title: Life Savers

text: In 1931, the Life Savers "Cough Drop" was introduced with menthol, but it was not successful. In 1931, rolls of pineapple and cherry fruit drops were also introduced. As the public response proved positive for these, a new variety of mint called Cryst-O-Mint, made in this same crystal-like style, was introduced in 1932. In 1935, the classic "Five Flavor" rolls were introduced, offering a selection of five different flavors (pineapple, lime, orange, cherry, and lemon) in each roll. This flavor lineup was unchanged for nearly 70 years, until 2003, when three of the flavors were replaced in the United States, making the rolls pineapple, cherry, raspberry, watermelon, and blackberry. However, orange was subsequently reintroduced and blackberry was dropped. The original five flavor lineup is still sold in Canada. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, four new mint flavors were introduced: Molas-O-Mint, Spear-O-Mint, Choc-O-Mint and Stik-O-Pep.


title: Life Savers

text: During the Second World War, other candy manufacturers donated their sugar rations to keep Life Savers in production so that the little candies could be shared with Armed Forces as a tasty reminder of life at home. Soon after the war ended, the manufacturing license was withdrawn. In 1947, U.K.-based Rowntree's—which formerly had been licensed to make Life Savers—started to manufacture a similar product called the Polo mint.


title: Life Savers

text: In 1981, Nabisco Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers from the E.R. Squibb Corporation. A number of early mint flavors, including Cl-O-Ve, Vi-O-Let, Lic-O-Rice and Cinn-O-Mon were discontinued due to poor sales. Nabisco introduced a new Cinnamon flavor ("Hot Cin-O-Mon") as a clear fruit drop-type candy. This replaced the white mint flavor Cinn-O-Mon, which had recently been discontinued. The other original mint flavors were retired. A number of other flavors were also quickly discontinued, after Nabisco took over, in order to make the business more profitable. In 2004, the U.S. Life Savers business was acquired by Wrigley's. Wrigley's introduced two new mint flavors (for the first time in over 60 years) in 2006: Orange Mint and Sweet Mint. They also revived some of the early mint flavors (such as Wint-O-Green).


title: Life Savers

text: Life Savers production was based in Holland, Michigan, until 2002 when it was moved to Montreal, Québec, Canada due to significantly lower sugar prices in the new location. The company's headquarters in Port Chester, New York, where Life Savers were made from 1920 until 1984, was distinctive. Although it has been converted to apartments, it still retains some Lifesavers signage. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early development of the embryo, following fertilization. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant overall growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula, or of the blastocyst in mammals.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: Depending mostly on the concentration of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic (total or entire cleavage) or meroblastic (partial cleavage). The pole of the egg with the highest concentration of yolk is referred to as the vegetal pole while the opposite is referred to as the animal pole.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: Cleavage differs from other forms of cell division in that it increases the number of cells and nuclear mass without increasing the cytoplasmic mass. This means that with each successive subdivision, there is roughly half the cytoplasm in each daughter cell than before that division, and thus the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material increases.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: The rapid cell cycles are facilitated by maintaining high levels of proteins that control cell cycle progression such as the cyclins and their associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). The complex cyclin B/CDK1 also known as MPF (maturation promoting factor) promotes entry into mitosis.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: The processes of karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis work together to result in cleavage. The mitotic apparatus is made up of a central spindle and polar asters made up of polymers of tubulin protein called microtubules. The asters are nucleated by centrosomes and the centrosomes are organized by centrioles brought into the egg by the sperm as basal bodies. Cytokinesis is mediated by the contractile ring made up of polymers of actin protein called microfilaments. Karyokinesis and cytokinesis are independent but spatially and temporally coordinated processes. While mitosis can occur in the absence of cytokinesis, cytokinesis requires the mitotic apparatus.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: The end of cleavage coincides with the beginning of zygotic transcription. This point in non-mammals is referred to as the midblastula transition and appears to be controlled by the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (about 1:6).


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: Determinate cleavage (also called mosaic cleavage) is in most protostomes. It results in the developmental fate of the cells being set early in the embryo development. Each blastomere produced by early embryonic cleavage does not have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: A cell can only be indeterminate (also called regulative) if it has a complete set of undisturbed animal/vegetal cytoarchitectural features. It is characteristic of deuterostomes – when the original cell in a deuterostome embryo divides, the two resulting cells can be separated, and each one can individually develop into a whole organism.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: In holoblastic cleavage, the zygote and blastomeres are completely divided during the cleavage, so the number of blastomeres doubles with each cleavage. In the absence of a large concentration of yolk, four major cleavage types can be observed in isolecithal cells (cells with a small, even distribution of yolk) or in mesolecithal cells or microlecithal cells (moderate concentration of yolk in a gradient) – bilateral holoblastic, radial holoblastic, rotational holoblastic, and spiral holoblastic, cleavage. These holoblastic cleavage planes pass all the way through isolecithal zygotes during the process of cytokinesis. Coeloblastula is the next stage of development for eggs that undergo these radial cleavaging. In holoblastic eggs, the first cleavage always occurs along the vegetal-animal axis of the egg, the second cleavage is perpendicular to the first. From here, the spatial arrangement of blastomeres can follow various patterns, due to different planes of cleavage, in various organisms.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: In the presence of a large concentration of yolk in the fertilized egg cell, the cell can undergo partial, or meroblastic, cleavage. Two major types of meroblastic cleavage are discoidal and superficial.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: Mammals have a slow rate of division that is between 12 and 24 hours. These cellular divisions are asynchronous. Zygotic transcription starts at the two-, four-, or eight-cell stage. Cleavage is holoblastic and rotational.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: At the eight-cell stage, having undergone three cleavages the embryo goes through some changes. At this stage the cells begin to tightly adhere in a process known as compaction, and when 16 cells are compacted it is known as a morula. The morula enters the uterus after three or four days, and as it does a cavity called the blastocoel is formed in the morula to produce the blastocyst. The blastocyst contains the inner cell mass that will go on to develop into the embryo proper, and an outer cell layer of trophoblasts. At the 8-cell stage the blastomeres are round, and loosely adhered. With further division the cells become flattened to optimise the contact between them. Most of the cells become polarized, gap junctions are formed , and tight junctions are developed with the other blastomeres.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: This process leads to the development of two different populations of cells: Polar cells on the outside and apolar cells on the inside. The outer cells, called the trophoblast cells, pump sodium in from the outside, which automatically brings water in with it to the basal (inner) surface to form a blastocoel, a cavity in a process called cavitation. With further compaction the individual outer blastomeres, the trophoblasts, become indistinguishable. They are still enclosed within the zona pellucida. This compaction serves to make the structure watertight, containing the fluid that the cells will later secrete.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: The trophoblast cells will eventually give rise to the embryonic contribution to the placenta called the chorion. The inner cells are pushed to one side of the cavity (because the embryo isn't getting any bigger) to form the inner cell mass (ICM) and will give rise to the embryo and some extraembryonic membranes. At this stage, the embryo is called a blastocyst.


title: Cleavage (embryo)

text: A single cell can be removed from a pre-compaction eight-cell embryo and used for genetic screening, and the embryo will recover.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On the night of June 12, 2020, Rayshard Brooks, a 27-year-old African American man, was fatally shot by Atlanta Police Department (APD) officer Garrett Rolfe.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: APD officer Devin Brosnan was responding to a complaint that Brooks was asleep in a car blocking a Wendy's restaurant drive-through lane. At the scene, Brosnan radioed for assistance, and Rolfe arrived some minutes later. Rolfe conducted a breathalyzer exam which indicated that Brooks' blood-alcohol content was above the legal limit for driving.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Rolfe and Brosnan began to handcuff Brooks, and Brooks grabbed Brosnan's taser and attempted to run away. Rolfe pursued Brooks on foot, and Brooks turned and fired the taser toward Rolfe's head. Rolfe then fired his gun three times at Brooks, hitting him twice. A third shot struck an occupied car. By the time Brooks was shot by Rolfe, the taser had fired twice, the maximum times it could be fired. Brooks died after surgery.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Footage of the incident, recorded from the officers' bodycams, a witness's phone and the restaurant's security system, was widely broadcast. Police chief Erika Shields resigned one day later; that same day, Rolfe was fired and Brosnan was placed on administrative duty. The Fulton County DA charged Rolfe with felony murder and ten other offenses; Brosnan with aggravated assault and two counts of violation of oath.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Fulton County DA Paul L. Howard used video clips from the shooting in his campaign commercials for his unsuccessful 2020 reelection bid. Howard's successor concluded the DA's office could not legally prosecute the politicized charges against Rolfe. On May 5, 2021, the Civil Service Board of the City of Atlanta reinstated Rolfe with back pay, after finding that the City of Atlanta did not afford him his right to due process.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: In June 2022, Rolfe and Brosnan filed a federal lawsuit alleging that they were attacked by Brooks and had the right to use force to prevent him from “imminent use of unlawful force against them.” On August 23, 2022, prosecutors announced that both officers would no longer face charges, stating "the use of deadly force was objectively reasonable and that they did not act with criminal intent."


