title: Records of the Grand Historian

text: After his death (presumably only a few years later), few people had the opportunity to see the whole work. However, various additions were still made to it. The historian Liu Zhiji reported the names of a total of fifteen scholars supposed to have added material to the "Shiji" during the period after the death of Sima Qian. Only the additions by Chu Shaosun (, c. 105 – c. 30 BC) are clearly indicated by adding "Mr Chu said," (Chu xiansheng yue, ). Already in the first century AD, Ban Biao and Ban Gu claimed that ten chapters in "Records of the Grand Historian" were lacking. A large number of chapters dealing with the first century of the Han dynasty (i.e. the 2nd century BC) correspond exactly to the relevant chapters from the "Book of Han" ("Hanshu"). It is unclear whether those chapters initially came from the "Shiji" or from the "Hanshu". Researchers Yves Hervouet (1921–1999) and A. F. P. Hulsewé argued that the originals of those chapters of the "Shiji" were lost and they were later reconstructed using the corresponding chapters from the "Hanshu".


title: Records of the Grand Historian

text: The earliest extant copy of "Records of the Grand Historian", handwritten, was made during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period (420–589 AD). The earliest printed edition, called "Shiji jijie" (, literally "Records of the Grand Historian, Collected Annotations"), was published during the Northern Song dynasty. Huang Shanfu's edition, printed under the Southern Song dynasty, is the earliest collection of the "Sanjiazhu" commentaries on "Records of the Grand Historian" (, literally: "The Combined Annotations of the Three Experts").


title: Records of the Grand Historian

text: In modern times, the Zhonghua Book Company in Beijing has published the book in both simplified Chinese for mass consumption and traditional Chinese for scholarly study. The 1959 (2nd ed., 1982) "Sanjiazhu" edition in traditional Chinese (based upon the Jinling Publishing House edition, see below) contains commentaries interspersed among the main text and is considered to be an authoritative modern edition.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Joe Armstrong (born 7 October 1978) is an English actor. His notable television roles include Allan A Dale in three series of "Robin Hood", Hotspur in "Henry IV, Part I", Ashley Cowgill in "Happy Valley" and Bairstow in "The Village". On stage, he played the lead role in D. C. Moore's "The Empire" and appeared in the 2011 revival of "Flare Path". He co-starred with Maxine Peake in "Miss Julie" at the Royal Exchange and with Louise Brealey in a touring production of "Constellations".


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Armstrong was born and raised in London, the son of Sue (née Bairstow) and actor Alun Armstrong. He has an older brother, Tom, and a younger brother, Dan, who was in the band Clock Opera. He attended Elliott School in Putney from 1993 to 1997. He then studied at the University of Bristol, where he acted in "The Brecht Project"—a collection of scenes from the works of Bertolt Brecht—in 1998 and "Women Beware Women" in 1999. He is a fan of AFC Wimbledon.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Joe Armstrong's first television role was a bit part in a 2003 episode of "The Bill", followed by a brief appearance in the ITV mini-series "Between the Sheets" starring his father Alun Armstrong. In the 2004 BBC film "Passer By", he had a supporting role as one of two men accused of assaulting a woman on a train. He guest starred in the 2004 "Waking the Dead" episode "Fugue States" as a young man who reappears with amnesia after being abducted as a child. Also in 2004, he played the son of a murdered farmer in the "Foyle's War" episode "They Fought in the Fields."


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Other television credits include guest spots in "Midsomer Murders" (2004), "Blackpool" (2004), "Rose and Maloney" (2005), another episode of "The Bill" (2005), "The Inspector Lynley Mysteries" (2006), "Party Animals" (2007), "The Last Detective" (2007) and "The Whistleblowers" (2007).


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: In 2006, Armstrong was cast in the BBC series "Robin Hood" as Allan—based on the legendary figure Alan-a-Dale—who joins Robin's band of outlaws in Sherwood Forest. Allan later becomes allied with the sympathetic villain Guy of Gisborne but has a change of heart and rejoins his friends. Armstrong appeared in all three series from 2006 to 2009. The series was filmed on location in and around Budapest.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Armstrong portrayed Norman Heatley in the 2009 BBC Four film "Breaking the Mould" about the team who turned penicillin into a viable medicine. In 2010, he co-starred with Billie Piper in the two-part drama "A Passionate Woman" as the husband of a woman who has an affair. His father Alun Armstrong played the older version of his character.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: He guest starred in an episode of "Hustle" in 2011, and he was a regular cast member in the third series of "Land Girls". He appeared in "Public Enemies" starring Daniel Mays and Anna Friel in 2012.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Armstrong played Hotspur in Richard Eyre's 2012 production of "Henry IV, Part I"—one of four films in the BBC Two Shakespeare cycle "The Hollow Crown". He employed a Geordie accent for the role. Jeremy Irons played Henry IV, with Tom Hiddleston as Prince Hal and Alun Armstrong as Hotspur's father, the Earl of Northumberland.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: In the 2013 drama "The Village", depicting life in a Derbyshire village in the early 20th century, he played Stephen Bairstow, a detective scarred by his experiences at the Front in World War I. The character was originally a minor one, but writer Peter Moffat expanded the role because he was impressed with Armstrong. He reprised his role in the second series in 2014.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Armstrong played drug dealer-turned-kidnapper Ashley Cowgill in Sally Wainwright's 2014 crime drama "Happy Valley", starring Sarah Lancashire. In December 2016 he also appeared as William Allison in Wainwright's "To Walk Invisible", a television biopic about the lives of the Bronte family.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: In 2018, he appeared as series regular Gildas in "Britannia", Jez Butterworth's historical drama about the Roman conquest of Britain. The following year he played Samuel Washington in the BBC/HBO co-production "Gentleman Jack", written by Sally Wainwright.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Performing with the National Youth Theatre, Armstrong's roles included Gerry Evans in "Dancing at Lughnasa" in 1998 and Lieutenant Stedna in "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" in 2000. He also played Wackford Squeers in "Nicholas Nickleby".


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: In 2003, Armstrong had the dual roles of Adam and Jeff in "Protection" by Fin Kennedy at the Soho Theatre. He appeared in "How Love Is Spelt" by Chloe Moss at the Bush Theatre in 2004 and in "A Night at the Dogs" by Matt Charman at the Soho Theatre in 2005.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: At the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2009, he played Liam in the Dennis Kelly play "Orphans". The play premiered at the Traverse Theatre in August and then moved to the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in September and the Soho Theatre in London in October. Armstrong was nominated for a Stage Award for Best Actor.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: In the DC Moore play "The Empire", Armstrong starred as Gary, a Lance Corporal in Afghanistan guarding an injured prisoner who claims to be British. Paul Taylor of "The Independent" wrote: "Gary ... veers between seething anger and low-key sarcasm, an oscillation superbly conveyed by excellent Joe Armstrong." In preparation for the role, Armstrong and other cast members met with soldiers who had served in Afghanistan. The play had a six-week run at the Jerwood Theatre Upstairs in the Royal Court Theatre from March to May 2010 followed by two weeks at the Drum Theatre in the Theatre Royal, Plymouth in May.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Armstrong played RAF tail gunner Dusty Miller in Terence Rattigan's World War II drama "Flare Path" in 2011. The critically acclaimed revival directed by Trevor Nunn ran from March to June at the Theatre Royal Haymarket.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: In 2012, he played Jean in "Miss Julie" opposite Maxine Peake in the title role at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester. Armstrong described the role as one of his most challenging because of the need to make his character's sudden changes in mood believable. Alfred Hickling of "The Guardian" remarked that "Joe Armstrong's Jean ... flips back and forth between brute arrogance and fawning servility with the casual manner of tossing a coin."


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: In a 2013 production of Harold Pinter's "The Dumb Waiter" at The Print Room, Armstrong played Gus alongside Clive Wood as Ben. Matt Trueman of "The Telegraph" called Wood and Armstrong "two perfect Pinterians," and Fiona Mountford of "The Evening Standard" wrote, "Armstrong, always an actor of easy geniality, flourishes in particular with this short, sharp, light-footed humour."


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: In 2006, Armstrong was in two short films: "A Ticket Too Far" and "Service." The latter was part of the "Coming Up" series on Channel 4.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: He appears in Nae Caranfil's film "Closer to the Moon", also starring Vera Farmiga, Mark Strong and Harry Lloyd, which was filmed in Bucharest in the autumn of 2011 and was released in Romania in 2014. The film is about the bank robbery allegedly committed by the Ioanid Gang in 1959 Romania. Armstrong's character Răzvan is based on the journalist Haralambie Obedeanu who was one of the accused.


title: Joe Armstrong (actor)

text: Armstrong performed in the BBC radio plays "Girl from Mars" in 2008 and "Hitched" in 2010, and he read the story "Gifts" by Garry Kilworth as part of a Christmas radio programme. In 2011, he co-starred with Richard Briers and Edna Doré in the Radio 4 drama "A Shoebox of Snow". Armstrong reprised his role in DC Moore's "The Empire" for a BBC Radio 3 production. He was in the radio serial "Ruthless" by Tim Loane on Radio 4 in 2012. In 2013, he played Sergei in a Radio 4 adaptation of "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk," and he appeared in the series "The Corrupted" by G. F. Newman. He performed in the drama "Ghosts of Heathrow" in 2014 and in adaptations of "The Bone Clocks", "The Book Of Strange New Things" and "The Trial".


title: Pico Alexander

text: Alexander Lukasz Jogalla (born June 3, 1991), known professionally as Pico Alexander, is an American actor.


title: Pico Alexander

text: Alexander Lukasz Jogalla was born in New York City, New York, and raised in Park Slope, Brooklyn. His parents, Magdalena Deskur and cinematographer Lukasz Jogalla, are Polish immigrants. His grandfather was actor Jerzy Jogałła, and his great-grandfather was journalist Jerzy Turowicz. His name, "Pico", is a childhood nickname. He graduated from Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School.


