title: University of Texas System

text: The University of Texas System (UT System) is an American government entity of the state of Texas that includes 13 higher educational institutions throughout the state including eight universities and five independent health institutions. The UT System is headquartered in Downtown Austin. Its total enrolment of nearly 240,000 students is the largest university system in Texas. It employs 21,000 faculty and more than 83,000 health care professionals, researchers and support staff. The UT System's $30 billion endowment (as of the 2019 fiscal year) is the largest of any public university system in the United States. In 2018, Reuters ranked the UT System among the top 10 most innovative academic institutions in the world.


title: University of Texas System

text: The University of Texas System has eight separate four-year academic institutions; each is a university and confers its own degrees.


title: University of Texas System

text: On 29 November 2022, the Board of Regents of Stephen F. Austin State University announced their decision to accept an invitation to join the UT System. This decision occurred following an announcement at the start of the fall semester by SFA President Steve Westbrook that the board was considering joining a system. Stephen F. Austin is one of two independent public universities in Texas, alongside Texas Southern University. The Texas A&M University System, the Texas Tech University System, and the Texas State University System all extended invitations as well. The decision to join the UT System was made following a process that included faculty, staff, student, and alumni input. Stephen F. Austin's addition to the UT System will occur pending approval of the Texas Legislature during the 2023 session.


title: University of Texas System

text: On June 14, 2013, Texas Governor Rick Perry signed a law officially approving the creation of a new university in South Texas within the UT System and replacing UT Brownsville and UT Pan American. The initiative resulted in a single institution, including a medical school, spanning the entire Rio Grande Valley, with a presence in each of the major metropolitan areas of Brownsville, Edinburg, Harlingen, and McAllen. On December 12, 2013, the UT Board of Regents voted to name the new university the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. The new university began full operation in the 2015–16 school year.


title: University of Texas System

text: In December 2019, the UT System Board of Regents unanimously agreed to merge The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (UTHSCT) under The University of Texas at Tyler (UTT), creating a single unified institution. Two months later, the UT System formally announced its intention to establish a new medical school that will be added under the new unified UT Tyler administration. It will be the first medical school in the East Texas region.


title: University of Texas System

text: On December 8, 2020, The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Schools approved a plan to merge UT Tyler and UTHSCT. UTHSCT will retain its status as a health-related institution but will now come under the administration of UT Tyler. The UT System Board of Regents met in late December 2020 and took action on the implementation of the merger which began on January 1, 2021.


title: University of Texas System

text: On January 4, 2021, the Board of Regents installed Dr. Kirk A. Calhoun, M.D. as president of the newly aligned UT Tyler and UTHSCT. As of January 4, these two institutions are officially one. On January 15, 2021 the institution publicly named the new line of executive leadership for the merged institution.


title: University of Texas System

text: The University of Texas System has 5 independent health institutions. None are officially associated with any of the 4-year academic institutions, though some may have close relationships or special joint programs with them due to geographical location (Dallas–Fort Worth area institutions & San Antonio institutions) or historical relationships (UT Austin & UT Medical Branch at Galveston).


title: University of Texas System

text: UT MD Anderson Cancer Center is one of the six schools at UT Health Science Center at Houston. Despite being officially associated under UT Houston, the UT System lists MD Anderson as a separate health institution due to its unique specialization.


title: University of Texas System

text: Additionally, there are medical schools at UT Austin and UT Rio Grande Valley that are not directly affiliated with any of the independent health institutions. The third medical school organized under an academic institution in the UT System will open in 2023 under the UT Tyler administration.


title: University of Texas System

text: In 2001 the 77th Texas Legislature proposed HB 3568, which would have merged all Dallas–Fort Worth UT System institutions (UT Dallas, UT Arlington, and UT Southwestern) under the name ""The University of Texas at Dallas"". UTD's Richardson campus would have been designated as the main campus, UTA's Arlington campus would have become a satellite campus, and UTSW's Dallas campus would have become the merged university's medical school. The purpose was to help the metroplex gain one unified flagship-level university, but the House Bill ultimately failed to pass due to objections from UT Arlington (which wanted to retain its identity as a separate university) and the lack of time to properly explain the complex process to state representatives.


title: University of Texas System

text: Nine years later, in 2010, a study was commissioned to explore the possibility of merging UT San Antonio and UT Health San Antonio. Officials ultimately decided against it, citing significant costs, administrative challenges, and different university cultures. In 2016, an op-ed published in the San Antonio Express-News urged the UT System Board of Regents to reconsider their decision, but no further actions from the UT System have been taken since.


title: University of Texas System

text: The administrative offices are in Downtown Austin. The UT system approved moving the system headquarters in November 2012. Bonds from the UT System's endowment funded the construction of the new 19-story, headquarters, which had a price tag of $102 million. The UT System planned to lease a portion of the facility for shops and other offices, with the approximately remaining portion used for its own employees. The system headquarters opened on August 1, 2017.


title: University of Texas System

text: In July 2018, the Pentagon announced it had selected the UT System administrative building as the headquarters for the Army Futures Command, a new organization committed to coordinating modernization efforts and integrating innovation across the Army.


title: University of Texas System

text: The University of Texas System was previously headquartered in O. Henry Hall in Downtown Austin. The system headquarters complex previously included multiple buildings, which had 550 employees in 2014. These facilities included O. Henry Hall, Claudia Taylor Johnson Hall (named after Lady Bird Johnson), Ashbel Smith Hall, the Colorado Building, and the Lavaca Building,


title: University of Texas System

text: In 2013 the UT system approved the demolitions of the Colorado Building and the Lavaca Building, and the new UT System headquarters was built where these buildings previously stood. The Texas State University System purchased O. Henry Hall in 2015 for $8.2 million; the UT System leased it and continued using it as its administrative headquarters prior to the 2017 completion of the UT System's current headquarters. The UT System leased the land containing Claudia Taylor Johnson Hall and Ashbel Smith Hall to Trammell Crow which is constructing a commercial property on the site that uses the facade of Johnson Hall. Ashbel Smith Hall was imploded on March 25, 2018.


title: University of Texas System

text: The Coordinated Admissions Program (CAP) offers some UT Austin applicants the chance to attend the university if they complete their freshman year at another system school and meet specified requirements. Each institution in the University of Texas System sets its own admissions standards, and not all schools may accept a particular CAP student.


title: University of Texas System

text: UT Dallas does not participate in the CAP program, and University of Texas at San Antonio, the largest recipient of CAP students, has stated that it will be phasing out the program within the next ten years.


title: Tyler Huntley

text: Tyler Isaiah Huntley (born February 3, 1998) is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Utah, where he was a First-team All Pac-12 quarterback, and led the Utes to two South Division titles in 2018 and 2019. He was signed by the Ravens as an undrafted free agent following the conclusion of the 2020 NFL Draft.


title: Tyler Huntley

text: Huntley attended Hallandale High School in Hallandale Beach, Florida. During his career, he passed for 9,053 yards and 106 touchdowns. As a senior, he was the Florida Gatorade Football Player of the Year. He committed to the University of Utah to play college football, where he played alongside high school teammate Zack Moss.


title: Tyler Huntley

text: As a true freshman at Utah in 2016, Huntley played in four games as a backup to Troy Williams. Huntley was named the starter over Williams in 2017. He started 10 games, missing three due to injury and completed 199 of 312 passes for 2,411 yards, 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. Huntley started the first nine games of his junior year in 2018, missing the last five due to injury, finishing the season by completing 150 of 234 passes for 1,788 yards, 12 touchdowns and six interceptions. He returned as the starter his senior year in 2019, finishing his college career with 14 games, leading the Utes to the Pac-12 final, passing for 3,092 yards and 19 touchdowns with just four interceptions, and rushing for another five touchdowns.


title: Tyler Huntley

text: Huntley signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent on April 30, 2020. He was waived on September 5, 2020, and signed to the team's practice squad the next day. Following injuries/COVID-19 issues from the Ravens' three other quarterbacks, he was elevated to the active roster on December 2, December 19, December 26, and January 2, 2021, for the team's week 12, 15, 16, and 17 games against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Jacksonville Jaguars, New York Giants, and Cincinnati Bengals, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He made his NFL debut in the fourth quarter against the Jacksonville Jaguars in week 15, when Huntley stepped in for starter Lamar Jackson and went 2 of 4 for seven yards, along with four rushes for 18 rushing yards (which included two kneel downs) as the Ravens won 40–14. Against the Bengals, as the game quickly became a Ravens blowout, he entered the game late in the third quarter. He completed one pass attempt for eight yards while rushing six times for five yards as the Ravens won 38–3. He was elevated again on January 9 and 15 for the team's wild card and divisional playoff games against the Tennessee Titans and Buffalo Bills, and reverted to the practice squad again following each game. Huntley played the entire fourth quarter of the Bills game after Lamar Jackson was knocked out with a concussion, going 6 of 13 with 60 passing yards, along with three rushes for 32 yards, as the Ravens lost 3-17.


title: Tyler Huntley

text: On January 18, 2021, Huntley signed a reserve/futures contract with the Ravens. Huntley had three rushing attempts for ten yards in the Ravens' blowout win over the Los Angeles Chargers in Week 6, and came in to relieve Lamar Jackson during the Ravens’ blowout loss to the Cincinnati Bengals in Week 7, finishing the game with 39 yards passing, going 5 for 11. Huntley got his first NFL start on November 21, 2021, when starting quarterback Lamar Jackson was not able to play due to a non-Covid illness against the Chicago Bears. Huntley threw for 219 yards, an interception, rushed for 40 yards, and led the team on a game-winning touchdown drive, scoring with just 22 seconds left in the 4th quarter in the 16–13 win. In Week 14 against the Cleveland Browns, following Lamar Jackson's injury late in the first quarter, Huntley came into the game, threw 27 from 38, 270 yards, one touchdown, and almost led the Ravens to a comeback win, narrowly losing 22–24. The injury also prevented Jackson from playing the next week, and Huntley started his second career game in Week 15 against the Green Bay Packers, playing well, throwing 28 from 40, for 215 yards, and two touchdowns, while rushing for another 73 yards and two touchdowns. The Ravens, however, lost this game 30–31, following a last-minute failed two-point conversion.