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: In August 2014, he was convicted and sentenced to a year in prison on four counts, including false imprisonment and felony cruelty to children. Two years later he was sentenced to an additional 12 months for violating his probation.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: In a February 2020 interview, Brooks discussed the two years he spent in prison and his difficulties after being released, such as difficulty finding work.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: A driving under the influence conviction or drug possession conviction could have led to revocation of his probation and a return to prison.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Garrett Rolfe received a bachelor's degree in criminal justice from Georgia State University in 2013. Garrett Rolfe had been a police officer in the Atlanta Police Department since 2013. He was part of APD units specializing in DUI enforcement.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: In 2016, he received a written reprimand for aiming his gun at a stolen car being pursued. A firearm was later recovered from the stolen car. In May 2019, he was honored by Mothers Against Drunk Driving for making more than 50 DUI arrests the previous year. In early 2020, he undertook training in the use of deadly force and in de-escalation.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: At 10:42 p.m. on Friday, June 12, 2020, Atlanta Police Department officer Devin Brosnan arrived at the Wendy's restaurant at 125 University Avenue in South Atlanta to investigate a report of a man (Brooks) asleep in a car which was blocking the drive-through lane.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Brosnan awakened Brooks and told him to move the car to a parking space and take a nap; Brooks fell asleep again without moving the car. Brosnan again woke Brooks and Brooks parked the car. Brosnan checked Brooks's driver's license and radioed for assistance from an officer certified to conduct driving under the influence investigations.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: and, with Brooks's permission, performed a pat-down search for weapons, a field sobriety test, and a breathalyzer test.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Brooks asked to leave his car in the parking lot overnight and walk to his sister's house a short distance away.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Rolfe told Brooks: "All right, I think you've had too much to drink to be driving. Put your hands behind your back for me"; he and Brosnan then moved behind Brooks to handcuff him.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Brooks tried to break free and he and the officers scuffled on the ground. During the struggle Brosnan drew his taser, but Brooks wrested it from him and fired it;


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Brooks stood up and punched Rolfe, who drew his own taser and fired both cartridges at Brooks with no effect.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Brooks fled through the parking lot with Brosnan's taser still in hand. While still running, Brooks glanced back, half-turned, and fired the second shot of Brosnan's taser capable of two shots before being reloadedat Rolfe but "his aim was high".


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Disputed by Rolfe's attorneys, and contrary to Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) findings, prosecutors claimed Rolfe then said "I got him".


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Seven minutes after Brooks was shot, an ambulance arrived and he was taken to the hospital, where he died following surgery.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: The next day, Rolfe was fired and Brosnan was placed on administrative duty. On August 4, Rolfe's attorneys filed a lawsuit against Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms and Acting Police Chief Rodney Bryant for unlawful dismissal, seeking Rolfe's reinstatement, along with back pay and benefits.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On May 5, 2021, Rolfe's firing was reversed and he was reinstated to the Atlanta Police Department with back pay, the Atlanta Civil Service Board finding he “was not afforded his right to due process.”


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On June 17, 2020, while the GBI investigation was still ongoing, Paul Howard, the Fulton County District Attorney (DA), announced eleven charges against Rolfe: felony murder, five counts of aggravated assault, four police oath violations, and damage to property. Brosnan was charged with aggravated assault and two counts of violation of oath.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Howard argued the taser Brooks had taken posed no danger, as after being fired twice it could not fire again; that Rolfe and Brosnan did not provide timely medical aid to Brooks for over two minutes; and alleged that Rolfe kicked him and Brosnan stood on his shoulders;


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: and that it was a violation of department policy for Rolfe to begin handcuffing Brooks before telling him he was being arrested.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: The subsequent investigation by the GBI reached conclusions that differed from those of former District Attorney Paul Howard, in some cases finding no evidence for his claims and in others contradicting them. Released portion of the GBI report identified, that based on a toxicology results, Brooks was under the influence of illicit drugs and alcohol, including cocaine, a prescription sedative, and eutylone, several of which were found in Brooks' car, contrary to Howard's statement that Brooks was only “slightly impaired." The report also concluded that officer Rolfe did indeed render timely medical aid to Brooks after the shooting, despite Howard's claim to the opposite. Lastly the report found no witnesses to confirm Howard's claim that Rolfe exclaimed “I got him” after shooting Brooks, and that Rolfe did not kick Brooks, as Howard alleged.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Brosnan was released on June 18 after posting a $50,000 signature bond. Around June 18, the Georgia Law Enforcement Organization, a law enforcement nonprofit, began raising funds for Rolfe to pay his legal fees, raising $500,000 by August 13.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On or about July 14, Georgia Attorney General Chris Carr requested that the GBI widen its investigation into the Fulton County DA's office, headed by Howard, to determine whether grand jury subpoenas seeking information about Rolfe were legally issued. Howard was already the subject of a GBI investigation concerning his use of a nonprofit to funnel almost $200,000 of city funds into his personal bank account.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On July 20, Rolfe's attorney filed a motion seeking to have DA Howard recused from the Rolfe prosecution on the basis that he would be called as a necessary witness by the defense to answer regarding statements he made that the attorney alleged were “ethically inappropriate" and actions that allegedly "systematically sought to deprive Garrett Rolfe of a fair trial and impartial jury."


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: During the week of August 2, the DA's office applied to obtain a search warrant to gain information about the fundraising site set up for Rolfe, attempting to obtain information including on who had established the site, how much money had been raised, and where the money went, representing it wanted the information to support a possible bond violation charge. One of Rolfe's attorneys condemned the request stating, "...he [DA Howard] sought to uncover the private information of Americans who donated to Garrett Rolfe’s defense because they believed in his innocence." Subsequently, a judge denied the warrant application.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On August 4, the day Rolfe's attorneys filed the lawsuit for reinstatement, the DA's office filed a motion to revoke Rolfe's bond, alleging that Rolfe had traveled to Florida without permission. Rolfe's attorneys filed a response with the court stating the bond conditions neither placed Rolfe on house arrest/home confinement, nor was he prohibited from traveling out of state, and that they had, as a courtesy, notified prosecutors of his travel via email prior to traveling. On August 12, the presiding judge refused to revoke Rolfe's bond, but amended it prohibiting out of state travel. Rolfe's firing was reversed and he was reinstated to the Atlanta Police Department with back pay on May 5, 2021.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On August 12, 2020, Howard was defeated in his bid for re-election by Fani Willis. After losing the Democratic Primary, Howard remained in office until his term expired in January 2021. In the meantime both officers remained out on bond. Upon taking office in January 2021, Willis formally petitioned Georgia Attorney General Chris Carr to take over the case from her office. Willis stated that her investigation showed her predecessor's decision to prosecute the officers involved may have been politically motivated and involved violations of the rules of ethics lawyers are required to follow by the Georgia Bar Association. Under Georgia state law, the AG is afforded broad discretion in appointing a stand-in prosecutor if the situation arises. In February, Carr rejected Willis’ request in letter, stating “it appears abundantly clear that your office is not disqualified from these cases by interest or relationship.”


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Attorneys for the Brooks family voiced disappointment both with Willis’ request and Carr's refusal to appoint a replacement prosecutor who would take the case more “seriously.” Carr's decision came as a surprise, and subsequently Willis moved forward with an attempt to recuse herself from the case and attorneys for Rolfe moved to dismiss the charges against their client. It was reported on March 1 that Willis had petitioned for the trial judge to either appoint a new prosecutor or authorize her office to hire a replacement prosecutor.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On June 4, 2021, a judge granted a motion for recusal filed by Willis and disqualified her and her office from prosecuting the case, on the grounds that they may be called as witnesses. Special Prosecutor Pete Skandalakis, executive director of the Prosecuting Attorneys’ Council of Georgia, was appointed to prosecute the case.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On August 23, 2022, prosecutors announced that both officers were no longer face charges. The Special Prosecutor stated that “Based on the facts and circumstances confronting Officer Rolfe and Officer Brosnan in this case, it is my conclusion the use of deadly force was objectively reasonable and that they did not act with criminal intent”.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On June 13, individuals set fire to the Wendy's restaurant outside which Brooks was shot as well as several nearby cars, and broke a television camera. Natalie White, believed to be Brooks' girlfriend, was charged with first-degree arson in connection with the restaurant fire. Protests continued in the area around the Wendy's, there were problems with armed protesters closing adjacent streets with barriers, and on July 4 an 8-year-old girl was killed when the car she was riding in was shot at by demonstrators.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On June 13, Atlanta's police chief Erika Shields resigned; Mayor Bottoms said Shields had resigned in the hope that "the city may move forward with urgency and [rebuild] the trust so desperately needed throughout our communities."


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On June 15, Mayor Bottoms ordered the Atlanta Police Department to overhaul its use-of-force policies. On January 6, 2021, it was announced Shields would become the new Chief of Police for the Louisville, Kentucky police department.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: Beginning the day after charges against Rolfe were announced, Atlanta police officers called in sick for their shifts, staging a "blue flu" protest. In the four days from June 17 to 20, about 170 officers called in sick and officers in 3 out of the city's 6 police zones did not respond to calls. On the evening of June 19 every police officer failed to report for duty in Zone 5, leaving only the three supervisors. Atlanta's Acting Police Chief Bryant said that the department had "to shift resources to ensure proper coverage" due to police absenteeism. Total arrests citywide dropped by 71% during the sickout. Mayor Bottoms said the sickout was a reaction to two weeks of strife during which eight APD officers were criminally charged in two separate incidents, sinking morale "ten-fold." On June 18, the Atlanta Police Foundation, a private nonprofit group, announced that all APD officers would receive a one-time $500 bonus for continuing to work through the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent George Floyd protests.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: On July 6, police and sanitation workers began to remove the memorial to Brooks at the place of his death. The burned Wendy's was demolished.


title: Killing of Rayshard Brooks

text: In June 2022, Rolfe and Brosnan filed a federal lawsuit alleging that they were attacked by Brooks and had the right to use force to prevent him from “imminent use of unlawful force against them.”


title: Milli (rapper)

text: Danupha Khanatheerakul (; , born 13 November 2002), better known by her stage name, Milli, is a Thai rapper and singer. She rose to prominence nationally with her debut single "Phak Kon" (พักก่อน), which was released in February 2020. It was followed by another successful single "Sud Pang" (สุดปัง) later in the year. In April 2022, she performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, becoming the first Thai solo artist to perform there.


title: Milli (rapper)

text: In 2022, Danupha appeared on BBC's "100 Women" list as one of the world's inspiring and influential women of the year.


