title: The Seinfeld Chronicles

text: Lee Garlington was cast as Claire the Waitress, who in an earlier draft of the episode was called "Meg". Though initially cast as a series regular, the character was replaced with Elaine Benes when the series was picked up for a first season. Accounts differ on the reason why the character was replaced. Warren Littlefield has said that it was because of the character's occupation: "I thought that as a waitress she'd never be one of the gang. She'd be relegated to pouring coffee, catching up. So I insisted they create a female character they wanted to spend time with". Dennis Bjorklund of "Seinfeld Reference" has suggested that the character was dropped in favor of a female character with more sex appeal. However, Alexander said that Garlington was written out of the series because she had re-written her scene and given it to David, who was not happy with this. Seinfeld has, however, stated that this was not the reason the character was removed from the show, but rather that the producers were looking for "someone who was more involved". Julia Louis-Dreyfus, who would go on to replace Garlington, has stated that she was not aware of the pilot before becoming a regular on the show, and she will never watch it out of superstition.


title: The Seinfeld Chronicles

text: The pilot was first screened by a group of two dozen NBC executives in Burbank, California in early 1989. Although it did not yield the explosion of laughter garnered by pilots for the decade's previous NBC successes like "The Cosby Show" and "The Golden Girls", it drew mostly positive responses from the executives. One exception was Brandon Tartikoff, who was concerned that the show was "Too New York, too Jewish". Before the episode's TV premiere, it was shown to a test audience of 400 households, and met with extremely negative responses. Littlefield later recalled, "In the history of pilot reports, "Seinfeld" has got to be one of the worst of all time". The memo summarizing the test audience's reactions contained feedback such as "No segment of the audience was eager to watch the show again" and "None of the [supporting characters] were particularly liked". Despite this, and even though the executives had already decided the show would not be picked up for a full season, "The Seinfeld Chronicles" was broadcast on July 5, 1989 to see how viewers would react. It finished second in its time slot, behind the CBS police drama "Jake and the Fatman", receiving a Nielsen rating of 10.9/19, meaning that the pilot was watched by 10.9% of American households, and that 19% of all televisions in use at the time were tuned into it. With these ratings, "The Seinfeld Chronicles" finished in the 21st place of the week it was broadcast, tied with Fox's "Totally Hidden Video".


title: The Seinfeld Chronicles

text: Unlike the test audience, television critics generally reacted positively to the pilot, viewing it as original and innovative. "USA Today" critic Tom Green summarized it as a "crisply funny blend of stand-up routines interwoven with more traditional sitcom stuff". Eric Mink of "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" wrote that he thought the show was "unusual and intriguing", yet "quite funny". Joe Stein of the "San Diego Evening Tribune" wrote, "Not all standup comedians fit into a sitcom format, but Seinfeld does". A more negative response came from a "The Fresno Bee" critic: "I liked the concept, but Seinfeld's jokes were so dull that you hoped the standup stuff would fly by so you could get back to the story". Though the critic praised Alexander's acting, he commented that his performance was not enough to keep the show "from being just another piece of summer drivel offered up by a major commercial network".


title: The Seinfeld Chronicles

text: Various critics compared the pilot to "It's Garry Shandling's Show". In his review, "The Philadelphia Inquirer"'s Ken Tucker commented, "Seinfeld's brisk funniness prevents Chronicles from being a rip-off", while Jerry Krupnick of "The Star-Ledger" felt that "The Seinfeld Chronicles" differentiated itself from "It's Garry Shandling's Show" by its supporting cast, which he praised. By contrast, John Voorhees of "The Seattle Times" wrote that though he found the show amusing, he considered "It's Garry Shandling's Show" better, and the Houston Chronicle's Mike McDaniel called it "a not-as-good Garry Shandling-like show".


title: The Seinfeld Chronicles

text: Most critics reacted with disappointment that NBC had not picked up the show. Bob Niedt of the "Syracuse Herald-Journal" write, "What gives? Comedy this good, and NBC is keeping—excuse me—"A Different World" on the schedule?" Ken Tucker said, "NBC is making a mistake if it doesn't pick up "The Seinfeld Chronicles" as a midseason replacement; it's bound to be superior to most of what the network has planned for the fall".


title: The Seinfeld Chronicles

text: Casting directors Hirschfeld and Meg Liberman were nominated for a Casting Society of America Artios Award for 'Best Casting for TV, Pilot', but lost to the casting directors of "Northern Exposure".


title: The Seinfeld Chronicles

text: Though the network executives had decided not to pick up "The Seinfeld Chronicles" for a first season, some of them were reluctant to give up on it, as they felt it had potential. Rick Ludwin, one of the show's greatest supporters, eventually made a deal with Tartikoff, giving up some of his own development money and cancelling a Bob Hope special so the entertainment division could order four more episodes of "The Seinfeld Chronicles"; these formed the rest of the show's first season. It was a very small order for a new series—the smallest sitcom order in TV history—but when Castle Rock failed to sell the series to another network, they accepted the order. The first season premiered about a year later, with the show renamed "Seinfeld" to avoid confusion with ABC's "The Marshall Chronicles". The pilot was re-aired on July 5, 1990 as the season's first episode; it received a Nielsen rating of 13.8/26.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: Monuments are a British progressive metal band formed by former Fellsilent guitarist, John Browne, and former Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza guitarist, Josh Travis. The band has released four full-length albums via Century Media Records, "Gnosis", "The Amanuensis", "Phronesis" and "In Stasis" in 2012, 2014, 2018 and 2022 respectively.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: The band was formed by Fellsilent guitarist John Browne and the Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza guitarist Josh Travis in 2007. After various lineup changes, the band signed with Century Media Records in 2012, announcing the addition of singer Matt Rose the same day. Their debut album, "Gnosis", came out on 28 August 2012.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: The band took part in the Euroblast European Tour with Jeff Loomis, Vildhjarta, and Stealing Axion. Another European tour with Born of Osiris and After the Burial followed in early 2013. By March 2013, the band parted ways with vocalist Matt Rose. In July 2013, it was announced that former Periphery and current Ever Forthright and The HAARP Machine vocalist Chris Barretto had joined the band.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: In December 2013, the band announced via Facebook that they had completed their second album. The drums were recorded in Monnow Valley, Wales with Romesh Dodangoda (Motörhead, Sylosis, Bring Me the Horizon), while the rest of the instruments were tracked DIY by Browne, and the vocals were done with Eyal Levi. In April 2014, it was formally announced that their new album, "The Amanuensis", would be released on 23 June 2014.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: The band played on the Red Bull Studios Live Stage at Download on Sunday 15 June 2014. In March and April 2015, they supported Australian band Karnivool on their UK and European headline tour. Drummer Mike Malyan left the band during August 2015 due to injuries on his back and shoulder and was replaced by Anup Sastry, the former Intervals drummer. They played at Hevy music festival later that month.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: On 16 June 2016, Anup Sastry announced on his Facebook page that he was amicably leaving the band, although he returned in 2018 to record drums for the new album, "Phronesis".


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: In support of the release of the new album, Monuments performed a 31-date tour of the United Kingdom and mainland Europe over October and November with main support from "Vola". In January 2019 Monuments will be performing headline shows in New Zealand, then on the Australian multi-date music festival Progfest.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: On 1 July 2019 Monuments announced that Chris Barretto had departed the band due to "personal reasons." They also announced YouTuber Andy Cizek as their fill-in vocalist for the rest of the tour.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: On 11 October 2019 Monuments announced that Andy Cizek is now their official vocalist. Less than two months later, former drummer Mike Malyan rejoined the band.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: On 12 July 2021 Monuments announced that guitarist Olly Steele had left the band to pursue other musical projects.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: In January 2022, Monuments fourth album "In Stasis" was announced with a release date of April 15, 2022.


title: Monuments (metal band)

text: "In Stasis" features Mick Gordon (Doom, Killer Instinct, Prey) as Co Producer, with Spencer Sotelo (Periphery) and Ex-vocalist Neema Askari as guests.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: In geometry, a prism is a polyhedron comprising an polygon base, a second base which is a translated copy (rigidly moved without rotation) of the first, and other faces, necessarily all parallelograms, joining corresponding sides of the two bases. All cross-sections parallel to the bases are translations of the bases. Prisms are named after their bases, e.g. a prism with a pentagonal base is called a pentagonal prism. Prisms are a subclass of prismatoids.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: Like many basic geometric terms, the word "prism" () was first used in Euclid's Elements. Euclid defined the term in Book XI as “a solid figure contained by two opposite, equal and parallel planes, while the rest are parallelograms”. However, this definition has been criticized for not being specific enough in relation to the nature of the bases, which caused confusion among later geometry writers.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: An oblique prism is a prism in which the joining edges and faces are not perpendicular to the base faces.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: Example: a parallelepiped is an oblique prism whose base is a parallelogram, or equivalently a polyhedron with six parallelogram faces.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A "right" prism is a prism in which the joining edges and faces are "perpendicular" to the base faces. This applies if and only if all the joining faces are "rectangular".