title: Tyler Huntley

text: On December 24, 2021, it was reported that Tyler Huntley was expected to start again due to Lamar Jackson's injured ankle. On Christmas Day, Huntley was put on the Reserve/COVID-19 list rendering him unable to start against the Cincinnati Bengals. On December 30, 2021, Huntley was activated from the Reserve/COVID-19 list making him the starter at quarterback for the Ravens against the Los Angeles Rams in Week 17, which resulted in a 19–20 loss.


title: Tyler Huntley

text: The Ravens placed an exclusive-rights free agent tender on Huntley on March 9, 2022. Huntley saw his first action of the season in Week 12, playing one snap in the 27–28 loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was forced in the next week in the first quarter against the Denver Broncos after Lamar Jackson was forced out with a knee injury. In a low-scoring affair, Huntley led a game-winning job in the final three minutes that he capped off with a two-yard touchdown run for the 10–9 win. He finished that game going 27 for 32 passing for 187 yards and an interception to go along with the 10 carries for 41 yards and the aforementioned touchdown. He started the next week against the Pittsburgh Steelers, but was knocked out of the game in the third quarter with a concussion and replaced by Anthony Brown, although the Ravens would still win 16–14. Huntley went 8 for 12 passing for 88 yards and rushed 9 times for 31 yards as well.


title: Waist

text: The waist is the part of the abdomen between the rib cage and hips. On people with slim bodies, the waist is the narrowest part of the torso.


title: Waist

text: "Waistline" refers to the horizontal line where the waist is narrowest, or to the general appearance of the waist.


title: Waist

text: Because of this and because the waist is often synonymous with the stomach, one can become confused as to the exact location of the waist. Another confusing factor is that the waistline differs on different people. A study showed that self-reported measurements as opposed to measurement done by a technician, underestimated waist circumference and this underestimation increased with increased body size. In the study, waist circumference measured at the level of the umbilicus was larger than that measured at the natural waist.


title: Waist

text: To locate the natural waistline, one need simply stand upright and then tilt over to the side keeping the legs and hips straight. Where the torso creases is the natural waistline.


title: Waist

text: The waist is usually measured at the smallest circumference of the natural waist, usually just above the belly button. Where the waist is convex rather than concave, as in pregnancy and obesity, the waist may be measured at a vertical level 1 inch above the navel.


title: Waist

text: Strictly, the waist circumference is measured at a level midway between the lowest palpable rib and the iliac crest, respectively typically 60% and 64% of total height. It can be predicted as 72% of the neck height; an alternative approximation, very relevant in anthropometry, is Small of the Back (SOB) + 2cm.


title: Waist

text: It is important to note that variables such as posture significantly influence the measurement of the waist, and therefore any measurements for a group need to maintain a constant posture between the subjects.


title: Waist

text: Waist size (waist circumference) is an indicator of abdominal obesity. Excess abdominal fat is a risk factor for developing heart disease and other obesity related diseases. A study published in the "European Heart Journal" April 2007 showed that waist circumference and waist–hip ratio (defined as waist circumference divided by hip circumference) were predictors of cardiovascular events. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) classifies the risk of obesity-related diseases as high if men have a waist circumference greater than and women have a waist circumference greater than . Further, whether waist circumference or BMI is a better predictor of adverse health outcomes is debatable. For example, those who lift weights may have high BMI but are at relatively low risk for cardiovascular consequences. For these people, waist circumference may be a better indicator of overall health. Some research suggests waist circumference can be predicted from brain function, therefore capturing the neurobehavioral pathophysiology of obesity.


title: Waist

text: Waist–hip ratio is the ratio of the circumference of the waist to that of the hips. It measures the proportion by which fat is distributed around the torso. Waist–hip ratios of 0.7 for women and 0.9 for men have been shown to correlate strongly with general health and fertility. This shape is compared to the hourglass shape of women.


title: Waist

text: In modern clothing the region referred to as the waist is considerably below the waist as defined anatomically.


title: Waist

text: With the advent of pants and skirts that do not require support from above, the clothing waist moved down to a position where the body starts to expand to form the buttocks and a support is therefore available. However, the waist region remains a highly important measurement and anthropometric landmark in garment construction.


title: Waist

text: Waist reduction or waist training refer to the act of wearing a corset or other constricting garment to reduce or alter the waistline. The four floating ribs may be permanently compressed or moved by such garments. A girdle may also be used to alter the appearance of the waist.


title: Waist

text: Waist reduction may be used simply to reduce the width of the waist. This change can be permanent or temporary.


title: Waist

text: Definition: "middle part of the body," also "part of a garment fitted for the waist, portion of a garment that covers the waist" (but, due to fashion styles, often above or below it), probably from Old English *wæst "growth," hence, "where the body grows," from Proto-Germanic *wahs-tu- (cognates: Old English wæstm, Old Norse vöxtr, Swedish växt, Old High German wahst "growth, increase," Gothic wahstus "stature," Old English weaxan "to grow".


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The Renault Kangoo and the Renault Kangoo Express are a family of multi purpose vehicles manufactured and marketed by Renault since 1997, in commercial as well as passenger variants, across three generations. , the electric variant, the Renault Kangoo Z.E., is Europe's top selling all-electric light commercial vehicle, with global sales of 48,821 units since its inception in 2011.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The Kangoo is manufactured at the MCA plant in Maubeuge, France. The version for the ASEAN markets was assembled by the Malaysian Tan Chong Euro Cars in its Segambut plant.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The Kangoo was also marketed as a rebadged variant by Nissan in Europe as the Nissan Kubistar (first generation), Nissan NV250 (second generation) and Nissan Townstar (third generation). In September 2012, Mercedes-Benz began marketing a rebadged variant of the second generation Kangoo as the Mercedes-Benz Citan, which is also marketed as Mercedes EQT and Mercedes T-Class for the next generation.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The first generation Kangoo was introduced in October 1997, and was facelifted in March 2003, with new front end nose styling, especially the grille, standardised across the Renault range, with the Renault diamond mounted on a body colour panel in the centre of the grille and teardrop headlamps.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The rear windows and seats of the Kangoo could be removed, producing the panel van Kangoo Express. The Kangoo became popular with mobility impaired and wheelchair users due to its height and accessibility, and because it could be adapted to include mounting points for wheelchairs. The rear of the vehicle is cut to allow a ramp to be fitted. A pair of front tie downs are fitted (retractable seat belts with a solenoid release to allow them to be extended, passed around the wheelchair frame, and then locked back when the solenoid is switched off and they retract); this stops the wheelchair from moving back. A pair of rear tie downs with the normal clamping buckles stop the wheelchair from moving forward. A normal, long seat belt is worn by the wheelchair user.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: Both the Kangoo and Kangoo Express were available in four-wheel drive versions and a lengthened version was available, with an increased cargo area. A pickup version was sold in the Swedish market. In some countries, such as Malaysia, the Kangoo was assembled by Nissan with third row seats.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: A badge-engineered version of the Kangoo panel van was sold as the Nissan Kubistar in many European markets. Nissan offered it from 1999 to 2009. Nissan applied the "X76" model code to the Kubistar. From July 2003, "Wallace and Gromit" starred in adverts in the United Kingdom for the Kangoo.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The Kangoo Break'Up was a four wheel drive concept car announced in August 2002 and previewed the facelift design due in 2003, together with a pick up-style rear. It was powered by 1.6 L engine producing .


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The 4WD version of the Kangoo was introduced in 2002, and was marketed under the model name Trekka. It should not be confused with the Skoda powered New Zealand built utility vehicle named Trekka, which was marketed in the Antipodes for several years circa 1970.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The Kangoo Trekka's all wheel drive system differed from the Renault Scénic RX4 in its inclusion of a Nissan sourced automatic torque coupling "ATC", a hydraulic coupling that would engage drive on all four wheels should the front wheels start to lose traction.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: This allowed the Kangoo Trekka to run in front wheel drive in most conditions, thus saving fuel. Working in combination with the ATC, the Kangoo Trekka featured an electronically controlled "ASR" traction control system which could brake the front wheels to arrest traction loss.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The suspension on the front had longer front struts with revised coil springs, lower suspension arms were revised to a cast steel item. The rear suspension was completely revised from the standard Kangoo torsion bar suspension beam axle to a fully independent coil sprung system with wishbones. The rear differential was centrally mounted with two driveshafts transmitting power to the rear wheels. All this was carried on a subframe which increased the ground clearance and wheel travel.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: These changes gave the Kangoo Trekka a fording depth and 28 degree hill climbing capability. The Kangoo Trekka was marketed in the UK with a choice of two engines, the 1.6 L 16 valve petrol engine and the 1.9 L dCi common rail turbodiesel both with a five speed manual gearbox.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: In 2005, these models were priced at £12,600 and £13,600 respectively. The diesel produced a peak torque of and achieved over on the combined (urban and extra urban) fuel consumption test.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The petrol engine had a time of 14.3 seconds, and a combined fuel consumption of . The interior of the Kangoo Trekka was spartan. The rear bench seat could be folded forward to provide a loading area, with better access through the sliding side doors.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: Cleanova II is a hybrid electric drive train system, used in a vehicle based on Renault Kangoo, with two electric versions: full electric vehicle (FEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV).


