title: Snatched (2017 film)

text: Emily safely arrives at the US Consulate. Determined to find her mother, she seeks help from two feisty American women veterans, Ruth and Barb, whom Emily met at the resort in Ecuador. Ruth and Barb take her to James, who was conspiring with Morgado, to the apartment where he is being interrogated for the kidnappers' location. With the ladies' help, Emily rescues her mother at the kidnappers' apartment. They try to escape in another truck, but Morgado intercepts them. As he is about to kill Emily, Linda blows her dog whistle, summoning a dog that attacks Morgado. U.S. State Department agents arrive to arrest Morgado, and Jeffrey reunites with his mother and sister.


title: Snatched (2017 film)

text: One year later, Emily and Linda take another trip to Kuala Lumpur, where Emily meets another man, who offers her a drink. Emily refuses, and she and Linda proceed to dance.


title: Snatched (2017 film)

text: On May 22, 2015, trade reports announced that Amy Schumer would star in an action-comedy film scripted by Katie Dippold, which was rewritten by Schumer and her sister Kim Caramele. Dippold said it was inspired by her own relationship with her mother. Paul Feig produced through Feigco Entertainment, along with Chernin Entertainment's Jessie Henderson. 20th Century Fox distributes the film worldwide. On August 18, 2015, Jonathan Levine was reported to be in talks to direct the film.


title: Snatched (2017 film)

text: By February 2016, Goldie Hawn was in talks to play Schumer's mother, in her first film role since 2002's "The Banger Sisters". In May 2016, Christopher Meloni, Ike Barinholtz, Óscar Jaenada and Wanda Sykes were added to the cast. By May, the film had the working title "Mother/Daughter".


title: Snatched (2017 film)

text: The film began principal photography in Hawaii on May 30, 2016. Filming wrapped on September 1, 2016, and also took place in Puerto Rico. On December 12, 2016, Schumer announced that the movie would be titled "Snatched".


title: Snatched (2017 film)

text: "Snatched" grossed $45.9 million in the United States and Canada and $15 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $60.8 million, against a production budget of $42 million.


title: Snatched (2017 film)

text: In North America, "Snatched" was released on May 12, 2017 alongside "" and "Lowriders" and was projected to gross $15 million to $20 million during its opening weekend. It made $675,000 from Thursday night previews at about 2,625 theaters, before expanding to 3,501 theaters for the weekend and made $5 million on its first day (including previews). It went on to debut to $19.5 million, finishing second at the box office, behind "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2". It dropped 60% in its second weekend with $7.8 million, finishing fourth.


title: Snatched (2017 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 36% based on 214 reviews, with an average rating of 5.10/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Snatched" has a pair of terrifically talented stars, but their presence isn't enough to compensate for this rote comedy's threadbare plot and scattershot laughs." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 45 out of 100, based 41 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Snatched (2017 film)

text: Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "The tantalizing enticement of Goldie Hawn pairing with Amy Schumer for a mother-daughter, road-trip buddy comedy has some moments, but never fulfills its promise. As their onscreen adventures and antics grow zanier and broader, the laughs actually grow softer and more sporadic."


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Kyle Daniel Rudolph (born November 9, 1989) is an American football tight end for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Notre Dame, and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round (43rd overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He has been selected to two Pro Bowls. He also played for the New York Giants.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Rudolph attended Elder High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he played high school football for the Panthers. As a junior, he caught 30 passes for 400 yards and seven touchdowns en route to earning first-team All-city and All-conference honors. As a senior in 2008, he was named first-team All-American by "USA Today" after totaling 37 receptions for 673 yards (18.2 yards per catch) and 11 touchdowns. He was placed on the Scout.com All-America first-team and was the lone tight end among the 11 finalists for the high school Maxwell Award. He received first-team All-Southwest Ohio as a senior after being named second-team as a junior and was named second-team All-state by the Associated Press. Following his senior season, Rudolph was invited to play in the 2008 U.S. Army All-American Bowl held in San Antonio, Texas.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Also an accomplished basketball player, Rudolph played center for his high school team and was the conference player of the year three times and All-Southwest Ohio in 2007. He is currently the second-leading scorer in school history and became just the second Panther to surpass 1,000 career points. He set the school record for most career rebounds when he corralled his 568th rebound on January 11, 2008. Against Moeller (#1 in Ohio, #9 in the nation) on January 25, 2008, he scored 25 of Elder's 52 points as the Panthers almost upset the top-ranked team in Ohio, 58–52.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Rudolph was rated as the best tight end and 20th best overall recruit in the class of 2008 according to "Rivals.com". He was named the second-best player and the top tight end in the Detroit Free Press' Best of the Midwest Top 20 list. He was considered the No. 1 tight end in the recruiting class and the 20th-best prospect in the nation by Tom Lemming. He was ranked 21st in the country and No. 2 in the state of Ohio by Scout.com. He was also considered the 23rd-best player by Sports Illustrated. He accepted a scholarship offer from Notre Dame over Michigan, Tennessee, and Ohio State.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: As a freshman in 2008, Rudolph became the first tight end in Notre Dame history to start all 13 games as a freshman and the first freshman to ever start a season opener at tight end for Notre Dame. He made his career debut in the season opener against San Diego State and brought in his first career reception for five yards during the victory. In week 3, he posted his first multi-reception game (two catches for 29 yards) of his career against Michigan State, with both catches traveling for 10-plus yards and resulting in first downs against the Spartans. The following week, he hauled in three passes for 32 yards, with a long of 19, while also recording the first touchdown catch of his career in the Irish' 38-21 win over Purdue. In week 5, he registered season-highs in receptions (5) and receiving yards (70) and added his second and final touchdown of the season versus Stanford. He hauled in two catches for 26 yards against Pittsburgh, setting a new school record for receptions by a freshman tight end in a single season during the game. In week 11, he established a school record for single-season receiving yards by a freshman tight end during the game against Syracuse. In the 2008 Hawaii Bowl game, he caught four passes for a season-high 78 yards. His 29-yard reception against the Warriors also set a season-best long reception. Rudolph finished his first year with the Irish with 29 receptions for 340 yards (11.7 avg.) and two touchdowns.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: As a sophomore in 2009, Rudolph participated in only ten games with nine starts, missing three due to a shoulder injury and totaling 275:59 of playing time while making 57 special-teams appearances. He was named semi-finalist for the John Mackey Award (presented annually to college football's most outstanding tight end) and was the only sophomore to be named semi-finalist. He hauled in four catches for 29 yards and a touchdown in the opener against Nevada. In week 3, he set a then career-high with 95 receiving yards against Michigan State including a season-long 52-yard reception. His performance against the Spartans earned him John Mackey Tight End of the Week honors. He nabbed touchdown catches in back-to-back weeks against Purdue and Washington, with the first coming against the Boilermakers when there were only 24 seconds remaining in the game on a fourth-and-goal situation that sealed Notre Dame's win; the second touchdown reception against Washington came with less than two minutes remaining in regulation and gave the Irish the lead. He was voted by his teammates to represent tight ends on the Irish Leadership Committee. Rudolph ended the season ranked third on the team with 33 receptions (17 resulting in first downs) for 364 yards and three touchdowns.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Rudolph had his promising 2010 junior season derailed by a hamstring injury that ended his season after six games. On September 11, he set a Notre Dame record for most receiving yards in a game by a tight end against Michigan with 164 yards on eight receptions, with more than half of the yardage coming after he hauled in the second-longest pass play in school history with a 95-yard touchdown. Rudolph finished his final collegiate season with 28 receptions for 328 yards and three touchdowns, ending his three-season career at Notre Dame ranked among the all-time leading tight ends in school history. His 90 career receptions were the fourth-most by a tight end in school history and his 1,032 career receiving yards are also fourth-most. His pair of eight-catch games fell one reception short of the school record for a tight end of nine receptions in a game and was only the fourth Irish tight end to break the 1,000-yard career yardage plateau.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Rudolph did not participate in the 2011 NFL combine because of his torn hamstring, but posted a 4.78 40-yard dash time only three weeks after being medically cleared to participate at Notre Dame's Pro Day in South Bend, Indiana.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Rudolph was selected by the Minnesota Vikings with the 43rd overall pick in the second round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He was the first tight end selected in the draft and is the second-highest drafted tight end in Vikings history behind Hal Bedsole (chosen in the first round, 19th overall) in the 1964 NFL Draft.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: During his rookie season, Rudolph started 8 of 15 games, catching 26 passes for 249 yards with a 9.6-yard average per reception and three receiving touchdowns, all of them in the final seven games of the season as he assumed larger role in Bill Musgrave's offense. In Week 4, he hauled in a season-long 41-yard pass against the Kansas City Chiefs. His first career touchdown came on a 1-yard pass from fellow rookie quarterback Christian Ponder against the Oakland Raiders on November 20. Overall, he finished his rookie season with 26 receptions for 249 yards and three touchdowns. He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: In 2012, Rudolph had, in many ways, a breakout year. He was targeted 93 times and had 53 receptions averaging 9.3 yards per reception. Rudolph finished the year with 493 receiving yards and a career-high nine touchdowns, the second-most by a Vikings tight end in a season in team history. His nine touchdown catches, which is a career-high, were also tied for second-most by a tight end in the NFL in 2012. In the season-opener against the Jacksonville Jaguars on September 9, he had a then career-best 67 receiving yards on five receptions. On September 16, he hauled in a six-yard touchdown pass with only 31 seconds remaining in the game versus the Indianapolis Colts to tie the game 20-20 after being down 20–6 entering the 4th quarter of game that Colts won on a late field goal 23–20. In week 3, he had a career-best two touchdown catches in the Vikings' win at San Francisco, matching the Vikings single-game best by a tight end. In week 6, he caught a touchdown pass and a 2-point conversion pass against the Washington Redskins. The Vikings finished with a 10–6 record and qualified for the playoffs. In the against the Green Bay Packers, he finished with three receptions for 42 yards in the 24–10 loss.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Rudolph was selected for his first Pro Bowl in his career at the conclusion of the season as a replacement for Falcons tight end Tony Gonzalez.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Rudolph had his promising season cut short by injury after hauling in 30 catches for 313 yards and three touchdowns in the opening eight games of the season. He was placed on injured reserve on December 9 after being inactive for 5 games following a foot injury suffered against the Dallas Cowboys, when he caught a 31-yard touchdown, his longest play of the season, and injured his foot on the play. He caught his first touchdown of the season on a 20-yarder from Christian Ponder in the Vikings' loss at Chicago in week 2. In week 6 against the Carolina Panthers, he had a season-best 9 catches for 97 yards, including a 23-yard touchdown.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: On July 27, Rudolph and the Vikings agreed to a five-year extension worth $36.5 million. He opened the season with a seven-yard touchdown reception from Matt Cassel in the Vikings' blowout win over the St. Louis Rams on September 7. On September 22, it was announced that Rudolph would undergo surgery for a sports hernia, requiring seven weeks to recover. He posted a season-high seven receptions and 69 receiving yards in a loss at Detroit on December 14. His second touchdown of the season came against the Carolina Panthers on the opening drive on a 4-yard toss from Teddy Bridgewater. Overall, Rudolph appeared in nine games, making eight starts and finishing the season with 24 receptions for 231 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: In 2015, Rudolph started all 16 games for the second time in his career. He posted a career-high 495 yards receiving and had the second-best totals of his career in receptions with 49 and five touchdowns. Due to a weak Vikings' offensive line, Rudolph was asked to block often and helped clear the way for Adrian Peterson to lead the NFL in rushing with 1,485 yards on the ground. In Week 2 against the Detroit Lions, he caught 5 passes for 30 yards and a touchdown. Rudolph set a single-game career high with 106 yards receiving against the Green Bay Packers on November 22, including a career-long 47-yard touchdown. The following week, he caught a season-high seven passes in the win against the Atlanta Falcons. Overall, he finished the 2015 season with 49 receptions for 495 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns. In the loss against the Seattle Seahawks, he moved the chains with a 24-yard reception late in the fourth quarter that led to the infamous Blair Walsh' missed field goal.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: In Week 2 of the regular season, Rudolph caught a touchdown pass in the end zone, (the first for Sam Bradford as a Viking) in the 17–14 win over the Green Bay Packers. In the Vikings' upset of the 2015 NFC champions Carolina Panthers in Week 3, Rudolph was one of the few bright spots for a Vikings' offense that struggled to move the ball in the first half, catching seven passes for 70 yards and a touchdown. Against the New York Giants on October 3, Rudolph hauled in five receptions (four of them resulting in first downs) for 55 yards and a touchdown. In Week 13 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Rudolph hauled in his sixth touchdown of the season and 28th of his career, placing him in a tie with Vikings legend Steve Jordan for the most by a tight end in franchise history. In Week 17 against the Chicago Bears, Rudolph saw 15 passes thrown his way, hauling in 11 for 117 yards (including a touchdown) to set the franchise record for most receptions in a season for a tight end with 83. Overall, in the 2016 season, he finished with 83 receptions for 840 yards and seven touchdowns.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: In 2017, Rudolph started all 16 games, recording 57 catches for 532 yards and eight touchdowns. The Vikings finished with a 13–3 record atop the NFC North and made it to the . He had a 25-yard touchdown reception on the first drive of the game, which proved to be the Vikings only score as they went on to lose 38–7 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles. On January 22, 2018, he was named to his second Pro Bowl.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: In Week 1 of the 2018 season, Rudolph scored a touchdown, his first with new quarterback Kirk Cousins, in the victory over the San Francisco 49ers. In Week 16, against the Detroit Lions, he caught a Hail Mary for a touchdown before the end of the half. On the day, he had nine receptions for 122 yards and two touchdowns in the 27–9 victory. In the 2018 season, he had 64 receptions for 634 yards and scored four touchdowns.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: On June 10, 2019, the Vikings signed Rudolph to a four-year, $36 million contract extension. This came after Rudolph was involved in trade rumors throughout the offseason, but with the new deal, it keeps him under contract through the 2023 season.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: In Week 10 against the Dallas Cowboys, Rudolph caught four passes for 14 yards and two touchdowns in the 28–24 win. In Week 11 against the Denver Broncos, Rudolph caught five passes for a season high 67 yards and a touchdown in the 27–23 comeback win. Overall, Rudolph finished the 2019 season with 39 receptions for 367 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: In the NFC against the New Orleans Saints, Rudolph caught four passes for 31 yards, including the game-winning touchdown in overtime, during the 26–20 win.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: In Week 10 against the Chicago Bears on "Monday Night Football", after Rudolph recorded his first catch he fumbled the football while being tackled by linebacker Danny Trevathan and the ball was recovered by safety Tashaun Gipson. This was Rudolph's first career lost fumble in his 137 game career. He later recorded a season high four catches for 63 yards during the 19–13 win. On December 29, 2020, Rudolph was placed on injured reserve. He finished the 2020 season with 28 receptions for 334 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: On March 2, 2021, Rudolph was released by the Vikings. They designated him as a post-June 1 cut to reduce the amount of dead money his contract would have put against the reduced salary cap for the 2021 season.


