title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: The UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) was established on 3 June 2013 by UN Security Council Resolution 2102 and works alongside AMISOM in Somalia. In 2014 it was decided the mission needed a guard unit to secure and protect UN personnel and their installations in Somalia. Uganda has provided this unit, initially of 410 personnel, since 2014. The United Nations Guard Unit, or UNGU, is based at Mogadishu Airport.


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: During February 2017 Uganda deployed a UPDF team to Equatorial Guinea to assist in the training of that country's armed forces. The second contingent of 248 personnel was welcomed back in Uganda in January 2019 when a third team was dispatched. The foreign mission is known as the Uganda Military Training and Mentoring Team, abbreviated as UMTMT.


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: A reshuffle of generals in June 2021 resulted in the establishment of the following command structure, with four forces, or commands, falling under the Ministry of Defence Headquarters at Mbuya (Land Forces, Air Force, Special Forces, and Reserve Forces).


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: As of June 2013, the land forces commander appeared to be Major General David Muhoozi. In 2012, Muhoozi was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and appointed commander of the air defence unit in Nakasongola. He previously served as the brigade commander for the mechanised brigade in Masaka.


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: Before his appointment as commander of the defence forces, General Katumba Wamala served as the commander of land forces. Wamala was among the military cadets sent to the Monduli Military Academy in Tanzania in 1979 (now the Tanzania Military Academy) and served as inspector general of police until 2005. Wamala succeeded General Aronda Nyakairima as chief of the defence force.


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: In August 2012, Major General Fredrick Mugisha, previously in charge of the African Union Mission in Somalia, was appointed the new joint chief of staff. Brigadier Charles Angina, formerly the General Court Martial chairperson, was promoted to major general and appointed chief of staff of the land forces.


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: Previous equipment included the M4 Sherman tank. SIPRI trade registers indicated transfer of at least 12 vehicles, and in 1999, another source listed 3 Shermans in service.


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: The Uganda Army Air Force (UAAF) was established in 1964 with Israeli aid. Its first aircraft was consequently of Israeli origin, and its initial pilots trained in Israel. As Uganda's government forged closer links with the Eastern Bloc, the UAAF began to acquire more aircraft as well as support in training from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Libya. Israeli aid initially continued as well.


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: By late 1978, the UAAF was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Gore and consisted of several dozen MiG-21MFs, MiG-21UMs, MiG-17s, and MiG-15UTIs. Some of the available aircraft were not combat-ready, however, and were abandoned during the Uganda–Tanzania War without seeing action. The lack of spare parts especially affected the MiG-15s and MiG-17s. The UAAF was split into three fighter squadrons. However the force was effectively wiped out during the 1978-1979 air campaign of the Uganda-Tanzania War.


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: There are conflicting reports on what aircraft the Ugandan Air Force has in service as of 2019–2020. Lieutenant General Charles Lwanga Lutaaya, is the commander.


title: Uganda People's Defence Force

text: In 2011, Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, the central bank governor, caused large volatility in the Ugandan shilling when he told the "Financial Times" that President Museveni had ignored technical advice against using Uganda's small foreign exchange reserves to buy new Sukhoi Su-30 fighter aircraft.


title: Rick May

text: Rick May (September 21, 1940 – April 8, 2020) was a Canadian-American voice actor, theatrical performer, director, and teacher. May provided the English-language voice for Peppy Hare and Andross in "Star Fox 64", the Soldier in "Team Fortress 2", and Dr. M in "", among other video game characters. He also played Inspector Lestrade in the long running radio show "The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" from 1998 through 2020.


title: Rick May

text: May was born on September 21, 1940. He was raised in Washington and Canada. May attended Roosevelt High School in Seattle and St. Olaf College (class of 1962) in Northfield, Minnesota.


title: Rick May

text: May served in the U.S. military and was stationed in Japan, where he coordinated USO shows in Tokyo. May returned to the Seattle area to serve as the director of the Renton Civic Theatre and Civic Light Opera in Renton, Washington. In one production of the "Cotton Patch Gospel" in Renton, May played all 21 roles with a variety of voices. He retired from the Renton Civic Theatre in 2001 to begin his own theater company in Kirkland, Washington, and become a full-time actor.


title: Rick May

text: He began voice acting in video games in the late 1990s, including roles as Peppy Hare and Andross in "Star Fox 64"; various campaign characters, including Genghis Khan, in "Age of Empires II"; and the Soldier in "Team Fortress 2".


title: Rick May

text: From 1998 through 2020, May played Inspector Lestrade in the "Imagination Theatre" radio series "The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes". He also played Lestrade in the related radio series "The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes", and played various roles in other "Imagination Theatre" radio dramas. The last two episodes of "The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" to feature May were recorded in late 2019, and were first broadcast in May 2020. May played the role of Inspector Lestrade longer than any other actor in the history of broadcasting.


title: Rick May

text: May suffered a stroke in February 2020, and was moved to a nursing home for rehabilitation. On April 8, 2020, it was reported that May had died from complications related to COVID-19 at Swedish Medical Center in Seattle.


title: Rick May

text: On May 1, 2020, Valve released an update to "Team Fortress 2" adding a tribute to May's voice work as the Soldier in the form of a new main menu theme titled "Saluting The Fallen" (a rendition of "Taps"), and locking the character image in the main menu to Soldier. The update also added statues of the Soldier saluting to most of the official in-game maps. These statues all featured a commemorative plaque dedicated to May, and remained in maps until June 1. The statues reappeared in the same locations on April 12, 2021 and 2022. The statues emit a number of pre-selected voice lines from the Soldier when approached. On August 21, 2020, a permanent tribute memorial was placed, in the form of a Soldier statue, and heads on the fence in front of the statue of the Soldier, in the map "cp_granary", which is the setting of the "Team Fortress 2" video "Meet the Soldier".


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: "Give Peace a Chance" is an anti-war song written by John Lennon (originally credited to Lennon–McCartney), and recorded with the participation of a small group of friends in a performance with Yoko Ono in a hotel room in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Released as a single in July 1969 by the Plastic Ono Band on Apple Records, it is the first solo single issued by Lennon, released while he was still a member of the Beatles, and became an anthem of the American anti-war movement during the 1970s. It peaked at number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 2 on the British singles chart.


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: The song was written during Lennon and Ono's "Bed-In" honeymoon in Montreal. When asked by a reporter what he was trying to achieve by staying in bed, Lennon answered spontaneously "Just give peace a chance". He went on to say this several times during the Bed-In. Lennon asked his press officer, Derek Taylor to find a recording engineer. On 1 June 1969, in Room 1742 at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, André Perry, owner of a local recording studio, arrived and used a simple setup of four microphones and a four-track tape recorder he brought with him.


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: The recording session was attended by dozens of journalists and various celebrities, including Timothy Leary, Rabbi Abraham Feinberg, Joseph Schwartz, Rosemary Woodruff Leary, Petula Clark, Dick Gregory, Allen Ginsberg, Roger Scott, Murray the K and Derek Taylor, many of whom are mentioned in the lyrics. Lennon played acoustic guitar and was joined by Tommy Smothers of the Smothers Brothers, also on acoustic guitar.


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: Some years later, André Perry recalled the occasion, and spoke about the challenges of getting a good sound out of the recording. Because of the room's poor acoustics, he said, the raw recording could not have been released without help:


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: On later releases curated by the Lennon Estate, only Lennon is credited; viz. the 1990s reissue of the 1986 album "Live in New York City", the 2006 documentary "The U.S. vs. John Lennon", and the 1997 compilation album "" and its six years later.


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: John Lennon expressed his regrets about being "guilty enough to give McCartney credit as co-writer on my first independent single instead of giving it to Yoko, who had actually written it with me."


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: According to author Ian MacDonald, the credit was Lennon's way of thanking McCartney for helping him record "The Ballad of John and Yoko" at short notice.


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: The original last verse of the song refers to: "John and Yoko, Timmy Leary, Rosemary [Leary], Tommy Smothers, Bobby Dylan, Tommy Cooper, Derek Taylor, Norman Mailer, Allen Ginsberg, and Hare Krishna". In the performance of "Give Peace a Chance" included on the "Live Peace in Toronto 1969" album, Lennon openly stated that he could not remember all of the words and improvised with the names of the band members sharing the stage with him and anything that came to mind: "John and Yoko, Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann, Penny Lane, Roosevelt, Nixon, Tommy Jones and Tommy Cooper, and somebody." The third verse contains a reference to masturbation, but Lennon changed this to "mastication" on the official lyric sheet. He later stated this was a "cop out" but wanted to avoid unnecessary controversy.


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: "Give Peace a Chance", backed with Ono's "Remember Love" as the B-side, was released on 4 July 1969 in the UK, and a few days later on 7 July 1969 in the US. The song reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart, and number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US. "Billboard" described it as "an infectious rhythm ballad" with "clever arrangement and performance."


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: The song quickly became the anthem of the anti Vietnam-war and counterculture movements, and was sung by half a million demonstrators in Washington, D.C. on Vietnam Moratorium Day, on 15 November 1969. They were led by Pete Seeger, who interspersed phrases like, "Are you listening, Nixon?" and "Are you listening, Agnew?", between the choruses of protesters singing, "All we are saying ... is give peace a chance".


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: A live concert performance of the song is included on "Live Peace in Toronto 1969". (Source: Apple Records) John, Yoko, and the Elephant's Memory performed the song on the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in September 1972. (Source: YouTube)


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: The British group Yes also paid tribute to Lennon's words on their 1971 release "The Yes Album", in "Your Move".


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: After being issued as a single, it appeared on album in a truncated form for the singles compilation "Shaved Fish" in 1975. The track's first full-length album appearance was on the 1982 compilation "The John Lennon Collection". Although technically the first "solo" single released by a member of The Beatles while the band was still intact, the artist credit was to the Plastic Ono Band, not John Lennon. Shortly after the death of Lennon, fans gathered outside the Dakota and sang "Give Peace a Chance". The single re-charted in January 1981, peaking at number 33. The song is one of three Lennon solo songs, along with "Instant Karma!" and "Imagine", in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: On 4 March 2022 at 08:45 (CET), 150 European public radio stations broadcast this song for peace and against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: and on 8 March at 12:00 (CET), 200 European private radio stations did the same. The Rockin' 1000 performed this song for the opening of the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, also in reaction to the invasion.


