title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Played from a first person perspective, the three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics and style of play combine elements of the run-and-gun computer game "Doom" with exploration mechanics of "Tomb Raider". Players begin the game in a central hub level, which contains portals to seven other stages. The player must find keys scattered across the stages. When enough keys have been inserted into the lock mechanisms of a hub portal, that level is unlocked. Players explore the large, typically jungle-based levels by jumping, swimming, climbing, crawling, and running.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: One of the player's main objectives is to find pieces of a relic known as the Chronoscepter; there is one piece on each level. In exploring the levels the player fights various enemies such as poachers, gunmen, indigenous warriors, dinosaurs, demons, and insects. "Turok" features 13 weapons plus the Chronoscepter, ranging from a knife and bow to high tech weaponry. All weapons except the knife require ammunition, which is dropped by dead enemies or picked up in the levels. Enemies and boss characters have multiple death animations depending on what body region the player shot. Because items dropped by fallen enemies rapidly disappear, players must engage foes from close range.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: The player character's health is shown as a number at the bottom of the screen. When the player is at full health, the meter reads 100, while dropping to 0 subtracts one life. Gathering "life force" points scattered across the levels increases the player's life count by one for every 100 points accumulated. Players restore their health by picking up powerups, which can increase their health above full. Players may also gain health points by shooting deer or non-threatening wildlife.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: The player assumes control of Tal'Set (Turok), a Native American time-traveling warrior. The mantle of Turok is passed down every generation to the eldest male. Each Turok is charged with protecting the barrier between Earth and the Lost Land, a primitive world where time has no meaning. The Lost Land is inhabited by a variety of creatures, from dinosaurs to aliens. An evil overlord known as the Campaigner seeks an ancient artifact known as the Chronoscepter, a weapon so powerful that it was broken into pieces to prevent it from falling into the wrong hands. The Campaigner plans on using a focusing array to magnify the Chronoscepter's power, destroying the barriers that separate the ages of time and rule the universe. Turok vows to find the Chronoscepter's eight pieces and prevent the Campaigner's schemes.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Turok originally appeared in comics from Western Publishing and Dell Comics in December 1954. Valiant Comics revived the series and published the first issue of their "Turok" series in 1993. Video game publisher Acclaim Entertainment bought Valiant for $65 million in 1994 and acquired developer Iguana Entertainment for $5 million plus stock a year later, part of a strategy to develop games in-house and make money licensing characters in different entertainment media. "Turok" was announced in August 1994 as an exclusive title for Nintendo's planned "Ultra 64" console, eventually called the Nintendo 64.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Development of "Turok" commenced in 1996. The game was developed by a 15 person team. While loosely based on the comic book, Iguana made the game more action-oriented. In early discussions about the project the developers decided that the typical side-scrolling game presentation had become tired. Iguana considered a third-person perspective similar to "Super Mario 64" and "Tomb Raider", but decided to make the game a first-person shooter instead. According to project manager David Dienstbier, the first-person perspective was a natural way to showcase the 3D power of the Nintendo 64. While the development team benefited from Acclaim's clout as a longtime Nintendo supporter, getting earlier feedback from the publisher and more face-to-face time during production, most of the developers at Iguana were new and inexperienced; "Turok" was Dienstbier's first title. Due to the game's action and violent content, Dienstbier believed they were pushing the limits of what Nintendo would allow on their console, but Nintendo never asked to see or approve anything in the game.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: The Nintendo 64 platform had superior processing capabilities compared to most personal computers available at the time, but also came with challenges. "The [Nintendo 64] is capable of doing a lot of stuff," Dienstbier said. "If you want to handle fancy particle lighting, and transparency effects, and you want to throw around huge amounts of math ... or geometry onscreen, it's got the processing power to do that, and yes it's a fantastic machine. However, calling it a developer's dream kinda gives you the impression that it's easy to crank out a game like "Turok", and it's definitely not." While Nintendo was supportive, Iguana had to produce all its game development tools internally. Fitting the game on its 8 MB cartridge was difficult; ultimately, Iguana had to compress everything and reduce the quality of the music to meet size requirements. Despite system constraints the developers were interested in producing the best-looking video game for the system: the game used real-time lighting effects and particle systems for added realism. Iguana was able to use Acclaim's state-of-the-art motion capture studio, allowing humanoid characters to move smoothly and in a convincing manner; motion capture helped alleviate the problems of Iguana's limited resources and tight schedule. A stuntman recorded movements for the human characters; while the developers tried to use emus and ostriches for the dinosaurs, the results were only used as reference material.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: At the time, Acclaim Entertainment was in financial jeopardy. The company was a major publisher in the 16 bit era of games, but the company's sales suffered as it was slow to migrate from older game systems like the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System to next-generation platforms. The company lost $222 million in the 1996 fiscal year due to sales falling to $162 million compared to $567 million the previous year; in the first quarter of fiscal 1997, the company lost a further $19 million. The company laid off 100 of its 950 workers since March 1996 and its stock had dropped from a high of $13.875 a share to as low as $3. "Turok", Acclaim's first Nintendo 64 title, became the company's best hope of a turnaround, as there were only ten Nintendo 64 games on the market, and "Turok" was the only shooter. "Turok" was the only major Nintendo 64 software demonstrated at the September 1996 European Computer Trade Show, with Nintendo themselves absent from the show. Alex. Brown Inc analysts figured that selling one million copies of "Turok" could bring Acclaim as much as $45 million. Due to cash flow issues, much of the money planned for marketing "Turok" was contingent on strong sales of "". Endangering "Turok"s sales was its high price—$79.99 in the US, £70 in the UK, and $129.95 in Australia—and Entertainment Software Rating Board's "mature" rating, which suggested lower sales as parents would not buy the game for their children.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Originally slated for a September 30, 1996, release in North America, the game was initially delayed to January 1997. Acclaim explained that the game had not reached the desired quality level; Nintendo maintained that the delay was to "add more depth to the gameplay". According to "The New York Times", the delay stemmed from computer bugs in the program. Acclaim heavily marketed "Turok" on the covers of video-gaming magazines and in television commercials for the Nintendo 64. Acclaim gave media outlets such as "The Mirror" customized "Turok"-branded game consoles to give away in sweepstakes. Responding to positive pre-orders and advance sales of "Turok", Acclaim announced on January 2, 1997, that a sequel, tentatively titled "", would be released in late 1997. Acclaim dubbed the March 4 release date of the game "Turok Tuesday", reporting that pre-sales at Toys "R" Us had exceeded expectations. Acclaim stock increased in anticipation before the game's release, up $0.62 to $5.94.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: "Turok" was a critical and commercial success, earning rave reviews from video game magazines and becoming the most popular title for the Nintendo 64 in the months following its release. On the aggregate review web site Metacritic, the console version of "Turok" has an 85% rating, based on scores from thirteen contemporary and recent reviews.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Douglass Perry of the multimedia website IGN compared "Turok" favorably to other first person shooters, saying that the title distinguished itself by allowing a level of 3D movement not possible in other members of the genre. Scary Larry of "GamePro", who gave "Turok" a perfect score in all four categories (control, funfactor, graphics, and sound), similarly said "Turok has more firepower, more control over its environment, and more gruesome graphics than other corridor shooters." While agreeing that the game offers greater freedom of movement, a "Next Generation" reviewer opined that first-person platforming does not work since the player cannot see their character. He found this strongly contrasted with the game's "top notch" shooting elements. "The Australian"s Steve Polak wrote that while "Turok" was highly derivative, the game was evidence of the evolution of the genre, offering more graphics and gameplay options. Video game magazine "Edge" said that "Turok" contradicted the prevailing notion at the time that only Nintendo could create superior games for the console. In contrast, William Burrill of "The Toronto Star" wrote that "Turok" offered nothing new if players had tried a first-person shooter before, and "Next Generation Online" said that its similar gameplay essentially made the game "a very pretty "Duke Nukem"". The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" remarked that while the graphics and animation are stunning, the controls and level design are lacking. Speaking to Shacknews in 2007, Propaganda Games's Josh Holmes said that while "GoldenEye 007" is commonly considered the standard-setting console shooter, "Turok" pioneered the console shooter first by offering open environments and deviating from the corridor-based shooters that were the standard until then.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Reviewers found that "Turok"s controls generally worked well. Perry, Scary Larry, and "Next Generation" all noted that while many players would not initially like using the Nintendo 64's analog stick for weapon movement, they would become adept at the control scheme. The "Electronic Gaming Monthly" review team, however, said they wished the controls could be reconfigured to a scheme that was easier to master. Polak wrote that the joystick let players aim with a remarkable amount of precision. George Mannes of "The Daily News" found the controls to be easy to learn and simple to keep track of in comparison to PC shooters, but said the joystick control could be disorienting: "the only problem is when you look up in the air and make the slightest twitch to the left or the right, you can end up like a tourist staring up at the Empire State Building and whirling like a dervish," he wrote. Reviewers found that the game's included tutorial helped players adapt to the controls.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Critics lauded "Turok"s graphics; while giving the rest of the game a tepid response, Burrill and the "EGM" team both rated the visuals highly. Polak said that the game proved the supremacy of the Nintendo 64's graphics in the console market. Translucent water, destructible trees and lens flares were among the graphical details praised by reviewers. "The Washington Post"s Tom Ham said that "equally impressive" as the environmental detail were the "true-to-life" animations. "Blow away a baddie and he'll grab his throat, blood splatting, and then fall to the ground, still convulsing," Ham wrote. "How can you put a price on that?" Scary Larry agreed that the gruesome death animations are a highlight of the all-around impressive graphics. The level of gore and blood in the game lead reviewers such as Scary Larry, "The Times"s Tim Wapshott, and "The Washington Times"s Joseph Szadkowski to caution against letting children play the game. GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann noted that the graphics came at a price; if more than a few enemies appeared on screen at the same time, the game's frame rate would slow down. Gerstmann wrote that the distance fog used to reduce the slowdown was a "neat effect" as enemies would appear out of the mist "fangs first", although it masked the console's limitations. Perry commented that the inability to look into the distance forced players to rely on the game map. "Next Generation" said that while "Turok" was overall probably the best-looking Nintendo 64 game to date, the limited texture palette causes all the environments to appear similar, making the game disorienting despite the map.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: The PC port was not as well received. Colin Williamson commented in "PC Gamer" that the game's popularity on the Nintendo 64 could in part be attributed to the shortage of games for the system at the time. Like "Next Generation", he said that while the graphics are impressive, the limited textures and constant fog make the game disorienting, and first-person platform jumping does not work. He added that the game's problems are compounded on PC because the conversion failed to add on features that PC gamers take for granted, such as a multiplayer mode and ability to save at any point. "GameSpot"s Tim Soete likewise criticized the PC version's retention of the problems and checkpoint-based save system of the Nintendo 64 version, though he had an overall positive reaction to the game, calling it "a technically arresting adventure." Steve Bauman of "Computer Games Magazine" reviewed the PC version and said that while it was an excellent port, the game itself was inferior to other shooters such as "Quake".