title: Pico Alexander

text: He has appeared on a number of television series, including "The Carrie Diaries", "Alpha House", "The Following", "Blue Bloods", and "Orange Is the New Black".


title: Pico Alexander

text: He played Elias Morales, the brother of the lead character, in "A Most Violent Year" (2014), and Sonny Cottler, a Jewish fraternity president, in James Schamus's "Indignation" (2016), opposite Logan Lerman. In 2017, he played Trey Wandella in the Netflix Original "War Machine" and starred as Harry, Reese Witherspoon's character's love interest, in the romantic comedy film "Home Again".


title: Pico Alexander

text: In 2018, he was featured in Rockstar Games' "Red Dead Redemption 2", playing Kieran Duffy, a captured member of a rival gang.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: Title 42 expulsions are removals by the U.S. government of persons who have recently been in a country where a communicable disease was present. The extent of authority for contagion-related expulsions is set out by law in . During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Trump administration used this provision (section 265) to generally block land entry for many migrants. This practice has been continued by the Biden administration with expansion. Title 42 of the United States Code includes numerous sections dealing with public health, social welfare, and civil rights, but, in the context of immigration, the phrase "Title 42" came to be used to refer specifically to expulsions under section 265.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: The program allows the US Border Patrol and US Customs and Border Protection to prohibit the entry of persons who potentially pose a health risk by being subject to previously-announced travel restrictions or because by unlawfully entering the country to bypass health-screening measures. Its use was implemented under the Trump administration and has continued under the Biden administration to prohibit asylum seekers from lawfully petitioning for asylum in the United States. Persons subject to the order are not held in congregate areas for processing and are instead immediately expelled to their country of last transit. If they are unable to be returned to the country of last transit (because that country will not accept them due to their nationality), the Border Patrol will work with its interagency partners to expel the person to their country of origin. Expulsions under Title 42 are not based on immigration status and are tracked separately from immigration. In some cases, this is not possible, and migrants may be expelled to a third country that will accept them based on previous residency. At the discretion of the administration, Title 42 can be used even for people who would normally have temporary protected status based on their country of origin.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: As of November 15, 2022, Title 42 is currently unenforceable, as DC federal judge Emmet G. Sullivan ruled that the policy is a violation of the Administrative Procedure Act.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: On December 19, 2022, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts issued a temporary hold on ending of Title 42, thus preventing the Biden administration from lifting Title 42.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: In March 2020, the Center for Disease Control under the Trump administration issued a public health order allowing for the rapid expulsion of unauthorized border crossers and asylum seekers citing COVID-19 concerns. As it is considered an "expulsion" rather than a "deportation", the migrants are not afforded the right to make a case to stay in the U.S. before an immigration judge. Most migrants subject to Title 42 measures are returned to Mexico within hours. Trump advisor Stephen Miller had a role in shaping the policy, and has since defended it in interviews.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: In November 2020, a federal court ordered a halt to the practice in regard to unaccompanied minor children; on January 29, 2021, the stay was lifted by DC Circuit Court of Appeals allowing minors to be expelled pending its review of the case.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: In February 2021, Mexico stopped accepting families with children under the program. Physicians for Human Rights notes that the policy has been applied unfairly against migrants and asylees and that its stated purpose of containing the spread of COVID-19 is dubious as the U.S. continues to allow millions of people to cross the US–Mexico border weekly. In early February 2021, the Mexican government announced that it would stop accepting non-Mexican family units with minor children returned to Mexico under Title 42.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: In June 2021, it was reported that the Biden Administration may be considering rescinding Title 42. In September 2021, NPR reported that the Biden administration has defended Title 42 expulsion in court under the pretext of slowing the spread of COVID-19.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: In December 2021, Anne Schuchat, the second-highest official at the Centers for Disease Control, testified that the expulsions of migrants under Title 42 lacked a sufficient public health rationale.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: In March 2022, the DC Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the Biden admin can continue to swiftly remove migrant families under Title 42, but "only to places where they will not be persecuted or tortured."


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: On April 1, 2022, the CDC officially announced they would rescind Title 42. However in order to allow for the implementation of a vaccine program to get migrants vaccinated at the border, the policy was not scheduled to officially end until May 23, 2022. On May 20, federal judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana, Robert R. Summerhays, issued a ruling blocking the CDC from ending Title 42 expulsion.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: In April 2022, the Biden Administration introduced a streamlined program for allowing an unlimited number of Ukrainian nationals who pass various checks and are sponsored by various organizations under the "Uniting for Ukraine" program to be excepted from Title 42, and get humanitarian parole and work permits. In October 2022, it introduced a similar program for Venezuelan nationals, who must arrive by air. The number of Venezuelans was capped at 24,000, and those arriving by crossing into Mexico or Panama illegally would start to be expelled under Title 42.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: In October 2022, the Biden administration invoked Title 42 to expel Venezuelan migrants to Mexico. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch criticized the decision.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: On November 15, 2022, Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Emmet G. Sullivan, ruled that expulsions under Title 42 were a violation of the Administrative Procedure Act, noting that the Title was an “arbitrary and capricious" violation of the Act. The ruling required the United States government to process all asylum seekers under immigrant law as previous to Title 42's implementation, and Sullivan specifically called out the CDC for intentionally ignoring the negative effects of implementing Title 42 and not considering alternative approaches to expulsion such as vaccination, outdoor processing, and allowing asylum seekers to quarantine with U.S. relatives. Sullivan opined that the policy had no rationale basis as Covid-19 was already widespread throughout the U.S. when the program was initiated. The ruling was celebrated by the ACLU, a plaintiff in the case.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: On December 19, 2022, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, John Roberts, temporarily maintained Title 42 and stayed the decision by Judge Emmet G. Sullivan.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: Title 42 has been criticized by several human rights groups including the American Civil Liberties Union, Amnesty International USA, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights First, and the American Immigration Council. These groups argue that the policy allows the United States to illegally expel asylum seekers without any legal process.


title: Title 42 expulsion

text: More than 60 congresspeople, led by Congresswoman Frederica S. Wilson, House Foreign Affairs Committee Chair Gregory W. Meeks, Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal, and Homeland Security Committee Chair Bennie G. Thompson, sent a letter to Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas calling on him to end the practice. In the letter they argued that Mayorkas should employ alternative forms of humanitarian relief for detainees subject to deportation for the remainder of the pandemic.


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: Giovanna Fletcher (née Falcone, born 29 January 1985) is an English blogger, podcaster, author, actress, and presenter. Since 2019, she has presented the CBeebies series "The Baby Club". She won series 20 of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!".


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: Falcone was born in Essex on 29 January 1985 to an Italian father, Mario, and English mother, Kim Falcone. She has two siblings: Giorgina and Mario Falcone. She attended the performing arts school Sylvia Young Theatre School in London, followed by the Rose Bruford College of Theatre and Performance.


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: In December 2016, Fletcher had her professional concert debut, singing on stage in London's West End in Alan Menken's "A Christmas Carol" at the Lyceum Theatre. In December 2017, she performed in the musical production of her husband's novel "The Christmasaurus" alongside Tom, Carrie Hope Fletcher, Harry Judd and Matt Willis. In 2021, it was announced that Fletcher would be playing Jenny in the stage play .


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: Fletcher’s on-screen roles include an uncredited role in "The Boat That Rocked", as a guest on "Loose Women", as a contestant on "All Star Mr & Mrs", and most recently as the presenter of "The Baby Club" on CBeebies. She has had appearances on ITV's morning TV show "Lorraine" since 2015, including presenting a segment for the show called "Take 5". She participated in series 20 of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!". She was announced winner of the series on 4 December 2020.


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: Fletcher's writing career started with an unpublished satirical project entitled "Dating McFly is for Dummies". Prior to becoming an author, Fletcher wrote for several magazines, including work experience at "Heat", where she wrote book reviews and copy for their website, and an internship at "Bliss" magazine. Fletcher also worked at "Recognise Magazine" She also has a regular blog feature on "Hello!" magazine's website.


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: Through her blogging and book reviewing work, Fletcher networked with authors and literary folk at book events. It was in one of these events that she spoke to novelist Dorothy Koomson, and it was this pivotal conversation that inspired Fletcher to write a book of her own. Fletcher's debut novel, "Billy and Me", was published in May 2013, followed by "You're the One That I Want" in May 2014. "Dream a Little Dream" was published in June 2015, and a fourth novel, "Always with Love" followed in June 2016. In 2017, she published her first non-fiction book, "Happy Mum, Happy Baby: My Adventures in Motherhood", and later that same year, released her fifth novel, "Some Kind of Wonderful".


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: Fletcher has sung in musical performances on several YouTube videos, posted to her husband, Tom's, YouTube channel. She has performed duet covers in a series called "Me & Mrs F", covering songs including "How Do You Like Your Eggs In the Morning?", "It Ain't Me Babe", "L-O-V-E", "You Really Got a Hold on Me", "Moon River", "Love Is on the Radio", and "Tonight You Belong to Me". Most of these covers have over half a million views each, with "Love Is on the Radio" having accumulated 1.8 million views over 3 years.


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: Fletcher is the host of parenting podcast "Happy Mum, Happy Baby". The podcast gained national attention when Kate Middleton appeared to discuss her own experiences with motherhood. Fletcher also took the podcast on tour in 2019 with guests such as Helen Flanagan, Gemma Atkinson, Bryony Gordon, Jamelia, Ore & Portia Oduba, Kaytee Jones and Christine McGuinness.


