title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: While both Fletcher and Godber are the show's main characters, the series features two major supporting characters, both prison officers. The first is Mr Mackay, a tough and austere Scotsman with a clear dislike of Fletcher, with whom he often comes into conflict (and by whom he is often surreptitiously mocked). The other is Mr Barrowclough, Mackay's empathetic, progressively minded subordinate, who is prone to manipulation by his charges because of his well-meaning character and principles.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: The programme's scriptwriters appear, uncredited, outside Fletch and Godber's cell in the episode "No Peace for the Wicked". Ronnie Barker had suggested the part of Lennie Godber for Paul Henry, but the decision to cast Richard Beckinsale was taken by the production team.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: "Porridge" originated with a 1973 project commissioned by the BBC "Seven of One", which would see Ronnie Barker star in seven different situation comedy pilot episodes. The most successful would then be made into a full series. One of the episodes was "Prisoner and Escort", written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais about a newly sentenced habitual criminal, Norman Stanley Fletcher (Barker), being escorted to prison by two warders: the timid Barrowclough (Brian Wilde) and the stern Mackay (Fulton Mackay). It was broadcast on 1 April 1973 on BBC2. Despite Barker's initial preference for another of the pilots, a sitcom about a Welsh gambling addict, "Prisoner and Escort" was selected. It was renamed "Porridge", a British slang term for a prison sentence from the 1950s; Barker, Clement and La Frenais actually came up with the same title independently of each other.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: In their research, Clement and La Frenais spoke to Jonathan Marshall, a former prisoner who had written a book, "How to Survive in the Nick", and he advised them about prison slang, dress and routines. Struggling to think up plots and humour for such a downbeat, confined environment, a particular phrase used by Marshall – "little victories" – struck a chord and convinced them to base the series on an inmate who made his daily life in prison more bearable by beating the system, even in trivial ways.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: The BBC was forced to look around for locations because the Home Office refused permission for any production filming inside or outside a real prison. Instead the main gatehouse of the disused St Albans prison (in the town's Victoria Street) was used in the opening credits. Exteriors were first filmed at a psychiatric hospital near Watford. However, after the completion of the second series, the hospital withdrew permission for more filming following complaints from patients' families. Another institution near Ealing was then used for the third series. Scenes within cells and offices were filmed at the BBC's London studios, but for shots of the wider prison interior, series production designer Tim Gleeson converted an old water tank, used at Ealing Studios for underwater filming, into a multi-storey set.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: The first episode, "New Faces, Old Hands", was aired on BBC1 on 5 September 1974, attracting a television audience of over 16 million, and receiving positive reviews from critics. Two further series were commissioned, as well as two Christmas special episodes. The final episode of "Porridge", "Final Stretch", was broadcast on 25 March 1977. The producers and the writers were keen to make more episodes, but Barker was wary of being "stuck with a character" and also wanted to move on to other projects, so the series came to a close. Barker did, however, reprise his role as Fletcher in a sequel, "Going Straight", which ran for one series in 1978. A feature-length version of the show was made in 1979 and in 2003 a follow-up mockumentary, "", was aired.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: The prison exterior in the title sequence is the old St Albans prison gatehouse and HM Prison Maidstone, which was also featured in the BBC comedy series "Birds of a Feather" (HMP Slade is referred to in "Birds of a Feather" when the protagonists' husbands are imprisoned there after reoffending in Series 7). The interior shots of doors being locked were filmed in Shepherds Bush police station – the BBC had a good relationship with officers there. In the episode "Pardon Me" Fletcher speaks to Blanco (David Jason) in the prison gardens: this was filmed in the grounds of an old brewery outside Baldock on the A505 to Royston. The barred windows approximated a prison. The building has since been demolished.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: The 1974 episode "A Day Out", which features a prison work party, was filmed in and around the Welsh village of Penderyn, the prisoners' ditch being excavated by a JCB. Loftus Road, the home of Queens Park Rangers Football Club, was briefly featured in "Happy Release", standing in for Elland Road in Leeds.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: In the episode "No Way Out", Fletcher tries to get MacKay to fall into a tunnel in a tarmac area, these outside shots were filmed at St Bernard's Hospital in West London, the barred windows in this case being those of the hospital pharmacy. The interior shots for the 1979 film were shot entirely at HM Prison Chelmsford, Essex.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: The opening credits consist of outside shots of Slade prison and of several doors and gates being closed and locked, which was intended to set the scene. In the first series, there were also shots of St Pancras railway station, which was changed in subsequent series to shots of Fletcher walking around Slade prison. Title music was thought unsuitable for a show set in prison, so instead there is a booming narration (voiced by Barker himself) given by the presiding judge passing sentence on Fletcher:


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: For series 1, the narration is 'clean' (i.e. no effects) and plays in one complete piece. For series 2 and 3, it is broken down by sentence into three sections and has an echo effect added to increase the gravity of the 'judge's' words, with each of the three sentences followed by shots of locking various doors around the 'prison' with key locking sound effects.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: Subsequently, Barker is reported to have said that he regretted recording himself as the judge, a role subsequently played by Maurice Denham in two episodes of the third series.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: The theme music for the closing credits was written by Max Harris, who had also written the theme music for numerous other TV shows, including "The Strange World of Gurney Slade, The Gold Robbers" and "Doomwatch", and would go on to arrange the theme for "Open All Hours" (which was written by Joseph Ascher), another of the Seven of One pilots. The cheery theme was "deliberately at variance with the dour comedy" and given a music hall feel by Harris because of the lead character's Cockney origins.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: Following the pilot episode broadcast on 1 April 1973, the sitcom ran for three series between and , with 20 episodes in total. Each episode was 30 minutes except for the two Christmas specials in 1975 and 1976.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: A sequel to "Porridge", "Going Straight", was aired between 24 February and 7 April 1978. Beginning with Fletcher's release from prison on parole, it follows his attempts to "go straight" and readjust to a law-abiding life. Richard Beckinsale reprised his role as Godber, now the fiancé of Fletcher's daughter Ingrid (Patricia Brake), and the couple married in the final episode. Nicholas Lyndhurst also featured as Fletcher's gormless son, Raymond. The series lasted six episodes, and generally was not as well received as its predecessor, although it did win two BAFTAs, for Best Situation Comedy and Best Light Entertainment Performance (jointly with "The Two Ronnies") for Ronnie Barker.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: On 29 December 2003, a mockumentary follow-up to "Porridge" was broadcast on BBC Two. It looked back on Fletcher's life and how the various inmates of Slade had fared 25 years after Fletcher's release from prison. Warren is now a sign painter, Lukewarm is married to Trevor, McLaren is an MSP, Grouty has become a celebrity gangster, Horrible Ives collects money for non-existent charities, Godber is now a lorry driver and still married to Ingrid, and Fletcher runs a pub with his childhood sweetheart, Gloria.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: On Sunday 28 August 2016, a one-off sequel to the original series, also titled "Porridge", was broadcast on BBC One. It starred Kevin Bishop as Nigel Norman Fletcher, Norman Stanley Fletcher's grandson, serving five years in prison for computer-hacking.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: The special was written by the original creators and writers of "Porridge", Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais. It gained praise from both viewers and TV critics, with many calling for a full series to be made. The overnight ratings showed an estimated 4.4 million people had watched it. Following the success of the initial episode, in October 2016 the BBC announced that a full series of six episodes had been commissioned, with production to start in January 2017. The full series was released online on 6 October 2017 on the BBC iPlayer as well as starting a six-week run on prime-time BBC1 on Fridays.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: An American version entitled "On the Rocks" (1975–76) ran for a season, while a Dutch version "Laat maar zitten" (a pun: the title has several meanings, like "Don't mention it" and "Let it be", but in this case it can also be interpreted as "Let them do time") ran from 1988 to 1991; later episodes of the Netherlands version were original scripts, the series also had a very successful Portuguese remake entitled "Camilo na Prisão" ("Camilo in Prison").


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: Following the example of other sitcom crossovers, such as "Dad's Army", "Steptoe and Son" and "The Likely Lads", a feature-length version of "Porridge" was made in 1979. Barker again starred as Fletcher, and most of the supporting cast also returned. Unlike the television series, it was actually filmed at a real prison as HMP Chelmsford was temporarily vacant following a fire.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: Novelisations of the three series of "Porridge" and the film were issued by BBC Books, as well as an adaptation of "Going Straight". BBC Enterprises released an LP record featuring two "Porridge" episodes, "A Night In" and "Heartbreak Hotel" in 1977.(REB 270) Two volumes of audio cassette releases ('Porridge' and 'More Porridge') comprising four episodes each, including the two episodes from the vinyl release, were issued in the mid-1990s, and later re-released on CD. A third volume of four episodes ('A Third Helping') was released on cassette in 2002.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: In 2009 "Porridge" was adapted into a stage show, also written by Clement and La Frenais, starring former "EastEnders" actor Shaun Williamson as Fletcher and Daniel West as Godber. Peter Kay, a fan of the show, was previously offered the role but turned it down. It opened in September 2009 to positive reviews.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: Ronnie Barker was the author of "Fletcher's Book of Rhyming Slang" (Pan, 1979), which includes an introduction by 'Fletch'.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: "Porridge" was immensely popular with British prisoners. Erwin James, an ex-prisoner who writes a bi-weekly column for "The Guardian" newspaper, stated that:


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: The script allowed the prisoners to swear without offending viewers by using the word "naff" in place of ruder words ("Naff off!", "Darn your own naffing socks", "Doing next to naff all"), thereby popularising a word that had been virtually unknown and the first recorded use of which was in 1966. Ronnie Barker did not claim to have invented it and in a television interview in 2003 it was explained to him on camera what the word meant, as he did not have a clue.


title: Porridge (1974 TV series)

text: A genuine neologism was "nerk", which was used in place of the more offensive "berk". "Berk" has changed meaning since its inception and is generally used now to mean "fool" while the original rhyming slang meaning refers to female genitalia (via 'Berkshire Hunt'). Another term was "scrote" (presumably derived from scrotum), meaning a nasty, unpleasant person.


title: Pistol Auto 9mm 1A

text: The Pistol Auto 9mm 1A, also known as IOF 9mm pistol, is a semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Rifle Factory Ishapore. It's a licensed copy of the Browning Hi-Power, made using tooling acquired from John Inglis and Company.


title: Pistol Auto 9mm 1A

text: In 1971, preliminary works was established to make Pistol Auto 9mm 1A. The first specimen was manufactured in 1977, while large-scale manufacturing began in 1981.


title: Pistol Auto 9mm 1A

text: It is a recoil-operated, magazine-fed, self-loading, semi-automatic pistol that uses 9×19mm Parabellum ammunition. The magazine has a 13-round capacity, being based on the original Hi-Power.