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The second-generation Kangoo are based on the Scénic and manufactured in Maubeuge. Sales began in May 2007. A seven seat version, which is longer by 40 cm, became available from July 2012.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: They are also sold by Mercedes-Benz as the Mercedes-Benz Citan, with a revised front design, being launched in September 2012. In February 2012, Renault retired the Kangoo MPV, Espace, Laguna, Modus, and Wind lines in the United Kingdom.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: A facelifted version of both the van and the passenger versions was available from the beginning of 2013.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: In November 2018, it was announced that Nissan would rebadge the Kangoo, turning it into the NV250. The Nissan NV250 launched in December 2019 and is currently sold in the United Kingdom.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The Kangoo is available in three wheelbase configurations: the Kangoo Express, the Kangoo Compact with a shorter wheelbase, and the Kangoo Express Maxi with a longer wheelbase – all three offered in passenger variants. The short wheelbase version was sold as the between 2009 and 2012.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The payload of the Kangoo Express and Express Maxi is between and depending on version and market, while the Kangoo Compact with its short wheelbase has a reduced payload of . The Kangoo Express Maxi has up to of usable floor length.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: Following the 2007 "Renault Kangoo Compact Concept", the "Renault Kangoo Be Bop" was presented at 2008 Paris Motor Show. This long model, with only three doors, is equipped with a sliding glass roof at the rear, 4 seats and a two-tone body. Judged expensive and unpractical, the Kangoo Be Bop was a commercial failure, and only 1,400 units were produced between 2009 and 2011.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: As part of its Z.E. electric car initiative, Renault has developed the Kangoo Z.E. model that is manufactured at its Maubeuge plant. A prototype was shown at the September 2010 International Commercial Vehicles Show in Hanover, Germany, and the electric van was released for retail sales in October 2011. In November 2011, the Kangoo Z.E. was voted "International Van of the Year" for 2012. It was also elected "Electric Vehicle of the Year" in 2012 and 2013 by GreenFleet.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: A total of 3,652 Kangoo Z.E. utility vans were registered in France through December 2012, and, with 2,869 units delivered in 2012, the electric van became the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the country. During 2011, the Kangoo Z.E. sold 991 units in Europe, and cumulative sales in the region reached 6,658 units sold in the region through December 2012, with global sales of 6,665 units.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The Kangoo Z.E. has the same dimensions as the internal combustion model. It uses a synchronous electric motor with rotor coil. Its peak power is at 10,500rpm, while maximum torque is . Its top speed is capped electronically to . The vehicle is powered by a 22 kWh lithium-ion battery pack that delivers a combined cycle range of NEDC which varies depending on factors such as type of road, ambient temperature, speed or driving style. Maximum charging power is limited to 3.7 kW (AC).


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The third-generation Kangoo was revealed on 12 November 2020, alongside the lower-spec, separate model called Express. It is based on an all-new CMF-CD platform developed by Renault and Nissan.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: A rebadged version called the Nissan Townstar was revealed in September 2021 to replace the NV200 and NV250 in various markets. In Europe, the electric Nissan e-NV200 will be replaced by a Townstar EV based on the Kangoo E-Tech Electric.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The third generation Renault Kangoo was previewed by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. concept presented on April 23, 2019, which was said to be 80% representative of the production model. The Kangoo Z.E. concept (2019) is an electric vehicle and has no pillar at the leading edge of the sliding side door to facilitate access, like the Frendzy concept. A prototype of the production electric Kangoo, renamed to Kangoo Van E-Tech Electric, was first shown in March 2021. It was officially introduced in November 2021 to succeed the prior electric Kangoo Z.E., which was based on the second-generation Kangoo and had been produced since 2011. Production was scheduled to start in 2022.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The 100% electric production panel van model entered production in June 2022. It is offered in two lengths, with cargo volume of or . The passenger version was launched in October 2022 at the 2022 Paris Motor Show.


title: Renault Kangoo

text: The Kangoo E-Tech is equipped with a traction motor that delivers and , drawing from a 45 kW-hr battery which gives the vehicle an estimated range of under the WLTP mixed driving cycle. So equipped, the van accelerates from in 11.6 seconds and has a top speed of . There is a limited-power Eco mode, which reduces output to and maximum speed to . The standard onboard charger is limited to 11 kW (AC); as an option, the vehicle can be fitted with a charger that allows input power up to 80 kW (DC) or 22 kW (AC).


title: Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales

text: Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales ( or 1476 9 April 1484), was the son and heir apparent of King Richard III of England by his wife Anne Neville. He was Richard's only legitimate child and died aged ten.


title: Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales

text: Edward was born at Middleham Castle, a stronghold close to York that became Richard and Anne's principal base in northern England. His birth date is usually given as around December 1473, but he may have been born as late as 1476. Professor Charles Ross wrote that the date 1473 "lacks authority. In fact, he was probably not born until 1476." The act of Parliament that settled the dispute between George of Clarence and Richard over Anne Beauchamp's inheritance just as if the Countess of Warwick "was naturally dead" was dated May 1474. The doubts cast by Clarence on the validity of Richard and Anne's marriage were addressed by a clause protecting their rights in the event they were divorced (i.e. of their marriage being declared null and void by the Church) and then legally remarried to each other, and also protected Richard's rights while waiting for such a valid second marriage with Anne. There were no provisions, however, for their heirs in case of this said divorce, which seems to confirm Richard and Anne had no children as of 1474. However, such provision was the province of the ruling king for those of royal blood, so would have been moot.


title: Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales

text: In 1478, Edward was granted the title of Earl of Salisbury, previously held by the attainted George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence. The title became extinct on his death. His father became King of England on 26 June 1483, deposing his nephew Edward V. Edward did not attend his parents' coronation, which was probably due to illness. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in a splendid ceremony in York Minster on 8 September 1483, following his parents' royal progress across England.


title: Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales

text: Edward's sudden death left Richard without a legitimate child. Contemporary historian John Rous recorded that Richard declared his nephew Edward, Earl of Warwick, his heir-presumptive, but there is no other evidence of this, and seems unlikely as Richard's own claim was based on the attainting of Warwick's father. Similarly, John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln also seemed to have been designated as Richard's heir-presumptive, but was never publicly proclaimed as such.


title: Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales

text: Richard's enemies were inclined to believe that Edward's sudden death was divine retribution for Richard's alleged involvement in the usurpation and subsequent disappearance of the sons of Edward IV, Edward V of England and Richard, Duke of York. It may have also emboldened them to renew hostilities.


title: Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales

text: The location of Edward's burial is unknown. A mutilated white alabaster cenotaph ("empty tomb") in the Church of St Helen and the Holy Cross at Sheriff Hutton, with an effigy of a child, was long believed to represent Edward of Middleham, but is now thought to be an earlier work depicting one of the Neville family.


title: Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales

text: From 1483 to 1484, Edward used the arms of his father, debruised with a label of three points Argent.


title: Monica, O My Darling

text: Monica, O My Darling is a 2022 Hindi-language neo-noir crime comedy thriller film directed by Vasan Bala. The film stars Rajkummar Rao, Huma Qureshi and Radhika Apte. The movie was adapted from the 1989 Japanese novel "Burutasu No Shinzou (Eng: Heart of Brutus)" by Keigo Higashino. The film's title is taken from the 1971 film "Caravan"s song "Piya Tu Ab To Aja". It released on 11 November 2022 on Netflix.


title: Monica, O My Darling

text: During a night shift at the "Unicorn" factory, Dev Prakash informs his friend Gaurav that he has proposed marriage to Shalu and she has accepted. Soon after, the company's robot attacks and kills Dev. The case is closed as an accident while safety officer Faridi Baig is fired from the company.


title: Monica, O My Darling

text: 6 months later, at the Unicorn's 50th anniversary, Jayant Arkhedkar is promoted to the board of directors for the company. He is also engaged to the daughter of the CEO Satyanarayan Adhikari, Nikki Adhikari. After the ceremony, he is shown to be having an affair with the company's secretary Monica Machado. Monica reveals to Jayant that she is pregnant with his child and tries to blackmail him. Later, Jayant receives a letter with photos of him and Monica, asking him to visit a hotel. In the hotel, he meets up with Arvind Manivannan, the CFO at Unicorn, and Nishikant Adhikari, the son of Satyanarayan and the Managing Director, both of whom also claim to have been blackmailed by Monica with her pregnancy. All three of them devise a plan to murder Monica, with Nishikant killing her, Jayant transporting the body, and Arvind disposing of the body. Nishikant has them sign a contract as failsafe in case Arvind and Jayant back out of the plan at the last moment. The plan appears to be on track until Arvind and Jayant encounter a leopard while trying to dump the body in the jungle, and have to flee.


title: Monica, O My Darling

text: The next day, Arvind and Jayant are shocked to see that Monica is still alive. wildlife photographers discover the body disposed in the wild, which turns out to be of Nishikant. ACP Naidu of the police begins to investigate the death at Unicorn office, while both Arvind and Jayant suspect that Monica is the one who killed Nishikant. Arvind later receives a parcel at his home containing a venomous snake, which ends up killing him. Jayant receives a similar parcel but manages to escape, and receives a text with a photo of their contract. Jayant follows the text instructions and goes to the roof to retrieve the contract but he is pushed from behind by Gaurav (Jayant's friend and to-be brother-in-law). He survives and manages to get the contract, only to discover that it is a photocopy. Jayant visits Monica's house where he tries to kill her, but stops after a bout of conscience. Monica tells him that she didn't kill Nishikant or Arvind and seems to have figured out who the murderer is. Before she can tell Jayant, she dies from snake venom that has been mixed into her wine.