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A right prism (with rectangular sides) with regular "n"-gon bases has Schläfli symbol { }×{"n"}. It approaches a cylindrical solid as "n" approaches infinity; a cylinder is considered a circular prism.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: Note: some texts may apply the term "rectangular prism" or "square prism" to both a right rectangular-based prism and a right square-based prism.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A uniform prism or semiregular prism is a right prism with regular bases and all edges of the same length.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: Thus all the faces of a uniform prism are regular polygons. Also, such prisms are isogonal; thus they are uniform polyhedra alright. They form one of the two infinite series of semiregular polyhedra, the other series being formed by the antiprisms.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: The volume of a prism is the product of the area of the base by the height, i.e. the distance between the two base faces (in the case of a non-right prism, note that this means the perpendicular distance).


title: Prism (geometry)

text: The surface area of a right prism whose base is a regular "n"-sided polygon with side length "s", and with height "h", is therefore:


title: Prism (geometry)

text: The symmetry group of a right "n"-sided prism with regular base is D of order 4"n", except in the case of a cube, which has the larger symmetry group O of order 48, which has three versions of D as subgroups. The rotation group is D of order 2"n", except in the case of a cube, which has the larger symmetry group O of order 24, which has three versions of D as subgroups.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: The hosohedra and dihedra also possess dihedral symmetry, and an "n"-gonal prism can be constructed via the geometrical truncation of an "n"-gonal hosohedron, as well as through the cantellation or expansion of an "n"-gonal dihedron.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A twisted prism is a nonconvex polyhedron constructed from a uniform "n"-prism with each side face bisected on the square diagonal, by twisting the top, usually by radians ( degrees) in the same direction, causing sides to be concave.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A twisted prism cannot be dissected into tetrahedra without adding new vertices. The smallest case: the triangular form, is called a Schönhardt polyhedron.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: An "n"-gonal "twisted prism" is topologically identical to the "n"-gonal uniform antiprism, but has half the symmetry group: D, ["n",2], order 2"n". It can be seen as a nonconvex antiprism, with tetrahedra removed between pairs of triangles.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A frustum is a similar construction to a prism, with trapezoid lateral faces and differently sized top and bottom polygons.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A star prism is a nonconvex polyhedron constructed by two identical star polygon faces on the top and bottom, being parallel and offset by a distance and connected by rectangular faces. A "uniform star prism" will have Schläfli symbol {"p"/"q"} × { }, with "p" rectangle and 2 {"p"/"q"} faces. It is topologically identical to a "p"-gonal prism.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A crossed prism is a nonconvex polyhedron constructed from a prism, where the vertices of one base are inverted around the center of this base (or rotated by 180°). This transforms the side rectangular faces into crossed rectangles. For a regular polygon base, the appearance is an "n"-gonal hour glass. All oblique edges pass through a single body center. Note: no vertex is at this body centre. A crossed prism is topologically identical to an "n"-gonal prism.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A toroidal prism is a nonconvex polyhedron like a "crossed prism", but without bottom and top base faces, and with simple rectangular side faces closing the polyhedron. This can only be done for even-sided base polygons. These are topological tori, with Euler characteristic of zero. The topological polyhedral net can be cut from two rows of a square tiling (with vertex configuration "4.4.4.4"): a band of "n" squares, each attached to a crossed rectangle. An "n"-gonal toroidal prism has 2"n" vertices, 2"n" faces: "n" squares and "n" crossed rectangles, and 4"n" edges. It is topologically self-dual.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A "prismatic polytope" is a higher-dimensional generalization of a prism. An "n"-dimensional prismatic polytope is constructed from two ()-dimensional polytopes, translated into the next dimension.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: The prismatic "n"-polytope elements are doubled from the ()-polytope elements and then creating new elements from the next lower element.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: Take an "n"-polytope with "f" "i"-face elements (). Its ()-polytope prism will have "i"-face elements. (With , .)


title: Prism (geometry)

text: A regular "n"-polytope represented by Schläfli symbol can form a uniform prismatic ()-polytope represented by a Cartesian product of two Schläfli symbols:


title: Prism (geometry)

text: Higher order prismatic polytopes also exist as cartesian products of any two or more polytopes. The dimension of a product polytope is the sum of the dimensions of its elements. The first examples of these exist in 4-dimensional space; they are called duoprisms as the product of two polygons in 4-dimensions.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: Regular duoprisms are represented as {"p"}×{"q"}, with "pq" vertices, 2"pq" edges, "pq" square faces, "p" "q"-gon faces, "q" "p"-gon faces, and bounded by "p" "q"-gonal prisms and "q" "p"-gonal prisms.


title: Prism (geometry)

text: For example, {4}×{4}, a "4-4 duoprism" is a lower symmetry form of a tesseract, as is {4,3}×{ }, a "cubic prism". {4}×{4}×{ } (4-4 duoprism prism), {4,3}×{4} (cube-4 duoprism) and {4,3,3}×{ } (tesseractic prism) are lower symmetry forms of a 5-cube.


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: Lenny Von Dohlen Jr. (December 22, 1958 – July 5, 2022) was an American television, film, and stage actor. With a 40-year career that primarily featured work in independent films and guest appearances on numerous prominent series, he was probably best known for his performance as architect Miles Harding in the film "Electric Dreams" (1984), the title role as a steelworker's son opposite Karl Malden in "Billy Galvin" (1986), and as the orchid-loving agoraphobe Harold Smith in the television series "Twin Peaks" and its prequel film "".


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: Von Dohlen was born on December 22, 1958, in Augusta, Georgia, and raised in Goliad, a small town in south Texas. He had German ancestry from his paternal side. As a child he wished to become a jockey, but grew too tall for his dream. He studied Theater at the University of Texas, and graduated from Loretto Heights College in Denver, Colorado. From there he moved to New York City to pursue a career on the stage, saying in an interview: "I knew I wanted to go to New York City to work in the theater ... so I rid myself of my Texas accent by listening to John Gielgud records. Then, after I got to NYC, the first film I was offered was to play the leader of a country & western band in Texas. Ahh, irony."


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: Lenny Von Dohlen's film debut was in the Academy Award-winning 1983 film "Tender Mercies", starring Robert Duvall, as a young country musician seeking the advice of a former star living quietly in rural Texas. The following year, Von Dohlen played the lead role in the cult film "Electric Dreams", as a shy architect who finds himself competing romantically with his computer for the affection of his neighbor, which Roger Ebert called "perfect casting". Other early movie roles include: "Under the Biltmore Clock" (1985); the title role in "Billy Galvin" (1986) opposite Karl Malden; "Dracula's Widow" (1987); "Blind Vision" (1992); "" (1992); "Jennifer 8" (1992); and Ed Zwick's "Leaving Normal" (1992).


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: He appeared in acclaimed independent films such as "Tollbooth" (1994), "Bird of Prey" (1996), "One Good Turn" (1996), "" (1996), "Cadillac" (1997) and "Frontline" (1997), and played one of the villains in "Home Alone 3" (1997).


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: In 2007 he appeared in "Beautiful Loser", and in "Teeth", a Sundance and Berlin Film Festival Dramatic Competition nominee. In 2010 he played Elder Daniel in "Downstream" and in the same year he played Sheriff Jack Carter in a short film called "Night Blind" (2010). In 2012/13 he was seen in "Camilla Dickinson" and "White Camellias".


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: In 2015 he played the title role of fictional legendary film director Oskar Knight in the mockumentary "Near Myth: The Oskar Knight Story".


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: Von Dohlen's first television role was in NBC's Emmy-award-winning "Kent State" (1981). He is well-known for portraying agoraphobic orchid lover Harold Smith in David Lynch and Mark Frost's 1990 TV series "Twin Peaks". In 2010, for its homage to "Twin Peaks", Von Dohlen appeared in USA Network's show "Psych" in the episode "Dual Spires", playing Sheriff Andrew Jackson joining a cast reunion including Sheryl Lee.


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: Others television roles include "Don't Touch", directed by Beau Bridges; "The Equalizer"; "Tales From the Darkside"; "Miami Vice"; "thirtysomething" (1987); "The Lazarus Man" (playing John Wilkes Booth), "Picket Fences" (playing the gay brother of Marlee Matlin's character (1992)); as the diabolical Mr. Cox in a recurring role on "The Pretender" (1999); "Walker, Texas Ranger" (1996); and "Chicago Hope" (1999). He appeared in the "Masterpiece Theatre" presentation of Eudora Welty's "The Ponder Heart" (2000) on PBS.


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: In 1992, he played a government agent of a future fascist state in the BBC's "Red Dwarf" series V, episode 6, "Back to Reality". In 2017 he appeared in Episode 12 of Seth MacFarlane's futuristic sci-fi Fox series "The Orville", as the priest Valondis.


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: In the theater, Von Dohlen created roles in the New York productions of "Asian Shade", "The Team", "Twister", "Vanishing Act", and "The Maderati", the latter two by Richard Greenberg. For nine months he starred in Caryl Churchill's play "Cloud 9", directed by Tommy Tune, followed by The Roundabout Theatre Company's revival of "Desire Under the Elms", opposite Kathy Baker.


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: He starred in "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", Joe Orton's "Loot", "Legacy of Light" at the Cleveland Play House, Lanford Wilson's one-man play "A Poster of the Cosmos", and "Doubt" at the Indiana Repertory Theatre. On the West Coast, Von Dohlen was seen in Wedekind's "Lulu" at the La Jolla Playhouse, and "The Blue Room " at the Pasadena Playhouse, "Theater District" at the Black Dahlia Theater. In Pasadena at The Theater at Boston Court, Von Dohlen both originated the role of the famous literary personality Voltaire in the world premiere of Jean Claude van Italli's "Light" and played Don Quixote in Tennessee Williams's "Camino Real". In 2012 at GTC, he played Elyot Chase in Noël Coward's "Private Lives".


title: Lenny Von Dohlen

text: He died on July 5, 2022, after a long illness. His death was announced by his sister Catherine on Facebook three days later. He had a daughter, Hazel, and a partner, playwright James Still. He predeceased his mother, Gay Von Dohlen; and siblings Mary Gay, Catherine and John David. His father, Leonard, died in 2009.


title: Meigs Field

text: Merrill C. Meigs Field Airport was a single-runway airport in Chicago that was in operation from December 1948 until March 2003 on Northerly Island, an artificial peninsula on Lake Michigan. The airport sat adjacent to downtown Chicago, the second-largest business district in North America. Meigs Field airport was opened on December 10, 1948, and, by 1955, had become the busiest single-strip airport in the United States. The airport was a familiar sight on the downtown lakefront. The latest air traffic tower was built in 1952, and the terminal was dedicated in 1961. The airfield was named for Merrill C. Meigs.


title: Meigs Field

text: Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley forced the closing of Meigs in 2003 by ordering the overnight bulldozing of its runway without notice, in violation of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations.


title: Meigs Field

text: Northerly Island, owned by the Chicago Park District, is the only lakefront structure to be built based on Daniel Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago. The Plan of Chicago had no provision for air service. The island was to be populated by trees and grass for the public enjoyment by all. Northerly Island was also the site of the Century of Progress (1933–34) in Chicago. Chicago's first airplane flight took place in 1910 in Grant Park, adjacent to Northerly Island, with an international aeronautical exhibition at the same location in 1911. Then, in 1918, regular air mail service to Grant Park began. However, Grant Park was unsuitable for the city's growing aviation needs.


title: Meigs Field

text: Burnham died in 1912. By 1916, Edward H. Bennett, co-author of the Plan of Chicago, wrote that a lakefront location would be most suitable for an airport serving the central business district. In 1920, Chicagoans approved a bond referendum to pay for landfill construction of the peninsula, and in 1922 construction began. That same year Mayor William Hale Thompson recommended locating the downtown airport there. A few years later the Chicago South Park Commission voted in agreement. In 1928, the Chicago Association of Commerce, representing the business community, also advocated for the lakefront airport.


