the forces of the United States European Command, United States Africa Command, United States Pacific Command, and United States Strategic Command.


title: Air Combat Command

text: Air Combat Command was created 1 June 1992 after the inactivation of the Tactical Air Command (TAC), Strategic Air Command (SAC) and Military Airlift Command (MAC). Upon activation, ACC assumed control of all former-TAC fighters, all bombers, reconnaissance platforms, battle management resources, and Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Furthermore, ACC had some KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling tankers and C-130 tactical airlift aircraft in its composite, reconnaissance, and other combat wings. In 1993, control of the ICBM force was transferred to the Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) until transferred again to Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC) on 1 December 2009.


title: Air Combat Command

text: Following the inactivation of SAC at Offutt AFB, Nebraska, a new unified command, the United States Strategic Command, was activated at Offutt, created to manage the combined strategic nuclear forces belonging to both the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy.


title: Air Combat Command

text: Historically, Combat Command was an earlier air unit designation. During 1941 and early 1942, the tactical air units of the War Department, formerly known as the GHQ Air Force, formed the Air Force Combat Command. The AFCC was dissolved in the reorganization of the United States Army, effective 9 March 1942, which created the United States Army Air Forces as a major command of the Army, which functioned as a "de facto" independent service branch of the Armed Forces.


title: Air Combat Command

text: Not long after activation, ACC underwent organizational and mission changes. The first such major change was the transfer of the combat search and rescue (CSAR) mission from Air Mobility Command to ACC. With the realigning of search and rescue units, ACC gained additional resources, as well as a new mission. The formal transfer took place on 1 February 1993, when the Air Rescue Service (ARS) was assigned to ACC. On 2 July of the same year, the ARS was disestablished and rescue units became fully integrated in the same manner as other ACC units reporting to numbered air forces. The USAF Combat Rescue School was subsequently assigned to the 57th Wing at Nellis AFB, Nevada.


title: Air Combat Command

text: One of the most significant changes for Air Combat Command resulted from an overhaul of flying training responsibilities. Following its activation, ACC was responsible for aircraft-specific aircrew training, including initial weapon system and continuation training. On 1 July 1993, the 58th and 325th Fighter Wings—F-16 and F-15 training units transferred from ACC to Air Education and Training Command (AETC). Concurrently, Luke AFB, Arizona, and Tyndall AFB, Florida, for which those respective wings were the host units, also moved from ACC to AETC ownership. However, on 1 October 2012, both Tyndall AFB and the 325th Fighter Wing returned to the control of ACC.


title: Air Combat Command

text: The next major organizational change resulted from a fine-tuning of aerial refueling and airlift resources. From its activation, Air Combat Command had assumed ownership of some C-130 Hercules theater airlift assets and KC-10 Extender and KC-135 Stratotankers. Just as ownership of overseas C-130 resources had already been transferred to USAFE and PACAF commanders, it was decided that all C-130s based in the CONUS would be under the control of ACC, while at the same time, almost all KC-135 tankers would be assigned to Air Mobility Command.


title: Air Combat Command

text: There was historical precedent for the reassignment of C-130s to Air Combat Command. During the earliest days of Tactical Air Command (TAC), the command had carried out the "tactical" or combat airborne aspect of airlift operations, leaving the "strategic" or logistical mission to Military Air Transport Service, later redesignated Military Airlift Command (the precursor of today's Air Mobility Command) in 1966. The tactical airlift mission included logistical airlift, airborne operations, aeromedical evacuation, and air support for special operations. This division of the airlift mission continued until 1 December 1974, when TAC transferred its CONUS-based tactical airlift units, including Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard tactical airlift units, to Military Airlift Command (MAC). MAC gained the overseas units from theater commands on 31 March 1975.


title: Air Combat Command

text: On 1 October 1993, all Air Mobility Command C-130s with the exception of those permanently under United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) regions were transferred to ACC, while USAFE and PACAF assumed control of the C-130 permanently based in their respective geographic regions. Concurrently, all KC-10 tankers and all KC-135 tankers except those at Mountain Home AFB, Idaho, which supported the fighter and bomber aircraft of the composite wing stationed there, transferred to AMC. ACC also retained two KC-135s at Offutt AFB Nebraska and Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota under ACC control until transferring them to AMC on 1 October 1993. McConnell AFB, Kansas; Fairchild AFB, Washington; and their respective air refueling wings were also transferred to AMC in January 1994 and July 1994, respectively.


title: Air Combat Command

text: In 1997, a subsequent USAF reorganization of ACC and AMC resulted in all CONUS-based C-130 theater airlift aircraft being reassigned from ACC back to AMC. This change also shifted operational claimancy for all "slick" theater airlift mission C-130s in the Air Force Reserve and CONUS-based Air National Guard. USAFE and PACAF C-130 assets remained in those respective MAJCOMs to include PACAF's operational claimancy for Alaska Air National Guard C-130 and HC-130 assets.


title: Air Combat Command

text: In Southwest Asia, Air Combat Command provided active duty and reserve component forces for the follow-on to Operation Desert Storm and the establishment of Operation Southern Watch to deter Iraqi aggression. In October 1994, ACC also demonstrated its ability to react quickly to the buildup of Iraqi troops near the border of Kuwait. In addition, ACC, from its inception, has provided indispensable support to counter-drug operations, including Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), reconnaissance and fighter aircraft, as well as radar and connectivity assets.


title: Air Combat Command

text: Participation in humanitarian operations has also been a recurring theme. Air Combat Command supported the humanitarian efforts of the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), deploying active duty and air reserve component forces to Provide Promise and Deny Flight in Eastern Europe and Operation Provide Comfort out of Incirlik AB, Turkey. Provide Promise offered humanitarian relief airlift support to the city of Sarajevo, while Deny Flight enforced the "no-fly" zone against Serb air attacks on Bosnian civilians. Operation Provide Comfort, another humanitarian operation, also provided relief to Kurdish inhabitants of northern Iraq who had undergone fierce repression by the Iraqi government.


title: Air Combat Command

text: In addition, ACC supported United States Atlantic Command's humanitarian relief to Haitian refugees associated with Operation GTMO at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. Similarly, the command supported Operation Safe Haven and the processing of Cuban refugees during the latter part of the summer of 1994. Across the Atlantic, Air Combat Command units participated in Operation Restore Hope, largely an Air Mobility Command humanitarian operation intended to provide food for Somalia. Also, ACC regular and ACC-gained Air National Guard C-130 units deployed to Uganda and Kenya to participate in Operation Support Hope. This operation, conducted by the United States European Command, comprised part of the United Nations effort to provide humanitarian relief to victims of the civil war in Rwanda.


title: Air Combat Command

text: In keeping with its global responsibilities, ACC initiated a series of "Global Power" missions in 1993. ACC's bomber wings are required to perform out-of-CONUS training flights to demonstrate the capability to perform their "quick reaction" worldwide mission. On one of the global power missions, two B-1 Lancer aircraft of the 28th Bomb Wing, Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota, set a B-1 flying time record on the first leg of their round-the-world flight, 11–13 August 1993. The following year, two B-52s from the 2d Bomb Wing, Barksdale AFB, Louisiana, circumnavigated the globe in 47.2 hours, the longest jet aircraft flight in history.