title: Milli (rapper)

text: Milli was born Danupha Khanatheerakul on 13 November 2002 in Bangkok, Thailand. She graduated from . She has her interest in hip-hop since when she was in "Matthayom" 2 (equivalent to Grade 8) and has cited Nicki Minaj as her inspiration.


title: Milli (rapper)

text: On 21 July 2021, the military government of Prayut Chan-o-cha charged her for criticising its poor response to the COVID-19 pandemic. She was accused of posting information which "threatens the national security", a crime punishable by up to five years in prison. Thai netizens, including multiple artists and music entities, voiced out their support of her using the hashtag "#Saveมิลลิ" (#SaveMilli). The government additionally vowed to prosecute at least 20 more Thai influencers for criticising of the government, accusing them of spreading "fake news".


title: Milli (rapper)

text: Milli began her career on stage by competing on the Thai TV show "." She was praised by the contest's judges for her exotic acting and singing style. She is registered as an artist under "YUPP!", a Thai rapping-centred label.


title: Milli (rapper)

text: Milli recorded her first single "Phak Khon" (พักก่อน) in February 2020, a sarcastic hip-hop fused song about her friends in school and a message of anti-bullying. This song uses Lu, Isan and English. It launched her into popularity, with the music video reaching 90,226,674 views on YouTube as of April 2022.


title: Milli (rapper)

text: In June 2020, she recorded a second single "Sud Pang" (สุดปัง), that is about her life, dreams and beauty. This song uses Thai (Northern and Southern), Isan, Japanese, "phasa lu", and English. This song has 43,308,512 views on YouTube as of April 2022.


title: Milli (rapper)

text: Milli performed with artists from "88rising" at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on 17 April 2022, making her the first Thai solo artist to perform there. Her performance included a rapping that mentioned "trains from Rama V's reign – in use for 120 years"; referring to the outdated trains still used regularly in modern Thai Railway, and "hundred-thousand-baht Kinnari light poles"; referring to the notorious corruption case of Racha Thewa subdistrict government spending state funds on the Kinnari-topped light poles, costing THB 100,000 each and THB 68.2 millions in total. She finished her show eating a dish of Thai dessert mango sticky rice on the stage, leading to a surge in consumption of the dish in Thailand, with orders for mango sticky rice doubling in some stores. A mango sticky rice store in Bangkok reported that an additional of sticky rice had to be prepared following the unprecedented surge for the dish.


title: Milli (rapper)

text: Around the same time, the Thai film "" in which she made a cameo has been released in cinemas. She coincidentally mentioned her dream of becoming an internationally-recognised artist as part of her dialogue in the film. This prompts the film's director Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit to post on Facebook congratulating her, saying "the film and reality have now crossed and co-exist at the same time".


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: The "Illustrious" class was a class of aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy that included some of the most important British warships in the Second World War. They were laid down in the late 1930s as part of the rearmament of British forces in response to the emerging threats of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan.


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: The "Illustrious" class comprised four vessels: HM Ships "Illustrious", "Formidable", "Victorious" and "Indomitable". The last of these was built to a modified design with a second, half-length, hangar deck below the main hangar deck. Each of these ships played a prominent part in the battles of the Second World War. "Victorious" took part in the pursuit of the German battleship "Bismarck", "Illustrious" and "Formidable" played prominent parts in the battles in the Mediterranean during 1940 and 1941 and all three took part in the large actions of the British Pacific Fleet in 1945.


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: The later two ships of the "Implacable" class were also built to modified designs to carry larger air wings. and both had two hangar levels, albeit with a limited head room.


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: The "Illustrious" class was designed within the restrictions of the Second London Naval Treaty, which limited carrier size to an upper limit of 23,000 tons. They were different in conception to the Royal Navy's only modern carrier at the time, their predecessor HMS "Ark Royal", and what may be described as their nearest American contemporaries, the "Yorktown" and "Essex" class carriers. The "Illustrious" class followed the "Yorktown" but preceded the "Essex", the latter being designed after the US abandonment of the Second London Naval Treaty and its tonnage limitations.


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: Where other designs emphasised large air groups as the primary means of defence, the "Illustrious" class relied on their anti-aircraft armament and the passive defence provided by an armoured flight deck for survival, resulting in a reduced aircraft complement. Other carriers had armour carried on lower decks (e.g. the hangar deck or main deck); the unprotected flight deck and the hangar below it formed part of the superstructure, and were unprotected against even small bombs. However, the hangar could be made larger and thus more aircraft could be carried, but the differences in aircraft capacity between these carriers and their United States Navy (USN) counterparts is largely due to the some 100-foot-longer overall length of the US designs, and the USN's operational doctrine, which allowed for a permanent deck park of aircraft to augment their hangar capacity. "Illustrious"s hangar was 82% as large as s, but "Enterprise" typically carried 30% of her aircraft capacity in her deck park. "Indomitable"s two hangars were actually larger than "Enterprise"s, but she carried fewer aircraft because she did not have a large permanent deck park. In 1944/45 RN carriers began to carry a permanent deck park of similar size to their USN counterparts, and this increased their aircraft complement from 36 to an eventual 57 aircraft in the single-hangar carriers, and from 48 up to 81 in the double-hangar, 23,400-ton "Implacable" design, compared to 90–110 for the 27,500-ton US "Essex" class.


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: In the "Illustrious" class, armour was carried at the flight deck level—which became the strength deck—and formed an armoured box-like hangar that was an integral part of the ship's structure. However, to make this possible without increasing the displacement it was necessary to reduce the overhead height of the hangars to in the "Illustrious" class hangars and in the upper hangar of the "Indomitable" and in her lower hangar; these compared unfavourably to the of the "Essex" class, in "Enterprise" and in "Saratoga". This restricted operations with larger aircraft designs, particularly post-war.


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: This armour scheme was designed to withstand 6" cruiser shellfire or 500 pound bombs (and heavier bombs dropped from low height or which struck at an angle); in the Home and Mediterranean theatres it was likely that the carriers would operate within the range of shore-based aircraft, which could carry heavier bombs than their carrier-based equivalents. The flight deck had an armoured thickness of 3 inches, closed by 4.5-inch sides and bulkheads. There were 3-inch strakes on either side extending from the box sides to the top edge of the main side belt, which was of 4.5 inches. The main belt protected the machinery, petrol storage, magazines and aerial weapon stores. The lifts were placed outside the hangar, at either end, with access through sliding armoured doors in the end bulkheads.


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: Later in the war it was found that bombs which penetrated and detonated inside the armoured hangar could cause structural deformation, as the latter was an integral part of the ship's structure.


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: Pre-war doctrine held that the ship's own firepower, rather than its aircraft, were to be relied upon for protection, since in the absence of radar, fighters were unlikely to intercept incoming attackers before they could release their weapons. Accordingly, the "Illustrious" class was given an extremely heavy anti-aircraft armament. The armament was similar to "Ark Royal" with twin 4.5 inch turrets (in a new "between-decks" or countersunk design) arranged on the points of a quadrant. The guns were mounted sufficiently high so that they could fire across the decks; de-fuelled aircraft would be stowed in the hangar for protection during aerial attack. The "Illustrious Class" were fitted with four HACS controlled High Angle Director Towers, for fire control of her 4.5 inch guns. "Illustrious" pioneered the use of radar to vector carrier-borne fighters onto attacking or shadowing aircraft, and a Fairey Fulmar fighter from "Illustrious" achieved the first radar directed kill on 2 September 1940.


title: Illustrious-class aircraft carrier

text: All four early ships were hard worked during the Second World War, with "Illustrious" and "Formidable" suffering and surviving heavy damage. Like their contemporary , they fought a long and consuming war, and, despite significant overhauls and repair of battle damage, were worn out by 1946, and were scrapped in the mid-1950s. Due to a variety of factors including , and the consequent reductions in the size of the Royal Navy post-war modernization was limited to just the last of the class; "Victorious", which was given a massive eight-year-long reconstruction between 1950 and 1957 (to enable her to operate Cold War-era jet aircraft), was retired in 1968 after a minor fire. "Indomitable" was given an extensive refit, including new boilers, from 1948 to 1950, then served as flagship of the Home Fleet and also saw service in the Mediterranean. She suffered a hangar deck petrol explosion and fire in early 1953. She was placed in reserve after Queen Elizabeth II's October 1953 Coronation Review and was then scrapped in 1955.


title: Specsavers

text: Specsavers Optical Group Ltd is a British multinational optical retail chain, which operates mainly in the UK, Ireland, Australasia and the Nordic countries. The chain offers optometry and optician services for eyesight testing and sells glasses, sunglasses, and contact lenses. It also sells hearing aids. In the United Kingdom in 2012 it had the largest single market share of the four major opticians, with 42% of the market.


title: Specsavers

text: The company had a total turnover of 2.78 billion in 2018/2019 with 2,111 branches in the United Kingdom, Guernsey, Jersey, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (under the brand ), the Netherlands, Spain, Australia, New Zealand and Canada.


title: Specsavers

text: The group was launched in 1984, by husband and wife team Doug Perkins and Mary Perkins on the island of Guernsey in the English Channel.


title: Specsavers

text: As well as stores in the United Kingdom, they are present in Ireland, the Netherlands, the Nordic countries, Spain, Australia and New Zealand. The company ventured into hearing services in 2002. Their Hearing Centres division provides hearing tests and hearing aids within the Specsavers optical stores providing services, from more than four hundred locations.


title: Specsavers

text: Specsavers also sell optical collections by Jeff Banks, Timberland, Hackett London and Quiksilver for men, Converse and Tommy Hilfiger for men and women, and Roxy, Cath Kidston and Karen Millen for women plus a new range from Kylie Minogue launched in 2017.


title: Specsavers

text: The co-founder of Specsavers, Mary Perkins, was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen's Birthday Honours List in 2007, in recognition of her services to business and the community in Guernsey.


title: Specsavers

text: In April 2004, Specsavers acquired Swedish Blic Optik franchise from its owner Optimum Optik AB. In 2007, finance director John Perkins became joint managing director, with his father Doug Perkins.


