title: TWA Flight Center

text: Saarinen's team first created 3D models of the planned terminal, then drew sketches of the structure; this contrasted with the design processes of more traditional buildings, in which architects drew sketches before creating their 3D models. Saarinen's team created several wire, cardboard, and clay models of the terminal's roof, constructed at various scales. One early model for the terminal was based on Jørn Utzon's winning proposal for the Sydney Opera House's architectural design competition, for which Saarinen had been one of the judges. Saarinen had originally envisioned the roof as a single shell, but he refined the design twice before ultimately devising the plan with four shells. The final model for the shell may have been inspired by one of Saarinen's breakfasts, a grapefruit that he pushed down at the center. During another discussion, Roche used a saw to bisect one of the models, creating the inspiration for the roof's four shells. In creating the TWA Flight Center's roof, Saarinen may also have been inspired by Minoru Yamasaki's design for St. Louis Lambert International Airport's main terminal, his father Eliel Saarinen's design for Helsinki Central Station; and McKim, Mead & White's design for the original New York Penn Station.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: The interior was modeled next; since the space was to be symmetrical, Saarinen's team only created drawings for half the interior. Roche said the area around the center staircase was remodeled at least ten times. In addition to around 130 possible plans created by the Saarinen office for the terminal, contractors provided hundreds of their own drawings. Cross-sections and contour maps were also devised. The drawings took some 5,500 man-hours to produce, and they were accurate to about . Saarinen's team had devised 600 sketches of the building, but only 200 of these sketches were used in the final design. The resulting plan was characterized as providing a "smooth and luxurious switch from ground transportation to planes".


title: TWA Flight Center

text: By November 1957, TWA had announced a design with a projected cost of $12 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Aline Saarinen worked with TWA to coordinate marketing activities centered on the terminal from the building announcement to its completion in 1962. The plans were revised in 1958 after Saarinen's original design was determined to be too expensive. Though both flight wings had been included in the original plan, only Flight Wing 2 was initially built as a cost-saving measure; the other wing was not completed until 1970. The passageways were to have a glazed roof and moving walkways in the original plan, but these features were absent in the final construction, and two "arms" flanking the head house had been removed.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: Construction began in June 1959, involving 14 engineers and 150 workers. A grid was devised to manage the steel-pipe scaffolding at the construction site, and 5,500 supports were used in the scaffolding. The contractors also prefabricated 27 different wedge shapes, creating 2,500 wedges in total. Grove Shepherd Wilson & Kruge constructed the shells to the specifications outlined in Saarinen's contour maps, which were precise to intervals of . Although the project employed carpenters with "no special skill", the procedures were precise enough that they allowed for a maximum deviation of only from the plan. The roof was poured as a single form starting on August 31, 1960; the work took 120 hours. The "Y"-shaped piers required hundreds of additional drawings to fabricate. By the middle of that year, the contractors were partially relying on computer calculations to complete the project.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: By the end of 1960, the roof was fully supported by the four "Y"-shaped piers, and the scaffolding was removed. By April 1961, when only the concrete vaults had been completed, Saarinen remarked that "If anything happened and they had to stop work right now and just leave it in this state, I think it would make a beautiful ruin, like the Baths of Caracalla". Saarinen died later that year while undergoing surgery. His associates, principal designer Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo formed Roche-Dinkeloo, which worked to complete the building.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: By March 1962, the incomplete TWA terminal was being used by passengers to get to planes. The unfinished terminal building was also used for a fundraising benefit that April. The completed terminal was dedicated on May 28, 1962. Most other major U.S. airlines had completed their Idlewild terminals sooner: after the opening of the International Arrivals Building in 1957, United Airlines and Eastern Air Lines opened their own terminals in 1959, followed by American Airlines and Pan American World Airways (Worldport) in 1960, and Northwest Airlines and TWA in 1962. The National Airlines Sundrome would be last, in 1969. The airport's name was changed to John F. Kennedy International Airport in 1963. Despite being finished relatively late compared to other terminals at JFK Airport, the TWA Flight Center incorporated many novel features for its time, which influenced the design of other airport terminals.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: The terminal as completed had seven aircraft positions, six of which were available from Flight Wing 2; the other boarding position was available from a temporary structure attached to Flight Tube 1. As with many terminals designed before the advent of jumbo jets, increased passenger traffic and security issues, the design proved difficult to update as air travel evolved; terminal gates close to the street made centralized ticketing and security checkpoints difficult. International flights at JFK during the 1960s were routed through the International Arrivals Building, and the structure attached to Flight Tube 1 was functionally inadequate. By 1967, TWA announced that it would build Flight Wing 1 on the northwest to accommodate wide-body aircraft, hiring Roche-Dinkeloo to design the $20 million expansion. Work started in 1968, and the concrete shell was finished by that December. Flight Wing 1 opened on February 25, 1970, but the wing was not dedicated until March 20, when international passengers could pass through the terminal directly. With the addition of Flight Wing 1 came the expansion of the ticketing counter in the head house. The baggage handling area was expanded and the new addition was connected to the basement of Flight Wing 1.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: By 1979, TWA had built a traffic island with a canopy to provide shelter for passengers waiting for ground transport. The shelter, constructed by firm Witthoefft & Rudolf, won the Albert S. Bard Award for architectural excellence. A wooden walkway, intended as a temporary structure, was built in the 1980s to connect to the Sundrome when TWA expanded its operations there. By 1992, the TWA Flight Center was in "tawdry condition", with parts of the structure appearing actively deteriorated. The PANYNJ considered demolishing the building, but the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) hosted public hearings in 1993 to determine whether to protect the TWA Flight Center, and the LPC designated the terminal as an exterior and interior landmark in 1994. Instead, the PANYNJ started considering plans for what would become the T5 expansion. Elastomeric coating was added to the roof in 1999 to prevent leakage.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: TWA deteriorated financially during the 1990s, and after it eliminated many routes in 1996, moved most of its New York operations to the TWA Flight Center. TWA eventually sold its assets to American Airlines in October 2001. For three months, American Airlines still operated flights out of the TWA Flight Center. American Airlines ceased flight operations at the terminal in December 2001 and allowed its TWA-era lease to expire in January 2002. By then, airport officials saw the terminal as functionally outdated. As a bi-state agency, the PANYNJ could legally bypass the LPC designation and demolish parts of the terminal. Preservationists expressed concern over the fact that the terminal could be significantly modified.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: After preservationists raised concerns, the PANYNJ proposed an alternative that would preserve the tubes and build a new structure east of the existing building. The PANYNJ still wished to destroy one or both of the flight wings. By August 2001, the PANYNJ presented its first proposal, which entailed converting the head house into a restaurant or conference center, while encircling the existing building with one or possibly two new terminals. The concept received opposition from the Municipal Art Society (MAS), as well as architects Philip Johnson and Robert A.M. Stern. The opposition suggested the building, which brought passengers into immediate view of the sky and aircraft beyond, would be "strangled" if wrapped by another terminal, and that wrapping the Saarinen head house with another terminal would not preserve the spirit of the building but would mummify it "like flies in amber." Philip Johnson, speaking at the 2001 presentation, said of the proposal:


title: TWA Flight Center

text: By late 2002, there was still no agreement on the usage of the TWA Flight Center, except that the head house and passageways would be preserved. The following year, the PANYNJ and JetBlue agreed on a plan that would include reopening the TWA Flight Center and constructing a new 26-gate Terminal 5 behind the TWA Flight Center. At the time, JetBlue was operating out of the adjacent Terminal 6, the Sundrome, and was the airport's fastest growing carrier. The PANYNJ and JetBlue came to an agreement on the construction of the new terminal itself in August 2004.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: In the time that the TWA Flight Center stood disused, it was utilized for brief events. Shortly after its closure, the head house was used for the filming of the 2002 film "Catch Me If You Can". In 2004, the dormant head house briefly hosted an art exhibition called Terminal 5, featuring the work of 19 artists from 10 countries. The theme of the show featured work, lectures, and temporary installations drawing inspiration from the terminal's architecture; it was supposed to have run from October 1, 2004, to January 31, 2005. The show closed abruptly after the building itself was vandalized during its opening gala. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: In December 2005, the PANYNJ began construction of the T5 facility behind and partially encircling Saarinen's head house. Peripheral portions of the head house were demolished to make space for a larger 26-gate facility designed by Gensler. Originally, there were also tentative plans to renovate one of the departure lounges, known as "The Trumpet". During the construction of T5, "The Trumpet" was lifted and moved at a cost of $895,000, only to be later demolished when the project's budget prioritized renovating the head house. The head house was renovated to remove asbestos and replace deteriorated sections of the facility. The head house was planned to be used as an approach to the new T5 facility, and both buildings would be collectively known as Terminal 5.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: T5 reopened on October 22, 2008, with JetBlue using an abstraction of the Saarinen terminal's gull-wing shape as the official logo for the event, an abstraction of the new terminal floor plan for the signage and counting down the reopening via Twitter. At the time of the T5 opening, JetBlue and PANYNJ had yet to complete renovation of the original Saarinen head house, and the building had stood empty while they decided what its future role should be. Early proposals included a conference center, an aviation museum, and a restaurant, or a place to check in for flights departing from the newer JetBlue T5 building.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: In April 2015, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that JetBlue and its partner, a hotel developer, were negotiating for the rights to turn the head house into a hotel. Three months later, state governor Andrew Cuomo confirmed that the Saarinen building would become part of the TWA Hotel, a new on-site hotel for airport passengers. Construction began in December 2016. The structures on either side of the head house were demolished, though the head house was retained, and additional structures were built. During the head house's conversion into a hotel, many original details, such as the custom ceramic floor tiles and the 486 variously-shaped window panels, were replaced with replicas of the originals. The departure board from the original construction was also restored. The hotel opened on May 15, 2019.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: Under TWA president Damon's guidance, Saarinen had designed the terminal as "a building that starts your flight with your first glimpse of it and increases your anticipation after you arrive". As such, Saarinen had used similar design features for the interior and exterior. The airline wanted a structure "represent[ing] a daring departure from conventional air terminal concepts".