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Worldwide sales of "Turok: Dinosaur Hunter" surpassed $60 million in late June 1997, and accounted for 45% of Acclaim's revenues in the fiscal quarter in which the game was released. The game also held the top spot for video game rentals for seven weeks consecutively. Acclaim re-issued the game for the 1997 holiday season due to its sales potential for the increased console player base. "Turok" was later named a Nintendo "Player's Choice" title in 1998—the only third-party Nintendo 64 game to be featured at the time—and ultimately sold about 1.5 million units. The game generated $200 million in revenue worldwide by 1998.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: "NGC Magazine" wrote that "Turok" changed perceptions of a Nintendo console: "On a machine from a company that had long specialised in primary colours and family fun, the last thing anyone anticipated was the kind of cutting-edge first-person shooter that was previously the sole preserve of expensive gaming PCs." Not only did "Turok" change this, but it established a "system-selling franchise" that persisted even after the N64 was replaced. In addition to "Turok", the "Turok" franchise includes five other games: "" (1998), "" (1999), "" (2000), "" (2002), and "Turok" (2008).


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Following the game's success, Sculptured Software (another of Acclaim's internal studios) conducted tests to see if "Turok: Dinosaur Hunter" could be faithfully converted to the PlayStation. A Game.com version was announced, and early screenshots of it circulated in the press, but it was never released. In February 2017, the source code of the N64 version was sold on eBay for $2551.99 which was found on a SGI Silicon Graphics Indy development machine which originated from the Acclaim Entertainment liquidation.


title: Turok: Dinosaur Hunter

text: Nightdive Studios produced a remastered version of the game, along with "Turok 2", for the PC. The game includes improved graphics as well as "other improvements" based on the original PC ports of the titles. The remaster was released in digital stores on December 17, 2015. The remaster was later released for the Xbox One and Nintendo Switch consoles.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: Remment Lucas Koolhaas (; born 17 November 1944) is a Dutch architect, architectural theorist, urbanist and Professor in Practice of Architecture and Urban Design at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University. He is often cited as a representative of Deconstructivism and is the author of "Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan".


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: He is seen by some as one of the significant architectural thinkers and urbanists of his generation, by others as a self-important iconoclast. In 2000, Rem Koolhaas won the Pritzker Prize. In 2008, "Time" put him in their top 100 of "The World's Most Influential People". He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2014.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: Remment Koolhaas was born on 17 November 1944 in Rotterdam, Netherlands, to Anton Koolhaas (1912–1992) and Selinde Pietertje Roosenburg (born 1920). His father was a novelist, critic, and screenwriter. His maternal grandfather, Dirk Roosenburg (1887–1962), was a modernist architect who worked for Hendrik Petrus Berlage, before opening his own practice. Rem Koolhaas has a brother, Thomas, and a sister, Annabel. His paternal cousin was the architect and urban planner Teun Koolhaas (1940–2007). The family lived consecutively in Rotterdam (until 1946), Amsterdam (1946–1952), Jakarta (1952–1955), and Amsterdam (from 1955).


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: His father strongly supported the Indonesian cause for autonomy from the colonial Dutch in his writing. When the war of independence was won, he was invited over to run a cultural programme for three years and the family moved to Jakarta in 1952. "It was a very important age for me," Koolhaas recalls "and I really lived as an Asian."


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: In 1969, Koolhaas co-wrote "The White Slave", a Dutch film noir, and later wrote an unproduced script for American soft-porn king Russ Meyer.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: He was a journalist in 1963 at age 19 for the "Haagse Post" before starting studies in architecture in 1968 at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, followed, in 1972, by further studies with Oswald Mathias Ungers at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, followed by studies at the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York City.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: Koolhaas first came to public and critical attention with OMA (The Office for Metropolitan Architecture), the office he founded in 1975 together with architects Elia Zenghelis, Zoe Zenghelis and (Koolhaas's wife) Madelon Vriesendorp in London. They were later joined by one of Koolhaas's students, Zaha Hadid – who would soon go on to achieve success in her own right. An early work which would mark their difference from the then dominant postmodern classicism of the late 1970s, was their contribution to the Venice Biennale of 1980, curated by Italian architect Paolo Portoghesi, titled "Presence of the Past". Each architect had to design a stage-like "frontage" to a Potemkin-type internal street; the façades by , Frank Gehry and OMA were the only ones that did not employ Post-Modern architecture motifs or historical references.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: Other early critically received (yet unbuilt) projects included the Parc de la Villette, Paris (1982) and the residence for the Prime Minister of Ireland (1979), as well as the Kunsthal in Rotterdam (1992). These schemes would attempt to put into practice many of the findings Koolhaas made in his book "Delirious New York" (1978), which was written while he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York, directed by Peter Eisenman.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: Koolhaas's book "Delirious New York" set the pace for his career. Koolhaas analyzes the "chance-like" nature of city life: "The City is an addictive machine from which there is no escape" "Rem Koolhaas...defined the city as a collection of 'red hot spots'." (Anna Klingmann). As Koolhaas himself has acknowledged, this approach had already been evident in the Japanese Metabolist Movement in the 1960s and early 1970s.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: A key aspect of architecture that Koolhaas interrogates is the "Program": with the rise of modernism in the 20th century the "Program" became the key theme of architectural design. The notion of the Program involves "an act to edit function and human activities" as the pretext of architectural design: epitomised in the maxim form follows function, first popularised by architect Louis Sullivan at the beginning of the 20th century. The notion was first questioned in "Delirious New York", in his analysis of high-rise architecture in Manhattan. An early design method derived from such thinking was "cross-programming", introducing unexpected functions in room programmes, such as running tracks in skyscrapers. More recently, Koolhaas unsuccessfully proposed the inclusion of hospital units for the homeless into the Seattle Public Library project (2003).


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: Koolhaas' next publications were a by-product of his position as professor at Harvard University, in the Design school's "Project on the City"; firstly the 720-page "Mutations", followed by "The Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping" (2002) and "The Great Leap Forward" (2002).


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: All three books published student work analysing what others would regard as "non-cities", sprawling conglomerates such as Lagos in Nigeria, west Africa, which the authors argue are highly functional despite a lack of infrastructure. The authors also examine the influence of shopping habits and the recent rapid growth of cities in China. Critics of the books have criticised Koolhaas for being cynical, – as if Western capitalism and globalization demolish all cultural identity – highlighted in the notion expounded in the books that "In the end, there will be little else for us to do but shop". Perhaps such caustic cynicism can be read as a "realism" about the transformation of cultural life, where airports and even museums (due to finance problems) rely just as much on operating gift shops. It does, however, demonstrate one of the architect's characteristic devices for deflecting criticism: attack the client or subject of study after completing the work.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: When it comes to transforming these observations into practice, Koolhaas mobilizes what he regards as the omnipotent forces of urbanism into unique design forms and connections organised along the lines of present-day society. Koolhaas continuously incorporates his observations of the contemporary city within his design activities: calling such a condition the ‘culture of congestion’. Again, shopping is examined for "intellectual comfort", whilst the unregulated taste and densification of Chinese cities is analysed according to "performance", a criterion involving variables with debatable credibility: density, newness, shape, size, money etc.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: In 2003, "Content", a 544-page magazine-style book designed by &&& Creative and published by Koolhaas, gives an overview of the last decade of OMA projects including his designs for the Prada shops, the Seattle Public Library, a plan to save Cambridge from Harvard by rechanneling the Charles River, Lagos' future as Earth's third-biggest city, as well as interviews with Martha Stewart and Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: In 2005, Rem Koolhaas co-founded "Volume Magazine" together with Mark Wigley and Ole Bouman. "Volume Magazine" – the collaborative project by Archis (Amsterdam), AMO and C-lab (Columbia University NY) – is a dynamic experimental think tank devoted to the process of spatial and cultural reflexivity. It goes beyond architecture's definition of ‘making buildings’ and reaches out for global views on architecture and design, broader attitudes to social structures, and creating environments to live in. The magazine stands for a journalism which detects and anticipates, is proactive and even pre-emptive – a journalism which uncovers potentialities, rather than covering done deals.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: Indeed, online marketing and propaganda has been a hallmark of OMA's rise in the current century. It has also led to pointed criticism, such as the critique by "New York Magazine" critic Justin Davidson, who found the 2020 Guggenheim exhibition "Countryside, the Future" "mildly amusing if it weren’t such terrible waste — of attention, of gallery square footage, of resources, talent, and expertise. Bored with being an architect and building things, Koolhaas lets his fingertips graze important topics, genuine insights, and actual lives. He treats them all as ironic bric-a-brac, meaningless souvenirs of his meanderings through a fragile world. How frustrating that the Guggenheim couldn’t force a little more intellectual rigor on this romp."