title: Specsavers

text: In The Sunday Times Rich List 2011, published in the United Kingdom on 8 May 2011, Douglas and Dame Mary Perkins and family were ranked 56th in the list of "Britain's Wealthiest People". Their personal worth was estimated at £1.150 billion, with Dame Mary becoming Britain's first self-made female billionaire.


title: Specsavers

text: In May 2021 it was announced that in March 2021 Specsavers had entered the North American market with its purchase of 18 practices from Canada-based Image Optometry.


title: Specsavers

text: In February 2007, Specsavers was ranked No. 46 of the United Kingdom's "100 Heaviest Spenders on TV Advertising", spending £27 million. Specsavers' long running advertising campaign is based on the popular strapline "Should've gone to Specsavers". A common theme of these adverts is a character making a mistake because of poor eyesight. These include a sheep farmer who shears his sheepdog.


title: Specsavers

text: Specsavers' use of Édith Piaf in advertisements has caused some adverse comment in the press, although the estate of the performer had granted full permission. Other Specsavers adverts have featured Thunderbirds, Postman Pat, Mr. Men and John Cleese as Basil Fawlty.


title: Specsavers

text: In 2017, Specsavers officially launched a range of eyewear designed by the popstar, singer and actress Kylie Minogue.


title: Specsavers

text: In March 2005, Specsavers publicly criticised Glasses Direct, an internet retailer, claiming that an internet service "did not meet required standards" and "could not offer advice from dispensing opticians". In 2006, James Murray Wells, the managing director of Glasses Direct, claimed that four major high street retailers including Specsavers were "leading a campaign to stop prescription glasses being sold over the internet".


title: Specsavers

text: The firm operates most of their stores under a 'Joint or Shared Venture Partnership', consisting of a partnership between an Optometry Director and a Retail Director.


title: Specsavers

text: This is similar to a franchise agreement; however, unlike many franchises, a customer from one branch of the company should expect to get equal service from another branch. It also differs in that Specsavers own shares in the franchisee business rather than just providing goods and services under a franchise agreement. In other territories such as Sweden, Norway and Spain, they operate a normal franchise agreement.


title: Specsavers

text: The company took advantage of the development of the Any Qualified Provider initiative in the English National Health Service from 2009 to expand into the hearing aid business.


title: Specsavers

text: In May 2020, Specsavers set up a video consultation service for the first time, to check people's eyes and hearing aids during the COVID-19 outbreak.


title: Specsavers

text: On 15 September 2021, it was revealed in a "7.30 Report" exposé that SpecSavers had taken advantage of the Australian government's JobKeeper scheme. JobKeeper was designed to subsidise wages for Australian workers during the COVID-19 lockdown period from April to September 2020. The intended recipients of JobKeeper were companies struggling financially throughout the pandemic. SpecSavers applied for the subsidy, receiving over A$90 million during these 6 months. Despite having a strong year across the optometry vertical, including reported profits for SpecSavers, this subsidy resulted in an increase of revenue by more than 100% year on year.


title: Specsavers

text: Outcry resulted from this report due not only to SpecSavers not requiring the full subsidy, but also that the profits which were sourced from tax contributions in Australia were immediately directed offshore to SpecSavers headquarters the known tax haven of Guernsey.


title: Specsavers

text: Another cause for public condemnation was SpecSavers had only repaid A$4 million, when other companies like Cochlear, CIMIC and Mirvac had already repaid larger amounts while still taking a hit in their revenues.


title: Specsavers

text: The Perkins have stated that they intend to maintain family control of the firm, which currently employs all three of their children in senior roles. Continued expansion into Europe is planned. It is also intended that the company will continue to supply hearing aids.


title: Specsavers

text: The Perkins attribute their success to their franchise model, and to the deregulation of the UK Opticians market by the Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s, allowing opticians to use previously forbidden advertising and marketing techniques to rapidly take over a market that had belonged to independent local opticians.


title: Specsavers

text: The Perkins have said of the remaining local opticians that "their days are numbered", and in fact their major competition now comes from large chains such as Boots Opticians and Vision Express.


title: Specsavers

text: In February 2016, it was announced that Specsavers would be the sponsors of the County Championship cricket competition in England and Wales, for the next four years; a deal which was extended in 2018 to include Test series held in England including the 2019 Ashes series. In January 2017, Specsavers were in negotiation to have shops undertake certain front line medical care linked to sight and hearing, in both the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.


title: Specsavers

text: In May 2020, Specsavers announced a plan to cut 450 jobs amid a "dramatic downturn" caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. The company had previously tried to avoid making redundancies by implementing pay cuts and reducing working hours.


title: Evangeline

text: Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie is an epic poem by the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, written in English and published in 1847. The poem follows an Acadian girl named Evangeline and her search for her lost love Gabriel, set during the time of the Expulsion of the Acadians.


title: Evangeline

text: The idea for the poem came from Longfellow's friend Nathaniel Hawthorne. Longfellow used dactylic hexameter, imitating Greek and Latin classics. Though the choice was criticized, it became Longfellow's most famous work in his lifetime and remains one of his most popular and enduring works.


title: Evangeline

text: The poem had a powerful effect in defining both Acadian history and identity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It represents lost loved ones and heartbreak; but also keeping hope as she did in the poem. More recent scholarship has revealed the historical errors in the poem and the complexity of the Expulsion and those involved, which the poem ignores.


title: Evangeline

text: "Evangeline" describes the betrothal of a fictional Acadian girl named Evangeline Bellefontaine to her beloved, Gabriel Lajeunesse, and their separation as the British deport the Acadians from Acadie in the Great Upheaval.


title: Evangeline

text: Longfellow was introduced to the true story of the Acadians in Nova Scotia by his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne, who was told a story of separated Acadian lovers by Boston minister Rev. Horace Conolly, who heard it from his parishioners. Hawthorne and Longfellow had attended Bowdoin College together, though they were not friends at the time. Years later, in 1837, Hawthorne contacted Longfellow for his opinion on his recently published tales in the "North American Review", which Longfellow praised as works of genius; the two became lifelong friends. Hawthorne was not interested in fictionalizing Conolly's idea because, as he told Conolly, "It is not in my vein: there are no strong lights and heavy shadows." Longfellow took the idea and turned it into a poem after months of studying the histories of Nova Scotian families.


title: Evangeline

text: Longfellow, who had never visited the setting of the true story, relied heavily on Thomas Chandler Haliburton's "An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia" and other books for further background information. He noted his reliance on other sources in his journal on January 7, 1847: "Went to the library and got Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, and the Historical Collections of Pennsylvania. Also, Darby's Geographical Description of Louisiana. These books must help me through the last part of "Evangeline", so far as facts and local coloring go. But for the form and the poetry,—they must come from my own brain."


title: Evangeline

text: "Evangeline" was published in book form on November 1, 1847 by William D. Ticknor & Co., and by 1857 it had sold nearly 36,000 copies. During this time, Longfellow's literary payment was at its peak; for "Evangeline", he received "a net of twenty-five and sixteenths per cent" royalties, believed to be an all-time high for a poet. Longfellow said of his poem: "I had the fever a long time burning in my own brain before I let my hero take it. 'Evangeline' is so easy for you to read, because it was so hard for me to write."


title: Evangeline

text: The poem is written in unrhymed dactylic hexameter, possibly inspired by Greek and Latin classics, including Homer, whose work Longfellow was reading at the time he was writing "Evangeline". He also had recently, in 1841, translated "The Children of the Lord's Supper", a poem by Swedish writer Esaias Tegnér, which also used this meter. "Evangeline" is one of the few nineteenth-century compositions in that meter which is still read today.


title: Evangeline

text: Some criticized Longfellow's choice of dactylic hexameter, including poet John Greenleaf Whittier, who said the poem would have been better in a prose style similar to Longfellow's "Hyperion". Longfellow was conscious of the potential criticism. When sending a copy of the poem to Bryan Procter, Longfellow wrote: "I hope you will not reject it on account of the meter. In fact, I could not write it "as it is" in any other; it would have changed its character entirely to have put it into a different measure." Even Longfellow's wife Fanny defended his choice, writing to a friend: "It enables greater richness of expression than any other, and it is sonorous like the sea which is ever sounding in Evangeline's ear." As an experiment, Longfellow reassured himself that he was using the best meter by attempting a passage in blank verse. Even so, while looking over the proofs for a second edition, Longfellow briefly wished he had used a different poetic structure:


title: Evangeline

text: The name "Evangeline" comes from the Latin word "evangelium" meaning "gospel". The Latin word itself is derived from the Greek words "eu"—"good"—and "angela"—"news".


title: Evangeline

text: Longfellow does not explicitly title the opening three stanzas as the prologue, but publishers generally treat these lines as such. The poem's story begins with the end. The French farmers and fishermen who once inhabited the colony of Acadie in Nova Scotia are gone, the moss covered trees and the ocean are left to tell the tale.


title: Evangeline

text: "Evangeline" became Longfellow's most famous work in his lifetime and was widely read. Contemporary reviews were very positive. A reviewer for "The Metropolitan Magazine" said, "No one with any pretensions to poetic feeling can read its delicious portraiture of rustic scenery and of a mode of life long since defunct, without the most intense delight". Longfellow's friend Charles Sumner said he had met a woman who "has read 'Evangeline' some twenty times and thinks it the most perfect poem in the language". Other admirers of the poem included King Leopold I of Belgium. It has been called the first important long poem in American literature.


title: Evangeline

text: Prior to the influence of Longfellow's poem, historians generally focused on the founding of Halifax (1749) as the beginning of Nova Scotian history. Longfellow's poem shed light on the 150 years of Acadian settlement that preceded the establishment of Halifax.