title: Kyle Rudolph

text: Rudolph signed with the New York Giants on March 24, 2021. On December 21, 2021, the New York Giants restructured Rudolph’s contract to create cap space. He finished the 2021 season with 26 receptions for 257 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. He was released on March 2, 2022.


title: Robert Pera

text: Robert J. Pera (born March 10, 1978) is the founder of Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. a global communications technology company that Pera took public in 2011. In October 2012, Pera also became the owner of the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association. At the age of 36, Pera earned a spot on "Forbes" list of the 10 youngest billionaires in the world.


title: Robert Pera

text: Pera established his first computer services company while attending high school. That company provided networking and database services to local businesses. Pera also played on his high school's basketball team until a heart condition, which has long since been resolved, kept him home for a year. After high school, Pera attended the University of California, San Diego, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and a B.A. in Japanese Language. He stayed on at UC San Diego and completed his masters in Electrical Engineering with an emphasis on Digital Communications and Circuit Design.


title: Robert Pera

text: After graduation, Pera, who admired Steve Jobs, secured a job at Apple Inc., where he tested the company's Wi-Fi devices to ensure compliance with Federal Communications Commission standards for electromagnetic emissions. While working at Apple, Pera noticed that the power sources that Apple's Wi-Fi devices used to throw signals were far below FCC limits. Boosting their power, he reasoned, could increase their transmission range to over dozens of miles, which could facilitate Internet access in areas that telephone and cable companies do not reach. When his bosses at Apple ignored his idea, Pera decided to build his own low-cost, high-performance Wi-Fi module. For the next year, Pera spent his nights and weekends in his apartment testing prototypes. By early 2005 he was ready to start his own business and he left Apple to form Ubiquiti Networks.


title: Robert Pera

text: Pera founded Ubiquiti Networks in March 2005 using $30,000 of personal savings and credit card debt. Ubiquiti's early products utilized existing Wi-Fi technology to wirelessly deliver the Internet to underserved areas (e.g., rural areas and emerging markets) lacking the infrastructure to access the Internet through traditional avenues such as phone lines and cable lines. The company has since successfully branched out into other product lines such as wireless access points, security cameras and traditional networking equipment (e.g., switches and routers).


title: Robert Pera

text: On June 11, 2012, sources told ESPN.com that Michael Heisley had an agreement in principle to sell the Memphis Grizzlies to Robert Pera. The official sale of the Memphis Grizzlies to Pera was approved on October 25, 2012. The Grizzlies made the NBA playoffs in the two seasons before Pera purchased the team and made the playoffs during the first five seasons of his tenure as owner. In the first year of Pera's ownership, the Grizzlies won a club record 56 games and made its first-ever appearance in the Western Conference Finals. The Grizzlies team won more playoff games during the first two years of Pera's tenure than it did during the team's 17 previous seasons in the NBA.


title: International humanitarian law

text: International humanitarian law (IHL), also referred to as the laws of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of war ("jus in bello"). It is a branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants.


title: International humanitarian law

text: International humanitarian law is inspired by considerations of humanity and the mitigation of human suffering. It comprises a set of rules, which is established by treaty or custom and that seeks to protect persons and property/objects that are or may be affected by armed conflict, and it limits the rights of parties to a conflict to use methods and means of warfare of their choice. Sources of international law include international agreements (the Geneva Conventions), customary international law, general principles of nations, and case law. It defines the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations, and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to "protected persons", usually meaning non-combatants. It is designed to balance humanitarian concerns and military necessity, and subjects warfare to the rule of law by limiting its destructive effect and mitigating human suffering.


title: International humanitarian law

text: Serious violations of international humanitarian law are called war crimes. International humanitarian law, "jus in bello", regulates the conduct of forces when engaged in war or armed conflict. It is distinct from "jus ad bellum" which regulates the conduct of engaging in war or armed conflict and includes the crime of aggression. Together the "jus in bello" and "jus ad bellum" comprise the two strands of the laws of war governing all aspects of international armed conflicts. The law is mandatory for nations bound by the appropriate treaties. There are also other customary unwritten rules of war, many of which were explored at the Nuremberg trials. IHL operates on a strict division between rules applicable in international armed conflict and internal armed conflict.


title: International humanitarian law

text: International humanitarian law is traditionally seen as distinct from international human rights law (which governs the conduct of a state towards its people), although the two branches of law are complementary and in some ways overlap.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The two streams take their names from a number of international conferences which drew up treaties relating to war and conflict, in particular the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, and the Geneva Conventions, the first of which was drawn up in 1863. Both deal with "jus in bello", which deals with the question of whether certain practices are acceptable during armed conflict.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The Law of The Hague, or the laws of war proper, "determines the rights and duties of belligerents in the conduct of operations and limits the choice of means in doing harm". In particular, it concerns itself with


title: International humanitarian law

text: Systematic attempts to limit the savagery of warfare only began to develop in the 19th century. Such concerns were able to build on the changing view of warfare by states influenced by the Age of Enlightenment. The purpose of warfare was to overcome the enemy state, which could be done by disabling the enemy combatants. Thus, "the distinction between combatants and civilians, the requirement that wounded and captured enemy combatants must be treated humanely, and that quarter must be given, some of the pillars of modern humanitarian law, all follow from this principle".