title: Air Combat Command

text: Air Combat Command units flew operational missions during the 2002 Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan (OEF-A) and the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Operation Iraqi Freedom.


title: Air Combat Command

text: The task of developing a comprehensive listing of ACC units present in Iraq, Afghanistan and other combat areas is particularly difficult as the events of 11 September 2001 and the Global War on Terrorism has made such an effort significantly difficult. The USAF seeks to improve operational security (OPSEC) and to deceive potential enemies as to the extent of American operations, therefore a listing of which units deploying where and when is unavailable.


title: Air Combat Command

text: However, it is certain that ACC units are actively flying combat missions in the Southwest Asia theater of operations.


title: Air Combat Command

text: In 2009, responsibility for nuclear-capable bombers, specifically the B-2 Spirit and the B-52 Stratofortress, along with their associated units, bases and personnel, were transferred from ACC to the newly established Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC).


title: Air Combat Command

text: On 1 February 2010, the Eighth Air Force transferred to the Air Force Global Strike Command. The 7th Bomb Wing at Dyess Air Force Base, and the 28th Bomb Wing at Ellsworth Air Force Base also transferred to AFGSC on 1 October 2015, thus, ending 23 years of operational bomber service in ACC.


title: Air Combat Command

text: In October 2019 units from Twenty-Fourth Air Force and Twenty-Fifth Air Force were merged into the reactivated Sixteenth Air Force. Sixteenth Air Force headquarters is based at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas.


title: Air Combat Command

text: In August 2020 units from Ninth Air Force and Twelfth Air Force were realigned under the reactivated Fifteenth Air Force. Fifteenth Air Force headquarters is based at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina.


title: Air Combat Command

text: In addition, units from Air Force Reserve Command's Tenth Air Force, and numerous other state and District of Columbia Air National Guard units are allocated to Air Combat Command when activated to federal service.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: A crossover is the placement of two or more otherwise discrete fictional characters, settings, or universes into the context of a single story. They can arise from legal agreements between the relevant copyright holders, unofficial efforts by fans, or common corporate ownership.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Crossovers often occur in an official capacity in order for the intellectual property rights holders to reap the financial reward of combining two or more popular, established properties. In other cases, the crossover can serve to introduce a new concept derivative of an older one.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Crossovers generally occur between properties owned by a single holder, but they can, more rarely, involve properties from different holders, provided that the inherent legal obstacles can be overcome. They may also involve using characters that have passed into the public domain with those concurrently under copyright protection.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: A crossover story may try to explain its own reason for the crossover, such as characters being neighbors (notable examples being the casts from "The Golden Girls" and "Empty Nest") or meeting via dimensional rift or similar phenomenon (a common explanation for science fiction properties that have different owners). Some crossovers are not explained at all. Others are absurd or simply impossible within the fictional setting, and have to be ignored by the series' respective continuities. Still, others intentionally make the relations between two or more fictional universes confusing, as with "The Simpsons" and "Futurama", where each show is fiction in the other.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: In contrast with legal crossovers, unofficial crossovers are created solely because of the artistic pleasure derived by their creators. Unofficial crossovers often take the form of fan-written fiction and fan art, but the trope is increasingly prevalent in amateur films and audio. Whereas official crossovers are frequently stymied by such concerns as copyright, royalties payments, quality of writing and ownership of the characters, unofficial crossovers are unfettered by such concerns, so long as property holders do not exercise their right to enjoin the distribution of such material. A good example would be the unauthorised live action fan film "" which brings together the properties of "Batman", "Alien" and "Predator" in one setting.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Unofficial crossovers can also occur in a "what-if" scenario. Roger makes frequent cameo appearances in "Family Guy", while Brian makes cameos on "American Dad!". Roger, Rallo Tubbs, and Klaus Heissler were seen in the final "Family Guy" "Star Wars" spoof, "It's A Trap!", as Moff Jerjerrod, Nien Nunb, and Admiral Ackbar, respectively. Stewie also appears as an interactive hallucination of Booth on "Bones" when the agent has issues over possibly becoming a sperm donor, with David Boreanaz (who plays Booth) repaying the favor in "Road to the North Pole". An appearance by Elmo, from "Sesame Street", was made, in a hallucination of Connie Ray's, on TV sitcom "The Torkelsons". Fan fiction fusions between different science fiction movies and series are often created, such as "Star Wars" and "Star Trek" or "Babylon 5" and "Stargate". "M.U.G.E.N." is a fighting game engine that features many fan-created and fictional characters and stages from various television series, movies, as well as other video games.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Crossovers of multiple characters, owned by one company or published by one publisher, have been used to set an established continuity, where characters can frequently meet within one setting. This is especially true of comic book publishers, as different characters in various Marvel, DC, or Valiant comic books frequently interact with one another since they live in a "shared universe". For example, in the Marvel Comics universe, Spider-Man has frequent dealings with another Marvel hero, Daredevil, just as in the DC Comics Universe, the Flash and Green Lantern often collaborate. In comic book terminology, these "guest star" roles are common enough that they are generally not considered crossovers; rather, this short-term collaboration to fight crime is called a team-up. A crossover in comic book terms only occurs when a story spans more than one title. This has led to "crossover events" in which major occurrences are shown as affecting most or all of the stories in the shared universe; see .