title: Evangeline

text: The Expulsion was planned and executed by the British and New England authorities. Longfellow omitted from the poem New England's involvement in the expulsion. Through his poem, Longfellow defines America as a place of refuge for the exiled Acadians. Longfellow's account was later challenged by historian Francis Parkman, in his book "Montcalm and Wolfe" (1884). Parkman claimed the real reason for the expulsion was the "influence" held by the French over the Acadians, particularly by Abbé Jean-Louis Le Loutre. American historian John Brebner eventually wrote "New England's Outpost" (1927), which identified how instrumental New Englanders were in the expulsion of the Acadians.


title: Evangeline

text: The poem had a powerful impact in defining both Acadian history and identity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. More recent scholarship has revealed both the historical misconceptions in the poem and the complexity of the Expulsion and those involved, which the poem obscures. For example, Longfellow's poem depicts Acadia as a utopia and the Acadians as a homogeneous and passive people who are incapable of violence, which ignores the efforts of resistance leader Joseph Broussard and the extensive military history of the Acadians. The poem also allowed for generations of Protestant Anglo-Americans to sympathize with the plight of the Acadians while maintaining anti-Catholic viewpoints. The poem also provided a safe symbolic space for Acadians to develop arguments for more recognition and respect in the United States.


title: Evangeline

text: In 1920, at Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia, Acadians reconstructed the French church with a statue of Evangeline in the courtyard. Almost a decade later, in 1929, a statue of Evangeline, posed for by silent Mexican film star Dolores del Río, who starred in the 1929 film "Evangeline", was donated to the town of St. Martinville, Louisiana, by the film's cast and crew. In 1934, the first state park in Louisiana was named the Longfellow-Evangeline State Historic Site.


title: Evangeline

text: Felix Voorhies wrote the book "Acadian Reminiscences: The True Story of Evangeline" and other later works of fiction expanded upon the material of the poem, claiming the "real names" of the characters had been "Emmeline LaBiche" (in Longfellow, her full name is Evangeline Bellefontaine) and "Louis Arceneaux" (in the poem, Gabriel Lajeunesse) Lafayette, Louisiana, which supposedly belonged to Gabriel, and the grave of Emmeline in the Perpetual Adoration Garden & Historic Cemetery in St. Martin de Tours Church Square, on Main Street, St. Martinville (the site having been determined for its convenience by local boosters about the turn of the 20th century). "Evangeline Oak" trees in St. Martinville also lay claim to marking the original meeting place of Emmeline and Louis.


title: Evangeline

text: Another site claiming to have relation to the historical figures that "Evangeline" was based upon is the Arceneaux House in Hamshire, Texas, which is marked by a Texas Historical Marker. The house was given to Mary Gadrac Arceneaux, great-great-granddaughter of Louis Arceneaux by her husband.


title: Evangeline

text: "Evangeline" has also been the namesake of many places in Louisiana and the Canadian Maritime Provinces. It is also often used as a street name in Acadian communities.


title: Evangeline

text: The Evangeline Trail is a historic route in Nova Scotia that traces the Annapolis Valley, ancestral home of the Acadians. The scenic trail is lined by more than a dozen small Acadian villages, running from Grand-Pré, site of the first expulsions, south to Annapolis Royal near the Habitation at Port-Royal, historic site of the original French settlement in North America. The Evangeline Trail ends in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia on the southwest coast.


title: Evangeline

text: There have also been numerous film adaptations of the poem "Evangeline". "Evangeline" was the first Canadian feature film, produced in 1913 by Canadian Bioscope of Halifax. It was shot in the Annapolis Valley and at Grand-Pré. In 1919, Raoul Walsh made a film based on the poem for 20th Century Fox. It was suggested by and starred his wife Miriam Cooper. The film was one of the duo's biggest hits but is now lost. In 1929, Edwin Carewe made a film version starring Dolores del Río, shot in Louisiana and accompanied by a theme song written by Al Jolson and Billy Rose.


title: Evangeline

text: The poem was mentioned in the 1987 film "Angel Heart", starring Mickey Rourke and Robert De Niro. "Evangeline" is also referenced in the 2009 Disney film "The Princess and the Frog", wherein a Cajun firefly named Raymond falls in love with Evangeline, who appears as a star. Following his death, they are reunited and appear side by side in the night sky.


title: Evangeline

text: The poem was first adapted into a theatrical musical in 1874, as "Evangeline; or, The Belle of Acadia", which was a Broadway success through the late 19th century.


title: Evangeline

text: The Canadian folk singer-songwriter Susan Crowe mentions the "statue of Evangeline" in her song "Your One and Only Life", the first track on an album entitled "The Door to the River" released in 1996.


title: Evangeline

text: A 1999 adaptation by Paul Taranto and Jamie Wax, "Evangeline: The Musical", resulted in a 1999 cast album, and a Shreveport, Louisiana production of this version was broadcast in 2000 by PBS.


title: Evangeline

text: A 2013 musical adaptation, by Canadian Ted Dykstra, premiered in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and was revived in 2015 in Prince Edward Island and in Alberta at Edmonton's Citadel Theatre. The production featured Brent Carver as the father.


title: Evangeline

text: An opera based on "Evangeline", composed by Colin Doroschuk, debuted in 2012 in reduced concert form, and was first performed in full in 2014 at Opéra-Théâtre de Rimouski. Doroschuk had previously been a member, with his brothers, of the Canadian pop band Men Without Hats.


title: Evangeline

text: Edmonton Opera's Brian Deedrick directed an original musical version of "Evangeline", written by playwright Winn Bray and composer Tom Doyle, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, for the Mount Royal College theatre, in 2000.


title: Evangeline

text: The poem was mentioned by the band Highly Suspect in the closing song of their 2022 album "The Midnight Demon Club". The song is titled Evangeline after the poem, and mentions the characters: "Call me Gabriel and you're my Evangeline"


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, , of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, "T", given the standard enthalpy change, , for the process. It was proposed by Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff in 1884 in his book "Études de Dynamique chimique" ("Studies in Dynamic Chemistry").


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: The Van 't Hoff equation has been widely utilized to explore the changes in state functions in a thermodynamic system. The Van 't Hoff plot, which is derived from this equation, is especially effective in estimating the change in enthalpy and entropy of a chemical reaction.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: The standard pressure, formula_1, is used to define the reference state for the Van 't Hoff equation, which is


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: where denotes natural logarithm, formula_2 is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and is the ideal gas constant. This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction be stationary in a state of chemical equilibrium.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: In practice, the equation is often integrated between two temperatures under the assumption that the standard reaction enthalpy formula_3 is constant (and furthermore, this is also often assumed to be equal to its value at standard temperature). Since in reality formula_3 and the standard reaction entropy formula_5 do vary with temperature for most processes, the integrated equation is only approximate. Approximations are also made in practice to the activity coefficients within the equilibrium constant.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: A major use of the integrated equation is to estimate a new equilibrium constant at a new absolute temperature assuming a constant standard enthalpy change over the temperature range. To obtain the integrated equation, it is convenient to first rewrite the Van 't Hoff equation as


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: In this equation is the equilibrium constant at absolute temperature , and is the equilibrium constant at absolute temperature .


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: Differentiation of this expression with respect to the variable while assuming that both formula_11and formula_12 are independent of yields the Van 't Hoff equation. These assumptions are expected to break down somewhat for large temperature variations.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: Provided that formula_3 and formula_5 are constant, the preceding equation gives as a linear function of and hence is known as the "linear form" of the Van 't Hoff equation. Therefore, when the range in temperature is small enough that the standard reaction enthalpy and reaction entropy are essentially constant, a plot of the natural logarithm of the equilibrium constant versus the reciprocal temperature gives a straight line. The slope of the line may be multiplied by the gas constant to obtain the standard enthalpy change of the reaction, and the intercept may be multiplied by to obtain the standard entropy change.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: The Van 't Hoff isotherm can be used to determine the temperature dependence of the Gibbs free energy of reaction for non-standard state reactions at a constant temperature:


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: where formula_16 is the Gibbs free energy of reaction under non-standard states at temperature formula_17, formula_18 is the Gibbs free energy for the reaction at formula_19, formula_20 is the extent of reaction, and is the thermodynamic reaction quotient. Since formula_21, the temperature dependence of both terms can be described by Van t'Hoff equations as a function of "T". This finds applications in the field of electrochemistry. particularly in the study of the temperature dependence of voltaic cells.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: The isotherm can also be used at fixed temperature to describe the Law of Mass Action. When a reaction is at equilibrium, and formula_22. Otherwise, the Van 't Hoff isotherm predicts the direction that the system must shift in order to achieve equilibrium; when , the reaction moves in the forward direction, whereas when , the reaction moves in the backwards direction. See Chemical equilibrium.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: For a reversible reaction, the equilibrium constant can be measured at a variety of temperatures. This data can be plotted on a graph with on the -axis and on the axis. The data should have a linear relationship, the equation for which can be found by fitting the data using the linear form of the Van 't Hoff equation


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: This graph is called the "Van 't Hoff plot" and is widely used to estimate the enthalpy and entropy of a chemical reaction. From this plot, is the slope, and is the intercept of the linear fit.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: By measuring the equilibrium constant, , at different temperatures, the Van 't Hoff plot can be used to assess a reaction when temperature changes. Knowing the slope and intercept from the Van 't Hoff plot, the enthalpy and entropy of a reaction can be easily obtained using


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: The Van 't Hoff plot can be used to quickly determine the enthalpy of a chemical reaction both qualitatively and quantitatively. This change in enthalpy can be positive or negative, leading to two major forms of the Van 't Hoff plot.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: For an endothermic reaction, heat is absorbed, making the net enthalpy change positive. Thus, according to the definition of the slope:


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: For an exothermic reaction, heat is released, making the net enthalpy change negative. Thus, according to the definition of the slope:


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: At first glance, using the fact that it would appear that two measurements of would suffice to be able to obtain an accurate value of :


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: where and are the equilibrium constant values obtained at temperatures and respectively. However, the precision of values obtained in this way is highly dependent on the precision of the measured equilibrium constant values.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: The use of error propagation shows that the error in will be about 76 kJ/mol times the experimental uncertainty in , or about 110 kJ/mol times the uncertainty in the values. Similar considerations apply to the entropy of reaction obtained from .