title: International humanitarian law

text: Fritz Munch sums up historical military practice before 1800: "The essential points seem to be these: In battle and in towns taken by force, combatants and non-combatants were killed and property was destroyed or looted." In the 17th century, the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius, widely regarded as the founder or father of public international law, wrote that "wars, for the attainment of their objects, it cannot be denied, must employ force and terror as their most proper agents".


title: International humanitarian law

text: Even in the midst of the carnage of history, however, there have been frequent expressions and invocation of humanitarian norms for the protection of the victims of armed conflicts: the wounded, the sick and the shipwrecked. These date back to ancient times.


title: International humanitarian law

text: In the Old Testament, the King of Israel prevents the slaying of the captured, following the prophet Elisha's admonition to spare enemy prisoners. In answer to a question from the King, Elisha said, "You shall not slay them. Would you slay those whom you have taken captive with your sword and with your bow? Set bread and water before them, that they may eat and drink and go to their master."


title: International humanitarian law

text: In ancient India there are records (the Laws of Manu, for example) describing the types of weapons that should not be used: "When he fights with his foes in battle, let him not strike with weapons concealed (in wood), nor with (such as are) barbed, poisoned, or the points of which are blazing with fire." There is also the command not to strike a eunuch nor the enemy "who folds his hands in supplication ... Nor one who sleeps, nor one who has lost his coat of mail, nor one who is naked, nor one who is disarmed, nor one who looks on without taking part in the fight."


title: International humanitarian law

text: Islamic law states that "non-combatants who did not take part in fighting such as women, children, monks and hermits, the aged, blind, and insane" were not to be molested. The first Caliph, Abu Bakr, proclaimed, "Do not mutilate. Do not kill little children or old men or women. Do not cut off the heads of palm trees or burn them. Do not cut down fruit trees. Do not slaughter livestock except for food." Islamic jurists have held that a prisoner should not be killed, as he "cannot be held responsible for mere acts of belligerency".


title: International humanitarian law

text: Islamic law did not spare all non-combatants, however. In the case of those who refused to convert to Islam, or to pay an alternative tax, Muslims "were allowed in principle to kill any one of them, combatants or noncombatants, provided they were not killed treacherously and with mutilation".


title: International humanitarian law

text: The most important antecedent of IHL is the current Armistice Agreement and Regularization of War, signed and ratified in 1820 between the authorities of the then Government of Great Colombia and the Chief of the Expeditionary Forces of the Spanish Crown, in the Venezuelan city of Santa Ana de Trujillo. This treaty was signed under the conflict of Independence, being the first of its kind in the West.


title: International humanitarian law

text: It was not until the second half of the 19th century, however, that a more systematic approach was initiated. In the United States, a German immigrant, Francis Lieber, drew up a code of conduct in 1863, which came to be known as the Lieber Code, for the Union Army during the American Civil War. The Lieber Code included the humane treatment of civilian populations in the areas of conflict, and also forbade the execution of POWs.


title: International humanitarian law

text: At the same time, the involvement during the Crimean War of a number of such individuals as Florence Nightingale and Henry Dunant, a Genevese businessman who had worked with wounded soldiers at the Battle of Solferino, led to more systematic efforts to prevent the suffering of war victims. Dunant wrote a book, which he titled "A Memory of Solferino", in which he described the horrors he had witnessed. His reports were so shocking that they led to the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1863, and the convening of a conference in Geneva in 1864, which drew up the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The Law of Geneva is directly inspired by the principle of humanity. It relates to those who are not participating in the conflict, as well as to military personnel "hors de combat". It provides the legal basis for protection and humanitarian assistance carried out by impartial humanitarian organizations such as the ICRC. This focus can be found in the Geneva Conventions.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The Geneva Conventions are the result of a process that developed in a number of stages between 1864 and 1949. It focused on the protection of civilians and those who can no longer fight in an armed conflict. As a result of World War II, all four conventions were revised, based on previous revisions and on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions, and readopted by the international community in 1949. Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The first three Geneva Conventions were revised, expanded, and replaced, and the fourth one was added, in 1949.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The Geneva Conventions of 1949 may be seen, therefore, as the result of a process which began in 1864. Today they have "achieved universal participation with 194 parties". This means that they apply to almost any international armed conflict. The Additional Protocols, however, have yet to achieve near-universal acceptance, since the United States and several other significant military powers (like Iran, Israel, India and Pakistan) are currently not parties to them.


title: International humanitarian law

text: With the adoption of the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, the two strains of law began to converge, although provisions focusing on humanity could already be found in the Hague law (i.e. the protection of certain prisoners of war and civilians in occupied territories). The 1977 Additional Protocols, relating to the protection of victims in both international and internal conflict, not only incorporated aspects of both the Law of The Hague and the Law of Geneva, but also important human rights provisions.


title: International humanitarian law

text: Well-known examples of such rules include the prohibition on attacking doctors or ambulances displaying a red cross. It is also prohibited to fire at a person or vehicle bearing a white flag, since that, being considered the flag of truce, indicates an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate. In either case, the persons protected by the Red Cross or the white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts themselves; engaging in war activities under a white flag or a red cross is itself a violation of the laws of war.


title: International humanitarian law

text: It is a violation of the laws of war to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements, among them the wearing of a distinctive uniform or other easily identifiable badge, and the carrying of weapons openly. Impersonating soldiers of the other side by wearing the enemy's uniform is allowed, though fighting in that uniform is unlawful perfidy, as is the taking of hostages.


title: International humanitarian law

text: International humanitarian law now includes several treaties that outlaw specific weapons. These conventions were created largely because these weapons cause deaths and injuries long after conflicts have ended. Unexploded land mines have caused up to 7,000 deaths a year; unexploded bombs, particularly from cluster bombs that scatter many small "bomblets", have also killed many. An estimated 98% of the victims are civilian; farmers tilling their fields and children who find these explosives have been common victims. For these reasons, the following conventions have been adopted:


title: International humanitarian law

text: The ICRC is the only institution explicitly named under international humanitarian law as a controlling authority. The legal mandate of the ICRC stems from the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, as well as from its own Statutes.


title: International humanitarian law

text: During conflict, punishment for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in reprisal.


title: International humanitarian law

text: Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war lose the protections and status afforded to them as prisoners of war, but only after facing a "competent tribunal". At that point, they become unlawful combatants, but must still be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and regular trial", because they are still covered by .


title: International humanitarian law

text: Spies and terrorists are only protected by the laws of war if the "power" which holds them is in a state of armed conflict or war, and until they are found to be an "unlawful combatant". Depending on the circumstances, they may be subject to civilian law or a military tribunal for their acts. In practice, they have often have been subjected to torture and execution. The laws of war neither approve nor condemn such acts, which fall outside their scope. Spies may only be punished following a trial; if captured after rejoining their own army, they must be treated as prisoners of war. Suspected terrorists who are captured during an armed conflict, without having participated in the hostilities, may be detained only in accordance with the GC IV, and are entitled to a regular trial. Countries that have signed the "UN Convention Against Torture" have committed themselves not to use torture on anyone for any reason.


title: International humanitarian law

text: After a conflict has ended, persons who have committed any breach of the laws of war, and especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for war crimes through process of law.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The Fourth Geneva Convention focuses on the civilian population. The two additional protocols adopted in 1977 extend and strengthen civilian protection in international (AP I) and non-international (AP II) armed conflict: for example, by introducing the prohibition of direct attacks against civilians. A "civilian" is defined as "any person not belonging to the armed forces", including non-nationals and refugees. However, it is accepted that operations may cause civilian casualties. Luis Moreno Ocampo, chief prosecutor of the international criminal court, wrote in 2006: "International humanitarian law and the Rome statute permit belligerents to carry out proportionate attacks against military objectives, even when it is known that some civilian deaths or injuries will occur. A crime occurs if there is an intentional attack directed against civilians (principle of distinction) ... or an attack is launched on a military objective in the knowledge that the incidental civilian injuries would be clearly excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage (principle of proportionality)."


title: International humanitarian law

text: The principle of distinction protects civilian population and civilian objects from the effects of military operations. It requires parties to an armed conflict to distinguish at all times, and under all circumstances, between combatants and military objectives on the one hand, and civilians and civilian objects on the other; and only to target the former. It also provides that civilians lose such protection should they take a direct part in hostilities. The principle of distinction has also been found by the ICRC to be reflected in state practice; it is therefore an established norm of customary international law in both international and non-international armed conflicts.


title: International humanitarian law

text: Necessity and proportionality are established principles in humanitarian law. Under IHL, a belligerent may apply only the amount and kind of force necessary to defeat the enemy. Further, attacks on military objects must not cause loss of civilian life considered excessive in relation to the direct military advantage anticipated. Every feasible precaution must be taken by commanders to avoid civilian casualties. The principle of proportionality has also been found by the ICRC to form part of customary international law in international and non-international armed conflicts.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The principle of humane treatment requires that civilians be treated humanely at all times. Common Article 3 of the GCs prohibits violence to life and person (including cruel treatment and torture), the taking of hostages, humiliating and degrading treatment, and execution without regular trial against non-combatants, including persons "hors de combat" (wounded, sick and shipwrecked). Civilians are entitled to respect for their physical and mental integrity, their honour, family rights, religious convictions and practices, and their manners and customs. This principle of humane treatment has been affirmed by the ICRC as a norm of customary international law, applicable in both international and non-international armed conflicts.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The principle of non-discrimination is a core principle of IHL. Adverse distinction based on race, sex, nationality, religious belief or political opinion is prohibited in the treatment of prisoners of war, civilians, and persons "hors de combat". All protected persons shall be treated with the same consideration by parties to the conflict, without distinction based on race, religion, sex or political opinion. Each and every person affected by armed conflict is entitled to his fundamental rights and guarantees, without discrimination. The prohibition against adverse distinction is also considered by the ICRC to form part of customary international law in international and non-international armed conflict.