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: With his Prada projects, Koolhaas ventured into providing architecture for the fleeting world of fashion and with celebrity-studded cachet: not unlike Garnier's Opera, the central space of Koolhaas' Beverly Hills Prada store is occupied by a massive central staircase, ostensibly displaying select wares, but mainly the shoppers themselves. The notion of selling a brand rather than marketing clothes was further emphasised in the Prada store on Broadway in Manhattan, New York, which had previously been owned by the Guggenheim: the museum signs were not removed during the outfitting of the new store, as if emphasizing the premises as a cultural institution. The Broadway Prada store opened in December 2001, cost €32 million to build, and has 2,300 square meters of retail space.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: Probably the most costly and celebrated OMA projects of the new century were the massive Central China Television Headquarters Building in Beijing, China, and the new building for the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, the equivalent of the NASDAQ in China.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: In his design for the new CCTV Headquarters in Beijing (2009), Koolhaas did not opt for the stereotypical skyscraper, often used to symbolise and landmark such government enterprises; he patented a "horizontal skyscraper" in the U.S. The building, popularly called "The Big Pants" by Beijing residents, was designed as a series of volumes which attempt to tie together the numerous departments onto the nebulous site, but also introduce routes (again, the concept of cross-programming) for the general public through the site, allowing them some degree of access to the production procedure. An unfortunate incident that highlighted the folly of the circulation scheme (no effective fire egress for people on the upper floors), was the construction fire that nearly destroyed the building and a nearby hotel in 2009.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: In February 2020, his exhibition "Countryside,The Future" opened at the Guggenheim in New York City. The exhibition closed within a month, after New York City closed all its major art institutions in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic.


title: Rem Koolhaas

text: Koolhaas was previously married to Madelon Vriesendorp, an artist who is the mother of his two children, Charlie, a photographer, and Tomas, a filmmaker. Koolhaas divorced Vriesendorp in 2012. He has known his current partner Petra Blaisse, an interior and landscape designer, since 1986.


title: 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals will be the final tournament of the 2022–23 edition of the UEFA Nations League, the third season of the international football competition involving the men's national teams of the 55 member associations of UEFA. The tournament will be held from 14 to 18 June 2023 in the Netherlands, and will be contested by the four group winners of Nations League A. The tournament will consist of two semi-finals, a third place play-off and final to determine the champions of the UEFA Nations League.


title: 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: France are the defending champions, having won the 2021 finals. However, they finished third in their group and are unable to defend their title.


title: 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The Nations League Finals will take place in June 2023 and will be contested by the four group winners of League A. The four teams were each drawn into a five-team group (rather than a six-team group) for the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying group stage, thereby leaving the June 2023 window available for the Nations League Finals.


title: 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The Nations League Finals will take place over five days and be played in single-leg knockout matches, consisting of two semi-finals on 14 and 15 June (the first of which features the host team), and a third place play-off and final three days after the second semi-final on 18 June 2023. The semi-final pairings will be determined by means of an open draw. All matches in the tournament will utilise the goal-line technology and video assistant referee (VAR) systems.


title: 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The Netherlands was confirmed as the host country by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting on 29 November 2022. Only League A teams could bid for the Nations League Finals, and only one of the four participants is selected as hosts. UEFA requires the tournament to be played at two Category 4 stadiums, each with at least 30,000 net seating capacity. The stadiums were to ideally be located in the same host city or up to approximately apart. UEFA envisioned the larger of the stadiums to host the first semi-final (featuring the host team) and the final. The bidding timeline was as follows:


title: 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: On 13 April 2022, UEFA announced that Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland and Wales had declared interest in hosting the tournament. As all four associations form Group A4, the group winner is in line to be appointed as the host, provided that the associations submit bids which meet UEFA's requirements. Poland and Wales were unable to win Group A4 following their results on 14 June 2022, leaving Belgium and the Netherlands as potential hosts. On 25 September 2022, the Netherlands won Group A4 over Belgium and advanced to the Nations League Finals, thereby automatically winning hosting rights, which were confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee on 29 November 2022.


title: 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: De Kuip in Rotterdam and De Grolsch Veste in Enschede were confirmed as the venues for the tournament on 29 November 2022. Other potential stadiums, such as the Johan Cruyff Arena in Amsterdam (the largest in the country) and the Philips Stadion in Eindhoven, were both unavailable for the tournament due to previously scheduled concerts.


title: 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The semi-finals pairings will be determined by means of an open draw on 25 January 2023, 11:00 CET, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. For scheduling purposes, the host team was allocated to the first semi-final as the administrative home team. The administrative home team for both the third place play-off and final were predetermined as the teams which advanced from semi-final 1.


title: 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: Each national team has to submit a squad of 23 players, three of whom have to be goalkeepers, at least ten days before the opening match of the tournament. If a player becomes injured or ill severely enough to prevent his participation from the tournament before his team's first match, he will be replaced by another player.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The 1838 Mormon War, also known as the Missouri Mormon War, was a conflict between Mormons and non-Mormons in Missouri from August to November 1838, the first of the three "Mormon Wars".


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Members of the Latter Day Saint movement, founded by Joseph Smith, had gradually migrated from New York to northwestern Missouri since 1831, mainly settling in Jackson County, where tensions with non-Mormon residents led to episodes of anti-Mormon violence. The Mormons were evicted from Jackson County in 1833 and resettled in new counties nearby, where tensions grew again and attempts to evict them resumed. On August 6, 1838, the war began following a brawl at an election in Gallatin, resulting in increased organized violence between Mormons and non-Mormons backed by the Missouri Volunteer Militia in northwestern Missouri. The Battle of Crooked River in late October led to Lilburn Boggs, the Governor of Missouri, issuing the Missouri Executive Order 44, ordering the Mormons to leave Missouri or be killed. On November 1, 1838, Smith surrendered at Far West, the church's headquarters, ending the war. Smith was charged for treason but escaped custody and fled to Illinois with the remainder of the estimated 10,000 Missouri Mormons, establishing the new settlement of Nauvoo.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: During the conflict, 22 people were killed (three Mormons and one non-Mormon at Battle of Crooked Creek, one Mormon prisoner fatally injured while in custody, and 17 Mormons at Haun’s Mill), and an unknown number of non-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri. All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor to the east and northeast of Kansas City.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Shortly after what Mormons consider to be the restoration of the gospel in 1830, Smith stated that he had received a revelation that the Second Coming of Christ was near, that the City of Zion would be near the town of Independence in Jackson County, Missouri, and that his followers were destined to inherit the land held by the current settlers.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: If ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is now the land of your enemies.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Smith's followers, commonly known as Mormons, began to settle in Jackson County in 1831 to "build up" the city of Zion. Tensions built up between the rapidly growing Mormon community and the earlier settlers for a number of reasons:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: These tensions led to harassment and mob violence against the Mormon settlers. In October 1833, anti-Mormon mobs drove the Mormons from Jackson County.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: At that time, opponents of the Mormons used a pattern that would be repeated four times, culminating in the expulsion of the Mormons from the entire state. Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson county resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and assist in executing the tactics described by one Mormon historian:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: In 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and next force a gunbarrel contract to abandon the county before spring planting...anti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to self-defense, which was immediately labeled as an "insurrection", and was put down by the activated militia of the county. Once Latter-day Saints were disarmed, mounted squads visited Mormon settlements with threats and enough beatings and destruction of homes to force flight.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Forcefully deprived of their homes and property, the Latter-day Saints temporarily settled in the area around Jackson County, especially in Clay County.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Mormon petitions and lawsuits failed to bring any satisfaction: the non-Mormons in Jackson refused to allow the Mormons to return and reimbursement for confiscated and damaged property was refused. In 1834, Mormons attempted to effect a return to Jackson County with a quasi-military expedition known as Zion's Camp, but this effort also failed when the governor failed to provide the expected support.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: New converts to Mormonism continued to relocate to Missouri and settle in Clay County. Tensions rose in Clay County as the Mormon population grew. In an effort to keep the peace, Alexander William Doniphan of Clay County pushed a law through the Missouri legislature that created Caldwell County, Missouri, specifically for Mormon settlement in 1836. Mormons had already begun buying land in the proposed Caldwell County, including areas that were carved off to become parts of Ray and Daviess Counties. They had also founded the Caldwell County town of Far West as their Missouri headquarters.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Once they were established in a county of their own, a period of relative peace ensued. According to an article in the "Elders' Journal" – a Latter Day Saint newspaper published in Far West – "The Saints here are at perfect peace with all the surrounding inhabitants, and persecution is not so much as once named among them..."