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: In 1991, Ono recorded a new version of the song (as well as a music video) in response to the imminent Gulf War. Accompanying musicians included Amina, Adam Ant, Sebastian Bach, Bros, Felix Cavaliere, Terence Trent D'Arby, Flea, John Frusciante, Peter Gabriel, Kadeem Hardison, Ofra Haza, Joe Higgs, Bruce Hornsby, Lee Jaffe, Al Jarreau, Jazzie B, Davey Johnstone, Lenny Kravitz, Cyndi Lauper, Sean Ono Lennon, Little Richard, LL Cool J, MC Hammer, Michael McDonald, Duff McKagan, Alannah Myles, New Voices of Freedom, Randy Newman, Tom Petty, Iggy Pop, Q-Tip, Bonnie Raitt, Run, Dave Stewart, Teena Marie, Little Steven Van Zandt, Don Was, Wendy & Lisa, Ahmet Zappa, Dweezil Zappa and Moon Unit Zappa as the Peace Choir.


title: Give Peace a Chance

text: On 1 June 2008, the 39th anniversary of the song's recording, the first of three digital-only (and thus environmentally friendly) singles was released through Twisted Records exclusively on Beatport with remixes featuring a newly recorded vocal by Yoko Ono. It reached number 1 on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart on 16 August 2008. These are not the first remixes Ono has done of this song: in 2005, she did a new version recalling the events of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on Truth; and one of the first remixes with the lyrics used in this mix was released on the "Open Your Box" remix album. The last installment was released 18 February 2009, Yoko's birthday.


title: Cherry tomato

text: The cherry tomato is a type of small round tomato believed to be an intermediate genetic admixture between wild currant-type tomatoes and domesticated garden tomatoes. Cherry tomatoes range in size from a thumbtip up to the size of a golf ball, and can range from spherical to slightly oblong in shape. Although usually red, other colours such as orange, yellow, green, purple, and black also exist. Those shaped like an oblong share characteristics with plum tomatoes and are known as "grape tomatoes". The cherry tomato is regarded as a botanical variety of the cultivated berry, "Solanum lycopersicum" var. "cerasiforme". In supermarkets, cherry tomatoes of different colors are often sold together with the phrase "mixed melody" in the name, indicating the great variance in their colors.


title: Cherry tomato

text: The cherry tomato is believed to be the direct ancestor of modern cultivated tomatoes and is the only wild tomato found outside South America. The tomato is thought to have been first domesticated in the Puebla-Veracruz area of Mexico and to have reached this area from South America in the form of a weedy cherry tomato.


title: Cherry tomato

text: The first direct reference to the cherry tomato appears in 1623, in a work called (English: "Illustrated exposition of plants") by Swiss botanist Caspar Bauhin, which contains descriptions and classifications of approximately six thousand species. In a section on "Solanum" (nightshades), Bauhin wrote of a variety called , which translates to " [that is] full of clusters [racemosum], in the form (shape) of cherries".


title: Cherry tomato

text: Cherry tomatoes have been popular in the United States since at least 1919. Recipes using cherry tomatoes can be found in articles dating back to 1967.


title: Cherry tomato

text: The Tomaccio tomato was developed by Nahum Kedar and Chaim Rabinovitch of the Agriculture Faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on its Rehovot Campus. It is the result of a 12-year breeding program using wild Peruvian tomato species to create a sweet snack tomato with improved ripening time and shelf life.


title: Cherry tomato

text: The Super Sweet 100 is a hybrid cultivar popular in the United States and resistant to both Fusarium and Verticillium wilt.


title: Cherry tomato

text: The indeterminate hybrid sungold cherry tomato is known for its vigorous early-yielding plants and colorful orange fruits.


title: Tire code

text: Automotive tires are described by an alphanumeric tire code (in North American English) or tyre code (in Commonwealth English), which is generally molded into the sidewall of the tire. This code specifies the dimensions of the tire, and some of its key limitations, such as load-bearing ability, and maximum speed. Sometimes the inner sidewall contains information not included on the outer sidewall, and vice versa.


title: Tire code

text: The code has grown in complexity over the years, as is evident from the mix of SI and USC units, and ad-hoc extensions to lettering and numbering schemes. New automotive tires frequently have ratings for traction, treadwear, and temperature resistance, all collectively known as the Uniform Tire Quality Grading.


title: Tire code

text: Most tires sizes are given using the ISO metric sizing system. However, some pickup trucks and SUVs use the Light Truck Numeric or Light Truck High Flotation system.


title: Tire code

text: The DOT code is an alphanumeric character sequence molded into the sidewall of the tire and allows the identification of the tire and its age. The code is mandated by the U.S. Department of Transportation but is used worldwide. The DOT code is also useful in identifying tires subject to product recall or at end of life due to age.


title: Tire code

text: Since 1st February 2021 UK vehicle Regulations do not permit the use of tyres over 10 years old on the front steered axle(s) of heavy goods vehicles, buses and coaches. The ban also applies to all tyres in single configuration on minibuses. In addition, it is a requirement for all tyres on these vehicles to display a legible date code.


title: Tire code

text: The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) and the Tire and Rim Association (TRA) are two organizations that influence national tire standards. The objectives of the ETRTO include aligning national tire and rim standards in Europe. The Tire and Rim Association, formerly known as The Tire and Rim Association of America, Inc., is an American trade organization which standardizes technical standards. In the United States, the Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance, a component of the Department of Transportation, is one of the agencies tasked to enforce the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS). Canada has published tire regulations, such as the Motor Vehicle Tire Safety Regulations SOR 95-148.


title: Tire code

text: All tires sold for road use in Europe after July 1997 must carry an E-mark. The mark itself is either an upper case "E" or lower case "e" – followed by a number in a circle or rectangle, followed by a further number. An (upper case) "E" indicates that the tire is certified to comply with the dimensional, performance and marking requirements of ECE regulation 30. A (lower case) "e" indicates that the tire is certified to comply with the dimensional, performance and marking requirements of Directive 92/23/EEC. The number in the circle or rectangle denotes the country code of the government that granted the type approval. The last number outside the circle or rectangle is the number of the type approval certificate issued for that particular tire size and type.


title: Tire code

text: P indicates that the tire is engineered to TRA standards, and absence of a letter indicates that the tire is engineered to ETRTO standards. In practice, the standards of the two organizations have evolved together and are fairly interchangeable, but not fully, since the load index will be different for the same size tire.


title: Tire code

text: Some light truck tires follow the Light Truck Numeric or Light Truck High Flotation systems, indicated by the letters LT at the end instead of the beginning of the sequence, as follows:


title: Tire code

text: As an example, if a tire size has two sets of numbers (6-12, 5.00-15, 11.2-24), then the first number (5.00-15) is the approximate width in inches, and the second number (5.00-15) is the rim diameter in inches.


title: Tire code

text: If a tire size has three sets of numbers (15x6.00-6, 26x12.00-12, 31x15.50-15), then the first number (26x12.00-12) is the approximate height in inches, the second number (26x12.00-12) is the approximate width in inches, and the third number (26x12.00-12) is the rim diameter in inches.


title: Tire code

text: The load index on a passenger-car tire is a numerical code stipulating the maximum load (mass, or weight) each tire can carry. For load range "B" tires, ETRTO (ISO-Metric) standards specify the load index rating at an inflation pressure of (table below), while P-Metric standards measure the load capacity at an inflation pressure of . The two standards vary slightly with the capacity required for different inflation pressures.


title: Tire code

text: While all ETRTO tires of the same load index will have the same maximum load, P-metric tires with the same load index may have different load capacities depending on the tire size. The TRA Inflation Tables must always be consulted when comparing the load capacity of P-Metric tires; the load index alone is not sufficient. An example: a P205/50R15 standard load tire has a load index of 84 and a load rating of at . A P215/50R13 with the same load index of 84 only has a load rating of , also at .


title: Tire code

text: ETRTO produces a Standards Manual (current edition 2010), which contains a number of specifications and tables. The load index table (2010 page G7) lists the load index from to (although it appears to relate to an inflation pressure of it doesn't specify, but see load inflation table). The load inflation table references the load index to inflation pressures between and at intervals which is too large to be included here.


title: Tire code

text: Some of the older letter-code load-range ratings for Light Truck Tires can be found in a chart published by the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. For example:


title: Tire code

text: The speed symbol is made up of a single letter or an A with one numeral. It indicates the maximum speed at which the tire can carry a load corresponding to its load index. The testing method consists of pressing the tire against a large diameter metal drum to reflect its appropriate load, and run at ever increasing speeds in 10 km/h (6.2 mph) steps in 10 minute increments until the tire's required speed has been met.


title: Tire code

text: Prior to 1991, tire speed ratings were shown inside the tire size, before the "R" construction type. The available codes were SR (180 km/h, 112 mph), HR (210 km/h, 130 mph), VR (in excess of 210 km/h, 130 mph).


title: Tire code

text: Tires with a speed rating higher than 300 km/h (186 mph) are indicated by a Y in parentheses. The load rating is often included within the parentheses, e.g. (86Y).


title: Tire code

text: In many countries, the law requires that tires must be specified, and fitted, to exceed the maximum speed of the vehicle they are mounted on, with regards to their speed rating code (except for "temporary-use" spare tires). In some parts of the European Union, tires that are not fit for a car's or motorcycle's particular maximum speed are illegal to mount. The sole exception are M+S tires, where a warning sticker stating the allowed maximum speed must be placed within clear sight of the driver inside the vehicle. Some manufacturers will install a speed governor if a vehicle is ordered with tires rated below the vehicle's maximum speed. In some parts of the European Union, e.g. Germany, it is allowed to mount tires with a lower speed rating code if the car manufacturer specifies tires with a very high speed rating in the registration documents and the vehicle will not reach this speed based on insufficient power. In this case it is possible to calculate the appropriate speed rating with a formula.


title: Tire code

text: Tires with a higher speed rating generally have a better grip but a lower tread life, reduced performance in cold weather and reduced driving comfort.


title: Tire code

text: To determine the allowable range of rim widths for a specific tire size, the TRA Yearbook or the manufacturer's guide should always be consulted for that specific tirethere is no rule of thumb. Running a tire on a rim size or type not approved by its manufacturer can result in tire failure and a loss of vehicle control.