title: International humanitarian law

text: Women must be protected from rape, forced prostitution and from any form of indecent assault. Children under the age of eighteen must not be permitted to take part in hostilities, cannot be evacuated to a foreign country by a country other than theirs, except temporarily due to a compelling threat to their health and safety, and if orphaned or separated from their families, must be maintained and receive an education.


title: International humanitarian law

text: IHL emphasises, in various provisions in the GCs and APs, the concept of formal equality and non-discrimination. Protections should be provided "without any adverse distinction founded on sex". For example, with regard to female prisoners of war, women are required to receive treatment "as favourable as that granted to men". In addition to claims of formal equality, IHL mandates special protections to women, providing female prisoners of war with separate dormitories from men, for example, and prohibiting sexual violence against women.


title: International humanitarian law

text: The reality of women's and men's lived experiences of conflict has highlighted some of the gender limitations of IHL. Feminist critics have challenged IHL's focus on male combatants and its relegation of women to the status of victims, and its granting them legitimacy almost exclusively as child-rearers. A study of the 42 provisions relating to women within the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols found that almost half address women who are expectant or nursing mothers. Others have argued that the issue of sexual violence against men in conflict has not yet received the attention it deserves.


title: International humanitarian law

text: Read together with other legal mechanisms, in particular the UN Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), these can enhance interpretation and implementation of IHL.


title: International humanitarian law

text: In addition, international criminal tribunals (like the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda) and mixed tribunals (like the Special Court for Sierra Leone) have contributed to expanding the scope of definitions of sexual violence and rape in conflict. They have effectively prosecuted sexual and gender-based crimes committed during armed conflict. There is now well-established jurisprudence on gender-based crimes. Nonetheless, there remains an urgent need to further develop constructions of gender within international humanitarian law.


title: International humanitarian law

text: IHL has generally not been subject to the same debates and criticisms of "cultural relativism" as have international human rights. Although the modern codification of IHL in the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols is relatively new, and European in name, the core concepts are not new, and laws relating to warfare can be found in all cultures.


title: International humanitarian law

text: ICRC studies on the Middle East, Somalia, Latin America, and the Pacific, for example have found that there are traditional and long-standing practices in various cultures that preceded, but are generally consistent with, modern IHL. It is important to respect local and cultural practices that are in line with IHL. Relying on these links and on local practices can help to promote awareness of and adherence to IHL principles among local groups and communities.


title: International humanitarian law

text: Durham cautions that, although traditional practices and IHL legal norms are largely compatible, it is important not to assume perfect alignment. There are areas in which legal norms and cultural practices clash. Violence against women, for example, is frequently legitimised by arguments from culture, and yet is prohibited in IHL and other international law. In such cases, it is important to ensure that IHL is not negatively affected.


title: William Lee Scott

text: William Lee Scott (born July 6, 1973) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as high school student Stanley "Bullethead" Kuznocki on the WB sitcom "The Steve Harvey Show". Additionally, he appeared in the films "Gone in 60 Seconds", "Pearl Harbor", "October Sky" and "The Butterfly Effect".


title: William Lee Scott

text: Scott began his career as a series regular on "The Steve Harvey Show", with guest roles in other TV shows such as Fitz and Gun. His first feature film role came as the younger version of Loren Dean's character in Andrew Nicolas' "Gattaca". He can also be seen as Hank in the TV movie "Before Women Had Wings" and as Randy in the independent picture "The Opposite of Sex". In 1999, Scott starred in "October Sky" as Roy Lee Cooke. He also had a role in the 2000 film "Gone in 60 Seconds". In 2007, he guest starred in "Criminal Minds" in the episode "Children of the Dark." In January 2016, he reunited with his co-star Steve Harvey for his birthday show on his self-titled talk show during the segment of "Ask Steve". In 2021, Scott reunited with his former "Steve Harvey" show co-star Cedric the Entertainer on CBS' "The Neighborhood" on the season 3 episode "Welcome to the Dad Band".


title: Fanny pack

text: A waist bag, or fanny pack (American English), belt bag, moon bag, belly bag (American English), or bumbag (British English) is a small fabric pouch worn like a belt around the waist by use of a strap above the hips that is secured usually with some sort of buckle. The straps sometimes have tri-glide slides, making them adjustable in order to fit properly. It can be considered as a purse worn around the waist.


title: Fanny pack

text: Although traditionally the bag was worn with the pouch at the front, the separate American and British names derive from the fact that they are often worn with the pouch above the buttocks, for which "fanny" and "bum" are respective slang terms in each country.


title: Fanny pack

text: Historically, the bag was positioned in front of the body, so people could protect themselves from bandits. Bags attached to belts have been in use since antiquity in many cultures. One origin was the Native American buffalo pouch which was used instead of sewing pockets into clothing. Buffalo pouches may also be worn on the wrist or carried on the front of the chest via a neck strap or lanyard. Ötzi had a belt pouch 5000 years ago. The European medieval belt-pouch is another antecedent which was superseded as clothing came to have pockets. The Scottish sporran is a similar belted pouch that survived because of the impracticality of pockets in a kilt.


title: Fanny pack

text: "$10. The lightweight leather 'fanny pack' is designed to hold a cross-country skier's wax and lunch. It's also useful for cyclists, hikers, equestrians."


title: Fanny pack

text: In 1962, reportedly, Melba Stone, an Australian widow, inspired by a kangaroo, is sometimes credited with making a fanny pack.


title: Fanny pack

text: The modern version made from nylon and other synthetic materials came into use in the 1980s and they were especially in vogue in the 1990s, but gradually their use fell into decline in the 2000s. Their use was satirised by the American humorist Weird Al Yankovic in his song "White & Nerdy".


title: Fanny pack

text: Mobile devices (and USB charging cables and backup batteries), bottles of water, snacks, tissue paper, first aid, isopropyl alcohol, contact lenses, and pepper spray are among some of the most common items stored in the bag. Fanny packs designed for concealed carry of a weapon are available.


title: Fanny pack

text: In other cultures, they are known as banana bags (in France) and kidney bags (in Spain), while in Italy it is called the "marsupio", from the marsupium. In Costa Rica, this kind of bag is called a Skippy or canguru, from the TV series Skippy the Kangaroo. Variations include the wristpack, which is essentially a fanny pack for the wrist.


title: Fanny pack

text: Unlike handbags, they do not have to be carried, and unlike backpacks, they do not put undue strain on the back. Often referred to as "waist bags", they tend to be worn "cross body" rather than around the waist. Fashion houses such as Chanel and Gucci are at the forefront of the trend. The practicality of fanny packs is particularly popular in "festival fashion", where outfits tend to be more extravagant.


title: Fanny pack

text: In 2012, calling them "belted satchels" or "hands-free bags", several designer labels sought to bring the accessory back by offering stylish and expensive designs selling for as much as $1995.


title: Fanny pack

text: In July 2018, "The Boston Globe" reported that fanny packs are back in vogue with new packs introduced by fashion designers Gucci, Prada, and Louis Vuitton. The designer packs retail for up to $1500 and are being worn by celebrities such as Kim Kardashian, Rihanna, Jaden Smith, and Russell Westbrook. This time around, the packs can be worn around the waist or worn cross-body. "Vogue" magazine reported on the trend by writing "Alas, due to our odd fascination with ugly throwback clothing, the fanny pack has been vindicated."


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: Pokémon Stadium, known in Japan as is a strategy video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. First released in Japan on April 30, 1999, it was later released as the first "Stadium" title in Western regions the following year, and is a sequel to the Japanese-only 1998 Nintendo 64 release Pocket Monsters’ Stadium. The gameplay revolves around a 3D turn-based battling system using the 151 Pokémon from the Game Boy games "Pokémon Red, Pokémon Blue", and "Pokémon Yellow".


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: Originally intended for the Nintendo 64DD, it was later developed into a standard console game after the add-on failed. Using the Transfer Pak accessory that was bundled with the game, players are able to view, organize, store, trade, and battle their own Pokémon uploaded from "Pokémon Red, Pokémon Blue", and "Pokémon Yellow". The game includes four stadium cups, each of which is a series of three-on-three Pokémon battles against an ordered lineup of opponents. Gym Leader Castle mode involves battles against the eight Kanto gym leaders and the Elite Four. "Pokémon Stadium" also features mini-games, versus-style battles, a hall of fame, compatibility with the Game Boy Printer, and a built-in emulation function for "Pokémon Red, Pokémon Blue", and "Pokémon Yellow".


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: "Pokémon Stadium" became one of the best-selling Nintendo 64 titles, selling one million copies before the end of 2000. Critical reception was mixed, with critics praising the game's visuals but finding fault with the audio quality. A sequel, "Pokémon Stadium 2", released in 2000 as a counterpart for the next-generation "Pokémon Gold, Pokémon Silver", and "Pokémon Crystal" games. The game is set to be re-released on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack in 2023.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: Unlike the Game Boy games "Pokémon Red, Blue", and "Yellow", "Pokémon Stadium" does not have a storyline or a well-defined world, meaning that it is not considered a role-playing video game. Instead the game challenges the player to succeed in trainer battles at the Stadium, a tournament consisting of 4 "Cups" and 80 battles in total, as well as the Gym Leader Castle, where the player battles the 8 Kanto Gym Leaders, the Kanto Elite Four, and the Champion. When all Cups have been won and the Gym Leader Castle is completed, a six-on-one battle against Mewtwo is unlocked. Defeating Mewtwo unlocks another round of Stadium, Gym Leader Castle, and the Mewtwo battle, but with higher AI difficulty.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: In Stadium mode, the player is challenged to earn trophies by winning the Pika Cup, Petit Cup, Poké Cup, and Prime Cup, each having its own set of rules and restrictions. In the Poké and Prime Cups, four trophies may be earned, one for each level of difficulty. The Pika and Petit Cups only award one trophy each. After choosing a Cup to compete in, the player decides on a party of six Pokémon, which may include available rental Pokémon and/or Pokémon imported from a Game Boy cartridge of "Pokémon Red, Blue", or "Yellow". In each battle, the player and the opponent are only allowed to use three of their six party Pokémon. The player will win a trophy after successfully completing all battles in a Cup. If certain conditions are met using imported Pokémon from a Game Boy cartridge, the player will be awarded a Pikachu with the move Surf, which unlocks a mini-game in "Pokémon Yellow".