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Friendship began to be restored between (the Mormons) and their neighbors, the old prejudices were fast dying away, and they were doing well, until the summer of 1838


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: In 1837, problems at the church's headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio, centering on the Kirtland Safety Society bank, led to schism. The church relocated from Kirtland to Far West, which became its new headquarters. Mormon settlement increased as hundreds of members from Kirtland and elsewhere poured into Missouri. Mormons established new colonies outside of Caldwell County, including Adam-ondi-Ahman in Daviess County and De Witt in Carroll County.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan), these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. Mormons felt that the compromise only excluded major settlements in Clay County and Ray County, not Daviess County and Carroll County.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell County as a political and economic threat. In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly balanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: At the same time, a leadership struggle between the church presidency and Missouri leaders led to the excommunication of several high-placed Mormon leaders, including Oliver Cowdery (one of the Three Witnesses and the church's original "second elder"), David Whitmer (another of the Three Witnesses and Stake President of the Missouri Church), as well as John Whitmer, Hiram Page, William Wines Phelps and others.I These "dissenters", as they came to be called, owned a significant amount of land in Caldwell County, much of which was purchased when they were acting as agents for the church. Possession became unclear and the dissenters threatened the church with lawsuits.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The presidency responded by urging the dissenters to leave the county, using strong words that the dissenters interpreted as threats. In his famous Salt Sermon, Sidney Rigdon announced that the dissenters were as salt that had lost its savor and that it was the duty of the faithful to cast the dissenters out to be trodden beneath the feet of men.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: At the same time Mormons, including Sampson Avard, began to organize a secret society known as the Danites, whose purposes included obeying the church presidency "right or wrong" and expelling the dissenters from Caldwell County. Two days after Rigdon preached his Salt Sermon, 80 prominent Mormons, including Hyrum Smith, signed the so-called Danite Manifesto, which warned the dissenters to "depart or a more fatal calamity shall befall you". On June 19, the dissenters and their families fled to neighboring counties where their complaints fanned anti-Mormon sentiment.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: On July 4, Rigdon gave an oration, which was characterized by Mormon historian Brigham Henry Roberts as a Declaration of Independence' from all mobs and persecutions". The text of this speech was endorsed by Joseph Smith, who appeared at the event and participated in the raising of a liberty pole.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: In the speech, Rigdon declared that the Latter-day Saints would no longer be driven from their homes by persecution from without or dissension from within, and that if enemies came again to drive out the Saints, "And that mob that comes on us to disturb us, it shall be between us and them a war of extermination; for we will follow them until the last drop of their blood is spilled; or else they will have to exterminate us, for we will carry the seat of war to their own houses and their own families, and one party or the other shall be utterly destroyed".


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The "Election Day Battle at Gallatin" was a skirmish between Mormon and non-Mormon settlers in the newly formed Daviess County, Missouri, on August 6, 1838.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: William Peniston, a candidate for the state legislature, made disparaging statements about the Mormons, calling them "horse-thieves and robbers", and warned them not to vote in the election. Reminding Daviess County residents of the growing electoral power of the Mormon community, Peniston made a speech in Gallatin claiming that if the Missourians "suffer such men as these [Mormons] to vote, you will soon lose your suffrage." Around 200 non-Mormons gathered in Gallatin on election day to prevent Mormons from voting.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: When about thirty Latter Day Saints approached the polling place, a Missourian named Dick Weldon declared that in Clay County the Mormons had not been allowed to vote, "no more than negroes". One of the Mormons present, Samuel Brown, claimed that Peniston's statements were false and then declared his intention to vote. This triggered a brawl between the bystanders.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: At the start of the brawl, Mormon John Butler let out a call, "Oh yes, you Danites, here is a job for us!" which rallied the Mormons and allowed them to drive off their opponents.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: A number of Missourians left the scene to obtain guns and ammunition and swore that they would "kill all the Saints they could find, or drive them out of Daviess County, sparing neither men, women or children". The crowd dispersed, and the Mormons returned to their homes.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Rumors among both parties spread that there were casualties in the conflict. When Joseph Smith and volunteers rode to Adam-ondi-Ahman to assess the situation, they discovered there were no truths to the rumors.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: When the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. They asked if the rumor was true and demanded that he sign a document disavowing any connection to the vigilance committees. Black refused, but after meeting with Smith, he wrote and signed a document stating that he "is not attached to any mob, nor will attach himself to any such people, and so long as they [the Mormons] will not molest me, I will not molest them." Black later confirmed that he had felt threatened by the large number of hostile armed men.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The Mormons also visited Sheriff William Morgan and several other leading Daviess County citizens, also forcing some of them to sign statements disavowing any ties to the vigilance committees.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: At a meeting at Lyman Wight's home between leading Mormons and non-Mormons, both sides agreed not to protect anyone who had broken the law and to surrender all offenders to the authorities. With peace restored, Smith's group returned to Caldwell County.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Black and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants. On September 7, Smith and Lyman Wight appeared before Judge Austin A. King to answer the charges. King found that there was sufficient evidence to have the defendants appear before a grand jury on misdemeanor charges.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: In the spring of 1838, Henry Root, a non-Mormon who was a major land-owner in Carroll County, visited Far West and sold his plots in the mostly vacant town of De Witt to church leaders. De Witt possessed a strategically important location near the intersection of the Grand River and the Missouri River. Two members of the Far West High Council, George M. Hinkle and John Murdock, were sent to take possession of the town and to begin to colonize it.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: On July 30, citizens of Carroll County met in Carrollton to discuss the Mormon colonization of De Witt. The question of whether or not Mormons should be allowed to settle in the county was placed on the August 6 ballot; a heavy majority favored expulsion of the Mormons. A committee sent to De Witt ordered the Latter-day Saints to leave. Hinkle and Murdock refused, citing their right as American citizens to settle where they pleased.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Sentiment among the anti-Mormon segment of Carroll County's population hardened, and some began to take up arms. On August 19, 1838, Mormon settler Smith Humphrey reports that 100 armed men led by Colonel William Claude Jones took him prisoner for two hours and threatened him and the rest of the Mormon community.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Initial reaction by Missourians was mixed. While Mormons were viewed as deluded or worse, many Missourians agreed with the sentiment expressed in the Southern Advocate:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: By what color of propriety a portion of the people of the State, can organize themselves into a body, independent of the civil power, and contravene the general laws of the land by preventing the free enjoyment of the right of citizenship to another portion of the people, we are at a loss to comprehend.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: As tensions built in Daviess County, other counties began to respond to Carroll County's request for assistance in expelling the Mormons from their county. Citizens in Saline, Howard, Jackson, Chariton, Ray, and other nearby counties organized vigilance committees sympathetic to the Carroll County expulsion party.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Some isolated Mormons in outlying areas also came under attack. In Livingston County, a group of armed men forced Asahel Lathrop from his home, where they held his ill wife and children prisoner. Lathrop wrote "I was to leave my home my house was thronged with a company of armed men consisting of fourteen in number and they abusing my family in every form that in the shape of human could invent." After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). Lathrop's wife and remaining children died shortly after their rescue.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: On September 20, 1838, about one hundred fifty armed men rode into De Witt and demanded that the Mormons leave within ten days. Hinkle and other Mormon leaders informed the men that they would fight. They also sent a request for assistance to Governor Boggs, noting that the mob had threatened "to exterminate them, without regard to age or sex".


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: On October 1, the mob burned the home and stables of Smith Humphrey. The citizens of De Witt sent non-Mormon Henry Root to appeal to Judge King and General Parks for assistance. Later that day, the Carroll County forces sealed off the town.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The besieged town resorted to butchering whatever loose livestock wandered into town in order to avoid starvation while waiting for the militia or the Governor to come to their aid. General Parks arrived with the Ray County militia on October 6, but his order to disperse was ignored by the mob. When his own troops threatened to join the attackers, Parks was forced to withdraw to Daviess County in hopes that the Governor would come to mediate. Parks wrote his superior, General David Rice Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment."