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: "Something Stupid" is the seventh episode of the fourth season of the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", a spin-off series of "Breaking Bad". The episode aired on September 17, 2018, on AMC in the United States. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on the streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: Over an eight-month period that ends in early 2004, Jimmy McGill and Kim Wexler drift further apart. Kim's arm heals and she thrives at Schweikart & Cokely. Jimmy continues working at the cell phone store, but his side business re-selling prepaid phones continues to grow. Jimmy's increasing contacts with Albuquerque's criminals cause him to frequently use his "Saul Goodman" alias.


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy shows Huell Babineaux a prospective space for his new law office. Kim and Jimmy attend a Schweikart and Cokely reception; initially charming, he increasingly feels awkward and ducks into Kim's office. He realizes how much better her workspace is than what he showed Huell. After returning to the party he creates a spectacle by proposing increasingly grandiose ideas for S&C's annual company retreat.


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: Dr. Bruckner shows Gus Fring a video showing Hector Salamanca has improved cognitively and has limited mobility in his right hand. Bruckner dismisses Hector knocking over a water glass as involuntary, but Gus sees that Hector did it purposely so he could ogle the nurse who cleaned it up. Gus tells Bruckner to end treatment, in effect trapping Hector's healed mind inside his unhealed body.


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: Werner Ziegler's crew excavates the meth lab. Work proceeds slowly, tensions rise, and Kai and Casper get into a shoving match, requiring Mike Ehrmantraut to intervene. Mike wonders if they would be better off without Kai, but Werner suggests the crew just needs rest and relaxation since they have been working longer than anticipated.


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy continues to re-sell phones, with his business now based in a van on the city's outskirts. An off-duty police officer arrives and suggests Jimmy target a better class of customers, while Jimmy argues that his business is legitimate. Huell returns from buying lunch but is wearing headphones and does not recognize the context of the discussion, so he strikes the officer with the shopping bag. The officer knows Huell from previous run-ins and arrests him. Kim agrees to represent Huell but refuses to use tricks to ruin the cop's reputation. She wants Jimmy to guarantee that Huell will not flee, but Jimmy's reply is unconvincing. Kim tries to negotiate a plea bargain, but prosecutor Suzanne Ericsen refuses to deal. On her way to meet with Huell, Kim stops to buy office supplies, then calls Jimmy and tells him to stop whatever he is doing to help Huell because she has a better way.


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: The song played in the opening montage is a cover of "Somethin' Stupid" performed by the band Lola Marsh. The song was originally written by Carson Parks and made famous by Frank and Nancy Sinatra; the series' music supervisor Thomas Golubić commissioned Lola Marsh for the cover for this episode.


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: "Something Stupid" received critical acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it garnered a perfect 100% rating with an average score of 8.14/10 based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "'Something Stupid' sees director Deborah Chow delivering an episode that's visually striking even by "Saul"s high standards." In an 8.7-star review, Matt Fowler of IGN called the episode "great" but also seemed like the first half of a bigger arc. Writing for "Rolling Stone", Alan Sepinwall praised Chow's direction (particularly the montages and the different point-of-view shots), hoping that the episode won't be her last entry in the series. However, he criticized the lack of Nacho's appearance, describing the character's absence as "particularly glaring because of how hopeless his situation seemed when we last saw him with his father".


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: For his work on this episode, Thomas Golubić was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Supervision.


title: Something Stupid (Better Call Saul)

text: "Something Stupid" was watched by 1.35 million viewers on its first broadcast, earning a 0.4 rating for viewers between 18 and 49.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium, devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: The classic example of such a system is a fluid with temperature gradients in space causing heat to flow from hotter regions to colder ones, by the random but biased transport of the particles making up that fluid. In the modern literature the term Boltzmann equation is often used in a more general sense, referring to any kinetic equation that describes the change of a macroscopic quantity in a thermodynamic system, such as energy, charge or particle number.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: The equation arises not by analyzing the individual positions and momenta of each particle in the fluid but rather by considering a probability distribution for the position and momentum of a typical particle—that is, the probability that the particle occupies a given very small region of space (mathematically the volume element formula_1) centered at the position formula_2, and has momentum nearly equal to a given momentum vector formula_3 (thus occupying a very small region of momentum space formula_4), at an instant of time.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: The Boltzmann equation can be used to determine how physical quantities change, such as heat energy and momentum, when a fluid is in transport. One may also derive other properties characteristic to fluids such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity (by treating the charge carriers in a material as a gas). See also convection–diffusion equation.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: The equation is a nonlinear integro-differential equation, and the unknown function in the equation is a probability density function in six-dimensional space of a particle position and momentum. The problem of existence and uniqueness of solutions is still not fully resolved, but some recent results are quite promising.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: The set of all possible positions r and momenta p is called the phase space of the system; in other words a set of three coordinates for each position coordinate "x, y, z", and three more for each momentum component , , . The entire space is 6-dimensional: a point in this space is , and each coordinate is parameterized by time "t". The small volume ("differential volume element") is written


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Since the probability of molecules, which "all" have and within formula_6, is in question, at the heart of the equation is a quantity which gives this probability per unit phase-space volume, or probability per unit length cubed per unit momentum cubed, at an instant of time . This is a probability density function: , defined so that,


title: Boltzmann equation

text: is the number of molecules which "all" have positions lying within a volume element formula_8 about and momenta lying within a momentum space element formula_9 about , at time . Integrating over a region of position space and momentum space gives the total number of particles which have positions and momenta in that region:


title: Boltzmann equation

text: which is a 6-fold integral. While is associated with a number of particles, the phase space is for one-particle (not all of them, which is usually the case with deterministic many-body systems), since only one and is in question. It is not part of the analysis to use , for particle 1, , for particle 2, etc. up to , for particle "N".


title: Boltzmann equation

text: It is assumed the particles in the system are identical (so each has an identical mass ). For a mixture of more than one chemical species, one distribution is needed for each, see below.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: where the "force" term corresponds to the forces exerted on the particles by an external influence (not by the particles themselves), the "diff" term represents the diffusion of particles, and "coll" is the collision term – accounting for the forces acting between particles in collisions. Expressions for each term on the right side are provided below.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Note that some authors use the particle velocity instead of momentum ; they are related in the definition of momentum by .


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Consider particles described by , each experiencing an "external" force not due to other particles (see the collision term for the latter treatment).


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Suppose at time some number of particles all have position within element formula_8 and momentum within formula_9. If a force instantly acts on each particle, then at time their position will be formula_14 and momentum . Then, in the absence of collisions, must satisfy


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Note that we have used the fact that the phase space volume element formula_6 is constant, which can be shown using Hamilton's equations (see the discussion under Liouville's theorem). However, since collisions do occur, the particle density in the phase-space volume formula_6 changes, so


title: Boltzmann equation

text: & = \frac{\partial f}{\partial t}dt +\nabla f \cdot \frac{\mathbf{p}}{m}dt + \frac{\partial f}{\partial \mathbf{p}}\cdot \mathbf{F} \, dt


title: Boltzmann equation

text: In this context, is the force field acting on the particles in the fluid, and is the mass of the particles. The term on the right hand side is added to describe the effect of collisions between particles; if it is zero then the particles do not collide. The collisionless Boltzmann equation, where individual collisions are replaced with long-range aggregated interactions, e.g. Coulomb interactions, is often called the Vlasov equation.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: This equation is more useful than the principal one above, yet still incomplete, since cannot be solved unless the collision term in is known. This term cannot be found as easily or generally as the others – it is a statistical term representing the particle collisions, and requires knowledge of the statistics the particles obey, like the Maxwell–Boltzmann, Fermi–Dirac or Bose–Einstein distributions.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: A key insight applied by Boltzmann was to determine the collision term resulting solely from two-body collisions between particles that are assumed to be uncorrelated prior to the collision. This assumption was referred to by Boltzmann as the "" and is also known as the "molecular chaos assumption". Under this assumption the collision term can be written as a momentum-space integral over the product of one-particle distribution functions:


title: Boltzmann equation

text: where and are the momenta of any two particles (labeled as "A" and "B" for convenience) before a collision, and are the momenta after the collision,


title: Boltzmann equation

text: is the magnitude of the relative momenta (see relative velocity for more on this concept), and is the differential cross section of the collision, in which the relative momenta of the colliding particles turns through an angle into the element of the solid angle , due to the collision.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Since much of the challenge in solving the Boltzmann equation originates with the complex collision term, attempts have been made to "model" and simplify the collision term. The best known model equation is due to Bhatnagar, Gross and Krook. The assumption in the BGK approximation is that the effect of molecular collisions is to force a non-equilibrium distribution function at a point in physical space back to a Maxwellian equilibrium distribution function and that the rate at which this occurs is proportional to the molecular collision frequency. The Boltzmann equation is therefore modified to the BGK form:


title: Boltzmann equation

text: where formula_24 is the molecular collision frequency, and formula_25 is the local Maxwellian distribution function given the gas temperature at this point in space.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: and is the differential cross-section, as before, between particles "i" and "j". The integration is over the momentum components in the integrand (which are labelled "i" and "j"). The sum of integrals describes the entry and exit of particles of species "i" in or out of the phase-space element.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: The Boltzmann equation can be used to derive the fluid dynamic conservation laws for mass, charge, momentum, and energy. For a fluid consisting of only one kind of particle, the number density is given by


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Since the conservation equations involve tensors, the Einstein summation convention will be used where repeated indices in a product indicate summation over those indices. Thus formula_31 and formula_32, where formula_33 is the particle velocity vector. Define formula_34 as some function of momentum formula_35 only, which is conserved in a collision. Assume also that the force formula_36 is a function of position only, and that "f" is zero for formula_37. Multiplying the Boltzmann equation by "A" and integrating over momentum yields four terms, which, using integration by parts, can be expressed as


title: Boltzmann equation

text: where the last term is zero, since is conserved in a collision. The values of correspond to moments of velocity formula_42 (and momentum formula_35, as they are linearly dependent).