title: Tire code

text: When referring to the purely geometrical data, a shortened form of the full notation is used. To take a common example, 195/55R16 would mean that the nominal width of the tire is approximately 195 mm at the widest point, the height of the side-wall of the tire is 55% of the width (107 mm in this example) and that the tire fits wheels. The code gives a direct calculation of the theoretical diameter of the tire. For a size shown as "T/A_W" use (2×T×A/100) + (W×25.4) for a result in millimeters or (T*A/1270)+ W for a result in inches. Take the common example used above; (2×195×55/100)+(16×25.4) = 621 mm or (195×55/1270)+16 = 24.44 inches.


title: Tire code

text: Less commonly used in the US and Europe (but often in Japan for example) is a notation that indicates the full tire diameter instead of the aspect ratio of the side-wall height. To take the same example, a 16-inch wheel would have a diameter of 406 mm. Adding twice the tire height (2×107 mm) makes a total 620 mm tire diameter. Hence, a 195/55R16 tire might alternatively be labelled 195/620R16.


title: Tire code

text: Whilst this is theoretically ambiguous, in practice these two notations may easily be distinguished because the height of the side-wall of an automotive tire is typically much less than the width. Hence when the height is expressed as a percentage of the width, it is almost always less than 100% (and certainly less than 200%). Conversely, vehicle tire diameters are always larger than 200 mm. Therefore, if the second number is more than 200, then it is almost certain the Japanese notation is being usedif it is less than 200 then the U.S./European notation is being used.


title: Tire code

text: The diameters referred to above are the theoretical diameter of the tire. The actual diameter of a specific tire size can only be found in the TRA Yearbook or the manufacturer's data books. Note that the tire's cross-section and diameter are always specified when measured on a wheel of a specified width; different widths will yield different tire dimensions.


title: Tire code

text: Prior to 1964, tires were all made to a 90% aspect ratio. Tire size was specified as the tire width in inches and the diameter in inches – for example, 6.50-15.


title: Tire code

text: From 1965 to the early 1970s, tires were made to an 80% aspect ratio. Tire size was again specified by width in inches and diameter in inches. To differentiate from the earlier 90-ratio tires, the decimal point is usually omitted from the width – for example, 685-15 for a tire 6.85 inches wide.


title: Tire code

text: Starting in 1972 tires were specified by load rating, using a letter code. In practice, a higher load rating tire was also a wider tire. In this system a tire had a letter, optionally followed by "R" for radial tires, followed by the aspect ratio, a dash and the diameter – C78-15 or CR78-15 for bias and radial, respectively. Each diameter of wheel had a separate sequence of load ratings; thus, a C78-14 and a C78-15 are not the same width. An aspect ratio of 78% was typical for letter-sized tires, although 70% was also common and lower profiles down to 50% were occasionally seen.


title: Among the Living

text: Among the Living is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Anthrax. It was released on March 16, 1987, by Megaforce Records in the US and by Island Records in the rest of the world. The album is dedicated to Cliff Burton of Metallica, who died in a bus accident six months before its release while on tour with Anthrax as the opening act.


title: Among the Living

text: Veteran engineer Eddie Kramer, at his first venture with a thrash metal act, co-produced the album. Recording proceeded smoothly and the band was enthusiastic, but different visions for the sound of the final release created contrasts between Anthrax and the producer during the mixing at Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas. Ultimately, Anthrax succeeded in maintaining the aggressive dry sound and fast rhythms of the original recordings, enriched by often-humorous lyrics dealing with disparate subjects.


title: Among the Living

text: Anthrax members often described the album as their major breakthrough, as it catapulted the band from being a small club attraction to arena and stadium stars. Critics acclaimed the album and promoted the band among the Big Four of Thrash Metal elite. The band's second Gold record, "Among the Living" was certified Gold by the RIAA on July 31, 1990.


title: Among the Living

text: The original members of Anthrax grew up in New York City listening to 1970s rock and hard rock and turned to heavy metal in the 1980s, profoundly influenced by bands like Judas Priest, Iron Maiden and Motörhead. Drummer Charlie Benante was also a fan of bands playing music considered extreme at the time, such as Raven and Venom, and he and guitarist Scott Ian enjoyed hardcore as much as metal. Guitarist Dan Spitz, originally in the band Overkill, was an accomplished, trained musician, while Joey Belladonna had a background as a singer in cover bands of arena rock acts Journey, Foreigner and Bad Company. The integration of these differing musical sensibilities resulted in Anthrax's second album, "Spreading the Disease", praised by critics for showing decisive progress from the band's debut release, "Fistful of Metal," and for introducing a unique sound, which opposed the fast and heavy riffing of thrash metal with Belladonna's clean and melodic vocals. That album also marked the beginning of the songwriting method that would see the band through its most successful period. Benante would create riffs and rough musical structures for all the songs, that would later be developed, integrated and arranged with the other musicians. Ian composed all the lyrics and worked on them with Belladonna to create vocal melodies that were fit to his high-pitched, melodic singing style.


title: Among the Living

text: Anthrax had spent about six months in 1985 recording "Spreading the Disease", their first album for the major label Island Records, which sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide. They had been on tour to support the album since its release, both as headliners in small clubs and as an opening act for other bands. When opening for W.A.S.P. and Black Sabbath on their tour supporting the album "Seventh Star", Anthrax played for the first time in mid-sized arenas and were thrilled by the experience and by audiences' reaction to their music.


title: Among the Living

text: After a brief stop to rehearse new songs in July 1986, Anthrax joined longtime friends and Megaforce Records labelmates Metallica on the European leg of Metallica's Damage, Inc. Tour supporting "Master of Puppets". In Sweden on September 27, Metallica bassist Cliff Burton was killed when the band's tour bus skidded off the road. His death profoundly impacted the thrash-metal community in which he was a highly regarded figure, and the members of Anthrax dedicated their new album "Among the Living" to his memory. In 2012, Ian said in an interview that part of the reason "... the album sounds so angry is because Cliff died. We'd lost our friend and it was so wrong and unfair."


title: Among the Living

text: The music press largely considers "Among the Living" one of the strongest thrash metal albums ever recorded. In comparison with "Spreading the Disease", the songs on the album generally feature faster rhythms granted by Benante's double-pedal bass-drum beats, stronger hardcore influences in the frequent gang choruses and a more aggressive vocal delivery by Belladonna. According to Ian, the general sonic approach of the songs is similar to "A.I.R.", the opening track of "Spreading the Disease". The structure of the tracks is conventional and sometimes inspired by other rock songs, such as AC/DC's "Whole Lotta Rosie" for "Caught in a Mosh", but with many rhythm changes and melodies that sometimes yield to the aggressive and dry sound. One critic considered this last feature a probable carryover from the Stormtroopers of Death project, a seminal crossover band formed in 1985 by Benante, Ian and original Anthrax bassist Danny Lilker, that had combined metal riffs with hardcore on an album of short, fast and satirical songs titled "Speak English or Die".


title: Among the Living

text: Anthrax composed the songs "I Am the Law", "Indians" and "I'm the Man" during the tour of 1986, rehearsed the first two and quickly included "I Am the Law" in their live setlist. Most of the songs were written in July 1986, after touring had ended. At the end of July 1986, Anthrax arranged and rehearsed the new songs at Top Cat rehearsal studios in New York City, before leaving for the UK, where they joined Metallica for their European dates.


title: Among the Living

text: Music critics remarked how, in contrast to other thrash metal bands who use very serious and dark lyrics, the lyrics on "Among the Living" are often veined with humor and were inspired by disparate sources. Socially conscious matters are present in songs such as "Indians", about the plight of Native Americans forced to live on reservations, "One World", which deals with the risk of nuclear holocaust and "Imitation of Life", about falseness, especially in the music business. "Efilnikufesin (N.F.L.)" ("nise fukin life" spelled backwards) is a protest song against drug abuse and was inspired by comedian John Belushi's drug addiction and death. Ian is still baffled that journalists ask him why he wrote a song about the National Football League, just showing that "they haven't bothered to read the lyrics, or understand the whole point of the song."


title: Among the Living

text: Two of the album's songs are based on characters and situations taken from Stephen King's work: "Among the Living" from the novel "The Stand" and "A Skeleton in the Closet" from the novella "Apt Pupil", a part of the "Different Seasons" collection. Both Ian and Benante were avid readers of King's works. "I Am the Law" is based on riffs left over from the recording sessions of "Spreading the Disease" and is co-credited with Lilker. The title is the catchphrase of Judge Dredd, a comic book character whose stories were originally published in the British magazine "2000 AD", of which Ian was a reader and fan.


title: Among the Living

text: "Caught in a Mosh" recounts a misadventure that happened to a roadie during an especially agitated concert; many metalheads consider it a classic thrash-metal anthem. Critics read it as a glorification of the slam pit and a metaphor for life struggles. The last song written for the album was "Horror of It All" as a tribute to Cliff Burton, whose death had touched all of the band members.


title: Among the Living

text: The band wanted a producer who could capture the energy of their live show and requested Eddie Kramer for the task. Kramer was a famous producer and engineer who had worked with Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin and Kiss, among others. The live sound that Kramer had captured in the Kiss album "Alive!" (1975) had especially impressed Ian and Benante when they were young. "When Eddie said yes to us, it was a total headfuck," guitarist Scott Ian recalled.


title: Among the Living

text: The band recorded the new songs in about six weeks at Quadradial Studios in Miami, Florida. It was difficult at the time to record the sound of down-tuned guitars, typical of thrash metal bands such as Anthrax, and manage to distinguish it from the bass guitar and the bass drum. As Kramer recalled: "I'd never recorded anything quite like it. I wasn't sure of what they were looking for initially. And it was a challenge to figure out ways to record heavy guitars with heavy drums – it was just a different process." Kramer set up the recording sessions as group live performances and the band members were enthusiastic regarding the atmosphere and the sound produced. "We always felt like when we were in a room rehearsing, we were at our best," Ian said. "We were killing it and we had all the confidence in the world." The production then moved for retouching and mixing of the tracks to Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, a facility owned by Chris Blackwell, the president of Anthrax's record label Island Records. Ian had suggested that recording studio only because Iron Maiden had been working there since 1983.