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: On October 9, A C Caldwell returned to De Witt to report that the Governor's response was that the "quarrel was between the Mormons and the mob" and that they should fight it out.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: On the first night of the march out of Carroll County, two Mormon women died. One woman died of exposure, the other (a woman named Jenson) died in childbirth. Several children also became ill during the ordeal and died later.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. He stated that General Parks reported to him that "a portion of the men from Carroll County, with one piece of artillery, are on their march for Daviess County, where it is thought the same lawless game is to be played over, and the Mormons to be driven from that county and probably from Caldwell County." Atchison said further, "I would respectfully suggest to your Excellency the propriety of a visit to the scene of excitement in person, or at all events, a strong proclamation" as the only way to restore peace and the rule of law. Boggs, however, ignored this plea and continued to wait as events unravelled.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Meanwhile, a group of non-Mormons from Clinton, Platte, and other counties began to harass Mormons in Daviess County, burning outlying homes and plundering property. Latter Day Saint refugees began to flee to Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection and shelter against the upcoming winter. Joseph Smith, returning to Far West from De Witt, was informed by General Doniphan of the deteriorating situation. Doniphan already had troops raised to prevent fighting between Mormons and anti-Mormons in Daviess County. On Sunday, October 14, a small company of state militia under the command of Colonel William A. Dunn of Clay County arrived in Far West. Dunn, acting under the orders of Doniphan, continued on to Adam-ondi-Ahman. Although he was sympathetic to the Mormons' plight, Doniphan reminded the Latter-day Saints that the Caldwell County militia could not legally enter Daviess County, and he advised Mormons traveling there to go in small parties and unarmed. Ignoring this counsel, Judge Higby, a Mormon judge in Caldwell County called out the Caldwell militia, led by Colonel George M. Hinkle. Although county officials could only legally act within the county, this judge authorized Hinkle to defend Latter-day Saint settlements in neighboring Daviess County.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Colonel Hinkle and Mormons of the Caldwell County militia were joined by elements of the Danite organization. On October 18, these Mormons began to act as vigilantes and marched under arms in three groups to Daviess County. Lyman Wight took his army and attacked Millport. David W. Patten, also known as Captain Fearnot, attacked Gallatin. Seymour Brunson attacked Grindstone Fork. The Missourians and their families, outnumbered by the Mormons, made their way to neighboring counties.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Having taken control of the Missourian settlements, the Mormons plundered the property and burned the stores and houses. The county seat, Gallatin, is reported to have been "completely gutted" – only one shoe store remained unscathed. Millport, Grindstone Fork and the smaller Missourian settlement of Splawn's Ridge were also plundered and had some houses burned. The plundered goods were deposited in the Bishop's storehouse at Diahman.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: During the days that followed, Latter Day Saint vigilantes under the direction and encouragement of Lyman Wight drove Missourians who lived in outlying farms from their homes, which were similarly plundered and burned. According to one witness, "We could stand in our door and see houses burning every night for over two weeks... the Mormons completely gutted Daviess County. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. Nearly every one was burned."


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The Missourians evicted from their homes were no better prepared than the Mormon refugees had been. After the stress of being expelled from Millport into the snow, Milford Donaho's wife gave birth prematurely, and the child was severely injured during the birth.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Even Missourians who had been friendly to the Mormons were not spared. Jacob Stollings, a Gallatin merchant, was reported to have been generous in selling to Mormons on credit, but his store was plundered and burned with the rest. Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. McBrier's house was among those burned.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. Ironically, as a result of his kindness, he was the only Mormon who was positively identified to have participated in the home burnings. After several non-Mormons made statements to the authorities that Johnson had acted as a moderating influence on the Danites, he was allowed to escape rather than stand trial.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Many Latter Day Saints were greatly troubled by the occurrences. Mormon leader John Corrill wrote, "the love of pillage grew upon them very fast, for they plundered every kind of property they could get a hold of." Some Latter-day Saints claimed that some of the Missourians burned their own homes in order to blame the Mormons. None of these claims, however, purport to be eyewitness accounts. Overwhelmingly, these claims are contradicted by the majority of both Missourian and Latter Day Saint testimony (which implicate the Mormons in the burnings) and also by the evidence of the looted property found in the possession of Latter Day Saints. Even Mormon leader Parley P Pratt conceded that some burnings had been done by Mormons. Based on the available evidence, LeSueur estimates that Mormons were responsible for the burning of fifty homes or shops and the displacement of one hundred non-Mormon families. Millport, which at time was the largest city in the county and the center for trade, never recovered from the Mormon burnings, and became a ghost town.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. Several Mormon homes near Millport were burned and their inhabitants expelled into the snow. Agnes Smith, a sister-in-law of Joseph, was chased from her home with two small children when her home was burned. With one child in each arm, she waded across an icy creek to safety in Adam-ondi-Ahman. Nathan Tanner reported that his militia company rescued another woman and three small children who were hiding in the bushes as their home burned. Other Mormons, fearing similar retribution by the Missourians, gathered into Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Thomas B. Marsh, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church, and fellow Apostle Orson Hyde were alarmed by the events of the Daviess County expedition. On October 19, 1838, the day after Gallatin was burned, Thomas B. Marsh and fellow apostle Orson Hyde left the association of the Church. On October 24, they swore out affidavits concerning the burning and looting in Daviess County. They also reported the existence of the Danite group among the Mormons and repeated a popular rumor that a group of Danites was planning to attack and burn Richmond and Liberty.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Fearing attack, many citizens of Ray County moved their wives and children across the Missouri River for safety. A Militia under the command of Samuel Bogart was authorized by General Atchison to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties known as "Bunkham's Strip" – an unincorporated territory east to west and north to south. Instead of staying in the strip, Bogart passed into southern Caldwell County and began to disarm Mormons. Rumor reached Far West that a Militia unit from Ray County had taken Mormons prisoner and an armed party was quickly assembled to rescue these prisoners and push the Militia out of the county.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: When the Mormons arrived on the scene, the State Militia unit was camped along Crooked River in the Bunkham's Strip just south of Caldwell County. The Mormons divided into three columns led by David W. Patten, Charles C. Rich, and James Durphee. The Missouri Militia had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. The Militia broke ranks and fled across the river. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Militia, only one of whom, Moses Rowland, was killed. On the Mormon side, Gideon Carter was killed in the battle and nine other Mormons were wounded, including Patten, who soon after died from his wounds. According to one Mormon witness, the deaths "threw a gloom over the whole place".


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: News of the battle quickly spread and contributed to an all-out panic in northwestern Missouri. Exaggerated initial reports indicated that nearly all of Bogart's company had been killed. Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the Militia to "prevent further violence". This is how it was explained in a letter to US Army Colonel R. B. Mason of Ft. Leavenworth:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The citizens of Daviess, Carroll, and some other counties have raised mob after mob for the last two months for the purpose of driving a group of mormons from those counties and from the State.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: While the State Militia gathered, Missouri unorganized Militia continued to act on their own, driving Mormons inward to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Meanwhile, exaggerated reports from the Battle of Crooked River made their way to Missouri's governor, Lilburn Boggs. Boggs held strong preconceptions against the Mormons, dating from the time when both he and they had lived in Jackson County. Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he now mustered 2,500 State Militia to put down the Mormon insurrection against the state. Possibly playing on Rigdon's July 4 sermon that talked of a "war of extermination", Boggs issued Missouri Executive Order 44, also known as the "Extermination Order", on October 27, which stated that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace..." The Extermination Order was finally rescinded on June 25, 1976, by Governor Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Agitation against the Latter Day Saints had become particularly fierce in the sparsely settled counties north and east of Caldwell County. Mormon dissenters from Daviess County who had fled to Livingston County reportedly told Livingston County militia under Colonel Thomas Jennings that Mormons were gathering at Haun's Mill to mount a raid into Livingston County. One 19th century Missouri historian noted:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The Daviess County men were very bitter against the Mormons, and vowed the direst vengeance on the entire sect. It did not matter whether or not the Mormons at [Haun's] mill had taken any part in the disturbance which had occurred [in Daviess County]; it was enough that they were Mormons. The Livingston men became thoroughly imbued with the same spirit, and were eager for the raid ... feel[ing] an extraordinary sympathy for the outrages suffered by their neighbors


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Although it had just been issued, it is unlikely that the governor's "Extermination Order" would have already reached these men, and in any event it would not have authorized them to cross into Caldwell County to raid. In addition, none of the participants in the raid cited the order as justification for their actions.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: On October 29, this large vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. When the Missourian raiders approached the settlement on the afternoon of October 30, some 30 to 40 Latter Day Saint families were living or encamped there. Despite an attempt by the Mormons to parley, the mob attacked. Thomas McBride surrendered his rifle to Jacob Rogers, who shot McBride with his own gun. When McBride held out a hand, Rogers cut it off with a corn knife, then may have further mangled his body while McBride was still alive. Other members of the mob opened fire, which sent the Latter-day Saints fleeing in all directions.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: While Mormon women and children scattered and hid in the surrounding woods and nearby homes, Mormon men and boys rallied to defend the settlement. They moved into a blacksmith shop, which they hoped to use as a makeshift defensive fortification. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter". The mob gave no quarter. After most of the defenders in the blacksmith shop had been killed or mortally wounded, some of the Missourians entered to finish the work. Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon"


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: In all, 17 Latter Day Saints were killed in what came to be called the Haun's Mill Massacre. When survivors of the massacre reached Far West, the reports of the savagery of the attack played a significant part in the decision of the Mormons to surrender.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Most Mormons gathered to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection. Major General Samuel D. Lucas marched the state militia to Far West and laid siege to the Mormon headquarters.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Surrounded by the state militia, the mood in besieged Far West was uneasy. Joseph Smith ordered Colonel George M. Hinkle, the head of the Mormon militia in Caldwell County, to ride out and meet with General Lucas to seek terms. According to Hinkle, Smith wanted a treaty with the Missourians "on any terms short of battle". Other Latter Day Saint witnesses remembered that Smith said to "beg like a dog for peace".