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Letting formula_44, the mass of the particle, the integrated Boltzmann equation becomes the conservation of mass equation:


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Letting formula_48, the momentum of the particle, the integrated Boltzmann equation becomes the conservation of momentum equation:


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Letting formula_51, the kinetic energy of the particle, the integrated Boltzmann equation becomes the conservation of energy equation:


title: Boltzmann equation

text: where is the Liouville operator (there is an inconsistent definition between the Liouville operator as defined here and the one in the article linked) describing the evolution of a phase space volume and is the collision operator. The non-relativistic form of is


title: Boltzmann equation

text: It is possible to write down relativistic quantum Boltzmann equations for relativistic quantum systems in which the number of particles is not conserved in collisions. This has several applications in physical cosmology, including the formation of the light elements in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the production of dark matter and baryogenesis. It is not a priori clear that the state of a quantum system can be characterized by a classical phase space density "f". However, for a wide class of applications a well-defined generalization of "f" exists which is the solution of an effective Boltzmann equation that can be derived from first principles of quantum field theory.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: The Boltzmann equation is of use in galactic dynamics. A galaxy, under certain assumptions, may be approximated as a continuous fluid; its mass distribution is then represented by "f"; in galaxies, physical collisions between the stars are very rare, and the effect of "gravitational collisions" can be neglected for times far longer than the age of the universe.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: where is the Christoffel symbol of the second kind (this assumes there are no external forces, so that particles move along geodesics in the absence of collisions), with the important subtlety that the density is a function in mixed contravariant-covariant phase space as opposed to fully contravariant phase space.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: In physical cosmology the fully covariant approach has been used to study the cosmic microwave background radiation. More generically the study of processes in the early universe often attempt to take into account the effects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. In the very dense medium formed by the primordial plasma after the Big Bang, particles are continuously created and annihilated. In such an environment quantum coherence and the spatial extension of the wavefunction can affect the dynamics, making it questionable whether the classical phase space distribution "f" that appears in the Boltzmann equation is suitable to describe the system. In many cases it is, however, possible to derive an effective Boltzmann equation for a generalized distribution function from first principles of quantum field theory. This includes the formation of the light elements in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the production of dark matter and baryogenesis.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Exact solutions to the Boltzmann equations have been proven to exist in some cases; this analytical approach provides insight, but is not generally usable in practical problems.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Instead, numerical methods (including finite elements and lattice Boltzmann methods) are generally used to find approximate solutions to the various forms of the Boltzmann equation. Example applications range from hypersonic aerodynamics in rarefied gas flows to plasma flows. An application of the Boltzmann equation in electrodynamics is the calculation of the electrical conductivity - the result is in leading order identical with the semiclassical result.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Close to local equilibrium, solution of the Boltzmann equation can be represented by an asymptotic expansion in powers of Knudsen number (the Chapman–Enskog expansion). The first two terms of this expansion give the Euler equations and the Navier–Stokes equations. The higher terms have singularities. The problem of developing mathematically the limiting processes, which lead from the atomistic view (represented by Boltzmann's equation) to the laws of motion of continua, is an important part of Hilbert's sixth problem.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: The Boltzmann equation is valid only under several assumptions. For instance, the particles are assumed to be pointlike, i.e. without having a finite size. There exist a generalization of the Boltzmann equation that is called the Enskog equation. The collision term is modified in Enskog equations such that finite size of particles, for example particles can be a sphere having a fixed radius.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: No further degree of freedoms besides translational motion are assumed for the particles. If there are internal degree of freedom, the Boltzmann equation has to be generalized and might possess inelastic collisions.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Many real fluids like liquids or dense gases have besides the features mentioned above more complex forms of collisions, there will be not only binary, but also ternary and higher order collisions. These must be derived by using BBGKY hierarchy.


title: Boltzmann equation

text: Boltzmann-like equations are also used for the movement of cells. Since cells are composite particles that carry internal degree of freedom, the corresonding generalized Boltzmann equations must have inelastic collision integrals. Such equations can describe invasions of cancer cells in tissue, morphogenesis, and chemotaxis-related effects.


title: Indian wolf

text: The Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is a subspecies of gray wolf that ranges from Southwest Asia to the Indian Subcontinent. It is intermediate in size between the Himalayan wolf and the Arabian wolf, and lacks the former's luxuriant winter coat due to it living in warmer conditions. Within this subspecies, the "Indian plains wolf" is genetically basal to all other extant "Canis lupus" apart from the older-lineage Himalayan wolf, with both proposed as separate species. The Indian wolf travels in smaller packs and is less vocal than other variants of the gray wolf, and has a reputation for being cunning. The Indian wolf is one of the most endangered populations of gray wolf in the world.


title: Indian wolf

text: The Indian wolf was first described to Western science in 1831 by the British ornithologist William Henry Sykes under the binomial "Canis pallipes". In 1941, Reginald Pocock subordinated it to "Canis lupus" under the trinomial "Canis lupus pallipes".


title: Indian wolf

text: In 2018, whole genome sequencing was used to compare members of the genus "Canis". The study found evidence of gene flow between African wolves, golden jackals, and gray wolves (from Saudi Arabia and Syria). One African wolf from the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. The African wolf was found to be the descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% gray wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry.


title: Indian wolf

text: The Indian plains wolf ("Canis lupus pallipes", synonym "Canis indica") is formed by 2 closely related female lineage mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) haplotypes that fall within the "Canis lupus pallipes" subspecies of the gray wolf. It is only found in the arid and semi-arid peninsular plains of India. These lineages are genetically unique from all other wolves worldwide, including from other wolves forming "C. l. pallipes". The Indian gray wolf and the Himalayan wolf are phylogenetically basal to all other wolves and are closer to the African wolf. This indicates that these are the descendants of an ancient wolf distribution. In April 2009, the Latin binomial "Canis indica" had been proposed for these 2 haplotypes as a nomenclatural and taxonomic split from "Canis lupus" as a new species through the Nomenclature Specialist on the CITES Animals Committee. The committee recommended against this proposal but recommended that the name be entered into the species database as a synonym of the name under which it was listed. The proposal was based on one study that relied on only a limited number of museum and zoo samples that may not have been representative of the wild population, and a call for further fieldwork was made.


title: Indian wolf

text: Earlier, two studies had sequenced the mDNA of the Indian gray wolf and found that it is basal to all other extant "Canis lupus" haplotypes apart from the older-lineage Himalayan wolf. Later studies compared these sequences against worldwide wolf sequences and confirmed this basal position. One study, based on a fossil record, estimated that the divergence between the coyote and the wolf lineages occurred 1 million years ago and with an assumed wolf mutation rate, estimated that the divergence of the Indian gray wolf from the wolf/dog ancestor occurred 400,000 years ago. Another study, which expressed concerns about the earlier study, gave an estimate of 270,000 years ago.


title: Indian wolf

text: The Indian gray wolf is endangered and its population is estimated at 2,000-3,000. It resembles "C. l. pallipes" in its outer appearance (morphological features) and its social/reproductive behavior, but it is smaller in size. It is genetically distinct from "C. l. pallipes". These findings suggest that the Indian gray wolf is not the "pallipes" found in the Middle East and Central Asia. It was therefore proposed that the Indian gray wolf be reclassified as a separate species "Canis indica". In 2016, a study of the mDNA of both modern and ancient wolves indicated that the Indian gray wolf and the Himalayan wolf were genetically basal when compared with all other gray wolves.


title: Indian wolf

text: In 2021, a study compared both the mitochondrial DNA and the nuclear DNA (from the cell nucleus) from the wolves of the Himalayas with those of the wolves from the lowlands of the Indian subcontinent. The genomic analyses indicate that the Himalayan wolf and the Indian lowland wolf were genetically distinct from one another. These wolves were also genetically distinct from – and genetically basal to – the other wolf populations across the northern hemisphere. These other wolves form a single mitochondrial clade, indicating that they originated from a single expansion from one region within the last 100,000 years. However, the nuclear analysis indicated that the Indian lowland wolf and the Himalayan wolf had separated from this lineage around 200,000 years ago, with the Indian lowland wolf being genetically basal to the Himalayan wolf. This nuclear DNA finding conflicts with mitochondrial DNA findings of the Himalayan wolf being the most basal, however the Himalayan wolf has admixed with a more basal but unidentified canid and this is what was being reflected in its mDNA. Wolves from Syria and Iran clustered with the other wolves, although these and the Indian lowland wolves are taxonomically classified together as the single subspecies "Canis lupus pallipes". The wolves of this subspecies share morphological characteristics due to their adaptation to arid environments.


title: Indian wolf

text: The taxonomic reference "Mammal Species of the World" (2005) does not recognize "Canis indica", however NCBI/Genbank does list "Canis lupus indica".


title: Indian wolf

text: A study demonstrated minor morphological variations of the skull of Iranian wolves but these did not vary enough to support them being a separate subspecies, however their genetic lineage has not been verified.