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The earliest such crossover event was Gardner Fox's "Zatanna's Search" which took place in "Hawkman" #4 (October/November 1964), "Detective Comics" #336 (February 1965), "The Atom" #19 (June/July 1965), "Green Lantern" #42 (January 1966), "Detective Comics" #355 (September 1966), and "Justice League of America" #51 (February 1967). This story dealt with Zatanna attempting to reconnect with her father, Zatara, and seeking the aid of Hawkman, Batman, Robin, the Atom, Green Lantern, and the Elongated Man along the way.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The first major crossover event was spearheaded by the Marvel Editor-in-Chief at the time, Jim Shooter. As a way to further toy sales he devised the "Secret Wars" crossover which brought all the major Marvel heroes into a 12-issue miniseries to battle a common threat. After the threat was dealt with, they all returned to their regular titles. "Secret Wars" was hailed as both a critical and commercial success, largely because the events of the crossover had lasting effects on the characters (such as the introduction of Spider-Man's black suit which would later become the villain Venom). Jim Shooter later perfected his crossover technique at Valiant Comics with the "Unity" event. "Unity" brought all the Valiant characters together to defeat Mothergod, but was told within the existing Valiant Comics titles (and two bookend special issues). Readers were not obliged to buy all 18 chapters as the story was coherent when reading just one title, but far more layered when all were read. Like "Secret Wars", the "Unity" crossover had lasting effects on the Valiant universe; most notably the introduction of Turok, the birth of Magnus, Robot Fighter and the death of a major Valiant hero.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Dark Horse Comics's "Aliens Versus Predator" comic book franchise was a success that continued into many video games, two films and even an "Aliens versus Predator versus The Terminator" comic book miniseries.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The comic crossovers from Raj Comics are very famous in India, in which the superheroes meet to fight a common enemy. Many of these crossovers have occurred between Nagraj and Super Commando Dhruva. In "Kohram", all the heroes in the Raj Universe meet to finish "Haru", an extremely powerful enemy.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Webcomics creators sometimes produce crossovers; one of the first was a two-week sequence between Christopher Baldwin's "Bruno" and Peter Zale's "Helen, Sweetheart of the Internet" in 1998.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: In 2013, Archie Comics released a 12-part crossover of Capcom character Mega Man and Sega character Sonic the Hedgehog called "Worlds Collide". Taking place in issues of the "Sonic the Hedgehog", "Sonic Universe", and "Mega Man" comic book series from Archie, the crossover involved Dr. Eggman and Dr. Wily forming an alliance to take over both their universes and destroy their respective nemeses. Sonic and Mega Man were briefly tricked into fighting each other, but later joined forces and teamed up with other heroes to battle the doctors' forces, which included virtually every Robot Master introduced in the "Mega Man" games. The popularity of this crossover and the books involved led to a second crossover in 2015 entitled "Worlds Unite", which not only reunited Sonic and Mega Man, but also featured comics-exclusive characters from both of their books, the "Mega Man X" and "Sonic Boom" spinoff franchises and various other SEGA and Capcom franchises. This crossover was enabled by the conclusion of the first crossover, which saw a reboot to the Sonic books as their universe was drastically rewritten. Aftereffects of this included the Genesis Portals, gateways connecting worlds that would be exploited by "Mega Man X" villain Sigma and his minions, forcing a reunion between Sonic and Mega Man and an alliance between heroes of the various franchises involved. "Worlds Unite" spans not only the three series featured in the first crossover, but also includes the "Sonic Boom" comic series, which entered publication between the two crossovers.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: There are also intercompany crossovers, where characters owned by two different companies meet, such as those from DC and Marvel.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Cartoon crossovers are not uncommon, and most of them – like comics or live-action TV shows – will often feature characters owned by the same company or network. One example is Cartoon Network's "The Grim Adventures of the Kids Next Door". It features five crossovers – "Ed, Edd n Eddy", "", "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy", a reference to "The Powerpuff Girls", and a quote from "Scooby-Doo", which are all licensed Cartoon Network series. The cast of "" and "Generator Rex" team up in "". Similarly, characters from "Uncle Grandpa" and "Steven Universe" appeared in a crossover episode "Say Uncle". The same occurred with "The Powerpuff Girls" and "Teen Titans Go!" in an episode called "TTG v PPG". "OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes" did a crossover episode called "Crossover Nexus" to celebrate 25 years of Cartoon Network where the lead character joined forces with Ben 10, Garnet from "Steven Universe" and Raven from "Teen Titans Go!". Most of the last episodes of the "" (a spinoff of the film "Lilo & Stitch") had crossovers with various other Disney cartoons, including "The Proud Family", "Kim Possible", "Recess", and "American Dragon Jake Long". The "Jimmy Timmy Power Hour" trilogy is another example, in which Jimmy Neutron and Timmy Turner switch universes. The Disney TV series "Hercules", based on the 1997 film of the same name, had an episode titled "Hercules and the Arabian Night" that had a crossover between the characters of the TV series and film and with the characters of the Disney film "Aladdin" in which Hades and Jafar each try to get rid of each other's enemies (Hades would try to defeat Aladdin, while Jafar would try to defeat Hercules). Another crossover is "Rugrats Go Wild" in which the Rugrats are stranded on an island where The Wild Thornberrys were at the time. In "Dexter's Laboratory" "Dial M for Monkey" "Huntor" who tries to hunt Monkey is himself hunted; "Huntor" later makes a cameo crossover in Samurai Jack's "Jack vs. Mad Jack."


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, crossovers were particularly common among the Hanna-Barbera properties. Some of the earliest examples happened on "The New Scooby-Doo Movies" which featured appearances by characters from "Harlem Globetrotters", "Josie and the Pussycats", "Jeannie", "Speed Buggy", "Batman and Robin", and "The Addams Family". Later, the "Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10" set of movies involved several crossovers, including such combinations as "The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones". This was taken to an extreme in the 1977–79 series "Laff-A-Lympics," which was essentially a gathering of the Hanna-Barbera characters for a regular series.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Crossovers are not necessarily composed of characters under common ownership. Two of the most notable cartoon crossovers consisted of characters from different companies. Disney's movie "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" had characters from various companies, most notably Disney and Warner Bros. Daffy Duck and Donald Duck made a simultaneous appearance in one scene in which the two of them exchanged blows during a piano duet. Later in the movie, Bugs Bunny and Mickey Mouse were shown parachuting together (to keep things from getting too iffy legally, Mickey and Bugs' lines were written so that each of them said exactly the same number of words in the movie). The film also includes cameos of characters from MGM. The end of the movie features all the cartoons from all of the animation companies joining in song, to be concluded by Porky Pig stuttering his famous "That's All, Folks!" line as Tinker Bell ends the scene with a magical fade-out.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: On February 27, 1998, the Fox Kids shows "Power Rangers in Space" and "" had their crossover with the episode "Shell Shocked".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: On October 4, 1997, the two Kids WB shows, "Superman: The Animated Series" and "The New Batman Adventures", had their first crossover with the TV movie "World's Finest", which was also released on DVD.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Another cartoon crossover would occur in 1990, "Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue". This cartoon featured popular characters from children's Saturday morning cartoons, banding together to promote an anti-drug message. ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC aired this half-hour special one Saturday morning with characters from all their networks, including Huey, Dewey, and Louie (from Disney's "DuckTales"), Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, Slimer (from "The Real Ghostbusters" and "Extreme Ghostbusters"), Michelangelo (from "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles"), Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Alvin and the Chipmunks, the Smurfs, ALF (from ), Garfield, and the trio of Baby Kermit, Baby Piggy, and Baby Gonzo (from Jim Henson's "Muppet Babies"). Animation companies granted unlimited, royalty-free use of their cartoon characters for this project, a feat that has been unequalled before or since. This cartoon was also introduced by then-President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush, and would be distributed to schools and video stores free of charge nationwide.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Manga artist Leiji Matsumoto has been known to cross over the characters of his various stories and characters such as "Captain Harlock", "Galaxy Express 999", and "Queen Millennia", all of which were originally written as separate, self-contained stories. In the "Maetel Legend", Queen Promethium is revealed to be having been Yukino Yaoi, the protagonist from "Queen Millennia". Matsumoto has also created various crossovers with "Space Battleship Yamato", an anime on which he served as director, although the rights to Yamato are actually owned by Yoshinobu Nishizaki.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The adult parody-oriented series "Drawn Together" features many crossovers; while some are regular cameos, such as Peter and Lois Griffin from "Family Guy", others involve a personality twist, such as the homicidal version of Bambi from the eponymous film or the gay version of Elmer Fudd from the "Looney Tunes" franchise.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The Disney/Marvel crossover "" features the Marvel heroes Spider-Man, Iron Man, the Hulk, and Thor, the Marvel villains Whiplash, MODOK, the Red Skull, and Venom, and characters from "Phineas and Ferb", where the storyline involves Phineas and Ferb trying to restore power to the Marvel heroes, whose powers were taken away by Doofenshmirtz.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: During its 26th season, "The Simpsons" had crossovers with "Family Guy" and "Futurama". In the hour-long "Family Guy" season 13 premiere "The Simpsons Guy", the Griffins met the Simpson family, who met the Planet Express crew in the "Simpsons" episode "Simpsorama".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: In the Disney series "House of Mouse", Mickey Mouse and friends host a nightclub featuring cameos by other Disney characters.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Webtoons (animated shows from the internet) can also have crossovers with different webtoons, franchises, YouTubers and more. Some examples are when Kate from TomSka's "Crash Zoom" series makes an appearance in "Eddsworld" as a trick or treater who possesses Matt and Edd in the episode, "Trick or Threat". In addition to this a couple of characters from "Eddsworld" make appearances in some "Crash Zoom" episodes such as "Orcs and Dorks". Another example is "Death Battle" which is a show where two hosts (Wiz and Boomstick) put two characters from different franchises together to battle each other. These characters range from television, movie, video game, or comic franchises. Shows like "One Minute Melee", "Cartoon Fight Club", and "Death Battle Exhibitions" (the spinoff series) have a similar format to "Death Battle".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The Netflix original series "Harvey Girls Forever" is a crossover of the comics "Little Audrey", "Little Dot" and "Little Lotta", although later episodes in the third and fourth season are crossovers of Richie Rich and Casper the Friendly Ghost.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: in the Warner Bros. Animation "Looney Tunes"-based animated series "Animaniacs", created by Steven Spielberg and Tom Ruegger, characters from its predecessor series "Tiny Toon Adventures" and its "spin-off" series "Freakazoid!" (two other cartoons based on the "Looney Tunes" created by Spielberg and Ruegger), as well as from the actual "Looney Tunes" shorts, often made crossover cameo appearances throughout the series (some of which are speaking); Similarly, characters from "Animaniacs" frequently crossed over into "Freakazoid!" through cameo appearances (again, some cameos are speaking).