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: In the Gym Leader Castle, the player initially challenges the eight Kanto Gym Leaders from the Game Boy games, followed by the Elite Four, and finally the Champion. Before battling a Gym Leader, however, the player must defeat a gym's three Pokémon trainers. Like in the Stadium, the player has to pick a team of six Pokémon and may only use three at a time for battling. Each time the player defeats the Elite Four, one of eight randomly selected prize Pokémon will be awarded, which can be transferred to the player's "Pokémon Red", "Blue", or "Yellow" game using the Transfer Pak. The prize Pokémon are Bulbasaur, Charmander, Squirtle, Hitmonlee, Hitmonchan, Eevee, Kabuto, and Omanyte.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: Aside from Stadium and Gym Leader Castle modes, "Pokémon Stadium" also features mini-games, a Game Boy Tower (a mode for playing "Red", "Blue", and "Yellow" on the console via emulation), the Victory Palace (a showcase of Pokémon that have been present in the player's team once achieving victory), Oak's Lab (featuring connectivity to the Game Boy titles including a Pokédex), Free Battle (a battle between two players with set rules), Battle Now (a battle with pre-determined teams), and Gallery.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: "Pokémon Stadium" is compatible with "Pokémon" Game Boy game cartridges via the Nintendo 64 Transfer Pak, which allows players to use Pokémon stored on "Red", "Blue", and "Yellow" Game Boy cartridges in "Stadium"'s battle modes. A player's Game Boy Pokémon can also be saved, researched, and traded on the Nintendo 64 in Oak's Lab. This mode allows players to study each Pokémon's behavior and attacks.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: Nine mini-games are included in "Pokémon Stadium", located under Kids Club, and each game allows up to four players. If any of the four player slots are not taken, the CPU takes over the excess slots.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: The first "Pocket Monsters' Stadium" was released only in Japan on August 1, 1998. Once intended as a Nintendo 64DD launch title with a March 1998 release date, it was instead converted to a standard Nintendo 64 game on a 32MB cartridge. Because of technical limitations, this version features only 40 Pokémon that are available for battle, instead of the full 151 Pokémon from the Game Boy versions as originally planned. The remaining Pokémon can be viewed in a Pokémon encyclopedia called the Pokédex, but the models lack the required animations for battle. Connectivity with the Pokémon Game Boy trilogy is available using the Transfer Pak. HAL Laboratory president Satoru Iwata, who would later head Nintendo itself, was the one who managed to port the battle system to work in the Nintendo 64, taking a whole week to read the entire Game Boy source code, and afterwards convert Shigeki Morimoto's programming from the "Pokémon" games. The game sold a reported 270,000 copies in its first month of release. This version was not released outside Japan, and as such the numbering of the subsequent "Pocket Monsters Stadium" games is ahead of the "Pokémon Stadium" releases.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: On February 16, 1999, Nintendo announced that it would be showing "Pokémon Stadium 2" in a Japan-exclusive event called Pokémon Festival '99. Early reviews of the game from Japan's "Weekly Famitsu Crew" were favorable. Because the first game had met criticism for its difficulty, the AI was toned down for the sequel to make it easier for average players. Released as "Pokémon Stadium" throughout North America and Europe, this version supports the transfer of all first generation Pokémon to and from "Pokémon Red", "Blue", and "Yellow" via the N64 Transfer Pak.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: Nintendo released a very limited edition bundle in North America that included a copy of "Pokémon Stadium", a Nintendo 64 console, one Gray and one Atomic Purple Nintendo 64 controller, a poster, a Pokémon Trainer's Journal, and an exclusive holographic rare "Cool Porygon" promo card by Wizards of the Coast for the trading card game.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: In celebration of the game's North American release, Nintendo and Blockbuster LLC partnered for a promotion in which the first "Pokémon Stadium" game cartridges delivered to Blockbuster contained a coupon for a limited edition "Pokémon Stadium" master team sticker poster and a free Pokémon Smart Card, which could be used to redeem up to 16 stickers at Blockbuster locations. The Smart Cards were previously available in Blockbuster's 1999 promotion for "Pokémon Snap".


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: "Pokémon Stadium" received mixed reviews from critics. GameSpot contributor Jeff Gerstmann gave the game a 5.7 "mediocre" review, writing that the gameplay "feels scaled down and oversimplified, even when compared with the original Game Boy games". IGN's Peer Schneider wrote an 8.2 "great" review of the game, calling it "a must-buy for Pokémon fans", but also citing that "the audio is nowhere near the quality of some of the recent Nintendo releases". Regarding the game's announcer, a frequent complaint among critics, RPGamer's Ben Martin wrote that: "With a very limited vocabulary and continual comments thoughout "[sic]" every single action, it certainly is a nice option to be able to turn this guy off". In his review on gaming website Cubed3, Ross Morley praised the game's battle system for its "beautiful 3D models, special effects and range of options".


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: In its first month of sales in North America, "Pokémon Stadium" sold over one million copies, and it became the best-selling console game in the region during the year 2000. Nintendo of America announced that it would be released as a Player's Choice title, a well-selling game with a lower suggested retail price, on December 26, 2000. At least more than 3.97 million copies have been sold, including 3.16 million in the United States, 710,765 in Japan, and more than 100,000 in the United Kingdom.


title: Pokémon Stadium

text: Months after its debut, a follow-up to "Pokémon Stadium", tentatively titled "Pokémon Stadium Gold/Silver", was announced by Nintendo. The game was released in 2000 and 2001 as "Pokémon Stadium 2", featuring the 251 Pokémon from the first two generations. Transfer Pak compatibility was included for "Pokémon Gold", "Silver", and "Crystal"—as well as "Pokémon Red, Blue", and "Yellow".


title: Asbestosis

text: Asbestosis is long-term inflammation and scarring of the lungs due to asbestos fibers. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and chest tightness. Complications may include lung cancer, mesothelioma, and pulmonary heart disease.


title: Asbestosis

text: Asbestosis is caused by breathing in asbestos fibers. It requires a relatively large exposure over a long period of time, which typically only occur in those who directly work with asbestos. All types of asbestos fibers are associated with an increased risk. It is generally recommended that currently existing and undamaged asbestos be left undisturbed. Diagnosis is based upon a history of exposure together with medical imaging. Asbestosis is a type of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.


title: Asbestosis

text: There is no specific treatment. Recommendations may include influenza vaccination, pneumococcal vaccination, oxygen therapy, and stopping smoking. Asbestosis affected about 157,000 people and resulted in 3,600 deaths in 2015. Asbestos use has been banned in a number of countries in an effort to prevent disease.


title: Asbestosis

text: Statistics from the UK's Health and Safety Executive showed that in 2019, there were 490 asbestosis deaths.


title: Asbestosis

text: The signs and symptoms of asbestosis typically manifest after a significant amount of time has passed following asbestos exposure, often several decades under current conditions in the US. The primary symptom of asbestosis is generally the slow onset of shortness of breath, especially with physical activity. Clinically advanced cases of asbestosis may lead to respiratory failure. When a stethoscope is used to listen to the lungs of a person with asbestosis, they may hear inspiratory "crackles".


title: Asbestosis

text: The characteristic pulmonary function finding in asbestosis is a restrictive ventilatory defect. This manifests as a reduction in lung volumes, particularly the vital capacity (VC) and total lung capacity (TLC). The TLC may be reduced through alveolar wall thickening; however, this is not always the case. Large airway function, as reflected by FEV/FVC, is generally well preserved. In severe cases, the drastic reduction in lung function due to the stiffening of the lungs and reduced TLC may induce right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale). In addition to a restrictive defect, asbestosis may produce reduction in diffusion capacity and a low amount of oxygen in the blood of the arteries.


title: Asbestosis

text: The cause of asbestosis is the inhalation of microscopic asbestos mineral fibers suspended in the air. In the 1930s, E. R. A. Merewether found that greater exposure resulted in greater risk.


title: Asbestosis

text: Those who worked in the production, milling, manufacturing, installation, or removal of asbestos products before the late 1970s are at an increased risk of exposure to asbestos. This includes people who worked in these jobs in the United States and Canada. For example:


title: Asbestosis

text: Construction workers who inhale asbestos from contaminated building materials such paint, spackling, roof shingles, masonry compounds, and drywall may get asbestosis


title: Asbestosis

text: The amount and length of an individual's exposure to asbestos are the primary factors that determine the level of risk. The longer one is exposed to the substance, the higher their risk of developing lung damage.


title: Asbestosis

text: Families of exposed workers can be affected because asbestos fibers from clothing and hair can end up in the home. People who live near mines can also be exposed to airborne asbestos fibers


title: Asbestosis

text: Asbestosis is the scarring of lung tissue (beginning around terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts and extending into the alveolar walls) resulting from the inhalation of asbestos fibers. There are two types of fibers: amphibole (thin and straight) and serpentine (curly). All forms of asbestos fibers are responsible for human disease as they are able to penetrate deeply into the lungs. When such fibers reach the alveoli (air sacs) in the lung, where oxygen is transferred into the blood, the foreign bodies (asbestos fibers) cause the activation of the lungs' local immune system and provoke an inflammatory reaction dominated by lung macrophages that respond to chemotactic factors activated by the fibers. This inflammatory reaction can be described as chronic rather than acute, with a slow ongoing progression of the immune system attempting to eliminate the foreign fibers. Macrophages phagocytose (ingest) the fibers and stimulate fibroblasts to deposit connective tissue.