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: In 2021, Fletcher began hosting a six-part series "Journey to the Magic...", an official Walt Disney Travel Company podcast.


title: Giovanna Fletcher

text: On 18 April 2011, Fletcher was engaged to Tom Fletcher from McFly. They were married on 12 May 2012. It was announced on his YouTube channel on 29 October 2013 that the couple were expecting their first child, with a video titled "We Have Some News...". On 13 March 2014, their son Buzz Michelangelo Fletcher was born. On 16 February 2016, their second son Buddy Bob Fletcher was born. On 3 March 2018, they announced that they were expecting a third child; On 24 August 2018, they welcomed their third son, named Max Mario Fletcher.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy is the second most populated city in San Joaquin County, California, United States. The population was 93,000 at the 2020 census. Tracy is located inside a geographic triangle formed by Interstate 205 on the north side of the city, Interstate 5 to the east, and Interstate 580 to the southwest.


title: Tracy, California

text: Until the 1760s, the area that is now the city of Tracy was long populated by the Yokuts ethnic group of loosely associated bands of Native Americans and their ancestors. They lived on hunting and gathering foods, game and fish from the area, including its local rivers and creeks. After encountering the Spanish colonists, the Yokuts suffered from new infectious diseases, which caused social disruption, as did the Spanish efforts to impress them for labor at missions, specifically Mission San Jose. Mexican and American explorers later came into the area, pushing the Yokuts out. The Yokuts people are still around to this day and live in small groups with a total of about 2,600 people identifying under the Yokuts name. Along with the Yokuts, another language group of Native Americans found near the Tracy area are referred to as the Mono. Today the Mono peoples numbers are around 1,800 people.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy is a railroad town that came from the mid-19th century construction, mainly by Chinese laborers, of Central Pacific Railroad rail lines running from Sacramento through Stockton to the San Francisco Bay Area, beginning 1868 and ending September 1878 with the opening of a new branch and junction. A number of small communities sprang up along these lines at designated station sites, including one at the junction named for railroad director J. J. Tracy.


title: Tracy, California

text: Incorporated in 1911, Tracy grew rapidly and prospered as the center of an agricultural area, even when larger railroad operations began to decline in the 1950s. Competition with trucking and automobiles resulted in widespread railroad restructuring. Tracy is part of the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area, an extension of the Bay Area.


title: Tracy, California

text: In December 1969, the town of Tracy was the host of the Altamont Free Concert, held at the (now closed) Altamont Raceway Park. An estimated 300,000 people gathered at the speedway infield in an event that was plagued by violence among attendees, many of whom were drunk or drugged. Artists featured included the internationally known Rolling Stones and the California bands Santana, Jefferson Airplane, the Flying Burrito Brothers and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy was the headquarters of a branch of the American Nazi Party. Increased activity was reported by the media in 1972, with the appearance of graffiti spray-painted Nazi swastikas and the words "White Power". A surplus army 2½-ton 6×6 truck with swastika symbols was seen carrying neo-Nazi recruits around town. Members handed out flyers printed with "Join the National Socialist White People’s Party" and a Tracy-based post office box mailing address. The television program "60 Minutes" aired a report in 1978 titled "The California Reich" which contained an interview of a Tracy resident who was a neo-Nazi leader. After about a decade, most of the city's neo-Nazis moved to Oroville, California.


title: Tracy, California

text: Located in the Central Valley, Tracy is near both fertile and (due to a region of hills west of Tracy) infertile agricultural lands. Tracy has a Mediterranean climate.


title: Tracy, California

text: Some of this land (in the east and mostly north of Tracy because of the moist Delta river system) has come under increasing development pressure. The San Francisco Bay Area's vigorous population growth has spilled over into the Tracy area as well as other locations, such as the new town of Mountain House. Tracy passed Measure A in 1990 in an attempt to contain and limit development.


title: Tracy, California

text: In an effort to reduce environmental impacts of the city, it launched the Emerald Tracy Project in September 2009. City spokesman Matt Robinson said that if it succeeds, Tracy will be the second city after Riverside, California to satisfy the state's goal for sustainable communities.


title: Tracy, California

text: On August 7, 1998, a tire fire ignited at S.F. Royster's Tire Disposal south of Tracy at 29425 South MacArthur Drive, near Linne Road. The tire dump held more than 7 million illegally stored tires and was allowed to burn for over two years before it was extinguished. Allowing the fire to burn was considered to be a better way to avoid groundwater contamination than putting it out. The cleanup of chemicals released by the fire cost $16.2 million. The chemicals were found to have contaminated groundwater in the region.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy is marked by a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), with cool, moist winters and very hot and dry summers, displaying Mediterranean characteristics. December and January are the coolest months, and average around 47.1 °F (8.4 °C), and there are 19 nights with lows at or below freezing annually, with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out below 30 °F (−1.1 °C). July is the warmest month, averaging 76.4 °F (28.3 °C); normally, there are 18 days of 100 °F (37.8 °C)+ highs and 82 days of 90 °F (32.2 °C)+ highs. Average annual precipitation is around 12.5 inches (317.7 mm), which, by definition, results in the area being classified as a semi-desert.


title: Tracy, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Tracy had a population of 82,922. The population density was . The racial makeup of Tracy was 43,724 (52.7%) White, 5,953 (7.2%) African American, 715 (0.9%) Native American, 12,229 (14.7%) Asian, 747 (0.9%) Pacific Islander, 13,173 (15.9%) from other races, and 6,381 (7.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 30,557 persons (36.9%).


title: Tracy, California

text: The Census reported that 82,606 people (99.6% of the population) lived in households, 69 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 247 (0.3%) were institutionalized.


title: Tracy, California

text: There were 24,331 households, out of which 13,143 (54.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 15,122 (62.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,196 (13.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 1,627 (6.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,501 (6.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 184 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 3,326 households (13.7%) were made up of individuals, and 1,026 (4.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.40. There were 19,945 families (82.0% of all households); the average family size was 3.72.


title: Tracy, California

text: The population was spread out, with 26,668 people (32.2%) under the age of 18, 7,476 people (9.0%) aged 18 to 24, 23,826 people (28.7%) aged 25 to 44, 19,202 people (23.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,750 people (6.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.


title: Tracy, California

text: There were 25,963 housing units at an average density of , of which 16,163 (66.4%) were owner-occupied, and 8,168 (33.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.9%. 54,275 people (65.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 28,331 people (34.2%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy City Hall and Jail was first commissioned by the city in November–December 1899 and completed in March 1900 after the original Jail and city hall was burnt down. This historical site served as the local governments place of operation during Tracy's formative years, which makes this building an integral part of Tracy's foundation. The structure is made of a simple brick building that is 24 by 43 feet in dimension located on 25 West Seventh Street, and was built by J.F. Hoerl. In the historical resources inventory, the Tracy City Hall and Jail was one of only fourteen buildings to receive and "exceptional" rating.


title: Tracy, California

text: The Tracy Inn was originally opened in 1927 with a total of 60 rooms on the second floor and is still located on 24 West Eleventh Street. The building has a very transitional architectural style befitting the 1920s with a classic Spanish Colonial revival and modern styles mixed together. The building was designed by the Oakland firm of Slocomhe and Tuttle. In 1949, after the ownership changed, the Tracy Inn suffered with a fire that burned the only original blue prints of the building. Even with this loss the owner was still able to recreate the original look of the Tracy Inn. The iconic sign of the Tracy Inn has also been replaced in 1945.


title: Tracy, California

text: The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation operates the Deuel Vocational Institution, a state prison, in unincorporated San Joaquin County, near Tracy.


title: Tracy, California

text: The Tracy Defense Distribution Depot began its operations back in 1942, and has since been a main supply for American troops for all major wars since World War II. The distribution depot has around 30 warehouses and is a major employer for the area, just under Safeway.


title: Tracy, California

text: Three public school districts serve the city of Tracy. The largest and most recognized is the Tracy Unified School District. This school system incorporates many elementary and middle schools as well as five Tracy high schools: Tracy High School, Merrill F. West High School, Delta Charter High School, Millennium Charter High School and John C. Kimball High School.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy's students with behavioral issues attend the Willow Community Day School, and the Tracy One Program, or Community One. The other two school districts are: Lammersville Joint Unified School District, which includes six K-8 schools (Peter Hansen Elementary, Julius Cordes Elementary, Wicklund Elementary, Bethany Elementary, Questa Elementary, and Altamont Elementary) along with Mountain House High School, which was opened in 2014. and Jefferson School District. The latter covers the south side of Tracy and includes four schools: Jefferson Middle School, Tom Hawkins Elementary School, Monticello Elementary School and Anthony C. Traina School.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy's daily newspaper is the "Tracy Press", a once-weekly newspaper. "Bilingual Weekly News" covers Tracy in English and Spanish.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy is served by several bus services: locally, Tracer runs seven lines that serve as circulators between major transit hubs, shopping, school, residential, and downtown areas. San Joaquin Regional Transit District (SJRTD) runs two county hopper routes that connect the city with other San Joaquin County communities and one commuter route that run to Dublin/Pleasanton BART station.


title: Tracy, California

text: Greyhound, Tracer, and SJRTD all connect with taxis, bike stations, and parking at the Tracy Transit Center, a transit station built in 2010.


title: Tracy, California

text: Amtrak Thruway buses connect serve the city's bus station to the area with six daily trips to the South Bay and two to San Francisco, all of which stop at BART and job centers in Livermore.


title: Tracy, California

text: To meet the future transportation needs, which will connect San Joaquin Valley with the Bay Area, there are two Transit Stations in Tracy. One is located downtown and is designated for bus service, but is being considered as a possible site for California High-Speed Rail.


title: Tracy, California

text: South Tracy offers the Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) service at Tracy (ACE station), which provides commuter rail transportation to the Bay Area and connects with VTA in San Jose, BART via shuttle in Pleasanton and Fremont, in addition to Amtrak train in Santa Clara and San Jose.


title: Tracy, California

text: Interstate 205 passes along the north side of the city and connects the nearby Interstates 580 to the west and 5 on the east, with the three Interstates forming a triangle around much of the city. Business Loop 205 runs through the center of Tracy along 11th Street, formerly a portion of U.S. Highway 50. In addition, the northern terminus of State Highway 33 is located at South Bird Road and Interstate 5 southeast of Tracy.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy is served by Tracy Municipal Airport, located south of the city. It serves general aviation; there is no scheduled airline service from the airport.


title: Tracy, California

text: Tracy has been a sister city of Memuro, Hokkaido since 1989. The city is also a sister city of Velas in the Azores.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: This article is about the demographic features of the population of Algeria, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Ninety-one percent of the Algerian population lives along the Mediterranean coast on 12% of the country's total land mass. Forty-five percent of the population is urban, and urbanization continues, despite government efforts to discourage migration to the cities. Currently, 24,182,736 Algerians live in urban areas, and about 1.5 millions nomads live in the Saharan area.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: 97% of the population follows Sunni Islam; the few non-Sunni Muslims are mainly Ibadis from the Mozabite valley at 1.3% (see Islam in Algeria).


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Christianity in Algeria constitutes about 1% of the total population. While significantly greater during the French colonial years, a mostly foreign Roman Catholic community still exists, as do some Protestants. The Jewish community of Algeria, which once constituted 2% of the total population, has substantially decreased due to emigration, mostly to France and Israel.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Algeria's educational system has grown rapidly since 1962; in the last 12 years, attendance has doubled to more than 5 million students. Education is free and compulsory to age 16. Despite government allocation of substantial educational resources, population pressures and a serious shortage of teachers have severely strained the system, as have terrorist attacks against the educational infrastructure during the 1990s. Modest numbers of Algerian students study abroad, primarily in France and French-speaking Canada. In 2000, the government launched a major review of the country's educational system.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Housing and medicine continue to be pressing problems in Algeria. Failing infrastructure and the continued influx of people from rural to urban areas has overtaxed both systems. According to the UNDP, Algeria has one of the world's highest per housing unit occupancy rates for housing, and government officials have publicly stated that the country has an immediate shortfall of 1.5 million housing units.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Figures from National Office of Statistics Algeria, United Nations Demographic Yearbook and the CIA World Factbook:


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Arabs make up 73.6% of the population of Algeria, Berbers make up 23.2%, Arabized Berbers make up 3%, and others make up 0.2%. Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks as well as other ethnic groups have contributed to the ethnic makeup and genetic structure of the Algerian population. Descendants of Andalusian refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities. Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these Aragonese and Castillian Morisco descendants deep into the 18th century, and even Catalan was spoken at the same time by Catalan Morisco descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: The Arab population of Algeria is a result of the inflow of sedentary and nomadic Arab tribes from Arabia since the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century with a major wave in the 11th century. The majority of Algerians identify with an Arab-based identity due to the 20th century Arab nationalism. The ethnic Berbers are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the Kabyles, who live in the Kabylia region east of Algiers, the Chaoui of North-East Algeria, the Tuaregs in the southern desert and the Shenwa people of North Algeria.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: During the colonial period, there was a large (15% in 1960) European population who became known as "Pied-Noirs". They were primarily of French, Spanish and Italian origin. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Islam is the predominant religion with 99% of the population. There are about 150,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in the region of Ghardaia.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: There were an estimated 10,000 Christians in Algeria in 2008. In a 2009 study the UNO estimated there were 45,000 Catholics and 50,000–100,000 Protestants in Algeria. A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to Christianity in Algeria.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Following the Revolution and Algerian independence, all but 6,500 of the country's 140,000 Jews left the country, of whom about 90% moved to France with the Pied-Noirs and 10% moved to Israel.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Algerian Arabic (Algerian Dziriya or Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has many Berber and French loanwords.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Although French has no official status, Algeria is the second-largest Francophone country in the world in terms of speakers, and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to Algeria's colonial history. It can be regarded as the "de facto" co-official language of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French. An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French. In recent decades the government has reinforced the study of French and TV programs have reinforced use of the language.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962. Colloquial Arabic is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27.4%.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Ahmadi Muslims, Shia Muslims, Ibadi Muslims) <1% (2012 est.)


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: In a recent genetic study by Semino et al. (2004), the Haplogroup J1 associated with the diffusion of Arabs was found at 35% in Algeria, which is one of the most common haplogroups in Algeria, like the rest of the Maghreb, along with E1b1b.


title: Demographics of Algeria

text: Recent studies on the common J1 Y chromosome suggest it arrived over ten thousand years ago in North Africa, and M81/E3b2 is a Y chromosome specific to North African ancestry, dating to the Neolithic. A thorough study by Arredi et al. (2004) which analyzed populations from Algeria concludes that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation (including both E3b2 and J haplogroups is largely of Neolithic origin, which suggests that the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Afro-Asiatic–speaking pastoralists from the Middle East. This Neolithic origin was later confirmed by Myles et al. (2005) which suggest that "contemporary Berber populations possess the genetic signature of a past migration of pastoralists from the Middle East",


title: Liverpool F.C. in international football

text: Liverpool Football Club is a professional association football club in Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) competitions. Since 1964, they have won fourteen European and Worldwide trophies, more than any other British club. These consist of the UEFA Champions League (formerly known as the European Cup) six times, the UEFA Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup) three times, the UEFA Super Cup four times, and the FIFA Club World Cup once.


text: Qualification for European competitions is determined by a team's success in its domestic league and cup competitions from the previous season. Liverpool competed in European competitions for 21 consecutive seasons until the 1985 European Cup Final, the occasion of the Heysel Stadium disaster, following which the club was banned from European competitions for six seasons. Since being readmitted in 1991, they have qualified for the UEFA Champions League (the successor to the European Cup) fifteen times, the UEFA Europa League (the successor to the UEFA Cup) twelve times, and the (now-defunct) UEFA Cup Winners' Cup twice.


text: As a result of their victory in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, Liverpool won the European Champion Clubs' Cup trophy outright and were awarded a multiple winner badge. Only 2 teams have won more Champions Leagues than Liverpool – Real Madrid and A.C. Milan with 14 and 7 respectively. Liverpool's total of three UEFA Cup wins has been bettered only by Sevilla, who have won the competition six times. They have also won the UEFA Super Cup on four occasions; only Barcelona, Milan and Real Madrid (with 5 each) have won the competition more. Liverpool won the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time in 2019.


text: Bob Paisley is the club's most successful manager in Europe, with five trophies. Liverpool's biggest-margin win in Europe is an 11–0 victory over Strømsgodset in the 1974–75 European Cup Winners' Cup. In European competitions, Jamie Carragher holds the club record for the most appearances, with 150, and Steven Gerrard is the club's record goalscorer, with 41 goals.


text: Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897 when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who did not meet under normal circumstances. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton, was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland; the competition lasted for two years. The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette. Founded in 1930, the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success. Due to financial reasons, the competition was abandoned.


text: The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of "L'Équipe", as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition. When the European Cup was first played, Liverpool were in the Second Division, following relegation from the First Division after the 1953–54 season, and thus were ineligible for the competition. During their time in the Second Division, two further competitions were created: the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. Established in 1955, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was later re-branded as the UEFA Cup when it came under the auspices of UEFA in 1971. Since the 2009–10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League. The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was inaugurated in 1960 for the winners of domestic cup competitions.


text: In 1962, Liverpool were promoted to the First Division. Two years later, they won the Football League championship, thus making their European debut in the 1964–65 European Cup. In the following years, further European competitions were inaugurated. The first, the UEFA Super Cup, was originally a match played between the winners of the European Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup. First established in 1973, it changed formats in 2000; since then, it has been contested between the winners of the Champions League (formerly the European Cup) and the Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup), following the Cup Winners' Cup amalgamation into the latter. The Intercontinental Cup was a competition for the winners of the European Cup (later, the UEFA Champions League) and the South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. Established in 1960, the Intercontinental Cup was jointly organised by UEFA and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL). It ran until 2004, when the FIFA Club World Cup, which includes the winners of all six confederations' regional championships replaced it.


text: Bill Shankly began managing Liverpool in 1959, and it was under him that the team first competed in European competition in 1964–65, qualifying for the European Cup by winning the First Division championship the previous season. The club's first opponents were Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur of Iceland, who they played in the preliminary round. Liverpool won 11–1 on aggregate. The next round, against Belgian club Anderlecht, was the first time in Liverpool's history that they wore their now common all-red strip. The decision was made to change from red shirts, white shorts and socks by Shankly, who wanted his players to make more of a psychological impact on opponents. They beat Anderlecht and progressed to the semi-finals, where they met Italian team Inter Milan. Before the first leg at Anfield, Shankly asked two injured players to parade the FA Cup, which Liverpool had won the previous week, to intimidate the Italians. The team won the match 3–1, but Inter won the second leg 3–0, securing a 4–3 aggregate victory. The second leg was controversial; Shankly described it as "a war". He felt that the referee, José María Ortiz de Mendíbil, had shown bias towards Inter, and the Liverpool players felt cheated by his decisions. The club's 1964–65 FA Cup victory ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup the following season, and in that competition, they reached their first European final. Borussia Dortmund, Liverpool's opponents, employed counter-attacking tactics that had paid dividends in previous rounds and did so again, with the West Germans beating Liverpool 2–1 after extra time. Striker, Roger Hunt, described the defeat as "an off night" and said, "it was probably the most disappointing defeat over the years because we just didn't play.


text: In the next four seasons, they competed in the European Cup and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, but failed to progress past the third round in either competition. A tie against Dutch team Ajax during the 1966–67 European Cup was to prove pivotal in the history of Liverpool in European competition. Ajax beat Liverpool 7–3 on aggregate. However, the style of football that Ajax played – a patient passing game, inspired by Johann Cruyff – convinced Shankly that Liverpool had to replicate this style to be successful in Europe. Liverpool reached the semi-finals of the 1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing 1–0 on aggregate to Leeds United. They competed in the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, despite losing the 1971 FA Cup Final, as the FA Cup winners, Arsenal, had also qualified for the European Cup by winning the league championship. Liverpool were eliminated in the second round by Bayern Munich of Germany, losing 3–1 on aggregate.


text: The changes made to Liverpool's tactics came to fruition during the 1972–73 UEFA Cup. The club reached their second European final, where they faced Borussia Mönchengladbach of Germany. Liverpool won the first leg 3–0 as a result of two goals from Kevin Keegan and one from Larry Lloyd. Victory in this first leg meant Liverpool only needed to avoid losing by three or more goals in order to win the final. This influenced their tactics – "The Times" reported that Liverpool employed a "holding action" against the "attacking Germans". The tactics worked, allowing Mönchengladbach only two goals, granting Liverpool a 3–2 aggregate victory. Liverpool also won the First Division championship that season, and as a result, qualified for the 1973–74 European Cup, where they were eliminated in the second round by Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia. The defeat marked a shift in emphasis in the style of Liverpool's play to a more patient approach. At the end of that season, Shankly retired.


text: Shankly was succeeded by his assistant, Bob Paisley, in 1974. Liverpool competed in the Cup Winners' Cup during Paisley's first season and defeated Strømsgodset of Norway 11–0 at Anfield. This remains the club's largest margin of victory in all matches. They lost in the next round to Hungarian side Ferencváros on the away goals rule. In 1975–76 the club entered the UEFA Cup after a second-place finish in the First Division. Victories over Hibernian (Scotland), Real Sociedad (Spain), Śląsk Wrocław (Poland), Dynamo Dresden (East Germany) and Barcelona (Spain) took Liverpool to their third European final. Crucial to their progress was goalkeeper Ray Clemence, who made two important penalty saves against Hibernian and Dresden, saving Liverpool from elimination on the away goals rule on both occasions. Their opponents in the final were Club Brugge of Belgium. Liverpool recovered from a two-goal deficit to win the first leg at Anfield 3–2, with Ray Kennedy, Jimmy Case, and Keegan scoring a goal each in a span of six minutes. A 1–1 draw at the Jan Breydel Stadion in Bruges meant Liverpool won 4–3 on aggregate, earning their second UEFA Cup.


text: As the 1975–76 league champions, the club entered the 1976–77 European Cup. They defeated Crusaders of Northern Ireland and Trabzonspor of Turkey to reach the quarter-finals, where they faced the runners-up from the previous season, Saint-Étienne. The French team won the first leg 1–0. The second leg at Anfield began well for Liverpool when Keegan scored in the first two minutes. Saint-Étienne equalised to make the score 2–1 on aggregate in their favour. Kennedy scored for Liverpool, but the away goals rule meant they still needed another goal to win the tie. With six minutes remaining, David Fairclough was brought on to replace John Toshack; he immediately scored in front of the Kop, ensuring a 3–2 aggregate victory for Liverpool. In the semi-finals, they defeated FC Zürich of Switzerland 6–1 on aggregate to reach the final, where they met their opponents from the 1973 UEFA Cup Final, Borussia Mönchengladbach. The final was held in Rome, four days after the club had lost the 1977 FA Cup Final to Manchester United. Before the match, Paisley announced that striker Toshack would be fit to start. However, he was not named in the matchday squad. This change upset the Germans' game plan and allowed Keegan to torment his marker, Berti Vogts. Liverpool won 3–1 to become European champions for the first time.


text: By winning the European Cup, they qualified for the European Super Cup and played the winners of the Cup Winners' Cup, German team Hamburg, who had just signed Keegan. Liverpool won the tie 7–1 on aggregate. Liverpool entered the 1977–78 European Cup as champions and received a bye in the first round. They defeated Dynamo Dresden and Portuguese team Benfica in the second round and quarter-finals, respectively. In the semi-final, the club again met Borussia Mönchengladbach, who won the first leg 2–1. Liverpool won the second leg 3–0, progressing to a second successive European Cup final, this time against Club Brugge at Wembley Stadium in London. In the final Kenny Dalglish, who had been signed to replace Keegan, scored the winning goal after receiving the ball from a Graeme Souness pass. The 1–0 victory meant Liverpool became the first British team to retain the European Cup. They faced Anderlecht in the 1978 European Super Cup, but failed to retain the trophy, losing 4–3 on aggregate against the Belgian side. Liverpool were eliminated in the first round of the 1978–79 European Cup by English champions Nottingham Forest. Nottingham Forest won the tie 2–0 on aggregate, and went on to win the competition. Liverpool entered the 1979–80 European Cup as English champions but were again eliminated in the first round, this time beaten 4–2 on aggregate by Dinamo Tbilisi of the Soviet Union.


text: Liverpool participated in the 1980–81 European Cup as English league champions, defeating Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura, Scottish club Aberdeen and CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria to qualify for the semi-finals, where they faced three-time champions Bayern Munich. The first leg at Anfield finished goalless. In the second leg at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Ray Kennedy scored in the 83rd minute and, although the German side equalised, Liverpool went through to the final on the away goals rule. They faced Spanish side Real Madrid in the final, held at the Parc des Princes in Paris. Alan Kennedy scored the only goal to give Liverpool a 1–0 victory, which secured the club's—and Paisley's—third European Cup. As champions of Europe, Liverpool competed in the Intercontinental Cup against South American champions Flamengo of Brazil. Liverpool lost the match 3–0. The club's defence of the European Cup in 1981–82 was ended by CSKA Sofia in the quarter-finals. Another quarter-final exit occurred in the 1982–83 European Cup when Polish club Widzew Łódź eliminated Liverpool 4–3 on aggregate. Paisley retired as manager at the end of the season and was succeeded by his assistant, Joe Fagan.


text: Liverpool entered the 1983–84 European Cup as league champions for the fourth time in five seasons. Victories over Odense of Denmark and Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao brought Liverpool to face Portuguese champions Benfica in the quarter-finals. Liverpool won the first leg at Anfield 1–0. In the second leg, their tactic of withdrawing Dalglish into midfield put Benfica's game plan into disarray, leading to a 4–1 match victory and a 5–1 aggregate victory. Their opponents in the semi-finals were Dinamo București of Romania. The tie proved a brutal encounter, characterised by Souness breaking the jaw of the Bucharest captain Lică Movilă, and was won 3–1 on aggregate by Liverpool.


text: Fagan's first season in charge of Liverpool had been a successful one. When they reached their fourth European Cup final, they had already won the Football League Cup and the league championship; victory in the European final against Italian side Roma would complete an unprecedented treble. The final was played at Rome's Stadio Olimpico, and Liverpool went ahead in the 13th minute when Phil Neal scored, though Roma equalised towards the end of the first half. The score remained the same throughout full and extra time; Liverpool won the subsequent penalty shoot-out, with Alan Kennedy scoring the winning penalty after goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar had put off Francesco Graziani, causing him to place his penalty over the crossbar. After the game, gangs of Roma fans assaulted Liverpool supporters travelling back to their hotels. Success in the European Cup entitled Liverpool to compete in the 1984 Intercontinental Cup. However, they were unable to beat the winners of the Copa Libertadores, Independiente of Argentina, who claimed a 1–0 victory.


text: Liverpool entered the 1984–85 European Cup as champions, and once again progressed to the final, where their opponents were Juventus of Italy. They aimed to win their fifth European Cup and keep the trophy. The 1985 European Cup Final was held at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels. The choice of venue had been criticised due to the dilapidated state of the stadium, and the club tried to persuade UEFA to change the venue. Before the kick-off, Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 people and injuring hundreds more. Despite calls for an abandonment, the match was played, as it was felt that further trouble would be caused otherwise.


text: Juventus won the match 1–0; Michel Platini scored from the penalty spot to give Juventus their first European Cup. UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool fans: the official UEFA observer stated, "Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt". Three days after the final, UEFA banned all English clubs from European competition for an indefinite period. Liverpool were initially given an additional three-year ban. Fagan retired after the 1984–85 season and was succeeded by Dalglish, who took over as player-manager.


text: The ban on English clubs in European competitions ultimately lasted for five years, and even when the ban was lifted in 1990, Liverpool were not re-admitted; they had to serve an extra year. The ban prevented them qualifying for the European Cup in 1986, 1988 and 1990 (as league champions), the UEFA Cup in 1987 (as league runners-up), and the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1989 (as FA Cup winners). The only international matches of a somewhat competitive nature played in that time were in the Dubai Champions Cup against the champions of Scotland; Liverpool defeated Celtic on penalties in December 1986, then lost to the same opposition by the same method in April 1989, nine days prior to the Hillsborough disaster.


text: Liverpool were allowed to return to European competition in the 1991–92 season, a year later than other English clubs. They qualified for the UEFA Cup as runners-up in the English league. Their manager by this stage was Graeme Souness, who had taken over towards the end of the previous season following Dalglish's resignation. Their first match, in the UEFA Cup, was against Finnish side Kuusyi Lahti, which they won 6–1. A 6–2 aggregate victory set up a tie against Auxerre of France in the second round who they beat 3–2 on aggregate. The club defeated Swarovski Tirol of Austria in the third round 6–0 on aggregate before losing to Genoa (Italy) 4–1 over two legs in the quarter-finals.


text: Liverpool's victory over Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final qualified them for the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup, but this campaign was short-lived, as they were eliminated in the second round by Russian side Spartak Moscow. Liverpool finished no higher than sixth in the Premier League during the next two seasons, thus failing to qualify for European competition. In the 1995–96 season, they entered the UEFA Cup, but again progressed no further than the second round, this time losing to Brøndby of Denmark.


text: As runners-up to League champions Manchester United in the 1996 FA Cup Final, Liverpool were able to compete in the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. This proved the club's most successful campaign since their return to European competition, as they reached the semi-finals, where they were eliminated 3–2 on aggregate by Paris Saint–Germain. In the next two seasons, Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition, by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo, respectively. A seventh-place finish in the 1998–99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999–2000.


text: Having finished fourth in the 1999–2000 FA Premier League, Liverpool qualified for the 2000–01 UEFA Cup. Their victory in this competition marked a third win for a club. The entire season was the club's most successful since the 1983–84 season, as they won a cup treble consisting of the UEFA Cup, the FA Cup and the League Cup. Their opponents in the final in Dortmund were Alavés of Spain. The match was tied at 4–4 in extra time when Alavés defender Delfí Geli scored an own goal to give Liverpool victory on the golden goal rule. The performance of Gary McAllister, whose free-kick resulted in the winning goal, was praised as "outstanding" by Trevor Brooking. This was the club's first European trophy since their European Cup victory in 1984. As UEFA Cup winners, Liverpool played in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup against Champions League winners Bayern Munich and won 3–2.


text: In the 2001–02 season, Liverpool returned to the European Cup, now called the UEFA Champions League, for the first time since the Heysel disaster. A 2–0 victory over Roma in the second group stage meant they progressed to the quarter-finals. They faced German club Bayer Leverkusen and won the first leg 1–0. The outlook for the second leg appeared to be to Liverpool's advantage, as their counter-attacking style of play had served them well during away matches throughout the season; however, they lost the second leg 4–2 and were eliminated 4–3 on aggregate.


text: A second-place finish in the 2001–02 FA Premier League entitled Liverpool to participate in the Champions League for a second successive season, but they only finished third in their group and were eliminated from the competition. The third-place finish meant they entered the 2002–03 UEFA Cup. Liverpool beat Dutch team Vitesse Arnhem and Auxerre to set up an all-British tie with Scottish team Celtic. A 1–1 draw in the first leg meant Liverpool would progress to the semi-finals if they did not concede a goal in the second leg at Anfield. However, Celtic scored before half-time and again in the second half to win 3–1 on aggregate.


text: Liverpool entered the UEFA Cup for the 2003–04 season, after Chelsea beat them on the final day of the previous league season to claim the fourth place needed to qualify for the Champions League. Liverpool were eliminated in the fourth round by eventual runners-up Marseille of France. At the end of the season, manager Gérard Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez.


text: Liverpool had finished fourth in the 2003–04 season, which qualified them to compete in the Champions League in the 2004–05 season. A poor start in the group stages, with two losses in their first five games, had the club facing elimination. A 3–1 victory over Greek side Olympiacos, however, eventually ensured their passage to the knock-out rounds. Liverpool beat Bayer Leverkusen and Juventus to reach the semi-finals, and progressed to the final after they beat Chelsea 1–0 on aggregate; the goal scored by Luis García was referred to as a "ghost goal" by Chelsea manager José Mourinho, as it was unclear whether the ball crossed the goal line. Liverpool's performances in Europe contrasted strongly with their league form, where they struggled to finish in the top-four and thus ensure qualification for the next Champions League season.


text: Liverpool faced six-time European champions Milan in the final at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul on 25 May 2005. Trailing 3–0 at half-time, they scored three goals in a six-minute spell in the second half to level the score at 3–3. There were no goals during extra time, so the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out. With the shoot-out score at 3–2, Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek saved Andriy Shevchenko's penalty to give Liverpool victory. The nature of Liverpool's comeback victory has led to the match being referred to as the "miracle of Istanbul." As this was the club's fifth European Cup victory, Liverpool were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs' Cup permanently, and a new trophy was commissioned for the following year's competition. The victory also entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2005 UEFA Super Cup at Stade Louis II, Monaco in August. They defeated UEFA Cup winners CSKA Moscow of Russia 3–1 (a.e.t.) to win their third Super Cup. Their success in the Champions League meant Liverpool also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship, where they lost 1–0 in the final to Brazilian team São Paulo.


text: A fifth-place finish in the Premier League in 2004–05 meant Liverpool were not guaranteed entry into the Champions League, and faced the prospect of not being able to defend their European title. UEFA eventually ruled that they were allowed to defend their title but have to start in the first qualifying round, with no country protection, meaning they could face a team from England in the group stages. This turned out to be the case—Liverpool advanced through three qualifying rounds and were drawn with Chelsea in the group stages. They progressed from their group as winners but were beaten by Benfica in the first knock-out round.


text: In the 2006–07 Champions League, Liverpool progressed from the group stages and beat holders Barcelona, PSV and Chelsea to face Milan in a rematch of the 2005 final. The Liverpool team, which contained only five players from the 2005 final, enjoyed more possession than in 2005, but two goals from Filippo Inzaghi gave Milan their seventh European Cup in a 2–1 win.


text: Liverpool were eliminated from the 2007–08 Champions League in the semi-finals by Chelsea, who they had beaten in the semi-finals in 2005 and 2007. A fourth-place finish in the 2007–08 Premier League secured their entry into the 2008–09 Champions League. Liverpool reached the quarter-finals and again faced Chelsea, but lost 7–5 on aggregate.


text: A second-place finish in the 2008–09 Premier League entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League, but their campaign was short-lived; they finished third in their group, and were eliminated from the competition. They entered the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League, progressing to the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by eventual winners Atlético Madrid of Spain on the away goals rule after the tie finished 2–2 on aggregate.


text: Rafael Benítez left the club at the end of the 2009–10 season and was replaced by Roy Hodgson. A seventh-place finish in the 2009–10 Premier League meant Liverpool would be competing in the 2010–11 Europa League. They beat Rabotnički of Macedonia and Trabzonspor of Turkey to progress to the group stage, where Liverpool were drawn alongside Napoli, FC Utrecht and Steaua București. They won two games and drew four to finish top of their group with ten points and progress to the round of 32. They were drawn against Sparta Prague in the next round. Before the tie was played, however, Hodgson was replaced by former manager Kenny Dalglish, who initially served as a caretaker manager. A 1–0 aggregate victory ensured progression to the round of 16, in which Liverpool lost 1–0 on aggregate to eventual runners-up Braga. A sixth-place finish in the 2010–11 Premier League meant the club failed to qualify for European competition for the first time since 1999. On the following season, victory in the League Cup final ensured Liverpool a place in the 2012–13 Europa League.


text: Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase of the 2012–13 Europa League after winning their group at the group stage, but were eliminated from the competition at the round of 32 by Zenit Saint Petersburg on the away goals rule after a 0–2 loss away and a 3–1 win at home. A seventh-place finish in the 2012–13 Premier League and a failure to secure qualification via domestic cups meant Liverpool failed to qualify for any European competition in the 2013–14 season. A second-placed finish in the 2013–14 Premier League, ensured Liverpool qualified for the group stage of the 2014–15 Champions League. One win out of six in the group stage meant they were eliminated and demoted to the knockout phase of the 2014–15 Europa League. The campaign was short-lived, as Liverpool were eliminated by Beşiktaş in the round of 32.


text: Finishing sixth in the 2014–15 Premier League qualified Liverpool directly to the group stage of the 2015–16 Europa League, where they faced Sion, Bordeaux and for the first time, Russian side Rubin Kazan. During the group stage, manager Brendan Rodgers was replaced by Jürgen Klopp. After winning the group, Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase, beating FC Augsburg in the round of 32 before facing bitter rivals Manchester United in the round of 16, the two clubs' first meeting in Europe. Liverpool defeated them 3–1 on aggregate and victory led to a quarter-final tie with Klopp's former team Borussia Dortmund. After a 1–1 draw in the first leg at Signal Iduna Park, Dortmund went 3–1 up in the return leg at Anfield with 33 minutes remaining, requiring Liverpool to score three goals due to the away goals rule. Philippe Coutinho, Mamadou Sakho and Dejan Lovren (with a last minute winner) provided the necessary goals, as Liverpool completed the comeback and qualified for their first European semi-final since 2010. There they faced Villarreal, completing a second comeback after overturning a 1–0 defeat in the first leg at El Madrigal to qualify for the final with a 3–1 aggregate win. Liverpool played Sevilla in the final at St. Jakob-Park, Basel, on 18 May, losing 3–1. A 4th-place finish in the 2016–17 Premier League qualified Liverpool for the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League and saw them return to Europe's premier club tournament for only the second time in 8 years during the 2010s.


text: On 17 October 2017, Liverpool won 7–0 away to Maribor in the third round of matches of the group stage of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The win was a record away win for Liverpool in European competitions and also the biggest away win by an English team in the history of the European Cup. They also defeated Spartak Moscow at home by the same scoreline on the last matchday to qualify top of their group, proceeding to defeat Porto 5–0 at the Estadio de Dragao in the round of 16, before holding them to a 0–0 draw on the return leg. Liverpool then defeated domestic rivals Manchester City 3–0 and 2–1, and in the semi-finals, defeated Roma 5–2 at Anfield, before a 4–2 away loss led to a 7–6 aggregate win, taking them to the final, against holders Real Madrid. Liverpool lost the final 3–1 but finished 4th in the 2017–18 Premier League to qualify for the next year's edition. Liverpool reached the Champions League final for the second consecutive year in 2018–19 after overcoming a 3–0 first-leg deficit by beating Barcelona 4–0 in the second leg at Anfield, with the match being considered one of the greatest Champions League comebacks of all-time. This time, the Reds won the final 2–0, beating fellow English side Tottenham Hotspur, thus securing the club's sixth European title and lifting their first European trophy since 2005. Liverpool went on to win the 2019 UEFA Super Cup after extra time on penalties. It was their fourth title, placing them behind Barcelona and Milan, who have won the competition five times each. In December 2019, Liverpool won the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time. After defeating Mexican club Monterrey 2–1 in the semi-final, Liverpool defeated Brazilian club Flamengo 1–0 in the final, with Roberto Firmino scoring the winning goal in both games.


text: The Champions League title defense ended early for the Reds, as they were eliminated by Atlético Madrid following a 4–2 defeat across two legs after extra time in the round of 16. Liverpool qualified for the 2020–21 edition group stage by winning the Premier League. The club reached the quarter-finals where they were eliminated 3–1 on aggregate by Real Madrid. Liverpool finished third in the 2020–21 Premier League, meaning the team qualified for the premier European competition for the fifth consecutive year. On 19 October 2021, Liverpool won 3–2 away versus Atlético Madrid with Mohamed Salah scoring twice to become Liverpool's record goalscorer in the Champions League, surpassing the previous record of 30 goals by Steven Gerrard. On 7 December, Liverpool won 2–1 against AC Milan at the San Siro and became the first English club to win all six Champions League group games in the competition’s history. On 3 May 2022, the club reached an English record-extending 10th European Cup final after a 5–2 aggregate win over Villarreal in the Champions League semi-finals. This was also Klopp's third Champions League and fourth European final in charge of Liverpool. Liverpool were then narrowly defeared by Real Madrid to deny them a cup treble that season. The club has qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League after finishing second in the league, ensuring the sixth consecutive campaign in Europe's premier competition.


title: 2022 MotoE World Cup

text: The 2022 MotoE World Cup (known officially as the 2022 FIM Enel MotoE World Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the fourth season of the MotoE World Cup for electric motorcycle racing, and was part of the 74th F.I.M. Grand Prix motorcycle racing season.


title: 2022 MotoE World Cup

text: This was the last season of Energica being the sole supplier of the World Cup as they withdrew from the Cup after the season, with Ducati expected to take their place as the new sole manufacturer starting 2023.


title: 2022 MotoE World Cup

text: Dominique Aegerter clinched the championship after a crash from Eric Granado during race 1 in Misano, his first MotoE crown.


title: 2022 MotoE World Cup

text: Starting this season, standard MotoE events featured two Free Practice sessions, a Qualifying on Friday, and two races: one on Saturday and the other on Sunday.


title: 2022 MotoE World Cup

text: E-Pole was replaced by more traditional Qualifying sessions: Qualifying session format: Q1 (10 minutes) – 10 min break – Q2 (10 minutes).


title: Avant-garde metal

text: Avant-garde metal (also known as avant-metal, experimental metal, and experimental) is a subgenre of heavy metal music loosely defined by use of experimentation and innovative, avant-garde elements, including non-standard and unconventional sounds, instruments, song structures, playing styles, and vocal techniques. Avant-garde metal is influenced by progressive rock and extreme metal, particularly death metal, and is closely related to progressive metal. Some local scenes include Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, and Seattle in the United States, Oslo in Norway, and Tokyo in Japan.


title: Avant-garde metal

text: "Avant-garde metal" is interchangeable with "experimental metal" and "avant-metal", and may also refer to a separate genre of "atmospheric metal" or "post-metal", which was named in reference to post-rock. Avant-garde metal is related to progressive metal, but avant-garde metal often has more experimentation, while progressive metal usually has a tighter focus on traditional metal instrumentation and higher levels of technical complexity. Avant-garde metal also uses unusual sounds, breaks conventions, and often includes new elements.


title: Avant-garde metal

text: The lyrics and visual presentation of the genre are eclectic as well. According to Jeff Wagner in "Mean Deviation", electronic percussion and drum machines see widespread use by avant-garde metal bands, along with female vocals and operatic elements, all of which he attributes to the influence of the band Celtic Frost. The Canadian group Voivod also influenced future bands in the genre, pioneering technique such as robotic vocal effects, unusual time signatures, and fractured, dissonant, unorthodox guitar sounds.


title: Avant-garde metal

text: According to Ian Christe, avant-garde metal emerged from death metal as a number of musicians "abandoned the tightly wound structure of the music and experimented with abstractions of its founding elements". Progressive rock has also been cited as an influence. Some early examples are the King Crimson releases "Larks' Tongues in Aspic" and "Red" in 1973 and 1974 respectively, with the latter album's title track defining an "avant-metal style" that Robert Fripp would revisit years later. Another early example is the 1976 Led Zeppelin album "Presence". Pioneers of avant-garde metal include Celtic Frost, Gorguts, Boris, Earth, Helmet, Mayhem, maudlin of the Well, Neurosis, Sunn O))), Mr. Bungle, Today is the Day, and Voivod.


title: Avant-garde metal

text: In the late 1990s, Misanthropy Records emerged as a promoter of Norwegian avant-garde metal until it folded in 2000, and, according to Jeff Wagner, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, a so-called "new wave of avant-garde metal" was spearheaded by The End Records. Wagner states that "with the support of [Misanthropy and The End Records] and other specialty labels, metal's new avant-garde had arrived." Some other record labels which promote avant-garde metal are Aurora Borealis, The Flenser, Holy Records, Hydra Head Records, Ipecac Recordings, Napalm Records, the Release Entertainment imprint of Relapse Records, Seventh Rule Recordings, and Southern Lord Records. In the United States, local avant-garde metal scenes have emerged in the San Francisco Bay Area with bands such as Giant Squid, Grayceon, and Ludicra, and in Boston, with bands such as Isis, Kayo Dot, and Maudlin of the Well. Some regional scenes that developed in the mid-1990s included the cities of Tokyo, Los Angeles, and Oslo.


title: Temple Church

text: The Temple Church is a Royal peculiar church in the City of London located between Fleet Street and the River Thames, built by the Knights Templar as their English headquarters. It was consecrated on 10 February 1185 by Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem. During the reign of King John (1199–1216) it served as the royal treasury, supported by the role of the Knights Templar as proto-international bankers. It is now jointly owned by the Inner Temple and Middle Temple Inns of Court, bases of the English legal profession. It is famous for being a round church, a common design feature for Knights Templar churches, and for its 13th- and 14th-century stone effigies. It was heavily damaged by German bombing during World War II and has since been greatly restored and rebuilt.


title: Temple Church

text: The area around the Temple Church is known as the Temple. Temple Bar, an ornamental processional gateway, formerly stood in the middle of Fleet Street. Nearby is Temple Underground station.


title: Temple Church

text: In the mid-12th century, before the construction of the church, the Knights Templar in London had met at a site in High Holborn in a structure originally established by Hugues de Payens (the site had been historically the location of a Roman temple in Londinium, now known as London). Because of the rapid growth of the order, by the 1160s the site had become too confined, and the order purchased the current site for the establishment of a larger monastic complex as their headquarters in England. In addition to the church, the new compound originally contained residences, military training facilities, and recreational grounds for the military brethren and novices, who were not permitted to go into the City without the permission of the Master of the Temple.


title: Temple Church

text: The church building comprises two separate sections: The original circular church building, called the Round Church and now acting as a nave, and a later rectangular section adjoining on the east side, built approximately half a century later, forming the chancel.


title: Temple Church

text: After the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 by the Crusaders, the Dome of the Rock was given to the Augustinians, who turned it into a church (while the Jami Al-Aqsa became a royal palace). Because the Dome of the Rock was the site of the Temple of Solomon, the Knights Templar set up their headquarters in the Al-Aqsa Mosque adjacent to the Dome for much of the 12th century. The "Templum Domini", as they called the Dome of the Rock, featured on the official seals of the Order's Grand Masters (such as Everard des Barres and Renaud de Vichiers), and along with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre upon which it was based soon became the architectural model for Round Templar churches across Europe.


title: Temple Church

text: The round church is in diameter, and contains within it a circle of the earliest known surviving free-standing Purbeck Marble columns. It is probable that the walls and grotesque heads were originally painted in colours.


title: Temple Church

text: It was consecrated on 10 February 1185 by Heraclius, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. It is believed that King Henry II (1154–1189) was present at the consecration.


title: Temple Church

text: The Knights Templar order was very powerful in England, with the Master of the Temple sitting in parliament as "primus baro" (the first baron in precedence of the realm). The compound was regularly used as a residence by kings and by legates of the Pope. The Temple also served as an early safety-deposit bank, sometimes in defiance of the Crown's attempts to seize the funds of nobles who had entrusted their wealth there. The quasi-supra-national independent network and great wealth of the Order throughout Europe, and the jealousy this caused in secular kingdoms, is considered by most commentators to have been the primary cause of its eventual downfall.


title: Temple Church

text: In January 1215 William Marshall (who is buried in the nave next to his sons, and is represented by one of the nine stone effigies) served as a negotiator during a meeting in the Temple between King John and the barons, who demanded that the king should uphold the rights enshrined in the Coronation Charter of his predecessor and elder brother King Richard I. Marshall swore on behalf of the king that the grievances of the barons would be addressed in the summer, which led to the signing by the king of Magna Carta in June.


title: Temple Church

text: Marshall later became regent during the reign of John's infant son, King Henry III (1216–1272). Henry later expressed a desire to be buried in the church and, to accommodate this, in the early 13th century the chancel of the original church was pulled down and a new larger chancel was built, the basic form of which survives today. It was consecrated on Ascension Day 1240 and comprises a central aisle and two side aisles, north and south, of identical width. The height of the vault is . Although one of Henry's infant sons was buried in the chancel, Henry himself later altered his will to reflect his new wish to be buried in Westminster Abbey.


title: Temple Church

text: After the destruction and abolition of the Knights Templar in 1307, King Edward II took control of the church as a Crown possession. It was later given to the Knights Hospitaller, who leased the Temple to two colleges of lawyers. One college moved into the part of the Temple previously used by the Knights, and the other into the part previously used by its clergy, and both shared the use of the church. The colleges evolved into the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple, two of the four London Inns of Court.


title: Temple Church

text: In 1540 the church became the property of the Crown once again when King Henry VIII abolished the Knights Hospitaller in England and confiscated their property. Henry provided a priest for the church under the former title "Master of the Temple". In the 1580s the church was the scene of the "Battle of the Pulpits", a theological conflict between the Puritans and supporters of the Elizabethan Compromise. Shakespeare was familiar with the site and the church and garden feature in his play "Henry VI, part 1" as the setting for the fictional scene of the plucking of two roses of York and Lancaster and the start of the Wars of the Roses. In 2002 this event was commemorated with the planting of new white and red roses in the modern gardens.


title: Temple Church

text: Following an agreement in 1608 by King James I, the two Inns were granted use of the church in perpetuity on condition that they should support and maintain it. They continue to use the Temple church as their ceremonial chapel.


title: Temple Church

text: The church escaped damage in the Great Fire of London of 1666. Nevertheless, it was refurbished by Christopher Wren, who made extensive modifications to the interior, including the addition of an altar screen and the installation of the church's first organ. The church underwent a Victorian restoration in 1841 by Smirke and Burton, who decorated the walls and ceiling in high Victorian Gothic style in an attempt to return the church back to its supposed original appearance. Further restoration work was executed in 1862 by James Piers St Aubyn.


title: Temple Church

text: On 10 May 1941, German incendiary bombs set the roof of the Round Church on fire, and the fire quickly spread to the nave and chapel. The organ and all the wooden parts of the church, including the Victorian renovations, were destroyed and the Purbeck marble columns in the chancel cracked due to the intense heat. Although these columns still provided some support to the vault, they were deemed unsound and were replaced in identical form. The original columns had a slight outward lean, which architectural quirk was followed in the replacement columns. The Master's House was burned down on the same night.


title: Temple Church

text: During the renovation by the architect Walter Godfrey, it was discovered that elements of the 17th-century renovations made by Wren had survived in storage and these were replaced in their original positions. The church was rededicated in November 1958.


title: Temple Church

text: Among other purposes, the church was originally used for Templar initiation ceremonies. In England the ceremony involved new recruits entering the Temple via the western door at dawn. The initiates entered the circular nave and then took monastic vows of piety, chastity, poverty and obedience. The details of initiation ceremonies were always a closely guarded secret, which later contributed to the Order's downfall as gossip and rumours spread about possible blasphemous usages. These rumours were manipulated and exploited by the Order's enemies, such as King Philip IV of France, to fabricate a pretext for the order's suppression.


title: Temple Church

text: Today the Temple Church holds regular church services, including Holy Communion and Mattins on Sunday morning. It also holds weddings, but only for members of the Inner and Middle Temples. The Temple Church serves both the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple as a private chapel.


title: Temple Church

text: The Temple Church has always been a Royal Peculiar, due to which the choristers have the privilege of wearing scarlet cassocks. Debate exists regarding the relationship of its status as Crown Subject and Peculiar. Relations with the Bishop of London are very good and she regularly attends events and services at the Temple Church.


title: Temple Church

text: The church offers regular choral music performances and organ recitals. A choir in the English cathedral tradition was established at the Temple Church in 1842 under the direction of Dr E. J. Hopkins, and it soon earned a high reputation.


title: Temple Church

text: In 1927, the Temple Choir under George Thalben-Ball became world-famous with its recording of Mendelssohn's "Hear My Prayer", including the solo "O for the Wings of a Dove" sung by Ernest Lough. This became one of the most popular recordings of all time by a church choir, and it sold strongly throughout the twentieth century, reaching gold disc status (a million copies) in 1962 and achieving an estimated 6 million sales to date.


title: Temple Church

text: The Temple Church's excellent acoustics have also attracted secular musicians: Sir John Barbirolli recorded a famous performance of the "Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis" by Ralph Vaughan Williams there in 1962 (at the suggestion of Bernard Herrmann), and Paul Tortelier made his recording of the complete Bach Cello Suites there in April 1982.


title: Temple Church

text: While writing the score for "Interstellar," film composer Hans Zimmer chose the Temple Church for the recording of the parts of the score that included an organ. The Church's organist Roger Sayer played the organ, while a large orchestra played throughout the church. Zimmer is quoted saying that "Setting foot into Temple Church is like stepping into profound history. ...Temple Church houses one of the most magnificent organs in the world."


title: Temple Church

text: The choir continues to record, broadcast and perform, in addition to its regular services at the Temple Church. It is an all-male choir, consisting of 18 boys who are all educated on generous scholarships (most of the boys attend the City of London School although the scholarship is portable) and 12 professional men. They perform weekly at Sunday services, 11:15–12:15 pm, during term time. The choir gave the world premiere of Sir John Tavener's epic "The Veil of the Temple", which took place over seven hours during an overnight vigil in the Temple Church in 2003. The following year it was performed by the choir at the Lincoln Festival in New York City; a concert version was performed at the BBC Proms the same year. Two new recordings were released in 2010 on the "Signum Classics" label: one of the Temple Church Choir, and a recording of English organ music played by James Vivian. Both were critically acclaimed. The boys' choir also appears on the 2016 recording of John Rutter's violin concerto "Visions", and on an album of upper-voices Christmas music released the same year.


title: Temple Church

text: The church contains two organs: a chamber organ built by Robin Jennings in 2001, and a four manual Harrison & Harrison organ, built in 1924 as a private ballroom organ at Glen Tanar House and installed at the Temple Church in 1954.


title: Temple Church

text: The church always has two clergy, called the "Master of the Temple" and the "Reader of the Temple." The title of the Master of the Temple recalls the title of the head of the former order of the Knights Templar. The Master of the Temple is appointed by the Crown; the right of appointment was reserved when the Church was granted to the two Inns by James I in 1608. The church has the status of a peculiar rather than a private chapel and is outside any episcopal or archiepiscopal jurisdiction. The present Master of the Temple is the Reverend Robin Griffith-Jones, appointed in 1999. The Master gives regular lunchtime talks open to the public.


title: Temple Church

text: The official title of the Master of the Temple is the "Reverend and Valiant Master of the Temple." His official residence is the Master's House, a Georgian townhouse built next to the church in 1764.


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: In linguistics, semantics, general semantics, and ontologies, hyponymy () is a semantic relation between a hyponym denoting a subtype and a hypernym or hyperonym (sometimes called umbrella term or blanket term) denoting a supertype. In other words, the semantic field of the hyponym is included within that of the hypernym.


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: In simpler terms, a hyponym is in a "type-of" relationship with its hypernym. For example, "pigeon", "crow", "eagle", and "seagull" are all hyponyms of "bird", their hypernym, which itself is a hyponym of "animal", its hypernym.


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: Hyponymy shows the relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym). A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is more specific than its hypernym. The semantic field of a hypernym, also known as a superordinate, is broader than that of a hyponym. An approach to the relationship between hyponyms and hypernyms is to view a hypernym as consisting of hyponyms. This, however, becomes more difficult with abstract words such as "imagine", "understand" and "knowledge". While hyponyms are typically used to refer to nouns, it can also be used on other parts of speech. Like nouns, hypernyms in verbs are words that refer to a broad category of actions. For example, verbs such as "stare", "gaze", "view" and "peer" can also be considered hyponyms of the verb "look", which is their hypernym.


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: Hypernyms and hyponyms are asymmetric. Hyponymy can be tested by substituting X and Y in the sentence "X is a kind of Y" and determining if it makes sense. For example, "A screwdriver is a kind of tool" makes sense, but not "A tool is a kind of screwdriver".


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: Strictly speaking, the meaning relation between hyponyms and hypernyms applies to lexical items of the same word class (or parts of speech), and holds between senses rather than words. For instance, the word "screwdriver" used in the previous example refers to the screwdriver tool, and not to the screwdriver drink.


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: Hyponymy is a transitive relation: if X is a hyponym of Y, and Y is a hyponym of Z, then X is a hyponym of Z. For example, "violet" is a hyponym of "purple" and "purple" is a hyponym of "color"; therefore "violet" is a hyponym of "color". A word can be both a hypernym and a hyponym: for example "purple" is a hyponym of color but itself is a hypernym of the broad spectrum of shades of purple between the range of "crimson" and "violet".


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: The hierarchical structure of semantic fields can be mostly seen in hyponymy. They could be observed from top to bottom, where the higher level is more general and the lower level is more specific. For example, "living things" will be the highest level followed by "plants" and "animals", and the lowest level may comprise "dog", "cat" and "wolf".


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: Under the relations of hyponymy and incompatibility, taxonomic hierarchical structures too can be formed. It consists of two relations; the first one being exemplified in "An X is a Y" (simple hyponymy) while the second relation is "An X is a kind/type of Y". The second relation is said to be more discriminating and can be classified more specifically under the concept of taxonomy.


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: If the hypernym Z consists of hyponyms X and Y, X and Y are identified as co-hyponyms (cohyponyms), also known as coordinate terms. Co-hyponyms are labelled as such when separate hyponyms share the same hypernym but are not hyponyms of one another, unless they happen to be synonymous. For example, "screwdriver", "scissors", "knife", and "hammer" are all co-hyponyms of one another and hyponyms of "tool", but not hyponyms of one another: *"A hammer is a type of knife" is false.


title: Hyponymy and hypernymy

text: Co-hyponyms are often but not always related to one another by the relation of incompatibility. For example, "apple", "peach" and "plum" are co-hyponyms of "fruit". However, an "apple" is not a "peach", which is also not a "plum". Thus, they are incompatible. Nevertheless, co-hyponyms are not necessarily incompatible in all senses. A "queen" and "mother" are both hyponyms of "woman" but there is nothing preventing the "queen" from being a "mother". This shows that compatibility may be relevant.