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Many characters from animated franchises have had crossover episodes, films and specials regardless of the canon of those media open to interpretation; see .


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Anime has also participated in many crossover events featuring characters or shows from the same company or network. One of the biggest projects down would be "Dream 9 Toriko x One Piece x Dragon Ball Z Super Special Collaboration" as it includes three "Shonen Jump" franchises, being "Dragon Ball Z", "One Piece", and "Toriko", crossed over into an hour long special-like most crossovers, this special is filler, a fan-service episode that follows the common plot line in most crossovers. In the first half of the special, characters from the three franchises meet-up and fight. In the second half, they team up to battle a stronger foe. What makes this crossover unique is when the characters from all three shows split into groups, where the members all share the same clichéd character archetypes, such the main characters Goku, Luffy, and Toriko falling into the dumb, good-natured, strong character archetype.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "Carnival Phantasm" is also an OVA comedy series based on a "Type-Moon" gag manga called Take-Moon. Created to celebrate the company's 10th anniversary, the anime consists of several funny and unusual scenarios involving various characters from the Type-Moon franchises. Some examples include characters from "Fate/stay night" and "Tsukihime".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The "Dragon Ball" franchise is one of the most popular manga and anime in the world, and has its fair share of crossovers as well. The creator of the franchise, Akira Toriyama, has used another character from a different manga series he created, Jaco from "Jaco the Galactic Policeman" as a reoccurring character in "Dragon Ball Super". He comes to Earth to warn the characters about the return of Frieza and is later seen in the disputes involving Beerus and Champa.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "Cyborg 009 VS Devilman" is a three part anime OVA that crosses over the "Cyborg 009" and "Devilman" series. It originally aired on 17 October 2015 and then was released on 11 November 2015 Netflix currently owns the rights to this title.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Other anime- or manga-based crossovers include: "Digimon Fusion" and ", Fairy Tail x Rave Master", "Isekai Quartet", "It's a Rumic World: 50th Anniversary Weekly Shonen Sunday", "Kamen Rider Fourze x Crayon Shin-chan", "", "", "", and "".; see .


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The first film crossover in a series of Universal Studios monster films was "Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man", in 1943. In 2003, "Freddy vs. Jason" was released by New Line Cinema. In 2004, 20th Century Fox released "Alien vs. Predator" along with the sequel "" in 2007. One year later, both "Dollman vs. Demonic Toys" and "Puppet Master vs Demonic Toys" were released by 20th Century Fox and Terry Kelley Studios. In 2015, Sony released "Lake Placid vs. Anaconda".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: After the comics publishing house Marvel Comics ventured into movie production, they set off to produce solitary films with popular superheroes from the Avengers team, with characters from upcoming films making cameo appearances in films starring another superhero, leading up to the crossover film "The Avengers" (2012). The same process was repeated for "" (2015), "" (2018), and "" (2019), and all the movies together form the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Inspired by Marvel's success, Warner Bros., who hold movie rights for DC Comics' heroes, announced the production of "" (2016) and further plans to develop the cinematic DC Extended Universe, while Paramount Pictures and Entertainment One announced plans to create a cinematic universe on the "Transformers" film series.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: There have been numerous crossovers in Japanese cinema. The boom of kaiju films saw a lot of crossovers produced at Toho Studios, with some of the monsters forming teams in numerous movies, much like the Marvel movie franchise. Godzilla, Mothra and Rodan (Radon) each first appeared in standalone films before being set against each other or even teaming up against stronger enemies. Their first encounter was in 1964, first in "Mothra vs. Godzilla" and a few months later of all three in "Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster". In 1962, Toho released "King Kong vs. Godzilla". The long running Zatoichi series sees Shintaro Katsu's blind master swordsman face off with Toshiro Mifune in his iconic role in "Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo" (1970) and also features a unique cross-Asian project "Zatoichi and the One-Armed Swordsman" (1971). This coproduction sees Jimmy Wang reprise his famous part of the "One-Armed Swordsman" while featuring two different endings for both the Japanese and Hong Kong audiences; see .