title: Meigs Field

text: The Great Depression put numerous civic plans on hold, including the airport. Construction continued on the peninsula itself, with the 1933 World's Fair occupying the just-completed peninsula. In the 1930s the Chicago City Council and Illinois State Legislature passed resolutions to create the airport, but both the poor economy and World War II intervened.


title: Meigs Field

text: Almost immediately after World War II, in 1946, airport construction began. That same year the Illinois state legislature deeded of adjacent lake bottom to Chicago for additional landfill, to make the property large enough for a suitable runway. Aviation technology had advanced rapidly during World War II. The airport opened on December 10, 1948, in a grand ceremony.


title: Meigs Field

text: On June 30, 1950, the airport was officially renamed Merrill C. Meigs Field, named after Merrill C. Meigs, publisher of the "Chicago Herald and Examiner" and an aviation advocate. Various improvements took place over the years, including the 1952 opening of an air traffic control tower, the 1961 opening of a new terminal building (dedicated by Richard J. Daley), runway lengthening, and the late 1990s charting of two FAA instrument approaches allowing landings in poor weather conditions. By the 1970s Meigs Field became a critical facility for aeromedical transport of patients and transplant organs to downtown hospitals as medical transportation technology modernized. Corporate aircraft also used the airfield including Cessna Citation and Dassault Falcon 10 business jets, and Beechcraft King Air and Grumman Gulfstream I business propjets.


title: Meigs Field

text: The Main Terminal Building was operated by the Chicago Department of Aviation and contained waiting areas as well as office and counter space. The runway at Meigs Field was nearly . In addition, there were four public helicopter pads at the south end of the runway, near McCormick Place. The north end of the runway was near the Adler Planetarium.


title: Meigs Field

text: Meigs Field also provided commuter airline service to the public, peaking in the late 1980s as Mayor Richard M. Daley took office. During the mid-1950s, Illini Airlines was operating scheduled passenger service between the airport and Freeport, IL, Madison, WI, Rockford, IL and Sterling, IL with de Havilland Dove and Piper Navajo twin engine prop aircraft. From the 1960s to early 1990s, typical intrastate destinations were Springfield, IL and Carbondale, IL. Small airliners such as Beechcraft Model 99, Beechcraft 1900C, de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Fairchild Swearingen Metro III turboprops as well as Piper PA-31 Navajo prop aircraft were operated on a scheduled basis into the airport. In 1968, Gopher Airlines was operating nonstop service between the airport and Minneapolis/St. Paul with Beechcraft 99 turboprops. In the mid- and late 1970s Air Illinois operated 44-passenger seat Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprops into Meigs. The HS 748 was the largest aircraft to use Meigs on a regular basis for scheduled passenger airline operations. Ozark Air Lines, a large local service airline in the midwest that primarily operated McDonnell Douglas DC-9 jets and Fairchild Hiller FH-227B propjets at the time, served the airport during the early 1970s with DHC-6 Twin Otter turboprops with up to eight round trip nonstop flights a day between Meigs and the Illinois state capital in Springfield. Other commuter air carriers serving Meigs Field in 1975 included Midwest Commuter Airways with nonstop flights to Indianapolis and South Bend, and Skystream Airlines with nonstops to Detroit City Airport with both small airlines operating Beechcraft 99 commuter turboprops.


title: Meigs Field

text: Scheduled passenger helicopter airline service was also available between Meigs Field and Chicago O'Hare Airport and Chicago Midway Airport at different times over the years. From the late 1950s to late 1960s, Chicago Helicopter Airways operated 12-seat Sikorsky S-58C helicopters with frequent flights to both O'Hare and Midway.


title: Meigs Field

text: Numerous VIPs used the airport in order to maintain security and also to avoid inconveniencing the Chicago traveling public, including President John F. Kennedy. In a common pattern, Air Force One would land at a larger area airport, and the President would then take the Marine One helicopter to Meigs Field to avoid the complications of a Secret Service escort via Chicago's expressways.


title: Meigs Field

text: On October 15, 1992, a Boeing 727-100 jetliner donated from United Airlines to the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry made its final landing at Meigs, on its way to be transported to the museum to become an exhibit. This was notable because Meigs' runway was considerably shorter than other airfields the aircraft normally used. Still, the lightly loaded jet did not require all of the runway. The 727 was then barged off the airport, prepared for exhibit and further barged to the museum.


title: Meigs Field

text: Starting in the early 1990s, the Chicago-area Tuskegee Airmen, Inc provided free airplane rides every month and aviation education to Chicago youth at Meigs Field. Thousands of children took their first airplane rides there until 2003.


title: Meigs Field

text: The following are the main air carriers that operated scheduled passenger service from Meigs Field to Springfield, IL:


title: Meigs Field

text: According to the February 1, 1976 edition of the Official Airline Guide (OAG), two airlines were serving Meigs Field at this time: Air Illinois and Skystream Airlines. Air Illinois was operating the 44-seat HS-748 turboprop into the airport at this time with nonstop flights to Springfield, IL and continuing no change of plane service to Alton, IL and Carbondale, IL. Skystream Airlines was operating Beechcraft 99 commuter turboprops on a nonstop and direct flights to Detroit Metro Airport, Indianapolis, IN and South Bend, IN.


title: Meigs Field

text: The September 15, 1994 edition of the OAG reported that three air carriers were serving Meigs Field with scheduled passenger flights: Great Lakes Aviation operating as United Express on behalf of United Airlines, Trans States Airlines flying as Trans World Express on behalf of Trans World Airlines (TWA) and Blade Helicopters. Great Lakes was operating Beechcraft 1900C turboprops on its nonstop service to Lansing, MI, and Springfield, IL and was also flying one stop direct service to Quincy, IL. Trans States served Springfield, IL nonstop with Swearingen Metro III propjets. Blade Helicopters was operating Eurocopter AS350 "AStar" turbine powered helicopters on a high frequency shuttle schedule with 39 flights every weekday to Chicago O'Hare Airport and 12 flights every weekday to Chicago Midway Airport.


title: Meigs Field

text: In 1994, Mayor Richard M. Daley announced plans to close the airport and build a park in its place. Northerly Island, where the airport was located, was owned by the Chicago Park District, which refused to renew the airport lease in 1996. The city briefly closed the airport from the expiration of the lease in October 1996 through February 1997 when pressure from the state legislature persuaded them to reopen the airport.


title: Meigs Field

text: On the night of March 30, 2003, Mayor Daley ordered city crews to make the runway unusable by bulldozing large X-shaped gouges into the runway surface in the middle of the night. The stranded aircraft were later allowed to depart from Meigs' taxiway.


title: Meigs Field

text: "To do this any other way would have been needlessly contentious," Mayor Daley claimed at a news conference on March 31. Daley defended his actions by claiming it would save the City of Chicago the effort of further court battles before the airport could close. He claimed that safety concerns required the closure, due to the post-September 11 risk of terrorist-controlled aircraft attacking the downtown waterfront near Meigs Field.


title: Meigs Field

text: "The signature act of Richard Daley's 22 years in office was the midnight bulldozing of Meigs Field," according to "Chicago Tribune" columnist Eric Zorn. "He ruined Meigs because he wanted to, because he could," columnist John Kass wrote of Daley in the "Chicago Tribune".


title: Meigs Field

text: While aviation interests and commentators decried the move, supporters of the park believe it is for the city's best interest for the land to be a park. For example, the Lake Michigan Federation (later the Alliance for the Great Lakes) released in February 2001 an urban wilderness plan for the site. Instead of calling it "Northerly Island" a reference to the northernmost landmass of four others that were never built under the 1909 Plan of Chicago, "Sanctuary Point" would allow access for many more people than the fairly exclusive use as an airstrip.


title: Meigs Field

text: On July 28, 2003, an aircraft flying from Maine to the Experimental Aircraft Association Annual Convention in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, made an emergency landing on the grass next to the demolished Meigs Field runway. Mayor Daley accused the pilot of intentionally landing in order to "embarrass" him, despite the FAA's statement that the pilot "did the correct thing" in landing the plane at Meigs.


title: Meigs Field

text: Interest groups, led by the Friends of Meigs Field, attempted to use the courts to reopen Meigs Field over the following months, but because the airport was owned by the City of Chicago and had paid back its federal aviation grants, the courts ruled that Chicago was allowed to close the field. The FAA fined the city $33,000 for closing an airport with a charted instrument approach without giving the required 30-day notice. This was the maximum fine the law allowed at the time. In the aftermath, the "Meigs Legacy provision" was passed into law, increasing the maximum fine per day from $1,100 to $10,000. On September 17, 2006, the city dropped all legal appeals and agreed to pay the $33,000 fine as well as repay $1 million in FAA Airport Improvement Program funds that it used to demolish the airfield and build Northerly Island Park.


title: Meigs Field

text: By August 2003, construction crews had finished the demolition of Meigs Field. Northerly Island is now a park that features prairie grasses, strolling paths and a giant pond. In 2005, the 7,500 seat Huntington Bank Pavilion, which hosts music concerts in the summer, opened on the site. The island also has a modest beach named 12th Street Beach.


title: Meigs Field

text: Other Chicagoans had a different vision for the lakefront area. After the 2003 closure, the Friends of Meigs Field introduced a new plan, "Parks and Planes," which promoted the idea of an aviation museum, small operating runway, and park land on the property. This plan suggested that Chicago could qualify for federal funds earmarked for airport property acquisition to purchase many more acres of parkland in Chicago's neighborhoods and to improve the Chicago Park District's maintenance budget.


title: Meigs Field

text: Meigs was the default airport for the "Microsoft Flight Simulator" series until "Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004", though the airport remains operational in "Flight Simulator 2004". In "Flight Simulator X", it was completely removed from the scenery, up until the Steam Edition of the game added it as downloadable content in 2015. Third party add-ons such as "FTX Merrill C. Meigs Field" or "Aerosoft's US Cities X – Chicago" are available to add Meigs back in, while others close or remove the airport for previous versions of the game. Meigs was absent in the initial version 2020 version of Microsoft Flight Simulator, however, it was added as part of the 40th anniversary update, which released on November 11, 2022. and third-party add-ons are available to include the airport and others, like Hong Kong's Kai Tak Airport, which have been previously demolished.