title: Among the Living

text: In Nassau, Kramer created a first mix full of sound effects and reverb and claimed to have done a "modern mixing", similar to producer John "Mutt " Lange's work for Def Leppard's best-selling album "Pyromania". The band members were dissatisfied with the mix and rejected it, arguing with Kramer to return to a clean, dry sound as close to the original live recording as possible. In a 2013 interview, Kramer remarked how "... the guys had a totally different attitude, a totally different way of thinking, and I remember it being contentious during the mixing." Pressed by the possibility of being fired, Kramer relented to the band members' request and wrapped up the mixing process in less than two weeks.


title: Among the Living

text: The cover art is by illustrator and painter Don Brautigam, a cover artist since the early 1970s, who worked on both "Among the Living" and Metallica's iconic "Master of Puppets". The painting of "Among the Living" has been the subject of discussion, because it was long believed to depict the character Rev. Henry Kane, the antagonist from the film "", while others thought it depicted Randall Flagg, the subject of the album's title track and the antagonist from the Stephen King novel "The Stand". Drummer Charlie Benante, who conceived the concept for the cover, explained: "It was just about how much evil there is amongst us. I wanted to show just the same type of person on the cover. The same type of people and then, the one person that was sticking out kind of giving you a wave, like a 'hi!'". In 1988, Brautigam was the cover artist for the following Anthrax album "State of Euphoria".


title: Among the Living

text: "Among the Living" was mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound in New York City, and was released worldwide on March 22, 1987, through Jon Zazula's label Megaforce Records and Island Records.


title: Among the Living

text: The album was preceded by the release of the single "I Am the Law" in February 1987, in 7-inch and 12-inch formats, which charted in the UK. Both versions had the non-album track "Bud E. Luvbomb and Satan's Lounge Band" as B-side, and the 12-inch also featured "I'm the Man," a song recorded in the same sessions as the rest of the album's tracks. It is among the first songs to have mixed rap and metal. The band's management thought that the song could not fit the sound and drive of "Among the Living" and decided to release it as a B-side. It was later re-released as a successful EP and became one of the most recognizable Anthrax songs.


title: Among the Living

text: The second single "Indians" was released in June 1987. The 12-inch vinyl featured covers of Black Sabbath's "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" and of S.O.D.'s "Taint", both expressly recorded for the release. A music video directed by Jean Pellerin and Doug Freel was shot for "Indians" and received moderate rotation on MTV in the late-1980s thrash-metal heyday.


title: Among the Living

text: "Among the Living" charted in Europe and reached No. 62 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, despite no radio airplay. It sold steadily through the years, and on July 31, 1990, the album was certified Gold, the second Anthrax album to do so after "State of Euphoria" in 1989.


title: Among the Living

text: On November 10, 2009, a deluxe edition of the album was released that included a bonus concert DVD. The release features alternate takes of several album tracks, live versions and the B-side songs "I Am the Law" and "Bud E Luv Bomb And Satan's Lounge Band."


title: Among the Living

text: The re-recorded version of "Among the Living" from the album "The Greater of Two Evils" can be heard in the teaser for the 2006 film "Clerks II". A cover version of "Caught in a Mosh" is included in the 2007 videogame "", while the master recording is included in 2009's "" and in 2010's "Rock Band 3". The same game included "Among the Living" and "Indians" as downloadable content. "Indians" is also included in the 2010 videogame "".


title: Among the Living

text: To celebrate the band's 40th anniversary, Anthrax and Z2 Comics released a graphic novel with stories inspired by the songs from "Among the Living" in July 2021. The collection features contributions from an all-star group of writers and artists from the worlds of music and comics, including Corey Taylor, Grant Morrison, Brian Posehn, Gerard and Mikey Way, Rob Zombie, Brian Azzarello, Jimmy Palmiotti and Rick Remender.


title: Among the Living

text: Soon after the release of the album, Anthrax embarked on a short tour in Japan, but they officially started the Among the Living Tour on May 26, 1987, at the Penny Arcade of Rochester, with Metal Church opening. They played in mid-sized venues as headliners during the summer and then moved to Europe. They were on the bill of the Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington, England on August 22, 1987, alongside Bon Jovi, Dio, Metallica, W.A.S.P. and Cinderella. Anthrax played for an audience of 80,000 that day, and in the European tour that followed in September and October sold out 7,000-seaters venues. Back in the US in November, Anthrax went on a tour as headliners in 5000-plus-seaters venues, with Celtic Frost as opening act. At the beginning of 1988, Kiss requested Anthrax as support band for their Crazy Nights World Tour in the US. The tour concluded in the first days of April, when Anthrax returned to the studio to record the album "State of Euphoria".


title: Among the Living

text: The songs of "Among the Living" have always been present in the band's live set lists since 1987, with at least four of them as fixed staples of their shows. In 2005, Anthrax reunited their "Among the Living" lineup, bringing Belladonna and Spitz back into the fold. During the world tour that followed they played live numerous cuts from the album and performed the record front-to-back at some shows. The band played "Among the Living" in its entirety again during the Metal Alliance 2013 tour and in 2017.


title: Among the Living

text: "Among the Living" was acclaimed by contemporary and modern music critics and is often cited to this day as a favourite among Anthrax fans. It is generally considered the breakthrough album for Anthrax, their best and most influential, which for its merits propelled the band among the icons of thrash metal. The band's musicianship and the lyrics dedicated to social issues and pop-culture tributes were universally praised.


title: Among the Living

text: On "Classic Rock" magazine, Malcolm Dome appreciated the consistent quality of the album and wrote that Anthrax's "musicianship is on par with anything Metallica were doing at the time." J. D. Considine of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "Benante and his bandmates may have been regular guys in other respects, but as musicians there was no denying the technical agility that went into each aural onslaught". He also remarked how Anthrax strived to be equal to their fans in the mosh pits and "democratized (their) brilliance by attaching it to some of the band's catchiest, most approachable material." According to Greg Moffitt of BBC Music, "Among the Living" stroke "a deft balance between marauding speed and judicious use of melody, a juggling feat they'd fumble on later albums." Canadian journalist Martin Popoff had the same opinion about the music, but observed how the introduction for the first time of "a punk ethic" in songs like "Caught in a Mosh", "Efilnikufesin" and "One World" started to undermine "the seriousness of the band, something that was soon to cause image problems." In fact, the album was a critical success, but Anthrax were criticized by both journalists and fans for the inconsistency of their musical evolution and, most of all, for their stage look, which was made up of short pants and t-shirts with commercial images or hardcore logos, in striking contrast with the denim and leather apparel of other thrash metal groups. The band members' apparent endorsement of the skateboarding world was another reason for controversy in contemporary music magazines and among fans.


title: Among the Living

text: Anthrax members acknowledge the importance of the album for the band and for the thrash metal scene. Ian declared that "Among the Living" "wasn't just an important moment in our career. It gave us a career!"


title: Among the Living

text: In several articles for the British magazine "Kerrang!" in 1988, journalist Don Kaye elected Anthrax in the so-called "Big Four of Thrash Metal" elite, alongside Metallica, Megadeth and Slayer. The title was accepted by the metal community and remained attached to Anthrax for the rest of their career.


title: Among the Living

text: Martin Popoff placed "Among the Living" at No. 49 in his "The Top 500 Heavy Metal Albums of All Time" book in 2004. In July 2005, "Among the Living" was inducted into the "Decibel" Hall of Fame, the sixth album overall to be featured. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die" (2006). In August 2014, "Revolver" placed the album on its "14 Thrash Albums You Need to Own" list. In 2017, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Among the Living" as 20th on their list of 'The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time.' On October 26, 2020, "Kerrang!" placed "Among the Living" at No. 6 in the list of "The 25 greatest thrash metal albums ever".


title: Sam Malone

text: Samuel "Mayday" Malone is a fictional character on the American television show "Cheers", portrayed by Ted Danson and created by Glen and Les Charles. The protagonist of the series, Sam, a former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox baseball team, is the owner and bartender of the bar called "Cheers". He is also a recovering alcoholic and a notorious womanizer. Although his celebrity status was short-lived, Sam retains that standing within the confines of Cheers, where he is beloved by the regular patrons. Along with Carla Tortelli and Norm Peterson, he is one of only three characters to appear in all episodes of "Cheers". Sam has an on-again, off-again relationship with the bar waitress Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) for the series' first five seasons until her departure from the series. Then he tries to seduce Diane's replacement, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley), who frequently rejects his advances. Sam also appears in "The Show Where Sam Shows Up", a crossover episode of the spin-off "Frasier".


title: Sam Malone

text: Other actors auditioned for the role. Producers decided to give Danson the role for primarily his scenes with Shelley Long as Diane. Critical reception for the character has been mostly positive. Some academics considered Sam an example of satirizing masculinity. For his performance as Sam, Ted Danson won two respective Emmy Awards as an Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 1990 and 1993 and two Golden Globe Awards as a Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy Series.


title: Sam Malone

text: At the time the series debuted in 1982, Sam has been the bartender and owner of Cheers for five years. Chronologically within the series, Sam, who is Irish Catholic, dropped out of high school in his senior year to play professional baseball.


title: Sam Malone

text: Sam began his career in the minor leagues, where he met Coach Ernie Pantusso (Nicholas Colasanto). He eventually became a relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, wearing number 16. His major league career lasted approximately five years; he specifically mentions having pitched in 1973, and was a member of the 1975 AL champion Red Sox team. As well, Martin Crane saw him pitch at the Kingdome, which opened in 1977 – also the year that he became the owner of Cheers. Although his baseball career is not highly detailed throughout the series, Sam was at times a good-to-very-good pitcher (stories of him retiring star batters occur during the series), and was the team's bullpen ace for a while. Sam's baseball career declined when he became an alcoholic, and there are also numerous stories of him pitching poorly and giving up tape-measure home runs. Over time, Sam's role as a bartender turns him into the "resident ringleader for an assortment of poor souls and wanna-be's".