title: Monica, O My Darling

text: Later, Jayant discovers that the internal investigation into Dev's death had blamed Jayant's faulty robot technology, but Satyanarayan covered it up and had Faridi fired instead. When Jayant meets Faridi to apologize, Faridi insists that Dev wasn't killed by accident, but was rather murdered by manual override of the robot's controls. Jayant and Gaurav together go to the Unicorn factory to check the manual access logs of the robot that killed Dev. Jayant discovers that it was Gaurav who killed Dev, as he was in love with Jayant's sister Shalu. Gaurav attacks Jayant with the same robot. During the fight, Gaurav confesses to killing Nishikant and Arvind, but not Monica. Nishikant saw Dev's murder by Gaurav and started using Gaurav as his minion. But when Nishikant asked Gaurav to murder Monica or he would expose him to Shalu, he snapped and murdered Nishi. And subsequently, set out to clean house including killing Jayant. After some struggle, Jayant is finally able to take control of the robot with his watch and kills Gaurav in self-defense. Later, Naidu announces at a press conference that Monica's killer was Tamang Rana, the father of her unborn child, who has committed suicide due to guilt he felt for Monica's murder.


title: Monica, O My Darling

text: During the prayer ceremony for Monica, Naidu reveals to Jayant that the actual father of Monica's child was Satyanarayan. He had Tamang poison Monica's wine after she started blackmailing Satyanarayan, and then had Naidu murder Tamang to silence him. Jayant later goes to Gaurav's house to retrieve the original contract, but as soon as he discovers the paper and burns it, he is surrounded by the snakes which Gaurav had stolen, and the screen turns to black leaving his fate unknown.


title: Monica, O My Darling

text: The first song in this film is titled "Yeh Ek Zindagi" sung by Anupama Chakraborty Shrivastava, composed by Achint Thakkar and Mikey McCleary and lyrics by Varun Grover. Released on 1 November 2022.


title: Monica, O My Darling

text: The film received positive reviews from critics who praised the film's direction, cast performances (particularly Rajkummar Rao and Huma Qureshi), visual style, humour, background score, and homages to the vintage crime films in Hindi cinema but some critics were critical of the film's latter half.


title: Monica, O My Darling

text: Zinia Bandyopadhyay of "India Today" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The frames of the film are beautiful. It will make you just pause and watch them again and again. And the background music heightens the impact that the narrative has. So long after the film has ended, it will still remain in your hearts". Anna M. M. Vetticad of "Firstpost" praised the acting and music of the film but was critical of the community representation, saying "It is troubling though that thinking folk casually wrote a Monica Machado into this script as an office staffer doubling up as a cabaret dancer and also sleeping with everyone in sight, a resurrection of the pre-1990s Hindi film portrayal of Christian women, without recognising the harm that has been done to India's Christian minority by this old stereotype." "The Indian Express" gave the film a positive response and declared "Relax, Bollywood is doing just fine; you're not looking in the right places". Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and called it "An intriguing, enthralling work that deftly turns pulp into a precious cinematic pearl. In short, it is a not-to-be-missed marvel". Pratikshya Mishra of "The Quint" rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "In summary, "Monica O My Darling" is an intriguing story set in a delicious pulpy universe with a great cast. With a tighter edit and a more concise story, the film would've been almost impossible to put down (but even as it stands, it's a fun watch)".


title: Gilmore Girls (season 6)

text: The sixth season of "Gilmore Girls", an American dramedy television series, began airing on September 13, 2005 on The WB television network. The season concluded on May 9, 2006, after 22 episodes. The season aired Tuesday nights at 8/7c. This was the final season to air on The WB, before the network and rival UPN merged to form The CW in the fall of 2006.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 6)

text: The season picks up at the moment the fifth season ended, with Lorelai having just proposed to Luke. Luke accepts but they decide to delay the wedding until after she has reconciled with Rory. During the estrangement, Lorelai buys a dog and names it Paul Anka. Rory is given 300 hours of community service for the boat theft and Emily gets her a job in the office at the Daughters of the American Revolution. However, Rory begins to resent Emily's attempts to control her and after a visit from Jess, in which he argues with Rory about her decision to work for the DAR and her quitting Yale. Rory confronts Logan about her lifestyle and they decide to take a break. Rory then reconciles with Lorelai, moves back home, and returns to school.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 6)

text: Doyle steps down as editor of "The Yale Daily News" and is replaced by Paris. The couple gets an apartment near the college and Rory moves into their spare room. However, Paris soon alienates the newsroom with her bullying style of leadership and is voted out, and Rory is chosen to replace her. Paris throws Rory out and she moves in with Logan, who Rory reconciliates with after reading a letter from Lorelai.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 6)

text: Rory and Logan break up, when Rory discovers Logan slept with other women during their break. Rory later decides to forgive him and they get back together, until Logan realizes Rory still isn't over the cheating and decides to do a stunt with the Life and Death Brigade. During this time, Rory visits Jess at his publishing company in Philadelphia, but leaves after kissing him in order to make Logan jealous. Rory and Logan begin dating again later in the season when Logan is injured during a Life and Death Brigade stunt and Rory nurses him during his convalescence.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 6)

text: Zach becomes jealous of Lane's friendship with Brian and starts a fight on stage as the band are about to play for a record label. However, Zach manages to bring everyone back together and proposes to Lane. They marry towards the end of the season.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 6)

text: Christopher inherits a large sum of money from his father and offers to do something for Lorelai and Rory. Rory asks him to pay her Yale fees, freeing her from her obligation to Richard and Emily. They are upset by this decision, but a Friday night dinner spent working through their difficulties sees the Gilmores on good terms again.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 6)

text: Michel objects to Luke being used as an unofficial handyman at the inn but this turns out to be because he misses his planning sessions with Lorelai.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 6)

text: Lorelai and Sookie throw themselves into organizing the wedding. Luke learns he has a 12-year-old daughter, April Nardini when runs a DNA test for a science fair project. He hides April from Lorelai for two months. Even after Lorelai learns about April, he keeps them apart since he is worried April will like Lorelai better. April's protective mother, Anna, doesn't want her daughter getting attached to someone who might not be permanently in Luke's life. Luke postpones the wedding while he gets to know April.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 6)

text: In the season finale, Logan graduates from college and Rory throws him a farewell party before Mitchum sends him to London for a year. Lorelai tries to get Luke to elope with her, but he refuses and she calls off the engagement altogether. The season closes with Lorelai waking up to discover she has spent the night with Christopher.


title: Rocinante

text: Rocinante () is Don Quixote's horse in the two-part 1605/1615 novel "Don Quixote" by Miguel de Cervantes. In many ways, Rocinante is not only Don Quixote's horse, but also his double; like Don Quixote, he is awkward, past his prime, and engaged in a task beyond his capacities.


title: Rocinante

text: in Spanish means a work horse or low-quality horse, but can also mean an illiterate or rough man. There are similar words in English ("rouncey"), French ("roussin or roncin; rosse"), Portuguese ("rocim"), and Italian ("ronzino"). The etymology is uncertain.


title: Rocinante

text: The name is a complex pun. In Spanish, "ante" has several meanings and can function as a standalone word as well as a suffix. One meaning is "before" or "previously". Another is "in front of". As a suffix, "-ante" in Spanish is adverbial; "rocinante" refers to functioning as, or being, a "rocín". "Rocinante", then, follows Cervantes' pattern of using ambiguous, multivalent words, which is common throughout the novel.


title: Rocinante

text: Rocinante's name, then, signifies his change in status from the "old nag" of before to the "foremost" steed. As Cervantes describes Don Quixote's choice of name: "nombre a su parecer alto, sonoro y significativo de lo que había sido cuando fue rocín, antes de lo que ahora era, que era antes y primero de todos los rocines del mundo"—"a name, to his thinking, lofty, sonorous, and significant of his condition as a hack before he became what he now was, the first and foremost of all the hacks in the world".


title: Rocinante

text: Four days were spent in thinking what name to give him, because (as he said to himself) it was not right that a horse belonging to a knight so famous, and one with such merits of his own, should be without some distinctive name, and he strove to adapt it so as to indicate what he had been before belonging to a knight-errant, and what he then was."


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)

text: The Mercedes-Benz Arena () is a multipurpose indoor arena in the Friedrichshain neighborhood of Berlin, Germany, which opened in 2008.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)

text: With a capacity of 17,000 people, it is home to the Eisbären Berlin ice hockey club and the Alba Berlin basketball team, and is used for other ice hockey, basketball and handball matches as well as concerts.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)

text: The arena hosted the 2008–09 Euroleague Final Four, European professional basketball club competition. The arena was one of the most prominent elements of the Mediaspree urban redevelopment project, quickly gaining emblematic status in the debates surrounding the project's impact. The arena hosted the 2022 Premier League Darts final on 13 June 2022.


title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)

text: In 2015, German car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz reached a deal with the arena management to rename the venue Mercedes-Benz Arena Berlin for twenty years. Between 2008 and 2015, the arena was known as O World Berlin () due to sponsorship contract with Telefónica Germany, a telecommunications company.


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: The 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification was an international men's under-20 football competition which was held to decide the participating teams of the 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup. It was held as under-20 tournament for the first time after rebranding by AFC.


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: The AFC Executive Committee had approved several strategic recommendations put forward by the AFC Competitions Committee. One of which was the removal of zoning principles in the AFC's youth competitions.


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: Of the 47 AFC member associations, a total of 44 teams entered the competition. The final tournament hosts Uzbekistan decided to participate in qualification despite having automatically qualified for the final tournament. However. their matches will not be taken into account when calculating the group ranking and best second-placed teams among the groups. The draw was held on 24 May 2022.