title: Indian wolf

text: The Indian wolf is similar in structure to the Eurasian wolf, but is smaller, more slightly built, and has shorter fur with little to no underfur. It is typically around at shoulder height, with males ranging from and females in weight. Its length ranges from from nose to tail. Like the Arabian wolf, it has short, thin fur in summer, though the hair on the back remains long even in summer, an adaptation thought to be against solar radiation. The fur is generally grayish-red to reddish-white with gray tones. The hairs are grizzled with black, particularly on the back, which sports a dark V-shaped patch around the shoulders. The limbs are paler than the body, and the underparts are almost completely white. Pups are born sooty-brown, with a milk-white patch on the chest that fades with age. Black specimens are rare, but have been recorded in India's Solapur district and two regions of Iran. In the latter country, the mutation was found to be naturally occurring, unlike in North American gray wolves, which have inherited the K allele responsible for melanism from past interbreeding with dogs.


title: Indian wolf

text: Its habits are similar to those of other grey wolf subspecies, though the Indian wolf generally lives in smaller packs rarely exceeding 6-8 individuals, and is relatively less vocal, having rarely been known to howl. Indian wolf vocalization includes howls, howl-barks, whimper, social squeals, and whines with howls an average fundamental frequency of 422 Hz and whines 906 Hz. There is at least one record of a lone wolf associating with a pair of dholes in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary. It tends to breed from mid-October to late December, and whelp in holes or ravines. It typically preys on antelopes, rodents, and hares. It usually hunts in pairs when targeting antelopes, with one wolf acting as a decoy while the other attacks from behind. The range of the Indian wolf overlaps with the golden jackal, sloth bear, leopard, Bengal fox, brown bear, Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger.


title: Indian wolf

text: Indian wolves are nocturnal and hunt from dusk to dawn, using different strategies for their various prey animals. These wolves are said to be exceptional in speed and endurance. An Indian wolf pack will spread themselves out when hunting Indian hares and various rodents, in contrast to coordinating when their target is the swift blackbuck antelope. The blackbuck is the major prey animal for wolves in Nannaj and Blackbuck National Park and constitute up to 88% of Indian wolf biomass consumption. Because the antelope is faster, Indian wolves will usually chase it toward ravines, bushes or hollows, where more wolves wait in ambush. In addition to leading antelopes into an ambush, Indian wolves can chase blackbucks down hills for a short-term burst in speed. Indian wolves may also select a sick or injured animal and separate it from the herd, pursuing it to exhaustion. This strategy is commonly seen in gray wolves, and often proves successful. Finally, when they close the distance and attack, a single wolf would grab the snout to asphyxiate the antelope while others attack the rear. Indian wolves are also reported to use curiosity to lure antelopes in for a kill. One story remarks that a wolf rolled over, legs upright, when the blackbucks were feeding. When the antelope accidentally disturbed this wolf, two others sprung up for the kill.


title: Indian wolf

text: During the 19th century, wolves were widespread in many parts of the Holy Land east and west of the Jordan River. However, they decreased considerably in number between 1964 and 1980, largely due to persecution by farmers. Currently, Israel's conservation policies and effective law enforcement maintain a moderately sized wolf population, which radiates into neighbouring countries. Turkey may play an important role in maintaining wolves in the region, due to its contiguity with Central Asia. The mountains of Turkey have served as a refuge for the few wolves remaining in Syria. A small wolf population occurs in the Golan Heights, and is well protected by the military activities there. Although Turkish wolves have no legal protection, they may number about 7,000 individuals.


title: Indian wolf

text: Little is known of current wolf populations in Iran, which once occurred throughout the country in low densities during the mid-1970s. Although widespread throughout the country, being absent only in the central desert and Dasht-e Lut, there is no reliable estimation on the wolf's population size there. Wolves in Iran continue to suffer from habitat loss, unregulated hunting and loss of prey.


title: Indian wolf

text: The northern regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan are important strongholds for the wolf. It has been estimated that there are about 300 wolves in approximately of Jammu and Kashmir in northern India, and 50 more in Himachal Pradesh. Hindus traditionally considered the hunting of wolves, even dangerous ones, as taboo, for fear of causing a bad harvest. The Santals, however, considered them fair game, as with every other forest-dwelling animal. During British India, wolves were not considered game species, and were killed primarily in response to them attacking game herds, livestock, and people. In 1876, in the North-West Provinces and Bihar State, 2,825 wolves were killed in response to 721 fatal attacks on humans. Two years later, 2,600 wolves were killed in response to attacks leaving 624 humans dead. By the 1920s, wolf extermination remained a priority in the NWP and Awadh. Overall, over 100,000 wolves were killed for bounties in British India between 1871 and 1916. In modern India, the Indian wolf is distributed across the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. As of 2004, it is estimated that there are around 2000–3000 Indian wolves in the country. Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary in the state of Jharkhand is only wolf sanctuary in the country. They are mainly found outside of protected reserves and feed mainly on domestic animals, such as goats or sheep. However, in areas where natural prey is still abundant, for example in Velavadar National Park or Panna Tiger Reserve, natural prey species are still preferred. Although protected since 1972, Indian wolves are classed as Endangered, with many populations lingering in low numbers or living in areas increasingly used by humans. Although present in Bhutan, there is no information on the wolves occurring there.


title: Indian wolf

text: Indian wolves have a history of preying on children, a phenomenon called "child-lifting". In 1878, 624 people were killed by wolves in Uttar Pradesh, and 14 others were killed in Bengal. In 1900, 285 people were killed in the Central Provinces. Between 1910 and 1915, 115 children were killed by wolves in Hazaribagh, and 122 were killed in the same area in 1980–1986. In Jaunpur, Pratapgarh and Sultanpur in Uttar Pradesh, wolves killed 21 children and mauled 16 others from March 27, 1996, to July 1, 1996. Between April 1993 and April 1995, five wolf packs attacked 80 children, 20 of whom were rescued, in Hazaribagh, West Koderma and Latehar Forest Divisions. The children were taken primarily in the summer period in the evening hours, and often within human settlements.


title: Indian wolf

text: In Iran, wolf attacks have been reported for millennia. As with India, many cases of wolves making off with small children have been reported. Adults have been attacked on occasion, including an incident in which a policeman was killed and partially eaten by three wolves after dismounting from his horse to relieve himself. On January 2, 2005, in the village of Vali Asr, near the town of Torbat Heydariya, northeastern Iran, a wolf pack attacked a homeless man in front of witnesses. Although the police intervened, the man died of his wounds.


title: Indian wolf

text: Indian wolves will feed on livestock when natural prey is scarce. This causes human-wolf conflicts and wolf persecution since human population density is high in these areas. Grass is quickly grazed by livestock in unprotected grasslands that cannot sustain a blackbuck population afterward. Among domestic animals, goats are the primary target for Indian wolves, comprising 66% of wolf attacks around the Jhelum district, with sheep following at 27%. Wolves are also more prone to preying on livestock during denning periods and with pups below 5–6 months old. It is not uncommon for locals to exaggerate the magnitude of Indian wolf depredation and tell tales of their predatory wiles, contributing to hatred of the animal.


title: Indian wolf

text: Like the fox and the coyote, the Indian wolf has a reputation for being clever. There are many stories of their stratagems told by locals, observers and shepherds. The people of Maharashtra would sing "labad landga dhong kartay", in Marathi which translates to "Wolves are clever animals and will fool you with their devilish methods."


title: Indian wolf

text: Wolves are occasionally mentioned in Hindu mythology. In the "Harivamsa", Krishna, to convince the people of Vraja to migrate to Vrindavan, creates hundreds of wolves from his hairs, which frighten the inhabitants of Vraja into making the journey. In the "Rig Veda", Rijrsava is blinded by his father as punishment for having given 101 of his family's sheep to a she-wolf, who in turn prays to the Ashvins to restore his sight. Bhima, the voracious son of the god Vayu, is described as "Vrikodara", meaning "wolf-stomached".


title: Indian wolf

text: The wolf has an ambivalent reputation in Iranian culture, being demonised in the Avestas as a creation of Ahriman, and still features in contemporary cautionary tales told to misbehaving children.


title: Indian wolf

text: Indian wolves take a central role in Rudyard Kipling's "The Jungle Book" series, in which a pack in the Seoni area of Madhya Pradesh adopts the feral child Mowgli, and teaches him how to survive in the jungle while protecting him from the Bengal tiger Shere Khan.


title: Middle Way

text: The Middle Way (; ) as well as "teaching the Dharma by the middle" ("majjhena dhammaṃ deseti") are common Buddhist terms used to refer to two major aspects of the Dharma, that is, the teaching of the Buddha. The first phrasing (with ""paṭipadā""), refers to a spiritual practice that steers clear of both extreme asceticism and sensual indulgence. This spiritual path is defined as the Noble Eightfold Path that leads to awakening. The second formulation refers to how the Buddha's Dharma (Teaching) approaches ontological issues of existence and personal identity by avoiding eternalism (or absolutism) and annihilationism (and nihilism).


title: Middle Way

text: In the early Buddhist texts, there are two aspects of the Middle Way taught by the Buddha. David Kalupahana describes these as the "philosophical" Middle Way and the "practical" Middle Way. He associates these with the teachings found in the "Kaccānagotta-sutta" and the "Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta" respectively.


title: Middle Way

text: In the Early Buddhist Texts, the term "Middle Path" () was used in the "Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta" (SN 56.11, and its numerous parallel texts), which the Buddhist tradition regards to be the first teaching that the Buddha delivered after his awakening. In this sutta, the Buddha describes the Noble Eightfold Path as the Middle Way which steers clear of the extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification:


title: Middle Way

text: A similar passage occurs in other suttas such as "Araṇavibhaṅgasutta" (MN 139) with a Chinese parallel at MA 169 as well as in MN 3 (Chinese parallels at MA 88 and EA 18.3).


title: Middle Way

text: Indologist Johannes Bronkhorst concludes that the first extreme mentioned here "indulgence in desirable sense objects" does not refer to a specific religious movement or practice, but to the actions of common people. However, the other extreme does presuppose ascetics who used “devotion to self-mortification” to reach a religious goal.