title: TWA Flight Center

text: Shortly after the plans for the TWA Flight Center were announced in 1957, "The New York Times" described the plan as "hav[ing] a startling effect" for first-time visitors, but "not so revolutionary" inside. Another newspaper said the TWA terminal was "planned to combine the functional realities of a jet-age air terminal with the aesthetic drama of flight". Many contemporary media compared the terminal to "a bird in flight". "Architectural Forum" (which praised the terminal) and "Architectural Review" (which criticized it) both characterized the design as a "concrete bird". Saarinen said the building's resemblance to a bird was a coincidence, despite privately describing the structure as a "Leonardo da Vinci flying machine". The architect Robert Venturi said that Saarinen's designs evolved "from vocabulary rather than from function" and that, at the time, many of Saarinen's peers still adhered to the philosophy of form following function.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: Even when the TWA Flight Center was under construction, it was often discussed in the architectural media, and the Museum of Modern Art ran an exhibit on the building in 1959. The completion of the terminal prompted a large amount of architectural commentary, most of it positive. While the TWA terminal's design had several critics and skeptics, it was still described as being appropriate in the context of the Jet Age. Architect Robert A. M. Stern called the head house a symbolic "Grand Central of the jet age". Ada Louise Huxtable, architecture critic for "The New York Times", saw the TWA Flight Center as a bright spot in the "mediocrity" of JFK Airport. The interior was also praised. Critic Edgar Kaufmann Jr. in 1962 called the interior "one of the few major works of American architecture in recent years that reaches its full stature as an interior". Ken Macrorie of "The Reporter" compared the tarmac-facing waiting room to a railroad hub's waiting area and alluded to the similarities with the city's original Pennsylvania Station.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: One major critic of the design was historian Vincent Scully, who disliked Saarinen's use of "whammo shapes" at the TWA Flight Center and Dulles International Airport. British critic Reyner Banham questioned the practicality of the terminal's design, which did not clearly link "function and symbol", but he said that the TWA terminal was no worse than any other airport terminal. Italian engineer and architect Pier Luigi Nervi was also skeptical of the design, saying that the structure was "too heavy and elaborate for the problem it seeks to solve".


title: TWA Flight Center

text: Adulation for the original design continued through the 1990s, long after its completion. "Progressive Architecture" magazine stated in 1992 that the terminal "represented a high point not only in the design of air terminals, but in the exercise of corporate responsibility". Two years later, "New York Times" critic Herbert Muschamp called the TWA Flight Center "the most dynamically modeled space of its era". In a 2005 book about Saarinen's work, Jayne Merkel said "the building did for TWA what the Saint Louis Arch [...] would eventually do for Saint Louis". According to Merkel, it was not until the Port Authority proposed demolishing the terminal for T5 that "the full impact of the building was revealed".


title: TWA Flight Center

text: When the newer T5 was announced in 2005, JFK Airport's vice president of redevelopment described the planned structure as "a very practical, very efficient building". T5 was also described as "hyper-efficient" and a "monument to human throughput", and a reviewer said T5 "might be the [...] best" terminal at JFK Airport.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: When the terminal was completed, it received numerous accolades and awards, including from the Queens Center of Commerce and the New York Concrete Industrial Board. "Architectural Forum" included the TWA Flight Center and the Pepsi-Cola Building as part of a 1962 exhibition of ten of the "world's most significant modern buildings". The American Institute of Architects gave the terminal an Award of Merit in 1963, and it was featured in magazines printed internationally. In addition, Saarinen won the AIA Gold Medal posthumously in 1962.


title: TWA Flight Center

text: The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission held public hearings on the possibility of designating the TWA Flight Center's exterior and interior as official city landmarks in 1993. The head house's exterior and interior were designated as landmarks on July 19, 1994, though the exterior designation excluded the gate structure attached to the northeastern tube. The Municipal Art Society nominated the facility to the National Trust for Historic Preservation's list of the "11 Most Endangered Places in America" in 2004, after the terminal's closure. On September 7, 2005, the National Park Service listed the TWA Flight Center on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: Chonnasorn Sajakul (; ; born November 18, 1996), better known by her nickname and stage name, Sorn (; ), is a Thai singer and internet celebrity based in South Korea. She was the winner of the first season of "K-Pop Star Hunt" in 2011. She later debuted as a member of the South Korean girl group, CLC, under Cube Entertainment, from their debut in March 2015 until her departure from the group in November 2021. She also produces videos for her YouTube channel "Produsorn" (stylized in all caps), which launched in 2019. On December 3, 2021, Sorn signed with Wild Entertainment Group as a solo artist.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: As a child, her mother allowed her to have vocal lessons at the Grammy Vocal Studio, in Bangkok, to achieve her goal of becoming a singer. She was born into an affluent family. Her father, Wanasthana Sajakul, was a former member of the Thai parliament and former manager of the Thailand national football team, and her half-brother, Teerapat Sajakul, is an actor and singer in her home country.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: Sorn was enrolled at an international school, in Thailand, from the age of 2. She was a student at the KIS International School in Bangkok and later graduated from the Korea Kent Foreign School in Seoul.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: Sorn moved to Korea to train at Cube Entertainment at 15. At the time, she was the company's first foreign, non-Korean trainee.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: In 2012, she did a collaboration song with G.NA called "Because You Are The One," sung in English. In 2013, Sorn appeared in the documentary, "Seoul: Capital of K-Pop (Inside K-Pop)" where she talked about her trainee life and what it involved and appeared in a documentary which was focused on her future bandmate, Oh Seung-hee.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: Sorn was revealed as the first member of the girl group CLC. The group officially debuted on March 19, 2015 with their debut extended play, "First Love".


title: Sorn (singer)

text: On November 16, 2021, Cube Entertainment announced the termination of Sorn's contract with the label and her departure from CLC.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: Sorn participated in all CLC releases (8 mini-albums, one single album, and two digital singles) since debut till her departure from the group.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: On April 21, Sorn began livestreaming on the United Cube YouTube channel with her "Cheat Key" live series, "Produsorn Live". The series ran for eight episodes until May 26, and featured her fellow CLC members. The series marked Cube Entertainment's first foray into YouTube livestreaming.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: In January 2019, Sorn launched her own YouTube channel, also named "Produsorn". Her videos are now uploaded exclusively on the "Produsorn" channel. She uploads a mixture of vlogs (day in the life, behind the scenes), song covers, Q&As, and unboxing videos. CLC members and (G)I-dle's Minnie are frequently featured on her channel. On August 18, 2021, Sorn had revealed that she deleted all her previous videos and has restarted her channel.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: Sorn originally began posting videos on TikTok in early 2020. She has accumulated over 2.5 million followers on the platform, as of September 2021.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: In October 2020, Sorn released her first jewellery collection, "Rise", in collaboration with Kapsul Collective. In December, she was announced as a participant in the trot reality show "Miss Trot 2". The show will premiere on December 17. She was eliminated in the first round.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: On February 8, 2021, Sorn surprise-launched her first makeup line, "Don't Waste My Time", in collaboration with VT Cosmetics. On February 11, 2021, Cube TV's "Steve JobSon" reality programme premiered, the show documents the creation and development of the makeup line.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: From March 9, Sorn began teasing a solo release on TikTok. On March 18, 2021, Cube Entertainment confirmed that Sorn would be making her solo debut, on March 23, with the English digital single, "Run". Sorn personally participated in the cover artwork and music video for her debut single. Written and produced by Candace Sosa, "Run" is an acoustic pop song that is expected to present a charm that embodies the warm atmosphere of spring. A music video teaser was released at midnight on March 22. The music video was filmed on Jeju Island. The song and music video were released at 6pm KST on March 23, across all platforms.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: Sorn featured on Emily Mei's debut single "My Domain", alongside Amber Liu. The song and music video was released on all music platforms on November 9.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: On December 3, it was announced that Sorn had signed with Wild Entertainment Group as a solo artist. Sorn confirmed that she is currently working on new music, set to release in early 2022. Sorn released her second single, "Sharp Objects", on February 25, 2022. She released her third single, "Scorpio", on April 15, 2022, and her fourth single "Save Me", on June 24, 2022.


title: Sorn (singer)

text: In 2017, Sorn began campaigning for fair royalty payments for foreign musicians based in South Korea. In a Facebook live interview she revealed that she was being paid six times less than her Korean members, but also acknowledged that her agency tried to help the situation. In an Instagram story posted in 2019, Sorn stated that the issue had been resolved with the Federation of Korean Music Performers (FKMP).


title: Ballads 1

text: Ballads 1 (stylized in all caps) is the debut studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Joji. It serves as a follow-up to "In Tongues" EP, his first project as Joji, and "Pink Season", his only album released under the now-retired alter-ego Pink Guy. It was released on 26 October 2018 through 88rising and 12Tone Music. The album debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" 200 as well as number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA in October 2021.


title: Ballads 1

text: "Ballads 1" is primarily produced by Joji himself and features only one vocal feature, with Trippie Redd appearing on "R.I.P." though features production features from names such as Clams Casino, D33J and Shlohmo. The project is introspective, writing about the "reality of love, life and everything in between." The project ranges from songs that are "heart-wrenching" and sometimes more cheerful to capture the feeling that "no one's sad all the time".


title: Ballads 1

text: The focus of the project is ballads, according to Joji; and in an interview with Annie Mac said that he was trying to make the project full of ballads that are different in their "own special way" and that are powerful, set a new direction but keep "Joji roots" he established on "In Tongues".


title: Ballads 1

text: Joji stated in an interview with "Triple J" how he wanted to take a more pop-oriented approach to his style on the album, which began with the single "Yeah Right".