title: Meigs Field

text: In "" released by Electronic Arts in 2007, the Meigs field appears named as Chicago Airfield, and the player can drive around and race in a modified festival inspired closed race track built around the airstrip. It is available to race only in Grip, Time Attack, Sector Shootout, Grip Class, Wheelie Competition, 1/4 Mile Drag and 1/2 Mile Drag races.


title: Meigs Field

text: In "Midtown Madness" released by Microsoft in 1999, the player is free to drive around a computer-generated version of the Meigs field, as well as in "Driver 2", released in 2000 by Reflections.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Gethin Clifford Jones (born 12 February 1978) is a Welsh television presenter. He was an active rugby union player while at Manchester Metropolitan University and, after graduation, he began his television career on Welsh language channel S4C as a presenter of children's programmes such as "Popty", "Mas Draw" and the flagship children's entertainment show "Uned 5" ("Unit 5", 2002–2005).


title: Gethin Jones

text: In 2005, Jones became the 31st presenter of BBC children's programme "Blue Peter". In 2020, he began presenting the BBC1 five-mornings-a-week magazine show "Morning Live", broadcast from studios in Manchester. After a trial run ending in December 2020, the success of the programme has seen it commissioned as an all-year-round part of the BBC1 schedule.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones was born on 12 February 1978 in Cardiff, the son of Sylvia (née Groskop), a violin teacher, and Goronwy Jones, headteacher of Baden Powell Primary School. He has an older sister, Mererid. One of his maternal great-grandfathers was a Polish-Jewish immigrant. With Welsh as his first language, he attended Ysgol Gynradd Coed-y-Gof and Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf (in Llandaff North, Cardiff) for his primary and secondary school education, respectively. Jones has Grade 8 violin and Grade 6 piano qualifications, and took part in school musicals and school and county orchestras. He took Biology, Geography and Economics at A-Levels.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones had dual interests throughout school. His mother wanted him to develop his musical talents, while he enjoyed rugby union. While studying Economics and Geography at Manchester Metropolitan University where he gained a 2:2, he was captain of the university's rugby first team and played in the Lancashire under-21 team. At the age of 21 in his final year, Jones was offered trials by Sale RFC. However, he was not good enough, and he eventually set aside his plans for a professional rugby career and returned to Wales.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Prior to his television career, Jones worked as a bank clerk, a telephone hotline officer and as a research assistant and spent three months as a builder laying house foundations. He subsequently joined Welsh channel S4C as a presenter of children's programmes such as "Popty" (the Welsh equivalent of "Top of the Pops"), "Mas Draw", and the flagship children's entertainment show "Uned 5" (2002–05). In 2004, as part of a challenge on the show, he learned how to fly a plane and gained his pilot's licence.


title: Gethin Jones

text: On 26 April 2005, Jones became a presenter of the children's television series, "Blue Peter". He auditioned on the same day as co-presenter Zöe Salmon. During his time, Jones presented the show with Salmon, Konnie Huq, Matt Baker, Liz Barker and Andy Akinwolere. As a presenter, he took on the action/adventure role filled by John Noakes and Peter Duncan in the past; highlights included flying with the Red Arrows and in a World War II Supermarine Spitfire, completing submarine escape training with the Royal Navy, surviving the Bolivian jungle, being attacked by an alligator in Louisiana. learning to race like a jockey, and fighting as a samurai warrior in Japan.


title: Gethin Jones

text: In 2006, Jones became the second civilian to finish the Royal Marine Commando Yomp – he finished in a time of eight hours and 20 minutes. He also played the violin at the Proms with the BBC Philharmonic.


title: Gethin Jones

text: On 12 February 2008, on his 30th birthday, Jones and his "Blue Peter" co-presenters climbed the highest peaks in each constituent country of the United Kingdom, starting with Slieve Donard in Northern Ireland, followed by Snowdon in North Wales. The following day, having travelled overnight by coach to the Lake District, they climbed Scafell Pike. They were then to be transported to Scotland by helicopter to climb Ben Nevis, but were unable to do so because of problems with the helicopter, forcing them to land in Oban. They succeeded in climbing the mountain the next day. This challenge was in aid of Sport Relief 2008.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones announced on 8 April 2008 on "Blue Peter" that after three and half years with the show, he would be leaving at the end of the current series in June. His spokeswoman said he had always planned to leave when he turned 30. Jones said, "I've had a career on Blue Peter that you wouldn't even dream about and for that I feel privileged and fortunate. ... I've loved it, lived it ... and now I feel the time is right to leave it."


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones has been a presenter for a number of major live telecasts, including Mardi Gras in Cardiff in front of 40,000 people, "Y Briodas Fawr" ("The Big Wedding", 2004–2005), and "Jones Jones Jones" (2006) at Cardiff's Wales Millennium Centre where the world record was broken for the biggest gathering of people with the same surname. He co-presented the 2006, 2007 and 2008 New Year's Eve programme "New Year Live" on BBC One with various other presenters.


title: Gethin Jones

text: On 16 February 2008, Jones began presenting a new 15-minute programme entitled "E24" on BBC News with James Dagwell. Between 4 and 11 May 2008, Jones was the narrator and presenter of the 2008 BBC Young Musician of the Year. The biennial music competition was held at the Millennium Centre in Cardiff, and broadcast on BBC Two and BBC Four.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones made his radio debut on BBC Radio 5 Live on 5 July 2008, presenting a three-hour Saturday morning show focusing on sport and entertainment.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones appeared in "The National Lottery: Big 7", a live programme broadcast on BBC One on 30 August 2008 where the winners of the National Lottery Awards 2008 were announced.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones was one of the players for the Rest of the World for Soccer Aid on 7 September 2008 on ITV. England won four goals to three. Jones was again chosen to play for the Rest of the World in the Soccer Aid match on 7 June 2010. The team won 7 goals to 6 after a penalty shoot out.


title: Gethin Jones

text: On 13 September 2008, Jones presented the Proms in the Park from Singleton Park in Swansea on the BBC as part of the "Last Night of the Proms" programme and was one of the concerts available for viewers with interactive television.


title: Gethin Jones

text: For six weeks from 28 September, Jones presented a programme for Virgin 1 entitled "Gethin Jones' Danger Hunters", which featured adrenaline junkies and their search for the ultimate thrill. Jones presented a "Police Camera Action!" programme about the dangers of drink driving, which was aired on 17 December 2008 on ITV1.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Between 5 January and 15 April 2009, Jones hosted his first quiz show, a Welsh language rugby-themed general knowledge competition, on S4C entitled "Cwis Meddiant". He followed this up with another quiz show on Sky1 called "Sell Me the Answer". Filming of the 50 episodes took place at the Fountain Studios in Wembley, North London, and the programme began airing in November 2009. From 17 to 21 August 2009, Jones presented BBC One's "The One Show" with Gloria Hunniford filling in for Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley.


title: Gethin Jones

text: In 2010, Jones presented the Golden Globes programme from the red carpet in Los Angeles on Sunday 17 January 2010 with Angela Griffin and a studio show in the UK was hosted by Claudia Winkelman. The programme was broadcast on Sky1 Movies and Sky1 Movies HD, with a résumé on Sky1 at 11 pm.


title: Gethin Jones

text: On 12 February 2010, Jones was a guest on the Welsh S4C chat show "Jonathan" presented by Jonathan Davies.


title: Gethin Jones

text: In 2010, Jones co-hosted ITV's "71 Degrees North" with Kate Thornton, which saw celebrities performing various tasks in the extreme weather conditions of Norway.


title: Gethin Jones

text: In February 2011, Jones was a guest presenter on "This Morning" with Gloria Hunniford. In the autumn of 2011, Jones presented ITV gameshow "Holding Out For a Hero". He also hosted "Remembrance Week" on BBC One that November.


title: Gethin Jones

text: From 19 to 23 December, Gethin was a guest features reporter for the ITV Breakfast programme "Daybreak".


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones and Louise Minchin presented the documentary series "Crime and Punishment", which aired on BBC One on 12 March 2012. On 21 May 2012, Jones joined ITV's "Daybreak" full-time as a reporter. He left with the end of the show in late April 2014.


title: Gethin Jones

text: On 8 May 2016, Jones began co-presenting Sunday Morning Breakfast from 9am to 12noon over the summer with Caroline Flack across the Heart Network. He has been a reporter for "" since 2016, and guest presented two episodes on 15 and 16 November 2017, standing in for Zoe Ball.


title: Gethin Jones

text: He took part in the 2016 Christmas special of "Strictly Come Dancing" on BBC One, partnered with Chloe Hewitt.


title: Gethin Jones

text: In the autumn of 2020, Jones began presenting the daily morning magazine show "Morning Live" on BBC1, alongside Kym Marsh. The series ended on 18 December 2020 and the BBC confirmed on 17 December it would return in 2021 for a second series. This proved highly successful, earning larger audiences than the show's competition on ITV and thus has been commissioned to be an all-year-round, five-mornings-a-week format for BBC1 from the third series on.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones appeared as a Cyberman in a 2006 episode of "Doctor Who" and as a Dalek operator in the final episode in 2008. He guest-starred as himself in "The Sarah Jane Adventures" pilot "Invasion of the Bane" (2007).


title: Gethin Jones

text: In 2007, Jones participated in Series 5 of "Strictly Come Dancing", partnering Camilla Dallerup. He came third after being voted out in a "dance-off" in the semi-final. He also appeared in the programme's Christmas Special, finishing second behind Darren Gough after each couple received a perfect score.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones was one of the celebrities who took part in the "Strictly Come Dancing: The Live Tour! 2009". As his partner from the television show, Camilla Dallerup was dancing with Tom Chambers, Jones partnered Flavia Cacace. The tour began in Newcastle on 16 January and ended at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham on 22 February 2009 with a total of 44 shows. He and his dance partner achieved a total of six wins during the run of the tour.


title: Gethin Jones

text: In December 2009, Jones appeared in the 2009 Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special along with Rachel Stevens, Ali Bastian, Ricky Whittle, Chris Hollins and Austin Healey. His partner was again Flavia Cacace. The couple were not voted into the final two, despite a score of 38 for their American Smooth.