title: Middle Way

text: The Buddhist texts depict (and criticize) Jain ascetics as those who practice extreme self-mortification (Bronkhorst cites MN 14). Early Buddhist sources (such as MN 36) also depict the Buddha practicing those ascetic practices before his awakening and how the Buddha abandoned them because they are not efficacious. Some of these extreme practices include a "meditation without breathing", and extreme fasting which leads to emaciation as well as the total suppression of bodily movement while standing and refusing to lie down. According to the scriptural account, when the Buddha delivered the "Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta", he was addressing five ascetics with whom he had previously practiced severe ascetic practices.


title: Middle Way

text: As noted by Y. Karunadasa, this middle path "does not mean moderation or a compromise between the two extremes" rather, it means as the sutta states "without entering either of the two extremes" ("ubho ante anupagamma").


title: Middle Way

text: A sutta from the Anguttara Nikaya (AN 3.156–162) also discusses the middle path as well as two other "paths", the addicted practice and the scorching path, referring to the two extremes. The addicted path is described as when someone thinks that there is nothing wrong with sensual pleasures "so they throw themselves into sensual pleasures." Meanwhile, the scorching path includes numerous "ways of mortifying and tormenting the body" including going naked, restricting their food intake in various ways, wearing various kinds of rough clothing, "they tear out their hair and beard," "they constantly stand, refusing seats," they maintain the squatting posture, and "they lie on a mat of thorns". The middle path meanwhile is described by listing the thirty seven aids to awakening.


title: Middle Way

text: Other early sources like the "Kaccānagotta-sutta" also state that "the Tathagatha teaches "by the middle way"" ("majjhena tathāgato dhammaṃ deseti") which often refers to the doctrine of dependent origination as a view between the extremes of eternalism and annihilationism as well as the extremes of existence and non-existence. Gethin 78


title: Middle Way

text: According to Bhikkhu Bodhi, there are two extreme metaphysical views that are avoided through the Buddha's “teaching by the middle” ("majjhena dhammaṃ"):


title: Middle Way

text: According to Bodhi, by steering clear of both of these extremes, dependent origination teaches that "existence is constituted by a current of conditioned phenomena devoid of a metaphysical self yet continuing on from birth to birth as long as the causes that sustain it remain effective."


title: Middle Way

text: One of the most famous and clear expositions of dependent origination is found in the "Kaccānagotta-sutta"." The "Kaccānagotta-sutta" (SN 12.15 with Chinese Agama parallels at SA 262 and SA 301 and also a Sanskrit parallel "Kātyāyanaḥsūtra") explains the middle way view as follows:Kaccāna, this world mostly relies on the dual notions of existence and non-existence. But when you truly see the origin of the world with right understanding, you won’t have the notion of non-existence regarding the world. And when you truly see the cessation of the world with right understanding, you won’t have the notion of existence regarding the world. The world is for the most part shackled by attraction, grasping, and insisting. But if—when it comes to this attraction, grasping, mental fixation, insistence, and underlying tendency—you don’t get attracted, grasp, and commit to the notion ‘my self’, you’ll have no doubt or uncertainty that what arises is just suffering arising, and what ceases is just suffering ceasing. Your knowledge about this is independent of others. This is how right view is defined. ‘All exists’: this is one extreme. ‘All doesn’t exist’: this is the second extreme. Avoiding these two extremes, the Realized One teaches by the middle way: ‘Ignorance is a condition for choices. Choices are a condition for consciousness. … [the rest of the 12 elements of dependent origination follow]


title: Middle Way

text: A similar passage is also found in SN 12.47. According to David Kalupahana, the terms "existence" (atthitā) and "non-existence" (natthitā) are referring to two absolutist theories (which were common in Indian philosophy at the time): the doctrine of permanent existence found in the Upanishads and the doctrine of non-existence (at death) of the materialist Carvaka school.


title: Middle Way

text: "Dependent origination" ("pratītyasamutpāda") describes the existence of phenomena as coming about due to various causes and conditions. When one of these causes changes or disappears, the resulting object or phenomena will also change or disappear, as will the objects or phenomena depending on the changing object or phenomena. Thus, there is nothing with an eternal self, essence or atman, there are only mutually dependent origination and existence (hence, the middle doctrine avoids an eternal substance or being). However, the absence of an atman does not mean there is nothing at all (hence, the middle doctrine avoids nihilism). Therefore, according to Rupert Gethin, the "middle" doctrine of early Buddhism, when applied to the question of personal identity is closely connected with the Buddhist understanding of causality and with the doctrine of not-self ("anatta"). 143


title: Middle Way

text: The connection between dependent origination and personal identity is explored in SN 12.35. In this sutta, a monk asks the Buddha the following question regarding the 12 links of dependent origination: "what now is aging-and-death, and for whom is there this aging-and-death?" The Buddha responds:“Not a valid question,” the Blessed One replied. “Bhikkhu, whether one says, ‘What now is aging-and-death, and for whom is there this aging-and-death?’ or whether one says, ‘Aging-and-death is one thing, the one for whom there is this aging-and-death is another’—both these assertions are identical in meaning; they differ only in the phrasing. If there is the view, ‘The soul and the body are the same,’ there is no living of the holy life; and if there is the view, ‘The soul is one thing, the body is another,’ there is no living of the holy life. Without veering towards either of these extremes, the Tathagata teaches the Dhamma by the middle: ‘With birth as condition, aging-and-death.’”Another passage which discusses personal identity with regard to the middle teaching is found in the "Aññatarabrāhmaṇasutta" (SN 12.46, with a Chinese parallel at SA 300). This sutta outlines two further extreme views with regards to personal identity and karma:


title: Middle Way

text: The "Timbarukasutta" outlines a similar set of two extremes regarding personality:“Suppose that the feeling and the one who feels it are the same thing. Then for one who has existed since the beginning, pleasure and pain is made by oneself. I don’t say this. Suppose that the feeling is one thing and the one who feels it is another. Then for one stricken by feeling, pleasure and pain is made by another. I don’t say this. Avoiding these two extremes, the Realized One teaches by the middle way: ‘Ignorance is a condition for choices. The discourse then states that the Buddha teaches by the middle and outlines the twelve elements of dependent origination.


title: Middle Way

text: Gethin states that for early Buddhism, personal continuity is explained through the particular way that the various phenomena which make up a sentient being are causally connected.143 According to Gethin, this middle teaching "sees a 'person' as subsisting in the causal connectedness of dependent arising". Therefore, thinking that there is something unchanging and constant in a person is eternalistic, while thinking that there is no real connection between the same person at different points in time is annihilationist. As Gethin writes:


title: Middle Way

text: In other words, if we deny that there is a real connectedness between events this is annihilationism, but if we understand that connectedness in terms of an unchanging self this is etemalism; the middle way is that there is only the connectedness, there is only dependent arising.


title: Middle Way

text: In the Theravāda Buddhist tradition, the usage of the term "Middle Way" is discussed in 5th-century CE Pali commentaries. The Pali commentary to the Samyutta Nikaya (SN) states:


title: Middle Way

text: "The origin of the world": the production of the world of formations. "There is no notion of nonexistence in regard to the world": there does not occur in him the annihilationist view that might arise in regard to phenomena produced and made manifest in the world of formations, holding "They do not exist." "The cessation of the world": the dissolution ("bhanga") of formations. "There is no notion of existence in regard to the world": There does not occur in him the eternalist view which might arise in regard to phenomena produced and made manifest in the world of formations, holding "They exist." Further, "the origin of the world" is direct-order conditionality ("anuloma-paccayākāra"); "the cessation of the world," reverse-order conditionality ("patiloma-paccayākāra").


title: Middle Way

text: The Pali sub-commentary to the SN states:The notion of existence is eternalism because it maintains that the entire world (of personal existence) exists forever. The notion of nonexistence is annihilationism because it maintains that the entire world does not exist (forever) but is cut off.The influential Theravāda doctrinal compendium called the "Visuddhimagga" states:


title: Middle Way

text: The metaphysical import of the "middle teaching" is interpreted in different ways by modern Theravada Buddhists.


title: Middle Way

text: Bhikkhu Bodhi comments on the "Kaccānagotta-sutta" as follows: In view of these explanations it would be misleading to translate the two terms, atthita and natthita, simply as "existence" and "nonexistence" and then to maintain (as is sometimes done) that the Buddha rejects all ontological notions as inherently invalid. The Buddha's utterances at [SN] 22:94, for example, show that he did not hesitate to make pronouncements with a clear ontological import when they were called for. In the present passage atthita and natthita are abstract nouns formed from the verbs atthi and natthi. It is thus the metaphysical assumptions implicit in such abstractions that are at fault, not the ascriptions of existence and nonexistence themselves...While atthita is the notion of existence in the abstract, bhava is concrete individual existence in one or another of the three realms. Bodhi also argues that what the noble disciple does see when reflecting on his personality with wisdom is "a mere assemblage of conditioned phenomena arising and passing away through the conditioning process governed by dependent origination."


title: Middle Way

text: Regarding the "Kaccānagotta-sutta," Thanissaro Bhikkhu writes:this sutta is describing the state of mind of a person focusing on the origination or cessation of the data of the senses. A person in that state of mind would see nothing in that mode of perception that would give rise to thoughts of existence or non-existence with regard to those sense data. However, when people are engaging in discussions about things that do or do not appear in the world—as the Buddha is describing in SN 22:94—then the terms “exist” and “do not exist” would naturally occur to them. In other words, this sutta and SN 22:94 are not making different claims about the ontological status of the world. They are simply describing the types of concepts that do or don’t occur to the mind when regarding the world in different ways.Similarly, according to Ajahns Amaro and Pasanno, the "Kaccānagotta-sutta" "more describes a method of meditation practice than merely another philosophical position". The Ajahns further state that:The advice given in the last passage closely matches the practice of vipassana (insight) meditation: this consists of, firstly, the calm and attentive observation of the arising of all patterns of experience. Secondly, it involves the seeing of all such patterns through the reflective lens of anicca-dukkha-anatta (impermanence, unsatisfactoriness, and not-self). Lastly, in the culmination of the process, there is the remainderless relinquishment of all experience. There is a complete acceptance of all that arises and no confusion about the fact that all patterns of experience are of the same dependent, insubstantial nature.