title: Ballads 1

text: "Ballads 1" was announced on 12 September 2018 alongside the release of the album's second single "Slow Dancing in the Dark". An accompanying music video directed by Jared Hogan was released the same day. The lead single, "Yeah Right" had been released on 8 May 2018. It was released with a music video and was produced by Joji.


title: Ballads 1

text: "Can't Get Over You" was released on 2 October 2018 with an accompanying video directed by Miller and SAINT. The album's release date, cover artwork and track listing were revealed the same day.


title: Ballads 1

text: "Ballads 1" debuted at number 3 on the "Billboard" 200, with 57,000 album-equivalent units. The album has since been certified gold as of 16 January 2020.


title: Ballads 1

text: Braudie Blais-Billie from "Pitchfork" stated "Joji's first full-length project features a host of guests in a quality effort to help push past the confines of his bedroom walls and tedious heartache", going on to write "The ballad is a great mode for Joji. It retains the tormented intimacy of his music while elevating his approach to a more radio-friendly consistency than the runny compositions of "In Tongues"," giving the album a 6.7/10. Elias Leight from "Rolling Stone" gave the project 3 out of 5 stars, complimenting the progression from the "In Tongues" EP, the change of musical style throughout the project and the ability to produce "a particular kind of self-deprecating pop."


title: Ballads 1

text: Rap and R&B blogs, the two genres which are the primary demographic of Miller, gave the project positive reviews. "Highsnobiety" gave the project 3/5 stars, calling it a "near-classic" with "on-point production" and complimenting Miller's progression. "HotNewHipHop" gave the project a "Very Hot" rating, calling the project "smooth." "RIFF" magazine complimented Miller's attempt to expand on his potential and spoke on its "array of soundscapes."


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Michael Angelo Batio (), also known as Michael Angelo, Mike Batio or MAB, is an American heavy metal guitarist and columnist from Chicago, Illinois. He was the lead guitarist for the Los Angeles-based glam metal band Nitro in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He is currently serving as the touring guitarist for the American heavy metal band Manowar.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio's work has encompassed many genres, but he is best known for playing heavy metal and its subgenres such as neoclassical metal, and speed metal. Batio has an advanced knowledge of music theory, having a deep understanding of complex scale combinations and time signatures which assist him in his compositions. He is widely known for his technical mastery of the fretboard and his extremely fast picking and sweep picked arpeggios. He is also known for his showmanship during performances, particularly his use of the "MAB Over Under" technique, which he invented and for his ability to play a double-necked and quad-necked guitar, using both hands to play. Batio is also noted for his guitar instruction DVDs in the "Speed Kills" series which teach shred guitar techniques and how to "master the art of playing lightning fast".


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois to an Italian father and a German mother. He started playing the piano and composing music at the age of five, and first played guitar at the age of ten. By twelve he was playing in bands in youth clubs, churches, and shows, playing for 10–12 hours on the weekends. By the age of thirteen his guitar teacher told him, "I can't teach you any more. You're faster at thirteen than I was at 22." He started listening to and watching professionals and sitting down and trying to work out riffs and tunes.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: He attended Northeastern Illinois University and achieved a Bachelor of Arts degree in Music Theory and Composition. After he had graduated, Batio looked to become a session guitarist in his hometown. When he asked for a job at a nearby studio, he was given a piece of music and simply asked to play it. He managed to play it adding his own improvisations and fills, making him the studio's primary call-out guitarist. As a session player, Batio recorded music for such companies as Burger King, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, KFC, United Airlines, United Way, McDonald's, Beatrice Corp. and the Chicago Wolves hockey team.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio began his recording career in 1984 when he joined new Chicago-based heavy metal band Holland, an eponymous project set up by ex-Steppenwolf singer Tommy Holland. With major label Atlantic Records, the band released their debut studio album in 1985 entitled "Little Monsters", which saw moderate success in the United States. The band split up soon after, and a compilation of material from the "Little Monsters" sessions, "Wake Up the Neighborhood", was released in 1999 through Batio's label M.A.C.E. Music.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: After the breakup of Holland, Batio started his own eponymous band with singer Michael Cordet, bassist Allen Hearn and drummer Paul Cammarata. The band did not release any albums, though three of their songs appeared on the 1998 Nitro compilation "Gunnin' for Glory".


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: In 1987, after the breakup of Holland, Batio joined glam metal artist Jim Gillette on his solo album ""Proud to Be Loud"", before founding the band Nitro with bassist T.J. Racer and drummer Bobby Rock. In 1989 Nitro released their first studio album, "O.F.R.", from which they released two singles, "Freight Train" and "Long Way From Home". The music video for "Freight Train", which received much airplay on MTV, was notable for featuring Batio playing his now famous 'Quad Guitar', a notion which "FHM magazine" voted one of the "50 most outrageous moments in rock history".


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: 1987 was also the year Batio released his first instructional video with "Star Licks Productions" as part of the "Masters Series" and was one of the first recognized metal guitarists to record instructional videos. This video was the very first "shred" instructional program showing many modern guitar concepts for the first time.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: By 1992, Rock and Racer had been replaced by Johnny Thunder and Ralph Carter respectively, and it was in this year that they released their second studio album entitled "". Included on the album was a cover of Ted Nugent's "Cat Scratch Fever", which the band also integrated into a music video. Nitro disbanded shortly afterwards.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: In April 1993, Batio founded his own record label, M.A.C.E. Music, which became one of the first labels online in 1996. He used this label when he began recording his first album, "No Boundaries", which he released in 1995. Batio's second studio release was "Planet Gemini" in 1997, which showed a very progressive, experimental side to his playing. In 1999, Batio released his second instructional video, "Jam With Angelo", which came with his third studio album as a companion CD: "Tradition". This was quickly followed by a fourth full-length album in 2000, "Lucid Intervals and Moments of Clarity", which was credited to "Mike Batio and Rob Ross", the latter being the drummer.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: In 2001, Batio released a CD with his band "C4," covering songs from his Holland years and including the original "Call to Arms." It was his 1st all vocal CD since recording with Nitro. Batio and C4 were featured on "Rock My Ass", a TV show self-described as "Chicago's live music venue from your couch". This was not Batio's first appearance on the show, having also appeared in 1999 with a band called No Remorse.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: In 2003, Batio released his first DVD, the title release in his "Speed Kills" series, followed by the second, "Speed Lives", in 2004. It was also in this year that Batio released a compilation album, "Lucid Intervals and Moments of Clarity Part 2", which featured songs from "Tradition" and "Lucid Intervals".


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: In 2005, Batio released his highly anticipated cover/tribute/studio album, "Hands Without Shadows", which featured guest appearances from such musicians as Mark Tremonti (of Alter Bridge fame), Rudy Sarzo (of Ozzy Osbourne, Quiet Riot, Whitesnake and Dio fame) and virtuoso newcomer Bill Peck. In 2006, DVD "Speed Kills 2" was released, in addition to the first in the new "Hands Without Shadows" series, "Performance". Batio's latest release came in 2007, when his first two albums - "No Boundaries" and "Planet Gemini" - were remixed and remastered with additional drums, for an album entitled "2 X Again"; the title of a song from the first album. Angelo also released three DVDs in 2007: "Speed Kills 3", "25 Jazz Progressions" and "MAB Jam Session".


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: In 2011, Batio debuted his multimedia show "Hands Without Shadows - A Tribute to Rock Guitar" in Las Vegas. In 2012 Batio toured the world with this show. It was a chronological tribute to rock guitar. Batio toured the world with the tribute to rock guitar show in 2013 and 2014. Batio is currently performing concerts featuring his original music mixed with several songs from his tribute to rock guitar show.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio has been listed as one of the "Top 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists of All Time" by "Guitar World Magazine", for which he wrote the column "Time to Burn", and one of the "20 Greatest Shredders of All Time" by "Total Guitar Magazine", both in April 2008. Batio also won the 2009 Guitar World Magazine Readers Choice award in the "Best Shredder" category. In November 2011, Batio won the Guitar World Magazine Readers Choice Award and was voted the "Fastest Guitarist of All Time." Over 440,000 votes were cast.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: In 1991, Batio's guitar work appeared in the low budget horror film "Shock 'Em Dead", recording tracks for the soundtrack as well as playing the guitar parts of the demonically possessed main character Angel Martin in close ups.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio plays extremely fast and well articulated alternate picking, which he credits to his use of anchoring, or planting the fingers he does not use on the body of the guitar while picking to restrict motion. He is also adept at fluid, sweep-picked arpeggios and tapping. Batio has cited F-sharp minor and F-sharp phrygian dominant as two of his favorite keys. He has described F sharp minor as a "demonic" key, giving a dark, evil sound. Batio invented and often demonstrates the "reach-around" technique, which involves flipping his fretting hand over and under the neck rapidly, playing the guitar both regularly and like a piano.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: He is ambidextrous, a skill he taught himself. This enables him to play two guitars at the same time either in synchronization or using separate harmonies. This includes playing completely different parts at once, as shown while playing his famous Double-Guitar. Though naturally left-handed, he plays as right-handed when playing one guitar.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio gave lessons to guitarist Tom Morello (of Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave fame) while at college. Morello has credited MAB with teaching him in a feature article in "Guitar World Magazine" in 2005. Batio also gave lessons to guitarist Mark Tremonti after Creed broke up and Tremonti wanted to learn more techniques.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio has a deep interest in European medieval history, castles and architecture, and is often seen wearing an all-black outfit with chains and other designs related to the medieval period. Many of his guitars have been designed to feature chainmail and flames in the artwork.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio has an extensive collection of around 170 guitars, which he has accumulated since the 1980s. Among his instruments are a Dave Bunker "Touch guitar" (double neck with both bass and guitar, similar to the Chapman Stick), a mint-condition 1968 Fender Mustang, a 1986 Fender Stratocaster 1962 re-issue and several other vintage and custom-built guitars. Among his custom-made guitars is a 29-fret guitar made of military-grade aluminum, which makes the guitar very light. For live performances Batio is an exclusive user of Dean Guitars, both electric and acoustic. In 2007 he designed and developed a signature guitar with Dean, known as the MAB1 Armor Flame. Another signature piece of equipment Batio developed is the "MAB Hands Without Shadows" pickup, which he uses in his Double Guitar when touring. The pickup is specially designed for shred guitar, and provides the clean tone Batio is accustomed to. The Armor Flame, Batio's signature guitar, uses EMG 81, 85 and SA pickups, as his signature DMT pickups were still being developed at that time.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Earlier on in his career when he was first endorsed by Dean guitars he also embraced Dean's tradition of popularizing Dimarzio pickups and had used Dimarzios in his guitars. These include the Dimarzio PAF, Super Distortion (sometimes using the Super Distortion both in the neck and bridge position, as he did in his Gibson Charvel Circuit Board double guitar. This was the main setup during the recording of No Boundaries). Batio has also used pickups of other brands including Seymour Duncan, namely the Pearly Gates and JB models and also Bill Lawrence pickups. Currently other than using EMGs in his signature guitar he also has a collection of the other brand pickups in his Dean limited edition collectors' models, such as Dimarzio Custom Super Distortions (based on the Super 2 and Super Distortion) in his USA Dean Time capsule Blue Burst ML and the Seymour Duncan pair he used (refer to above) in his USA Dean Collectors edition Hardtail.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio was the inventor of the Double Guitar, a V-shaped, twin-neck guitar which can be played both right- and left-handed. The first version of this instrument was actually two separate guitars simply played together, as opposed to being one entity. A Flying V was fastened to a snare drum in a left-handed position, while another one was strapped around his shoulder. The next version of the guitar, as designed by Batio and guitar technician Kenny Breit, featured a flight case latch attached to the back of each guitar, which could reportedly be assembled in five seconds. By far his most famous and definitely his most photographed double guitar is his USA Dean Mach 7 Jet Double Guitar along with its custom Anvil flight case. One of his inspirations for the radical design was jazz saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk, who was known for playing two or three instruments simultaneously. Batio saw Kirk in concert during his teens, and said the jazz musician "blew his mind."