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Lucas' terms were severe. The Latter-day Saints were to give up their leaders for trial and to surrender all of their arms. Every Mormon who had taken up arms was to sell his property to pay for the damages to Missourian property and for the muster of the state militia. Finally, the Mormons who had taken up arms were to leave the state. Colonel Hinkle stated that the Latter Day Saints would help bring to justice those Mormons who had violated the law, but he protested that the other terms were illegal and unconstitutional.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Colonel Hinkle rode to the church leaders in Far West and informed them of the offered terms. According to Latter Day Saint witness Reed Peck, when Smith was told that the Mormons would be expected to leave the state, he replied that "he did not care" and that he would be glad to get out of the "damnable state" anyway. Smith and the other leaders rode with Hinkle back to the Missouri militia encampment. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders. Smith believed that Hinkle had betrayed him, but Hinkle maintained his innocence and claimed that he was following Smith's orders. To William Wines Phelps, a fellow Latter-day Saint and witness to the events, Hinkle wrote: "When the facts were laid before Joseph, did he not say, 'I will go'; and did not the others go with him, and that, too, voluntarily, so far as you and I were concerned?"


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Joseph Smith and the other arrested leaders were held overnight under guard in General Lucas' camp, where they were left exposed to the elements.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Hyrum Smith, Brigham Young, and other leaders left at Far West warned the veterans of Crooked River to flee. "If found, they will be shot down like dogs," warned Hyrum.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Joseph Smith Jr attempted to negotiate with Lucas, but it became clear that Lucas considered his conditions to be non-negotiable. At 8:00 am, Joseph sent word to Far West to surrender.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: General Clark made the following speech to the brethren on the public square: "... The orders of the governor to me were, that you should be exterminated, and not allowed to remain in the state, and had your leaders not been given up, and the terms of the treaty complied with, before this, you and your families would have been destroyed and your houses in ashes."


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The Far West militia was marched out of the city and forced to turn over their weapons to General Lucas. The men under the command of Lucas were then allowed to ransack the city to search for weapons. Brigham Young recounts that, once the militia was disarmed, Lucas's men were turned loose on the city:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: [T]hey commenced their ravages by plundering the citizens of their bedding, clothing, money, wearing apparel, and every thing of value they could lay their hands upon, and also attempting to violate the chastity of the women in sight of their husbands and friends, under the pretence of hunting for prisoners and arms. The soldiers shot down our oxen, cows, hogs and fowls, at our own doors, taking part away and leaving the rest to rot in the streets. The soldiers also turned their horses into our fields of corn.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Lucas tried Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders by court martial on November 1, the evening of the surrender. After the court martial, he ordered General Alexander William Doniphan:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: You will take Joseph Smith and the other prisoners into the public square of Far West and shoot them at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: It is cold-blooded murder. I will not obey your order. My brigade shall march for Liberty to-morrow morning, at 8 o'clock, and if you execute those men, I will hold you responsible before an earthly tribunal, so help me God!


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The defendants, consisting of about 60 men including Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon, were turned over to a civil court of inquiry in Richmond under Judge Austin A. King, on charges of treason, murder, arson, burglary, robbery, larceny and perjury. The court of inquiry began November 12, 1838. After the inquiry, all but a few of the Mormon prisoners were released, but Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Lyman Wight, Caleb Baldwin, Hyrum Smith and Alexander McRae were held in the Liberty Jail in Liberty, Clay County on charges of treason against the state, murder, arson, burglary, robbery and larceny.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: During a transfer to another prison in the spring of 1839, Smith escaped. The exact circumstances that allowed for him to escape are not certain. John Whitmer recounts that Smith bribed the guards.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: It is also believed that Smith's imprisonment had become an embarrassment, and that an escape would be convenient for Boggs and the rest of the Missouri political establishment.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Daviess County residents were outraged by the escape of Smith and the other leaders. William Bowman, one of the guards, was dragged by his hair across the town square. Sheriff Morgan was ridden through town on an iron bar, and died shortly afterward from the injuries he suffered during the ride.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: General Clark viewed Executive Order 44 as having been fulfilled by the agreement of the Mormons to evacuate the state the following spring. The militia was disbanded in late November.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Missouri blamed the Mormons for the conflict and forced the Latter-day Saints to sign over all their lands in order to pay for the state militia muster.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Mormon leaders appealed to the state legislature to overturn the requirement that they leave the state, but the legislature tabled the issue until a date well after that when the Mormons would have left the state.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: With the refusal of the Governor or Legislature to intervene, and having surrendered the bulk of their firearms, Mormons were left nearly defenseless to face the mob. Mormon residents were harassed and attacked by angry residents who were no longer restrained by militia officers. Judge Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned "If you once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the first of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you every one, men, women and children."


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Stripped of their property, the Mormons were then given a few months to leave the state. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. When faced with the Mormon refugees from Missouri, the people of Quincy, Illinois, were outraged by the treatment the Mormons had experienced. One resolution passed by the Quincy town council read:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Resolved: That the gov of Missouri, in refusing protection to this class of people when pressed upon by an heartless mob, and turning upon them a band of unprincipled Militia, with orders encouraging their extermination, has brought a lasting disgrace upon the state over which he presides.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Eventually, the large portion of the Mormons regrouped and founded a new city in Illinois which they called Nauvoo.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: When events in Daviess County caused Missourians to see the Mormon community as a violent threat, non-Mormon public opinion hardened in favor of a firm military response. Even militia commanders such as Clark, Doniphan, and Atchison who were sympathetic to the Mormons came to see a military response as the only way to bring the situation under control.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Many of Boggs's constituents felt that he had mis-managed the situation, by failing to intervene earlier in the crisis, and then by overreacting on the basis of partial and incorrect information.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: The "Missouri Argus" published an editorial on December 20, 1838, that public opinion should not permit the Mormons to forcibly be expelled from the state:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: They cannot be driven beyond the limits of the state—that is certain. To do so, would be to act with extreme cruelty. Public opinion has recoiled from a summary and forcible removal of our negro population;—much more likely will it be to revolt at the violent expulsion of two or three thousand souls, who have so many ties to connect them with us in a common brotherhood. If they choose to remain, we must be content. The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. ... The refinement, the charity of our age, will not brook it.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Even people who otherwise would have had no sympathy for the Mormons were appalled by Boggs's Executive Order and the treatment of the Mormons by the mobs. One contemporary critic of the Mormons wrote:


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Mormonism is a monstrous evil; and the only place where it ever did or ever could shine, this side of the world of despair, is by the side of the Missouri mob.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: LeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs's mishandling of the Mormon conflict left him "politically impotent" by the end of his term.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: On May 6, 1842, Boggs was shot in the head at his home three blocks from Temple Lot. Boggs survived, but Mormons came under immediate suspicion especially of the alleged failed assassination attempt by Orrin Porter Rockwell of the Mormon Danites.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Sheriff J.H. Reynolds discovered a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot. He surmised that the perpetrator had fired upon Boggs and lost his firearm in the night when the weapon recoiled due to its unusually large shot. The gun was found to have been stolen from a local shopkeeper, who identified "that hired man of Ward's" as the most likely culprit. Reynolds determined the man in question was Porter Rockwell, a close associate of Joseph Smith. However, Reynolds was unable to capture Rockwell.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: John C. Bennett, a disaffected Mormon, reported that Smith had offered a cash reward to anyone who would assassinate Boggs, and that Smith had admitted to him that Rockwell had done the deed.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Joseph Smith vehemently denied Bennett's account, speculating that Boggs—no longer governor, but campaigning for state senate—was attacked by an election opponent. One historian notes that Governor Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and that there was no particular reason to suspect Rockwell of the crime. Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting.


title: 1838 Mormon War

text: Whatever the case, the following year Rockwell was arrested, tried, and acquitted of the attempted murder, although most of Boggs' contemporaries remained convinced of his guilt. A grand jury was unable to find sufficient evidence to indict him, convinced in part by his reputation as a deadly gunman and his statement that he "never shot "at" anybody, if I shoot they get shot!... He's still alive, ain't he?"


title: Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Message in a Bottle" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. Released by Republic Records, it is the twenty-fifth track on Swift's second re-recorded album, "Red (Taylor's Version)" (2021). The song was written by Swift, Max Martin, and Shellback, the latter of whom also produced the song with Elvira Anderfjärd. It impacted US pop and adult pop radio stations as a single in November 2021.


title: Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Message in a Bottle" is a 1980s-influenced dance-pop and electropop song with synthesizers and a pulsating bass. In reviews of "Red (Taylor's Version)", some critics praised the song's production and likened it to the sound of Swift's 2014 album, "1989", but a few others found the song underwhelming in comparison to other pop tracks on the album. The song reached the top 40 of charts in Australia and Canada. It peaked at number 45 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and entered the top twenty of the Adult Top 40 and Mainstream Top 40 airplay charts.


title: Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)

text: On August 5, 2021, Taylor Swift released a 30-second teaser on social media featuring jumbled letters that, when decoded, revealed the song titles and collaborators from the nine previously unreleased songs to be included on "Red (Taylor's Version)" (2021), her re-recorded version of her 2012 album "Red". One of the nine tracks was "Message in a Bottle", announced shortly afterwards as the twenty-fifth song from the album. It was serviced to US radio as a single in November 12, 2021 coinciding with the album's release. "Billboard" reported that the track was being pushed on US radio stations as a single as soon as November 2021. A remix by Fat Max G was released to digital and streaming services on January 21, 2022.


title: Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Message in a Bottle" is the only one of the nine "From the Vault" songs on "Red (Taylor's Version)" to have been co-written by Martin and Shellback, who worked with Swift on "Red" singles such as "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", "I Knew You Were Trouble", and "22". It was the first song Swift wrote with them. Shellback and Elvira Anderfjärd jointly produced the song, with Shellback playing guitar on the track, while Anderfjärd performs on bass and drums. Both also contributed keyboards to the song. "Message in a Bottle" is set in the key of G major with a tempo of 116 beats per minute. It is a dance, dance-pop, and electropop song with synthesizers and a pulsating bass, with Swift's voice ranging between G and D.