title: Middle Way

text: In Mahāyāna Buddhism, the "Middle Way" refers to the insight into śūnyatā ("emptiness") that transcends the extremes of existence and non-existence. This has been interpreted in different ways by the various schools of Mahāyāna philosophy.


title: Middle Way

text: The Madhyamaka ("Middle Way") school defends a "Middle Way" position between the metaphysical view that things exist in some ultimate sense and the view that things do not exist at all. Nagarjuna's influential "Mūlamadhyamakakārikā" (MMK) famously contains a reference to the "Kaccyanagotta Sutta" in its 15th chapter. This chapter focuses on deconstructing the ideas of existence, non-existence and intrinsic nature, essence, or inherent existence ("svabhāva") and show how such ideas are incoherent and incompatible with causality and dependent origination.


title: Middle Way

text: 4. Further, without intrinsic nature and extrinsic nature how can there be an existent ("bhāva")? For an existent is established given the existence of either intrinsic nature or extrinsic nature.


title: Middle Way

text: 5. If the existent is unestablished, then the nonexistent ("abhāva") too is not established. For people proclaim the nonexistent to be the alteration of the existent.


title: Middle Way

text: 6. Intrinsic nature and extrinsic nature, existent and nonexistent—who see these do not see the truth of the Buddha’s teachings.


title: Middle Way

text: 7. In “The Instructing of Katyāyana” both “it exists” and “it does not exist” are denied by the Blessed One, who clearly perceives the existent and the nonexistent.


title: Middle Way

text: 10. “It exists” is an eternalist view; “It does not exist” is an annihilationist idea. Therefore the wise one should not have recourse to either existence or nonexistence.


title: Middle Way

text: 11. For whatever exists by its intrinsic nature does not become nonexistent; eternalism then follows. “It does not exist now [but] it existed previously”—from this, annihilation follows.According to Mark Siderits and Shoryu Katsura, for Nagarjuna, the two extremes refer to:the view that things exist having intrinsic nature and the view that the lack of intrinsic nature means that things are utterly unreal. The argument is that the first leads to the conclusion that ultimately real things are eternal, while the second leads to the conclusion that ultimately nothing whatsoever exists.


title: Middle Way

text: The Yogācāra school examines emptiness through its central teaching of the three basic modes of existence or "three natures" ("svabhāva"). In Yogācāra, the ultimate basis for the erroneous conceptualizations we make about existence (like ideas of a self etc.) is the "Paratantra-svabhāva", which is the dependently originated nature of dharmas, or the causal process of the fabrication of things. According to the "Mahāyānasaṃgraha" (2:25) this basis is considered to be an ultimately existing ("paramārtha") basis. However, this basis is empty since the events in this causal flow do not exist on their own and are dependent phenomena.


title: Middle Way

text: In Yogācāra, emptiness is understood mainly as an absence of duality which holds that ultimate reality is beyond all dualities like self and other (or any other concepts like 'physical' and 'non-physical', internal and external). All dualities are an unreal superimposition, since ultimately there is only an interconnected causal stream of mental events.


title: Middle Way

text: Unlike Madhyamaka, Yogācāra philosophy argues that there is a sense in which consciousness can be said to exist, that is, it exists in a dependent and empty way. Indeed, Madhyamaka philosophers were criticized by Yogācārins like Asanga for being nihilistic (and thus, of having fallen from the middle way). According to Asanga "if nothing is real, there cannot be any ideas ("prajñapti"). Someone who holds this view is a nihilist." The Yogācāra position is that there is something that exists, the empty and purely mental ("prajñapti-matra") stream of dependent arising. The "Bodhisattvabhūmi" argues that it is only logical to speak of emptiness if there is "something" that is empty.


title: Middle Way

text: In Tibetan Buddhism, there are numerous interpretations of Madhyamaka philosophy, all of which claim to represent the intent of the Buddha's middle way and the right view outlined by Nagarjuna. Among some of the most influential views are the following:


title: Middle Way

text: In the Tendai school, the "Middle Way" refers to the synthesis of the thesis that all things are śūnyatā and the antithesis that all things have phenomenal existence.


title: Middle Way

text: In Chan Buddhism, the Middle Way describes the realization of being free of the one-sidedness of perspective that takes the extremes of any polarity as objective reality. In chapter ten of the "Platform Sutra", Huineng gives instructions for the teaching of the Dharma. Huineng enumerates 36 basic oppositions of consciousness and explains how the Way is free from both extremes:


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: Princess Delphine of Belgium ("Delphine Michèle Anne Marie Ghislaine de Saxe-Cobourg"; born 22 February 1968), known previously as "Jonkvrouw" Delphine Boël, is a Belgian artist and member of the Belgian royal family. She is the daughter of King Albert II of Belgium with Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps, and the half-sister of King Philippe of Belgium. On 1 October 2020, she was lawfully recognised as Princess of Belgium with the style "Her Royal Highness". Earlier, she had belonged to the Belgian titled nobility and was legally Jonkvrouw.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: Princess Delphine is the daughter of Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps, whose first husband was a Belgian nobleman and industrialist Jonkheer Jacques Boël. They divorced in 1978. Her biological father is King Albert II of Belgium.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: Delphine attended boarding school in England and Switzerland, and studied at the Chelsea School of Art and Design in London, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts in fine arts (with honours) in 1990. She has been a guest lecturer at the Higher Institute for Fine Arts (HISK), Antwerp, and the Maastricht Art School.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: She is the founding patron of the Princess Delphine of Saxe-Coburg Fund based at Ghent University Hospital, promoting the use of art in health care. The Belgian brewery Struise produced a "Cuvée Delphine" beer for which she designed the artwork for the bottle label. Her sculpture "Ageless Love" is in the Gerdapark, Sint-Niklaas. In 2021, she designed the decoration of the Lamborghini Art Car.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: James (Jim) O'Hare, an American of Irish descent, has been Delphine's partner since 2000. The couple have two children, Princess Joséphine of Belgium (born 17 October 2003) and Prince Oscar of Belgium (born 28 April 2008).


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: On 19 October 1999, an 18-year-old Flemish schoolboy, , published his unauthorized biography of Queen Paola, ("Paola, from 'la dolce vita' to Queen"). The book contained a statement referring to the existence of a daughter born out of wedlock to King Albert. The Belgian press investigated, and traced Delphine. At first, both Boël and her mother refused to comment on the matter, and the palace dismissed Danneels' book as gossip and rumor.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: The Belgian press interpreted a short passage the king's 1999 Christmas speech as acknowledgement that Delphine Boël was, in fact, his natural daughter:


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: Christmas is a time for each of us to think of our family, of the happy periods but also the difficult times. The Queen and I remember very happy times, but also the crisis that we experienced more than 30 years ago. Together we could, over a long time, overcome those difficulties and recover a deep understanding and love for each other. This period was recalled to us recently. We don't wish to dwell on that subject which belongs to our private lives. But, if those who encounter similar difficulties today could get some encouragement from our own experiences, we would be very happy.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: The press interpreted this to refer to the king's 18-year-long relationship with Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: Boël gave an interview on 15 May 2005, to the France 3 presenter Marc-Olivier Fogiel in the broadcast "On ne peut pas plaire à tout le monde" ("You Can't Please Everyone") in which she alleged for the first time that she was King Albert's daughter. She claimed that when she and her mother moved to England, when she was 9, Albert (not yet king) wished to divorce his wife and join them. Her mother apparently opposed this because of the political consequences for Albert. She said her mother told her the truth about her parentage when she became 17. In her upcoming interviews, Boël said she made a telephone call to Albert when she was 33 years old asking for help. According to her statement, he replied "Never call me again. You are not my daughter," which she said was hurtful. Boël added that her efforts to contact her father via telephone and sending letters or through friends and politicians failed.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: In June 2013, when King Albert lost his immunity to prosecution, Boël summoned him and his children Prince Philippe and Princess Astrid to appear in court. She hoped to use DNA tests to prove that she was the king's daughter. As king, Albert was immune under the law, and Delphine decided to summon her half-siblings too. When the king abdicated on 21 July 2013 his immunity ceased, and Boël relaunched proceedings against him. In March 2017, the court ruled that her claim was unfounded, and her lawyers said she would take the claim to appeal.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: On 5 November 2018, a court ruling was published which instructed Albert to submit to a DNA test to determine whether he was Boël's biological father. DNA testing is not obligatory in Belgium, but not submitting to it is considered evidence of paternity. In January 2019, Albert appealed in cassation against the verdict, but on 16 May of the same year, the Brussels's Court of Appeals ordered the former king to pay a fine of 5000 Euros a day to Boël for every day he refused to take a DNA-test.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: On 27 January 2020, the DNA tests showed that King Albert II is the father of Delphine Boël. In October 2020, she and her children were granted princely titles by the Belgian court of appeals. As she was born out of wedlock, Princess Delphine and her descendants are not in the line of succession to the Belgian throne. Although court costs totalling €3.4m were awarded to her on a substantial indemnity basis, she was not granted a royal endowment.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: The next day, King Albert II reacted in a press release, rejoicing over the meeting and stating "My wife and I are very happy by the initiative of the King, presage of happier days for all and in particular for Delphine."