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: When the Double Guitar was first used in concert, Batio noticed that the guitars created a lot of feedback when played together. He decided that he needed to invent a way to 'dampen' the strings when both guitars were played at the same time, hence the invention of the "MAB String Dampener", which is now available to buy from M.A.C.E. Music.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: The Double Guitar was recently named as the 8th "coolest guitar in rock" by online music magazine "Gigwise". His iconic Dean 'Jet' Double Guitar has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum and was put on permanent display in February 2012. This guitar was built by Mike Lipe for Dean Guitars.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: As well as the Double Guitar, Michael Angelo also invented and designed the Quad Guitar. The guitar was originally built in conjunction with Gibson, and built by Wayne Charvel in California. The top two guitars have seven strings, while the bottom two have the regular six. The first Quad, as used in the video for Nitro's "Freight Train", was stolen in El Paso, Texas after the second show of Nitro's "O.F.R." tour. When Batio was performing in November 2004, a young fan named Simon Jones and his father turned up with a guitar case which held inside the two top guitars of the Quad, as found by Mick Seymour. Dean designed and had Mike Lipe build a new Quad Guitar in 2008.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: The Quad Guitar was recently named as the 2nd "coolest guitar in rock" by online music magazine "Gigwise".


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: In his years with Nitro, Batio used Boss overdrive (DS-1, SD-1) pedals. In his later years, beginning with his first solo album "No Boundaries," Batio used and still uses the original TS-9 Tube Screamer. He has vintage TS-9 pedals in his studio, that are only for recording and newer ones that he uses on tour.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: During his years with Nitro, Batio used Randall amplifiers. However, he used a Marshall amp early in his career, a JCM 800 (which was modified, mainly by Jose Arrendondo). In later years he made particular use of the JCM 900, when recording No Boundaries, and has primarily used this and other Marshall amps since. Currently, Batio typically uses Marshall JCM 2000 amps on tour, which also appear on his more recent studio records. In the studio, he also uses the Marshall JMP-1 preamp and Rocktron Chameleon and Voodoo Valve preamps. Batio's cabinet setup consists of 4x12 Marshall cabinets loaded with Celestion Vintage 30s and Greenbacks, in mono and stereo.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: Batio uses Ernie Ball guitar strings, favoring the .009 to .042 models for soloing and most rhythm guitar parts while thicker gauge strings are used for detuned guitars. The acoustic gauge is normally .010 to .047 or .011 to .052.


title: Michael Angelo Batio

text: For most of his career, Batio used Dunlop Jazz III picks as his guitar pick of choice, and has used the 'teardrop' shape of pick since he first started playing. However, in 2016, Batio released the "Michael Angelo Batio Signature 1.3mm Dura Picks, Premium Shredder Jazz Shaped Pick" from ChromaCast. These picks are a slightly larger version of his former favorite Dunlop Jazz III picks, made with a different material. For his acoustic work, Batio will sometimes use different picks.


title: Robert Costanzo

text: Robert Paul Costanzo (born October 20, 1942) is an American film, television and voice actor. He has an acting career spanning over 40 years and is often found playing surly New York City types such as crooks, low-level workers and policemen, and mixes both drama and comedy roles. He is also a prominent voice actor and often serves as a voice double for Danny DeVito.


title: Robert Costanzo

text: Born in Brooklyn, New York, he is the son of actor Carmine Constanzo and is of Italian descent. He attended both the St. Francis Preparatory School and the St. Francis College.


title: Robert Costanzo

text: His first role was in the 1975 movie "Dog Day Afternoon" playing a cop, although this was an uncredited part. This was followed by a role as a paint store customer in the 1977 film "Saturday Night Fever". Other movie roles include "Total Recall", "Die Hard 2", "Dick Tracy", "City Slickers", and "Down and Derby". His television appearances are varied, with him appearing in "Lois & Clark", "Boston Legal", "Hannah Montana", "Friends" and "Joey" as the father of main character Joey Tribbiani, "Days of Our Lives", "The Golden Girls" and numerous other series. He also starred as Commissioner Stenchler in the Sega CD game "Sewer Shark".


title: Robert Costanzo

text: He is also a cartoon voice actor and has done voices on shows including "Disney's Hercules: The Animated Series", "The Fairly OddParents", "The Zeta Project", "Disney's House of Mouse", "Duckman", "Bonkers", and "Random! Cartoons", among others. He also did the voice of Detective Harvey Bullock in the DC animated universe, consisting of "", "", "The New Batman Adventures" and "Static Shock", as well as in the theatrical release "Mask of the Phantasm", and the video releases "", and "Mystery of the Batwoman". He also played a vocal role in the 2006 video game "" as Angelo and in the 2010 video game "Mafia II" as Joe Barbaro and Federico "Derek" Pappalardo.