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: Notably, when equilibrium constants are measured at three or more temperatures, values of and are often obtained by straight-line fitting. The expectation is that the error will be reduced by this procedure, although the assumption that the enthalpy and entropy of reaction are constant may or may not prove to be correct. If there is significant temperature dependence in either or both quantities, it should manifest itself in nonlinear behavior in the Van t'Hoff plot; however, more than three data points would presumably be needed in order to observe this.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: In biological research, the Van 't Hoff plot is also called Van 't Hoff analysis. It is most effective in determining the favored product in a reaction.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: When > 1, B is the favored product, and the data on the Van 't Hoff plot will be in the positive region.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: When < 1, C is the favored product, and the data on the Van 't Hoff plot will be in the negative region.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: Using this information, a Van 't Hoff analysis can help determine the most suitable temperature for a favored product.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: In 2010, a Van 't Hoff analysis was used to determine whether water preferentially forms a hydrogen bond with the "C"-terminus or the "N"-terminus of the amino acid proline. The equilibrium constant for each reaction was found at a variety of temperatures, and a Van 't Hoff plot was created. This analysis showed that enthalpically, the water preferred to hydrogen bond to the "C"-terminus, but entropically it was more favorable to hydrogen bond with the "N"-terminus. Specifically, they found that "C"-terminus hydrogen bonding was favored by 4.2–6.4 kJ/mol. The "N"-terminus hydrogen bonding was favored by 31–43 J/(K mol).


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: This data alone could not conclude which site water will preferentially hydrogen-bond to, so additional experiments were used. It was determined that at lower temperatures, the enthalpically favored species, the water hydrogen-bonded to the "C"-terminus, was preferred. At higher temperatures, the entropically favored species, the water hydrogen-bonded to the "N"-terminus, was preferred.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: In this case, a Van 't Hoff plot with two or more linear fits may be exploited. Each linear fit has a different slope and intercept, which indicates different changes in enthalpy and entropy for each distinct mechanisms. The Van 't Hoff plot can be used to find the enthalpy and entropy change for each mechanism and the favored mechanism under different temperatures.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: In the example figure, the reaction undergoes mechanism 1 at high temperature and mechanism 2 at low temperature.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: The Van 't Hoff plot is linear based on the tacit assumption that the enthalpy and entropy are constant with temperature changes. However, in some cases the enthalpy and entropy do change dramatically with temperature. A first-order approximation is to assume that the two different reaction products have different heat capacities. Incorporating this assumption yields an additional term in the expression for the equilibrium constant as a function of temperature. A polynomial fit can then be used to analyze data that exhibits a non-constant standard enthalpy of reaction:


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: Thus, the enthalpy and entropy of a reaction can still be determined at specific temperatures even when a temperature dependence exists.


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: The Van 't Hoff relation is particularly useful for the determination of the micellization enthalpy of surfactants from the temperature dependence of the critical micelle concentration (CMC):


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: However, the relation loses its validity when the aggregation number is also temperature-dependent, and the following relation should be used instead:


title: Van 't Hoff equation

text: with and being the free energies of the surfactant in a micelle with aggregation number and respectively. This effect is particularly relevant for nonionic ethoxylated surfactants or polyoxypropylene–polyoxyethylene block copolymers (Poloxamers, Pluronics, Synperonics). The extended equation can be exploited for the extraction of aggregation numbers of self-assembled micelles from differential scanning calorimetric thermograms.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Iran Barkley (born May 6, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1982 to 1999. He held world championships in three weight classes, including the WBC middleweight title from 1988 to 1989, the IBF super middleweight title from 1992 to 1993, and the WBA light heavyweight title in 1992. As an amateur, Barkley won a bronze medal in the middleweight division at the 1982 World Championships.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Iran Barkley was the youngest of eight children raised in the Patterson Houses. His parents were Frank Barkley, Sr. and Georgia Barkley. He was a member of the Black Spades street gang in his youth, along with former heavyweight contender Mitch Green. Iran's sister Yvonne, who boxed professionally during the late 1970s, convinced him to start boxing when he was 13 years old, training under Bobby Miles and Connie Bryant.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Known as "The Blade", Barkley turned professional in December 1982, and first challenged for a world title against the highly skilled Italian Sumbu Kalambay, losing on points over fifteen rounds for the vacant WBA middleweight title in Livorno, Toscana, Italy in October 1987.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Barkley returned in 1988 with a split decision over Sanderline Williams and a fifth-round stoppage of Michael Olajide, before winning the WBC middleweight title with a third-round knockout of Thomas Hearns, voted 1988 Upset of the Year by "The Ring" magazine.


title: Iran Barkley

text: In his next fight, Barkley lost his title via split decision in a 12-round war with Roberto Durán, in a fight proclaimed 1989 Fight of the Year by "Ring" magazine. Following the defeat to Duran, Barkley took on undefeated Michael Nunn for the IBF and lineal middleweight titles, dropping a close majority decision. He next fought Nigel Benn in a challenge for the WBO middleweight title and was stopped on the three-knockdown rule at the end of a wild first round in which both fighters were hurt.


title: Iran Barkley

text: After losing to Benn, Barkley underwent surgery for a detached retina and was inactive for a year. Barkley returned with two low-key wins at light heavyweight in 1991, then defeated Darrin Van Horn to win the IBF super middleweight title in two rounds in January 1992 in Paramount Theatre, New York. Just two months later, he went on to again defeat Hearns and take his WBA light heavyweight title via a twelve-round split decision. Barkley vacated the title without defending it, choosing instead to defend his super middleweight title against IBF and lineal middleweight champion James Toney. Barkley reportedly had trouble getting back down to the 168 lb weight limit and lost his IBF title via a corner retirement after nine rounds due to severe swelling around both eyes.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Barkley's final shot at a title would come against undefeated Henry Maske at light heavyweight for Maske's IBF title in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany in October 1994. Barkley again lost by corner retirement after nine rounds.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Barkley continued to fight after this loss, eventually moving up to the heavyweight division. His last fight of note was a June 1997 win for the WBB heavyweight title, a bout in which Barkley retired former WBA heavyweight champion Gerrie Coetzee with a 10th-round TKO.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Barkley 'retired' in 1999 after losing a bout in Mississippi by sixth-round stoppage to Keith McKnight.


title: Iran Barkley

text: In 2006, at the age of 46, Barkley won an unsanctioned bout by second-round stoppage in Aruba. In 2008, at age 48, Barkley fought to a six-round draw in an unsanctioned exhibition bout against heavyweight Chauncy Welliver in Lapwai, Idaho at the Pi-Nee-Waus Community Center of the Nez Perce Tribe.


title: Iran Barkley

text: A May 20, 2011, online article on "Boxrec News" hinted Barkley was seriously considering making a comeback in the ring at age 51.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Barkley's first child was born to Barkley's common law wife Pam in 1981. He has four children and has been divorced twice.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Barkley has fallen on some difficult times since his retirement from boxing. Penniless and unemployed, he became homeless in November 2010 after he was evicted from his Bronx apartment. Through the support of the Bronx nonprofit BronxWorks and the Ring 10 boxing charity, he found housing and receives assistance so he can become self-supporting.


title: Iran Barkley

text: Barkley's great-nephew, Saquon Barkley, is an NFL running back who was selected with the second pick in the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Good

text: In most contexts, the concept of good denotes the conduct that should be preferred when posed with a choice between possible actions. Good is generally considered to be the opposite of evil and is of interest in the study of ethics, morality, philosophy, and religion. The specific meaning and etymology of the term and its associated translations among ancient and contemporary languages show substantial variation in its inflection and meaning, depending on circumstances of place and history, or of philosophical or religious context.


title: Good

text: Every language has a word expressing "good" in the sense of "having the right or desirable quality" (ἀρετή) and "bad" in the sense "undesirable". A sense of moral judgment and a distinction "right and wrong, good and bad" are cultural universals.


title: Good

text: Although the history of the origin of the use of the concept and meaning of "good" are diverse, the notable discussions of Plato and Aristotle on this subject have been of significant historical effect. The first references that are seen in Plato's "The Republic" to the Form of the Good are within the conversation between Glaucon and Socrates (454c–d). When trying to answer such difficult questions pertaining to the definition of justice, Plato identifies that we should not "introduce every form of difference and sameness in nature" instead we must focus on "the one form of sameness and difference that was relevant to the particular ways of life themselves”, which is the form of the Good. This form is the basis for understanding all other forms, it is what allows us to understand everything else. Through the conversation between Socrates and Glaucon (508a–c) Plato analogizes the form of the Good with the sun as it is what allows us to see things. Here, Plato describes how the sun allows for sight. But he makes a very important distinction, "sun is not sight", but it is "the cause of sight itself". As the sun is in the visible realm, the form of Good is in the intelligible realm. It is "what gives truth to the things known and the power to know to the knower". It is not only the "cause of knowledge and truth, it is also an object of knowledge".


title: Good

text: Plato identifies how the form of the Good allows for the cognizance to understand such difficult concepts as justice. He identifies knowledge and truth as important, but through Socrates (508d–e) says, "good is yet more prized". He then proceeds to explain that "although the good is not being" it is "superior to it in rank and power", it is what "provides for knowledge and truth" (508e).


title: Good

text: In contrast to Plato, Aristotle discusses the Forms of Good in critical terms several times in both of his major surviving ethical works, the "Eudemian" and "Nicomachean Ethics". Aristotle argues that Plato's Form of the Good does not apply to the physical world, for Plato does not assign "goodness" to anything in the existing world. Because Plato's Form of the Good does not explain events in the physical world, humans have no reason to believe that the Form of the Good exists and the Form of the Good thereby, is irrelevant to human ethics.