title: Asbestosis

text: Due to the asbestos fibers' natural resistance to digestion, some macrophages are killed and others release inflammatory chemical signals, attracting further lung macrophages and fibrolastic cells that synthesize fibrous scar tissue, which eventually becomes diffuse and can progress in heavily exposed individuals. This tissue can be seen microscopically soon after exposure in animal models. Some asbestos fibers become layered by an iron-containing proteinaceous material (ferruginous body) in cases of heavy exposure where about 10% of the fibers become coated. Most inhaled asbestos fibers remain uncoated. About 20% of the inhaled fibers are transported by cytoskeletal components of the alveolar epithelium to the interstitial compartment of the lung where they interact with macrophages and mesenchymal cells. The cytokines, transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha, appear to play major roles in the development of scarring inasmuch as the process can be blocked in animal models by preventing the expression of the growth factors. The result is fibrosis in the interstitial space, thus asbestosis.


title: Asbestosis

text: This fibrotic scarring causes alveolar walls to thicken, which reduces elasticity and gas diffusion, reducing oxygen transfer to the blood as well as the removal of carbon dioxide. This can result in shortness of breath, a common symptom exhibited by individuals with asbestosis. Those with asbestosis may be more vulnerable to tumor growth (mesothelioma), because asbestos decreases the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and impairs the functioning of T helper cells, which detect abnormal cell growth.


title: Asbestosis

text: According to the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the general diagnostic criteria for asbestosis are:


title: Asbestosis

text: The abnormal chest x-ray and its interpretation remain the most important factors in establishing the presence of pulmonary fibrosis. The findings usually appear as small, irregular parenchymal opacities, primarily in the lung bases. Using the ILO Classification system, "s", "t", and/or "u" opacities predominate. CT or high-resolution CT (HRCT) are more sensitive than plain radiography at detecting pulmonary fibrosis (as well as any underlying pleural changes). More than 50% of people affected with asbestosis develop plaques in the parietal pleura, the space between the chest wall and lungs. Once apparent, the radiographic findings in asbestosis may slowly progress or remain static, even in the absence of further asbestos exposure. Rapid progression suggests an alternative diagnosis.


title: Asbestosis

text: Asbestosis resembles many other diffuse interstitial lung diseases, including other pneumoconiosis. The differential diagnosis includes idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), hypersensitivity pneumonitis, sarcoidosis, and others. The presence of pleural plaques may provide supportive evidence of causation by asbestos. Although lung biopsy is usually not necessary, the presence of asbestos bodies in association with pulmonary fibrosis establishes the diagnosis. Conversely, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in the absence of asbestos bodies is most likely not asbestosis. Asbestos bodies in the absence of fibrosis indicate exposure, not disease.


title: Asbestosis

text: There is no cure available for asbestosis. Oxygen therapy at home is often necessary to relieve the shortness of breath and correct underlying low blood oxygen levels. Supportive treatment of symptoms includes respiratory physiotherapy to remove secretions from the lungs by postural drainage, chest percussion, and vibration. Nebulized medications may be prescribed in order to loosen secretions or treat underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia and annual influenza vaccination is administered due to increased sensitivity to the diseases. Those with asbestosis are at increased risk for certain cancers. If the person smokes, quitting the habit reduces further damage. Periodic pulmonary function tests, chest x-rays, and clinical evaluations, including cancer screening/evaluations, are given to detect additional hazards.


title: Asbestosis

text: The death of English textile worker Nellie Kershaw in 1924 from pulmonary asbestosis was the first case to be described in medical literature, and the first published account of disease attributed to occupational asbestos exposure. However, her former employers (Turner Brothers Asbestos) denied that asbestosis even existed because the medical condition was not officially recognised at the time. As a result, they accepted no liability for her injuries and paid no compensation, either to Kershaw during her final illness or to her family after her death. Even so, the findings of the inquest into her death were highly influential insofar as they led to a parliamentary enquiry by the British Parliament. The enquiry formally acknowledged the existence of asbestosis, recognised that it was hazardous to health and concluded that it was irrefutably linked to the prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust. Having established the existence of asbestosis on a medical and judicial basis, the report resulted in the first Asbestos Industry Regulations being published in 1931, which came into effect on 1 March 1932.


title: Asbestosis

text: The first lawsuits against asbestos manufacturers occurred in 1929. Since then, many lawsuits have been filed against asbestos manufacturers and employers, for neglecting to implement safety measures after the link between asbestos, asbestosis and mesothelioma became known (some reports seem to place this as early as 1898 in modern times). The liability resulting from the sheer number of lawsuits and people affected has reached billions of U.S. dollars. The amounts and method of allocating compensation have been the source of many court cases, and government attempts at resolution of existing and future cases.


title: Asbestosis

text: To date, about 100 companies have declared bankruptcy at least partially due to asbestos-related liability. In accordance with Chapter 11 and § 524(g) of the U.S. federal bankruptcy code, a company may transfer its liabilities and certain assets to an asbestos personal injury trust, which is then responsible for compensating present and future claimants. Since 1988, 60 trusts have been established to pay claims with about $37 billion in total assets. From 1988 through 2010, analysis from the United States Government Accountability Office indicates that trusts have paid about 3.3 million claims valued at about $17.5 billion.


title: Junior Firpo

text: Héctor Junior Firpo Adames (born 22 August 1996), known as Junior Firpo or simply Junior, is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Premier League club Leeds United. Mainly a left-back, he can also play as a centre-back or right-back.


title: Junior Firpo

text: Born in Santo Domingo, Junior moved to Benalmádena, Málaga, Andalusia at the age of six and joined Real Betis' youth setup in June 2014, aged 18, from Puerto Malagueño. He made his senior debut with the reserves on 15 February 2015, starting in a 1–1 home draw against Granada B in the Segunda División B.


title: Junior Firpo

text: Definitely promoted to the B-side ahead of the 2015–16 season, Junior appeared regularly during the season, which ended in relegation. On 17 April 2016 he scored his first senior goal, netting the third in a 4–0 away win over Algeciras.


title: Junior Firpo

text: On 1 August 2017, after spending the whole pre-season with the main squad, Junior renewed his contract until 2021. He made his first team – and La Liga – debut the following 12 February, starting in a 1–0 away defeat of Deportivo La Coruña, becoming the first Dominican Republic-born player to have ever featured in La Liga.


title: Junior Firpo

text: Junior scored his first professional goal on 17 March 2018, netting the first in a 3–0 home win against Espanyol. On 19 August, after being promoted to the main squad, he agreed to a contract extension until 2023.


title: Junior Firpo

text: plus €12 million in add-ons. He made his debut three weeks later in a 5–2 home win over his former club Betis, playing the last nine minutes in place of Rafinha. On 28 September, Junior scored his first goal for Barcelona and the second goal against Getafe in 2–0 win. On 27 November, he made his UEFA Champions League debut in a 3–1 group stage victory over Borussia Dortmund.


title: Junior Firpo

text: On 13 February 2021, Firpo scored his second (and last) goal for Barça in a 5–1 home win over Alavés.


title: Junior Firpo

text: On 6 July 2021, Firpo signed a four-year deal with Premier League club Leeds United for a fee of €15 million plus add-ons, with Barcelona reserving rights to 20% of his future sales. He was expected to replace Ezgjan Alioski at the left back role after Alioski's contract expired, and made his debut for the club in that position on 14 August in the second half of the season opener at Old Trafford, where he came on as a tactical substitute for Rodrigo in a 5–1 loss.


title: Junior Firpo

text: Despite being born in the Dominican Republic, he has spent the majority of his life in Spain and continues to hold citizenship for both countries. On 9 October 2015, he played the entire second half of a 0–6 non-FIFA friendly loss for the Dominican Republic senior national team against the Brazil Olympic team.


title: Junior Firpo

text: On 31 August 2018, Junior was called up to the Spain under-21 team for two 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying matches against Albania and Northern Ireland. He made his debut on 7 September, starting in a 3–0 win against the former.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Craig Revel Horwood (born 4 January 1965) is an Australian-British author, dancer, choreographer, conductor, theatre director, and former drag queen in the United Kingdom. He is also a patron of the Royal Osteoporosis Society.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood is best known as a judge on the popular BBC dancing series "Strictly Come Dancing", and until 13 November 2021, as he tested positive for COVID-19 and missed the following week's show, had been the only judge to have appeared in every edition since its inception. He is often seen performing ballroom and Latin routines including, in 2019, a performance themed around "Hello, Dolly!".