title: Robert Costanzo

text: He returned to reprise his voice role of Harvey Bullock for the release of the video game "" in 2013.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: Whereas preceding "Paper Mario" games are turn-based, "Super Paper Mario" has elements from RPGs and side-scrolling platformers; some critics described it as a hybrid of the two genres. The game's main feature is Mario's ability to flip between 2D and 3D perspectives. Most of the game is played in a 2D perspective, with the 3D perspective being used to solve puzzles and access previously unreachable areas. Peach, Bowser, and Luigi also have unique abilities, and additional abilities can be gained through acquiring partner characters known as Pixls.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: "Super Paper Mario" received generally positive reviews and was one of the best-reviewed Wii games of the year. Critics praised its gameplay, dimension-flipping mechanic, art style, originality, and story, although the large amount of text received some criticism. It was nominated for and won several awards, including the award for Outstanding Role Playing Game at the 12th Satellite Awards; critics have since regarded it as one of the best games on the Wii. More than 4.23 million copies have been sold as of 2014, making it the best–selling game in the "Paper Mario" series and one of the best–selling games on the Wii. In 2016, the game was re–released on the Wii U eShop. The fourth game in the series, "", followed in 2012.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: "Super Paper Mario" is a platform game with action role-playing elements, differentiating itself from previous games in the series. Like its predecessors, the graphics consist of 3D environments and 2D characters which look as if they are made of paper. The player controls Mario and various other characters, overcoming linear platforms as in other "Mario" games. The player's goal is to collect the eight Pure Hearts and defeat the main antagonist Count Bleck. The player can talk to non-player characters (NPC), defeat enemies, or interact with the environment. Unlike previous "Paper Mario" games which used a turn-based battle system outside of the overworld, in "Super Paper Mario" all combat is in real-time. Experience points are gained after defeating enemies and allow the player to level up to increase their stats. Mario can temporarily "flip" between dimensions, where the camera rotates 90 degrees to reveal a 3D perspective of the stage, revealing elements hidden in the regular 2D perspective, and can be used to maneuver around obstacles impassable in 2D.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: Throughout the game, Luigi, Princess Peach, and Bowser join the player's party as playable characters, each with unique abilities used to overcome specific obstacles. Luigi can jump the highest, Peach can hover and access inaccessible areas, and Bowser can breathe fire to defeat enemies; only Mario retains the ability to flip between 2D and 3D. The player can swap between any character in the party at any time using an in-game menu. Fairy-like creatures called "Pixls" are obtained that each bestow one additional ability, such as Thoreau, who allows the player to pick up and throw objects. Tippi, a Pixl who accompanies the player from the start of the game, can reveal hints to defeating enemies and is used to find secrets in the game's environment.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: The game's hub world is the town of Flipside, described as being located "between dimensions", and has a mirrored counterpart, Flopside, unlocked in the second half of the game. From Flipside and Flopside, the player can travel to different worlds via dimensional doors. Access to each world is initially locked; completing each world and retrieving the Pure Heart therein opens access to the next one.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: One day, a bored Mario and Luigi decide to go see Princess Peach, but before they can go, they get wind of her being captured, and immediately suspect Bowser, but when they arrive, they only find him planning attack. The evil Count Bleck arrives, responsible for Peach's capture, and overpowers Mario and abducts Bowser, his minions, and Luigi. Count Bleck and his assistant, Nastasia, then force Bowser and Princess Peach to marry. Their union, as foretold by the Dark Prognosticus, summons the Chaos Heart. Bleck takes control of the Chaos Heart and uses it to open the Void, a slowly expanding inter-dimensional rift, in order to destroy the flawed universe and create a perfect one in its place. Mario comes to and meets a Pixl named Tippi and is teleported to Flipside by her, where he's tasked by Merlon to collect the eight Pure Hearts, which are necessary to undo the destruction. Mario, after learning the ability to flip between dimensions, starts his journey with Tippi at his side, traveling to the different worlds to collect them.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: During the adventure, Mario reunites with Peach and Bowser, who join him in the quest. Bleck sends his minions, Dimentio, Mimi, and O'Chunks, as well as a brainwashed Luigi (called Mr. L), to attack Mario's group and slow their progress. Luigi eventually recovers his memories and is the last to join Mario's group. Mario succeeds in collecting all eight Pure Hearts, but not before the Void grows large enough to obliterate one of the worlds.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: In flashbacks, it is revealed that Count Bleck and Tippi were originally lovers Blumiere and Timpani. Blumiere's father, disapproving of their relationship, banished and cursed Timpani to wander between dimensions forever. Blumiere, in despair, took control of the Dark Prognosticus, determined to bring end to the universe and create a new, perfect one in its place. Unbeknownst to him, Merlon found and rescued Timpani by transforming her into a Pixl, but she had lost her memories. The two slowly realize the other's identity over the course of the game.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: With all eight Pure Hearts, the heroes travel to Castle Bleck. They encounter each of Bleck's minions but are lost one-by-one: Bowser and O’Chunks are seemingly crushed by a falling ceiling; Peach and Mimi fall into a pit; and Dimentio appears to kill both himself and Luigi. Mario and Tippi confront Bleck alone; Tippi reveals herself to be Timpani, but Bleck refuses to end his plan. The other heroes return and defeat Bleck by using up the power of the Pure Hearts. Bleck, returning to his Blumiere identity, urges the heroes to kill him to destroy the Chaos Heart and avert the apocalypse; however, it is seized by Dimentio, who seemingly kills Nastasia and brainwashes Luigi back into Mr. L, to serve as the host of the Chaos Heart. Blumiere and Tippi are teleported away, and the remaining heroes appear overmatched without the power of the Pure Hearts; however, the love between Blumiere, O’Chunks, and Mimi restores their power.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: Dimentio is destroyed but leaves behind a shadow of his power to ensure the Chaos Heart can finish its task. Blumiere and Timpani marry, which banishes the Chaos Heart and reverses its destruction. The heroes, along with O'Chunks, Mimi, and a revived Nastasia, return to Flipside, but Blumiere and Timpani are missing; O’Chunks, Mimi, and Nastasia pledge to create the perfect world Blumiere promised to make.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: Intelligent Systems developed the series' previous games and "Super Paper Mario". Director Ryota Kawade changed the traditional concept of previous games with the intention of surprising fans with a new concept. While creating game concepts, he implemented switching through dimensions; he differed the combat from previous game entries to fit with the idea of dimension swapping. When presented to producer Kensuke Tanabe, they both agreed the game would work better in the style of an action-adventure video game, though he asked the staff to keep a role-playing game plot. Kawade found it difficult to "create a harmonic relationship between the worlds of 2D and 3D", and noted that the process consisted of trial and error. He said how creating one level "required the efforts of creating two levels", as they aimed for adding secrets in 3D that were not visible in 2D.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: On May 11, 2006, "Super Paper Mario" was announced for the GameCube through a trailer at E3 2006, to be released in the fourth quarter of 2006. Nintendo opted not to have a GameCube on the show floor for a playable demo. "GameSpot" listed "Super Paper Mario" as a finalist for its E3 Editor's Choice. Nintendo confirmed a release date of October 9, 2006 later in May. "Super Paper Mario" was set to be one of the last first-party GameCube games, but development moved to the Wii in 2006. It was released in April 2007, becoming the first "Mario" game for Wii. The controls were kept similar to the GameCube version, and the Wii's motion controls were not implemented.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: Early PAL copies contain a bug if the language is set to English, German, or Spanish. According to Nintendo of Europe, if Mario speaks to the NPC Mimi in chapter 2–2 without first picking up a key, the game will freeze, and force the player to restart from the last save. Nintendo of Europe offered to replace any affected game discs with patched ones at no charge.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: According to the review aggregator website Metacritic, "Super Paper Mario" received "generally favorable reviews" with a score of 85 out of 100, based on 57 critics; it has the sixth-highest score among Wii games released in 2007.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: The dimension-flipping mechanic received generally positive reviews. "Gamasutra" described the game as a "landmark Wii release" and a "hit with critics". The website noted that the game's dimension-flipping mechanic, puzzles, creativity, and writing received praise from critics and that most criticism was directed at its inability to please those looking for a pure RPG or platforming game. Its story also received praise, although some criticism was directed at the large amount of text. "Game Informer" reviewer Bryan Vore appreciated the inclusion of more platforming elements and the dimension flipping mechanic while praising the writing as "arguably the best" in any "Mario" RPG. Reviewers at "Famitsu" lauded its dimension-flipping mechanic, balance, and control scheme.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: Matt Casamassina of "IGN" called the game a "must-buy" and complimented its blend of platforming and RPG styles, controls, and writing but was critical of the "ridiculous" amount of text and the "barren" appearance of the 3D segments. "GameTrailers" were also critical of the reliance on text but praised the story as well as the "robust" and "addictive" gameplay. Bryn Williams of "GameSpy" praised the "highly bizarre and amusing story line" as well as its level design and controls but said it was too easy and lacked in replay value. "GamesRadar+" reviewer Brett Elston praised the game for its graphics, dialogue, and controls but said that it started to "peter out close to the end".


title: Super Paper Mario

text: Shane Bettenhausen of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" called "Super Paper Mario" a "must-play for any Wii owner" and praised its creativity, gameplay, puzzles, and script but criticized the "undercooked" RPG elements. "Eurogamer" reviewer John Walker also expressed criticism towards elements of the gameplay, calling it "slightly weaker" than most "Mario" platformers, but lauded its writing as "consistently hilarious, and toward the end, even impressively touching". Ricardo Torres of "GameSpot" said the game was "not quite on par with some of the other entries in the series" but praised its gameplay, writing, length, and side quests. Michael Cole of "Nintendo World Report" criticized some "tedious puzzles" and backtracking, and praised the writing, visuals, and gameplay and called it a "peculiar, unexpected love-letter to Nintendo fans". Several reviewers at "RPGamer" praised the writing and comedic dialogue.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: In its first week of release in Japan, 144,000 copies were sold, a similar total to previous "Paper Mario" games. It ranked as the best-selling game of the week. According to the NPD Group, 352,000 copies were sold in the United States in April 2007, ranking as the third-best selling console game of April 2007 in the United States behind "Pokémon Diamond and Pokémon Pearl". By March 2008, Nintendo reported 2.28 million copies sold worldwide, with 500,000 copies sold in Japan and 1.78 million copies sold overseas. According to "Kotaku", more than 4.23 million copies were sold worldwide, making it the best-selling entry in the "Paper Mario" series.


title: Super Paper Mario

text: "Super Paper Mario" was nominated for Best RPG and Best Wii Game in GameSpot and IGN's Best of 2007 awards, winning the award for Best RPG from "IGN". "1UP.com" nominated it for Best Adventure Game and Game of the Year. The game received six award nominations from "Nintendo Power", including Wii Game of the Year and Game of the Year, and it won the Reader's Choice award in the Best Story/Writing category. It is ranked as the second-best Wii game of the year in "RPGamer"s Editor's Choice awards, and three of "RPGFan"s nine editors ranked it among their top five RPGs of the year. CNET, "IGN", "Game Informer", "GameSpot", and "GamesRadar+" have since listed it as one of the best games for the Wii.


title: Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein

text: Yeh Kaali kaali Ankhein () is an Indian Hindi-language romantic crime thriller streaming television series on Netflix created and directed by Sidharth Sengupta. The series stars Tahir Raj Bhasin, Shweta Tripathi and Anchal Singh in the lead roles with Saurabh Shukla, Surya Sharma, Arunoday Singh and Brijendra Kala playing supporting roles. The series has been renewed for a second season.


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: Nothing Lasts Forever is a 1979 action thriller novel by American author Roderick Thorp, a sequel to his 1966 novel "The Detective". The novel is mostly known through its 1988 film adaptation "Die Hard", starring Bruce Willis. In 2012, the book was brought back into print and released as an ebook for the 24th anniversary of the film.


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: Retired NYPD detective Joe Leland is visiting the 40-story office headquarters of the Klaxon Oil Corporation in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve, where his daughter Stephanie Leland Gennaro works.


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: While he is waiting for his daughter's Christmas party to end, a group of German Autumn–era terrorists take over the skyscraper. The gang is led by the brutal Anton "Little Tony the Red" Gruber. Joe had known about Gruber through a counter-terrorist conference he had attended years prior. Barefoot, Leland slips away and manages to remain undetected in the gigantic office complex. Armed with only his Browning Pistol and in communication with Los Angeles Police sergeant Al Powell and his belligerent supervisor, Dwayne Robinson. Leland fights off the terrorists one by one in an attempt to save the 74 hostages, his daughter and grandchildren.


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: After executing the CEO of the Klaxon building, Mr. Rivers, Gruber and the terrorists proceed to steal documents that will publicly expose the Klaxon corporation's dealings with Chile's junta. They also intend to deprive Klaxon of the proceeds of the corrupt deal of $6,000,000 in cash by attempting to access a safe. Leland interferes with this plan by stealing explosives and progressively killing terrorists and receiving multiple injuries in the process.