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: On 25 October 2020, she was received at Belvédère Castle by her father and his wife, Queen Paola. At the occasion of the Belgian National Day on 21 July 2021 she and her partner joined the royal family at the military parade for the first time.


title: Princess Delphine of Belgium

text: Delphine and her children have been granted the titles of prince and princess of Belgium with the style of Royal Highness following a court decision of 1 October 2020. Earlier she had been styled as "Jonkvrouw" Delphine Boël.


title: Morgan Woodward

text: Thomas Morgan Woodward (September 16, 1925 – February 22, 2019) was an American actor who is best known for his recurring role as Marvin "Punk" Anderson on the television soap opera "Dallas" and for his portrayal of Boss Godfrey, the sunglasses-wearing "man with no eyes", in the 1967 film "Cool Hand Luke". On TV, he was a familiar guest star on cowboy shows. On the long-running Western "Gunsmoke", he played 16 different characters in 19 episodes (including a pair of two-part stories), the most such appearances of any actor on the show. He also had a recurring role on "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp".


title: Morgan Woodward

text: Woodward was born in Fort Worth, Texas, the third of five sons of Dr. Valin Woodward and his wife, Frances McKinley. He grew up in Arlington, Texas, graduating from high school in 1944. After serving in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II, he enrolled at North Texas Agriculture College, where he was active in the theater. He graduated in 1948 with a bachelor's of business administration in finance. He attended law school at the University of Texas at Austin. During that time, he hosted a local radio talk show and sang with a barbershop quartet and a dance band.


title: Morgan Woodward

text: Woodward was a member of the United States Army Air Force during World War II. He flew his first plane at the age of 16 years. He returned to the military during the Korean War in the now-Military Air Transport Service.


title: Morgan Woodward

text: One of Woodward's longest television roles was in 42 episodes between 1958 and 1961 on the ABC television series "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp" as the deputy/sidekick "Shotgun" Gibbs. Woodward made a dozen guest appearances on "Wagon Train" between 1958 and 1965, and many appearances in "Gunsmoke", "Rawhide", and "Bonanza".


title: Morgan Woodward

text: In the 1966 episode "Hugh Glass Meets the Bear" of the syndicated anthology series, "Death Valley Days", Woodward was cast as Thomas "Broken Hand" Fitzpatrick. John Alderson played Hugh Glass, who after being mauled by a bear and abandoned by Fitzpatrick, crawled 200 miles to civilization. Victor French portrayed Louis Baptiste, with Tris Coffin as Major Andrew Henry.


title: Morgan Woodward

text: Woodward guest-starred in two episodes of the original series of "" as two different characters. In the first-season episode, "Dagger of the Mind" (1966), Woodward plays Dr. Simon van Gelder, a deputy director of a facility for the criminally insane. Later, he was cast in "The Omega Glory" in "Star Trek"s second season, playing Captain Ron Tracey. Woodward called the role of Dr. Simon Van Gelder the most physically and emotionally exhausting acting job of his career.


title: Morgan Woodward

text: Woodward was a familiar face on the television drama series "Dallas" from 1980–1989. His recurring role was Marvin "Punk" Anderson. As the series progressed, Woodward's role became that of a trusted advisor to the Ewing sons.


title: Morgan Woodward

text: In 2009, Woodward was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. In 1986, he was inducted into the Order of West Range of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.


title: Morgan Woodward

text: In 1988, he received the Golden Lariat Award at the National Western Film Festival for his contributions to the Western genre. He won the Golden Boot Award given by the Hollywood Motion Picture and Television Fund.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 21)

text: The 21st cycle of "America's Next Top Model" (subtitled as America's Next Top Model: Guys & Girls) premiered on August 18, 2014 and it is the 15th season to air on The CW. It was the second season to feature male and female contestants. Tyra Banks and Kelly Cutrone retained their positions on the judging panel. Runway coach J. Alexander returned to the judging panel, replacing former judge Rob Evans while Johnny Wujek, creative director since Cycle 19, was succeeded by photographer Yu Tsai. In keeping with the last two cycles, social media was a factor in eliminations, with public voting taking place on the show's official page. The fourteen finalists were revealed when voting began.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 21)

text: The international destination for this cycle was Seoul, South Korea. This also marks the final ever international destination for the show. Five of the episodes were filmed in Seoul, one of which featured James of Royal Pirates, and the finale had guest appearances from K-pop girl group 2NE1, boy band BTOB, actor and model Lee Soo-hyuk and fashion designer Lie Sang Bong.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 21)

text: The winner of the competition was 26-year-old Keith Carlos from Bridgeport, Connecticut. He was the show's first male winner. Will Jardell placed as the runner up, and later appeared with his boyfriend, James Wallington, in "The Amazing Race 32", where they go on to win.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 21)

text: Eighth-placing finalist Mirjana Puhar was shot and killed on February 24, 2015, in her boyfriend's home in Charlotte, North Carolina.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 21)

text: Returning prizes include: a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management, a spread in "Nylon" magazine, and a US$100,000 campaign with "Guess"


title: Temeraire (series)

text: Temeraire is a series of nine alternate history fantasy novels written by American author Naomi Novik. The novels follow the adventures of Captain William Laurence and his dragon, the eponymous Temeraire, and reimagine events of the Napoleonic Wars with "an air force of dragons, manned by crews of aviators". "His Majesty's Dragon", the first entry in the series, won the Compton Crook Award in 2007 and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel the same year. "Temeraire: In the Service of the King", an omnibus volume collecting the first three novels, won the Locus Award for Best First Novel in 2007. "Temeraire" was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Series in 2017.


title: Temeraire (series)

text: Additionally, Novik published two omnibus volumes collecting the first three novels of the series in "Temeraire: In the Service of the King" (2006) and the next three in "In His Majesty's Service: Three Novels of Temeraire" (2009). The second omnibus volume also includes the "Temeraire" short story "In Autumn, A White Dragon Looks Over the Wide River". In 2017, Novik published "Golden Age and Other Stories", an anthology of "Temeraire" short stories inspired by fanart of the series.


title: Temeraire (series)

text: The series revolves around William Laurence and his dragon Temeraire. Laurence is a Captain in the British Royal Navy, serving in combat against Napoleon I's navy when he recovers a dragon egg unlike any other known to the British. The egg soon hatches, and Temeraire, a Chinese dragon, is born. Under the impression that an "unharnessed" dragon will become feral and unmanageable, Laurence becomes Temeraire's companion. Despite the difficulties this causes, Laurence begins to think of the dragon as his dearest friend. This forces a change in the officer's life, drawing him from the prestigious Royal Navy to the less desirable Royal Aerial Corps.


title: Temeraire (series)

text: The remainder of the original trilogy follows the adventures of Laurence and Temeraire as they do battle with the forces of Imperial France and the diplomatic fallout caused by Captain Laurence's adoption by the Emperor of China.


title: Temeraire (series)

text: The fourth novel, "Empire of Ivory", deals with Laurence and Temeraire seeking a cure for a contagious disease introduced by a North American dragon, which spreads throughout the British dragons while Napoleon seeks to press his advantage. The fifth novel, "Victory of Eagles", is the account of Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom, forcing a British retreat to Scotland, while Laurence faces the consequences of their treason in taking the cure for the illness to the French. The sixth novel begins within the penal colony of Australia (Laurence's death sentence for treason commuted to transport to the colony), and a chase across the continent to a sudden discovery that has far-reaching consequences.


title: Temeraire (series)

text: The seventh book has Laurence returned to service and sent to South America in an attempt to secure an alliance with the Inca Empire (which still exists, though reduced, in the series timeline), then to Asia again. In the eighth book, Laurence is partially amnesiac due to injury as Temeraire and the crew deal with new intrigues in feudal Japan and Imperial China before flying to Russia in time to be involved in the French invasion of Russia.


title: Temeraire (series)

text: In 2006, "The Hollywood Reporter" announced that Peter Jackson, best known for directing the "Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, had optioned the rights to the "Temeraire" series. Jackson stated that "Temeraire" "is a terrific meld of two genres that I particularly love—fantasy and historical epic. I can't wait to see Napoleonic battles fought with a squadron of dragons. That's what I go to the movies for." On July 24, 2009, in an interview with IGN, Jackson said he had considered making a television mini-series instead; he was worried that if the first movie flopped at the box office, it would put the story at a full-stop and leave it incomplete. On February 24, 2016, during Naomi Novik's Ask Me Anything (AMA) on Reddit, Novik said the film rights had reverted to her once again, and there is no plan for any "Temeraire" film adaptation.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Héctor Miguel Lombard Pedrosa (born 2 February 1978) is a Cuban and Australian professional mixed martial artist, bodybuilder, and former Olympic judoka who competes in the Light Heavyweight division of Eagle FC. Lombard has also competed in the middleweight and welterweight divisions. Lombard is best known for his tenure in the Ultimate Fighting Championship and has also fought in Deep, Pride and Bellator where he was the inaugural Bellator Middleweight Champion.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Héctor Lombard is a fourth degree black belt in judo and a former Olympic judo competitor from Cuba. Lombard currently trains at the American Top Team facility in Coconut Creek, Florida. Marcus "Conan" Silveira (ATT Head Coach) awarded Lombard with a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu following his victory at CFC 12.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: In 2006, Lombard fought twice in PRIDE. He lost both fights by unanimous decision, the first to Akihiro Gono and the second to Gegard Mousasi.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard headlined the first Cage Fighting Championship show on 28 July 2007, where he fought top Australian fighter Kyle Noke. The result was a controversial draw. On 23 November 2007, Lombard defeated French kickboxer and actor, Jean-François Lénogue to be the CFC Middleweight Champion. He has defended his title six times, with the last title defence coming against Art Santore. Lombard next successfully defended his belt against UFC veteran Joe Doerksen at CFC 16 on 25 March 2011.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard was scheduled to compete for the promotion at UFC 78, but was forced to withdraw due to visa issues.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: On 18 April 2008, EliteXC released a press statement citing the signing of Héctor Lombard. His first opponent was scheduled to be Scott Smith in November, but the fight was later cancelled after the collapse of the promotion.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: On 6 January 2009, it was announced that Héctor Lombard had signed an exclusive agreement with Bellator Fighting Championships. He fought and defeated Virgil Lozano and Damien Stelly to make it to the finals and fight for the first Bellator Middleweight Championship belt. Lombard defeated Jared Hess via doctor stoppage in the fourth round to win the middleweight title.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard was scheduled to face Paulo Filho in a non-title bout on 13 May 2010 at Bellator 18, but Filho pulled out of the bout on 10 May due to an alleged visa issue and was replaced by Jay Silva. Lombard scored the fastest knockout in Bellator history by recording a six-second win, surpassing Eddie Sanchez and his ten-second KO win over Jay White.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard then faced former NFL player Herbert Goodman in a non-title fight on 12 August 2010 at Bellator 24. He won the fight via KO (punches) in the first round.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: On 28 October 2010, Lombard defeated Alexander Shlemenko in a 1st season winner vs. a 2nd season winner matchup to retain the Bellator Middleweight Championship at Bellator 34. He was the first man in Bellator history to successfully defend his title belt in any weight division.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard next fought Falaniko Vitale in a non-title bout at Bellator 44. He won via KO in third round.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard fought in another non-title bout against Trevor Prangley at Bellator 58 on 19 November 2011. Lombard won the fight via second-round TKO.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard also captured the inaugural Australian Fighting Championship (AFC) middleweight title when he submitted Jesse Taylor in the second round with a heel hook at AFC 2. In the first and beginning of the second rounds, he used superior strength to out-grapple Taylor. This victory would extend his winning streak to 24 wins