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: On 20 July 2021, Horwood was given an Honorary Doctor of Arts by the University of Winchester at Winchester Cathedral.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood's West End credits include "Spend Spend Spend" and "My One and Only", both of which gained Laurence Olivier Award nominations for Best Choreography. He was associate director and choreographer of "West Side Story", assisted Bob Avian with "Martin Guerre" and was resident director of "Miss Saigon". He choreographed "Hard Times – The Musical", "Calamity Jane", "Tommy Cooper – Jus' Like That" and the play "Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks", starring Claire Bloom and Billy Zane at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket. He also directed and choreographed "Beautiful and Damned". He directed the Welsh Première Concert Production of "My Land's Shore" for the Gate Theatre in Cardiff. During the summer of 2008, he directed a new production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical "Sunset Boulevard" at the Watermill Theatre, which transferred to London's West End at the Comedy Theatre.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood directed and choreographed the 2010–11 UK and Canadian tour of "Chess", a revival of the 1986 musical conceived and written by Tim Rice, with music by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus (of ABBA). He has directed the UK Tour of "Strictly Come Dancing" since 2012. He then starred as Miss Hannigan in the UK touring production of "Annie" in 2015/18 and also the West End (in 2017) at the Piccadilly Theatre.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Regional theatre choreography credits include "Pal Joey", "Arcadia", "On the Razzle" and "My One and Only" at the Chichester Festival Theatre, "Guys and Dolls" in Sheffield, "Anything Goes" and "South Pacific" for Grange Park Opera and "Hot Mikado" at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood directed and choreographed the UK tour of musical "Sister Act" from 2016–17; and in 2017 he directed and choreographed the UK tour of "Son of a Preacher Man", a new musical featuring the music of Dusty Springfield. He will soon direct "Strictly Ballroom the Musical" which was due to tour the UK from September 2020, but got pushed back to September 2022 due to Covid19.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood directed the opening ceremonies of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and staged "Once Upon a Time – The Life of Hans Christian Andersen", a live concert in Copenhagen to mark the author's bicentenary.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: In December 2009, Horwood played the part of the Queen in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarves" at Venue Cymru in Llandudno, North Wales, a role he reprised in December 2010 at the Hawth in Crawley, and at the Orchard Theatre in Dartford, Kent, alongside Ann Widdecombe in 2011. Then in December 2012, he played the same role at the Swan Theatre in High Wycombe, again alongside Widdecombe and also in December 2013 at the Cliffs Pavilion, Southend. In 2014, 2015 and 2016, Horwood played Captain Hook in "Peter Pan" at The Orchard Theatre, Dartford, Wycombe Swan, High Wycombe and Churchill Theatre, Bromley. In December 2017, he played the Wicked Queen in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarves" at the Mayflower Theatre, Southampton; and in December 2018, he played the Wicked Stepmother in "Cinderella" at the New Victoria Theatre, Woking. In December 2019, Horwood reprised his role as the Wicked Queen in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarves" at the Manchester Opera House, Manchester. In December 2021, he will once again play the Wicked Stepmother in "Cinderella" at the Mayflower Theatre, Southampton alongside Debbie McGee.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood embarked on his first solo tour around England, "The All Balls and Glitter Tour", talking about his life and performing some of the music that has been the soundtrack to his career. This was due to be during Spring 2020, but due to Covid19 it was rescheduled for Spring 2022.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood has been a member of the judging panel on the BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" since its inception in 2004. He has a reputation for being the harshest of the judges and is often the recipient of jeering and booing from the studio audience; he also received criticism for his apparent bias towards Emma Bunton in the fourth series of the competition. Horwood is known for stringently applying rules, as for example when marking down for an 'illegal lift' in some dances if the lady's foot leaves the floor.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood has given a score of "1" more times than any other judge, including as part of the lowest-ever total score of 8 for Quentin Willson, dancing a Cha-cha-cha, in 2004. The routine was also the only ever single-digit score and the only time more than one member of the panel has given a score of "1".


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood has become known and imitated for his locutions, which often include exaggeratedly lengthened vowels, including: 'It was a complete dahnce di-sah-ster, dahling' and "Chah-Chah-Chah". These are available as ringtones through Horwood's website, with profits going to the National Osteoporosis Society. Another common utterance is 'Three words: Fab-u-lous!', with the syllables of the word articulated as three separate words. Horwood similarly breaks up the syllables and throws the stress forward to the final syllable for 'A-ma-zing!' To appreciate erotically-charged routines, Horwood will declaim 'absolute filth', often immediately followed by '...and I "loved" it!' Passing judgment on Kimberley Walsh in 2012, Horwood said the dance was 'indecent, improper, absolute filth', and added: 'I loved it.'


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood was a judge on "Dancing with the Stars" in New Zealand, along with Brendan Cole. He was also a judge on the Australian version of "Dancing with the Stars" for seasons 16 and 17, since its 2019 'revival', along with Sharna Burgess and Tristan MacManus.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood became a judge on "Comic Relief Does Fame Academy" in 2005, along with Lesley Garrett and Richard Park. He and Garrett replaced vocal coaches David Grant and Carrie Grant on the panel; however, the pair still appeared as voice coaches on the series. He returned as a judge for the third series of the Comic Relief edition in 2007.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood appeared in Episode 5 of Series 2 of "Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends", during which Theroux investigated the trials and tribulations of struggling New York City actors. In May and June 2007, Horwood appeared as a contestant on "Celebrity MasterChef", reaching the final alongside Nadia Sawalha and Midge Ure.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: On 15 April 2010, Horwood was the celebrity guest judge on "Daily Cooks Challenge". On 13 August that year, he appeared on "Would I Lie to You?". During 2011, he guested on "Celebrity Juice" and "Ask Rhod Gilbert". In January 2012, he appeared on BBC television series "The Magicians"; and for the week beginning 3 September that year, he appeared as a panellist on "The Wright Stuff" on Channel 5, followed on 22 October by an appearance on ITV's "Loose Women". Horwood also appeared on CBBC's television programme "12 Again", talking about his life when he was 12 years old; on 22 February 2013, he appeared on Room 101.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood won the reworked version of the 2008 BBC series Maestro, called "Maestro at the Opera"; he competed against Josie Lawrence, Marcus du Sautoy and Trevor Nelson. Also appearing were Mark Elder, Danielle de Niese, Alfie Boe and Kiri te Kanawa. The series was partly filmed at London's Royal Opera House, where Horwood, as eventual winner, conducted Act II of "La Bohème" in late 2012.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood lent his vocals to a single released by other celebrities under tutorage of choirmaster Gareth Malone for the "Children in Need" charity single of 2014; the choir performed a version of Avicii's "Wake Me Up". On 15 January 2016, he appeared as a panellist on a special edition of ITV's "Loose Women" (titled "Loose Women and Men") alongside series regulars Andrea McLean and Nadia Sawalha and fellow special hosts Peter Andre and Chris Kamara. He also starred in an edition of "Who Do You Think You Are?", broadcast on 13 July 2017, in which he learned about his ancestry and family history.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood also voiced the snake Cornelius in animated series "Sadie Sparks", which airs on Disney Channel; and was woken up by Michael McIntyre in the Christmas Midnight Gameshow on "Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas Show" which aired on Christmas Day 2019.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: In 2021, Horwood appeared on "The Masked Dancer", masked as Knickerbocker Glory in the Semi-Final; he was the seventh celebrity to be unmasked. In June that same year, it was announced that Craig would be seen joining fellow dancer, judge, presenter and choreographer Bruno Tonioli in "Craig and Bruno's Great British Roadtrip"; in the series of six half-hour episodes, made by RDF Television for ITV, the pair showcased routes and sights around Britain whilst indulging shared passions for fun, food, dance and classic cars.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood choreographed the final scene in "Paddington 2" (2017); and made his screen acting debut as Emmanuel Cavendish in "Nativity Rocks!" (2018).


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: In 2021, Horwood released the single a Christmas single "It's Christmas, Merry Christmas!'" with Rietta Austin, charted at 21 on British iTunes. Horwood announced a duets album with Austin, scheduled for release in 2023.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood has published three autobiographies with Michael O'Mara Books. "All Balls and Glitter: My Life in 2008", " Tales from the Dance Floor" in 2013 and "In Strictest Confidence" in 2018.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: In October 2020, Horwood released his first novel with Michael O'Mara Books, entitled " Dances and Dreams on Diamond Street"; the paperback edition was published in June 2021.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Born in Ballarat, Australia on 4 January 1965. His father Phil was a former Royal Australian Navy Lieutenant whose alcoholism had "torn their family apart". He started his career as a dancer in Melbourne, then moved to London to take advantage of the greater opportunities available there and to dance competitively. In 1989, he moved to the UK from Australia, and on 20 August 2011, he became a British citizen.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Revel is Horwood's middle name; it is not double barrelled. In his autobiography, Horwood reveals that at the age of 17, he made money by appearing as a drag queen in bars and clubs and that his relationship with an unnamed celebrity was akin to prostitution.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood was married to Jane Horwood from 1990 to 1992. In December 2014, Horwood informed a reporter from "OK!" magazine that 'I was bisexual for a long time. I flitted between men and women quite a lot between the ages of 17 and 26. My wife Jane left me for another man. Then I fell in love with a bloke. I have been gay ever since.' His former partner Damon Scott had been a runner up on "Britain's Got Talent".


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Since early 2018, Horwood has been in a relationship with horticulturist Jonathan Myring. In April 2020 Horwood and Myring announced their engagement. The pair, who met on Tinder, became engaged while in Tasmania.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: Horwood became a patron of the Royal Osteoporosis Society in 2009. In this, he has found common ground with Camilla, Queen Consort, the Society's Royal patron (whose mother, like his, had bone disease). The two of them danced the cha-cha-cha together, on a school visit to mark National Osteoporosis Day in 2009.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: In January 2015, Horwood revealed on ITV's "Loose Women" that he suffered from anorexia and body dysmorphia as a teenager and young dancer, as a result of trying to make himself look like other young men, and other dancers in particular.


title: Craig Revel Horwood

text: The 14th British series of "Who Do You Think You Are?" featured Horwood's ancestry in the second episode; in this, his family history research took him home to Australia, where he discovered that his family tree traces to Gloucestershire, Lancashire and Essex in England. Horwood found out that he is not the first dancer in his family, and that he is descended from gold prospectors that went bankrupt before becoming rich on finding a gold nugget. He also learnt further that his great-great-grandfather, Moses Horwood, who is revealed in the programme to have been a petty criminal from England, was convicted at the Gloucestershire assizes and transported to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1841. Criminal records identified by TheGenealogist include a transportation document for Moses Horwood, showing he departed England on 1 December 1841 on board a ship called the "John Brewer".


title: Hāfu

text: Hāfu refers to a person who has one ethnic Japanese parent and one non-ethnic Japanese parent. The term ethnic Japanese refers to the Indigenous Japanese people of the Japanese archipelago. Over the course of centuries the minority ethnic groups such as the Ainu and Ryukyuans were mostly assimilated into the Yamato population. Mixed race couples and thus hāfu people were rare in feudal Japan. There were mixed Asian couples between ethnic Japanese and other East and Southeast Asian peoples.