title: Sam Malone

text: Throughout the series, Sam has had casual female partners, usually one-dimensional or sexually very available, and sometimes takes them along in his red Chevrolet Corvette. However, in "Sam Turns the Other Cheek" (episode 49, 1984), Sam reveals that he avoids "married, underage, and comatose" women, so he does have some ethical standards. In "Teacher's Pet" (season 3, 1985), Sam earns his high school diploma despite an overall bad grade from the high school geography teacher, with whom he had a brief affair while he was her student. The episode "Sam's Women" (episode 2, 1982) reveals that Sam was married to his somewhat more sophisticated ex-wife, Debra (Donna McKechnie). (In some syndicated prints, Sam's past marriage is omitted, although it is mentioned again in the 5th-season episode, "Young Dr. Weinstein".) Notably, he has an on-and-off relationship with "a bright, attractive graduate student", Diane Chambers (Shelley Long). One time after Sam and Diane ended their on-and-off relationship, in "Rebound, Part One" (episode 45, 1984), Sam relapses into alcoholism and excessively womanizes. Diane finds this out from Coach, and involves her new love interest Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer) in helping Sam slowly regain his sobriety in the following episode, "Rebound, Part Two". In the three-part episode "Strange Bedfellows" (episodes 93–95, 1986), Sam dates an intelligent, attractive politician Janet Eldridge (Kate Mulgrew), who eventually ends the relationship because of Sam's visible feelings for Diane. Throughout the fifth season (1986–87), Sam cyclically proposes to Diane, but she rejects every proposal until, in "Chambers vs. Malone" (episode 108, 1987), Diane finally accepts his latest proposal. In "I Do, Adieu" (episode 121, 1987), Sam and Diane try to marry but call off the wedding to let her start a supposedly promising writing career.


title: Sam Malone

text: In the following episode "Home Is the Sailor" (episode 122, 1987), Sam sells Cheers to the Lillian Corporation six months before the episode and later returns to the bar to work under employment of the "voluptuously beautiful" new manager, Rebecca Howe. Within this period, Sam constantly flirts with and attempts to seduce Rebecca, but she rejects all of his advances. In "Cry Harder" (episode 194, 1990), Sam is able to buy back the bar from the Lillian Corporation after Sam has saved the corporation from financial victimization by Robin Colcord (Roger Rees), Rebecca's lover. At the last minute, Sam and Rebecca embrace and kiss. However, in the following episode "Love Is a Really, Really, Perfectly Okay Thing" (episode 195, 1990), Sam devastatingly tells Rebecca that he has no feelings for her. In "The Days of Wine and Neuroses" (1990), Sam rejects Rebecca's advances one night while she is drunk over her doubts when now-impoverished Robin proposed to her. In the tenth season (1991–92), they try to conceive a child, but by then they have decided to stay friends. In "The Guy Can't Help It" (1993), Sam plays with the idea of marrying Rebecca (as a safety net "in case no one better comes along"), but several bar patrons and even Carla tell Sam his womanizing is getting him nowhere, prompting him to join Dr. Robert Sutton's (Gilbert Lewis) group meetings for sex addicts, a referral made by Frasier. In the series finale, "One for the Road" (1993), Sam reunites with Diane after six years of separation. They try to rekindle their relationship, but just before they fly off together to California, Sam and Diane begin to have doubts about their future together, and they re-separate. Sam returns to the bar, where his friends celebrate his return. Then, when Norm and Sam remain while everyone else leaves, Norm reassures Sam that Sam would return and never leave his one "true love"which the "TV Guide" implies is the Cheers bar.


title: Sam Malone

text: In a "Frasier" episode, "The Show Where Sam Shows Up" (1995), Sam is engaged to Sheila (Téa Leoni), a fellow sex addict whom he met during group therapy, but he breaks off the engagement after she admits that she slept with two regular Cheers customersPaul Krapence and Cliff Clavinduring their engagement. Unbeknownst to Sam, she slept with Frasier, which she does not reveal to Sam.


title: Sam Malone

text: Ted Danson reprised the role of Sam Malone in pre-game segments of the 1983 Super Bowl and of one of the baseball games of the 1986 World Series, "The Magical World of Disney" episode "Mickey's 60th Birthday", and "The Simpsons" episode "Fear of Flying". In the Super Bowl pregame skit, Sam and his customers at the bar chide Diane for not knowing and ridiculing football. They meet Pete Axthelm, an NBC sportscaster who visits the bar. In the pregame skit of the 1986 World Series game, Bob Costas interviews Sam at the bar. In "Mickey's 60th Birthday", Sam forgets Rebecca's birthday and begs Mickey Mouse to sing "Happy Birthday to You" as her birthday present. Rebecca chooses Mickey over Sam, who still wants to seduce her. In "The Simpsons", Sam is dating twins while trying to marry Diane without Rebecca knowing.


title: Sam Malone

text: Before the series began in September 1982, various actors considered or were considered for the role of Sam Malone. Before he was cast, Ted Danson appeared in films and television series. Danson appeared in the 1979 film "The Onion Field", adapted from the nonfiction book of the same name, as Officer Ian Campbell, who was murdered by two criminals. Danson also appeared in "Taxi" episode, "The Unkindest Cut" (1982), as one-time character Vincenzo Senaca—"a flamboyant and decidedly effeminate hairdresser, who ruined Elaine's but got his comeuppance at the end." "Cheers" creators Glen and Les Charles—along with James Burrows—were executive consultants for the episode. Danson, William Devane and Fred Dryer were shortlisted for the role of Sam Malone. Ed O'Neill auditioned for the role but did not win the part. John Lithgow missed the audition because he was ill.


title: Sam Malone

text: Originally, Sam Malone was intended "to be a former wide receiver for the American football team, New England Patriots." Fred Dryer was initially chosen for that role because he is a former football player, but the Charles brothers chose Danson because NBC executives noticed the chemistry between him and Shelley Long. The character then evolved into a former relief pitcher for the baseball team Boston Red Sox. To prepare for the role, Danson attended a bartending school in Burbank, California.


title: Sam Malone

text: Fred Dryer later appeared as Dave Richards, one of Sam Malone's friends and a sports commentator, in "Cheers". Danson said:


title: Sam Malone

text: Sam is "athletically handsome" and a womanizer who casually dates and has sex with various women "who want to have fun". However, his relationships invariably fail. Les Charles said that Sam was a "straight man" to Diane; after Shelley Long's departure, he became more "carefree" and a "goof-off."


title: Sam Malone

text: Ted Danson wore a hairpiece to conceal his baldness for the role of Sam Malone during filming of "Cheers". His baldness was revealed at the 42nd Primetime Emmy Awards (1990). In the episode "It's Lonely on the Top" (1993), Sam Malone reveals his baldness to Carla (Rhea Perlman).


title: Sam Malone

text: Danson earned per episode as Sam Malone during the last few years of "Cheers". In the final season of "Cheers" (1992–93), Danson decided to stop portraying Sam Malone, which contributed to the end of "Cheers". Danson said about the way the character changed, "He got older, you know ... [the writers] tried to make him Sammy again. But he's 45 now. I'm 45. It's OK to be chasing around when you're 37. But when you're 45, it's kind of sad to be chasing around that way." The producers tried to continue the show without Ted Danson, and they attempted to move the show to the first-run syndication, but these ideas were shelved.


title: Sam Malone

text: Sam's on-screen relationships with Diane and Rebecca were inspired by works about the "mixture of romance and antagonism of two people, [portrayed by Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn], in a competitive situation".


title: Sam Malone

text: Sam is subject to a satire of masculinity. He is described as "a sleazy, promiscuous, aggressive, exhibitionistic narcissist", one of the "new macho [heroes]" of the 1980s pop culture, "the target of humor," and not a "likely [candidate] to lead the post-feminist counter revolution." A new macho hero of the 1980s is the opposite of a pre-1980s macho hero that "constituted an antifeminist backlash".


title: Sam Malone

text: Steve Craig from the University of North Texas wrote in his 1993 journal that Sam is a parody of "traditional male values" and of a negative stereotype of masculinity. Craig wrote that Sam's attempts to define and exemplify "his version of masculinity" are satirized throughout the series "to explore gender identity" without threatening the viewer's own definition of one's own gender. In his 2011 book "Primetime Propaganda", Ben Shapiro, an American conservative commentator, called Sam "a dog, a feminist caricature of men", and a cultural representation of the "lower-class conservative," in contrast to portrayer Ted Danson, who identifies himself as liberal. Glen Charles, a creator of "Cheers", considered Sam "a spokesman for a large group of people who thought that [the women's movement] was a bunch of bull and look with disdain upon people who don't think it was".


title: Sam Malone

text: Heather Hundley wrote that the series sends "double standards" about promiscuous men and women. Hundley said that Sam is portrayed as heroic. She further wrote that Sam never suffers from consequences of his promiscuity and has been happily single and childless, while it portrays Carla Tortelli as a "nymphomaniac" who regrets her own promiscuities, which lead to out-of-wedlock pregnancies. She said the series' portrayal of premarital sex is "negative and unhealthy", omitting other dangers of promiscuity such as sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. Mark LaFlamme of the "Sun Journal" called Sam's relationship with Rebecca Howe "mundane" and his flirtation with her "bawdy".


title: Sam Malone

text: Throughout most of "Cheers", Sam is "allowed to be happy [and to live] a rich life". Towards the end of the series' run, however, Sam undergoes therapy for sex addiction. In a 1995 episode of "Frasier" called "The Show Where Sam Shows Up", Sam is depicted as a self-identified sexual addict; he gets help from group meetings and commits to changing himself.


title: Sam Malone

text: Sam Malone has been compared with some of Ted Danson's later roles. In 1998, David Bianculli from "New York Daily News" called Danson's guest appearance as a plumber in "Veronica's Closet" Sam Malone's "close cousin: a confident womanizer, and not the brightest guy in the room". In 1999, Danson said that Sam Malone and John Becker ("Becker") are both "very lonely men".


title: Sam Malone

text: Bill Simmons writing for ESPN praised Danson's performance for giving life and color to Sam Malone. In "The Complete Idiot's Guide" book, John Steve and Carey Rossi said Sam Malone "[brings] magic to establishment" and is praised for "successfully running ["Cheers"]." "The Shark Guys" website ranked Sam at number three on its list of the "top ten coolest bartenders of all time". In a 2009 NPR interview, Terry Gross called Sam "the opposite of intellectual".


title: Sam Malone

text: Woody Harrelson, who played Woody Boyd, called Sam the person who brings an ensemble together. Roger Rees, who portrayed Robin Colcord in "Cheers", said that no other character could fill in Sam Malone's spot if he was written out of the show. Rees also said that the show would not survive without Sam and Danson. Television critic Phil Rosenthal from "Los Angeles Daily News" said Danson's performance as Sam was irreplaceable and that no other actor could capture Sam's "sexiness, vulnerability, and goofiness". Rosenthal credited Sam Malone for helping the series survive by becoming the show's central character.