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Crossovers in video games occur when otherwise separated fictional characters, stories, settings, universes, or media in a video game meet and interact with each other. These can range from a character simply appearing as a playable character or boss in the game, as a special guest character, or a major crossover where two or more franchises encounter.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "Konami" made the first crossover video game featuring Simon Belmont from "Castlevania", Universal Pictures' King Kong and Mikey from the Warner Bros. movie "The Goonies" in "Konami Wai Wai World" for the Famicom in 1988. "The King of Fighters", "Marvel vs. Capcom", and many other franchises from third-party developers such as Capcom and SNK bring these licenses together.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The 2.5D fighting game series "Super Smash Bros." brings various Nintendo characters together and allow players to fight against each other as these characters in arenas. The third game in the series, "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" introduced two third-party characters with the inclusion of Solid Snake and Sonic the Hedgehog, of Konami's "Metal Gear" series and Sega's "Sonic the Hedgehog" series respectively. The fourth installments, "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS" and "Super Smash Bros. for Wii U", feature characters from the third-party franchises of Capcom's "Mega Man" (Mega Man) and "Street Fighter" (Ryu), Sega's "Bayonetta" (Bayonetta), Bandai Namco's "Pac-Man" (Pac-Man), and Square Enix's "Final Fantasy" (Cloud Strife), in addition to other Nintendo characters from the company's different universes. The fifth installment, "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" also introduced Simon and Richter Belmont from Konami's "Castlevania" series, Ken Masters from Capcom's "Street Fighter" series, Joker from "Persona 5", the Hero from the "Dragon Quest" series, Banjo-Kazooie from the "Banjo-Kazooie" series, Terry Bogard from the "Fatal Fury" series, Steve from "Minecraft", Sephiroth from "Final Fantasy VII", Kazuya Mishima from the "Tekken" series, and Sora from "Kingdom Hearts" in addition to bringing back all of the playable characters from the previous entries in the series.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The Namco-developed "Soul" series features characters from a variety of other franchises including Link from Nintendo's "The Legend of Zelda" series, Heihachi Mishima from "Tekken", Todd McFarlane's Spawn, Darth Vader, Yoda, and Starkiller from "Star Wars", Lloyd Irving from "Tales of Symphonia", Ubisoft Montreal's Ezio Auditore from the "Assassin's Creed" series, Geralt of Rivia from Andrzej Sapkowski's "The Witcher", YoRHa No. 2 Type B from Yoko Taro and PlatinumGames' "", and Haohmaru from SNK's "Samurai Shodown".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games", released in Japan two months before "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", was the first time that Mario and Sonic (as well as their associated characters) appeared in a game together.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The "Kingdom Hearts" series of role-playing games developed by Square Enix features a number of characters from Disney and Square Enix.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Starting with "Mortal Kombat", video game developer NetherRealm Studios has guest characters ranging from "Mortal Kombat" veterans Scorpion, Sub-Zero and Raiden to Freddy Krueger from "A Nightmare on Elm Street", Jason Voorhees from "Friday the 13th", Leatherface from "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre", The Xenomorph from "Alien", The Predator from "Predator", the T-800 from "Terminator", John Rambo from "Rambo", RoboCop from "RoboCop," Kratos from "God of War", The Joker from "Batman", all four Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Todd McFarlane's Spawn and Mike Mignola's Hellboy.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "Super Robot Wars" are turn-based strategy games featuring a variety of Japanese mecha series from many generations, such as "Mazinger Z", "Gundam", "Neon Genesis Evangelion", and "GaoGaiGar".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "Warriors Orochi" is the game that features the casts of both the "Dynasty Warriors" and "Samurai Warriors" series. The third installment of this series included a number of playable characters from other Koei Tecmo properties, such as "Ninja Gaiden", "Dead or Alive", "Zill O'll", and Sophitia Alexandra from Bandai Namco's "Soul" series. "Warriors All-Stars" similarly crossed-over a number of characters from Koei Tecmo series.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Video game developer Capcom has frequently developed crossover fighting games featuring their own characters and those of another IP holder, including "Marvel vs. Capcom", "SNK vs. Capcom", "Tatsunoko vs. Capcom", and "Street Fighter X Tekken".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "Heroes of the Storm" is an example of the major crossover video game which is developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment. This hero brawler brings various Blizzard's characters together as playable heroes, as well as different battlegrounds based on "Warcraft", "Diablo", "StarCraft", and "Overwatch" universes.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Perhaps one of the most notable video game crossovers is "Lego Dimensions" which makes use of over 30 different franchises, including DC Comics, "Doctor Who", "The Lego Movie", "The Lord of the Rings", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and more.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: A large number of video game characters make cameo appearances in the Disney computer-animated film "Wreck-It Ralph" and its sequel.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: In literature, some authors also engage in crossovers by including characters from different novels they have written in one; see .


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The first popular crossover in literature was the 1885 Mark Twain novel, "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", which had an important guest appearance by Tom Sawyer. Similarly, Lady Glencora Palliser from the Pallisers series of Anthony Trollope appears towards the end of "Miss Mackenzie", a novel published between the first and second Palliser novels in 1865, a character first introduced in the novel, "Can You Forgive Her?" (1864). Andrew Lang's 1890 collection, "Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody", contains letters combining characters from different sources, including one based on Jane Austen's "Northanger Abbey" and Charlotte Brontë's "Jane Eyre".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Kim Newman frequently uses this device, as does Stephen King. The works of James Branch Cabell, J.D. Salinger, William Faulkner, Margaret Laurence, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Mordecai Richler, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert Heinlein, and Isaac Asimov also cross over with each other, linking different characters and settings together over a number of different works. Author Rick Riordan publishes multiple book series featuring gods of ancient civilizations in the modern day, which have had two crossovers and three references to other series. Science fiction writer Poul Anderson allowed fellow writer A. Bertram Chandler to "borrow" Anderson's space-faring character Dominic Flandry and let Flandry meet with Chandler's John Grimes in a common adventure (the two fail to like each other). Alex Scarrow featured the characters Cato and Macro from his brother Simon's "Eagles of the Empire" series in one book of the "TimeRiders" series: "Gates of Rome" (2012), serving as supporting characters when the three protagonists travel back in time to Ancient Rome.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Brazilian writer Monteiro Lobato also created solid and imaginative crossovers, using elements and characters from Brazilian folklore such as the Cuca and Saci, from Greek mythology, from the "Arabian Nights", from fairy tales such as Grimm's "Snow White", Western literature such as Peter Pan, cartoons such as "Popeye" and "Felix the Cat", and Western films.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Illustrator Howard Pyle conceived his work "Twilight Land" as one such crossover. In it, a nameless narrator is transported to "Twilight Land" and meets famous fairy tale characters for a soirée in an inn: Mother Goose, Cinderella, Fortunatus, Sinbad the Sailor, Aladdin, Boots, the Valiant Little Tailor, and others gather in the framing device and tell each other adventurous tales featuring other literary personages.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: French author Jules Lemaître wrote a sort of sequel to "Cinderella", named "Princess Mimi", where Cinderella's daughter is courted by Polyphemus and Charles Perrault's "Hop-o'-My-Thumb".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Irish novelist and author Padraic Colum reworked several Irish myths in his book "The King of Ireland's Son" to create a complex narrative, many of them corresponding to tale types in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index. In the first segment, "Fedelma, the Enchanter's Daughter", the oldest son of the King of Ireland loses a wager against his father's enemy and is ordered to find him a year and a day's time. With the help of an eagle, the prince spies three swan maidens descending to bathe in a lake and hides the feather cloak of the youngest, Fedelma, promising to return it once she direct him to her father's kingdom. After arriving at the kingdom of the Enchanter of the Black Back-Lands, the wizard forced the prince to fulfill three difficult tasks, which he accomplishes with Fedelma's magical help (tale type ATU 313, "The Magical Flight" or "The Master Maid"). In the chapter "The Unique Tale", a story is told about a queen who wished for a blue-eyed, blonde-haired daughter, and carelessly wished her sons to "go with the wild geese". As soon as the daughter (named "Sheen", 'Storm') is born, the seven princes change into gray wild geese and fly away from the castle (ATU 451, "The Maiden Who Seeks her Brothers" or "The Six Swans"). It is later revealed that Sheen changed her name to "Caintigern" and became Queen when she married the King of Ireland, who, in turn, is the father of two of the main characters: the King of Ireland's Son and Gilly of the Goatskin ("Gilla Na Chreck An Gour").