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: Leland kills most of the terrorists and, despite no help from the police, faces off with the leader of the terrorist group, Anton Gruber, who is holding his daughter hostage. Gruber falls to his death after being shot by Leland. taking Stephanie with him. Blaming Klaxon for the terrorist attack and his daughter's death, Leland throws the cash out of the window himself. Once Leland is back on the street the last terrorist, Karl, who was presumed dead earlier, returns and starts a shooting rampage, killing police (including Robinson) and a doctor in the process, before Sgt Powell finally kills him, allowing Leland to receive medical care.


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: In 1975, author Roderick Thorp saw the film "The Towering Inferno", which is about a skyscraper that catches on fire. After seeing the film, Thorp fell asleep and had a dream of seeing a man being chased through a skyscraper by men with guns. He woke up and later took that idea and turned it into "The Detective" sequel, "Nothing Lasts Forever".


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: Roderick Thorp decided for the book to be a sequel to "The Detective" so it could be made into a follow-up film starring Frank Sinatra as Joe Leland. Thus, the storyline hypothetically takes place some four decades after its predecessor (as Leland was age thirty-six in that novel). Sinatra declined the offer. It was then offered to Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sylvester Stallone and a number of other actors until Bruce Willis signed on for the role.


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: Although the film (re-titled "Die Hard") was altered to be a stand-alone film with no connections to Thorp's novel, and does not follow the source material very closely, some of its memorable scenes, characters, and dialogue are adapted directly from the book. Some of the biggest changes in the film included the older hero of the novel becoming 25 years younger, his name changed from "Joe Leland" to "John McClane", the person he is in the skyscraper to visit changing from his daughter to his estranged wife, and the American "Klaxon Oil Corporation" becoming the Japanese "Nakatomi Corporation". The "terrorists" in the film are actually professional thieves that are after $640 million in negotiable bearer bonds kept in the building's vault and are only posing as terrorists to draw attention away from the robbery. In the film, most of them are German (including their leader), the rest being of varying ethnicities and nationalities. The novel also features women amongst the terrorists. The overall tone of the novel was far darker, with underlying themes of guilt, alcoholism and the complexity of a disturbed human mind. The ending of the novel is also different in that it suggests that the wounds Joe sustained were so severe that he could possibly succumb to them and die.


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: Similarly, Willis explained in a 1988 interview with KXAS-TV's entertainment reporter Bobbie Wygant that he acted out McClane with enough fear, anxiety, and vulnerability to make audiences believe that he could indeed possibly be killed because of what happened in the story, as Joseph Leland could possibly have died of his injuries in the book.


title: Nothing Lasts Forever (Thorp novel)

text: The "Los Angeles Times" called "Nothing Lasts Forever" "a ferocious, bloody, raging book so single-mindedly brilliant in concept and execution it should be read at a single sitting".


title: Radical Entertainment

text: Radical Entertainment Inc. is a Canadian video game developer based in Vancouver. The studio is best known for developing "", "Prototype" and "Prototype 2", as well as entries in the "Crash Bandicoot" franchise. Radical Entertainment was founded in September 1991 by Rory Armes. Dave Davis, and Ian Wilkinson. It was acquired by Vivendi Games in 2005 and transferred to Activision in 2008. The studio faced significant layoffs in 2010 and 2012, with the latter causing it to cease development of original games and only support other Activision studios.


title: Radical Entertainment

text: Radical Entertainment co-founders Ian Wilkinson and Rory Armes previously worked for Distinctive Software during the late 1980s. When Distinctive Software was acquired by Electronic Arts in 1991, Wilkinson and Armes took the opportunity to form their own company. Radical Entertainment was established in September 1991 in the Yaletown district of Vancouver. The studio primarily developed Nintendo Entertainment System ports and adaptations of other video games, peaking at eight projects in 1994.


title: Radical Entertainment

text: Mike Ribero left his position as Sega of America's vice president of sales and marketing to become CEO of Radical Entertainment in 1996. Following the 1996 release of "", programmer Alex Garden and composer Paul Ruskay would leave Radical Entertainment to respectively establish the game developer Relic Entertainment and the audio facility Studio Labs X. Between 1997 and 1998, several employees left the studio to form Barking Dog Studios. "", a snowboarding game published by THQ, was released on September 28, 2000.


title: Radical Entertainment

text: On 11 May 2001, Radical Entertainment and SPY Wireless Media announced an agreement to develop a wireless content management solution enabling SPY's partners and customers to develop new revenue and promotional opportunities by delivering interactive services to the youth market using wireless devices such as cell phones. At E3 2001, Radical Entertainment unveiled "", a story-based driving game based on the popular animated series "The Simpsons" and co-published by Electronic Arts and Fox Interactive, as well as "Dark Summit", another THQ-published snowboarding game unique in its action-adventure elements. On 15 August 2001, Radical Entertainment announced the development of a demo application and white paper for Nintendo's upcoming GameCube console. The demo utilized key features of Radical's proprietary Pure3D game engine, while the accompanying white paper provided information on Radical's technical expertise to other game companies. "Dark Summit" and "The Simpsons: Road Rage" were released in November 2001. "The Simpsons: Road Rage" was one of the top ten most rented titles of December 2001 in North America, generating over $500,000 in rental fees for video and game rental outlets in a single week.


title: Radical Entertainment

text: In 2003, Radical Entertainment opened a development division, 369 Interactive, which was set to develop multiple titles based on the "CSI" franchise, in partnership with Ubi Soft.


title: Radical Entertainment

text: Although Radical Entertainment developed few titles for Vivendi Universal Entertainment, the titles gained massive success and warranted the company's interest in the developers. In 2005, Vivendi acquired Radical Entertainment; however, as described by a former developer at Radical, the mood did not change much and Radical still operated as an independent game developing company. After being acquired by Vivendi, Radical began to make many games such as "" and "" while being published under Vivendi's Sierra Entertainment label. Radical was also given the license to continue development of the "Crash Bandicoot" franchise which was also published under Sierra Entertainment. Radical took over the development of "Crash Tag Team Racing" from Traveller's Tales. Due to the success of "Crash Tag Team Racing", Radical started the development of "Crash of the Titans" and proclaimed that "Crash was home at Radical" stating that Radical would develop all further "Crash" games. The critical and commercial success of "Crash of the Titans" spawned one more sequel, "", which managed to both critically beat its predecessor as well as commercially. During the development of "Crash: Mind Over Mutant", Radical began working on "Prototype".


title: Radical Entertainment

text: When Vivendi Games merged with Activision to form Activision Blizzard in 2008, Vivendi's former studios, including Radical Entertainment, became part of Activision. At the time, Radical Entertainment was developing four games, including "Crash: Mind Over Mutant" and "Prototype". Activision laid off circa 100 people, half of the studio's staff, and canceled the two unannounced projects. One of these was "Treadstone", a game set in the Jason Bourne universe. Activision was not interested in the property and sold it back to Ludlum Entertainment, which subsequently licensed it to Electronic Arts.


title: Radical Entertainment

text: In February 2010, Activision laid off around 200 developers from its studios, including roughly 90 at Radical Entertainment, equating to half of the studio's workforce at the time. A sequel to "Prototype", "Prototype 2", was released in April 2012. In the United States, it was the best-selling game of its release month. However, Activision considered the game a commercial failure; on 28 June 2012, the company announced a "significant reduction in staff" at Radical Entertainment that would see the studio cease development of its own games and only support other Activision studios going forward. While some reports, including that of former Radical Entertainment senior audio director Rob Bridgett, indicated that the studio had closed, Activision stated that the would remain open with the reduced staff. Activision and Radical Entertainment re-iterated this statement in September that year. The Microsoft Windows port of "Prototype 2" was released in July 2012. On 15 December 2013, Radical Entertainment's incorporated status was dissolved by the Canadian government for non-compliance under section 212 of the Canadian Business Corporations Act. Its most recent credited development role was as a support studio for "Destiny", released in 2014. Radical Entertainment was among the studios named in Microsoft's 2022 acquisition of Activision's parent company Activision Blizzard.


title: Radical Entertainment

text: Radical Entertainment practiced open and regular communication between management and employees; the company's president sent an e-mail to all staff on a bi-weekly basis, and staff input on all company facets was sought, ranging from what technologies to adopt to what food was stocked in the kitchen. In addition, the chief financial officer conducted a quarterly seminar to present the company's financial performance, allowing employees to understand where the company was making and spending its revenues. The company also implemented progressive human resource management practices such as core hours, providing a salary top-up to 3-months full pay for maternity leave, and utilizing an intellectual property review process to generate new ideas from among employees. This review process, named the "Idea Review Senate", was conducted by a team of nine employees headed by creative director Stephen Van Der Mescht. Ideas that were not recommended for development were passed back to the employee, who retained all rights to the property and could develop it independently or sell it to another company.


title: Radical Entertainment

text: Radical Entertainment maintained an in-house research and development team directed by Dave Forsey. In September 1998, the team completed a Industrial Research Assistance Program assignment funded by a $350,000 federal grant. The project entailed several technological advances involving arbitrary topology on hierarchical surfaces, including the development of hierarchical splines in 3D Studio MAX and Autodesk Maya. This development allowed for the creation of localized detail on animated characters, and the release of the commercial graphics software Rodin based on this work. In March 2000, the team received a renewable $200,000 BC Science Council grant for the development of an internal game engine library and associated tools to streamline library pipelines. In 2001, Forsey and two of his colleagues in the company were recruited by the University of Calgary to develop and teach an undergraduate-level course in video game programming. The course, considered the first of its kind, was aimed at final-year computer science students and tasked them with designing and implementing a video game prototype. In the fall of 2001, several other employees taught a similar class at the University of British Columbia as a response to an impending labour crisis in Canada.


title: Radical Entertainment

text: On 13 December 2000, the "National Post" named Radical Entertainment one of Canada's top 50 best managed private companies, a distinction granted to private Canadian companies with over $5 million in revenue and which have demonstrated strong growth in the past three years. On 5 October 2001, the company's president and CEO Ian Wilkinson received Ernst & Young's 2001 Media and Entertainment Entrepreneur of the Year.