title: Hāfu

text: The most well-regarded theory is that present-day Yamato Japanese are descendants of both the Indigenous Jōmon people and the immigrant Yayoi people. The Yayoi were an admixture (1,000 BCE–300 CE) of migrants from East Asia (mostly China and the Korean peninsula).


title: Hāfu

text: Modern mainland (Yamato) Japanese have less than 20% Jomon people's genomes. In modern Japan, the term Yamato "minzoku" is seen as antiquated for connoting racial notions that have been discarded in many circles since Japan's surrender in World War II. The term "Japanese people" or even "Japanese-Japanese" are often used instead.


title: Hāfu

text: Genetic and anthropological studies indicate that the Ryukyuans are significantly related to the Ainu people and share the ancestry with the indigenous prehistoric Jōmon period (pre 10,000–1,000 BCE) people, who arrived from Southeast Asia and with the Yamato people. During the Meiji period, the Ryukyuans distinct culture was suppressed by the Meiji government and faced forced assimilation.


title: Hāfu

text: English sailor William Adams, a navigator for the Dutch East India Company, settled in Japan in April 1600. He was ultimately granted the rank of samurai, one of the few non-Japanese to do so. He wed Oyuki (お雪), a Japanese woman and together, they had two children, Joseph and Susanna, who were "hāfu".


title: Hāfu

text: Chinese military leader Chenggong Zheng, historically known as Koxinga (1624–1662), was "hāfu", born in Japan to a Japanese mother and Chinese father and raised there until the age of seven, known by the Japanese given name, Fukumatsu.


title: Hāfu

text: Since 1899, the Ainu were increasingly marginalized. During a period of only 36 years, the Ainu went from being a relatively isolated group of people to having their land, language, religion and customs assimilated into those of the Japanese. Intermarriage between Japanese and Ainu was actively promoted by the Ainu to lessen the chances of discrimination against their offspring. As a result, many Ainu are indistinguishable from their Japanese neighbors, but some Ainu Japanese are interested in traditional Ainu culture.


title: Hāfu

text: The presence of the United States Armed Forces in Japan and Asia saw the birth of many children born to American fathers; these children were called Amerasians. It's estimated that by 1952, anywhere from 5,000 to 10,000 Japanese children were fathered by American servicemen, with many of the children placed for adoption by their Japanese mothers due to the stigma of out-of-wedlock pregnancy and miscegenation and the struggles of supporting a child alone in post-war Japan. One orphanage, , in Yokohama, run by Franciscan nuns, opened in 1946 and, by 1948, staff members were caring for 126 children fathered by American servicemen, by 1950 and 136 children. A letter, dated 1948, detailed an incident of a malnourished infant born to a Japanese teenager whose American father refused to support for fear his wife would learn of his extramarital affair. Another orphanage, opened in Ōiso by a Japanese woman named Miki Sawada, cared for more than 700 Amerasian children, none of whom were visited or supported by their American fathers.


title: Hāfu

text: Fashionable images of the half Japanese people have become prominent especially with the increased appearance of "hāfu" in the Japanese media. "Hāfu" models are now seen on television or fill the pages of fashion magazines such as "Non-no", "CanCam" and "Vivi" as often as newsreaders or celebrities. The appearance of "hāfu" in the media has provided the basis for such a vivid representation of them in the culture. As of 2018, it is estimated that 30% to 40% of runway models in Japanese fashion shows identify as hafu. Most top models in their 20s of popular Japanese fashion magazines are hafu.


title: Hāfu

text: One of the earliest terms referring to half Japanese was "ainoko", meaning a child born of a relationship between two races. It is still used in Latin America, most prominently Brazil (where spellings such as "ainoco", "ainoca" (f.) and "ainocô" may be found), to refer to "mestizo" (broader term in Hispanic America for mixed race in general) or "mestiço" people of some Japanese ancestry. In Brazil, "amarela" (yellow) is generally used for people of East Asian origin. Nevertheless, the former term evolved to be an umbrella term for Eurasian or mixed East Asian/mestizo, East Asian/African, East Asian/Arab and East Asian/indigenous heritage in general. At the same time it is possible for people with little Japanese or other East Asian ancestry to be perceivable just by their phenotype to identify mostly as black, white or mestizo/pardo instead of "ainoko", while people with about a quarter or less of non-East Asian ancestry may identify on the Brazilian census as being "amarela" ("yellow" or East Asian).


title: Hāfu

text: Soon this, too, became a taboo term due to its derogatory connotations such as illegitimacy and discrimination. What were central to these labels were the emphasis on "blood impurity" and the obvious separation of the half Japanese from the majority of Japanese. Some English-speaking parents of children of mixed ethnicity use the word "double." Amerasian is another term for children of mixed ancestry, especially those born to Japanese mothers and U.S. military fathers.


title: Hāfu

text: Of the one million children born in Japan in 2013, 2.2% had one or more non-Japanese parent. According to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, one in forty-nine babies born in Japan today are born into families with one non-Japanese parent. Most intermarriages in Japan are between Japanese men and women from other Asian countries, including China, the Philippines and South Korea. Southeast Asia too, also has significant populations of people with half Japanese ancestry, particularly in the Philippines.


title: Hāfu

text: In the 21st century, stereotyping and discrimination against hāfu occurs based on how different their identity, behavior and appearance is from a typical Japanese person. Some experience negative treatment such as being teased or bullied in junior high school, treated like foreigners or stereotyped as bilingual and models. However, being mixed is increasingly seen as cool. The hafu of international marriages between Japanese and other Asians tend to blend in easier in Japanese society. They can have a bicultural identity. Their foreign side could be suppressed in Japan's homogeneous culture.


title: Hāfu

text: The documentary film "Hafu: The Mixed-Race Experience in Japan" was released in April 2013. It is about the experiences of five hāfu living in Japan. It deals with issues of identity, multiculturalism, relationships, hardship and stereotyping that they face.


title: Hāfu

text: In September 2018, Naomi Osaka is the first Japanese woman and hāfu to contest a Grand Slam singles final and the first Japanese Grand Slam singles champion. Naomi Osaka is the winner of the 2018 US Open Women's Singles.


title: Hāfu

text: Due to low birthrate, the population of Japan is aging significantly. As of 2019, the fertility rate stood at 1.36 children per woman, far below the 2.1 children per woman required to maintain a stable population. Japan had 126.5 million people in 2018, with Japanese nationals numbering 124.8 million in January 2019. Currently, 1 in 4 Japanese residents are over the age of 65, meaning that if the birthrate does not increase, one-third of the population will be above this age by 2050.


title: Hāfu

text: The percentage of hāfu is increasing, but the group is still a minority in Japan. The Government of Japan regards all naturalized Japanese citizens and native-born Japanese nationals with multi-ethnic backgrounds as Japanese, with no official ethnicity census data.


title: Allison Munn

text: Allison Munn (born October 7, 1974) is an American actress. She played Caroline Dupree in the Fox sitcom "That '70s Show", Tina Haven in The WB sitcom "What I Like About You", Lauren in The WB/CW drama "One Tree Hill", and Anne Harper on the Nickelodeon series "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn".


title: Allison Munn

text: Munn was born and raised in Columbia, South Carolina. Her father was Russell Munn, a political lobbyist. Munn graduated from AC Flora High School and The College of Charleston. She moved to New York, where she won a role in the Off-Broadway classic "The Fantasticks".


title: Allison Munn

text: Munn followed her stage roles with small roles in "White Oleander", the film adaptation of the Janet Fitch novel of the same name, opposite Alison Lohman, Michelle Pfeiffer, Robin Wright-Penn and Renée Zellweger, and in Cameron Crowe's romantic tragicomedy "Elizabethtown" opposite Orlando Bloom and Kirsten Dunst.


title: Allison Munn

text: In September 2003, Munn won a co-starring role opposite Amanda Bynes and Jennie Garth in the second season of The WB sitcom "What I Like About You" as Tina Haven, Holly Tyler's new best friend. Although their characters were the same age, Munn is eleven-and-a-half years older than her co-star Bynes. Munn remained on the show until the show ended with the fourth season on April 24, 2006. Munn also had a recurring role as Caroline, Fez's borderline stalker girlfriend on the Fox sitcom "That '70s Show".


title: Allison Munn

text: Munn co-starred as Cindy in the short-lived ABC sitcom "Carpoolers" that ran from October 2, 2007, to March 4, 2008. In 2009, Munn began a recurring role on The WB drama "One Tree Hill" playing Lauren, Jamie Scott's teacher who begins to date Skills Taylor at the end of the sixth season.


title: Allison Munn

text: From 2014 to 2018, Munn co-starred opposite Brian Stepanek as Anne Harper, the mother of the titular quadruplets in Nickelodeon sitcom "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn".


title: Allison Munn

text: In 2017, Munn joined her former "One Tree Hill" castmates in signing a letter of support for one of the show's writers, who had accused "One Tree Hill"s showrunner of sexual harassment.


title: Allison Munn

text: Munn began dating her childhood friend, actor Scott Holroyd, in 2004. They became engaged in Paris in December 2006 and married on November 17, 2007, at the French Huguenot Church in Charleston, South Carolina. They reside in Los Angeles with their pet terrier, Buster Keaton. In November 2011 Munn announced the birth of their son via her Twitter. She gave birth to their daughter in 2015.


title: Allison Munn

text: Munn lends her name and support to the non-profit political organization Rock the Vote, where she is actively involved in encouraging young people to register to vote.


title: Nick Kamen

text: Ivor Neville "Nick" Kamen (15 April 1962 – 4 May 2021) was an English singer-songwriter, musician and model. He was best known for "Turn It Up" from 1989, the singles "Each Time You Break My Heart" from 1986 and "I Promised Myself" from 1990, as well as for appearing in a 1985 Levi's advert.