title: Héctor Lombard

text: It was confirmed on 24 April 2012 that Héctor Lombard had signed with the UFC. Lombard was expected to make his UFC debut against Brian Stann on 4 August 2012 at UFC on Fox 4. However, Stann was forced out of the bout citing a shoulder injury. In turn, Lombard was pulled from the card and instead faced Tim Boetsch on 21 July 2012 at , replacing an injured Michael Bisping. Even though Lombard scored a knockdown and a couple of takedowns, he lost the fight by split decision.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard faced Rousimar Palhares on 15 December 2012 at UFC on FX 6. Lombard knocked Palhares out in the first round with ground and pound after having knocked him down with punches.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard next dropped down to the welterweight division to face Nate Marquardt on 19 October 2013 at UFC 166. He won the fight via knockout in the first round.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard was expected to face Dong Hyun Kim on 23 August 2014 at UFC Fight Night 48. However, he pulled out of the bout and was replaced by Tyron Woodley. Lombard faced returning UFC veteran Josh Burkman on 3 January 2015 at UFC 182. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Subsequent to the event, it was revealed that he failed his post-fight drug test, testing positive for the anabolic steroid desoxymethyltestosterone.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard was expected to face Rory MacDonald on 25 April 2015 at UFC 186. However, on 10 February, the UFC indicated that both participants had been removed from the card and that the pairing had been scrapped as both fighters are expected to be rebooked against a new opponent.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: On 23 March 2015, it was announced that Lombard had been suspended for one year (retroactive to 3 January) and fined his original $53,000 win bonus, plus one-third of the rest of his purse, which included $53,000 in show money, and had his win over Josh Burkman overturned to a no contest by the Nevada Athletic Commission (NSAC) for failing his UFC 182 drug test. In addition to his suspension, fine, and overturning of the win, he also must pass a drug test prior to getting re-licensed by the NSAC.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: In his first fight after the PED suspension was lifted, Lombard faced Neil Magny on 20 March 2016 at UFC Fight Night 85. After nearly finishing Magny with strikes in the first round, he was stopped via TKO in the third round.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard faced Dan Henderson in a middleweight bout on 4 June 2016 at UFC 199. After a back and forth first round, he was stopped via KO in the second round.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard was expected to face Brad Tavares on 28 January 2017 at UFC on Fox 23. However, the bout was scrapped on January 10 due to undisclosed reasons. Lombard was quickly rescheduled and faced Johny Hendricks on 19 February 2017 at UFC Fight Night 105. He lost the back-and-forth fight via unanimous decision.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard faced Anthony Smith on 16 September 2017 at UFC Fight Night 116. He lost the fight via KO in the third round.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard faced C. B. Dollaway on 3 March 2018 at UFC 222. At the conclusion of the first round, Lombard landed two strikes after the horn, which rendered Dolloway unable to continue. As a result, Lombard was disqualified.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard faced Thales Leites on September 22, 2018, at UFC Fight Night 137. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard faced Thiago Silva on May 20, 2022 at . After initially knocking down Silva in the first round, Lombard was knocked down himself in the second, before being hit with an illegal knee that rendered him unable to continue. As a result the fight was declared a no contest.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: On October 8, 2019, it was announced that Lombard had left the UFC and had signed with Bare Knuckle FC. The UFC announced that it had terminated Lombard's contract that September. Lombard was expected to headline BKFC 10 against fellow UFC veteran Joe Riggs in February 2020. However, in January, the company announced that Lombard will instead be facing David Mundell, with no further information. Lombard won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: In the sophomore bout of his bare knuckle boxing tenure, Lombard faced fellow UFC veteran Kendall Grove at on September 11, 2020. He won the fight by knockout in the first round.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard then faced Joe Riggs for the inaugural BKFC Cruiserweight Championship at BKFC 18 on June 26, 2021. He won the fight and claimed the championship via fourth-round technical knockout. Immediately after the fight, Lombard had his post-fight interview interrupted by fellow BKFC competitor Lorenzo Hunt resulting in Lombard punching Hunt in the face twice, initiating a minor brawl.


title: Héctor Lombard

text: Lombard then attempted his first title defense against Lorenzo Hunt at BKFC 22 on November 12, 2021. He ended up losing the title via unanimous decision.


title: Pez

text: Pez (, ; stylised as PEZ) is the brand name of an Austrian candy and associated manual candy dispensers. The candy is a pressed, dry, straight-edged, curved-corner block 15 mm ( inch) long, 8 mm ( inch) wide and 5 mm ( inch) high, with each Pez dispenser holding 12 candy pieces.


title: Pez

text: Pez was invented in Austria and later exported worldwide. The all-uppercase spelling of the logo echoes the trademark's style on the packaging and the dispensers, with the logo drawn in perspective and giving the appearance that the letters are built out of 44 brick-like Pez mints (14 bricks in the "P" and 15 in each of the "E" and "Z").


title: Pez

text: Despite the widespread recognition and popularity of the Pez dispenser, the company considers itself to be primarily a candy company, and "[t]oday, billions of PEZ candies are consumed annually in the U.S.A. alone". Pez dispensers are a part of popular culture in many nations, an example being "Soul Candy" in the Japanese manga series "Bleach". Because of the large number of dispenser designs over the years, they are collected by many.


title: Pez

text: PEZ was first marketed as a compressed peppermint sweet in Vienna, Austria, in 1927 by Eduard Haas III. The name PEZ is an abbreviation of (German for peppermint). The original product was a round peppermint lozenge called PEZ drops. Over time, a new manufacturing process evolved and the hard pressed brick shape known today was created. The product packaging evolved from wrapped rolls to a small tin to hold the mints, similar to the modern Altoids tins. The first PEZ mint dispensers, known as "regulars", were similar in shape to a cigarette lighter and dispensed an adult breath mint marketed as an alternative to tobacco. They were invented by Oscar Uxa. Haas Food Manufacturing Corporation of Vienna was the first to sell PEZ products.


title: Pez

text: World War II slowed marketing and production. In 1945, manufacturers devised and promoted the Pez Box Regular. In 1949 the first dispenser is officially introduced at the Vienna Trade Fair. In 1952 Eduard Haas introduced his product to the United States, and Curtis Allina headed Pez's U.S. business. In 1955, the Pez company placed heads on the dispensers and marketed them for children. Santa Claus, Popeye, Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck were among the first character dispensers. Since 1950, over 1500 Pez dispensers, including the original character dispensers, have been created.


title: Pez

text: Pez vending machines were used in Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The first German machines were introduced around 1954 and were produced by DWM () and GWS (), both of Berlin, Germany. Machines were later introduced in Switzerland and then in Austria, in October 1956; these were produced by Glerios / R.Seipel & Co. and Theodor Braun (Vienna).


title: Pez

text: In 1973, Pez built a factory in Orange, Connecticut, U.S. In 1983, Scott McWhinnie became the president of the Pez company. He retired in 2003. Joe Vittoria became president of the company in 2004. Around 2005 the size of the original factory was doubled and the Pez dispenser line was expanded. In the mid-1990s peppermints were reintroduced with remakes of the "regulars".


title: Pez

text: In early 2002 the family of the original founder of the company bought back 32.5% of the stock from investment company PGH for €18M. They now own 67.5% of the company. The headquarters are in Traun, Austria. The Pez mints are produced in Traun and Orange, Connecticut, U.S. while the dispensers are produced in Hungary and China. In 2011, a PEZ Visitor Center was opened in Orange, CT with over 4,000 square feet dedicated to all things PEZ.


title: Pez

text: Pez, Inc. has applied for and received patents related to the Pez dispensers, and usually molds the patent number onto the stem of the design. The patent number cannot be reliably used to determine how old the dispenser is. Collectors refer to the first two digits of a patent number as a shorthand for a given patent number. For example, the 5.9 (5,984,285) patent was granted in 1999, but did not first appear on a Pez item until 2002. By 2007, 4.9 patented items were still regularly appearing on store shelves. Dispensers can also be found with several non-US patents, such as the German "DBP 818.829" (Deutsches Bundes-Patent) and the Mexican "Patent Nr 141,242".


title: Pez

text: Pez dispenser stems will usually also be embossed with several injection mold codes (IMCs). Some, like those found on the bottom of the dispenser feet, will tell which mold position the specific piece came from. One found on the side of the stem indicates the country of origin.


title: Pez

text: The IMC code 4 is followed by a superscripted second number which identifies the specific facility in Austria.