title: Suicide of Kevin Whitrick

text: Whitrick had been married to his wife Paula since 1988, and they had two children. At the time of his death, the marriage had broken down about two years prior, and he was living separately from his family. In 2006, Whitrick was severely injured in a car accident and suffered long-term health consequences.


title: Suicide of Kevin Whitrick

text: On the day of his death, Whitrick was in a chat room on PalTalk and was joined by about 60 other users in a special "insult" chatroom where people "have a go at each other". He stood on a chair, punched a hole in his ceiling and placed a rope around a joist, then tied the other end around his neck and stepped off the chair. Some people thought this was a prank, until his face started turning blue. Some people in the chat room encouraged him by saying things like "just get on with it", while others tried desperately to find his address. A member in the room contacted the police, who arrived at the scene two minutes later. Whitrick was pronounced dead at 11:15 pm. GMT.


title: Suicide of Kevin Whitrick

text: The death was widely reported in the media. Concerns were raised over the possibility that it could inspire further suicides, as well as the webcam footage becoming available in perpetuity on the internet. Detectives traced about 100 chatroom users to question them about their role in the cyber suicide, though the Crown Prosecution Service did not pursue any criminal charges against them.


title: Gravitational potential

text: In classical mechanics, the gravitational potential at a location is equal to the work (energy transferred) per unit mass that would be needed to move an object to that location from a fixed reference location. It is analogous to the electric potential with mass playing the role of charge. The reference location, where the potential is zero, is by convention infinitely far away from any mass, resulting in a negative potential at any finite distance.


title: Gravitational potential

text: In mathematics, the gravitational potential is also known as the Newtonian potential and is fundamental in the study of potential theory. It may also be used for solving the electrostatic and magnetostatic fields generated by uniformly charged or polarized ellipsoidal bodies.


title: Gravitational potential

text: The gravitational potential ("V") at a location is the gravitational potential energy ("U") at that location per unit mass:


title: Gravitational potential

text: where "m" is the mass of the object. Potential energy is equal (in magnitude, but negative) to the work done by the gravitational field moving a body to its given position in space from infinity. If the body has a mass of 1 kilogram, then the potential energy to be assigned to that body is equal to the gravitational potential. So the potential can be interpreted as the negative of the work done by the gravitational field moving a unit mass in from infinity.


title: Gravitational potential

text: In some situations, the equations can be simplified by assuming a field that is nearly independent of position. For instance, in a region close to the surface of the Earth, the gravitational acceleration, "g", can be considered constant. In that case, the difference in potential energy from one height to another is, to a good approximation, linearly related to the difference in height:


title: Gravitational potential

text: The gravitational potential "V" at a distance "x" from a point mass of mass "M" can be defined as the work "W" that needs to be done by an external agent to bring a unit mass in from infinity to that point:


title: Gravitational potential

text: where "G" is the gravitational constant, and F is the gravitational force. The product "GM" is the standard gravitational parameter and is often known to higher precision than "G" or "M" separately. The potential has units of energy per mass, e.g., J/kg in the MKS system. By convention, it is always negative where it is defined, and as "x" tends to infinity, it approaches zero.


title: Gravitational potential

text: The gravitational field, and thus the acceleration of a small body in the space around the massive object, is the negative gradient of the gravitational potential. Thus the negative of a negative gradient yields positive acceleration toward a massive object. Because the potential has no angular components, its gradient is


title: Gravitational potential

text: where x is a vector of length "x" pointing from the point mass toward the small body and formula_5 is a unit vector pointing from the point mass toward the small body. The magnitude of the acceleration therefore follows an inverse square law:


title: Gravitational potential

text: The potential associated with a mass distribution is the superposition of the potentials of point masses. If the mass distribution is a finite collection of point masses, and if the point masses are located at the points x, ..., x and have masses "m", ..., "m", then the potential of the distribution at the point x is


title: Gravitational potential

text: If the mass distribution is given as a mass measure "dm" on three-dimensional Euclidean space R, then the potential is the convolution of with "dm". In good cases this equals the integral


title: Gravitational potential

text: where is the distance between the points x and r. If there is a function "ρ"(r) representing the density of the distribution at r, so that , where "dv"(r) is the Euclidean volume element, then the gravitational potential is the volume integral


title: Gravitational potential

text: If "V" is a potential function coming from a continuous mass distribution "ρ"(r), then "ρ" can be recovered using the Laplace operator, :


title: Gravitational potential

text: This holds pointwise whenever "ρ" is continuous and is zero outside of a bounded set. In general, the mass measure "dm" can be recovered in the same way if the Laplace operator is taken in the sense of distributions. As a consequence, the gravitational potential satisfies Poisson's equation. See also Green's function for the three-variable Laplace equation and Newtonian potential.


title: Gravitational potential

text: The integral may be expressed in terms of known transcendental functions for all ellipsoidal shapes, including the symmetrical and degenerate ones. These include the sphere, where the three semi axes are equal; the oblate (see reference ellipsoid) and prolate spheroids, where two semi axes are equal; the degenerate ones where one semi axes is infinite (the elliptical and circular cylinder) and the unbounded sheet where two semi axes are infinite. All these shapes are widely used in the applications of the gravitational potential integral (apart from the constant "G", with 𝜌 being a constant charge density) to electromagnetism.


title: Gravitational potential

text: A spherically symmetric mass distribution behaves to an observer completely outside the distribution as though all of the mass was concentrated at the center, and thus effectively as a point mass, by the shell theorem. On the surface of the earth, the acceleration is given by so-called standard gravity "g", approximately 9.8 m/s, although this value varies slightly with latitude and altitude. The magnitude of the acceleration is a little larger at the poles than at the equator because Earth is an oblate spheroid.


title: Gravitational potential

text: Within a spherically symmetric mass distribution, it is possible to solve Poisson's equation in spherical coordinates. Within a uniform spherical body of radius "R", density ρ, and mass "m", the gravitational force "g" inside the sphere varies linearly with distance "r" from the center, giving the gravitational potential inside the sphere, which is


title: Gravitational potential

text: which differentiably connects to the potential function for the outside of the sphere (see the figure at the top).


title: Gravitational potential

text: In general relativity, the gravitational potential is replaced by the metric tensor. When the gravitational field is weak and the sources are moving very slowly compared to light-speed, general relativity reduces to Newtonian gravity, and the metric tensor can be expanded in terms of the gravitational potential.


title: Gravitational potential

text: The potential can be expanded in a series of Legendre polynomials. Represent the points x and r as position vectors relative to the center of mass. The denominator in the integral is expressed as the square root of the square to give


title: 1P-LSD

text: 1P-LSD or 1-propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide is a psychedelic drug of the lysergamide class that is a derivative and functional analogue of LSD and a homologue of ALD-52. It has been sold online as a designer drug since 2015. It modifies the LSD molecule by adding a propionyl group to the nitrogen molecule of LSD's indole.


title: 1P-LSD

text: Since LSD is detected when 1P-LSD is incubated in human serum, 1P-LSD acts, at least in part, as a prodrug for LSD.


title: 1P-LSD

text: The effects profile of 1P-LSD is not well defined in the scientific literature. It is generally thought to be comparable to that of LSD. A study in 2020 found that intravenous administration of 1P-LSD has a somewhat shorter duration than LSD in humans. 1P-LSD is present for a very short time (4 hours) prior to being completed metabolized to LSD. The 2020 study found that it is not possible to reliably distinguish between the oral uptake of LSD and 1P-LSD until unique metabolites are detected by sensitive analytical methods. Qualitative effects were similar when comparing intravenous and oral delivery between the two drugs. The slow onset after intravenous application for 1P-LSD appears to be due to the slowed passage of LSD into the central nervous system compared to other serotonergic hallucinogens. Some users in the study reported an absence of "bad drug effects", but this is likely due to the setting than as a characteristic of 1P-LSD.


title: 1P-LSD

text: As of 2015, 1P-LSD is not regulated under the United States Controlled Substances Act and is classified as a research chemical not intended for human consumption.


title: 1P-LSD

text: 1P-LSD is a controlled substance in France, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Japan, Latvia, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Italy, Singapore and the Czech Republic (banned in 2018).


title: Odense Boldklub

text: Odense Boldklub (; also known as Odense BK or the more commonly used OB) is a Danish professional football club based in the city Odense. The club has won three Danish championships and five Danish Cup trophies. OB play in the Danish Superliga and their home field is Nature Energy Park. OB's clubhouse is located in Ådalen near Odense River.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: OB were founded on 12 July 1887 as "Odense Cricketklub", with cricket the only sport. In 1889, football and tennis departments were included in the club, and it changed name to the present "Odense Boldklub". The club were then located in Munke Mose (The Monks bog) in Odense. OB moved to Ådalen in 1968, where the club still trains today.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In 1916, OB won the province championship for the first time and qualified to the semi-final of the Danish championship. They lost this match 3–9 to later champions B.93 from Copenhagen.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: When the Danish championship was reorganized after the Occupation of Denmark during World War II, OB were placed in the third best league, then named the Danish 3rd Division. After good help from the top goalscorers Svend Jørgen Hansen and Jørgen Leschly Sørensen, the club were quickly promoted to the best league. Svend Jørgen Hansen became OB's first Danish national team player in 1942, while Jørgen Leschly Sørensen was sold to the professional Italian team Atalanta in 1949.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In 1951, OB won their first medals, when the club won silver after runaway champions Akademisk Boldklub. Following the early success, it went down hill for the club. OB were relegated to the second-tier Danish 2nd Division in 1955, and the team had a hard time regaining its position in the top of Danish football. Despite promotions to the Danish 1st Division in 1957 and 1966, the club did not succeed to permanently stay in the top-flight until the promotion in 1975.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: It did not help that the local rivals from B 1909 and B 1913 stayed in the top of the 1st Division in this period, where B 1909 won the 1959 and 1964 Danish championships. The intense local rivalry culminated in 1973, when 28,000 spectators watched the 2nd Division match between "De Stribede" and "De røde" (B 1909) on Odense Stadion. The match is still the spectator record for an OB home game.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In 1974, the club were in their first Danish Cup final, where the team lost 5–2 to Vanløse IF. Per Bartram from OB were awarded the title as "Cup Fighter".