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: The 44 teams were allocated to 4 groups of five teams and 6 groups of four teams, with teams seeded according to their performance in the 2018 AFC U-19 Championship final tournament and qualification (overall ranking shown in parentheses; NR stands for non-ranked teams). A further restriction was also applied, with the ten teams serving as qualification group hosts drawn into separate groups.


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: On 16 August, FIFA Council unanimously decided to suspend India with immediate effect due to undue influence from third parties, which constitutes a serious violation of the FIFA Statutes. On 27 August, FIFA lifted the suspension, allowing India to compete.


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: On 26 August, Australia withdrew from the tournament citing safety concerns due to the 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis, leaving Group H with only three teams. Iraq were later removed as the hosts of the group due to the same reason, with the AFC deciding to move the fixtures to Kuwait and to be played from 14 to 18 October. Australia were reinstated into the group by the AFC on 14 September 2022.


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: In each group, teams played each other once at a centralised venue. The ten group winners and the five best runners-up qualified for the final tournament.


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: Teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss), and if tied on points, the following tiebreaking criteria are applied, in the order given, to determine the rankings (Regulations Article 7.3):


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: The matches were played between 10 and 18 September 2022, with the exception of Group H which were played from 14 to 18 October.


title: 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification

text: Due to groups having a different number of teams, the results against the fifth-placed teams in five-team groups will not be considered for this ranking.


title: Mark Herron

text: Truman "Mark" Herron (8 July 1928 – 13 January 1996) was an American actor and the fourth husband of singer and actress Judy Garland. They were married on November 14, 1965, in Las Vegas, Nevada, but they separated after five months of marriage. Seventeen months later, Garland was granted a divorce after testifying that Herron had beaten her. He said he had "only hit her in self-defense."


title: Mark Herron

text: Herron appeared in films such as Federico Fellini's "8½" (1963), "Girl in Gold Boots" (1968) and "Eye of the Cat" (1969).


title: Mark Herron

text: Gerald Clarke, in his biography of Garland, "Get Happy," and in an interview about the book, reported that Herron had an affair with Tallulah Bankhead, prior to meeting Garland.


title: Mark Herron

text: Garland put Herron to work as producer of her two London Palladium concerts with her daughter Liza Minnelli in 1964, as well as some appearances in Canada in 1965.


title: Mark Herron

text: Aside from providing Gerold Frank information for his 1975 biography "Judy", Herron remained silent on the topic of Garland. He continued acting, often appearing in summer stock productions.


title: Mark Herron

text: Herron had a long-lasting relationship with fellow actor Henry Brandon, which was only briefly interrupted by his marriage to Garland. The two men remained together until Brandon's death in 1990.


title: Neo Yokio

text: Netflix's press release describes "Neo Yokio" as the "greatest city in the world", a modern-day alternate timeline New York where Magicians saved the city from ruin by demons in the 19th century, gaining a place in the upper echelons of society and becoming known as "Magistocrats". The series revolves around Kaz Kaan (Jaden Smith), a vain and wealthy Magistocrat and his mecha butler Charles (Jude Law), as he balances a vapid and decadent life as a fashionista in the city with his demon-hunting duties managed by his stern Aunt Agatha (Susan Sarandon).


title: Neo Yokio

text: Kaz has taken to self-pity and "melancholy" after his recent break-up with investment banker Cathy (Alexa Chung) and only wishes to live a life of luxury with his socialite friends Lexy (The Kid Mero) and Gottlieb (Desus Nice). His rival is Arcangelo (Jason Schwartzman), an old money scion who belittles Kaz's "Neo riche" status, and the two are often in competition for the top spot on the Bachelor's List, a gigantic public billboard of Neo Yokio's most eligible bachelors. Former fashion blogger Helena St. Tessero (Tavi Gevinson) becomes re-acquainted with Kaz in the first episode after he performs an exorcism on a possessed Chanel suit. However, the possession leaves Helena disillusioned with Neo Yokio and the capitalist system, eventually leading her to become a hikikomori, an anti-capitalist critic and a foil to Kaz's vapid focus on fashion and social status.


title: Neo Yokio

text: "Neo Yokio" was originally announced, without a title, at Production I.G.'s panel at Anime Expo in 2015. The series was originally intended to run as part of Fox's Animation Domination High-Def late night block, which had just transitioned from the Fox network to sister cable network FXX earlier that year. No further details about the series were announced in the months following, and Animation Domination High-Def ceased operations in 2016.


title: Neo Yokio

text: While the writing and post-production were done in the United States, the character design, pre-production and storyboards were created in Japan and much of the animation was carried out in South Korea.


title: Neo Yokio

text: On September 7, 2017, Netflix announced they had acquired the unaired "Neo Yokio" series to stream on their service, labeling it as a Netflix Original Series.


title: Neo Yokio

text: On October 9, 2018, Netflix announced that a "Neo Yokio" Christmas special would be released on December 7, 2018. Trailers were released in October 2018, in November 2018, and on December 3, 2018. It was released on December 7, 2018 as an hour-long special titled "Neo Yokio: Pink Christmas."


title: Neo Yokio

text: "Neo Yokio: Pink Christmas" features Kaz Kaan, who must defeat a giant sentient Christmas tree threatening the city of Neo Yokio. He also has to handle a Secret Santa competition, a visit by his Aunt Angelique, and plotting from Arcangelo. The special includes Jamie Foxx as a voice actor, while recurring characters are voiced by Jaden Smith, Susan Sarandon, Jude Law, and Jason Schwartzman. "Pink Christmas" includes an original new song by Koenig, "Friend Like You". It appears several times in the episode, and at the time of the premiere, had not appeared as a song elsewhere or for download.


title: Neo Yokio

text: The series received mixed reviews, with a common criticism being the main character Kaz Kaan. Mike Toole from "Anime News Network" called the show "nigh-unwatchable codswallop", expressing issues with the bad voice acting of its cast, and with its poor animation and writing. Julia Alexander of "Polygon" called the show a poor attempt to bring Jaden Smith's Twitter persona into a series as Jaden's character Kaz is annoying, self-centered, narcissistic and infuriating rather than likable.


title: Neo Yokio

text: IGN gave it a negative review, with reviewer Miranda Sanchez criticizing the artwork, calling it humorless, and saying that it "feigns sincerity in any serious issue it tackles". Dana Schwartz of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the first season a positive review, saying it was "both deeply ironic and entirely deadpan and we should be so grateful that this vanity-project-cum-genius-conceptional-art-piece somehow exists in the real world".


title: Neo Yokio

text: Among the more positive reviews was Clio Chang's in "The New Republic", who described Smith's performance as "exquisitely deadpan [..] that serves to heighten his detached snobbery" and that "Neo Yokio" "mostly feels like an introduction to what could be a really groundbreaking show", while also calling out its "cringe-worthy moments". Mike Hale of "The New York Times" praised the show's satire, stating, "The show derives a lot of its humor from Kaz's earnest attempts to belong, which occasion some reasonably subtle mockery of the city's social stratification and of a certain strain of tragic millennial mopiness", while noting, "if [watchers don't stick around], it may be because they find the humor too precious." Ryan F. Mandelbaum at "Gizmodo" compared the show to "a six episode long dril tweet" and ""Gossip Girl" as told by a stoned "Tim and Eric" fan", praising its surreal humor and finding the show's depiction of contemporary urban life "far closer to reality—albeit a ridiculous one—than its premise may suggest".