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: It is also common for authors to 'crossover' characters who have passed into the public domain, and thus do not require copyright or royalty payments for their use in other works. "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill is another example of this, as all of the main characters and most of the secondary / background characters are fictional characters whose copyright has expired, and all are characters of different authors and creators brought together within one massive extended universe. Many of the works of Philip José Farmer's Wold Newton family sequences (which has also been explored and developed by other authors) also utilize and interweave numerous otherwise unrelated fictional characters into a rich family history by speculating familial connections between them (such as a blood-relationship between Sherlock Holmes and Tarzan). Roger Zelazny's novel "A Night in the Lonesome October" combines Sherlock Holmes, Doctor Frankenstein, Jack the Ripper, and the Cthulhu Mythos, although he never specifically identifies them as such ("The Count", "The Good Doctor", "Jack", etc.).


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Occasionally, authors will include into crossovers classic fictional characters whose copyright is still held by the original authors (or at least their estates), but who are nevertheless considered iconic or 'mythic' enough to be recognised from a few character traits or descriptions without being directly named (thus not requiring royalties payments to be made to the copyright holder). A prominent example occurs within "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One", wherein a character who is clearly intended in appearance and description by other characters to be Dr. Fu Manchu appears as a significant villain; however, as this character was not in the public domain at the time of writing and the rights still held by the estate of his creator Sax Rohmer, he is not directly named as such in the work and is only referred to as 'the Devil Doctor'. Something similar occurs in "", wherein a character named "Jimmy" is clearly intended to be Ian Fleming's character James Bond, though here he is satirized as being an inept and unfavorable antagonist, likely to parody Sean Connery's appearance in the 2003 film adaptation. Another example in "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" is when a character is named to be the Anti-Christ, yet, despite never being named, is shown to be an evil Harry Potter.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The TV show "Once Upon a Time" is set in a world in which all fairy tales coexist, including Snow White, Little Red Riding Hood, and even Alice in Wonderland. (As a production of The Walt Disney Company, copyrighted elements from that company's productions have appeared in "Once Upon a Time".) The "Shrek" film series is built on the same concept, and even includes references to then-copyrighted elements like Peter Pan (often in the form of satire).


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Crossovers involving principals can also occur when the characters have no prior relationship, but are related by time period, locale or profession. The "Law and Order" series, for example, afford a commonality of setting and profession which lends itself to crossovers, both within the franchise and in a wider universe. "Law & Order: SVU" has crossed over several times with "Chicago P.D." and "Chicago Fire", as well as sharing a common character with "Homicide: Life on the Street". "NCIS" has crossed over with "NCIS: Los Angeles", "NCIS: New Orleans" and "JAG", while "NCIS: Los Angeles" has crossed over with both "Scorpion" and "Hawaii Five-0". Following the cancellation of the ABC soap opera "One Life to Live" and its high-rated finale, several characters crossed over into the network's remaining soap opera "General Hospital", remaining in the same timeline as their former show.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The "CSI" franchise is another common example of the crossover phenomena, with the original series crossing over with "CSI: Miami", "CSI: Cyber", "CSI: NY" and "Without a Trace". "CSI: NY" crossed over with fellow CBS series "Cold Case", and Ted Danson appeared as a regular on both "CSI" and "Cyber". Similarly, "Family Guy" has crossed over with "The Simpsons", while "The Simpsons" has crossed over with "Futurama". "The X-Files" has in turn crossed over with "Millennium", "", "The Lone Gunmen" and "Cops". A proposed crossover with "The West Wing" was planned, but was never produced.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Green Acres", and "Petticoat Junction" shared a common universe, so crossovers were not uncommon. "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood" both take place in the same universe and have had multiple crossovers, including Torchwood characters appearing in "The Stolen Earth" and "Journey's End". "Torchwood"s first series finale ends with the materialisation sound of the TARDIS seen in "Doctor Who"s series 3 episode "Utopia".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Though most common on shows of the same production company (see, for example, "Hurricane Saturday"), crossovers have also occurred because shows share the same distributor or television network. A notable example of this kind of link is that between "Murder, She Wrote" and "Magnum, P.I." These shows were made by different companies, but owned by Universal Studios and broadcast on CBS. Another case is that of "Mad About You" and "Friends", which share the character of Ursula Buffay. Neither show shares any production or distribution commonality, but rather an actress (Lisa Kudrow), a setting (New York City) and a schedule ("Friends" initially followed "Mad About You" on NBC's Thursday night schedule).


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "Mad About You" and "Friends" share another type of "network crossover". On rare occasions, networks have chosen to theme an entire night's programming around a crossover "event". In one case, a New York City blackout caused by Paul Reiser's character on "Mad About You" was experienced by the characters on "Friends" and "Madman of the People". Such "event nights" can also be linked by a single character's quest across multiple shows on the same evening. ABC attempted this kind of "event night" crossover with its Friday night programming during the 1997 season. There, they proposed that the title character of "Sabrina the Teenage Witch" should chase her cat, Salem, through "Boy Meets World", "You Wish" and "Teen Angel" because it had run away with a "time ball" that was displacing each show through time.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: ABC also attempted a "crossover" when four of its sitcoms ("Grace Under Fire", "Ellen", "The Drew Carey Show" and "Coach") all went to Las Vegas during the 1996–1997 season.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Dan Schneider used his show "Zoey 101" to promote his new show "iCarly" by making characters from "Zoey 101" go to "ICarly.com" or use the "iCarly" theme song as a ringtone. A "Henry Danger" comic book and Gibby's wax head is seen in the "Game Shakers" episode "Lost Jacket, Falling Pigeons", the subway station's lost and found.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: On other occasions, crossovers between established shows can occur without a network or production commonality, but simply because there is some narrative rationale for the crossover. The appearance of detective John Munch (from NBC's "") on Fox's "The X-Files" happened merely because the episode revolved around a crime scene in Baltimore, a logical place for characters on "The X-Files" to have encountered Munch. Munch would also appear on the TV series "Law & Order" on NBC in which it had one episode which began on that series in New York City and concluded in Baltimore on "Homicide: Life on the Street". Later, when "Homicide" went off the air in 1999, Detective Munch ends up leaving Baltimore to move to New York, and becoming a permanent character (as New York City Detective Munch) on NBC's "" until October 2013.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: A two-part crossover episode between "" with "Without a Trace" aired on November 8, 2007. The first hour was on "CSI" and the second hour was on "Without a Trace". While both series are on the same network in the United States, spreading two parts of a story across two different shows can cause problems in international markets where they have been separately sold to different broadcasters. For example, in the United Kingdom, "Without a Trace" was shown on Channel 4 and "CSI" on Channel 5, meaning the two companies had to come to a special agreement to show both episodes. Another "CSI" crossover occurred in 2009 when Raymond Langston from "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation" appeared both in "" and "", traveling to Miami and New York to track a human trafficking and organ harvesting ring. "ER" had a crossover with "Third Watch" which corresponded with a peak in viewership for the latter show, with 17.2 million viewers.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: In 2013, the Canadian crime drama series "Republic of Doyle" and "Murdoch Mysteries" produced a crossover, which was complicated by the shows' incompatible historical settings; "Murdoch Mysteries" is a historical series set in the 1890s, while "Republic of Doyle" is set in the present day. The problem was solved by having the actors cross over as "relatives" of their primary characters; Allan Hawco appeared on the November 25, 2013 episode of "Murdoch Mysteries" as Jacob Doyle, a 19th-century ancestor of his regular character Jake Doyle, while Yannick Bisson appeared on a January 2014 episode of "Republic of Doyle" as Bill Murdoch, a 21st-century descendant of his regular character William Murdoch.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Disney Channel's "Suite Life" franchise has featured three crossovers: In 2006, "That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana" featured characters from "Hannah Montana" and "That's So Raven" taking a vacation at the Tipton Hotel (the main setting of "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody"); Hannah Montana/Miley Stewart (Miley Cyrus) also eats cake off Zack; this recurs when she eats cake off of Cody during the 2009 crossover "Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana", in which characters from "Wizards of Waverly Place" and "Hannah Montana" come on aboard the S.S. Tipton (though the characters from "Wizards of Waverly Place" and "Hannah Montana" do not interact). In 2011 episode of "Good Luck Charlie", the family are getting ready