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In 1975, OB was once more promoted to the 1st Division. This time the club had the players to be a top team in the best league under the reign of coach Richard Møller Nielsen. Just two years later, OB won their first Danish championship in the 1977 season. OB's midfielder Allan Hansen was the top goalscorer in the 1st Division and he was awarded as 1977 Danish Player of the Year' award, a double triumph he repeated in 1981.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: The championship win meant that OB played their first European matches in 1978. They competed in the 1978 European Cup, where they lost in the first round to Bulgarian side Lokomotiv Sofia.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In 1980, OB won bronze and the Danish championship was won for the second time in 1982. As Ricard Møller Nielsen's OB team were one of the dominating teams in Danish football in this period, B 1909 finished last in the 1982 1st Division, and were relegated to the 2nd Division. This made OB the best team of the Funen region. In 1983 OB took the cup to win their – so far – only "The Double" (with the 82' championship).


title: Odense Boldklub

text: The team's success was built on many talented Danish players, counting 1982 "Danish 1st Division Talent of the Year" Keld Bordinggaard. The most prolific OB player of the era was goalkeeper Lars Høgh, who was a constant part of the team from 1977 to 1999 as he played a club record of 817 total matches for the first team.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In 1989, the club won the Danish championship again ahead of defending champions Brøndby IF under new manager Roald Poulsen. The profiles of Roald Poulsen's team included, apart from Lars Høgh, the midfielder Ulrik Moseby, the big defender Johnny Hansen, and the young forward Per Pedersen, who became the most expensive OB player sold, when he was bought by English team Blackburn Rovers for £2.3 million in 1997.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: 1991 was a special year for OB. They won the Danish Cup final against AaB after two goalless matches, extra time and penalty shootout. As the national arena Idrætsparken were under reconstruction in 1991, the final was played home at Odense Stadion. The cup success was not matched in the league, now known as the Danish Superliga. After the main tournament of the 1991–92 season, OB was relegated to the Qualifying League.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: They finished in second place of the 1992 Qualifying League, and OB were back in the Superliga for the 1992–93 season. In that season, the club won silver medals after F.C. Copenhagen and they won their third Danish Cup trophy in 1993.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: As the Danish Football Association (DBU) restructured the Superliga before the 1995–96 season, and introduced a league format of 33 games spanning a full year; OB won bronze once more. Even though the team had many profiles and good players, the team lacked stability and in the 1997–98 season, and OB ended last with six season victories to suffer relegation to the second-tier league, the Danish 1st Division.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: The club were runaway winners of the 1999 1st Division and subsequently returned to the Superliga for the 1999–2000 season. OB won the 2002 Danish Cup with a 2–1 victory against Copenhagen at Parken Stadium. Since their promotion 1999, OB's best league performance has been second place, occurring in the 2008–09 season. In 2006, OB ended third, its first top-three finish in ten years. Furthermore, the club had fourth-place finishes in 2003, 2004 and 2007.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In the 2006–07 season, OB finished fourth in the league after a close race in the last rounds. Nonetheless, OB won the Danish Cup after defeating Copenhagen 2–1, which gave OB the opportunity to qualify for the UEFA Cup for the second-straight year.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In the 2007–08 season, OB once again ended in fourth, which gave a chance to qualify to the UEFA Cup through the Intertoto Cup. On 19 and 26 July 2008, they played English side Aston Villa in the third round of the Intertoto Cup for the right to play in the second round of the UEFA Cup. OB managed a 2–2 home draw on 19 July, but a 1–0 away defeat on 26 July resulted in a 2–3 aggregate loss to Villa.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: OB finished second in the 2008–09 season, which led to a two-game playoff with Genoa for participation in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League. The first leg away at the Stadio Luigi Ferraris resulted in a 3–1 defeat, and the home game a 1–1 draw. In 2009–10, OB once again finished second in the league. After a fantastic start of the season the club disappointingly did not take the first place, due to a string of lost and drawn games in the spring of 2010. OB were drawn to face Scottish club Motherwell in the fourth qualifying round of the 2010–11 Europa League.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In the 1994–95 UEFA Cup, OB reached beyond the first round in a European tournament for the first time in club history. The team beat several opponents and most famously defeated Real Madrid to reach the quarter-final of the tournament.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In the first round, OB won both the home and away game 3–0 against Estonian Flora Tallinn. In the second round, they drew 1–1 in the away game against Northern Irish club Linfield and won 5–0 at home, including two long-range goals by defender Steen Nedergaard. In the third round, the played German team 1. FC Kaiserslautern, where OB managed a 1–1 draw in Germany and a 0–0 draw at home; OB advanced on the away goals rule.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In the fourth round, the opponent was Real Madrid, which at that time had Danish national team captain Michael Laudrup on the team. The first match was played at a sold-out Odense Stadion, and OB surprisingly scored on a corner kick in the first half. In the second half, Real Madrid quickly scored two goals, but OB managed to come back into the game, when they equalized to 2–2. Shortly before full-time, Real Madrid scored to 2–3, which was the final result of the game.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: Due to the away goals rule, OB needed to win with a margin of two goals to advance to the quarter-finals. Ulrik Pedersen scored for a 1–0 lead to OB, and with a good goalkeeping by Lars Høgh, OB kept Real Madrid from scoring. With a goal by Morten Bisgaard shortly before stoppage time, OB achieved the needed 2–0 victory, and advanced to the quarter-final. OB's victory attracted attention in great parts of Europe and in Denmark the event was named "The Miracle in Madrid."


title: Odense Boldklub

text: In the quarter-final, OB met Parma. In the first game away in Parma, OB and Lars Høgh almost prevented the Italians from scoring, but Steen Nedergaard committed a penalty which Parma converted and thus won the game 1–0. The second leg in Odense ended a 0–0 draw, which meant the end of OB's European adventure.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: At the club's 125-year anniversary the fans elected the best OB players of all time. It was called De Største Striber ("The Greatest Stripes") and consists of 11 players and a coach. Each month in 2012 the fans voted for their favourite player, and in the end of the year the team was complete. The nominees was selected by Leif Rasmussen (Fyens Stiftstidende), Uffe Pedersen (OB), Anders Rørtoft Madsen (OB), Peter Borberg (author), Jacob Lind (previous chairman of the fanclub).


title: Odense Boldklub

text: Carlsberg was OB's main sponsor from 2001 to 2017, while hummel has been its kit sponsor since January 2016. Before that, Puma was the kit sponsor from the end of the 1970s to the end of the 1990s, and has been kit sponsor for every three league titles OB has won. When OB signed with Puma in 2008, the board was hoping that the history with Puma could achieve their ambition with two league titles before 2015.


title: Odense Boldklub

text: After 16 years with Carlsberg on the front of the shirt, OB changed main sponsor to Royal Unibrew. They signed a contract until 31 May 2023, and the new sponsor on the front of the shirt would become Albani Brewery, owned by Royal Unibrew. This came into force from the summer 2017.


title: Audiobook

text: An audiobook (or a talking book) is a recording of a book or other work being read out loud. A reading of the complete text is described as "unabridged", while readings of shorter versions are abridgements.


title: Audiobook

text: Spoken audio has been available in schools and public libraries and to a lesser extent in music shops since the 1930s. Many spoken word albums were made prior to the age of cassettes, compact discs, and downloadable audio, often of poetry and plays rather than books. It was not until the 1980s that the medium began to attract book retailers, and then book retailers started displaying audiobooks on bookshelves rather than in separate displays.


title: Audiobook

text: The term "talking book" came into being in the 1930s with government programs designed for blind readers, while the term "audiobook" came into use during the 1970s when audiocassettes began to replace phonograph records. In 1994, the Audio Publishers Association established the term "audiobook" as the industry standard.


title: Audiobook

text: Spoken word recordings first became possible with the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877. "Phonographic books" were one of the original applications envisioned by Edison which would "speak to blind people without effort on their part." The initial words spoken into the phonograph were Edison's recital of "Mary Had a Little Lamb", the first instance of recorded verse. In 1878, a demonstration at the Royal Institution in Britain included "Hey Diddle Diddle, the Cat and the Fiddle" and a line of Tennyson's poetry thus establishing from the very beginning of the technology its association with spoken literature.


title: Audiobook

text: Many short, spoken word recordings were sold on cylinder in the late 1800s and early 1900s; however, the round cylinders were limited to about 4 minutes each making books impractical; flat platters increased to 12 minutes but this too was impractical for longer works. "One early listener complained that he would need a wheelbarrow to carry around talking books recorded on discs with such limited storage capacity." By the 1930s close-grooved records increased to 20 minutes making possible longer narrative.


title: Audiobook

text: In 1931, the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) and Library of Congress Books for the Adult Blind Project established the "Talking Books Program" (Books for the Blind), which was intended to provide reading material for veterans injured during World War I and other visually impaired adults. The first test recordings in 1932 included a chapter from Helen Keller's "Midstream" and Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven". The organization received congressional approval for exemption from copyright and free postal distribution of talking books. The first recordings made for the Talking Books Program in 1934 included sections of the Bible; the Declaration of Independence and other patriotic documents; plays and sonnets by Shakespeare; and fiction by Gladys Hasty Carroll, E. M. Delafield, Cora Jarrett, Rudyard Kipling, John Masefield, and P. G. Wodehouse. To save costs and quickly build inventories of audiobooks, Britain and the United States shared recordings in their catalogs. By looking at old catalogs, historian Matthew Rubery has "probably" identified the first British-produced audiobook as Agatha Christie's "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd", read by Anthony McDonald in 1934.