title: Sam Malone

text: According to the April 1–4, 1993, telephone survey of 1,011 people by the Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press (now Pew Research Center), Sam Malone was a top favorite character by 26%. The survey asked which character Sam should marry. 21% voted Diane Chambers, 19% voted Rebecca Howe, 48% voted Sam to stay single, and 12% had "no opinion" on this matter. When asked which character should star in a spin-off, 15% voted Sam, 12% voted Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson), 10% voted Norm Peterson (George Wendt), and 29% voted no spin-offs. Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer), whose own spin-off "Frasier" debuted in September 1993, was voted by 2% to have his own show.


title: Sam Malone

text: According to a 1993 article in "People" magazine, newspaper columnist Mike Royko chose Diane to be with Sam. Novelist Jackie Collins picked Rebecca. Celebrated personality Zsa Zsa Gabor chose both as Sam's potential partner. Tennis player Martina Navratilova found Sam too good for either of them. Novelist-archaeologist Clive Cussler said Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman) was "Sam's best bet."


title: Sam Malone

text: Sam's appearance in "Frasier" received mixed notices. Scott D. Pierce from "The Deseret News" found him too "old and [tiring]." Nevertheless, John Martin, a syndicate writer from "The New York Times", enjoyed Sam's interaction with main characters of "Frasier". Frazier Moore from "The Associated Press" called Sam's appearance a ratings ploy but a must-see for a "Cheers" fan and any other viewer who lacks interest in the show "Frasier".


title: Sam Malone

text: The role of Sam Malone earned Ted Danson two Emmy Awards as the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series: one in 1990 and another in 1993. It also earned Danson two Golden Globe Awards as the Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy Series: one in 1990 and another in 1991. Danson was awarded an American Comedy Award as the Funniest Male Performer in a TV Series.


title: Capsicum chinense

text: Capsicum chinense, commonly known as a "habanero-type pepper", is a species of chili pepper native to the Americas. "C. chinense" varieties are well known for their unique flavors and many have exceptional heat. The hottest peppers in the world are members of this species, with Scoville Heat Unit scores of over 2 million. Some taxonomists consider them to be part of the species "C. annuum," and they are a member of the "C. annuum" complex; however, "C. chinense" and "C. annuum" pepper plants can sometimes be distinguished by the number of flowers or fruit per node – two to five for "C. chinense" and one for "C. annuum" – though this method is not always correct. The two species can also hybridize and generate inter-specific hybrids. It is believed that "C. frutescens" is the ancestor to the "C. chinense" species.


title: Capsicum chinense

text: The scientific species name "C. chinense or C. sinensis" ("Chinese capsicum") is a misnomer. All "Capsicum" species originated in the New World. Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817), a Dutch botanist, erroneously named the species in 1776, because he believed they originated in China due to their prevalence in Chinese cuisine after their introduction by European explorers.


title: Capsicum chinense

text: Within "C. chinense", the appearance and characteristics of the plants can vary greatly. Varieties such as the well-known Habanero grow to form small, compact perennial bushes about in height. The flowers, as with most "Capsicum" species, are small and white with five petals. When it forms, the fruit varies greatly in color and shape, with red, orange, and yellow being the most common mature colors, but colors such as brown and purple are also known. Another similarity with other species would be shallow roots, which are very common.


title: Capsicum chinense

text: "C. chinense" origin is not an easy matter to settle. However, several reports by McLeod, Pickersgill, and Eshbaugh put its center of origin in the tropical northern Amazon, ranging from Southern Brazil to Bolivia (Eshbaugh, W.H.1993. History and Exploitation of a serendipetous new crop discovery. p. 132-139. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds), New Crops. Wiley, New York). Later on, it migrated to the Caribbean basin and Cuba originating the term Habanero, meaning from Habana (Havana, Cuba), where several peppers of this species were exported out from this port. (Despite the name, habaneros and other spicy-hot ingredients are rarely ever used in traditional Cuban cooking.)


title: Capsicum chinense

text: In warm climates such as these, it is a perennial and can last for several years, but in cooler climates, "C. chinense" does not usually survive the winter. It will readily germinate from the previous year's seed in the following growing season, however.


title: Capsicum chinense

text: Seeds of "C. chinense" have been found in cave dwellings in Central America that indicate the natives have been consuming peppers since 7,000 B.C. In Eastern Mexico, dry pepper fruits and seeds have been recovered from 9,000 years old burials in Tamaulipas and Tehuacán, further indicating their use since 7,000 B.C. Domestication might have taken place 10,000 to 12,000 years ago in Central–East Mexico.


title: Capsicum chinense

text: "C. chinense" peppers have been cultivated for thousands of years in their native regions, but have only been available in areas outside of the Americas for about 400–500 years following the Columbian Exchange. Selection in the new environments have led to the rise of new varieties that are bred and farmed in Asia and Africa.


title: Capsicum chinense

text: "C. chinense" are also popular with many gardeners for their bright colors (ornamental value) and for their fruit.


title: Capsicum chinense

text: "C. chinense" and its varieties have been used for millennia in Yucatán and Caribbean-style cooking to add a significant amount of heat to their traditional food. They are mainly used in stews and sauces, as well as marinades for meats and chicken.


title: Capsicum chinense

text: American food at times also uses some of these "chiles". For example, Habanero (a group of "C. chinense" varieties) are commonly used in hot sauces and extra-spicy salsas, due to the popularity of Tex-Mex and Mexican cuisines in American culture.


title: May (film)

text: May is a 2002 American psychological horror film written and directed by Lucky McKee in his directorial debut. Starring Angela Bettis, Jeremy Sisto, Anna Faris, and James Duval, the film follows a lonely young woman (Bettis) traumatized by a difficult childhood, and her increasingly desperate attempts to connect with the people around her.


title: May (film)

text: Although "May" was unsuccessful at the box office, it received favorable reviews from critics, and is now considered a cult film.


title: May (film)

text: May Canady is a woman in her mid-twenties, who suffered from a troubled childhood due to her lazy eye. She has very few social interactions, her only "true friend" being a glass-encased doll named Suzie made by her mother and given to May for her birthday with the adage "If you can't find a friend, make one." May works as a vet assistant. Her optometrist fixes May's lazy eye, first with glasses, then with contact lens. May becomes friends with Adam, a local mechanic. She has a fixation on his hands, which she considers to be the most attractive part of him, and they start dating. May's lesbian colleague, Polly, begins to flirt with May. One day, May remarks that Polly has a beautiful neck. During their flirtation, Polly gives May a pet cat, Lupe.


title: May (film)

text: May invites Adam to her apartment and he shows her a film that he made for his university titled "Jack and Jill". The film reveals a story of two young lovers, who go on a picnic, and end up eating each other. May becomes aroused by the cannibalism in the film. During an intense make-out session, she bites Adam on the lip, and it bleeds. Disturbed, Adam abruptly leaves. May shouts at Suzie and shoves her in the cupboard. She begins volunteering at a school for blind children, where she takes a liking to a sullen young girl named Petey, who makes her a clay ashtray with the name "MAY" pressed into it. She gives in to Polly's advances and starts a short affair. Adam stops calling her and May overhears him say that he is glad he could get rid of her. Devastated, she visits Polly, but finds her with another girl named Ambrosia, furthering May's grief. When even Lupe refuses to come near her, May becomes enraged and throws Petey's ashtray at her, killing the cat and shattering the ashtray. She becomes delusional, and believes that Suzie is talking to her.


title: May (film)

text: May takes Suzie to school and tells the blind children that Suzie is her best friend. The children struggle to take the doll out of the glass case, and the case shatters. May and the children are cut by the broken glass. Scooping up the ruined doll, May returns home devastated. The following day, she meets a young punk. He asks her if she wants to get some candy with him, and she accepts. May does not admire him very much, but likes the tattoo on his arm. At her house, he finds the cat's corpse, and calls May a freak. May breaks down and stabs him in the head, killing him. After putting much thought into her future actions, May claims she needs "more parts".


title: May (film)

text: On Halloween night, May dresses in a homemade costume resembling Suzie, adopts a normal personality, and goes to Polly's house, where she slits her throat with a pair of surgical scalpels. When Ambrosia arrives, May stabs her in the temples. Next, she visits Adam and his new girlfriend at his house. May murders both of them with the scalpels. At home, she designs her "new friend", a life-sized patchwork doll made from the punk's arms, Polly's neck, Ambrosia's legs, Adam's hands, his girlfriend's ears, and Lupe's fur for the hair. Using the broken remnants of the "MAY" ashtray to form an anagram, she names the doll "Amy". She realizes that Amy has no eyes and cannot "see" her, so she gouges out her lazy eye. Crying in pain and bleeding, she puts the eye on Amy's head and begs the doll to look at her. She collapses on the bed beside the doll, and caresses it. Her creation comes to life, and brushes her face affectionately with Adam's hands.


title: May (film)

text: "May" also features a score and original songs by Jammes Luckett of the rock group Poperratic (then known as Alien Tempo Experiment 13).


title: May (film)

text: Additional artists on the soundtrack include The Breeders, The Kelley Deal 6000, H Is Orange, Strangels, Thrill My Wife, The Wedding's Off, Angelo Metz, and Tommy James and the Shondells.


title: May (film)

text: Some of Luckett's music from the film was released on the 2007 CD "May and Other Selected Works of Jaye Barnes Luckett" by La-La Land Records.


title: May (film)

text: "May" was given a limited theatrical release to nine theaters in North America. By the end of its run, the film had grossed $150,277 during its theatrical run. It eventually grossed $634,803 worldwide on its $1.7 million budget.


title: May (film)

text: The film received favorable reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 70% of 69 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus states that it is an "above average slasher flick." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 58 based on 18 reviews.


title: May (film)

text: Critics praised the film for its unique feel while also complimenting its brutality through the eyes of someone who is so caught up in their own fantasy of sorts. Bettis' performance was also praised. Roger Ebert granted the film four stars out of four, and called it "a horror film and something more and deeper, something disturbing and oddly moving" and characterized the denouement as "a final shot that would get laughs in another kind of film, but "May" earns the right to it, and it works, and we understand it". "Variety" magazine critic David Rooney turned in a review that was more middle of the road, stating that the film was "More successful when the title character finally embarks on her bloody mission than in the dawdling buildup". "The New York Times" critic Stephen Holden opined that "the performances are a cut or two above what you would find in the average slasher film. But in the end that's all it is".