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: to go to Chicago to see CeCe and Rocky. In the 2013 holiday special, the family meets the cast of Jessie. The New Year's Eve special "Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year", which aired in that year, features characters from "Austin & Ally" and "Jessie". In 2014, "Liv & Maddie" characters are having a Hawaiian party with the cast of "Jessie". In 2015, a crossover between two Disney XD shows "" and "Mighty Med" crossed over in the special "Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med". In the 2020 episode of "Bunk'd", the cast are meeting with Raven Baxter.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Another type of crossover involves characters from an off-the-air series resurfacing in a newer series. This occurred in a 2010 episode of the Nickelodeon sitcom "iCarly"; the episode "iStart a Fan War" featured recurring characters from two Nickelodeon series: "Drake & Josh" characters Eric Blonowitz, Craig Ramirez, Gavin Mitchell, and "Zoey 101" character Stacey Dillsen. A crossover between "Victorious" and "Drake & Josh" also occurred, with Helen DuBois, portrayed by Yvette Nicole Brown making an appearance. An episode titled "iParty with Victorious" was a crossover between "iCarly" and "Victorious". This means all four shows exist in the same universe. However, in "Who Did It to Trina", Tori referred to "Drake and Josh" as a TV show, making it seem as if the previous appearance was an actor of a character from a show within a show. Also in several episodes from "iCarly" and "Sam & Cat" (a crossover/spin-off of "iCarly" and "Victorious") one can see "Drake and Josh" and "Zoey 101" in TV guides, when the characters are watching TV. Carly and Spencer were heard watching it in the "iCarly" episode "iGet Pranky" and Carly is seen looking at it briefly in "iToe Fat Cakes" and we can see the character Megan from "Drake and Josh" (also portrayed by Miranda Cosgrove) and Sam is seen changing the channel to it in "#FavoriteShow" an episode from "Sam & Cat", making the universe between each of the shows confusing. However, these were probably all non-canonical references.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: In 2014, "The Thundermans" and "The Haunted Hathaways" did a crossover, titled "The Haunted Thundermans". In 2016, "Henry Danger" and "The Thundermans" did a crossover, titled "Danger & Thunder". In 2017, "Henry Danger" and "Game Shakers" did a crossover, called "Danger Games", which was then followed by a crossover episode, called "Babe Loves Danger", that aired in 2018. In 2017, "Game Shakers" did a crossover with "iCarly", titled "Game Shippers". In 2019, "Henry Danger" did a crossover with "Knight Squad"


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The main characters of "Aaahh!!! Real Monsters" make a crossover appearance in the "Rugrats" episode, "Ghost Story". This is because both shows were created/produced by Klasky Csupo and distributed also by Nickelodeon. In 2004, the animated series The Fairy OddParents had a three-episode crossover with CGI character Jimmy Neutron. "The Loud House" did a crossover with "Double Dare".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Cartoon Network does crossovers such as "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy" and "OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: In Chile, children's programmes and characters from El Mundo del Profesor Rossa (Spanish for "The World of Professor Rossa") and Cachureos (Chilean Spanish for "odds and ends") conducted a crossover between them for a few minutes in their emissions of Saturday 18 (Mundo del Profesor Rossa) and Sunday 19 (Cachureos) of April 1998 due to the introduction of the latter programme on Canal 13, after several years of broadcast on TVN and even have competed with each other for the child audience.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The Netflix series "Harvey Girls Forever!" (which back then was known as "Harvey Street Kids" in 2018) has crossed over with famous cartoon character Richie Rich for its third and fourth seasons. There is also a crossover episode called "Scare Bud", which the show crossed over with Casper the Friendly Ghost.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Crossovers can take the form of a promotional cameo appearance, used to draw attention to another work of fiction, with little rational explanation in the context of the hosting show's narrative. When not clearly presented as parody, this is frequently scorned by fans as blatant commercialism. A notable example of this is "The Simpsons" episode "A Star Is Burns", in which the character of Jay Sherman (from "The Critic") appeared. It originally aired on March 5, 1995, on FOX right before "The Critic" began its second season, its first season having aired on ABC. This episode was largely condemned by fans of "The Simpsons" as existing to promote "The Critic", an animated series considered inferior by comparison. Even "Simpsons" creator Matt Groening objected, preferring to remove his name from the credits of that particular episode in protest.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The character Dan Tanna (played by Robert Urich) from the detective series "Vega$" appeared in an episode of "Charlie's Angels" ("Angels in Vegas") one week prior to the debut of "Vega$". However, it is not considered a spin-off because Dan Tanna was introduced in the pilot that was aired as an "ABC TV Movie of the Week" on the evening of Tuesday, April 25, 1978. The crossover was simply used to reintroduce the Dan Tanna character and to promote the debut of "Vega$" as an ongoing series. Additionally, the cast of "The Love Boat" appeared in the fourth season premier of "Charlie's Angels" ("Love Boat Angels").