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The economy of Kazakhstan is the largest in Central Asia in both absolute and per capita terms. Kazakhstan has attracted to 2021 more than US$370 billion of foreign investments since becoming an independent republic after the collapse of the former Soviet Union.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: It possesses oil reserves as well as minerals and metals. It also has considerable agricultural potential, with its vast steppe lands accommodating both livestock and grain production. The mountains in the south are important for apples and walnuts; both species grow wild there. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the collapse of demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products have resulted in a sharp decline of the economy since 1991, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995–97 the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstan was granted "market economy country" status by the European Union and the United States, in 2000 and 2002 respectively.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The December 1996 signing of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium agreement to build a new pipeline from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz Field through Russia to the Black Sea increased prospects for substantially larger oil exports until Putin took issue with the lukewarm support he experienced in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine from Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. Kazakhstan's economy turned downward in 1998 with a 2.5% decline in GDP growth due to slumping oil prices and the August financial crisis in Russia. A bright spot in 1999 was the recovery of international petroleum prices, which, combined with a well-timed tenge devaluation and a bumper grain harvest, pulled the economy out of recession.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: GDP per capita shrank by 26% in the 1990s. In the 2000s, Kazakhstan's economy grew sharply, aided by increased prices on world markets for Kazakhstan's leading exports: oil, metals and grain. GDP grew 9.6% in 2000, up from 1.7% in 1999. In 2006, extremely high GDP growth had been sustained, and grew by 10.6%. Business with the booming economies of Russia and China, as well as neighboring Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) nations have helped to propel this growth. The increased economic growth also led to a turn-around in government finances, with the budget moving from a cash deficit of 3.7% of GDP in 1999 to 0.1% surplus in 2000. The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014, sparked by falling oil prices and the effects of the Russo-Ukrainian War. The country's currency was devalued by 19% in 2014 and by 22% in 2015.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2017, the World Economic Forum compiled its Global Competitiveness Ranking, ranking Kazakhstan 57th out of 144 countries. The ranking considers multiple macroeconomic and financial factors, such as market size, GDP, tax rates, infrastructure development, etc. In 2012, the World Economic Forum listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country, while the World Bank listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with Angola, Bolivia, Kenya, Libya and Pakistan. Kazakhstan scored 31 points out of 100 in Transparency International's 2018 edition of the Corruption Perceptions Index, indicating high levels of corruption.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Cyril Muller, the World Bank Vice President for Europe and Central Asia, visited Astana (now known as Nur-Sultan) in January 2017. He praised the country's progress, made during the 25-year partnership with the World Bank. Muller also talked about Kazakhstan's improved positioning in the World Bank's Doing Business Report 2017, where Kazakhstan ranked 35th out of 190 countries worldwide. After 2000, the government conducted several public sector reforms and adopted the New Public Management (NPM) approach, which was aimed at reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of the public service delivery.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan secured the 3rd position in the Central and South Asia regional ranking of the 2018 Global Innovation Index (GII) released by World Intellectual Property Organization.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In the 2014 Economic Freedom Index published by The Heritage Foundation in Washington, DC, Kazakhstan has gained 22 points over the past 17 years, which is noted by the authors as among the 20 best improvements recorded by any country. Kazakhstan's economic freedom score is 69.1, equalling "moderately free". Its overall score has increased by 0.1 point, with significant improvements in investment freedom and government integrity offsetting steep declines in fiscal health and monetary freedom. Kazakhstan is ranked 11th among 43 countries in the Asia–Pacific region, and its overall score is above the regional and world averages.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: This chart shows trends in the gross domestic product of Kazakhstan at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund, with figures in millions of tenge.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan's real GDP growth was projected to reach 4.3% in 2014, the main driving force of the economy in Kazakhstan in 2014 is the consumer sector; the consumption in Kazakhstan is mainly boosted by the retail lending.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: According to the Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan the country's GDP growth in the first quarter of 2014 was 3.8%.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The country devalued its currency by 19% in February 2014. The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling oil prices and the effects of the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian War.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The Government of Kazakhstan signed a Framework Partnership Agreement with IBRD, IFC, MIGA on 1 May 2014; according to this Agreement the World Bank will allocate US$2.5 trillion to Kazakhstan, for the diversification of the economy and reaching the sustainable development.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The World Bank report shows that Kazakhstan, as of 2015, reached the level of an upper-middle-income country with a GDP of US$170 trillion.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Foreign direct investment increased 30 percent in 2015 in Kazakhstan's agricultural industry and 80 percent in the country's petroleum products sector.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2016 Kazakhstan's economy started to recover from the crisis caused by low oil prices and the tenge devaluation. According to the Minister of National Economy of Kazakhstan, in nine months of 2016 the GDP growth reached 0.4%. Sectors of economy that experienced the highest growth included construction (6.9%), agriculture (4.9%), and transport sector (4.0%).


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The GDP per capita in current US$ in Kazakhstan declined by about 40% between 2013 compared and 2017.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan was ranked 25th out of 190 countries in the World Bank's Doing Business 2020 report. The country improved its position by 3 points, from 28 to 25, in the 2020 ranking compared to the previous year. This placed Kazakhstan ahead of countries such as Iceland (26th place), Austria (27th place), Russia (28th place), Japan (29th place), etc.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan has prioritized the development of non-oil sectors of economy, which accounted for 85% of the country's economic growth in 2019.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In the first seven months of 2020, Kazakhstan exported significantly more goods than the previous year, including a seven-fold increase in automobile exports. The country's GDP decreased by 3 percent due to the decline in the service sector because of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the real sector of the economy grew significantly. Agriculture, construction, and manufacturing all saw increases in production in the first eight months of the year.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The biggest growth in 2020 occurred in the automotive industry (+53.6%), pharmaceuticals (+39.7%), processed metal products (+19.5%), mechanical engineering (+16.5%), as well as in light industry (+16.4%). The industries in the service sector that demonstrated growth included construction (+10.7%) and information and communications (+8.2%).


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan is the leading country in the world for uranium production volumes with 35% of global production, and it has the world's second biggest uranium reserves after Australia.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Oil and gas is the leading economic sector. In 2000, Kazakhstan produced 35,252,000 metric tons of oil (700,000 barrels per day), a 17.4% increase over 1999's 30,025,000 tons. It exported 28,883,000 tons of oil in 2000, up 38.8% from 20,813,000 tons in 1999. Production in 2001 has been growing at roughly 20%, on target to meet the government's forecast of 40,100,000 tons of oil (800,000 barrels per day). In 2000, production reached 11.5 km³ of natural gas, up from 8.2 km³ in 1999.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan has the potential to be a world-class oil exporter in the medium term. The landmark foreign investment in Kazakhstan is the TengizChevroil joint venture, owned 50% by ChevronTexaco, 25% by ExxonMobil, 20% by KazMunaiGas of Kazakhstan, and 5% by LukArco of Russia. The Karachaganak natural gas and gas condensate field is being developed by BG, Agip, ChevronTexaco, and Lukoil. The Agip-led Offshore Kazakhstan Consortium has discovered potentially huge Kashagan oil field in the northern Caspian. Kazakhstan's economic future is linked to oil and gas development. GDP growth will depend on the price of oil, as well as the ability to develop new deposits.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: January 2022 began with thousands of people returning to the streets of Kazakhstan to protest against the surging gas prices, recording four straight days of demonstrations, which is claimed to be the biggest protests to have taken place in the oil-rich country in decades. Protesters invaded into government buildings and took over police vehicles despite a strict emergency led by the state being in place.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan is a leading producer of many mineral commodities, including salt, uranium, ferrochrome, titanium sponge, cadmium, potash, magnesium, rhenium, copper, bauxite, gallium and zinc.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The country was the world's largest producer of uranium in 2018. In 2019, the country was the world's 10th largest producer of gold; 11th largest world producer of copper; 3rd largest worldwide producer of chromium; 9th largest world producer of bauxite; 9th largest world producer of zinc; 10th largest worldwide producer of antimony; 12th largest world producer of iron ore; 12th largest world producer of lead; 14th largest world producer of manganese; 17th largest world producer of phosphate; 6th largest world producer of bismuth, and the 7th largest world producer of sulfur.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In June 2014 the CKD (Complete Knock-Down) assembly of Toyota Fortuner was launched in Kostanay, Kazakhstan. The expected annual output makes around 3,000 cars.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The Kazakhstan's car industry was developing rapidly in 2014 producing US$2 billion worth of products annually. Unfortunately, the industry experienced a decline despite high hopes, with sales dwindling to only 46,000 in 2016.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2020, the Kazakh economy observed the biggest growth in its automotive industry, which saw a 53.6% growth, despite the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: GE Transportation acquired 50% stake in Lokomotiv Kurastyru Zauyty in a joint venture with Kazakhstan's national railway company Temir Zholy.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: On 22 December 2014 the World Bank approved an US$88 million loan that would support Kazakhstan's efforts to facilitate commercially and socially viable innovation in technology. The Fostering Productive Innovation Project aims to improve the country in areas that are able to foster and support technological innovation.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: According to A.T. Kearney's 2015 Global Retail Development Index, Kazakhstan ranked 13 out of 30. In the 2016th Index, Kazakhstan ranked as the 4th best developing country for retail investments, scoring 56.5 out of 100. Kazakhstan's market attracted large international retailers, such as French retail chains Carrefour and Leroy Merlin, as well as food giants McDonald's and KFC.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Gambling in Kazakhstan was developing already during the day of Czarist Russia, then lotteries were organized. In 1698, Czar Peter I signed a decree which allowed organized lotteries for the first time. In later years lotteries were organized by the Ministry of Finance of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which included Kazakhstan.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan started issuing licenses for gambling activity in 1999.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2007 the government of Kazakhstan has introduced a new law which ordered banning gambling on the territory of Kazakhstan besides 2 places which were to become the examples of Russia's special gambling zones. Casinos existing outside these areas had to be closed or moved to places where they could operate legally. The first legal casino opened after the introduction of new law was Casino Flamingo in Kapchagay, which was opened on 1 October 2008.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2018, the income of gambling companies in Kazakhstan amounted to ₸19.5 billion. This is 16.1% more than in 2017. Then this amount was at the level of ₸16.8 billion.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan has 11 transcontinental routes, including rail and road routes, and many oil and gas pipelines. The country's geographic position allows for the transporting of goods from China to Europe three to four times faster than other routes.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Sherin Suzhikova, Counselor of Kazakhstan's Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Chao Yon-chuan, Secretary-General of the Taiwan External Trade Development Council (TAITRA), signed an agreement on 13 October 2006 in Taipei to improve economic relations through "exchanges of market information and visits by trade professionals." TAITRA has an office in Almaty, Kazakhstan.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2006, North Dakota's then Lieutenant Governor Jack Dalrymple led an 18-member delegation of the North Dakota Trade Office representing seven North Dakota companies and Dickinson State University on a trip to Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Russia. North Dakota exports mostly machinery to Kazakhstan, the eighth largest destination for North Dakotan exports; machinery exports increased from US$22,000 to US$25 million between 2000 and 2005.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The percentage of high-tech exports (as a share of manufactured exports) from Kazakhstan has grown from just 4.46% in 1995 to 37.17% in 2014. One of the main factors that triggered this growth was the Technology Commercialization Project developed and implemented by the World Bank Group and the Kazakh Government. Through this project, 65 Kazakh tech startups received funding and training helping them get their innovations into markets.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: China is Kazakhstan's important trade partner. In late March 2015 the two countries signed 33 deals worth US$23.6 billion. The deals cover different industries, such as oil refining, cars, steel.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover in 2018 comprised $93.5trn that is 19.7% more compared to 2017. The volume of export in the reporting period made $67trn (+25.7%) and import was $32.5trn (+9.9%).