title: Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)

text: Music critics received "Message in a Bottle" with generally positive reviews. Writing for "NME", Hannah Mylrea called the song a "effervescent nugget of pure-pop", saying it was "reminiscent of Carly Rae Jepsen's '80s-influenced record "Emotion"." Paul Bridgewater of "The Line of Best Fit" labeled the track "A-grade Swift", saying that it "would fit easily on "Red"'s follow-up "1989"". "Clash" also noted the "electronic soundscape and pulsing beat" as similar to "1989", writing that "Message in a Bottle" was a "Carly Rae Jepsen-esque offering" from Swift.


title: Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)

text: In "iHeartRadio", Ariel King opined that "while the track maintains the theme of Red, where Swift worked through intense heartache, the upbeat instrumentals within the single just may be the song that bridged her into "1989"." Ranking "Message in a Bottle" third among the nine "Red (Taylor's Version)" that were previously unreleased, "Billboard" writer Jason Lipshutz called the song a "compact, propulsive dance track that carries the same energy (and crackling charm) as the hits that pushed Swift’s sound toward mainstream pop leading into 2014's "1989"".


title: Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)

text: Jonathan Keefe of "Slant Magazine" compared the track's hook to "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" and "Shake It Off", also noting that it did not have "the self-conscious repetitions of those hits". For "Variety", Chris Willman gave the song a 4/5 rating, expressing surprise that the track was initially excluded from "Red", calling it "a strong shot for hit single status" and "thoroughly infectious". However, Willman also stated that "as good as it is, you can imagine almost anyone in pop singing it", calling it "slightly impersonal in a way few of her released songs do".


title: Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Pitchfork"s Olivia Horn gave a lukewarm review, complimenting the glossy production but criticized the track for its "dearth of personality". Laura Snapes from "The Guardian" deemed "Message in a Bottle" generic and inferior compared to "22", another pop song that was included in the original 2012 album.


title: Message in a Bottle (Taylor Swift song)

text: With three days of tracking, "Message in a Bottle" debuted at number 36 on "Billboard"s Adult Top 40 airplay chart dated November 20, 2021, marking Swift's thirty-sixth entry on that chart. It was the most requested song from "Red (Taylor's Version)" across iHeartRadio stations within the album's first release week. It peaked at number 11 on the Adult Top 40, 17 on the Mainstream Top 40, and 45 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In Canada, "Message in a Bottle" was the most added song on pop radio for the week of November 27, 2021; it has since peaked at number 16.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury (born 2 April 1956) is an Indian politician serving as the leader of the Indian National Congress in the 17th Lok Sabha and the Member of Parliament from Berhampore. He is also the current president of West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee following the demise of Somendra Nath Mitra.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: Chowdhury was born on 2 April 1956 to Niranjan and Saroja Bala Chowdhury at Berhampore in Murshidabad district, West Bengal. He studied at I.C. Institute in Berhampore.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: Chowdhury married Arpita Chowdhury on 15 September 1987. They had a daughter, Shreyashi, who died in October 2006. On 9 January 2019, Arpita died. He later married Atashi C Chowdhury.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: Chowdhury joined the Indian National Congress party during the premiership of Rajiv Gandhi. In 1991, he contested the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election from Nabagram constituency. During the polling, he was chased by 300 supporters of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and held hostage by its candidate. Chowdhury lost by a margin of 1,401 votes. In 1996, he was elected from the same constituency. Chowdhury polled 76,852 votes and won by a margin of approximately 20,329 votes.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: Chowdhury contested the 1999 Indian general election from Berhampore constituency. He won by a margin of 95,391 votes and defeated his nearest rival, the sitting MP Pramothes Mukherjee of Revolutionary Socialist Party. Following his success, he was made the Congress president for the Murshidabad district. Between 1999 and 2000, he served as a member of Committee on Information Technology, Railway Convention Committee and Committee to Review the Rate of Dividend Payable by the Railway Undertaking to the General Revenues. Between 2000 and 2004, he served as a member of Consultative Committee of the Ministry of External Affairs. In 2003, under Chowdhury's leadership, the Congress party won 23 out of 33 "zilla parishad" seats, 13 out of 26 "panchayat samitis" and 104 out of 254 village councils in Murshidabad.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: On 28 October 2012 he was inducted in the Union Ministry under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as Minister of State for Railways.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: After taking charge as Minister of State for Railways, he has reviewed the statutes of safety, punctuality and passenger amenities with Board Members and inspected Sealdah, Howrah, Beharampur etc. railway stations to check adequacy of passenger amenities.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: In June 2019, he was selected as Congress leader in Lok Sabha. According to a report in NDTV, Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury was given the job after the party failed to convince Rahul Gandhi.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: On 26 July 2019, Chowdhury was appointed the chairman of Seventeenth Lok Sabha Committee on Public Accounts. The Public Accounts Committee is now constituted every year under Rule 308 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: After passing away of Somen Mitra, the then president of West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee, on 9 September 2020, Chowdhury was appointed the president of West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: On 12 January 2022, Congress leader in the Lok Sabha, Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury wrote to the chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs, Anand Sharma, asking the committee to discuss the "Violative Software Application 'Tek Fog'", in their next meeting.


title: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury

text: On 28 July 2022, he referred to Droupadi Murmu, President of India as "Rashtrapatni" instead of "Rashtrapati". Senior BJP leaders condemned the comment. Later, he apologized by writing a letter to Murmu on 29 July. In the letter he cited slipped tongue and not knowing Hindi properly the reason.


title: Lim Na-young

text: Lim Na-young (; born December 18, 1995), also known as Im Nayoung, known mononymously as Nayoung, is a South Korean singer, rapper and actress signed under Sublime Artist Agency. She was first known after participating in the survival show "Produce 101" and finishing in tenth place, which made her debut as a member of project girl group I.O.I in 2016. The group was only active for less than one year before disbanding in January 2017. Later that year, she returned to Pledis Entertainment and debuted as a member of Pristin in March 2017. In May 2019, Pristin officially disbanded and Lim later parted ways with the agency. She joined Sublime Artist Agency for her solo activities in August 2019.


title: Lim Na-young

text: Lim was born December 18, 1995 in Gwanak District, Seoul, South Korea. She attended the Muhak Girls' High School and later the Dongduk Women's University (Department of Broadcasting).


title: Lim Na-young

text: From January 22 to April 1, 2016, Lim participated in Mnet's survival television show, "Produce 101", which consisted of 101 female trainees from different agencies in South Korea. Five participants from Pledis Entertainment were eliminated and only Lim and Kyulkyung made it to the final line up of I.O.I. She ranked tenth with a total 138,726 votes.


title: Lim Na-young

text: On May 4, I.O.I made their debut with the extended play, "Chrysalis", and its lead single, "Dream Girls".


title: Lim Na-young

text: After the disbandment of I.O.I on January 29, Pledis Entertainment announced that Lim and Kyulkyung would debut as members of Pristin on March 21, 2017. On the same day, Pristin released their debut EP, "Hi! Pristin", accompanied by the lead single, "Wee Woo".


title: Lim Na-young

text: In 2018, Pledis Entertainment formed Pristin's subgroup, Pristin V, with Lim being one of its members. They debuted on May 28 with the single album, "Like a V".


title: Lim Na-young

text: On May 24, 2019, Pristin was officially disbanded and Pledis Entertainment announced that Lim would be departing from the label. On August 22, 2019, she signed an exclusive contract with Sublime Artist Agency. Four days later, she was appointed promotional ambassador for tourist destination Insadong.


title: Lim Na-young

text: Lim starred as a supporting role in "Flower of Evil" playing as the young Do Hae-soo. In 2021, she played her first main role in the web drama "Summer Guys" alongside Kang Mi-na and more. Lim made a soundtrack appearance on "Summer Guys" with "So So" (그냥 그렇다고), released on April 7, 2021. She made her film debut in "Twenty Hacker" and sang the soundtrack, "Not just friends", for the film. On April 15, 2021, Nayoung released two tracks as part of part 4 of "Twenty Hackers" soundtrack with "With All My Heart" (온맘다해) as the title track as well as "Like The Two Of Us" (우리 둘처럼). She played the supporting role for KBS2 drama "Imitation," released on May 7, 2021. She is also set to play the main role of Hyun-ah in KBS1 drama "Over To You".


title: Lim Na-young

text: On May 4, 2021, Lim Na-young and the members of I.O.I celebrated their 5th debut anniversary with a reunion live stream show called "Yes, I Love It!".


title: Lim Na-young

text: In June 2021, Lim confirmed to make her debut in the musical "I Loved You" with a debut in August 2021.