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: In 2010, as a nod to the 50th anniversary of "Coronation Street", characters in fellow established TV soap "EastEnders" made reference to watching the special anniversary episode. "EastEnders" had celebrated its own 25th anniversary earlier in the same year.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The two CBS Daytime game shows ("The Price Is Right" and "Let's Make a Deal") are used for promotional cameos from other CBS properties. Promotional cameos from the two daytime dramas, primetime shows (including primetime airings), and sports properties are common. "Price" has been used to promote anniversaries of CBS daytime dramas, the "NCIS" franchise, the three reality shows, and CBS Sports' coverage of the NFL.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: In its simplest and most common form, a television crossover involves a starring character on a parent show appearing on a spin-off or vice versa because of established character relationships. An obvious example of this type of crossover occurred when Cliff Huxtable of "The Cosby Show" visited his daughter, Denise, on "A Different World". Another example of this is "The Bionic Woman", which was a spin-off from "The Six Million Dollar Man". Jaime Sommers was a tennis pro who was nearly killed in a skydiving accident, but her life was saved by Oscar Goldman (Richard Anderson) and Dr. Rudy Wells (Martin E. Brooks) who surgically implanted her with bionic parts similar to those of Steve Austin. Steve Austin and Jaimie Sommers often crossovered, while the characters Oscar Goldman and Rudy Wells appeared regularly in both shows. Another example would be the appearances made by "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" characters to "Angel" in Los Angeles from Sunnydale; in a striking example, "Fool for Love" and "Darla", shown on the same night, contain overlapping flashbacks as remembered by Spike and Darla respectively. There is also "Frasier", which features characters from the first show, "Cheers". Similarly, "Dallas" characters J. R. Ewing, Bobby Ewing, Lucy Ewing and Kristin Shepard all appeared in its spin-off "Knots Landing" while "Knots Landing" characters Gary Ewing and Valene Ewing each made several appearances on "Dallas" after "Knots Landing" premiered.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: More complex multi-production franchises can utilize crossovers of characters to serve as a device in establishing continuity in a shared fictional universe. This crossover is common in the "Star Trek" universe, where minor guest stars from one series have appeared as featured guest stars later ones. A good example of this crossover is that of the Klingons Kor (from the "" episode "Errand of Mercy"), Koloth (from "The Trouble with Tribbles") and Kang (from "Day of the Dove"). After the passage of about a century of narrative time, the three onetime adversaries of Captain Kirk appeared together in the "" episode, "Blood Oath" – as the Klingons and Federation had become allies in the century between, the former villains are now portrayed as heroes. Another Klingon, Arne Darvin, appeared as a secondary character in "The Trouble with Tribbles", but was the principal villain of DS9's "Trials and Tribble-ations". Intended as a celebration of the franchise's 30th anniversary, "Trials and Tribble-ations" was actually a crossover in and of itself; using then brand-new bluescreen techniques, the episode places the DS9 cast (after hijacking the "Defiant", Darvin had gone back in time hoping to kill Kirk and become a hero to the Klingons, and it's up to Sisko and his comrades to stop Darvin and preserve the timeline) inside the TOS episode, interacting with James T. Kirk, Spock and the rest of the "Enterprise" crew.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: The distinction between "spin-off" and "crossover" is sometimes narrow. The two terms can become especially conflated if two shows are linked by a guest star with a single appearance. There is debate, for instance over whether "Out of the Blue" is a spin-off of "Happy Days", or whether the star of "Out of the Blue" merely crossed over into "Happy Days".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: "", a spinoff of "", featured a guest appearance by Rikki Chadwick, a main character from the former series, in its final two episodes, thus confirming that the spin off-acts as a sequel rather than a prequel or alternative storyline as many fans suspected.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Often, the problems of bringing together two shows with different narrative ambitions make the writing of a crossover burdensome. Such difficulties are encountered by situation comedies that wish to crossover with dramatic television programs. The satirical crossover—ranging in length from a cameo to a full comedy sketch or episode—is an extremely popular way of circumventing this problem. By various means, such crossovers typically avoid outcry from fans by being obvious parody or homage. However, on rare occasion, the humor of such crossovers can be used by one show make a narrative point by capitalizing on the audience's experience of the other program.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Parodic crossovers can be directly established as being outside the continuity of one or all of the properties being crossed over. A good example is the crossover between "The Simpsons" and "The X-Files", which was largely accepted as being outside standard "X-Files" continuity.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: One episode of "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy" shows that after Mandy smiles, she, along with Billy and Grim, are transformed into The Powerpuff Girls with a cameo by Professor Utonium.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: They can occur by virtue of a dream sequence, in which the characters of one show will appear as part of a dream had by a character on another show. This method was perhaps used most famously to explain to audiences that the entirety of "Newhart" had been the dream of Bob Newhart's character on "The Bob Newhart Show". It has more recently been used to demonstrate that cast members of "The Young and the Restless" appeared in a dream of a character on "The King of Queens".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Parodic crossovers can take the form of "gag" cameos by characters of one property appearing on another. Characters from "King of the Hill" have appeared on "The Simpsons" to comment on a peewee football game. Gag cameos may also include the appearance of an actor from another show, but not necessarily the character that the actor played. For instance, on the ABC/CBS show "Family Matters" during the closing credits of the episode "Scenes From a Mall" (Season 5, Episode 12), a scene which was shown earlier in the episode featuring Reginald VelJohnson is re-played, but this time with one of the child actors stating that he "looks like that fat guy from Fresh Prince," referring to James Avery who played Judge Phillip Banks on NBC's "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". To the obvious surprise of the studio audience and VelJohnson, Avery walked onto the set with an angry look, being in on the staged joke himself. Ended the episode (but with the cameras filming still), VelJohnson and Avery hugged and smilingly greeted the public.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Crossovers of this type can also be completely wordless. This type of crossover is more common on animated programs, such as when Bender found and ate Bart Simpson's shorts on "Futurama", or Milhouse had a talking Bender doll on "The Simpsons". This would seem to be another case when a popular franchise is acknowledged as fiction and not a crossover of the stories.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Perhaps the most obvious parodic crossover is found when characters from two series interact outside "either" series. This occurs most commonly on a sketch comedy show or as a humorous interlude on an award telecast. Such crossovers may sometimes involve the real actors—for example, a sketch on "Royal Canadian Air Farce" saw Yasir and Sarah from "Little Mosque on the Prairie" buying the gas station from "Corner Gas", with many of the characters in the sketch being portrayed by the shows' real actors—although they may also feature one genuine star from the show amid a cast comprised otherwise of the sketch show's own stable of actors. Such crossovers are generally immediately apparent as parodies to the audience—and in no way considered a part of either show's continuity—due to the need for the hosting show to approximate the sets and costumes of the satirized programs quickly and inexpensively. When Patrick Stewart appeared in a ""/"The Love Boat" crossover on "Saturday Night Live", for instance, few "Star Trek" fans would have been fooled by the visual design into believing the event "counted" as an episode of the show. However, there are some cases of this type of parody having some canonical resonance with viewers. For instance, the British charity appeal Comic Relief often contains parodic crossovers of a technically higher quality than the typical sketch show. Many of these "Relief" sketches are produced by the cast and crew of the actual programs being parodied, and hence appear to be "normal" episodes. A good example of this is the sketch, "BallyKissDibley", an 11-minute piece in which the leads of "Ballykissangel" appeared on the sets of "The Vicar of Dibley", alongside most of "Dibley"s cast. Since the sketch derived its humor from all actors remaining in character, the extent to which these parodies "count" as part of either show's canon is more open to interpretation than most sketch crossovers.


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Parodic crossovers can be used to lend verisimilitude to the fictional world of a program. Characters from a fictional television series may appear on a stylized version of an established non-fictional television series, such as game shows or reality shows. These crossovers between celebrity hosts and fictional characters are quite common on situation comedies. "Mama's Family" once appeared on "Family Feud" and the townsfolk of "The Vicar of Dibley" have had their heirlooms valuated on "Antiques Roadshow", for instance. In such cases, it is generally the non-fictional show which ends up being the most satirized, due to a need to compress the experience to its most recognizable elements. However, these crossovers can happen on dramatic television, such as when "Blue Peter" provided narrative exposition on "The Sarah Jane Adventures". Rarely, brief crossovers between two fictional programs can be used for this same purpose. In the episode, "Army of Ghosts", Peggy Mitchell was seen in a fictionalized scene from "EastEnders" in order to demonstrate the degree to which the titular ghosts had permeated the popular culture of "Doctor Who"s Britain. Here, too, time constraints caused the satire of the guest programme ("EastEnders") and not the host program ("Doctor Who").