title: Good

text: Plato and Aristotle were not the first contributors in ancient Greece to the study of the "good" and discussion preceding them can be found among the pre-Socratic philosophers. In Western civilisation, the basic meanings of κακός and ἀγαθός are "bad, cowardly" and "good, brave, capable", and their absolute sense emerges only around 400 BC, with Pre-Socratic philosophy, in particular Democritus. Morality in this absolute sense solidifies in the dialogues of Plato, together with the emergence of monotheistic thought (notably in "Euthyphro", which ponders the concept of piety (τὸ ὅσιον) as a moral absolute). The idea is further developed in Late Antiquity by Neoplatonists, Gnostics, and Church Fathers.


title: Good

text: Aside from ancient Greek studies of the "good", more than twenty-five hundred years ago in the eastern part of ancient Persia a religious philosopher called Zoroaster simplified the pantheon of early Iranian deities into two opposing forces: Ahura Mazda (Illuminating Wisdom) and Angra Mainyu (Destructive Spirit) that were in conflict.


title: Good

text: For the western world, this idea developed into a religion that spawned many sects, some of which embraced an extreme dualistic belief that the material world should be shunned and the spiritual world should be embraced. Gnostic ideas influenced many ancient religions, which teach that "gnosis" (variously interpreted as enlightenment, salvation, emancipation, or "oneness with God") may be reached by practising philanthropy to the point of personal poverty, sexual abstinence (as far as possible for "hearers" and totally for "initiates"), and diligently searching for wisdom by helping others.


title: Good

text: This development from the relative or habitual to the absolute is evident in the terms "ethics" and "morality" as well, both being derived from terms for "regional custom", Greek ἦθος and Latin "mores", respectively (see also "siðr").


title: Good

text: Medieval Christian philosophy was founded on the work of Bishop Augustine of Hippo and theologian Thomas Aquinas, who understood evil in terms of Biblical infallibility and Biblical inerrancy, as well as the influences of Plato and Aristotle, in their appreciation of the concept of the Summum bonum. Silent contemplation was the route to appreciation of the Idea of the Good.


title: Good

text: Many medieval Christian theologians both broadened and narrowed the basic concept of "Good and Evil" until it came to have several, sometimes complex definitions such as:


title: Good

text: A significant enlightenment context for studying the "good" has been its significance in the study of "the good, the true, and the beautiful" as found in Immanuel Kant and other Enlightenment philosophers and religious thinkers. These discussions were undertaken by Kant, particularly in the context of his "Critique of Practical Reason".


title: Good

text: John Rawls's book "A Theory of Justice" prioritized social arrangements and goods, based on their contribution to justice. Rawls defined justice as "fairness", especially in distributing social goods, defined fairness in terms of procedures, and attempted to prove that just institutions and lives are good, if every rational individual's goods are considered fairly. Rawls's crucial invention was the original position, a procedure in which one tries to make objective moral decisions by refusing to let personal facts about oneself enter one's moral calculations.


title: Good

text: In religion, ethics, and philosophy, "good and evil" is a very common dichotomy. In cultures with Manichaean and Abrahamic religious influence, evil is usually perceived as the antagonistic opposite of good. Good is that which should prevail and evil should be defeated.


title: Good

text: As a religious concept, basic ideas of a dichotomy between good and evil has developed in western cultures so that today:


title: Good

text: In cultures with Buddhist spiritual influence, this antagonistic duality itself must be overcome through achieving "Śūnyatā", or emptiness. This is the recognition of good and evil not being unrelated, but two parts of a greater whole; unity, oneness, a Monism.


title: Good

text: Morality is regarded by some biologists (notably Edward O. Wilson, Jeremy Griffith, David Sloan Wilson, and Frans de Waal) as an important question to be addressed by the field of biology.


title: Dizziness

text: Dizziness is an imprecise term that can refer to a sense of disorientation in space, vertigo, or lightheadedness. It can also refer to disequilibrium or a non-specific feeling, such as giddiness or foolishness.


title: Dizziness

text: Dizziness is a common medical complaint, affecting 20-30% of persons. Dizziness is broken down into 4 main subtypes: vertigo (~25-50%), disequilibrium (less than ~15%), presyncope (less than ~15%), and nonspecific dizziness (~10%).


title: Dizziness

text: Many conditions cause dizziness because multiple parts of the body are required for maintaining balance including the inner ear, eyes, muscles, skeleton, and the nervous system. Thus dizziness can be caused by a variety of problems and may reflect a focal process (such as one affecting balance or coordination) or a diffuse one (such as a toxic exposure or low perfusion state).


title: Dizziness

text: Dizziness may occur from an abnormality involving the brain (in particular the brainstem or cerebellum), inner ear, eyes, heart, vascular system, fluid or blood volume, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, or body electrolytes. Dizziness can accompany certain serious events, such as a concussion or brain bleed, epilepsy and seizures (convulsions), strokes, and cases of meningitis and encephalitis. However, the most common subcategories can be broken down as follows: 40% peripheral vestibular dysfunction, 10% central nervous system lesion, 15% psychiatric disorder, 25% presyncope/disequilibrium, and 10% nonspecific dizziness. Some vestibular pathologies have symptoms that are comorbid with mental disorders.


title: Dizziness

text: While traditional medical teaching has focused on determining the cause of dizziness based on the category (e.g. vertigo vs presyncope), recent research suggests that this analysis is of limited clinical utility.


title: Dizziness

text: In medicine, disequilibrium refers to impaired equilibrioception that can be characterised as a sensation of impending fall or of the need to obtain external assistance for proper locomotion. It is sometimes described as a feeling of improper tilt of the floor, or as a sense of floating. This sensation can originate in the inner ear or other motion sensors, or in the central nervous system. Neurologic disorders tend to cause constant vertigo or disequilibrium and usually have other symptoms of neurologic dysfunction associated with the vertigo. Many medications used to treat seizures, depression, anxiety, and pain affect the vestibular system and the central nervous system which can cause the symptom of disequilibrium.


title: Nova Twins

text: Nova Twins are an English rock duo formed in London, England, in 2014, consisting of vocalist/guitarist Amy Love and bassist Georgia South. Their most recent album, "Supernova", was released in June 2022.


title: Nova Twins

text: Love and South have been close friends since childhood and have played in bands that were often booked on the same bill. Both of them come from a mixed background; Love is of Iranian and Nigerian descent, and South is of Jamaican and Australian descent. (Georgia South's father, William South, is also a musician). They formed a band together in 2014 named BRAATS, releasing the song "Bad Bitches" under that name. Later that year they settled on the name Nova Twins, and released their first song "Bassline Bitch" under that name, in April 2015. That song attracted the attention of independent label Robotunes, which signed them and released their first self-titled EP in 2016.


title: Nova Twins

text: After a show at French festival Rencontres Trans Musicales in December 2016, Nova Twins spent most of 2017 touring multiple countries and supported Prophets of Rage, after which Tom Morello named them "the best band you've never heard of". They have since supported Wolf Alice, Little Simz, Dream Wife, Black Honey, and Skunk Anansie. In 2017 they self-released the singles "Thelma & Louise" and "Mood Swings", and started their own custom clothing line called Bad Stitches.


title: Nova Twins

text: In 2018, Nova Twins self-released the singles "Hit Girl" and "Lose Your Head". They continued to tour with shows in Europe and America, including an appearance at the Afropunk festival in Brooklyn. Towards the end of that year they started recording their debut album with producer Jim Abbiss. In 2019, they toured with Fever 333 and again Prophets of Rage. The singles "Devil's Face" and "Vortex" from their upcoming album were released with accompanying music videos. They also collaborated with several brands, including Dr Martens on a global campaign, contributing both music and visuals. It was revealed later in the year that they had been signed to Fever 333's label 333 Wreckords Crew.


title: Nova Twins

text: Their debut album "Who Are the Girls?" was released on February 28, 2020. "Who Are the Girls?" received positive reviews at "Kerrang!", "Crash", and elsewhere. The band won Best U.K. Breakthrough Band in the 2020 Heavy Music Awards. Their second album "Supernova" was released on June 17, 2022. "Supernova" was shortlisted for the 2022 Mercury Prize.


title: Nova Twins

text: Nova Twins have been described by "The Guardian" as a "bass-heavy duo fusing grime and punk", and by themselves as "urban punk". PRS for Music called them "a genre bending amalgamation of raw punk energy, illegal rave electronics and unapologetic grimey attitude."