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The Government of Kazakhstan has been supporting Kazakhstani exporters operating in foreign markets through their QazTrade incubator. Since September 2019, the program selects businesses and assists them with navigating bureaucracy and connecting to foreign markets the government deems a priority, including Germany, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, and China.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The Kazakh government approved in August 2017 a national investment strategy, which seeks to increase foreign investments by 26% in five years and create a more favorable investment climate. The strategy also identified 27 countries as the most important sources investments. These countries include the US, UK, China, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, Turkey, Japan, the UAE, South Korea and others. The Ministry for Investment and Development works with Ministry of Foreign Affairs to develop individual plans of actions for each country.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In order to achieve the 26% growth of FDI, Kazakhstan executes economic diplomacy. Key actors of Kazakhstan's foreign economic policy are the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Trade and Integration of Kazakhstan, KazakhInvest and Qaztrade.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan is the largest recipient of total and annual foreign direct investment of all CIS countries.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The OECD has recognized the strides the government has made in opening the country to international investment and in improving the policy framework for investment as part of their efforts to diversify the economy. In 2017 Kazakhstan was invited by OECD to become Adherent to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In June 2014 Kazakhstan's president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, signed into law tax concessions to promote foreign investment, including a 10-year exemption from corporation tax, an 8-year exemption from property tax, and a 10-year freeze on most other taxes. Other measures include a refund on capital investments of up to 30 percent once a production facility is in operation. In order to attract investment, Kazakhstan lowered the tax burden for foreign investors. The corporate income tax rate dropped from 30% to 20%. The government also gradually reduced VAT from 16% in 2006 to 12% in 2009.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: As of 30 September 2014, total foreign investment in Kazakhstan reached US$211.5 billion. Of that total, net foreign Direct Investment constituted US$129.3 billion, with portfolio and other investments comprising the remaining US$82.2 billion.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Reflecting Kazakhstan's ambitious FDI roadmap, a three-year goal to increase FDI by US$30 billion by 2025 was announced.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: As of July 2015, Kazakhstan attracted US$16 billion in the manufacturing industry over the past five years, which is 2.5 times more than over the previous five years. Kazakhstan put into operation four hundred new products, such as car industry, railway engineering, manufacture of basic chemical products, uranium industry, the industry of rare earth metals. The volume of new enterprises amounted to ₸580 billion.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In June 2015 – June 2016 the total number of enterprises owned by foreign investors in Kazakhstan increased by 2.3 percent and reached 9,000. 8,691 foreign companies operating in the Kazakhstan are small businesses.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: As of the beginning of 2016, the World Bank invested over US$6.8 billion in Kazakhstan since 1992. These funds were invested in development of roads and social infrastructure, increasing of competitiveness of SME's, education, healthcare, environment protection, etc.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2012, Kazakhstan conducted the first review of the OECD investment standards, which resulted in 12 recommendations on how to improve the investment climate of the country. After adopting Law on public – private partnership that extends the use of the mechanism and revising standards of intellectual property protection and the rules of attracting foreign labor, Kazakhstan started a second review of the OECD in 2016.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: According to Ministry of Investment and Development of Kazakhstan, as of May 2016, attraction of foreign investment in oil refining increased by 80%, food industry – 30%, in engineering – by 7 times. The Ministry also reported that there were 200 investment projects in country worth more than $40 billion.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In mid-2016 a group of companies led by Chevron announced a US$36.8 billion investment in Kazakhstan's Tengiz oil field.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In the first quarter of 2016, Kazakhstan attracted US$2.7 billion in foreign direct investment. The largest investor in the Kazakh economy is the Netherlands ($66 billion), followed by the United States (US$26 billion) and Switzerland (US$15 billion). According to the Chairman of Kazakhstan National Bank, a key factor triggering the increased inflow of foreign investment is implementation of the Nurly Zhol state programme that provides for the creation of favourable conditions. As of September 2016, foreign investments in the Kazakh economy totalled US$5.7 billion, which is 4,8% more than during the same period of the previous year.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Summarizing 2016, Kazakhstan's Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov noted that Kazakhstan attracted US$20 billion of foreign direct investment during the year. The gross inflow of foreign direct investment in 2016 grew by 40% compared to 2015 and surpassed the previous record of 2008. The number of foreign businesses operating in Kazakhstan increased 25% in 2016 compared to 2015. The main recipients of foreign direct investment were the mining industry, geological exploration and processing. The top four investors include the Netherlands, the United States, Switzerland and France.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan introduced a visa-free regime for citizens of EAEU, OECD, Monaco, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, and Singapore starting from 2017. The visa-free entry is expected to increase cooperation with investors and businesses of these countries.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Agriculture is one of Kazakhstan's most important sectors where the country seeks to attract foreign investments to boost the competitiveness of this sector of economy. To that end, in 2017 KazAgro negotiated with the European Investment Bank (EIB) a €200 million loan for a period of 15 years.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan attracted $330 billion in foreign direct investment from more than 120 countries since 1991 until 2019. More than 50% of FDI in Kazakhstan was directed from the European Union (EU). 15%, or $48.4 billion, of FDI originated from the United States, and 5% from the United Kingdom and China each. President Tokayev set foreign investment attraction as a priority in his 2 September 2019 state-of-the-nation address. In 2018, Kazakhstan attracted $24 billion of foreign direct investments. The Foreign Ministry of Kazakhstan plays an important role in attracting foreign investors to the country.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2019, gross FDI inflow to Kazakhstan amounted to US$24.1 billion. In 2019, mining and metallurgy accounted for the largest volume of foreign investment – 56.3%. The industry attracted record US$13.586 billion in foreign investment. Manufacturing and trade were second and third most attractive sectors for investors. US$3.5 billion of FDI was directed into the manufacturing industry, while trade attracted $3 billion in 2019.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The top five countries investing the most into the economy of Kazakhstan remained unchanged in 2019. The Netherlands invested $7.3 billion in Kazakhstan (30.2%), followed by the USA — $5.5 billion (23.0%) and Switzerland — $2.2 billion. China outran the Russian Federation in terms of investments and took 4th place with $1.7 billion (7.0%), while the Russian Federation closed the top five with $1.4 billion (5.8%) invested in Kazakhstan.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Noteworthy that Kazakhstan's gross inflow of FDI increased 15.8 percent per year in 2018 and remained at the level of US$24 billion from 2019, even though world economies saw a decrease in investment during that time period.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: 13 Kazakhstan's regions out of 14 saw investment growth in 2020, despite the COVID-19 pandemic. High growth of investment was in the construction sector, specifically in Turkestan region and Zhambyl region as well as Shymkent city.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan's investment environment is defined by the government's support for foreign investors. To increase the FDI inflow, the country established the Kazakh Invest National Company, or Kazakh Invest for short. It is a one-stop shop for investors that facilitates investment projects' implementation process from an idea to implementation, as well as ensures aftercare services. In 2018, Kazakh Invest helped develop more than 70 investment proposals in a variety of industries: metallurgy, petrochemistry, food industry, tourism and other. It included creating a business plan, financial model and teaser development.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In order to facilitate foreign investment, Kazakhstan launched in 2020 an online portal elicense.kz, which allows to conclude investment contracts online reducing red tape. The first agreement that was concluded via the portal was between Kaz Solar 50 and the German company Solarnet Investment GmbH for a renewable energy project worth ₸5 billion.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2015 Kazakhstan passed a law to regulate Intellectual Property, patent law, and copyright protections and bring its legislation into line with the European Patent Convention (1994 revision) and the 2006 Singapore Treaty.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: On 11 November 2014 in his address to the nation for 2015, Nazarbayev proclaimed Kazakhstan's New Economic Policy – The Path to the Future (Nurly Zhol). The new economic policy implies large-scale state investment in infrastructure over the next several years. In the short term, the program "Nurly Zhol" will apply the anti-crisis measures to overcome the turbulence in the global economy. The long-term measures of the state program of infrastructure development will help to create a strong platform for new growth.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan has identified five priorities for modernization of the state and the economy to maintain competitiveness in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan was ranked 36th in the Ease of Doing Business report released by the World Bank Group in 2018. The report's rankings rate ease of regulations for businesses and strength of property rights.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The Heritage Foundation, a Washington DC – based research center, ranked Kazakhstan 41st in its Index of Economic Freedom 2018. Its overall score has increased by 0.1 point, still being only "moderately free" with significant improvements in investment freedom and government integrity offsetting steep declines in fiscal health and monetary freedom.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan aimed in 2017 to boost its economy by attracting private investors interested in developing national companies. This is the main goal of privatization that is expected to decrease the share of public property to 15% of GDP. Such companies as Kazakhstan Railways, Samruk-Energo, Kazatomprom, Kaspost, KazMunayGas and Air Astana are expected to be sold through IPO.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan fell from 32nd to the 38th place in the 2018 IMD World Competitiveness ranking. The report evaluates business efficiency, public finance and domestic economy.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In December 2015, Kazakhstan Government approved new privatization plan for 2016 – 2020. It is a large-scale privatization program that continues the privatization of 2014 and includes 60 major state-owned companies. According to Kazakh Finance ministry, the state budget got ₸6.99 billion (US$20.6 million) from the deals reached within the 2014–2016 privatization program as of 20 Sept. 2016. Kazakhstan's privatization program aims to reduce the state participation in the economy to 15 percent, which is the level set for countries of the OECD.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a part of Kazakhstan's territory, which has a special legal regime, with all the necessary infrastructure, to carry out priority activities.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: On the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there are 12 special economic zones with different sectoral orientations:


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: A new program to support small businesses was launched in Kazakhstan in February 2015. 2015 is expected to be a pilot period of the program. During that period the initiative will be focused on three major areas, notably agribusiness, machinery building and production of construction materials, and is to be further extended to other industries.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In May 2015 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) agreed to provide €41 million for technical cooperation projects, advisory support to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and to introduce a Women in Business program.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2016 the number of Kazakhstan's telecom start-ups increased by 10% compared to 2015. Around 9,400 small telecom companies are currently registered in the country.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: The Kazakh Government provides extensive support to businesses, especially SMEs. The development of SMEs is an integral part of Kazakhstan's "Business Road Map 2020" state programme. The share of SMEs in Kazakhstan's GDP increased from 24.9% in 2015 to 28.4% in 2018. Kazakhstan plans to raise this indicator to 50% by 2050.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan was ranked 54th 2017 Economic Freedom of the World report published by Fraser Institute, but ranks 12 places below on place 66 when adjusted by the Gender Disparity Index, which captures the degree to which women around the world have the same legal rights as men and adjusts the economic freedom score accordingly. This shows a large disadvantage of women in business.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In recent years a trade route has been established between Kazakhstan and the United States. It now makes up 54% of the World's salt imports and exports by volume (350,000 tonnes per year).