title: Gethin Jones

text: From 4 December 2009 until 10 January 2010, Jones appeared as Prince Charming in the pantomime Cinderella at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford. In September 2010, Jones appeared as the Narrator in "The Rocky Horror Show" at Venue Cymru, Llandudno.


title: Gethin Jones

text: In 2012 Jones made a cameo appearance as himself in an episode of comedy drama "Stella". In May 2012, Jones was an Olympic Torchbearer in the torch relay before the 2012 Summer Olympics.


title: Gethin Jones

text: In 2022, he provided presentation in televised coverage of the first visit as king of King Charles III to the Welsh capital on 16 September.


title: Gethin Jones

text: On 5 November 2008, Jones won the title of "Ultimate Hottie" by "Cosmopolitan" magazine. He has been in contention with other similar competitions.


title: Gethin Jones

text: In December 2007, Jones became romantically involved with mezzo-soprano Katherine Jenkins. They first met in 2005. It was reported they met after Jenkins sang "Time to Say Goodbye" with Italian opera singer Andrea Bocelli on an episode of "Strictly Come Dancing", broadcast on 21 October 2007. Jenkins's spokesman has said: "They're old friends and they've been on several dates. But people shouldn't consider buying hats just yet."


title: Gethin Jones

text: In February 2011, Jones and Jenkins announced their engagement. However, on 30 December 2011, they both announced that they were going their separate ways.


title: Gethin Jones

text: Jones is a keen footballer (he supports Everton FC, and hosted a 2009 DVD entitled "My Everton"), tennis player and golfer. He is short-sighted and wore contact lenses or glasses until he underwent a laser procedure to correct his shortsightedness on 17 June 2009.


title: 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: The 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters was the thirty-fifth season of premier German touring car championship and also twenty-second season under the moniker of Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters since the series' resumption in 2000.


title: 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: It was the first season of the DTM to be run under Group GT3 regulations, following the costly two-year "Class 1 Touring Cars" venture that led to Audi and BMW withdrawing manufacturer support from the series.


title: 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: Maximilian Götz controversially won the championship in the last race following both a first-corner collision between his rivals Kelvin van der Linde and Liam Lawson and team orders imposed by Mercedes-AMG.


title: 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: Former Red Bull Formula One driver Alex Albon and Formula 2 driver and Red Bull Junior Team member Liam Lawson entered the series with the Red Bull-backed AF Corse team. Lawson contested the full season combining it with an entry in the Formula 2 Championship, while Albon was scheduled to compete in selected races where they did not clash with Formula One Grand Prix weekends due to his commitments as Red Bull Racing's test and reserve driver. Eventually, Albon only missed the final round at the Norisring, where he was replaced by former Super Formula, Super GT, and current Formula E driver Nick Cassidy.


title: 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: Gary Paffett was set to come back to the DTM after a two-year absence driving for Mercedes-AMG Team Mücke Motorsport, with Maximilian Buhk standing in for him in two rounds due to Formula E commitments. He was eventually forced to abandon these plans because of the COVID-19 restrictions though, and Buhk saw out the season.


title: 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: Robert Kubica left the series after one season. Three times DTM champion René Rast left the championship for Formula E Audi full-time entry.


title: 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: A preliminary nine-round, eighteen-race calendar was announced on 6 November 2020; four rounds were to be held in Germany, with the remaining five held across Europe.


title: 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: Igora Drive, Monza and the Norisring – all of which were scheduled to hold events in 2020, before their respective cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic – returned to the calendar, and the Red Bull Ring will hold a round for the first time since 2018. All circuits that held events in 2020 will return in 2021, with the exception of Spa-Francorchamps; Anderstorp and Brands Hatch will also not return, after their rounds were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Igora Drive was cancelled and DTM published a new calendar for the 2021 season. The inclusion of the Norisring round was uncertain as the season began in mid-June and it missed its traditional spot in early July, before it was re-added to the calendar to be held in October as the final round of the season.


title: 2021 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: Only points scored by the top three drivers of a manufacturer in qualifyings and races count for the manufacturers' championship.


title: Om Prakash Jindal

text: Om Prakash Jindal (7 August 1930 – 31 March 2005), popularly known as O.P. Jindal, was born in Hisar, Haryana. He established a successful business enterprise Jindal Steel and Power under the flagship of the Jindal Organization, of which he was the chairman. In November 2004, Jindal was awarded the "Life Time Achievement Award" for his outstanding contribution to the Indian Steel Industry by the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry. According to the latest Forbes List, he was ranked 13th amongst the richest Indians and placed 548th amongst the richest persons of the world. He died in a helicopter crash on 31 March 2005.


title: Om Prakash Jindal

text: Jindal was appointed Minister of Power in the Government of Haryana. He won the Hisar Legislative Assembly seat of Haryana three times consecutively. He was also a Member of the Committee on Food, Civil Supplies and Public Distribution from 1996 to 1997.


title: Om Prakash Jindal

text: Jindal was elected to the Haryana Vidhan Sabha (the Haryana state assembly) in February 2005 and was the Minister of Power in the Government of Haryana at the time of his death. He was the Chairman of the N.C. Jindal Charitable Trust; Patron and Trustee of Agroha Vikas Trust and Agroha Medical College.


title: Om Prakash Jindal

text: His four sons, Prithviraj Jindal, Sajjan Jindal, Ratan Jindal and Naveen Jindal now run the steel and power empire. His widow Savitri Jindal was Minister of State for Revenue, Disaster Management, Rehabilitation and Housing in Haryana state government, while his son Naveen was a member of the Parliament of India. His granddaughter Sminu Jindal is Managing Director of Jindal SAW and founder of Svayam.


title: Doomsday rule

text: The Doomsday rule, Doomsday algorithm or Doomsday method is an algorithm of determination of the day of the week for a given date. It provides a perpetual calendar because the Gregorian calendar moves in cycles of 400 years. The algorithm for mental calculation was devised by John Conway in 1973, drawing inspiration from Lewis Carroll's perpetual calendar algorithm. It takes advantage of each year having a certain day of the week upon which certain easy-to-remember dates, called the "doomsdays", fall; for example, the last day of February, 4/4, 6/6, 8/8, 10/10, and 12/12 all occur on the same day of the week in any year. Applying the Doomsday algorithm involves three steps: Determination of the anchor day for the century, calculation of the anchor day for the year from the one for the century, and selection of the closest date out of those that always fall on the doomsday, e.g., 4/4 and 6/6, and count of the number of days (modulo 7) between that date and the date in question to arrive at the day of the week. The technique applies to both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar, although their doomsdays are usually different days of the week.


title: Doomsday rule

text: The algorithm is simple enough that it can be computed mentally. Conway could usually give the correct answer in under two seconds. To improve his speed, he practiced his calendrical calculations on his computer, which was programmed to quiz him with random dates every time he logged on.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Doomsday's anchor day for the current year in the Gregorian calendar (2022) is . For some other contemporary years:


title: Doomsday rule

text: The table is filled in horizontally, skipping one column for each leap year. This table cycles every 28 years, except in the Gregorian calendar on years that are a multiple of 100 (such as 1900 and 2100 which are not leap years) that are not also a multiple of 400 (like 2000 which is still a leap year). The full cycle is 28 years (1,461 weeks) in the Julian calendar, 400 years (20,871 weeks) in the Gregorian calendar.


title: Doomsday rule

text: One can find the day of the week of a given calendar date by using a nearby doomsday as a reference point. To help with this, the following is a list of easy-to-remember dates for each month that always land on the doomsday.


title: Doomsday rule

text: As mentioned above, the last day of February defines the doomsday. For January, January 3 is a doomsday during common years and January 4 a doomsday during leap years, which can be remembered as "the 3rd during 3 years in 4, and the 4th in the 4th year". For March, one can remember the pseudo-date "March 0", which refers to the day before March 1, i.e. the last day of February.


title: Doomsday rule

text: For the months April through December, the even numbered months are covered by the double dates 4/4, 6/6, 8/8, 10/10, and 12/12, all of which fall on the doomsday. The odd numbered months can be remembered with the mnemonic "I work from 9 to 5 at the 7-11", i.e., 9/5, 7/11, and also 5/9 and 11/7, are all doomsdays (this is true for both the Day/Month and Month/Day conventions).


title: Doomsday rule

text: Several well-known dates, such as Pi Day and Independence Day (United States), also fall on doomsdays every year. The chart below includes only the mnemonics covered in the source listed.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Since the doomsday for a particular year is directly related to weekdays of dates in the period from March through February of the next year, common years and leap years have to be distinguished for January and February of the same year.


title: Doomsday rule

text: To find which day of the week Christmas Day of 2021 is, proceed as follows: in the year 2021, doomsday is on Sunday. Since December 12 is a doomsday, December 25, being thirteen days afterwards (two weeks less a day), fell on a Saturday. Christmas Day is always the day before doomsday. In addition, July 4 (U.S. Independence Day) is always on a doomsday, as are Halloween (October 31), Pi Day (March 14), and Boxing Day (December 26).


title: Doomsday rule

text: Since this algorithm involves treating days of the week like numbers modulo 7, John Conway suggested thinking of the days of the week as "Noneday" or "Sansday" (for Sunday), "Oneday", "Twosday", "Treblesday", "Foursday", "Fiveday", and "Six-a-day" in order to recall the number-weekday relation without needing to count them out in one's head.


title: Doomsday rule

text: There are some languages, such as Slavic languages, Chinese, Greek, Portuguese, Galician and Hebrew, that base some of the names of the week days in their positional order. The Slavic and Chinese agree with the table above; the other languages mentioned count from Sunday as day one.


title: Doomsday rule

text: First take the anchor day for the century. For the purposes of the doomsday rule, a century starts with '00 and ends with '99. The following table shows the anchor day of centuries 1600–1699, 1700–1799, 1800–1899, 1900–1999, 2000–2099, 2100–2199 and 2200-2299.


title: Doomsday rule

text: The doomsday's anchor day calculation is effectively calculating the number of days between any given date in the base year and the same date in the current year, then taking the remainder modulo 7. When both dates come after the leap day (if any), the difference is just (rounded down). But 365 equals 52 × 7 + 1, so after taking the remainder we get just


title: Doomsday rule

text: This gives a simpler formula if one is comfortable dividing large values of by both 4 and 7. For example, we can compute


title: Doomsday rule

text: Where 12 comes in is that the pattern of "almost" repeats every 12 years. After 12 years, we get . If we replace by , we are throwing this extra day away; but adding back in compensates for this error, giving the final formula.


title: Doomsday rule

text: A simpler method for finding the year's anchor day was discovered in 2010 by Chamberlain Fong and Michael K. Walters, and described in their paper submitted to the 7th International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics (2011). Called the "odd + 11" method, it is equivalent to computing


title: Doomsday rule

text: It is well suited to mental calculation, because it requires no division by 4 (or 12), and the procedure is easy to remember because of its repeated use of the "odd + 11" rule. Furthermore, addition by 11 is very easy to perform mentally in base-10 arithmetic.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Extending this to get the anchor day, the procedure is often described as accumulating a running total in six steps, as follows:


title: Doomsday rule

text: Although this expression looks daunting and complicated, it is actually simple because of a common subexpression that only needs to be calculated once.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Anytime adding 11 is needed, subtracting 17 yields equivalent results. While subtracting 17 may seem more difficult to mentally perform than adding 11, there are cases where subtracting 17 is easier, especially when the number is a two-digit number that ends in 7 (such as 17, 27, 37, ..., 77, 87, and 97).


title: Doomsday rule

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> In leap years the th doomsday is in ISO week . In common years the day after the th doomsday is in week . Thus in a common year the week number on the doomsday itself is one less if it is a Sunday, i.e. in a common year starting on Friday.


title: Doomsday rule

text: For example, the doomsday 2009 is Saturday under the Gregorian calendar (the currently accepted calendar), since


title: Doomsday rule

text: The formulas apply also for the proleptic Gregorian calendar and the proleptic Julian calendar. They use the floor function and astronomical year numbering for years BC.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Since in the Gregorian calendar there are 146,097 days, or exactly 20,871 seven-day weeks, in 400 years, the anchor day repeats every four centuries. For example, the anchor day of 1700–1799 is the same as the anchor day of 2100–2199, i.e. Sunday.


title: Doomsday rule

text: The full 400-year cycle of doomsdays is given in the adjacent table. The centuries are for the Gregorian and proleptic Gregorian calendar, unless marked with a J for Julian. The Gregorian leap years are highlighted.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Negative years use astronomical year numbering. Year 25BC is −24, shown in the column of −100J (proleptic Julian) or −100 (proleptic Gregorian), at the row 76.


title: Doomsday rule

text: A leap year with Monday as doomsday means that Sunday is one of 97 days skipped in the 400-year sequence. Thus the total number of years with Sunday as doomsday is 71 minus the number of leap years with Monday as doomsday, etc. Since Monday as doomsday is skipped across 29 February 2000 and the pattern of leap days is symmetric about that leap day, the frequencies of doomsdays per weekday (adding common and leap years) are symmetric about Monday. The frequencies of doomsdays of leap years per weekday are symmetric about the doomsday of 2000, Tuesday.


title: Doomsday rule

text: The frequency of a particular date being on a particular weekday can easily be derived from the above (for a date from 1 January – 28 February, relate it to the doomsday of the previous year).


title: Doomsday rule

text: For example, 28 February is one day after doomsday of the previous year, so it is 58 times each on Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday, etc. 29 February is doomsday of a leap year, so it is 15 times each on Monday and Wednesday, etc.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Regarding the frequency of doomsdays in a Julian 28-year cycle, there are 1 leap year and 3 common years for every weekday, the latter 6, 17 and 23 years after the former (so with intervals of 6, 11, 6, and 5 years; not evenly distributed because after 12 years the day is skipped in the sequence of doomsdays). The same cycle applies for any given date from 1 March falling on a particular weekday.


title: Doomsday rule

text: For any given date up to 28 February falling on a particular weekday, the 3 common years are 5, 11, and 22 years after the leap year, so with intervals of 5, 6, 11, and 6 years. Thus the cycle is the same, but with the 5-year interval after instead of before the leap year.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Thus, for any date except 29 February, the intervals between common years falling on a particular weekday are 6, 11, 11. See e.g. at the bottom of the page Common year starting on Monday the years in the range 1906–2091.


title: Doomsday rule

text: For 29 February falling on a particular weekday, there is just one in every 28 years, and it is of course a leap year.


title: Doomsday rule

text: The Gregorian calendar is currently accurately lining up with astronomical events such as solstices. In 1582 this modification of the Julian calendar was first instituted. In order to correct for calendar drift, 10 days were skipped, so doomsday moved back 10 days (i.e. 3 days): Thursday 4 October (Julian, doomsday is Wednesday) was followed by Friday 15 October (Gregorian, doomsday is Sunday). The table includes Julian calendar years, but the algorithm is for the Gregorian and proleptic Gregorian calendar only.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Note that the Gregorian calendar was not adopted simultaneously in all countries, so for many centuries, different regions used different dates for the same day.


title: Doomsday rule

text: Suppose we want to know the day of the week of September 18, 1985. We begin with the century's anchor day, Wednesday. To this, add , , and above:


title: Doomsday rule

text: This yields . Counting 8 days from Wednesday, we reach Thursday, which is the doomsday in 1985. (Using numbers: In modulo 7 arithmetic, 8 is congruent to 1. Because the century's anchor day is Wednesday (index 3), and 3 + 1 = 4, doomsday in 1985 was Thursday (index 4).) We now compare September 18 to a nearby doomsday, September 5. We see that the 18th is 13 past a doomsday, i.e. one day less than two weeks. Hence, the 18th was a Wednesday (the day preceding Thursday). (Using numbers: In modulo 7 arithmetic, 13 is congruent to 6 or, more succinctly, −1. Thus, we take one away from the doomsday, Thursday, to find that September 18, 1985 was a Wednesday.)


title: Doomsday rule

text: Suppose that we want to find the day of week that the American Civil War broke out at Fort Sumter, which was April 12, 1861. The anchor day for the century was 99 days after Thursday, or, in other words, Friday (calculated as ; or just look at the chart, above, which lists the century's anchor days). The digits 61 gave a displacement of six days so doomsday was Thursday. Therefore, April 4 was Thursday so April 12, eight days later, was a Friday.


title: Michael Bellisario

text: Michael Angelo Bellisario (born April 7, 1980) is an American actor and the son of scriptwriter and producer Donald P. Bellisario.


title: Michael Bellisario

text: Bellisario has mostly had parts in series produced by his father. He played Midshipman Michael "Mikey" Roberts in "JAG" and also appeared during the first part of "NCIS" season 3 as Charles "Chip" Sterling. He has also appeared in four episodes of "Quantum Leap". In the pilot chapter of JAG, Michael was the boy rowing in the Adriatic in the aperture scene. He was 15 at this time. At the end of S03E01, he makes a pizza delivery to a police station.


title: Michael Bellisario

text: Michael has two other siblings who are actors: half-sister Troian Bellisario (Spencer Hastings on "Pretty Little Liars") and stepbrother Sean Murray (Timothy McGee on "NCIS").


title: First Partition of Poland

text: The First Partition of Poland took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that eventually ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The growth of power in the Russian Empire threatened the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg monarchy (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and Kingdom of Hungary) and was the primary motive behind the First Partition.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, engineered the partition to prevent Austria, which was envious of Russian successes against the Ottoman Empire, from going to war. Territories in Poland were divided by its more powerful neighbours (Austria, Russia and Prussia) to restore the regional balance of power in Central Europe among those three countries.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: With Poland unable to defend itself effectively and foreign troops already inside the country, the Polish Sejm ratified the partition in 1773 during the Partition Sejm, which was convened by the three powers.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: By the late 18th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been reduced from the status of a major European power to that of a country under major Russian influence almost becoming the protectorate of the Russian Empire (or vassal or satellite state), with the Russian tsar effectively choosing Polish–Lithuanian monarchs during the free elections and deciding the outcome of much of Poland's internal politics. For example the Repnin Sejm of 1767-68 was named after the Russian ambassador who had unofficially presided over its proceedings.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: The First Partition occurred after the balance of power in Europe shifted, with Russian victories against the Ottomans in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) strengthening Russia and endangering Habsburg interests in the region (particularly in Moldavia and Wallachia). Habsburg Austria then started considering waging war against Russia.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: France was friendly towards the Ottoman Empire but also both Prussia and Austria and suggested a series of territorial adjustments in which the Ottoman Empire would not suffer from Austria and Russia. In return, Austria would be compensated with parts of Prussian Silesia, and Prussia would regain Ermland (Warmia) from the Polish part of Prussia and parts of a Polish fief, the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, already under Baltic German hegemony.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: King Frederick II of Prussia had no intention of giving up Silesia, having recently gained it in the Silesian Wars, but was also interested in finding a peaceful solution. The Russo-Prussian alliance would draw him into a potential war against Austria, and the Seven Years' War had left Prussia's treasury and army weakened. Like France, he was interested in protecting the weakening Ottoman Empire, which could be advantageously used in the event of a Prussian war either against Russia or Austria.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: Frederick's brother, Prince Henry, spent the winter of 1770–71 as a representative of the Prussian court at Saint Petersburg. As Austria had annexed 13 towns in the Hungarian Szepes region in 1769 in violation of the Treaty of Lubowla, Catherine II of Russia and her advisor General Ivan Chernyshyov suggested to Henry that Prussia claim some Polish land, such as Ermland. After Henry had informed him of the proposal, Frederick suggested a partition of the Polish borderlands by Austria, Prussia and Russia, with the largest share going to Austria, the party most weakened by the recent changes in the balance of power.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: Thus, Frederick attempted to encourage Russia to direct its expansion towards the weak and dysfunctional Polish instead of the Ottomans. The Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz made a counterproposal for Prussia to take lands from Poland in return for relinquishing Silesia to Austria, but his plan was rejected by Frederick.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: Although for a few decades, since the Silent Sejm, Russia had seen the weak Poland as its own protectorate, Poland had also been devastated by a civil war in which the forces of the Bar Confederation, formed in Bar, attempted to disrupt Russian control over Poland. The recent Koliyivschyna peasant and Cossack uprising in Ukraine also weakened the Polish position. Besides, the Russian-supported Polish king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, was seen as both weak and too independent-minded. Eventually, the Russian court decided that the usefulness of Poland as a protectorate had diminished.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: The three powers officially justified their actions as compensation for dealing with a troublesome neighbor and restoring order to Polish anarchy, and the Bar Confederation provided a convenient excuse although all three were interested in territorial gains.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: After Russia had occupied the Danubian Principalities, Henry convinced Frederick and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria that the balance of power would be maintained by a tripartite division of the Commonwealth instead of Russia taking land from the Ottomans. Under pressure from Prussia, which had long wanted to annex the northern Polish province of Royal Prussia, the three powers agreed on the First Partition of Poland.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: That was in light of the possible Austrian-Ottoman alliance with only token objections from Austria although it would have preferred to receive more Ottoman territories in the Balkans, a region that had long been coveted by the Habsburgs. The Russians also withdrew from Moldavia, away from the Austrian border.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: An attempt of Bar Confederacy to kidnap King Poniatowski on 3 November 1771 gave the three courts another pretext to showcase the "Polish anarchy" and the need for its neighbors to step in and "save" the country and its citizens.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: Already by 1769–1771, both Austria and Prussia had taken over some border territories of the Commonwealth, with Austria taking starostwo of Spisz, Czorsztyn, Stary Sącz and Nowy Targ in 1769–1770 and Prussia incorporating Lauenburg and Bütow. On February 19, 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in Vienna. A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in Saint Petersburg on February 6, 1772.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: In early August, Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces that had been agreed upon among themselves. On August 5, the three parties signed the treaty on their respective territorial gains.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: The regiments of the Bar Confederation, whose executive board had been forced to leave Austria, which had supported them, after Austria joined the Prusso–Russian alliance, did not lay down their arms. Many fortresses in their command held out as long as possible. Wawel Castle in Kraków fell only at the end of April; Tyniec Fortress held until the end of July 1772; Częstochowa, commanded by Casimir Pulaski, held until late August. In the end, the Bar Confederation was defeated, with its members either fleeing abroad or being deported to Siberia by the Russians.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772. It was a major success for Frederick II of Prussia: Prussia's share might have been the smallest, but it was also significantly developed and strategically important. Prussia took most of Polish Royal Prussia, including Ermland, which allowed Frederick to link East Prussia and Brandenburg. Prussia also annexed northern areas of Greater Poland along the Noteć River (the Netze District), and northern Kuyavia, but not the cities of Danzig (Gdańsk) and Thorn (Toruń). In 1773, the territories annexed by Prussia became the new province of West Prussia. Overall, Prussia gained and about 600,000 people. According to Jerzy Surdykowski, Frederick the Great soon introduced German colonists in territories he conquered, and enforced the Germanization of Polish territories. Frederick II settled 26,000 Germans in Polish Pomerania, who influenced the ethnic situation in the region, which had around 300,000 inhabitants. According to Christopher Clark, in certain areas annexed by Prussia like Notec and Royal Prussia, 54% of the population (75% in the urban areas) were German-speaking Protestants. That condition in the next century would be used by nationalistic German historians to justify the partition, but it was irrelevant to contemporary calculations. Frederick was dismissive of German culture; he pursued an imperialist policy, acting on the security interests of his state with dynastic rather than national identity.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: The newly-gained territories connected Prussia with Germany proper and had major economic importance. By seizing northwestern Poland, Prussia instantly cut off Poland from the sea and gained control of over 80% of the Commonwealth's total foreign trade. Through levying enormous customs duties, Prussia accelerated the inevitable collapse of the Commonwealth.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: Despite token criticism of the partition from the Austrian archduchess, Empress Maria Theresa, the Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz considered the Austrian share an ample compensation. Although Austria was the least interested in the partition, it received the largest share of the former Polish population and the second-largest land share: and 2,650,000 people. Austria gained Zator, Auschwitz (Oświęcim), part of Little Poland (which constituted the counties of Kraków and Sandomierz), including the rich salt mines of Bochnia and Wieliczka but not the city of Kraków itself, and the whole of Galicia.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: The Russian share, on the northeast, was the largest, but the least-important area economically. By the "diplomatic document", Russia came into possession of the commonwealth territories east of the line formed roughly by the Dvina, Drut, and Dnieper Rivers, the section of Livonia that had remained in Commonwealth control, and of Belarus embracing the counties of Vitebsk, Polotsk and Mstislavl. Russia gained and 1,300,000 people, and reorganized its newly-acquired lands into Pskov Governorate, which also included two provinces of Novgorod Governorate, and Mogilev Governorate. Zakhar Chernyshyov was appointed the Governor General of the new territories on May 28, 1772.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: By the first partition, the Commonwealth lost about (30% of its territory, amounting to about ), with a population of over four to five million people, about a third of its population of fourteen million before the partitions.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: After they had occupied their respective territories, the three partitioning powers demanded for King Stanisław August Poniatowski and the Sejm to approve their action. The king appealed to the nations of Western Europe for help and tarried with the convocation of the Sejm. The European powers reacted to the partition with utmost indifference, and only a few voices like Edmund Burke were raised in objection.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: When no help was forthcoming and the armies of the combined nations occupied Warsaw, the capital, to compel by force of arms the calling of the assembly, no alternative could be chosen but passive submission to their will. The senators who advised against that step were threatened by the Russians, represented by the ambassador, Otto von Stackelberg, who declared that in the face of refusal, the whole of Warsaw would be destroyed by them. Other threats included execution confiscation of estates, and further increases of partitioned territory. According to Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin, some senators were even arrested by the Russians and exiled to Siberia.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: The local land assemblies (Sejmiks) refused to elect deputies to the Sejm, and after great difficulties, less than half of the regular number of representatives came to attend the session led by Marshals of the Sejm, Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł and Adam Poniński. The latter in particular was one of many Polish nobles who were bribed by the Russians into following their orders. The Sejm became known as the Partition Sejm. To prevent the disruption of the Sejm via liberum veto and the defeat of the purpose of the invaders, Poniński undertook to turn the regular Sejm into a confederated sejm in which majority rule prevailed.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: In spite of the efforts of individuals like Tadeusz Rejtan, Samuel Korsak, and Stanisław Bohuszewicz to prevent it, the deed was accomplished with the aid of Poniński, Radziwiłł, and the bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski, Ignacy Jakub Massalski, and Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski (primate of Poland), who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland. The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented. On September 18, 1773, the committee signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the lost territories.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: The ongoing partitions of Poland were a major topic of discourse in the Federalist Papers in which the structure of the government of Poland and the foreign influence over it were used in several papers (Federalist No. 14, Federalist No. 19, Federalist No. 22, Federalist No. 39 for examples) as a cautionary tale for the writers of the US Constitution.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: In 1772, Rousseau was invited to present recommendations for a new constitution for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the "Considerations on the Government of Poland" (1782), which was to be his last major political work.


title: First Partition of Poland

text: a The picture shows the rulers of the three countries that participated in the partition tearing a map of Poland apart. The outer figures demanding their share are Catherine II of Russia and Frederick II of Prussia. The inner figure on the right is the Habsburg Emperor Joseph II, who appears ashamed of his action (although in reality, he was more of an advocate of the partition, and it was his mother, Maria Theresa, who was critical of the partition). On his right is the beleaguered Polish king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, who is experiencing difficulty keeping his crown on his head. Above the scene the angel of peace trumpets the news that civilized eighteenth-century sovereigns have accomplished their mission while avoiding war. The drawing gained notoriety in contemporary Europe, with bans on its distribution in several European countries.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: Felicia "Snoop" Pearson is a semi-fictional character on the HBO series "The Wire", played by the actress of the same name. She is a young female soldier in Marlo Stanfield's drug dealing organization and Chris Partlow's earliest protégé. As one of the experienced leaders of Stanfield's crew, she commits many ruthless murders on their behalf. She is a minor antagonist for season 3, later being the secondary antagonist of Season 4 and Season 5 with Chris Partlow.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: Snoop is a gangster who first appears midway through the escalating war between the Barksdale Organization and the Stanfield Organization, as one of the new recruits in training under Chris Partlow's wing. She is often seen hanging out with Chris and other Stanfield peers before eventually being assigned her first hit by Chris, who deems her ready to kill. She is responsible for killing the Barksdale soldier Rico, in a drive-by shooting on Poot Carr's corner.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: She also takes part in Chris' efforts to foil an assassination attempt against Marlo Stanfield. After Omar Little and Brother Mouzone kill Stringer Bell, Snoop boasts that she and Chris Partlow had murdered him.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: Snoop is shown a year later as an adept enforcer recognized as part of Marlo's trusted inner circle. She and Chris are assigned most of the hits that Marlo initiates, with Snoop assisting Chris in many murders by way of luring the victim to a secluded area and by helping to organize the method of concealment. She is never shown as the actual murderer. The pair disposes of the bodies by depositing them in abandoned buildings, covering them with quicklime and tarps, and boarding up the buildings again.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: When they re-board the doors, they use the Hilti DX 460 MX powder-actuated nail gun that Snoop purchased in the first scene of the season. Later, the nail gun's distinctive nails become key clues: every house boarded up with those nails contains at least one body. Before the police discover this, however, Herc manages to pull them over and notices the nail gun, so Chris discards it, to Snoop's chagrin.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: Among the people Chris and Snoop murder are Curtis "Lex" Anderson, Little Kevin, Old Face Andre, several New York drug dealers, and a security guard who talked back to Marlo. Tired of always concealing her crimes, Snoop tries to keep the guard's badge as a souvenir, but Chris throws the badge away. The pair were also responsible for intimidating Bodie Broadus into accepting Marlo's drug supply and for recruiting middle schooler Michael Lee into their organization. They also train the next generation of soldiers for Stanfield's organization, including O-Dog.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: In "Final Grades", the last episode of season 4, Snoop alludes to being a lesbian while talking to Bunk during a routine police search.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: In season 5, Snoop continues to act as muscle for Marlo, alongside Chris Partlow. Tension between her and Michael becomes a recurring theme. Snoop carries out orders from her superiors without question, but Michael tends to voice his opinion about certain situations. This occurs when Chris, Snoop, and Michael are about to make a hit on Junebug (a rival drug dealer spreading malicious but trivial words about Marlo's sexuality) and after Omar kills Savino Bratton.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: Snoop is murdered by Michael when he rightly suspects that she is about to kill him, due to Marlo's suspicion that he had been talking to the police about the Stanfield organization. When Michael draws his gun, Snoop compliments him on his intelligence and asks him how he knew that she was going to kill him. She accepts her fate and nonchalantly looks into the car's wing mirror. Her final words are, "How my hair look, Mike?" Michael answers, "You look good, girl", then shoots her in the head.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: Snoop's name is seen for the first time, very briefly, in a season 3 episode, written on a Post-it Note and being pinned up to the board in the Major Crimes Unit. Her name is also pinned on the board in "Boys of Summer" (season 4, episode 1). She can be seen for the first time in the widescreen version of "Hamsterdam" (season 3, episode 4), sitting with Justin and Fruit in the gymnasium during Colvin's speech, although in that episode's original broadcast release she is cropped from the shot.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: Her name and picture are up on the details board under Chris Partlow as "Felicia Pearson AKA 'Snoop'". Her name can once again be seen briefly early in the season 5 episode "Transitions", as well as in Randy Wagstaff's police file in "The Dickensian Aspect". "Snoop" is the actress' nickname in real life.


title: Snoop (The Wire)

text: Several critics have praised Pearson's performance as especially frightening. Writer Stephen King called the character "perhaps the most terrifying female villain to ever appear in a television series".


title: Vicki Vale

text: Victoria Vale (usually called "Vicki" or "Vickie") is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger, the character debuted in "Batman" #49 (October 1948). Vicki Vale is a journalist, usually based in Gotham City, who has worked for a number of publications across various iterations of the character and the surrounding DC universe. She is frequently depicted as a romantic interest of Bruce Wayne, the alter-ego of Batman.


title: Vicki Vale

text: Kim Basinger portrayed the character in the 1989 "Batman" film. Vicki has also been voiced by Tara Strong in the animated film "The Batman vs. Dracula" and by Grey DeLisle in the "" videogame series.


title: Vicki Vale

text: Vicki Vale first appeared in "Batman" #49 (Oct. 1948) in a 12-page story entitled, "Scoop of the Century!" written by Bill Finger with art by Bob Kane and Lew Schwartz.


title: Vicki Vale

text: In her early appearances, Vicki Vale revolved around her suspicions that Batman and Bruce Wayne were the same person. Batman would usually manage to fool her by the end of each story into concluding that he was not really Bruce Wayne, but her suspicions would re-emerge in a later story.


title: Vicki Vale

text: Vicki Vale remained a prominent character in Batman stories from "Batman" #49, in 1948, until "Detective" #320 in October 1963. In 1964, Julius Schwartz became the editor of the Batman-related comics. Schwartz dropped a number of Batman's Silver Age backing characters, including Vicki Vale, Batwoman, Bat-Girl, Bat-Mite, and Ace the Bat-Hound.


title: Vicki Vale

text: Vicki Vale surfaced 13 years later, in "Batman Family" #11 (June 1977). She was now married and known as Vicki Vale Powers. She was also mentioned in "Batman Family" #16. After that, she vanished for another five years.


title: Vicki Vale

text: She returned in February 1982 in "Batman" #344. The editor and writer were apparently unaware of her 1970s appearances, so there was no mention of her marriage, and it was stated in a footnote that she had not appeared since "Detective" #320. She had supposedly been in Europe for years, but now had returned to Gotham City. She became Bruce Wayne's romantic interest again, earning the wrath of Catwoman in "Batman" #355 (January 1983). She also had a rivalry for Bruce's affections with Julia Remarque, the daughter of Alfred Pennyworth and Mademoiselle Marie (Julia Remarque was wiped from continuity after "Crisis on Infinite Earths").


title: Vicki Vale

text: Vicki disappeared from the comics soon after "Crisis on Infinite Earths", but in Frank Miller's "", she is a gossip reporter who flirts with the judge during a shoplifting trial. Vicki returned in 1989 and 1990 in the Grant/Breyfogle era to coincide with release of Tim Burton's "Batman". She once again began a romantic relationship with Bruce Wayne, but became upset over his frequent absences. At one point, she was partnered with photojournalist Horten Spence to investigate the Fever phenomenon. This led to the two of them having an encounter with the Street Demonz as Horten fought them off. When hospitalized after an attack by the Ventriloquist, Bruce struggles over whether or not to tell her he is Batman, but decides not to, which leads to the end of their relationship. Bruce later regrets this when he descends into a brief depression following his defeat at the hands of Bane.


title: Vicki Vale

text: Vale appeared again in the "Wonder Woman" title as one of the hosts of the television program "The Scene" (similar to "The View"). Her co-hosts included Lia Briggs, Tawny Young, and Linda Park. Two episodes are shown in which they interview Wonder Woman on her career. In the "Black Glove" book she brusquely offers best wishes to Bruce and his new lady, Jezebel Jet, on the air.


title: Vicki Vale

text: Vicki appears (with blonde hair) in the 2008 two-part story "Two-Face: Year One". She interviews a corrupt mob lawyer named Weinstein, who is running for Gotham district attorney against Harvey Dent. She is present when Dent, now the disfigured gangster Two-Face, confronts Weinstein and Bruce Wayne at a party in Wayne Manor.


title: Vicki Vale

text: In the 2009 "" storyline, in the crossover miniseries "Gotham Gazette", she claims to have discovered Batman's identity. Vicki has returned to the "Gotham Gazette" after her TV career failed. While the general public is more interested in what happened to Batman, Vale wants to know what happened to Bruce Wayne, who was last "seen" in Vietnam (which was actually Hush masquerading as Wayne). Vicki speaks with Lucius Fox but still cannot get a proper answer about Bruce's whereabouts. Feeling like "a real reporter" again, she is thrilled when she receives an invitation to join Bruce as his date at the Robinson Ball. In "Battle for the Cowl" #3, Vicki reports on the chaos that has been caused by Two-Face in the wake of Batman's disappearance.


title: Vicki Vale

text: In the next issue of "Gotham Gazette", "Batman Alive", Vicki sees that Bruce is not present at the gala. While there, she observes the tension between Dick Grayson and Barbara Gordon, as well as the scarring on Tim Drake, allowing her to discover the double lives they and Bruce have been leading. At the end of the story she is seen arranging pictures on her wall, connecting various members of the Batman Family to their secret identities, and declaring that she will prove her suspicions.


title: Vicki Vale

text: Vicki becomes an important supporting player in Issue 6 in the "Red Robin" series. In that issue she begins asking questions and is met by Bruce Wayne (actually Hush/Thomas Elliot in disguise). He agrees to an interview/date with her. This happens in Issue 9 of Red Robin where Wayne/Elliot avoids questions. Vicki finally gets her proof in "Batman" #703.


title: Vicki Vale

text: In "", before she publishes Bruce's secret, Vicki wants to know how and why he is Batman. She calls Wayne Manor and threatens to publish the article if Bruce does not meet with her to discuss it. Alfred sends the still-masquerading Thomas Elliot to meet with her. He tells Vicki before kissing her that he is not Batman. When she gets home, she realizes that he was not Bruce Wayne, and knowing that Dick Grayson is now in the role of Batman leads her to ask the question, "Where is Bruce Wayne?" Holding the story until she uncovers the truth behind that, Vicki goes to Wayne Manor and tells Alfred that she knows the truth. Alfred tells her that Bruce, who was feared dead, has returned, but has not told everyone yet. While holding the story, she encounters Barbara Gordon and tells her she knows the truth. She asks her ex-boyfriend, Jack Ryder, if she should publish the article and turn her career around. Vicki sets up a sting with Commissioner Gordon but things do not go as planned, which leads to Catwoman's finding out that she knows not just about the Bat-family, but also the Gotham Underground, especially Catwoman. Vicki is eventually hunted by the League of Assassins, after Ra's al Ghul realizes that she knew Batman's secret. However, Bruce eventually rescues her. She promises him that she will never reveals his secrets. Vicki realizes that Bruce's mission is bigger than the truth she's seeking, and decides not to expose his secrets, and becomes his ally. During the conflict, Ra's realizes that Vicki is a descendant of Marcel "The Hammer" du Valliere, a French soldier and one of the few who challenged Ra's and his warriors centuries before Batman. Ra's claims that du Valliere stole the woman (who was also Vicki's ancestor) he attempted to court. Despite having killed du Valliere after their final battle a long time ago, it is implied that al Ghul's business with Vicki is not complete as he vows to track down anything that related to his enemies.


title: Vicki Vale

text: In "Batman and Robin" #18, another ex-Wayne Girl, now a villain called The Absence, comes looking to rip out Vicki's eyes. In the following issue, Batman and Robin rush to her apartment only for Absence to reveal that Vicki is bound and gagged inside of a cabinet. Absence then explains that she never intended to kill Vicki, but that she used her as bait to lure Batman into a trap.


title: Vicki Vale

text: In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. Vale greets Bruce at a party and introduces him to mayoral candidate Lincoln March. In "Batman" #22, part of the "" storyline, she is present during Wayne Enterprises' announcement that Bruce Wayne will take part in the family business.


title: Vicki Vale

text: After the Crime Syndicate of America's invasion of Earth, she begins investigating organized crime in Gotham. She is rescued by Harper Row when thugs attack her and her assistant in the Gotham Narrows. Harper berates Vicki for not knowing the type of territory she is venturing. Vicki further investigates the Crime Syndicate's connection to police corruption with the assistance of Jason Bard, Harvey Bullock and Maggie Sawyer. Vale later begins dating Bard, until her research reveals that Bard has a vendetta against vigilantes ever since an amateur Batman wannabe in Detroit led to the death of Jodie Hawkins, his partner/lover, this event leaving Bard with a hatred of Jim Gordon as he felt that a decent cop would not need Batman to help his city. When Vicki calls him in disgust at this revelation, Bard attempts to tell her that he has just 'taken down' Batman (Having hired Lucius Fox after the bankruptcy of Wayne Enterprises to develop a remote-control for the Batmobile that allowed Bard to crash it into a building with Batman inside), but Vicki informs him that he is pathetic, and that she is going to hang up before Batman (who she correctly assumes survived Bard's attack) shows up to give him the punch to the face he so richly deserves. Forced to acknowledge how far he has fallen, Bard resigns his police position due to his own connections to organized crime, then voluntarily tells Vicki the details.


title: Vicki Vale

text: Vicki Vale was listed at #3 in Comicbook.com's 2012 article, "Great Comic Book Journalists: Who's the Best of the Best?", #8 in CBR.com's list of the "15 Best Comic Book Journalists" and #11 in ScreenRant.com's list of "The 15 Most Powerful Journalists In Comic Book History". The character was ranked 93rd in "Comics Buyer's Guide's" "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.