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Stephan Patrick Bonnar (born April 4, 1977) is an American professional wrestler and retired professional mixed martial artist. Bonnar competed as a Light Heavyweight in the UFC for most of his career. Bonnar was the runner-up on The Ultimate Fighter 1, his TUF Ultimate Finale loss to Forrest Griffin is considered to be one of the most important fights in the history of the UFC. For most of his MMA career Bonnar played the "role of the underdog", this is particularly exemplified in his fight with Anderson Silva at UFC 153. In addition to Griffin and Silva, Bonnar faced world champions Lyoto Machida, Tito Ortiz, Mark Coleman, Jon Jones, and Rashad Evans.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Bonnar was born in Hammond, Indiana and raised in Munster, Indiana, attending Munster High School. Bonnar has an extensive background in combat sports, beginning Wrestling when he was 10 years old, Tae Kwon Do at age 12, Brazilian Jiu-jitsu at age 22, and then added Boxing and Muay Thai when he was 24 years old. He earned his black belt in Tae Kwon Do at the age of 16 and was a two-time Golden Gloves Champion in the Super Heavyweight division. He attended and graduated from Purdue University in 2000, earning a degree in Sports Medicine.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Bonnar began training Brazilian jiu-jitsu with the legendary Carlson Gracie during the summer of 1999, under whom he received his purple belt before Carlson's passing. During his tenure as a student of Carlson Gracie's he was given the nickname Robocop. This experience has led to most of his bouts ending by way of submission. Stephan now trains Brazilian jiu-jitsu in Las Vegas under Master Sergio Penha. However, he also has trained in Muay Thai during several trips to Thailand. Since the beginning of 2010 Bonnar has been training Muay Thai in Las Vegas under Master One Kick Nick Blomgren at One Kick's Gym.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Due to his strong performance in the Light Heavyweight finals, where he lost a unanimous decision to Forrest Griffin in a back and forth fight, Bonnar was awarded a six-figure UFC contract along with Griffin.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: After his loss to Griffin, Bonnar became the staple of the regular UFC Ultimate Fight Night shows at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, defeating such notables as Sam Hoger, James Irvin and Keith Jardine before succumbing to Rashad Evans by way of majority decision. In 2006 Bonnar lost a unanimous decision against Forrest Griffin in the long-anticipated rematch at "UFC 62". After UFC 62, Bonnar tested positive for the banned substance Boldenone, a type of anabolic steroid. The commission issued a nine-month suspension on Bonnar's fighter's license and fined him $5,000.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Bonnar was forced to withdraw from his fight against Matt Hamill at UFC Fight Night 13 due to a serious knee injury he suffered during training. He returned to action at UFC 94 against Jon Jones, which resulted in a loss via decision. In his next fight at UFC 100 Bonnar lost a unanimous decision to Mark Coleman.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Bonnar mentioned on the MMA Live Post Fight Show for UFC 101 that he was considering a drop down to Middleweight after two disappointing losses at Light Heavyweight. Despite this, Bonnar next faced Krzysztof Soszynski on February 21, 2010 at UFC 110. Soszynski was victorious at 1:04 in the third round, due to TKO (Cut). Video replays that showed that the cut was opened up by a clash of heads led Bonnar to appeal referee John Sharp's decision. It was announced on March 10 that he had lost the appeal and the result would stand as a TKO win for Soszynski.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: At UFC 116, Bonnar won the rematch with a second-round TKO against Soszynski after catching him with a knee. The win broke Bonnar's three fight losing streak, bringing his UFC record to 6-6. The fight earned Bonnar and Soszynski "Fight of the Night" honors alongside Yoshihiro Akiyama and Chris Leben's fight.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Bonnar fought Igor Pokrajac on December 4, 2010 at . He won the bout via unanimous decision (29–26, 29–26, and 29–26).


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Bonnar was expected to face Karlos Vemola on August 14, 2011 at UFC on Versus 5. However, Bonnar was forced to withdraw from the bout due to an injury and was replaced by Ronny Markes.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Bonnar campaigned for a spot as a coach on The Ultimate Fighter against Forrest Griffin, going as far to state that he would, "Not go for any takedowns, not block any punches, and always move forward."


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: With the UFC needing to replace the main event at UFC 153, they turned to Bonnar and Anderson Silva to fill the spot left empty by injuries. The two UFC vets squared off in a Light Heavyweight match October 13, 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Silva won the fight via TKO. Bonnar tested positive for anabolic steroids after the fight (Drostanolone).


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: After his loss to Silva it was announced on October 30, 2012 by UFC president Dana White that Bonnar has retired from MMA competition.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Shortly after the announcement of Forrest Griffin's retirement, Dana White announced that Bonnar and Griffin would be inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame. Bonnar and Griffin were officially inducted on July 6, 2013.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: On August 27, 2014, Bellator announced they had signed Bonnar to a multi-fight deal, seemingly coming out of retirement. Bonnar faced Tito Ortiz on November 15, 2014 at Bellator 131 and lost via split decision.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: On April 8, 2017 Stephan made his pro wrestling debut at Smashmouth Pro Wrestling's event Smashfest in a Battle Royal.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: On August 1, 2017, House of Glory, a New York City independent wrestling company announced that Bonnar would be stepping into a wrestling ring for the first time ever to face another former UFC fighter and independent wrestler, Matt Riddle. However, Riddle backed out and he faced Sho Tanaka from NJPW instead. On December 2, 2017, "Speedball" Mike Bailey defeated Bonnar at IWS Season's Beatings in Montreal.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: On September 14, 2019, Bonnar faced Moose in a losing effort at Impact Wrestling's Victory Road 2019.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: During the Impact Wrestling October tapings from Las Vegas, Bonnar faced Moose in a repeat of their contest from Victory Road. The rematch was used as part of Moose's buildup towards a match against


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Ken Shamrock at Bound for Glory later that month. The commentators said that Bonnar had been chosen as he was from a similar background and is a similar type of wrestler to Shamrock, therefore viewed as an ideal warmup for Moose. However, Shamrock then made an unexpected appearance after Moose disqualifies himself from the match by attacking the referee, Shamrock then put Moose in his signature ankle lock.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Stephan and his longtime girlfriend were married on October 30, 2009 in Tuscany, Italy. The couple have one son, Griffin Brandon, named after Forrest Griffin and in memory of Andrea's late brother, Brandon Brown.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: Bonnar is a fan of the rock band The Who and used their song "Eminence Front" as his entrance music to his UFC fights. Outside of competition, Bonnar has done commentary work for televised mixed martial arts programming, notably serving as the WEC's color commentator for most of 2010, calling 5 of their final 7 cards. He has also made appearances as an analyst on the ESPN2 series MMA Live and for UFC broadcasts on the Fox television networks.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: After retiring from the mixed martial arts, Bonnar was appointed as the president of North Star Combat, a Minnesota-based MMA promotion.


title: Stephan Bonnar

text: On October 28, 2018, Bonnar was arrested in Nevada and charged with DUI. At approximately 1:15 p.m., the Nevada highway patrol received multiple reports that there was a red Cadillac, a vehicle owned and being driven by Bonnar, observed driving recklessly and making unsafe lane changes. When the NHP arrived on scene, they witnessed Bonnar had both hands tied and strung up to each side of his inside car handles. The pedestrians on scene said he attempted to flee the scene of the accident, so they were forced to "hog tie" him to the inside of his wrecked vehicle. This entire exchange was recorded via the responding officer's body cam and aired on the television shows season 4 of PD Cam. Officers also claimed that they could smell alcohol on Bonnar's breath and inside of Bonnar's vehicle. Bonnar was arrested on scene, refused to comply or respond to officers commands, and had to be carried and laid inside the back of the patrol car. He was then taken to the Clark County detention center where he was charged with DUI and resisting arrest.


title: Nellie Melba

text: Dame Nellie Melba (born Helen Porter Mitchell; 19 May 186123 February 1931) was an Australian operatic dramatic coloratura soprano (three octaves). She became one of the most famous singers of the late Victorian era and the early 20th century, and was the first Australian to achieve international recognition as a classical musician. She took the pseudonym "Melba" from Melbourne, her home town.


title: Nellie Melba

text: Melba studied singing in Melbourne and made a modest success in performances there. After a brief and unsuccessful marriage, she moved to Europe in search of a singing career. Failing to find engagements in London in 1886, she studied in Paris and soon made a great success there and in Brussels. Returning to London she quickly established herself as the leading lyric soprano at Covent Garden from 1888. She soon achieved further success in Paris and elsewhere in Europe, and later at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, debuting there in 1893. Her repertoire was small; in her whole career she sang no more than 25 roles and was closely identified with only ten. She was known for her performances in French and Italian opera, but sang little German opera.


title: Nellie Melba

text: During the First World War, Melba raised large sums for war charities. She returned to Australia frequently during the 20th century, singing in opera and concerts, and had a house built for her near Melbourne. She was active in the teaching of singing at the Melbourne Conservatorium. Melba continued to sing until the last months of her life and made a large number of "farewell" appearances. Her death, in Australia, was news across the English-speaking world, and her funeral was a major national event. The Australian $100 note features her image.


title: Nellie Melba

text: Melba was born in Richmond, Victoria, the eldest of seven children of the builder David Mitchell and his wife Isabella Ann "née" Dow. Mitchell, a Scot, had emigrated to Australia in 1852, becoming a successful builder. Melba was taught to play the piano and first sang in public around age six. She was educated at a local boarding school and then at the Presbyterian Ladies' College. She studied singing with Mary Ellen Christian (a former pupil of Manuel García) and Pietro Cecchi, an Italian tenor, who was a respected teacher in Melbourne. In her teens, Melba continued to perform in amateur concerts in and around Melbourne, and she played the organ at church. Her father encouraged her in her musical studies, but he strongly disapproved of her taking up singing as a career. Melba's mother died suddenly in 1881 at Richmond.


title: Nellie Melba

text: Melba's father moved the family to Mackay, Queensland, where he built a new sugar mill. Melba soon became popular in Mackay society for her singing and piano-playing. On 22 December 1882 in Brisbane, she married Charles Nesbitt Frederick Armstrong (1858–1948), the youngest son of Sir Andrew Armstrong. They had one child, a son, George, born on 16 October 1883. The marriage was not a success; Charles reportedly beat his wife more than once. The couple separated after just over a year, and Melba returned to Melbourne determined to pursue a singing career, debuting professionally in concerts in 1884. She was often accompanied in concert, and some of her concerts were organised, at times throughout her career by the flautist John Lemmone, who became a "lifelong friend and counsellor". On the strength of local success, she travelled to London in search of an opportunity. Her debut at the Princes' Hall in 1886 made little impression, and she sought work unsuccessfully from Sir Arthur Sullivan, Carl Rosa and Augustus Harris. She then went to Paris to study with the leading teacher Mathilde Marchesi, who instantly recognised the young singer's potential: she exclaimed, ""J'ai enfin une étoile!" ("I have a star at last!"). Melba made such rapid progress that she was allowed to sing the "Mad Scene" from Ambroise Thomas's "Hamlet" at a "matinée musicale" in Marchesi's house in December the same year, in the presence of the composer.