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2021, 14 products developed by Kazakh scientists began being exported to China, Russia, Turkey, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, and the Czech Republic. These products include, but are not limited to, food & drinks based on milk whey; probiotics; an anti-fungal drug; biological sanitation products.


title: Economy of Kazakhstan

text: In 2021, it was reported that the number of young female entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan has increased by 15 percent.


title: The Villains of Valley View

text: The Villains of Valley View is an American comedy television series created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore that premiered on Disney Channel on June 3, 2022. The series stars Isabella Pappas, Malachi Barton, Reed Horstmann, Kayden Muller-Janssen, James Patrick Stuart, and Lucy Davis.


title: The Villains of Valley View

text: Vic is a mad scientist who is married to the electrical supervillain Eva. They have three children named Amy, Jake and Colby and were part of a villain group called the League of Villains that was led by the evil Onyx and operated in the city of Centropolis. When Onyx passes Surge over for a promotion to Chief Commander which he gives to Slither, Amy tries to get Onyx to reconsider to no avail which followed with Onyx insulting her family. Amy attacks Onyx in retaliation and her family goes on the run. They eventually settle in Valley View, Texas, under the alias of the Madden family. The Madden family work to maintain their ordinary lives while trying to keep themselves from being found by the authorities, the superheroes, and Onyx's minions while befriending their landlady's granddaughter Hartley.


title: The Villains of Valley View

text: On December 10, 2021, it was announced that Disney Channel had begun production in Los Angeles on "Meet the Mayhems", originally scheduled to premiere in summer 2022. The series was created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore, who also serve as executive producers and showrunners. On April 28, 2022, it was announced that the series, under the new title of "The Villains of Valley View", would premiere on June 3, 2022. On August 23, 2022, the series was renewed for a second season.


title: Triplemanía XXX

text: Triplemanía XXX was a three-day professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted and produced by the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA or Triple A). The event was held on April 30, June 18, and October 15, 2022. The April 30 event took place at Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey, the June 18 event took place at Estadio Caliente Xoloitzcuintles in Tijuana and the October 15 event took place at Arena Ciudad de México in Mexico City. It marked the 30th year in a row that AAA has held a Triplemanía show and comprised the 37th, 38th, and 39th overall shows held under the Triplemanía banner since 1993. The annual Triplemanía show is AAA's biggest event of the year, serving as the culmination of major storylines in what has been described as AAA's version of WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. Held as part of AAA's 30th Anniversary Tour, Triplemanía XXX was the first Triplemanía event since 1996 to be held across three days. The event aired on PPV via the FITE TV service.


title: Triplemanía XXX

text: The event was themed around the "Ruleta de la Muerte" tournament, in which eight "luchadores enmascarados" wrestled in a series of matches where the losers advanced to a "Lucha de Apuestas" Mask vs. Mask match on the third day of the event. In the finals, Pentagón Jr. defeated Villano IV to successfully defend his mask and win the mask of Villano.


title: Triplemanía XXX

text: 2022 marked the 30th year that the Mexican professional wrestling company Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (Triple A or AAA) has held their annual flagship Triplemanía show. Triplemanía XXX comprised three shows – the 37th, 38th, and 39th overall Triplemanía shows promoted by AAA (AAA promoted more than one Triplemanía event from 1994 to 1997 and from 2019 onward). Since the 2012 event, Triplemanía has taken place at the Arena Ciudad de México (Mexico City Arena), an indoor arena in Azcapotzalco, Mexico City, Mexico that has a maximum capacity of 22,300 spectators. On January 25, 2022, AAA announced that Triplemanía XXX would be held across three days in three cities. In addition to Arena Ciudad de México, Triplemanía XXX was held in Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey and Estadio Caliente Xoloitzcuintles. Triplemanía XXX was the second Triplemanía event held outside of Arena Ciudad de México during the 2020s and the third outside Mexico City since 2007.


title: Triplemanía XXX

text: Triplemanía is the company's biggest show of the year, the AAA equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or New Japan Pro-Wrestling's Wrestle Kingdom event.


title: Triplemanía XXX

text: Triplemanía XXX featured 25 professional wrestling matches across the three nights, with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed either heels (referred to as "rudos" in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces ("técnicos" in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they engaged in a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match.


title: Triplemanía XXX

text: During a press conference on January 25, 2022, AAA announced that Triplemanía XXX would be themed around the "Ruleta de la Muerte" tournament in which eight "luchadores enmascarados" will wrestle in a series of matches where the losers will advance to a "Lucha de Apuestas" Mask vs. Mask match on the third day of the event. The participants of the tournament where revealed to be Último Dragón, Blue Demon Jr., Psycho Clown, Pentagón Jr., L. A. Park, Villano IV, Canek, and Rayo de Jalisco Jr.


title: Triplemanía XXX

text: During a press conference on March 19, 2022, AAA announced that a Steel Cage match featuring multiple "luchadoras enmascaradas" would occur at the Triplemanía XXX: Tijuana event. The last two "luchadoras" who do not escape from the cage will compete in a "Lucha de Apuestas" Mask vs. Mask match. The participants in the match were revealed as Lady Shani, La Hiedra, Flammer, Maravilla, Chik Tormenta, Reina Dorada, and Sexy Star II.


title: Times Square Ball

text: The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City's Times Square. Located on the roof of One Times Square, the ball is a prominent part of a New Year's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop, where the ball descends down a specially designed flagpole, beginning at 11:59:00 p.m. ET, and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year. In recent years, the ball drop has been preceded by live entertainment, including performances by musicians.


title: Times Square Ball

text: The event was first organized by Adolph Ochs, owner of "The New York Times" newspaper, as a successor to a series of New Year's Eve fireworks displays he held at the building to promote its status as the new headquarters of the "Times", while the ball itself was designed by Artkraft Strauss. First held on December 31, 1907, to welcome 1908, the ball drop has been held annually since, except in 1942 and 1943 in observance of wartime blackouts.


title: Times Square Ball

text: The ball's design has been updated four times to reflect improvements in lighting technology; the original ball was in diameter, constructed from wood and iron, and illuminated with 100 incandescent light bulbs. By contrast, the current ball is in diameter, and uses over 32,000 LED lamps. Since 1999–2000, the ball has featured an outer surface consisting of triangular panels manufactured by Waterford Crystal, which contain inscriptions representing a yearly theme.


title: Times Square Ball

text: The event is organized by the Times Square Alliance and Countdown Entertainment, a company led by Jeff Strauss. Since 2009, the ball has been displayed atop One Times Square nearly year-round, while the original, smaller version of the current ball that was used in 2008 has been on display inside the Times Square visitor's center. The prevalence of the Times Square ball drop has inspired similar "drops" at other local New Year's Eve events across the country; while some use balls, some instead drop objects that represent local culture or history.


title: Times Square Ball

text: To facilitate the arrival of attendees, Times Square is closed to traffic beginning in the late afternoon on New Year's Eve. The square is then divided into different viewing sections referred to as "pens", into which attendees are directed sequentially upon arrival. Security is strictly enforced by the New York City Police Department (NYPD), even more so since the 2001–02 edition in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Attendees are required to pass through security checkpoints before they are assigned a pen, and are prohibited from bringing backpacks or alcohol to the event.


title: Times Square Ball

text: Security was increased further for its 2017–18 edition due to recent incidents such as the truck attack in New York on October 31, and the 2017 Las Vegas shooting; these included additional patrols of Times Square hotels, rooftop patrol squads and counter-snipers, and the installation of reflective markers on buildings to help officers identify the location of elevated shooters. For 2018–19, the NYPD announced its intent to use a camera-equipped quadcopter to augment the over 1,200 fixed cameras monitoring Times Square, but it was left grounded due to inclement weather.


title: Times Square Ball

text: Festivities formally begin in the early evening, with an opening ceremony featuring the raising of the ball at 6:00 p.m. ET along with the playing of Fanfare for the Common Man by The New York Philharmonic. Party favors are distributed to attendees, which have historically included large balloons, hats, and other items branded with the event's corporate sponsors. The lead-up to midnight features a program of entertainment, including musical performances: some of these performances are organized by, and aired by New Year's Eve television specials broadcasting from Times Square.


title: Times Square Ball

text: The climax of the festivities is the drop itself, which begins at 11:59:00 p.m. ET. Officially, the drop is activated using a button inside a special control room within One Times Square, synchronized using an National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) time signal received via satellite. Since 1996, the drop has been ceremonially "activated" on-stage by one or more special guests, joined by the current mayor of New York City, by pressing a button on a smaller model of the ball. The guests are selected annually to recognize their community involvement or significance, and have included: