title: Rock and Hard Place

text: In the episode, Nacho Varga is forced to choose sides while on the run from the cartel. Meanwhile, Jimmy McGill questions his reputation as a lawyer when he involves his friend Huell Babineaux in his scheme to ruin Howard Hamlin's life.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: Filming for the episode took place between April and May 2021. Actor Michael Mando, who plays Nacho, described his character's journey and the allusions in the episode to the ancient legend of Orpheus and Eurydice, practices in the Aztec and Mayan cultures, and the religious motif of weighing a person's soul. A series of misfortunes arose in the process of shooting the final scenes, such as Mando having to be rushed to the hospital after severely cutting his finger and a sandstorm hitting the set. Smith's approach as director was to meet audience expectations and focus on maximizing the tension in the episode's finale.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: "Rock and Hard Place" was met with critical acclaim for its themes, story, Smith's direction, and Mando's performance. It marked the final appearance in the series for Mando (Nacho Varga). An estimated 1.16 million viewers saw the episode during its first broadcast on AMC.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: As rain begins to fall, a close-up scan of a small patch of desert stops on a blue flower, then settles on a piece of broken glass.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: The truck Nacho Varga is driving after his escape breaks down. He conceals himself in an abandoned oil tanker until the Cousins move on with their search. He later cleans himself at a mechanic's shop and makes a farewell call to his father, Manuel. He then calls Mike Ehrmantraut, asks to speak to Gus Fring, and offers to surrender as long as his father is protected. Gus's men smuggle Nacho into the U.S., and Mike administers a beating so it appears Nacho was captured. Mike and Nacho review the plan for Nacho to absolve Gus of blame for Lalo's death. After confessing, Nacho will attempt to flee so Victor can kill him, guaranteeing the Salamancas will not torture him.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: Jimmy McGill and Kim Wexler conspire to obtain duplicates of Howard Hamlin's car and vanity license plate as part of their plan to force a resolution of the Sandpiper case but realize that actually obtaining access to his car is more feasible. Jimmy and Kim work with Huell Babineaux and another associate to obtain copies of Howard's car key and remote unlock button. Huell tells Jimmy he does not understand why two legitimate lawyers would commit crimes. Jimmy makes an unconvincing argument about doing wrong to accomplish a greater good. Prosecutor Suzanne Ericsen connects Jimmy to Lalo Salamanca and Nacho, tells Kim that Lalo is dead, and asks Kim to persuade Jimmy to inform on the Salamancas.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: While Mike watches from a distance and trains his rifle on the location, Gus, Tyrus, and Victor meet with Juan Bolsa, Hector Salamanca, and the Cousins to hand Nacho over. As planned, Nacho claims he aided the Alvarezes to kill Lalo. He then bolsters his confession by revealing that he tried to kill Hector, but Gus saved him. Nacho uses the piece of broken glass he retrieved from Gus's trash to cut his restraints, seize Bolsa's gun, and kill himself. As Gus and his men depart, the Cousins assist Hector to fire bullets into Nacho's lifeless body.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: The episode was written and directed by co-executive producer Gordon Smith. "Rock and Hard Place" marked the death of longtime character Nacho Varga, played by Michael Mando, who had been with the series since the second episode. Series co-creators Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould and executive producer Melissa Bernstein first told Mando about his character's fate in the winter of 2020, a few months before filming began on the sixth season of "Better Call Saul". Smith said the writers had decided early on that it was better for the series to conclude Nacho's storyline early on in the season instead of spending several episodes of him "on the run and getting out of jams". Earlier scenes in the episode, as Mando put it, were meant to symbolize "what life meant to this character, and what he was willing to stand up for."


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: Filming for the episode began in April 2021. The first scene that was shot was of Nacho pouring himself a drink and noticing the broken glass in Gus's trash, which had been thrown out in the previous episode "Carrot and Stick". The shot taken from the point of view of the trash can was meant to symbolize how fragmented the character was at that moment. Smith filmed a take of Mando without the effect and, two weeks later, projected the shot onto a screen, where they could adjust where the glass was and how it was fractured. The oil tanker scene was shot on location for the exterior and in a studio for the interior. Nacho's submergence in the oil, which was first discussed in December 2020, was filmed on a soundstage in May 2021. It was the last scene Mando filmed on "Better Call Saul". Each take would last one to two minutes with Mando performing the stunt himself, using about of a vegetable-based substance. Its thickness made it difficult for Mando to submerge, so he had to hold onto horizontal scaffolding poles nearby to pull himself under. Resetting the scene would take at least an hour. The set in the studio had to be flipped upside down every time the crew wanted to point the camera in a different direction so a crane could fit inside. The episode's cold open was shot simultaneously with the oil tanker scene on a different soundstage, where they added a patch of desert with a green screen in the background. It took two days to prepare and was shot using a motion control rig.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: Mando compared Nacho's phone call to his father (played by Juan Carlos Cantu) to the legend of Orpheus and Eurydice, which details the story of a man between a rock and a hard place who voluntarily goes through Hades to save the person he loves on the condition that he can never see her again. "In that particular phone call," said Mando, "he's free, he's won, and he's looking into the sunset. But his heart turns around and asks his father to come with him, indirectly, subtextually. And his father says no. So he willingly walks back into the fire and trades his life for the life of his father." Assistant director Rich Sickler read Mando the lines to both of Nacho's phone calls in the episode. Mando said he did not shoot his side of the conversations with Cantu or Jonathan Banks, who plays Mike, on set because he thought it would be ideal if the actors did not see each other, much like the characters they played, to create a sense of disconnection. Cantu was not given access to the season's scripts, so, while filming, he actually did not know what Nacho had gone through, what he looked like, or where he was in the story. Mando agreed to be on set when Cantu shot his side of the dialogue.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: Mando likened the moment of being interrogated before his death to being on trial and his heart being weighed. He called it the "first time he has no fear of any of these people ... completely willing to tell the story that will save his father, regardless of what anybody else thinks." He saw Nacho's confession to Hector as keeping his promise to his father in standing up to the cartel. He also said it was the moment Nacho and Mike's relationship broke apart as they made allegiances to different people, Nacho to his father and Mike to Gus. A Latin American documentary about the Aztecs and the Mayans, which said the victors of a sport would sacrifice themselves for their gods to bring rain, inspired Mando's performance. He viewed his character's suicide as a moment of no regrets because Nacho knew when and for what reason he was going to die: "For the first time in his life, he has a clear image of himself." Mando said that the purple flower that appears in the opening scene at the site of Nacho's suicide represents enlightenment from these cultures that comes from facing death.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: The crew wore Nacho shirts and fake tear tattoos to commemorate Mando's last days on set. A series of misfortunes arose in the process of shooting the scenes in the desert. Off-set, Mando was rushed to the hospital after he severely cut his thumb and lost all sensation in his left hand. He was not able to start shooting his scenes for a week and a half. On the first day of filming the desert scenes, a sandstorm hit the set and production was paused; at the time they stopped, everyone's coverage had been shot but Mando's. Resuming the next day, Smith gave Mando a note that changed Mando's interpretation of Nacho's last words; Mando said he "realized that this was not an f-you speech, this was a speech that is filled with the underlying values and integrity of who Nacho really is, and where he'd like to see his community go". That night, Mando arrived home to discover that a tree struck by lightning had fallen in his driveway, blocking his entrance. Smith's approach as director was to meet audience expectations and focus on maximizing the tension in the scene despite the outcome seeming obvious in hindsight. Mando brought some of the character acting he did as Vaas Montenegro from the video game "Far Cry 3" in the final scene, though he had to tone it back at Smith's request. Mando called the finale ominous because every other character would eventually meet their own fates on "Breaking Bad": "These are all dead men walking, watching the first man die."


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: Smith compared Jimmy and Kim's relationship in "Rock and Hard Place" to an episode of "Arrested Development" where a character gets married after "a series of escalating dares". He noted their newly developed habit of smoking indoors as a sign that the "discipline is breaking down a little bit. It's a little bit chaotic and dangerous, but not terribly. Every step down a slippery slope is fine until you're at the bottom." The staircase sequence with the valet featured a number of wipe transitions. The crew found a parallelogram-shaped parking garage to shoot the scene. The staircase in the location had a hollow spot where they could fit the camera with a descender rig. Smith described it as "building a little elevator shaft for a camera body in this small, triangular hole that ran the length of the stairwell". During post-production, editing for the episode was completed by Joey Reinisch in his second solo editing credit on television.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of five reviews are positive, with an average rating of 9.3/10. Mando's performance as Nacho received critical acclaim. Kaleena Rivera of "Pajiba" praised the actor's display of rage and the episode's buildup to the ending. "The A.V. Club"s Kimberly Potts said Mando's acting was deserving of an Emmy nomination. She also compared Nacho's last words to Walter White's confession to Jesse Pinkman in the "Breaking Bad" episode "Ozymandias" and gave positive notes to the performances of Giancarlo Esposito and Mark Margolis and the show's development of Nacho as a compelling character. David Segal of "The New York Times" saluted Smith's screenplay and direction and the production design. He similarly compared Nacho's life to that of Jesse's—both criminals who made "some terrible life choices" and were "over-punished for them"—adding, "It would have been great to see more of this stellar actor, but if you must leave a show, a more dramatic and affecting end is hard to imagine." Steve Greene, writing for "IndieWire", said he enjoyed how the storylines shared similar themes on creating one's fate.


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: Alan Sepinwall of "Rolling Stone" complimented the episode's straightforward narrative and said Mando's performance was "fantastic throughout — so tired, so defeated, and yet so insistent about ending things on something resembling his own terms if he can. It is a tour de force, particularly the phone call sequence and Nacho staring down the Salamancas for the last time." "TVLine" named Mando the performer of the week ending on April 30, 2022. They called it "a beautifully moving episode that saw Mando hit new dramatic heights ... we could see the emotions welling up in Mando's eyes as his character's tragic fate began to settle in. ... Nacho may not have lived long enough to share the screen with "Breaking Bad"s Walt and Jesse — but with Mando's truly exceptional performance this week, he's more than earned the right to share the screen with anyone."


title: Rock and Hard Place

text: An estimated 1.16 million viewers watched "Rock and Hard Place" during its first broadcast on AMC on April 25, 2022.


title: Badri (2000 film)

text: Badri is a 2000 Indian Telugu-language romantic action film written and directed by Puri Jagannadh. It stars Pawan Kalyan, Amisha Patel and Renu Desai, with music composed by Ramana Gogula. It is produced by T. Trivikrama Rao under the Vijaya Lakhshmi Movies banner. The film marks the debut of Puri Jagannadh as a director and Ramana Gogula's collaboration with Pawan Kalyan after the successful film "Thammudu" (1999). In 2004, Puri Jagannadh remade this film in Hindi as "".


title: Badri (2000 film)

text: Badri (Pawan Kalyan) is an ad agency director whose parents are settled in the USA. His girlfriend, Vennela (Renu Desai), is a close friend of Badri's family. Their parents want these two to tie the knot. Badri and Vennela are whiling away time, as Vennela did not finish her graduation yet.


title: Badri (2000 film)

text: On one of those romantic evenings, Vennela tells Badri that she loves him very much. But, at the same time, she does not find the same sincerity in Badri's love. She challenges him: No other girl on earth would probably love him more than she does. Badri, who gets carried away in arguments, takes up the challenge immediately. Vennela shows a beautiful girl (Amisha Patel) coming out of the temple and asks him to approach that girl. Then Vennela goes to the US to spend time with Badri's parents. Badri gets the info of the new girl in no time and finds out that her name is Sarayu. She is a pampered-yet-docile sister of Nanda (Prakash Raj). After a few tries he is able to corner Sarayu to the extent that she expresses her love and puts forward a marriage proposal, to which Badri gives no response.


title: Badri (2000 film)

text: Meantime, Vennela is back and can see the chemistry between Sarayu and Badri. She starts regretting the bet with Badri. Badri, too, is torn. Nanda, who is excessively fond and protective of his sister Sarayu, guns for the blood of Badri, as he knows that Badri and Vennela are destined for marriage.


title: Badri (2000 film)

text: Music composed by Ramana Gogula. It was a success. Music released on Aditya Music Company. "Ye Chiquita" became a chartbuster and was on top of the charts almost for a year.


title: The Burning (film)

text: The Burning is a 1981 American slasher film directed by Tony Maylam, and starring Brian Matthews, Leah Ayres, Brian Backer, Larry Joshua, and Lou David. Its plot follows a summer camp caretaker who is horribly burnt from a prank gone wrong, where he seeks vengeance at a nearby summer camp years later.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Based on the New York urban legend of the Cropsey maniac, the screenplay was written by Bob Weinstein and Peter Lawrence, from a story conceived by producer Harvey Weinstein, Tony Maylam, and Brad Grey. The film marks the debut of Jason Alexander, Fisher Stevens, and Holly Hunter. Rick Wakeman, of the progressive rock band Yes, composed the score.


title: The Burning (film)

text: "The Burning" was theatrically released on May 8, 1981 by Filmways. While the film did not generate the interest nor revenue achieved by other slasher films at the time, it has since become a cult classic and received positive reappraisal from film critics.


title: The Burning (film)

text: One night at Camp Blackfoot, several campers pull a prank on the caretaker named Cropsy by setting a worm-riddled skull with candles in the eye sockets next to his bed. When the caretaker is awoken by the campers banging on his window, he gets frightened by the skull and accidentally knocks it onto his bed, starting a fire. The flames reach a gas tank, which ignites Cropsy and his cabin. He runs outside, engulfed in flames, and stumbles down into a river as the boys flee. Despite his horrific injuries, Cropsy survives.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Five years later, Cropsy is released from the hospital despite dealing with failed skin grafts and wears a coat and hat to hide his disfigurements. A prostitute lures him to her apartment, where he stabs her with scissors in a fit of rage. He then arms himself with a pair of garden shears and sets out to another summer camp, Camp Stonewater. At the camp, the counselors and campers are playing softball when Tiger, one of the campers, goes to search for the ball lost in the woods. She finds the ball and runs back to the game, narrowly avoiding Cropsy.


title: The Burning (film)

text: The next morning, a camper named Alfred scares Sally as she steps out of the shower. Her screams bring the attention of counselors Michelle and Todd, and campers Karen and Eddy catch him. Michelle is furious at Alfred's actions and demands that he leaves, but Todd talks to him; he learns that Alfred has no friends and was merely pulling a prank on Sally. Sally's boyfriend Glazer confronts Alfred, but Todd gets him to back off, and the latter apologizes to Sally. Alfred spots Cropsy outside his window that night, but nobody believes him.


title: The Burning (film)

text: The following day, the campers are brought by Todd and Michelle on a canoe trip down to the river Devil's Creek. After Todd tells them about the legend of Cropsy, Karen and Eddy go to a lake to skinny dip. He leaves upset when she reconsiders having sex with him, and Karen leaves the lake to find her clothes scattered in the woods. As she collects them, Cropsy slashes her throat with his shears. The next morning, Michelle finds Karen and the canoes missing. Eddy, Fish, Woodstock, Diane, and Barbara search for the canoes on a makeshift raft. They spot a canoe and paddle to it, but Cropsy ambushes them by jumping out from the canoe and savagely murders them all with his shears.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Glazer has sex with Sally in the woods but suffers premature ejaculation. When he leaves to get matches for a campfire, Cropsy shoves his shears into Sally's chest. Her boyfriend returns only for Cropsy to stab him through the throat and pin him to a tree. Alfred witnesses his death and wakes up Todd, but Todd is rendered unconscious by Cropsy, who then chases after Alfred. Meanwhile, Michelle finds the mutilated bodies on the makeshift raft and brings the remaining campers back to the camp to contact the authorities.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Todd regains consciousness and chases after the killer with an axe. Cropsy grabs Alfred inside an abandoned mineshaft and pins him to a wall with his shears. Todd discovers Karen's body and sees Cropsy armed with a flamethrower, where he begins to remember being involved with the prank. He is attacked by Cropsy, who reveals his disfigurements, and Alfred frees himself to stab him with his own shears. Before they can leave, Cropsy reappears, and Todd ultimately slams the axe into his face, killing him. Alfred ignites his body with his own flamethrower, and they make their way outside to Michelle, who brought the police with her, as Cropsy's body burns away. At a campfire, another group of teenagers is seen retelling the story of Cropsy.


title: The Burning (film)

text: In 1980, Harvey Weinstein was desperate to break into the movie business. Weinstein and producing partner Michael Cohl recognized the success of low-budget horror films such as "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" (1974) and "Halloween" (1978), and began swapping horror stories. Having heard stories about the Cropsy legend when he was a young camper in upstate New York, Weinstein brought the idea to Cohl, who loved it.


title: The Burning (film)

text: The project was initiated before the popularity of Sean S. Cunningham's sleeper hit "Friday the 13th" (1980), with Harvey Weinstein creating a five-page treatment in 1979 under the title "The Cropsy Maniac" and registering it in April 1980, a full month before Cunningham's film was released. Coincidentally, at the same time, director Joseph Ellison also had a film in pre-production under the title "The Burning", but changed the name to "Don't Go in the House" (1980) to avoid confusion with Weinstein's film. The production also bore similarities to another slasher movie in pre-production, a film that would become known as "Madman" (1982). In summer 1980, during a casting call for "Madman", one of the actresses commented that her boyfriend was acting in "The Burning". This prompted "Madman" to change its entire premise, which was built around the Cropsy legend. This change caused story alterations on "Madman", and filming on that film was delayed until October 1980. "Madman"s delay was costly for the film, as it did not receive a theatrical release until January 1982. The over-saturation of genre films competing with each other was one of the side-effects of the early 1980s slasher boom.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Cohl told "Variety" that he, Weinstein and producer Corky Burger took an early version of the script to the 1980 Cannes Film Festival, where it was met with positive reception, although they rejected initial six-figure offers, hoping to land more money once the film had been shot. This was a similar approach to how "Friday the 13th" had earned distribution with Paramount Pictures.


title: The Burning (film)

text: British director Tony Maylam, known for rock music documentaries in the 1970s, was hired as "The Burning"s director in summer 1980. Maylam had met Weinstein and Burger while the producers worked as rock promoters.


title: The Burning (film)

text: During his discussion with film critic Alan Jones on the commentary track of MGM's DVD, Maylam said that once he came on board things moved very quickly. The screenplay was written in just six weeks and was sculpted to conform to the emerging genre conventions of the time. As it was, the film takes place mostly outside and is set in summer, so there was only a small window of opportunity to make the film or, perhaps, have to wait until the following year. Knowing that the slasher craze would not last forever, and wanting to get their film released before it fizzled out, the producers rushed into production. The screenplay was written by Peter Lawrence and Harvey's brother, Bob Weinstein. Again, showing a knowledge of the then in-vogue conventions of the slasher movie, the script showcased a murder every ten minutes in the script. It was Maylam's idea to make Cropsy's weapon-of-choice gardening shears. The film originally had a different ending. A script dated July 6, 1980 shifted the location to one much more in keeping with a summer camp slasher. Originally, the showdown was to take place in a boathouse. The other big change is that Todd ends up as the "final boy" rather than as the heroic adult, and Alfred is killed by Cropsy. Other changes included an excised character named Alan, who was to be the love interest for Tiger. This version also ends with a campfire scene, but the last line is different: ""...And every year he seeks revenge for the terrible things those kids did to him ... every year he kills!""


title: The Burning (film)

text: The production company became Miramax, named after Harvey and Bob Weinstein's parents, Miriam and Max, who helped fund the picture. The budget is reported to have been between $500,000 and $1.5 million, although the latter is more often cited. Cohl admitted that the fact that most of the people behind the production were relatively new to the movie business did cause some problems, and the film did go over budget — with them underestimating how much money would have to be spent on behind-the-scenes elements.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Casting took place in New York in the spring of 1980, and Maylam met most of the cast in person. There was a remarkably quick turnaround, as the start date for filming was August 18, 1980 (although some shooting may have taken place prior to this date). Brian Matthews and Leah Ayres were cast first. Ayres already had a successful small screen career. Maylam reportedly insisted that Matthews dye his hair brown, as he did not think he would look macho enough with blonde hair. Larry Joshua was cast as one of the kids at the camp, even though he was older in real life than either Matthews or Ayres. Like most of the cast, it was his first role, but led to a long and successful career, mostly on the small screen. The rest of the cast was hired during a series of auditions. For some of the soon-to-be-stars, such as Holly Hunter, Jason Alexander, and Fisher Stevens, "The Burning" was the first big screen appearance.


title: The Burning (film)

text: The Weinsteins and Maylam also secured the services of make-up supremo Tom Savini, who they flew to Pittsburgh to meet. Savini had worked on films such as "Dawn of the Dead" (1978), "Friday the 13th" (1980), "Maniac" (1980), and "Eyes of a Stranger" (1981). Savini turned down the chance to work on "Friday the 13th Part 2" (1981), ostensibly because he could not understand the logic that Jason was fully grown and was now the killer, as well as what he described as "miscommunications" with the film's backers. He also said that he liked the script for "The Burning" more.


title: The Burning (film)

text: "The Burning" was shot in the late summer of 1980 around Buffalo and North Tonawanda, New York. Much of the filming took place in and around existing summer camps to give it an authentic look while keeping costs down. The cast wore their own clothes throughout the production. Many of the cast were local to the New York area and were aware of the Cropsy legend.


title: The Burning (film)

text: In the interview on the MGM DVD, Savini recalls that the cast were literally queuing up to find out how they would die, making him feel like an assassin. Savini was very hands-on with the production.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Savini also did not have much time to put together the special effects for the film. He only had three or four days to make the Cropsy make-up – the mask was created in his dressing room in-between special effects duties elsewhere on the film. In "Grande Illusions", his first book on his life as a special effects guru, Savini says he based the look of Cropsy on a burnt beggar he had seen as a kid in Pittsburgh, as well as textbooks on burn victims. Due to time constraints, the resulting mask was more of a melt than a burn. Savini was pleased enough with what he had done that he subsequently agreed to go on a publicity tour for the film.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Savini expanded on his "Friday the 13th" experience for his work on "The Burning". The scene where a victim has her throat cut by Cropsy with the shears was similar in execution to the demise of the hitchhiker in the earlier film. Cropsy's demise, when the axe smashes into his face, is an almost identical effect to a scene in "Friday the 13th".


title: The Burning (film)

text: There has been much speculation as to why the mine system was chosen for the climactic battle between Cropsy and Todd. As an earlier script showed, it was originally meant to be a boat house at the camp, but this was switched to a cave system. Indeed, another subsequent version of the script has a scene in Cropsy's lair, where he looks over old newspaper clippings. Maylam says it was changed again to the copper mine because they found bats roosting in the boat house and considered it unsafe.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Maylam has recalled that Carolyn Houlihan, who was Miss Ohio USA in 1979, found her nude scenes extremely difficult to do. Carrick Glenn, who also had a nude scene, was relaxed in front of the camera, according to the director.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Maylam maintains that he was Cropsy for about 90% of the movie, as he could not get anyone else to hold the shears the way he wanted (to perfect the gleam bouncing off the metal).


title: The Burning (film)

text: The film was edited by Jack Sholder, who went on shortly to direct the first film for New Line Cinema, the slasher "Alone in the Dark" (1982), starring Jack Palance, Martin Landau, and Donald Pleasence. He also directed "" (1985), a sequel to the 1984 classic.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Maylam has said that there was talk of a sequel at the time "The Burning" was wrapping; however, Maylam was leery of being type-cast as a horror director and the disappointing box office performance of the original stalled the sequel's production.


title: The Burning (film)

text: According to Maylam, the film received a very good response at test screenings. In February 1981, Filmways Pictures picked up the rights to distribute the film from Miramax for an undisclosed sum after viewing it in Los Angeles. According to "Variety", Filmways was in financial difficulties and saw an opportunity to make quick money during the slasher boom. The company had already produced Brian De Palma's "Dressed to Kill" (1980), which had made serious money the previous year. Filmways also released horror thrillers such as "The Town That Dreaded Sundown" (1976), "Without Warning" (1980), and "The Last House on the Left" (1972). Filmways originally was intent on renaming the film "Tales Around the Campfire" due to its now-iconic campfire scenes, but its original title remained. The film was subsequently sold to foreign territories including Britain, Germany, France, Spain and Japan at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival.


title: The Burning (film)

text: The film opened on May 8, 1981 in Florida on 110 screens, with a regional rollout following on May 22. According to "Variety", the film did especially well in Buffalo, near where it had lensed, playing in three theaters and two drive-ins, bringing in $33,000. Interest soon fizzled, and the film suffered a more than 50% drop-off in box office receipts the following week. Despite this brief bright spot, overall box office for "The Burning" was initially pretty dismal. It lasted in the top 50 for only four weeks, with a take of just $270,508. "Variety" reported it received a "chilly reception" in San Francisco and Chicago. Unlike in Buffalo, it opened elsewhere to stiff competition: it debuted at number 23 behind slasher films "Happy Birthday to Me", which was at number one, and "Friday the 13th Part 2" at number two; however, "The Burning" also opened on far fewer screens than those wider releases.


title: The Burning (film)

text: The oversaturation of the slasher film market did not help draw in audiences to "The Burning". Aside from having the very similar-plotted "Friday the 13th Part 2" also playing, the film suffered from competition with "Happy Birthday to Me", "Final Exam", "The Fan", "Graduation Day", "Eyes of a Stranger", and a successful re-release of Tobe Hooper's "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre". The success of "Friday the 13th Part 2" hampered "The Burning"s attendance, as the audience flocked to the known property.


title: The Burning (film)

text: "The Burning" opened in New York with new poster artwork (showing a face with a fire reflected in an eye) on November 5, 1982 distributed by Orion Pictures, who had recently merged with Filmways. "The New York Times" film critic Janet Maslin's gave a scathing review. An ad in "Variety" from November 17 noted that the film had grossed $401,258 in just 7 days. Its last week on "Variety" sample chart was December 8, where it had slipped from 78 screens the previous week to just 8 that week, with a final gross of $707,770.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Promotional press artwork also exists under the title "Cropsy", but it is unclear when it played theaters under that title, as it was a common practice to give films multiple names in an effort to trick audiences into seeing it multiple times. According to the MPAA site, it may have also played under the title "Campfire Tales". These releases and re-releases make it difficult to find a definitive box office tally for the film.


title: The Burning (film)

text: According to Tony Maylam, the film sold well around the world, making back its $1.5 million budget. The film did very well in Japan when it was released there in September 1981. "Variety" reported it making a total of $283,477 in a week at just four cinemas in Tokyo. In its first 16 days, it had grossed $1.2 million from 11 theatres in Japan. It had legs, staying in one cinema for at least six weeks there.


title: The Burning (film)

text: The film was released to British screens on November 5, 1981 by HandMade Films, where it was met with modest success. Within a couple of weeks it was on a double-bill with "When a Stranger Calls" (1979), which did not boost its fortunes, as "Variety" said it soon "hit the skids" with "pathetic" results.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Despite the graphic gore effects of slasher films being the driving force behind their box office success, the MPAA gave in to the critical reception and reaction of pressure groups who were protesting the films in the wake of violent acts, such as the assassination of John Lennon, and the growing debate about violence in the media. "The Burning" was heavily trimmed to receive its R-rating. The film remained cut in the United States for nearly 30 years, until its release on DVD in 2007 restored the scenes of gore.


title: The Burning (film)

text: The British cinema release of "The Burning" was severely cut as well by the BBFC, receiving an X-certificate on September 23, 1981, with cuts to the scissor murder of the prostitute and some gore during the raft attack. When the film was accidentally released uncut on video in the United Kingdom by Thorn EMI, the tape was liable for seizure and prosecution under the Obscene Publications Act. Thorn-EMI had unwittingly released a "video nasty", a term used to coin films judged as obscene and too violent for home rental. They tried to rectify matters by reissuing a BBFC-approved version. The original uncut Thorn-EMI release is worth a great deal of money today. In 1992, the United Kingdom video re-release suffered additional cuts to the raft attack, plus cuts to the killing of Karen. It was finally released fully uncut in 2002.


title: The Burning (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 73% based on reviews from 11 critics, with an average rating of 6.80/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Burning (film)

text: On his weekly "Sneak Previews" show with Gene Siskel, Roger Ebert chose the film as one of the critics' Dogs of the Week; Ebert was particularly unimpressed by the film's similarity to "Friday the 13th Part II", another slasher film from the summer of 1981 that he despised. Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote: ""The Burning" makes a few minor departures from the usual cliches of its genre, though it carefully preserves the violence and sadism that are schlock horror's sine qua non".


title: The Burning (film)

text: The "Time Out" film guide wrote: "Suspensewise, it's proficient enough, but familiarity with this sort of stuff can breed contempt". Kim Newman of "Empire" magazine was critical of the film for being "an obvious imitation of "Friday the 13th"" but praised Tom Savini's special effects.


title: The Burning (film)

text: AllMovie wrote: "With deliberant pacing and shocking scenes of full-on gore, "The Burning" delivers on the creep-out levels and would probably be better regarded if not for the boom of familiar flicks that came out after this release". While reviewing the film's 2013 Blu-ray release from Scream Factory, Scott Weinberg of FEARnet wrote, "["The Burning" is] dated and sort of dull. But there's some amazing gore, and the new Blu-ray makes it shine". Leonard Maltin gave the film one out of a possible four stars, calling it "[an] awful "Friday the 13th" rip-off".


title: The Burning (film)

text: "The Burning" was released on DVD in North America for the first time ever on September 11, 2007 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The DVD contains several extras, including a commentary by director Tony Maylam, a featurette covering Savini's make-up effects, a stills gallery, and the theatrical trailer. Despite the DVD cover displaying the 'R' rating, the print used is the full uncut version. Shout! Factory released "The Burning" on Blu-ray Disc/DVD Combo Pack on May 21, 2013 under their sub-label Scream Factory.


title: The Burning (film)

text: A soundtrack album featuring Rick Wakeman's score was released on LP in 1981 in Europe, and shortly after in the United States and Japan. It includes music from the film and rock band arrangements by Wakeman, known as The Wakeman Variations, as well as selections from the score, written by Alan Brewer and Anna Pepper. Brewer was musical director for the film and co-producer of the score and soundtrack album with Wakeman.


title: The Burning (film)

text: Many people involved in "The Burning" have gone onto achieve great success. Bob and Harvey Weinstein have become successful film producers, acting as founders and heads of Miramax Films from 1979 until 2005 (which was owned by The Walt Disney Company from 1993 until 2010), when they created The Weinstein Company. Bob is also the founder and head of Dimension Films, which continues to release genre films, though many of them heavily reedited by Weinstein from 1992 until 2019, including the successful "Scream" slasher film franchise and five of the "Halloween" films. Harvey won an Academy Award for producing "Shakespeare in Love" and has garnered seven Tony Awards for producing a variety of winning plays and musicals, including "The Producers", "Billy Elliot the Musical", and "". Brad Grey, who received a writing credit on "The Burning", became the chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures, a position he held from 2005 until his death in 2017. Grey produced eight of the ten top-grossing films to come from the studio. Actress Holly Hunter won an Academy Award in 1993 for her performance in "The Piano", and was also nominated for her performances in "Broadcast News" (1987), "The Firm" (1993), and "Thirteen" (2003), as well as winning two Emmy Awards and receiving seven nominations. Jason Alexander would star in the long-running, critically acclaimed sitcom "Seinfeld" as George Costanza. Fisher Stevens would star in "The Flamingo Kid" (1984) and "Short Circuit" (1986), before turning to documentary directing, where he won an Academy Award for his film "The Cove" (2010) and an Independent Spirit Award for "Crazy Love" (2007). The film was also cited by Hifumi Kono as being the inspiration for Bobby Barrow's signature scissors weapon in "Clock Tower".


title: The Burning (film)

text: In 2009, writer-director Joshua Zeman and director Barbara Brancaccio released a documentary titled "Cropsey", which details the Cropsey maniac urban legend on which "The Burning" is based. Despite sharing little connection to "The Burning", the film re-ignited the popular mythos of the character.


title: The Burning (film)

text: In 2017, "Complex" magazine named "The Burning" the 12th-best slasher film of all time. The following year, "Paste" included it in their list of "The 50 Best Slasher Movies of All Time", while Cropsy was ranked the 12th-greatest slasher villain of all time by "LA Weekly".


title: The Burning (film)

text: In October 2017, former-production assistant Paula Wachowiak alleged that producer Harvey Weinstein's predatory behavior went back to filming "The Burning" in June 1980. Then a 24-year-old University at Buffalo graduate and divorced mother, Wachowiak was tasked with getting Weinstein to sign checks for an auditor working with the production's accounting department. When Wachowiak arrived at Weinstein's hotel room to have him sign the checks, he allegedly answered the door wearing only a towel, that he then dropped and asked for a massage from his employee. When Wachowiak refused, she alleges that Weinstein harassed her about the incident through the rest of the film's production, up until the film's May 1981 premiere.


title: Gordy Hoffman

text: Gordon Richard Hoffman (born ) is an American screenwriter and director. He is the older brother of actor Philip Seymour Hoffman.


title: Gordy Hoffman

text: His mother, Marilyn O'Connor (née Loucks), a native of Waterloo, New York, is a family court judge and lawyer. His father, Gordon Stowell Hoffman, is a former Xerox executive. He has two sisters, Jill and Emily, in addition to his late brother Philip. His parents divorced in 1976.


title: Gordy Hoffman

text: In 2002, he wrote the screenplay for the film "Love Liza", about a man dealing with his wife's suicide. "The Guardian" Peter Bradshaw described it as a "very melancholy evening in the cinema ... an intelligent and harrowing movie," while Ed Gonzalez from "Slant Magazine" disparagingly wrote: ""Love Liza" will have a difficult time distinguishing itself from Alexander Payne's "About Schmidt", another widower-in-chaos comedy starring Bates in an undervalued role. "Love Liza" is nowhere near as condescending but its shrill pitch makes it just as difficult to take." The film received the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Gordy Hoffman

text: Hoffman is the founder of the BlueCat Screenplay Competition—for finding and fostering undiscovered writing talent. The winning screenplay from the 2005 competition, "", was purchased by Greenestreet Films, and was released in 2009.


title: Martin Adolf Bormann

text: Martin Adolf Bormann (14 April 1930 – 11 March 2013) was a German theologian and laicized Roman Catholic priest. He was the eldest of the ten children of Martin Bormann.


title: Martin Adolf Bormann

text: Bormann was born in Grünwald, Bavaria, the oldest of the ten children of the head of the Nazi Party Chancellery and private secretary to Adolf Hitler, Martin Bormann (1900–1945) and his wife, Gerda Buch (1909–1946). He was baptised in the German Evangelical Church with Adolf Hitler as his godfather. His parents would not baptise some of their subsequent children on account of their hostility to Christianity and did not raise their children religiously. Nicknamed "Krönzi", short for "Kronprinz" (German for crown prince), he was an ardent young Nazi, attending the Nazi Party Academy of Matrei am Brenner in the Tyrol from 1940 to 1945.


title: Martin Adolf Bormann

text: On 15 April 1945, the school closed and young Martin was advised by a party functionary in Munich, named Hummel, to try to reach his mother in the still German-occupied hamlet of Val Gardena/Gröden, near Selva/Wolkenstein in Italian South Tyrol. Unable to get there, he found himself stranded in Salzburg where the Gauleiter provided him with false identity papers and he found hospitality with a Catholic farmer, Nikolaus Hohenwarter, at the Querleitnerhof, halfway up a mountain in the Salzburg Alps.


title: Martin Adolf Bormann

text: After Germany surrendered, his mother, Gerda, was subjected to intense interrogation by officers of the CIC (Combined Intelligence Committee, the joint American-British intelligence body). She died of abdominal cancer in the prison hospital at Merano on 23 April 1946. The following year, he learned of his mother's death from an article in the and only then confessed his true identity to Hohenwarter, who reported the information to his local priest at Weißbach bei Lofer. Subsequently, the priest advised the rector of the Church of Maria Kirchtal, who then took the boy into his care.


title: Martin Adolf Bormann

text: Young Martin converted to Catholicism. While serving as an altar boy at Maria Kirchtal, he was arrested by American intelligence officers and imprisoned at Zell am See for several days of interrogation before being returned to his parish. He stayed there until he joined the religious congregation of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart in Ingolstadt. He had been able to resume contact with his brothers and sisters, all of whom, except for one sister, had also been received into the Catholic Church.


title: Martin Adolf Bormann

text: On 26 July 1958, he was ordained a priest. In 1961, he was sent to the newly independent Congo (formerly the Belgian Congo), where he worked as a missionary until 1964, when he had to flee the country due to the Simba rebellion. In 1966, he returned to the Congo for a year.


title: Martin Adolf Bormann

text: Following a near-fatal injury in 1969 Bormann was nursed back to health by a nun named Cordula. He left the priesthood in the early 1970s, and they later both renounced their vows and wed in 1971. They had no children.


title: Martin Adolf Bormann

text: Bormann became a teacher of theology and retired in 1992. In 2001, he toured schools in Germany and Austria, speaking about the horrors of the Third Reich, and even visited Israel, meeting with Holocaust survivors.


title: Martin Adolf Bormann

text: In 2011, Bormann was accused by a former pupil at an Austrian Catholic boarding school of having raped him as a 12-year-old when Bormann was working there as a priest and schoolmaster in the early 1960s. Other former pupils alleged severe physical violence had been used against them and others. By this point, Bormann was suffering from dementia and was unwilling to and/or incapable of commenting on the accusations. No legal proceedings followed, but the independent , established to investigate abuse by Catholic Church members in Austria, awarded the accuser compensation.


title: Greater kudu

text: The greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) is a woodland antelope found throughout eastern and southern Africa. Despite occupying such widespread territory, they are sparsely populated in most areas due to declining habitat, deforestation, and poaching. The greater kudu is one of two species commonly known as kudu, the other being the lesser kudu, "T. imberbis".


title: Greater kudu

text: Kudu ( ), or koodoo, is the Khoikhoi name for this antelope. "Trag-" (Greek) denotes a goat and "elaphos" (Greek) a deer. "Strepho" (Greek) means "twist", and "strepsis" is "twisting". "Keras" (Greek) refers to the horn of the animal.


title: Greater kudu

text: Greater kudus have a narrow body with long legs, and their coats can range from brown/bluish grey to reddish brown. They possess between 4 and 12 vertical white stripes along their torso. The head tends to be darker in colour than the rest of the body, and exhibits a small white chevron which runs between the eyes.


title: Greater kudu

text: Greater kudu bulls tend to be much larger than the cows, and vocalize much more, utilizing low grunts, clucks, humming, and gasping. The bulls also have beards running along their throats, and large horns with two and a half twists, which, were they to be straightened, would reach an average length of , with the record being . They diverge slightly as they slant back from the head. The horns do not begin to grow until the bull is between the ages of 6–12 months. The horns form the first spiral rotation at around 2 years of age, and not reaching the full two and a half rotations until they are 6 years old; occasionally they may even have 3 full turns.


title: Greater kudu

text: This is one of the largest species of antelope. Bulls weigh , with a maximum of , and stand up to tall at the shoulder. The ears of the greater kudu are large and round. Cows weigh and stand as little as tall at the shoulder; they are hornless, without a beard or nose markings. The head-and-body length is , to which the tail may add a further .


title: Greater kudu

text: Formerly four subspecies have been described, but recently only one to three subspecies have been accepted based on colour, number of stripes and horn length:


title: Greater kudu

text: This classification was supported by the genetic difference of one specimen of northern Kenya ("T. s. chora") in comparison with several samples from the southern part of the range between Tanzania and Zimbabwe ("T. s. strepsiceros"). No specimen of the northwestern population, which may represent a third subspecies ("T. s. cottoni"), was tested within this study.


title: Greater kudu

text: In Groves and Grubb's book "Ungulate Taxonomy", a recent taxonomic revision was made that evaluated all species and subspecies of kudu and other ungulates. This review split the genus "Tragelaphus" into 4 separate genera, "Tragelaphus" (bushbuck, sitatunga, bongo, nyala, and gedemsa or mountain nyala), "Ammelaphus" (lesser kudu), "Strepsiceros" (greater kudu), and their close relatives "Taurotragus" (elands). The greater kudu was split into four species based on genetic evidence and morphological features (horn structure and coat color). Each species was based on a different subspecies, "Strepsiceros strepsiceros" (Cape kudu), "Strepsiceros chora" (northern kudu), "Strepsiceros cottoni" (western kudu), and "Strepsiceros zambesiensis" (Zambezi kudu) which is not commonly accepted even as a subspecies. The Cape kudu is found in south central South Africa, the Zambezi kudu (closely related to the Cape kudu) is found from northern to southern Tanzania and northern South Africa, Namibia, and Angola through Zambia, Mozambique, and eastern DR Congo, the northern kudu is found in eastern Sudan southwards through Ethiopia and Kenya to the Tanzanian border, and the western kudu is found in southeastern Chad, western Sudan, and in northern Central African Republic. Although this alternative taxonomy is not commonly accepted, it was accepted in the "Handbook of the Mammals of the World".


title: Greater kudu

text: The range of the greater kudu extends from the east in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Eritrea and Kenya into the south where they are found in Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Other regions where greater kudu are located are Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, and Uganda. They have also been introduced in small numbers into New Mexico, but were never released into the wild. Their habitat includes mixed scrub woodlands (the greater kudu is one of the few largest mammals that prefer living in settled areas – in scrub woodland and bush on abandoned fields and degraded pastures, mopane bush and acacia in lowlands, hills and mountains. They will occasionally venture onto plains only if there is a large abundance of bushes, but normally avoid such open areas to avoid becoming an easy target for their predators. Their diet consists of leaves, grass, shoots and occasionally tubers, roots and fruit (they are especially fond of oranges and tangerines).


title: Greater kudu

text: During the day, greater kudus normally cease to be active and instead seek cover under woodland, especially during hot days. They feed and drink in the early morning and late afternoon, acquiring water from waterholes or roots and bulbs that have a high water content. Although they tend to stay in one area, the greater kudu may search over a large distance for water in times of drought, in southern Namibia where water is relatively scarce they have been known to cover extensive distances in very short periods of time.


title: Greater kudu

text: Predators of the greater kudu generally consist of lions, spotted hyenas, and African wild dogs. Although cheetahs and leopards also prey on greater kudus, they usually target cows and calves rather than fully grown bulls. There are several instances reported where Nile crocodiles have preyed on greater kudus, although based on records, the larger mammalian carnivores statistically are much more dangerous to the kudu and comparable large ungulates, or at least those with a preference for dry, upland habitats over riparian or swamp areas. When a herd is threatened by predators, an adult (usually a female) will issue a bark to alert the rest of the herd. Despite being very nimble over rocky hillsides and mountains, the greater kudu is not fast enough (nor does it have enough endurance) to escape its main predators over open terrain, so it tends to rely on leaping over shrubs and small trees to shake off pursuers. Greater kudus have excellent hearing and acute eyesight, which helps to alert them to approaching predators.Their colouring and markings protect kudus by camouflaging them. If alarmed, they usually stand still, making them very difficult to spot.


title: Greater kudu

text: Greater kudus have a lifespan of 7 to 8 years in the wild, and up to 23 years in captivity. They may be active throughout the 24-hour day. Herds disperse during the rainy season when food is plentiful. During the dry season, there are only a few concentrated areas of food so the herds will congregate. Greater kudu are not territorial; they have home areas instead. Maternal herds have home ranges of approximately 4 square kilometers and these home ranges can overlap with other maternal herds. Home ranges of adult males are about 11 square kilometers and generally encompass the ranges of two or three female groups. Females usually form small groups of 6–10 with their offspring, but sometimes they can form a herd up to 20 individuals. Male kudus may form small bachelor groups, but they are more commonly found as solitary and widely dispersed individuals. Solitary males will join the group of females and calves (usually 6–10 individuals per group) only during the mating season (April–May in South Africa).


title: Greater kudu

text: The male kudus are not always physically aggressive with each other, but sparring can sometimes occur between males, especially when both are of similar size and stature. The male kudus exhibit this sparring behavior by interlocking horns and shoving one another. Dominance is established until one male exhibits the lateral display. In rare circumstances, sparring can result in both males being unable to free themselves from the other's horns, which can then result in the death of both animals.


title: Greater kudu

text: Rarely will a herd reach a size of forty individuals, partly because of the selective nature of their diet which would make foraging for food difficult in large groups. A herd's area can encompass , and spend an average of 54% of the day foraging for food.


title: Greater kudu

text: Greater kudus reach sexual maturity between 1 and 3 years of age. The mating season occurs at the end of the rainy season, which can fluctuate slightly according to the region and climate. Before mating, there is a courtship ritual which consists of the male standing in front of the female and often engaging in a neck wrestle. The male then trails the female while issuing a low pitched call until the female allows him to copulate with her. Gestation takes around 240 days (or eight months). Calving generally starts between February and March (late austral summer), when the grass tends to be at its highest.


title: Greater kudu

text: Greater kudus tend to bear one , although occasionally there may be two. The pregnant female kudu will leave her group to give birth; once she gives birth, the newborn is hidden in vegetation for about 4 to 5 weeks (to avoid predation). After 4 or 5 weeks, the offspring will accompany its mother for short periods of time; then by 3 to 4 months of age, it will accompany her at all times. By the time it is 6 months old, it is quite independent of its mother. The majority of births occur during the wet season (January to March). In terms of maturity, female greater kudus reach sexual maturity at 15–21 months. Males reach maturity at 21–24 months.


title: Greater kudu

text: Greater kudus have both benefited and suffered from interaction with humans. Humans are turning much of the kudu's natural habitat into farmland, restricting their home ranges. Humans have also destroyed woodland cover, which they use for their habitat. However, wells and irrigation set up by humans has also allowed the greater kudu to occupy territory that would have been too devoid of water for them previously. The greater kudu are also a target for poachers for meat and horns. The horns of greater kudus are commonly used to make Shofars, a Jewish ritual horn blown at Rosh Hashanah.


title: Greater kudu

text: The greater kudu population in the northern part of its range has declined due to excessive hunting and rapid habitat loss. However, they are evaluated as low risk in the IUCN Red List of endangered species. The long-term survival of the greater kudu at large is not in jeopardy as populations located elsewhere remain robust and well-managed.


title: Greater kudu

text: The greater kudu receives adequate protection from southern Tanzania to South Africa. There are large populations in parks and reserves such as Ruaha-Rungwa-Kisigo and Selous (Tanzania), Luangwa Valley and Kafue (Zambia), Etosha (Namibia), Moremi, Chobe and Central Kalahari (Botswana), Hwange, Chizarira, Mana Pools and Gonarezhou (Zimbabwe) and in Kruger (11,200–17,300) and Hluhluwe–iMfolozi (South Africa). An abundance of greater kudu is also found in private farms and conservancies in southern Africa, in particular in Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa, where they are popular amongst trophy hunters.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: Craig Chandler Price (born October 11, 1973) is an American serial killer who committed his crimes in Warwick, Rhode Island between the ages of 13 and 15. He was arrested in 1989 for four murders committed in his neighborhood: a woman and her two daughters that year, and the murder of another woman two years earlier. He had an existing criminal record for petty theft.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: Price calmly confessed to his crimes after he was discovered. He was arrested a month before his 16th birthday and was tried and convicted as a minor. By law, this meant that he would be released and his criminal records sealed when he turned 21, and Price bragged that he would "make history" when he was released.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: The case led to changes in state law to allow juveniles to be tried as adults for serious crimes, but these could not be applied retroactively to Price. Rhode Island residents formed the group Citizens Opposed to the Release of Craig Price to lobby for his continued imprisonment, due to the brutality of his crimes and the opinion of state psychologists that he was a poor candidate for rehabilitation.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: During his incarceration, Price has been charged with additional crimes, including criminal contempt for refusing a psychological evaluation, extortion for threatening a corrections officer, assault, and violation of probation for fights while in prison. He was sentenced to an additional 10–25 years, depending on his cooperation with treatment. Craig Price is the youngest serial killer in U.S. history.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: Price committed his first murder at the age of 13 in Warwick, Rhode Island on the night of July 27, 1987, Price broke into a home that was only two houses away from his own whereupon he took a knife from the kitchen and stabbed 27 year old Rebecca Spencer 58 times, killing her.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: A little over two years later, Price was a 15 year old freshman in high school when he murdered three other neighbors on September 1, 1989. Price, high on marijuana and LSD, stabbed 39 year old Joan Heaton 57 times, her 10-year-old daughter Jennifer 62 times, and crushed the skull of Heaton's 7-year-old daughter Melissa, and inflicted 30 stab wounds. The stabbings were so brutal that the handles broke off the knives he used, with the blades staying inside the bodies of the victims.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: At the time, the brutality of the murders was mostly unknown due to Price's sealed records. According to law-enforcement officials, Price had no remorse when confessing to the crimes, and as for the motive, Price himself claimed racism by white people beginning when he was a young child was a factor and that the first time he wanted someone to die was when a group of white adults allegedly shouted racial slurs at him and tried to run him over with their car when he was a young boy.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: An officer from the Rhode Island Department of Corrections said Price has been booked twice for fighting since leaving the Adult Correctional Institutions in Cranston. Price was denied parole in March 2009 and his release date was set for May 2020. In 2004, he was transferred from Rhode Island to Florida to serve his time due to his violent tendencies.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: In Florida on July 29, 2009, Craig was involved in a prison fight with another inmate. While trying to break up the fight, one of the correctional officers was stabbed in the finger by a handmade shiv in Price's possession. In the wake of the prison fight, Price was transferred to another facility.


title: Craig Price (murderer)

text: On April 4, 2017, Price was accused of stabbing fellow inmate Joshua Davis at the Suwannee Correctional Institution in Live Oak, Florida with a 5" homemade knife. On January 18, 2019, he was sentenced to 25 years for the crime.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Karin Victoria Silvstedt (born 19 September 1974) is a Swedish model, actress, singer, and television personality.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Born in Skelleftehamn, Sweden, Silvstedt was raised in a family of five in Bollnäs, having one older sister and one younger brother. She was keen on horseback riding and wanted to become a veterinarian.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt's father was the captain of a local ski team, and she started alpine skiing at the age of five. In 1989, Silvstedt placed fourth at the Swedish national alpine skiing youth championship, in the giant slalom event won by Pernilla Wiberg. However, an accident in the middle of a skiing competition where she injured her shoulder ended Silvstedt's competitive skiing career at the age of 16.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: A few years later, Silvstedt was invited to participate in the Miss Sweden beauty pageant, after her mother and sister had sent some pictures of her to the pageant officials.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt participated in the Miss Sweden beauty pageant, and she was chosen to represent her country in the 1993 Miss World pageant in Sun City, South Africa, eventually making the Top 10. Silvstedt was signed up by a modeling agency in Paris, and she started working for various prestigious fashion houses, including Chanel, Christian Dior, Giorgio Armani, Givenchy, Loris Azzaro, and Valentino, appearing in advertisements and fashion shows. While living in Paris, she shared a flat with Melania Trump.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt was soon noticed by Hugh Hefner, who invited her to do a photo shoot for "Playboy" magazine in Los Angeles. She became the December 1996 Playmate of the Month, and was then chosen as the 1997 Playmate of the Year. Silvstedt has since appeared in various "Playboy" magazines, including "Playboy Special Editions", as well as "Playboy Videos". In the late 1990s, Silvstedt landed one of the most sought-after modeling contracts in the world, becoming the Guess? spokesmodel, succeeding among others Claudia Schiffer and Anna Nicole Smith.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: In the 2000s and 2010s, Silvstedt has continued modeling internationally, appearing in numerous magazines, including "FHM", "Glamour", "GQ", "Hello!", "Maxim" and "Vanity Fair", working for various brands such as Lynx, Nike, Renault and Triumph International, and being the cover star for the re-issued Russ Meyer DVDs.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt has worked as an actress since the late 1990s, when she appeared in Hollywood television series such as "Malibu, CA" and "Melrose Place". Since then, Silvstedt has also appeared in a number of Hollywood comedy films, including "BASEketball", "The Independent", "Out Cold", and "Boat Trip". Silvstedt has also appeared as a guest actress on "Ocean Ave.", a Miami-based soap opera, broadcast in Sweden and Florida.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt has also starred in films and television series in various European countries, especially in Italy. As a leading actress, she has appeared in Italian films such as "La mia vita a stelle e strisce" and "Un maresciallo in gondola", in which she played Kim Novak. She has also had supporting roles in films like "Un'estate al mare" and "Matrimonio alle Bahamas". In 2010, Silvstedt starred in "Just for the Record", a British mockumentary, starring also Steven Berkoff among others (Tagline: "They made the worst film of all time... let the trial begin"). She also had a small role in the French film "Heartbreaker", starring Romain Duris and Vanessa Paradis.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: As for theatre, Silvstedt has appeared in the Off Broadway production, "Pieces (of Ass)", during its run in Los Angeles in 2004.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt has been presenting numerous television shows and television specials all around the world since the 1990s. She has hosted entertainment shows such as "Candid Camera" on CBS, "Eurotrash" on Channel 4, and "Wild On!" on E!, and appeared as a presenter in various awards shows, including NRJ and World Music Awards. She has also served as a celebrity judge on "Project Catwalk", the British reality television series focusing on fashion design.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: In 2006, Silvstedt started working as a hostess of "La Roue de la Fortune" in France and "La Ruota Della Fortuna" in Italy. Both of the shows are based on the popular American game show "Wheel of Fortune", and Silvstedt divided her time between Paris and Rome, filming one of the shows for one month at a time, until 2009, when the Italian version was cancelled. As of 2012, Silvsted is no longer part of the French version either.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: In 2010, Silvstedt hosted her own television show "Sport by Victoria" on Eurosport during the 2010 Winter Olympics. The light-hearted programme introduced different winter sports, and it was done both in English and French.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Since 2011, Silvstedt has also hosted numerous "Le grand bêtisier" television specials on TF1 in France, including the Christmas special "Le grand bêtisier de Noël", which attracted over three million viewers and an audience share of 32.7 percent on Christmas Eve 2011.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt released her dance music album "Girl on the Run" through the EMI label in 1999. Three singles, "Hello Hey", "Rocksteady Love", and "Party Line", were also released to support the album sales, and the album went gold in Sweden. In 2010, Silvstedt released her fourth single called "Saturday Night", a Whigfield cover.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt has said she loves singing, but it is just a hobby, and that she cannot see herself making a full-time career out of it.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Having an interest in fashion design, Silvstedt launched her own lingerie collection Very Victoria Silvstedt at London Fashion Week in 2006. The Very Victoria Silvstedt brand was then officially launched for retail in collaboration with the Marie Meili brand in Paris in 2013.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt debuted with her own reality television series "Victoria Silvstedt: My Perfect Life" on E! in 2008. The show has since been aired all around the world, including Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: The first season covers Silvstedt's personal and work life, following her to St. Tropez, Monaco, Cannes, Paris, Rome, London, Helsinki, Stockholm, Los Angeles, and New York City. Silvstedt also visits her family in Northern Sweden, where she grew up, spending time with her childhood friends, horseback riding et cetera.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: In 2016, Silvstedt participated in the Swedish reality series Stjärnorna på godset alongside some of Sweden's best known reality series stars such as Meral Tasbas, Qristina Ribohn and Robban Andersson. The series was broadcast on TV3.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt published her autobiography "Les Secrets de Victoria. Dans la Tête de Victoria Silvstedt" (Jean-Claude Gawsewitch Éditeur), co-written with journalist Christelle Crosnier, in France in 2010.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: Silvstedt met Chris Wragge in 1999, when he interviewed her for "Entertainment Tonight". They were married in June 2000, and divorced in 2009.


title: Victoria Silvstedt

text: According to the Finnish broadsheet newspaper "Keskisuomalainen", Silvstedt earns millions of dollars every year for her work in modeling, television presenting, and promoting various brands and products.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: Habib Bourguiba (; ; 3 August 19036 April 2000) was a Tunisian lawyer, nationalist leader and statesman who led the country from 1956 to 1957 as the prime minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia (1956–57) then as the first president of Tunisia (1957–87). Prior to his presidency, he led the nation to independence from France, ending the 75-year-old protectorate and earning the title of "Supreme Combatant".


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: Born in Monastir to a poor family, he attended Sadiki College then Lycée Carnot in Tunis, before obtaining his baccalaureate in 1924. He graduated from the University of Paris and the Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) in 1927 and returned to Tunis to practice law. In the early 1930s, he became involved in anti-colonial and Tunisian national politics, joining the Destour party and co-founding the Neo Destour in 1934. He rose as a key figure of the independence movement and was repeatedly arrested by the colonial administration. His involvement in the riots of 9 April 1938 resulted in his exile to Marseille during World War II.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: In 1945, Bourguiba was released and moved to Cairo, Egypt, to seek the support of the Arab League. He returned to the country in 1949 and rose to prominence as the leader of the national movement. Although initially committed to peaceful negotiations with the French government, he had an effective role in the armed unrest that started in 1952 when they proved to be unsuccessful. He was arrested and imprisoned on La Galite Island for two years, before being exiled in France. There, he led negotiations with Prime minister Pierre Mendès France and obtained internal autonomy agreements in exchange for the end of the unrest. Bourguiba returned victorious to Tunis on 1 June 1955, but was challenged by Salah Ben Youssef in the party leadership. Ben Youssef and his supporters disagreed with Bourguiba's "soft" policies and demanded full independence of the Maghreb. This resulted in a civil war that opposed Bourguibists, who favored a stepwise policy and modernism, and Youssefists, the conservative Arab nationalist supporters of Ben Youssef. The conflict ended with the Sfax Congress of 1955 in favor of Bourguiba.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: Following the country's independence in 1956, Bourguiba was appointed prime minister by king Muhammad VIII al-Amin and acted as "de facto" ruler before proclaiming the Republic, on 25 July 1957. He was elected interim President of Tunisia by parliament until the ratification of the Constitution. During his rule, he implemented a strong education system, worked on developing the economy, supported gender equality and proclaimed a neutral foreign policy, making him an exception among Arab leaders. The main reform that was passed was the Code of Personal Status which settled a modern society. He set a strong presidential system which turned to be a twenty-year one-party state dominated by his own, the Socialist Destourian Party. A cult of personality also developed around him, before he proclaimed himself president for life in 1975, during his fourth 5-year term.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: The end of his 30-year rule was marked by his declining health, a war of succession, and the rise of clientelism and Islamism. On 7 November 1987 he was removed from power by his prime minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, and kept under house arrest in a residence in Monastir. He remained there to his death and was buried in a mausoleum he had previously built.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: Bourguiba was born in Monastir, the eighth child and final son of Ali Bourguiba and Fatouma Khefacha. Bourguiba's official birthdate is 3 August 1903, though he stated he was likely born a year earlier, on 3 August 1902, or possibly 1901. Bourguiba's mother gave birth to him when she was 40, which, according to Bourguiba, was a source of great shame for her. His father, who was 53 years old, wondered whether he could raise him properly. Despite financial hardship, Ali Bourguiba gave great importance to the education of his children. He was enrolled in the army by general Ahmed Zarrouk, and spent nineteen years of his life campaigning before retiring. Eager to avoid such a fate for his last child, he decided to ensure Habib obtained his "Certificat d'études primaires", which would dispense him from military service, just like his elder sons. Around the time Bourguiba was born, his father became councilman, and was, therefore, part of the notables of the city. This allowed him to improve both his financial and social situation and permitted him to provide a modern education future for his last son, just like his brother.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: Habib Bourguiba grew up among women, as his brother was in Tunis and his father was elderly. He spent his days with his mother, grandmother and sister, Aïcha and Nejia, which permitted him to notice the casual household chores of women and their inequality with men. After starting his elementary education in Monastir, his father sent him to Tunis in September 1907, when he was 5, to pursue his studies at the Sadiki primary school. The young boy was profoundly affected by the separation from his mother at that early age. At the time of his arrival, the city was struggling against the protectorate, an early phase of the Tunisian national movement led by Ali Bach Hamba. Meanwhile, Habib settled in the wealthy neighbourhood of Tourbet el Bey in the medina of Tunis, where his brother, M'hamed, rented a lodging on Korchani Street. As the school year began, his brother enrolled him in Sadiki College where the superintendent described him as "turbulent but studious".


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: The young Habib spent his vacations in Monastir, aiding others with chores. At the end of the holiday season, he returned to Tunis where, after classes, he used to wander around in the streets. On Thursdays, he watched the bey chair the weekly seals ceremony. The Jellaz demonstrations of 1911 and the resulting execution of Manoubi Djarjar that followed influenced his nascent political opinions. Bourguiba earned his "certificat d'études primaires" in 1913, which greatly satisfied his father. Bourguiba avoided military service, and, like his elders, was admitted as an internal in Sadiki College to pursue his secondary studies freely. His mother died in November 1913, when he was 10 years old.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: When World War I started in September 1914, Bourguiba moved out from his brother's house and settled in the dormitories of Sadiki College. Budgetary restrictions, enacted in order to support the war effort, contributed to malnutrition and inadequate supplies. These circumstances led students to protest, and Bourguiba soon came to participate. He admired Habib Jaouahdou, a student who told others about national struggles beyond the walls of high school. Jaouahdou proposed that they welcome Abdelaziz Thâalbi when he returned from exile, Bourguiba being part of the welcoming Sadiki delegation. In addition, the funerals of nationalist leader Bechir Sfar in Jellaz had also impacted him, as he travelled with his father. At school, one of his professors taught him the art of French writing and, indirectly, Arab literature. Despite that, his grades were low; Bourguiba did not pass his Arabic patent in 1917, which would have allowed him to get an administrative function. The headmaster permitted him to restart his sixth and final year of high school, in 1919–20. But the winter season and aforementioned malnutrition severely worsened his health, and he was hospitalized following his primary infection. Accordingly, he was obliged to abandon his studies and remain at the hospital.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: In order to heal, Bourguiba spent nearly two years living with older brother Mohamed, medic at the local hospital of Kef who also happened to be a strong modernist and advocating secularism. Mohamed lived with an Italian nurse who welcomed young Habib properly and had an important part in his improvement, by "filling in his emotional void", according to Souhayr Belhassen and Sophie Bessis. His journey in there, which lasted 21 months from January 1920, was a major turning point in his life. The inhabitants of the city helped him integrate: He learned how to play cards, discussed military strategies, got interested in Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also visited his other brother, Ahmed, in Thala where he learned horse riding. He also participated in theatrical activities. Bourguiba rehearsed with his brother, who had a passion for theater and performed on stage. The foundation of the Destour party while he was in Kef, increased Bourguiba's interest in Tunisian nationalism. He expressed his will to pursue his secondary studies and thus, study law in France, so he could struggle against the colonial power. The family council that was held to discuss this matter was a complete failure, his brothers considering him as "unsuccessful" and were not ready to finance his studies. Only his thirty years old single brother, Mahmoud, promised to aid him. With his support, Bourguiba was enrolled in Lycée Carnot of Tunis, in classe de seconde, because he was too weak to study in classe de première.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: In high school, Bourguiba achieved high grades in Mathematics with the help of the new teacher that taught him. He obtained excellent results and ended up choosing Philosophy section, after passing the first part of baccalaureate. He also became friends with Tahar Sfar and Bahri Guiga. The group was called the "Sahelian Trio". He often went to libraries and showed interest in history even though, sometimes, he skipped classes, mainly on Friday afternoons, to attend Habiba Msika's performance of "L'Aiglon". He was soon affected by the inequalities between French and Tunisians. In 1922, when Naceur Bey threatened to abdicate because of resident-general Lucien Saint's maneuvers, public opinion decided to mobilize for this nationalist bey. On 22 April 1922, Bourguiba was part of the protesters to support the monarch. Influenced by that event, he used to participate in debates with his friends and got interested in political and philosophical learning, supporting socialism. In 1923–24, his final year was fundamental as he had a tight contest with another French classmate, in order to obtain a scholarship to study in Paris. He also benefited from the support of his brother Mahmoud, who promised to send him 50 francs per month. In 1924, he sat for his baccalaureate and obtained outstanding marks with honours. At the end of exams, Bourguiba embarked on an old boat, "Le Oujda", in order to pursue his studies in France and discover the colonial power.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: When he arrived in Paris, Bourguiba settled in Saint-Séverin hotel, near Place Saint-Michel, where he occupied a room located on the sixth floor for 150 francs per month. Having had some hard times, his problems were resolved as he obtained a scholarship of 1800 francs, payable in two installments, and enrolled in Paris law School, in the Sorbonne to attend psychology and literature classes. Aware that he came to France to "arm himself intellectually against France", he devoted himself to law and to the discovery of French civilization. Bourguiba often participated in political debates, read newspapers and followed closely the evolution of French politics during the Third Republic. Sensitive to the ideas of Leon Blum, following the Congress of Tours, he was opposed to the Bolsheviks and got interested in Gandhi's process to transform the Indian national Congress into a powerful mass organization. In addition, he showed a great interest in his fellow Tunisian, Mahmoud El Materi.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: After vacations spent between Mahdia and Monastir, Bourguiba returned to Paris for the start of the 1925–26 school year, worried about the nationalist struggle in his country. His conditions improved as he moved in the University Campus in Jourdan boulevard, where he lodged in room number 114. The sponsor, Taïeb Radhouane, sent him through the association "Les Amis de l'étudiant", the registration fees to register for Paris Institute of Political Studies, where he started to attend public finance classes. He also obtained a financial aid from his friend and protector, Mounier-Pillet, who was his former teacher in Monastir. The same year, his friends Sfar and Guiga, joined him while he was tutoring a young Sfaxian boy, Mohamed Aloulou, sent by his parents to sit for the baccalaureate exam in Lycée Louis-le-Grand. One day in 1925, while tidying his room, Bourguiba found the address of a woman his protector recommended him to meet: Mathilde Lefras, a 35 years old widow whose husband died during the war. He met her for the first time in her apartment, on the first floor of a building in the 20th arrondissement of Paris. She invited him to enter and asked him to tell his story. Touched by his background, she asked to see him once again, and, in the upcoming months, invited him to move in with her. Since then, he gave away his room in the campus and settled with Mathilde. With this new way of life, Bourguiba distanced himself from the other students but also the Tunisian struggle, as a strong repression started back at the country.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: During the summer of 1926, Bourguiba returned to Monastir but did not show any interest in political issues in his country. His father died in September and he received a telegram from Mathilde, announcing that she was pregnant. This situation and the parenting responsibility that lay ahead, worried him. Thus, he decided to raise the child, despite his friend's advice to abandon the baby and break up with Mathilde. This pregnancy reassured him as he thought he was sterile. But the relationship of the couple worsened to a point that Bourguiba left the house to sleep at his friends' place, back at the campus. On 9 April 1927, Mathilde gave birth to a boy, whom they named Jean Habib. They moved into another apartment in Bagneux, in the Parisian suburbs. Bourguiba, sick at the time, had to prepare for his final exams, which he sat for a month after the birth of his son. He obtained respectively a bachelor's degree in law and the higher degree of political studies from the Paris Institute of Political Studies.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: In August 1927, Bourguiba who was 26 at the time, returned to Tunisia, with his girlfriend, his son, Habib Jr. but also a deep knowledge of French politics during the Third Republic. His journey in France had influenced his thinking with the liberal values of the social-radical secular country, shared earlier by his brother Mohamed. Following his return to Tunisia, he married Mathilde, with Mahmoud Laribi as his best man, and settled in Tunis. At the time, he was not interested in politics but in his professional career, every debuting lawyer having to do a three-year traineeship under the supervision of another experienced lawyer. From October 1927 to October 1928, he worked for Mr. Cirier, who dismissed him after six weeks, then for Mr. Pietra and Scemama, who did not pay him for two months and charged him with writing responsibilities. Bourguiba then resigned to work for Mr. Salah Farhat, chairman of the Destour party, until Mr. Sebault hired him for 600 francs per month, which led Bourguiba to work for him for an additional year to the three mandatory ones.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: In the context of colonial oppression, Bourguiba felt the effects of inequality. He spent the next year unemployed. This inequality led him to discuss these matters with both Tunisian and French friends, who agreed with the necessity to start a reform process aiming to get Tunisia to resemble France, that was, liberal, modern and secular. On 8 January 1929, while replacing his brother who could not attend a conference held by Habiba Menchari, an unveiled woman who advocated gender equality, Bourguiba defended Tunisian identity, culture and religion by opposing Menchari's position to rid women of their veils. Bourguiba responded saying that Tunisia was threatened by the forfeiture of its personality and that it had to be preserved until the country was emancipated. This statement surprised liberals like the French unionist Joachim Durel. The controversy that followed opposed him to Bourguiba for nearly a month, Bourguiba writing in "L'Étendard tunisien" while Durel responded in "Tunis socialiste".


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: The year 1930 was the peak of French colonization in North Africa, which led France to celebrate the centenary of the French conquest of Algeria, by organizing a eucharistic congress in Tunisia. On this occasion, millions of Europeans invaded the capital city and went to the Saint-Lucien de Carthage Cathedral disguised as crusaders which humiliated and revolted the people who protested against what they considered a violation of an Islamic land by Christians. The protesters, strongly repressed, were brought to justice. Some of them had Bourguiba as their lawyer, since he had not participated in the event. He also remained neutral when Tahar Haddad was dismissed from his notary duties. He estimated at that moment, that the main goals were political, while other problems of society were secondary. He insisted that Tunisian identity had to be affirmed, declaring: "Let us be what we are before becoming what we will".


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: In the beginning of the 1930s, Habib Bourguiba, feeling the effects of colonial inequalities, decided to join the main political party of the Tunisian national movement, the Destour, alongside his brother M'hamed and his mates Bahri Guiga, Tahar Sfar and Mahmoud El Materi. Revolted by the festivities of the 30th eucharistic congress, held from 7 to 11 May 1930 in Carthage, and which he considered as a "violation of islamic lands", the young nationalists found it necessary to get involved. With the upcoming preparations for the 50th anniversary celebration of the protectorate and the scheduled visit of French president Paul Doumer, the young nationalists decided to act. Bourguiba denounced the rejoicing, in the newspaper "Le Croissant", ran by his cousin Abdelaziz El Aroui, as a "humiliating affront to the dignity of the Tunisian people to whom he recalls the loss of freedom and independence". Therefore, the leaders of the Destour party gathered in emergency at Orient Hotel, in February 1931, where it was decided to found an endorsing committee to the newspaper of Chedly Khairallah, "La Voix du Tunisien", which switched from weekly to daily and has among its editors the young nationalist team.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: Bourguiba multiplied his denunciations of the attempts aiming the Tunisian personality but also the beylical decree system and Europeans' advantages in his numerous articles in "L'Étendard tunisien" and "La Voix du Tunisien", claiming Tunisian access to all administrative positions. Soon, he described his own definition of the protectorate, challenging its existence, not just its effects like the elder nationalists did, by writing on 23 February 1931 that "for a healthy strong nation that international competitions and a momentary crisis forced into accepting the tutelage of a stronger state, the contact of a more advanced civilization determines in it a salutary reaction. A true regeneration occurs in it and, through judicious assimilation of the principles and methods of this civilization, it inevitably come to realize in stages its final emancipation".


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: Thanks to the originality with which Bourguiba, Sfar, Guiga and El Materi addressed the problems, "La Voix du Tunisien" became a very popular newspaper. Their new reasoning attracted not only the interest of public opinion but also that of French "preponderants", powerful businesspersons and great land owners, who had a strong influence on the colonial administration. Opposed to the daring work of the young team, they achieved the censorship of all nationalist papers through the Residence (the colonial government) on 12 May 1931. A few days later, Habib and M'hamed Bourguiba, Bahri Guiga, Salah Farhat and El Materi were all prosecuted. However, they succeeded in obtaining the adjournment of their trial until 9 June 1931. On that day, numerous people came to show their support to the charged team getting their trial to be postponed once again. In response to this decision, Resident-general François Manceron, eager to put an end to the nationalist issue, achieved to outwit discord between Khairallah, the owner of the paper and the young nationalists. A conflict occurred between both parties about the management of "La Voix du Tunisien" which led to the team eager to take charge of the paper. However, because of the refusal of Khairallah, they decided to resign from the daily paper.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: Despite the split-up, the two Bourguibas, El Materi, Guiga and Bahri kept in touch and decided to found their own paper thanks to the aid of pharmacist Ali Bouhajeb. Therefore, on 1 November 1932, was published the first edition of "L'Action Tunisienne" which had as redactional committee the young team joined by Bouhageb and Béchir M'hedhbi. Thus, Bourguiba devoted his first article to budget. Soon disappointed by the resigned moderation of their elders, the young nationalists unleashed and took the defence of the lower classes. Bourguiba, who saw his popularity increase thanks to his writings, frequented often intellectual circles whom he had just met. He showed both clarity and accuracy in his writings, which revealed a talented polemicist, thanks to his strong legal expertise. Furthermore, he had worked on demonstrating the colonial exploitation mechanism by ascending from effects to causes, while showing a great interest in social phenomenons, inviting the workers and students to organize and thus, defend themselves better against exploitation. In addition, he encouraged the defense and safeguard of the Tunisian personality.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: With the economic crisis deepening and the resigned moderation of the nationalists, Bourguiba and his fellow mates reckoned that a good cause would be necessary enough to rebuild the nationalist movement on new basis by choosing new methods of action. In February 1933, when M'hamed Chenik, banker and chairman of the Tunisian credit union, got into trouble with the Residence, Bourguiba is the only one to defend him., reckoning that this issue could permit him to rally the bourgeois class, considered as collaborator with France, and unify the country around nationalism. Nevertheless, it only ended up with the resignation of Guiga, M'hedhi and Bouhajeb. Thus, Bourguiba abandoned his lawyer work to concentrate on running the journal by his own. But the occasion to express himself soon turned up: The Tunisian naturalization issue, which was a popular case among the nationalists during the 1920s reappeared, in the start of 1933, with protests in Bizerte against the burial of a naturalized in a Muslim cemetery. Bourguiba decided to react and unleash a campaign to support the protests in "L'Action Tunisienne" which will soon be reprised by numerous nationalist newspapers, denouncing an attempt to Frenchify the "whole Tunisian people".


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: The firm stance of Bourguiba led him to acquire a strong popularity among the nationalist circles. Furthermore, the congress held by the Destour which took place on 12 and 13 May 1933 in Tunis, ended in favor of the young team of "L'Action tunisienne", elected unanimously in the executive party committee. This strong position among the movement permitted them to influence party decision, eager to unify all the factions among a nationalist front. In the meantime, due to the ongoing naturalist issue in Tunis, the Residence decided the suspension of every nationalist paper on 31 May, including "L'Action Tunisienne" but also the prohibition of Destour activity. However, the French government convinced that Manceron had acted tardily in taking expected measures, replaced him by Marcel Peyrouton on 29 July 1933. Bourguiba deprived of his freedom of speech in this repression atmosphere and trapped inside the Destour moderate policy, aspired to get his autonomy back.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: On 8 August, the occasion to express his views arrived when incidents began in Monastir following the burial of a naturalized child by force in a Muslim graveyard. Soon, law enforcement and population started a fight, which led Bourguiba to convince certain Monastirians to choose him as their lawyer. Furthermore, he led them to protest to the bey, on 4 September. The party leadership seeing this as an occasion to get rid of a new form of activism they dislike, decided to reprimand the young nationalist. Bourguiba, who considered the Destour and its leaders as an obstacle to his ambitions, decided to resign from the party on 9 September. Soon enough, he had learned from this experience. This success obtained by popular violent uprising showed the failure of the Destour's methods, consisting mainly of petitions. Only violence of determined groups could lead the Residence to step back and negotiate the solutions; this was his course of action until 1956.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: After he resigned from the executive committee of Destour, Bourguiba was on his own once again. However, his fellow mates of "L'Action Tunisienne" soon were in conflict with the elders of the party, ending with the exclusion of Guiga, on 17 November 1933 and the resignation of El Materi, M'hamed Bourguiba and Sfar from the executive committee on 7 December 1933. Soon referred to as "rebels", they were joined by Bourguiba and decided to undertake a campaign all over the country and explain their political positions to the people. Meanwhile, the elders of the Destour unleashed a propaganda campaign aiming to discredit them. Therefore, the young team visited areas severely affected by the economic crisis, including Ksar Hellal and Moknine where they were reluctantly welcomed. Thanks to Ahmed Ayed, a wealthy and respected Ksar Hellal inhabitant, the occasion to explain themselves was given. On 3 January 1934, they gathered with a part of the Ksar Hellal population in his house to clarify the reasons of their conflict with the Destour and specify their conception of national struggle for emancipation.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: The speeches and determination to act of this new generation of nationalist was greatly welcomed by the Tunisian population which did not hesitate to criticize the "neglect of the Destour leadership to defend their interests". Upon the refusal of the executive committee to organize a special congress aiming to change their political orientations and thanks to the support of the population and notables, the "secessionists" decided to hold their own congress in Ksar Hellal on 2 March 1934. During the event, Bourguiba called the representatives to "choose the men who shall defend in their name the liberation of the country". The congress ended with the founding of a new political party, the Neo-Destour, presided by El Materi, and Bourguiba was designated chairman.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: After the party was founded, the Neo-Destour aimed to strengthen its position among the political movements. The young team faced the resident-general, Marcel Peyrouton, who was dedicated to stopping the nationalist protests in an economic crisis atmosphere, which was an opportunity to seduce a larger audience. Thus, they needed to earn a greater place on the political stage, spread their ideology and rally the supporters of a still-strong Destour, and also convince the lower classes that the Neo-Destour was their advocate. The Neo-Destour invited the lower classes to join in "a dignity tormented by half a century of protectorate". Therefore, Bourguiba traveled all around the country and used new methods of communication different from that of the Destour elders. The lower classes, alienated and troubled by economic crisis, were convinced by his speech and joined his cause, bringing their full support to it. Units were created all over the country and a new structure was settled, making the Neo-Destour a more efficient movement than all those before. If the elders addressed the colonial oppressor to express their requests, the "secessionists" addressed the people. Even worldwide, the new party succeeded in finding support among French socialists, including philosopher and politician Félicien Challaye, who endorsed the Neo-Destour.


title: Habib Bourguiba

text: However, in Tunisia, the Neo-Destour had to face the strong opposition of resident-general Peyrouton who, firstly, endorsed the initiative of the "secessionists", eyeing it as a mean to weaken the nationalist movement, but soon withdrew his support because of the new successful methods adopted by the young team and their unexpected requests. Indeed, Bourguiba and his fellows from the newly created-party soon showed "more dangerous" demands by asking for national sovereignty and the ascending of an independent Tunisia "accompanied by a treaty guaranteeing France a preponderance both in the political as well as in the economic field compared to other foreign countries", in an article published in "L'Action Tunisienne".