title: May (film)

text: Bloody Disgusting ranked the film #17 in their list of the "Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade", with the article calling the film "criminally under-seen at the time of its release... The plotting itself manages to sidestep the usual slasher tropes as it slowly and inexorably unravels, all leading up to a quietly haunting conclusion that is as heart-wrenching as it is unnerving." Albert Nowicki included the film on his list of "best Halloween movies of all time" for "Prime Movies".


title: May (film)

text: Lucky McKee has stated that ""May" wouldn't exist if it weren't for Amanda Plummer's character in "The Fisher King"."


title: Lynda Boyd

text: Lynda Boyd (born January 28, 1965) is a Canadian actress, singer, dancer, musician, and writer. She is perhaps best known for her roles in the films "Final Destination 2" (2003), "An Unfinished Life" (2005), "She's the Man" (2006), and "On Thin Ice", with Diane Keaton. She had minor roles in "I Spy" (2002), "About A Girl" (2007/08), "" (2006), and "Intern Academy" (2004). She was also the voice of Cologne in "Ranma ½", and the voice of Viv the Bunny on the Sunbow cartoon series "Littlest Pet Shop".


title: Lynda Boyd

text: She played the lead role for four seasons in WTN's "You, Me, and the Kids". Boyd also wrote three of the episodes.


title: Lynda Boyd

text: Boyd appeared as recurring villainess Dana Whitcomb in six episodes of SyFy Channel's "Sanctuary" from 2008-2009.


title: Lynda Boyd

text: Boyd has garnered Gemini Award nominations for ABC Family Channel's "Falcon Beach" and "Republic of Doyle".


title: Lynda Boyd

text: A singer for many years, Boyd has starred in such musicals as "The Rocky Horror Show", "Guys and Dolls", and "Little Shop of Horrors". She also sang and toured with The Blenders band in the 1980s.


title: Lynda Boyd

text: Boyd is currently starring in the Canadian drama/comedy series "Republic of Doyle" as the character Rose Miller. In 2010, she was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category of Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role for her role on the show.


title: Lynda Boyd

text: On August 3, 2011, Boyd rowed in the legendary Royal St. John's Regatta for the Republic of Doyle sponsored women's crew. They came in second. Boyd said she rowed on a Vancouver team in the spring in order to prepare for the race.


title: Lynda Boyd

text: Boyd was recently cast as a series regular in the role of Randy, opposite Christina Hendricks and Tim Roth in the western television series "Tin Star" debuting in 2017.


title: Prey (novel)

text: Prey is the thirteenth novel by Michael Crichton under his own name and the twenty-third overall. It was first published in November 2002, making it his first novel of the twenty-first century. An excerpt was first published in the January–February 2003 issue of "Seed magazine." Prey brings together themes from two earlier Crichton best-selling novels, Jurassic Park and The Andromeda Strain and serves as a cautionary tale about developments in science and technology, in particular, nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and distributed artificial intelligence.


title: Prey (novel)

text: The book features relatively new advances in the computing/scientific community, such as artificial life, emergence (and by extension, complexity), genetic algorithms, and agent-based computing. Fields such as population dynamics and host-parasite coevolution are also at the heart of the novel.


title: Prey (novel)

text: The novel is narrated by protagonist Jack Forman, an unemployed software programmer taking the role of a house husband. His wife, Julia, serves as a high ranking executive for a Nanorobotics company called Xymos. Julia claims to be working on revolutionary imaging technology, which takes up most of her time. Her intense focus on work creates distance between herself and her family, but Jack believes Julia may be having an affair.


title: Prey (novel)

text: One night, Julia shows Jack a video of Xymos nanobots being injected into a human test subject. Jack is impressed, but grows more suspicious as he notices the video was not filmed on the day she claimed it to be.


title: Prey (novel)

text: Later in the night their baby Amanda woke in agony, her body bright red. Jack took her to the hospital, but the doctors could not identify the cause of her pain. She was given an MRI when suddenly her pain stopped and her skin returned to a normal shade. A bewildered Jack returns home to a strangely indifferent Julia, who leaves in a hurry claiming to be off to an urgent business trip.


title: Prey (novel)

text: A series of strange events lead Jack to suspect something bigger is occurring than what he can see. First, their son Eric claimed to have seen "silver men" cleaning the house in the middle of the night. Next, Jack finds a strange device located underneath Amanda's bed. Soon after, memory chips on Eric's MP3 player turned directly to dust. Julia began to display abusive behavior toward her family, and was seen driving with an unidentifiable passenger. In an unexpected twist, Julia is injured in a car crash leaving Jack to consult for Xymos, as project manager Ricky is struggling with the nanobots.


title: Prey (novel)

text: Jack is taken to the Xymos research facility in Nevada's Basin Desert, where he is given a tour of the lab and introduced to the programming team (Mae, Charley, David, Rosie, Bobby, and Vince.) He is shown a machine used to make nanobot assemblers from bacteria, though Ricky refuses to share the source code for said nanobots. Ricky claims that contractors improperly installed filters in a vent, causing assemblers, bacteria, and nanobots to be blown into the desert, where they began forming into autonomous swarms. These "swarms" appear to be clouds of solar-powered self-sufficient nanobots, reproducing and evolving (necroevolution) at rapid speeds. The swarms exhibit predatory behavior, killing wild animals through the use of a code that Jack himself had worked on. Most alarmingly, the swarm possess rudimentary intelligence, the ability to quickly learn and innovate. Jack learns Julia was helping to make the swarms more benign, but they regressed when she disappeared. The swarms wander around the plant during the day, but go elsewhere when strong winds blow or night falls.


title: Prey (novel)

text: The nanoswarm kills a rabbit directly outside the complex, so Jack goes outside with Mae to inspect. They find the rabbit died of suffocation, meaning the nanobots blocked its bronchial tubes. While investigating the rabbit, Jack is attacked by the swarms and barely manages to get back into the lab before falling unconscious from anaphylactic shock.


title: Prey (novel)

text: Persuaded by Jack, the team decides to destroy the swarm in fear of a grey goo plague endangering humanity. They believe the swarm must have nested in the desert, so they tagged the bots with radioactive isotopes and followed them at night in hopes of finding said nest. Under the cover of a strong wind, the team goes to a storage shack to find the isotopes and begins building a spray device. As the wind dies down, four swarms attack the shack and kill two team members - David and Rosie. The rest of the team is forced to take shelter in nearby parked cars. Jack and Mae manage to escape to the lab unscathed, but Charley falls unconscious outside his car after being attacked. When the others refuse to help, Jack manages to get himself and a semi-conscious Charley to safety.


title: Prey (novel)

text: As night falls, Jack, Mae, and Bobby set out to find the swarms. While searching, they discover that the swarms are dragging Rosie's corpse through the desert. The team is also shocked to discover that the swarms can replicate the physical features, perceptions, and motions of humans when they see the swarms form replicas of Ricky, David, and Rosie.


title: Prey (novel)

text: The group follows Rosie's body and find the swarms nesting in a cave. A Xymos helicopter arrives and wards off the swarms using its draft. Mae and Jack then venture into the cave and succeed in destroying the swarms, their nest, and their organic assembly plant using explosive thermite caps.


title: Prey (novel)

text: Returning to the plant, Jack, Mae, and Bobby are greeted by Julia, who had discharged herself from the hospital and was brought in by the chopper. Julia's behavior is extremely aberrant; she seems to pay heed to nothing except enticing Jack and kissing him, even when Charley is found killed by a swarm in a sabotaged communications room. Jack cannot understand how the swarm got inside the airtight building, why Charley would have disabled the facility's communications, or why Julia and Ricky are acting very out-of-character.


title: Prey (novel)

text: Mae discovers security footage of when they were in the desert. To Jack's horror, the video reveals that Julia and Ricky had an affair, and shows Charley engaging in a vicious fight with Ricky and Vince. All of them end up in the communications room where Julia kisses a subdued Charley, injecting a swarm into his mouth, while Ricky sabotages the communication systems.


title: Prey (novel)

text: Eventually, Jack and Mae realize that Julia, Ricky, Vince and Bobby have all been infected by a symbiotic version of the nanobot swarms. These swarms do not show aggressive predatory behavior; instead, they take over human hosts, affecting their decision-making, and slowly devour them over time to produce more nanobots. This allows the swarms to remain hidden, while also allowing them to spread and contaminate other humans.


title: Prey (novel)

text: Jack comes up with a plan to destroy this new strain. He and Mae drink vials containing a form of phage that kills the nanobot-producing "E. coli" bacteria, thereby protecting them from infection by the nanobots. Jack then takes a sample of the phage and plans to pour it into the sprinkler system and drench everyone in the facility with it. He has Mae alert Julia and the infected team, who set out to stop Jack. In the vicious struggle that ensues, Jack is captured and thrown into a magnetic chamber. Jack feigns surrender when Julia walks in to interrogate him, but reactivates the magnetic chamber, remembering the incident with Amanda in the MRI. Julia's swarm is pulled away by the magnetic field to temporarily reveal the real Julia, who is gradually being consumed by the parasitic swarm. Before the swarm can repossess her body, Julia begs Jack to forgive her, says she loves him, and tells him to stop the swarms and save their children, as they have been infected too. Motivated, Jack runs to the roof, fights off the infected team, and finally manages to place the sample into the sprinkler system.


title: Prey (novel)

text: To prevent the sprinkler system from triggering, Ricky disables the plant's safety network. This plays in Jack's favor, as Mae has already inserted the phage into the assembly line, causing it to reproduce rapidly. The assembly line is rapidly overheating because of the deactivated safety system. If Ricky and Julia don't turn on the safety system, the assembly line will burst, filling the lab with the phage, but if they turn it on, the sprinklers will activate instead. The infected, now doomed either way, choose to re-activate the network and are drenched with the phage, killing them all. Jack and Mae escape the facility in a helicopter shortly before the facility explodes due to a methane gas leak combined with thermite that Mae had placed in the building.


title: Prey (novel)

text: After returning home, Jack doses his children and sister with the phage, curing them as well. While Mae calls the U.S. Army and sends a sample of the phage to her lab, Jack puts together all the missing links. The corrosion of the memory chips in his home's electronics and Amanda's skin rash were caused by nanobot assemblers that were accidentally brought home by Julia. The MRI's strong magnetic field detached the assemblers from Amanda. Knowing this, Julia called in the Xymos special team to scan Amanda's room for any additional assemblers. The person whom Jack spotted in Julia's car was in fact the Ricky-swarm. Finally, Jack discovers that Xymos had intentionally released the swarm into the desert so that it would evolve to stay in a cohesive group in the wind, but called him in to destroy the wild strain once it became uncontrollable.


title: Prey (novel)

text: Jim Holt, writing for "The New York Times", found the book "absurd" but exciting, and said that he "kept turning the pages feverishly".


title: Prey (novel)

text: Peter Guttridge, writing for "The Observer", said that it finds Crichton "doing what he does best", in that he takes "the very latest scientific advances" and shows "their potentially terrifying underbelly".


title: Prey (novel)

text: Even while pointing out the flaws in Crichton's science, in "Prey", multiple critics have praised the book's impact and overall message.


title: Chipset

text: In a computer system, a chipset is a set of electronic components in one or more integrated circuits known as a "Data Flow Management System" that manages the data flow between the processor, memory and peripherals. It is usually found on the motherboard. Chipsets are usually designed to work with a specific family of microprocessors. Because it controls communications between the processor and external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance.


title: Chipset

text: In computing, the term "chipset" commonly refers to a set of specialized chips on a computer's motherboard or an expansion card. In personal computers, the first chipset for the IBM PC AT of 1984 was the NEAT chipset developed by Chips and Technologies for the Intel 80286 CPU.


title: Chipset

text: In home computers, game consoles, and arcade-game hardware of the 1980s and 1990s, the term chipset was used for the custom audio and graphics chips. Examples include the Commodore Amiga's Original Chip Set or SEGA's System 16 chipset.


title: Chipset

text: The term "chipset" often refers to a specific pair of chips on the motherboard: the "northbridge" and the "southbridge". The northbridge links the CPU to very high-speed devices, especially RAM and graphics controllers, and the southbridge connects to lower-speed peripheral buses (such as PCI or ISA). In many modern chipsets, the southbridge contains some on-chip integrated peripherals, such as Ethernet, USB, and audio devices.


title: Chipset

text: Motherboards and their chipsets often come from different manufacturers. , manufacturers of chipsets for x86 motherboards include AMD, Intel, VIA Technologies and Zhaoxin.


title: Chipset

text: In the 1990s, a major designer and manufacturer of chipsets was VLSI Technology in Tempe, Arizona. The early Apple Power Macintosh PCs (that used the Motorola 68030 and 68040) had chipsets from VLSI Technology. Some of their innovations included the integration of PCI bridge logic, the GraphiCore 2D graphics accelerator and direct support for synchronous DRAM, the forerunner of DDR SDRAM memory.


title: Chipset

text: In the 1980s, Chips and Technologies pioneered the manufacturing of chipsets for PC-compatible computers. Computer systems produced since then often share commonly used chipsets, even across widely disparate computing specialties. For example, the NCR 53C9x, a low-cost chipset implementing a SCSI interface to storage devices, could be found in Unix machines such as the MIPS Magnum, embedded devices, and personal computers.


title: Chipset

text: Traditionally in x86 computers, the processor's primary connection to the rest of the machine was through the motherboard chipset's northbridge. The northbridge was directly responsible for communications with high-speed devices (system memory and primary expansion buses, such as PCIe, AGP, and PCI cards, being common examples) and conversely any system communication back to the processor. This connection between the processor and northbridge is commonly designated the front-side bus (FSB). Requests to resources not directly controlled by the northbridge were offloaded to the southbridge, with the northbridge being an intermediary between the processor and the southbridge. The southbridge handled "everything else", generally lower-speed peripherals and board functions (the largest being hard disk and storage connectivity) such as USB, parallel and serial communications. In 1990s and early 2000s, the interface between a northbridge and southbridge was the PCI bus.


title: Chipset

text: Before 2003, any interaction between a CPU and main memory or an expansion device such as a graphics card(s) — whether AGP, PCI or integrated into the motherboard — was directly controlled by the northbridge IC on behalf of the processor. This made processor performance highly dependent on the system chipset, especially the northbridge's memory performance and ability to shuttle this information back to the processor. In 2003, however, AMD's introduction of the Athlon 64-bit series of processors changed this. The Athlon64 marked the introduction of an integrated memory controller being incorporated into the processor itself thus allowing the processor to directly access and handle memory, negating the need for a traditional northbridge to do so. Intel followed suit in 2008 with the release of its Core i series CPUs and the X58 platform.


title: Chipset

text: In newer processors integration has further increased, primarily through the inclusion of the system's primary PCIe controller and integrated graphics directly on the CPU itself. As fewer functions are left un-handled by the processor, chipset vendors have condensed the remaining northbridge and southbridge functions into a single chip. Intel's version of this is the "Platform Controller Hub" (PCH) while AMD's version was called Fusion Controller Hub (FCH, this name stopped being used with the release of the Zen architecture), effectively an enhanced southbridge for the remaining peripherals—as traditional northbridge duties, such as memory controller, expansion bus (PCIe) interface and even on-board video controller, are integrated into the CPU die itself (the chipset often contains secondary PCIe connections though). However, the Platform Controller Hub was also integrated into the processor package as a second die for mobile variants of the Skylake processors. The northbridge to southbridge interconnect interfaces used now are DMI (Intel) and UMI (AMD).


title: Fontanelle

text: A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising soft membranous gaps (sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant. Fontanelles allow for stretching and deformation of the neurocranium both during birth and later as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. Premature complete ossification of the sutures is called craniosynostosis.


title: Fontanelle

text: An infant's skull consists of five main bones: two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and one occipital bone. These are joined by fibrous sutures, which allow movement that facilitates childbirth and brain growth.


title: Fontanelle

text: During birth, fontanelles enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. The ossification of the bones of the skull causes the anterior fontanelle to close over by 9 to 18 months. The sphenoidal and posterior fontanelles close during the first few months of life. The closures eventually form the sutures of the neurocranium. Other than the anterior and posterior fontanelles, the mastoid fontanelle and the sphenoidal fontanelle are also significant.


title: Fontanelle

text: The fontanelle may pulsate, and although the precise cause of this is not known, it is normal and seems to echo the heartbeat, perhaps via the arterial pulse within the brain vasculature, or in the meninges. This pulsating action is how the soft spot got its name – fontanelle is borrowed from the old French word fontenele, which is a diminutive of fontaine, meaning "spring". It is assumed that the term spring is used because of the analogy of the dent in a rock or earth where a spring arises.


title: Fontanelle

text: Parents may worry that their infant may be more prone to injury at the fontanelles. In fact, although they may colloquially be called "soft-spots", the membrane covering the fontanelles is extremely tough and difficult to penetrate.


title: Fontanelle

text: Fontanelles allow the infant brain to be imaged using ultrasonography. Once they are closed, most of the brain is inaccessible to ultrasound imaging, because the bony skull presents an acoustic barrier.


title: Fontanelle

text: A very tense or bulging anterior fontanelle indicates raised intracranial pressure. Increased cranial pressure in infants may cause the fontanelles to bulge or the head to begin to enlarge abnormally. It can occur due to:


title: Fontanelle

text: The fontanelles may be enlarged, may be slow to close, or may never close, most commonly due to causes like:


title: Fontanelle

text: Sometimes there is a third bigger fontanelle other than posterior and anterior ones in a newborn. In one study, the frequency of third fontanelles in an unselected population of newborn infants was 6.3%. It is very common in Down syndrome and some congenital infections. If present, the physician should rule out serious conditions associated with the third fontanelle.


title: Fontanelle

text: In apes the fontanelles fuse soon after birth. In chimpanzees the anterior fontanelle is fully closed by 3 months of age.


title: Fontanelle

text: One of the more serious problems that can affect canines is known as an "open fontanelle", which occurs when the skull bones at the top of the head fail to close. The problem is often found in conjunction with hydrocephalus, which is a condition in which too much fluid is found within and around the brain, placing pressure on the brain and surrounding tissues. Often the head will appear dome-shaped, and the open fontanelle is noticeable as a "soft spot" on the top of the dog's head. The fluid-filled spaces within the brain, known as ventricles, also become swollen. The increased pressure damages or prevents the development of brain tissue.


title: Fontanelle

text: Not all open fontanelles are connected with hydrocephalus. In many young dogs the skull bones are not fused at birth, but instead will close slowly over a three- to six-month period. Occasionally these bones fail to close, but the dog is still healthy. In these cases, however, the dog's owners need to be very careful, since any injury or bumps to the animal's head could cause significant brain damage, as well as conditions like epilepsy.


title: Fontanelle

text: An open fontanelle, known as a "molera", is a recognized feature of the Chihuahua breed. The American Kennel Club breed standard states that the skull of the Chihuahua should be domed, with or without the molera being present. However, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standard for the Chihuahua lists an open fontanelle as a disqualification.


Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, formerly Indraprastha University (IP or IPU), is a state university located in Delhi, India. It was established in 1998 as a teaching-cum-affiliating university.


Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University was established as Indraprastha University (IPU) on 28 March 1998 by the Govt. of NCT Delhi as a state university under the provisions of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Act, 1998 with its Amendment in 1999. The university is recognised by University Grants Commission (India), under section 12B of the UGC Act. The university was named after the ancient mythological city of Indraprastha, which features prominently in the epic "Mahabharata". In 2001, the university was officially renamed as Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU) after the tenth Sikh Guru Gobind Singh.


title: Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University

text: The university has 14 university schools(colleges of the university), 12 of them are on the campus in Dwarka and 2 schools, USAR and USDI are on the new East Delhi campus. There are 4 centers within the university for research in Disaster Management Studies, Pharmaceutical Sciences (CEPS), Human Values & Ethics and a center for Incubation-cum-Technology Commercialization (UCITC). Three of these centers are in the campus in Dwarka while UCITC is in the East Delhi campus.


text: GGSIPU university is home to 14 university schools functioning from its Dwarka and East Delhi Campus.