title: Lim Na-young

text: All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti, also known as Domingo or Doménico Scarlatti (26 October 1685-23 July 1757), was an Italian composer. He is classified primarily as a Baroque composer chronologically, although his music was influential in the development of the Classical style. Like his renowned father Alessandro Scarlatti, he composed in a variety of musical forms, although today he is known mainly for his 545 keyboard sonatas. He spent much of his life in the service of the Portuguese and Spanish royal families.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Scarlatti was born in Naples, Kingdom of Naples, belonging to the Spanish Crown. He was born in 1685, the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel. He was the sixth of ten children of the composer and teacher Alessandro Scarlatti. His older brother Pietro Filippo was also a musician.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Scarlatti first studied music under his father. Other composers who may have been his early teachers include Gaetano Greco, Francesco Gasparini, and Bernardo Pasquini, all of whom may have influenced his musical style. Muzio Clementi brought Scarlatti's sonatas into the classical style by editing what is known to be their first publication.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Scarlatti was appointed as a composer and organist at the royal chapel in Naples in 1701. In 1703 he revised Carlo Francesco Pollarolo's opera "Irene" for performance at Naples. Soon after, his father sent him to Venice. After this, nothing is known of his life until 1709, when he went to Rome and entered the service of the exiled Polish queen Marie Casimir. It was there he met Thomas Roseingrave. Scarlatti was already an accomplished harpsichordist; there is a story of a trial of skill with George Frideric Handel at the palace of Cardinal Ottoboni in Rome, where Scarlatti was judged possibly superior to Handel on the harpsichord, although inferior on the organ. Later in life, he was known to cross himself in veneration when speaking of Handel's skill.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: While in Rome, Scarlatti composed several operas for Queen Casimir's private theatre. He was "Maestro di Cappella" at St. Peter's from 1715 to 1719. In 1719 he travelled to London to direct his opera "Narciso" at the King's Theatre.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: According to Vicente Bicchi, Papal Nuncio in Portugal at the time, Scarlatti arrived in Lisbon on 29 November 1719. There he taught music to the Portuguese princess Maria Magdalena Barbara. He left Lisbon on 28 January 1727 for Rome, where he married Maria Caterina Gentili on 6 May 1728. In 1729 he moved to Seville, staying for four years. In 1733, he went to Madrid as a music master to Princess Maria Barbara, who had married into the Spanish royal house. She later became Queen of Spain. Scarlatti remained in Spain for the remaining 25 years of his life and had five children there. After his wife died in 1739, he married a Spaniard, Anastasia Maxarti Ximenes. Among his compositions during his time in Madrid were most of the 555 keyboard sonatas for which he is best known.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Scarlatti befriended the castrato singer Farinelli, a fellow Neapolitan also enjoying royal patronage in Madrid. Musicologist and harpsichordist Ralph Kirkpatrick commented that Farinelli's correspondence provides "most of the direct information about Scarlatti that has transmitted itself to our day".


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Scarlatti died in Madrid at the age of 71. His residence on Calle Leganitos is designated with a historical plaque, and his descendants still live in Madrid. He was buried at a convent there, but his grave no longer exists.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Only a small number of Scarlatti's compositions were published during his lifetime. Scarlatti himself seems to have overseen the publication in 1738 of the most famous collection, his 30 "Essercizi" (Exercises). They were well received throughout Europe and were championed by the foremost English writer on music of the eighteenth century, Charles Burney.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: The many sonatas unpublished during Scarlatti's lifetime have appeared in print irregularly in the past two and a half centuries. He has attracted notable admirers, including Béla Bartók, Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Pieter-Jan Belder, Johann Sebastian Bach, Muzio Clementi, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Carl Czerny, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, Frédéric Chopin, Claude Debussy, Emil Gilels, Francis Poulenc, Olivier Messiaen, Enrique Granados, Marc-André Hamelin, Vladimir Horowitz, Ivo Pogorelić, Scott Ross (the first performer to record all 555 sonatas), Heinrich Schenker, András Schiff and Dmitri Shostakovich.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Scarlatti's 555 keyboard sonatas are single movements, mostly in binary form, and some in early sonata form, and mostly written for harpsichord or the earliest pianofortes. (There are four for the organ, and a few for the small instrumental groups). Some display harmonic audacity in their use of discords, and unconventional modulations to remove keys.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Kirkpatrick produced an edition of the sonatas in 1953, and the numbering from this edition—the Kk. or K. number—is now nearly always used. Previously, the numbering commonly used was from the 1906 edition compiled by Neapolitan pianist Alessandro Longo (L. numbers). Kirkpatrick's numbering is chronological, while Longo's ordering is a result of his arbitrarily grouping the sonatas into "suites". In 1967 the Italian musicologist Giorgio Pestelli published a revised catalog (using P. numbers), which corrected what he considered to be some anachronisms, and added some sonatas missing from Kirkpatrick's edition. Although the exact composition dates for these surviving sonatas are not known, Kirkpatrick concluded that they might all have been composed late in Scarlatti's career (after 1735), with most of them possibly written after the composer's 67th birthday.


title: Domenico Scarlatti

text: Aside from his many sonatas, Scarlatti composed several operas, cantatas, and liturgical pieces. Well-known works include the "Stabat Mater" of 1715, and the "Salve Regina" of 1756, which is thought to be his last composition.


title: Allegra Huston

text: Allegra Huston (born 26 August 1964) is a British-American author, editor and writer based in Taos, New Mexico. She is the author of "Love Child: A Memoir of Family Lost and Found", the novel "A Stolen Summer" ("Say My Name" in hardback), and "How to Edit and Be Edited", and is co-author with James Navé of "How to Read for an Audience" (both in the series Twice 5 Miles Guides: The Stuff Nobody Teaches You). She is the author of many screenplays, including the short film "Good Luck, Mr Gorski", which she also produced.


title: Allegra Huston

text: Huston was born on 26 August 1964 in London, England. Her mother was Italian-American ballerina Enrica Soma, and her biological father was The 2nd Viscount Norwich (better known as John Julius Norwich), the historian.


title: Allegra Huston

text: When Huston was four, her mother died in a car accident and she subsequently moved to Ireland where she was brought up by her mother's estranged husband, film director John Huston (1906–87). Allegra Huston's half-siblings include actress and director Anjelica Huston and writer Tony Huston (maternal half-siblings), actor and director Danny Huston (step-brother; his father, her then-step-father, fathered him with Zoe Sallis while married to Allegra's mother), writer Artemis Cooper and architect The 3rd Viscount Norwich (also known as Jason Cooper) (paternal half-siblings).


title: Allegra Huston

text: After gaining a First Class degree in English Language and Literature from Hertford College, Oxford, Huston worked in book publishing in London, first at Chatto & Windus and then at Weidenfeld & Nicolson, where she was editorial director from 1990 to 1994. After two years as Acquisition and Development Consultant at Pathe Films, London, she left to write and edit freelance. Her articles have appeared in "The Times, The Tatler, The Independent on Sunday, Mail on Sunday YOU" magazine, "Harper's Bazaar" UK, "Condé Nast Traveler", US and Paris "Vogue", "Newsweek, Mothering, People," and "The Santa Fean". For seven years she was on the editorial staff of the biannual art and culture magazine "Garage".


title: Allegra Huston

text: Huston is the co-founder, with James C. Nave, of Imaginative Storm Writing Workshops. They have taught multiday workshops in many places around the world. From 2007 to 2011 the program was offered as part of the curriculum for screenwriters at the Huston School of Film and Digital Media at the National University of Ireland, Galway. (Will Collins, writer of "Song of the Sea" and "My Brothers", is a graduate of the workshop.) She has also taught at the University of Oklahoma and the UK's prestigious Arvon Foundation.


title: Allegra Huston

text: Her memoir, "Love Child" has been praised by Simon Schama as "so bravely written, so clear and intensely vivid, so unsentimentally honest, so deeply humane," and by Salman Rushdie as "an extraordinary telling of an amazing life." In "The Telegraph", Lynn Barber wrote that "Huston is an absolutely outstanding writer, incapable of writing a dull sentence."


title: Jonas Armstrong

text: William Jonas Armstrong is an Irish actor known for playing the title role in the BBC One drama series "Robin Hood".


title: Jonas Armstrong

text: In 2003, Armstrong appeared in "Quartermaine's Terms" at the Royal Theatre in Northampton as Derek Meadle. In 2004, he appeared in seven episodes of the fourth series of the British television comedy-drama, "Teachers" on Channel 4, as Anthony Millington. In 2005, he appeared again on Channel 4 in the crime drama series "The Ghost Squad" as Pete Maitland. In December 2006, he starred in the two-part crime drama "Losing Gemma" on ITV.


title: Jonas Armstrong

text: His first major television role came in October 2006 when he played Robin of Locksley, in the BBC's 2006 series based on Robin Hood. During filming of the second series, (which aired in 2007) Armstrong broke a metatarsal bone in his foot during a staged fight scene. He was a guest panelist on the BBC comedy panel game show "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" on 28 February 2007.


title: Jonas Armstrong

text: In August 2008, the BBC confirmed that Armstrong would be leaving "Robin Hood" at the end of the third season, which aired on 27 June 2009, citing his statement that he was "looking for new challenges". BBC replied to his words by explaining that "he'll be desperately missed". The show was subsequently not renewed for a fourth series. In 2008 he appeared in the horror film "Book of Blood" which is based on a short story by Clive Barker.


title: Jonas Armstrong

text: He appeared in Episode 3 of the third series of BBC serial The Street broadcast on 27 July 2009, playing the role of TA soldier Private Nick Calshaw who returns from Afghanistan with a facial disfigurement and a prosthetic hand after being injured by a suicide bomber whom he was unable to shoot. In January 2009, he read four CBeebies Bedtime stories on "The Bedtime Hour".


title: Jonas Armstrong

text: In November 2013, Armstrong received a "Stars on Horizon" award for "Walking with the Enemy" at the Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival.