title: Ayakashi Triangle

text: In the 3rd edition of the Brazilian award in 2021, "Ayakashi Triangle" was nominated for the Best Manga category.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: TAM Airlines Flight 3054 (JJ3054/TAM3054) was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight of TAM Airlines from Porto Alegre to São Paulo, Brazil. On the evening of July 17, 2007, the Airbus A320-233 serving the flight overran runway 35L at São Paulo during moderate rain and crashed into a nearby TAM Express warehouse adjacent to a Shell gas station. The plane exploded on impact, killing all 187 passengers and crew on board and 12 people on the ground. The crash surpassed Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 as the deadliest aviation accident in Brazilian territory and in South American history, and remains the deadliest aviation accident involving the A320 proper worldwide, and the second-deadliest air disaster involving the A320 family, surpassed by the bombing of Metrojet Flight 9268, an A321-231, which crashed in Egypt in October 2015 with 224 fatalities.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: The accident was investigated by the Brazilian Air Force's Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center (; CENIPA), with a final report issued in September 2009. CENIPA concluded that the accident was caused by errors committed by the pilots during the landing at São Paulo.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: On both of Congonhas's airport runways (35L/17R and 35R/17L), a slope prevented the drainage of accumulated water on the asphalt. It was already smooth because of excess rubber caused by tire pressure during landing. There were no runway end safety areas, as at the end of runways 35L and 35R was Avenida Washington Luís (a busy avenue), as well several buildings and houses. On July 24, 2006, less than a year before the accident, a Boeing 737 of BRA Transportes Aéreos experienced difficulty stopping on runway 35L, but the pilots were able to bring the aircraft safely to a stop by performing a ground loop. Due to delays and flight cancellations caused by rains in early 2007, Infraero (the company that manages Congonhas airport) decided to resurface the asphalt on the airport's main runway. Channeling grooves were planned to reduce the risk of hydroplaning. The works were completed on June 29, but without the grooves. Infraero stated that applying them would take another 30 days. While the Congonhas runway was under renovation, the 2006–07 Brazilian aviation crisis continued to advance, meaning that the runway was open for use despite the incomplete refit.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: On July 16, the day before the crash, four pilots who landed at the airport reported poor braking, including a TAM pilot, who managed to stop his aircraft just a few metres before the end of the runway. Between 12:25 pm and 12:28 pm, Infraero suspended operations at the airport to examine the runway conditions, and cleared it after reporting "no puddles and water slides." At 12:42 local time the same day, Pantanal Linhas Aéreas Flight 4763, an ATR 42-300, hydroplaned after touching down on runway 17R. The aircraft veered to the left, struck a concrete box and a small light pole, and entered the grass between the runway and taxiway. All 25 people aboard survived with no injuries, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair and written off. Despite the incident, landings continued to be carried out normally at the airport.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: The aircraft operating as Flight 3054 was a twin turbofan Airbus A320-233, serial number 789, registration PR-MBK; it was powered by two IAE V2500 engines. It was built in 1998 and had been operated by other airlines before entering service with TAM in January 2007, six months before the accident. The aircraft was owned by Pegasus Aviation and had flown more than 21,000 hours over 10,000 cycles before the crash.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: The aircraft was dispatched with the thrust reverser on the starboard engine deactivated, as it had jammed. TAM said in a statement a fault in a reverser "does not jeopardize landings" and no mechanical problem had been recorded on July 16, the day before the accident. The aircraft had no difficulty braking on the same runway a day before the fatal accident.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: There were six crew members and 181 passengers on board. All 6 crew members as well as 171 of the passengers were Brazilian; the 12 remaining passengers were of various other nationalities. The flight crew consisted of two captains (rather than the usual captain and first officer): Captain Henrique Stefanini Di Sacco (53), and Captain Kleyber Aguiar Lima (54) who served as co-pilot, 54. There were also four flight attendants, with an additional 13 deadheading. Both pilots had been flying for over 30 years. Stefanini had logged 13,654 flight hours in his career (including 2,236 hours on the Airbus A320), and Lima 14,760 hours, with 237 of them on the Airbus A320.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: Several players and coaches from the Grêmio football club were initially booked on Flight 3054, intending to catch a connecting flight in Congonhas and fly to Goiânia, for a game scheduled against the Goiás Esporte Clube. However, the club's management rescheduled the trip to the next day. The plane departed from Salgado Filho International Airport in Porto Alegre at 17:18 Brazilian Standard Time (BRT) (20:18 UTC). It climbed to flight level (FL) 340 (). At 18:54 BRT (21:54 UTC), the flight made its landing at Congonhas-São Paulo Regional Airport.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: Flight 3054 was cleared to land at Congonhas's Runway 35L. Reviews by government officials of the surveillance videos showed that despite the aircraft touching down without incident, it did not slow down normally, veering to the left as it departed the far end at around . The runway is elevated above the surrounding area, and the aircraft's momentum carried it over traffic on the adjacent "Avenida" Washington Luís, a major thoroughfare, and crushed a four-story TAM Express facility, resulting in a large fire. The TAM Express facility contained offices and a warehouse, and was located adjacent to a Shell gas station. All 187 passengers and crew aboard died and the aircraft was destroyed.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: The runway had recently been resurfaced, and did not yet have water-channeling grooves cut into it to reduce the danger of hydroplaning.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: Flight Data Recorder (FDR) information recovered after the crash and released by Brazilian authorities showed that immediately prior to touchdown, both thrust levers were in CL (or "climb") position, with engine power being governed by the flight computer's autothrottle system. Two seconds prior to touchdown, an aural warning, "retard, retard", was issued by the flight's computer system, advising the pilots to retard the thrust lever to the recommended idle lever position. This would disengage the autothrottle, with engine power then governed directly by the thrust levers.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: At the moment of touchdown, the spoiler lever was in the "ARMED" position. According to the system logic of the A320's flight controls, in order for the spoilers to automatically deploy upon touchdown, not only must the spoiler lever be in the "ARMED" position, but both thrust levers must be at or close to the "idle" position. The FDR transcript shows that immediately after the warning, the flight computer recorded the left thrust lever being retarded to the rear-most position, activating the thrust reverser on the left engine, while the right thrust lever (controlling the engine with the disabled thrust reverser) remained in the CL position. One theory put forth by CENIPA is that the pilots may not have noticed that the right engine remained at CL because the Airbus autothrottle system, unlike other aircraft manufacturers, does not automatically move the levers when the autothrust controller changes engine settings. Therefore, the pilots may have thought that the right engine was at idle power without realizing that Airbus autothrust logic dictates that, when one or more of the thrust levers is pulled to the idle position, the autothrust is automatically disengaged. Thus, when the pilot pulled the left engine thrust lever to idle, it disconnected the autothrust system and the computer did not retard the right engine power to idle. The A320's spoilers did not deploy during the landing run, as the right thrust lever was above the "idle" setting required for automatic spoiler deployment. Since the right engine thrust lever was still in the "climb" detent at that time, the right engine accelerated to climb power while the left engine deployed its thrust reverser. The resulting asymmetric thrust condition resulted in a loss of control and a crash ensued.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: Aviation safety in Brazil had been under increased scrutiny following the mid-air collision in September 2006 over the Amazon of Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 and an Embraer Legacy 600 (see Brazil's 2006-2007 aviation crisis). Congonhas was singled out for having safety issues relating to operations in wet weather due to its location and runway characteristics for the traffic it serves.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: The 35L runway at Congonhas is long. Congonhas's counterpart in Rio de Janeiro, the Santos Dumont Airport, has an even shorter runway, at . Both airports receive the same type of traffic — ranging from small private planes to Boeing 737s and A320s. Many variables affect the landing distance of an aircraft, such as approach speed, weight and the presence of either a tailwind or a headwind. For an Airbus A320, a landing speed of higher than normal can result in as much as a 25% increase in the runway length needed to stop an aircraft. Wet weather can also significantly reduce the braking performance of aircraft, leading to an increase in the minimum runway length requirement.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: Pilots have called Congonhas airport the "aircraft carrier," because of the runway's short length and because pilots are told to go-around if they overshoot the first of runway.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: In June 2007, a Brazilian judge briefly banned flights using Fokker 100, Boeing 737-700 and Boeing 737-800 aircraft in and out of the airport. The Airbus A320 was not among the aircraft banned, due to its manufacturer-stated braking distance being shorter than those of the banned aircraft. Pilots had complained that water had been accumulating on the runway, reducing aircraft braking performance and occasionally causing planes to hydroplane. The judge claimed the runway needed to be longer for these aircraft to operate safely. At the time, a spokeswoman from Brazil's National Civil Aviation Agency claimed "The safety conditions of the runway and the airport as a whole are adequate." TAM also objected to the decision, with a spokesman stating "If the injunction stands, it will cause total chaos," claiming over 10,000 passengers per day would be inconvenienced.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: Many flights, including all OceanAir and BRA Transportes Aéreos, were transferred to Guarulhos International Airport, the major airport in São Paulo, due to the closure of the main runway at Congonhas and the ongoing investigation of the accident.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: On July 20, Presidency Chief of Staff Dilma Rousseff announced plans to significantly reduce the number of flights operating at Congonhas. The plan included banning, within 60 days, all connection, stopover, charter, and international flights and the reduction in the number of private jets. The airport would only operate direct flights to certain cities in Brazil. The plan also called for a study of the expansion of São Paulo's two current airports and the construction of a third airport in the metropolitan area.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: State crime scene investigators terminated the search for remains on July 28, 2007; as of that date, 114 bodies recovered from the site had been identified by the São Paulo Medical Examiner's Office as those of passengers.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: The investigation was carried out by Brazil's Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center (, CENIPA). Data from the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) were downloaded by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) in the United States commencing July 20 and 23 respectively. Based on preliminary data from the FDR, on July 25 Airbus cautioned A320 operators to ensure that both thrust levers are set to idle during flare. The transcript of the CVR was released on August 1. It shows that the pilots were aware of the wet runway conditions and the deactivated thrust reverser. The pilots' comments suggest that the spoilers did not deploy and that they were unable to slow the aircraft. Crew error had not been ruled out.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: An investigation by the Brazilian Public Safety Ministry released in November 2008 concluded that the pilots mistakenly left the lever for the right engine to climb upon landing, due to a mistake in landing procedures with the right thrust reverser being disabled from a prior maintenance, when in fact it was necessary to retard both engines in order for the spoilers to work. They also said that the National Civil Aviation Agency should have closed the airport on the night the plane landed because of heavy rains; that Congonhas airport authorities shared the blame because its runway had not been properly constructed with grooves to drain away excess rainwater, contributing to the crash; that the plane's manufacturer, Airbus, should have provided alarms warning the pilots that the braking system was failing; and that TAM failed to properly train its pilots, who did not act correctly in the emergency.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: In September 2009, more than two years after the accident, CENIPA announced the results of official investigations. The report shows that one of the thrust levers, which control engines, was in position to accelerate when it should be in idle, but it was not proved if there was mechanical or human failure as the cause of the accident.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: The report suggests two hypotheses for the accident. In the first, there was a flaw in the power control of the plane's engines, which would have kept one of the thrust levers into acceleration, regardless of their actual position. This scenario would implicate mechanical failure of the aircraft as the cause of the accident. The likelihood of this failure occurring is calculated at once per 400 billion flight hours, and therefore highly improbable. In the second hypothesis, the pilot has performed a procedure different from that provided in the manual, and put the thrust lever in an irregular position. This scenario would implicate human error as the cause of the accident.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: In addition to the positions of the thrust levers, the report points to several factors that may have contributed to the accident, such as a high volume of rain on the day, with the formation of puddles on the runway, as well as the absence of grooving. The report does not blame the length of the runway for the accident. The BEA also cleared Airbus of any misdoing because they had proposed a system warning modification regarding the incorrect thrust lever positions that TAM had rejected.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: During the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian athletes wore a black armband in remembrance of the victims. The flags of all participating countries were flown at half mast on July 18. Matches involving a Brazilian athlete or team started with a minute of silence.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: All matches of the Campeonato Brasileiro 2007 started with a minute of silence, while all players wore black armbands. Brazilian Formula One driver Felipe Massa had a black stripe on top of his helmet during the 2007 European Grand Prix, to commemorate the victims. Rubens Barrichello also had stripes on his helmet, and the two Red Bull Racing drivers David Coulthard and Mark Webber had small Brazilian flags on their helmets referring to the accident.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: More than 5,000 Brazilians marched to the crash site on July 29, 2007, blaming their government's failure to invest in airport infrastructure for the crash. Many of the protesters also demanded the ousting of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: On July 17, 2012, the fifth anniversary of the accident, a plaza named Memorial Square was opened. Memorial Square was built on the site of the TAM express warehouse (demolished on August 5, 2007), which is in area. There is a memorial with the names of the victims engraved as well as a mulberry tree that survived the crash. There is another memorial in Porto Alegre called "Largo da Vida," where 199 trees have been planted. The memorial is located near Salgado Filho International Airport (the airport from which Flight 3054 departed).


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: On November 19, 2008, the 13,600-page police investigation was completed, which took 16 months of research to produce, during which 336 people were heard. Federal prosecutors were of the opinion that the former director of the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC), Denise Abreu (who had taken up the post in March 2006), and the flight safety officer of the airline, Marco Aurelio dos Santos de Miranda, should both be convicted of attempt on air transport security in willful mode.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: In 2011, the Brazilian Federal Public Ministry (Ministério Público Federal—MPF) laid criminal charges against , the director of the Brazilian National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC) at the time of the disaster, as well as two former TAM directors—Marco Aurélio dos Santos de Miranda, director of flight safety, and Alberto Fajerman, vice president of operations. They were accused of neglecting air transport safety by allowing the aircraft to land in heavy rain on the notoriously short, recently resurfaced runway before cutting of grooves to channel away excess rainwater. The trial began in São Paulo in 2013. In 2014, MPF withdrew the charges against Fajerman, for lack of evidence. A second charge against Abreu of "documentary falsehood" was dismissed in November, 2014. As of March 2015, no judgement had been handed down on the other charges.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: In 2014, TAM's insurer Itaú Seguros, the company responsible for paying compensation for the tragedy, launched a lawsuit in Brazil against Airbus for R$350 million (US$156.2 million), according to Folha de S. Paulo. Attorneys representing Airbus responded in a Brazilian court filing that Airbus accepts no responsibility, laying the blame for the disaster with the cockpit crew, the airline and the poor state of the runway.


title: TAM Airlines Flight 3054

text: The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series "Mayday" featured the crash and investigation in a Season 11 episode titled "Deadly Reputation" (alternatively "Nightmare Runway" and "Disaster Runway"), which included interviews with accident investigators and a dramatic recreation of the accident.


title: Neuralgia

text: Neuralgia (Greek "neuron", "nerve" + "algos", "pain") is pain in the distribution of one or more nerves, as in intercostal neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.


title: Neuralgia

text: Under the general heading of neuralgia are trigeminal neuralgia (TN), atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN), occipital neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia (caused by shingles or herpes). The term "neuralgia" is also used to refer to pain associated with sciatica and brachial plexopathy.


title: Neuralgia

text: Atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN) is a rare form of neuralgia and may also be the most misdiagnosed form. The symptoms can be mistaken for migraines, dental problems such as temporomandibular joint disorder, musculoskeletal issues, and hypochondriasis. ATN can have a wide range of symptoms and the pain can fluctuate in intensity from mild aching to a crushing or burning sensation, and also to the extreme pain experienced with the more common trigeminal neuralgia. ATN pain can be described as heavy, aching, and burning. Affected individuals have a constant migraine-like headache and experience pain in all three trigeminal nerve branches. This includes aching teeth, ear aches, feeling of fullness in sinuses, cheek pain, pain in forehead and temples, jaw pain, pain around eyes, and occasional electric shock-like stabs. Unlike typical neuralgia, this form can also cause pain in the back of the scalp and neck. Pain tends to worsen with talking, facial expressions, chewing, and certain sensations such as a cool breeze. Vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve, infections of the teeth or sinuses, physical trauma, or past viral infections are possible causes of ATN.


title: Neuralgia

text: In the case of trigeminal neuralgia, the affected nerves are responsible for sensing touch, temperature sensation and pressure sensation in the facial area from the jaw to the forehead. The disorder generally causes short episodes of excruciating pain, usually for less than two minutes and usually only one side of the face. The pain can be described in a variety of ways such as "stabbing", "sharp", "like lightning", "burning", and even "itchy". In the atypical form of TN, the pain presents as severe constant aching along the nerve. The pain associated with TN is recognized as one of the most excruciating pains that can be experienced.


title: Neuralgia

text: Simple stimuli—such as eating, talking, making facial expressions, washing the face, or any light touch or sensation—can trigger an attack (even the sensation of a cool breeze). Attacks may be lone occurrences, clusters of attacks, or constant episodes. Some patients experience muscle spasm, which led to the original term for TN of "" ("", meaning "spasm", and "", meaning "painful", in French).


title: Neuralgia

text: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia consists of recurring attacks of severe pain in the back of the throat, the area near the tonsils, the back of the tongue, and part of the ear. The pain is due to malfunction of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), which moves the muscles of the throat and carries information from the throat, tonsils, and tongue to the brain.


title: Neuralgia

text: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, a rare disorder, usually begins after age 40 and occurs more often in men. Often, its cause is unknown. However, glossopharyngeal neuralgia sometimes results from an abnormally positioned artery that compresses the glossopharyngeal nerve near where it exits the brain stem. Rarely, the cause is a tumor in the brain or neck.


title: Neuralgia

text: Occipital neuralgia, also known as C2 neuralgia, or Arnold's neuralgia, is a medical condition characterized by chronic pain in the upper neck, back of the head and behind the eyes.


title: Neuralgia

text: By understanding the neuroplastic changes following nerve damage, researchers may be able to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of hyperexcitability in the nervous system that is believed to cause neuropathic pain.


title: Neuralgia

text: A neuron's response to trauma can often be determined by the severity of the injury, classified by Seddon's classification. In Seddon's Classification, nerve injury is described as either neurapraxia, axonotmesis, or neurotmesis. Following trauma to the nerve, a short onset of afferent impulses, termed "injury discharge", occurs. While lasting only minutes, this occurrence has been linked to the onset of neuropathic pain.


title: Neuralgia

text: When an axon is severed, the segment of the axon distal to the cut degenerates and is absorbed by Schwann cells. The proximal segment fuses, retracts, and swells, forming a "retraction bulb". The synaptic terminal function is lost, as axoplasmic transport ceases and no neurotransmitters are created. The nucleus of the damaged axon undergoes chromatolysis in preparation for axon regeneration. Schwann cells in the distal stump of the nerve and basal lamina components secreted by Schwann cells guide and help stimulate regeneration. The regenerating axon must connect to the appropriate receptors to make an effective regeneration. If proper connections to the appropriate receptors are not established, aberrant reinnervation may occur. If the regenerating axon is halted by damaged tissue, neurofibrils may create a mass known as a neuroma.


title: Neuralgia

text: If an injured neuron degenerates or does not regenerate properly, then the neuron loses its function or may not function properly. Neuron trauma is not an isolated event and may cause degenerative changes in surrounding neurons. When one or more neurons lose their function or begin to malfunction, abnormal signals sent to the brain may be translated as painful signals.


title: Neuralgia

text: When assessing neuralgia to find the underlying mechanism, a history of the pain, description of pain, physical examination, and experimental examination are required. Pain is subjective to the patient, but pain assessment questionnaires, such as the McGill Pain Questionnaire can be useful for evaluation. Physical examinations usually involve testing responses to stimuli such as touch, temperature, and vibration. Neuralgia can be further classified by the type of stimuli that elicits a response: mechanical, thermal, or chemical. Response to the course of treatment is the final tool used to determine the mechanism of the pain. Additional tools may be used, predominantly in research settings including Laser Evoked Potentials and Quantitative Sensory testing.


title: Neuralgia

text: Laser evoked potentials (LEPs) are measurements of cortical responses using lasers to selectively stimulate thermonociceptors in the skin. Lasers can emit a radiant-heat pulse stimulus to selectively activate A-delta and C free nerve endings. LEP abnormalities may be indicative of neuropathic pain, while a normal LEP is often more ambiguous. LEPs can assess damage to both central and peripheral nervous systems.


title: Neuralgia

text: Another method for testing the proper function of a nerve is Quantitative sensory testing (QST). QST relies on analysis of a patient's response to external stimuli of controlled intensity. A stimulus is applied to the skin of the nerve area being tested in ascending and descending orders of magnitude. Clinicians can quantify the mechanical sensitivity of the tactile stimulus using von Frey hairs or Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWMFs). Also, weighted needles can be used to measure pin-prick sensation, and an electronic vibrameter is used to measure vibration sensitivity. Thermal stimuli are quantified by using a probe that operates on the Peltier principle.


title: Neuralgia

text: Neuralgia is more difficult to treat than other types of pain because it does not respond well to normal pain medications. Special medications have become more specific to neuralgia and typically fall under the category of membrane stabilizing drugs or antidepressants such as Cymbalta. The antiepileptic medication(AED) Lyrica (pregabalin) was developed specifically for neuralgia and other neuropathic pain as a successor to Neurontin (gabapentin).


title: Neuralgia

text: High doses of anticonvulsant medicines—used to block nerve firing— and tricyclic antidepressants are generally effective in treating neuralgia. If medication fails to relieve pain or produces intolerable side effects, surgical treatment may be recommended.


title: Neuralgia

text: Neural augmentative surgeries are used to stimulate the affected nerve. By stimulating the nerve the brain can be "fooled" into thinking it is receiving normal input. Electrodes are carefully placed in the dorsal root and subcutaneous nerve stimulation is used to stimulate the targeted nerve pathway. A technician can create different electrical distributions in the nerve to optimize the efficiency, and a patient controls the stimulation by passing a magnet over the unit.


title: Neuralgia

text: Some degree of facial numbness is expected after most of these surgical procedures, and neuralgia might return despite the procedure's initial success. Depending on the procedure, other surgical risks include hearing loss, balance problems, infection, and stroke. These surgeries include rhizotomy (where select nerve fibers are destroyed to block pain) and Microvascular decompression (where the surgeon moves the vessels that are compressing the nerve away from it and places a soft cushion between the nerve and the vessels).


title: Neuralgia

text: The earliest cited instance of the term is the French, "névralgie", which, according to Rowland, was coined by François Chaussier in his 1801 "Table Synoptique de la Névralgie", for "...an affection of one or more nerves causing pain which is usually of an intermittent but frequently intense character". The features and assumed etiology found in the medical literature have varied significantly over time.


title: Neuralgia

text: Various locations were proposed for the primary lesion during the nineteenth century, including nerve roots, ganglia, trunks and branches, as well as the brain and spinal cord. In 1828, JC Warren and TJ Graham placed the cause in the trunk or branch of the nerve innervating the perceived site of the pain, though Graham also attributed neuralgia to "morbid sensibility of the nervous system" due to "great disorder of the general health". Teale in 1830 and many after him argued that it may be located in the spinal cord or nerve root. Later in the century some proposed it may be an affliction of organs such as the uterus or liver, while others classed certain headaches as neuralgias, and proposed that emotional distress may promote the condition.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: New Adventures in Hi-Fi is the tenth studio album by the American alternative rock band R.E.M. It was their fifth major-label release for Warner Bros. Records, released on September 9, 1996, in Europe and Australia, and the following day in the United States. "New Adventures in Hi-Fi" was the last album recorded with founding member Bill Berry (who left the band amicably the following year), original manager Jefferson Holt, and long-time producer Scott Litt. The members of R.E.M. consider the recorded album representative of the band at their peak, and fans generally regard it as the band's last great record before a perceived artistic decline during the late 1990s and early 2000s. It has sold around seven million units, growing in cult status years after its release, with several retrospectives ranking it among the top of the band's recorded catalogue.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: The album was recorded during and after the tour in support of "Monster" in 1995. The material on the album mixed the acoustic, country rock feel of much of "Out of Time" and "Automatic for the People" with the rock sound of "Monster" and "Lifes Rich Pageant". The band has cited Neil Young's 1973 album "Time Fades Away" as a source of inspiration.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: The band noted that they borrowed the recording process for the album from Radiohead, who recorded some of the basic tracks for "The Bends" while on tour and who supported the band in 1994 and 1995. R.E.M. took eight-track recorders to capture their live performances, and used the recordings as the base elements for the album. As such, the band's touring musicians Nathan December and Scott McCaughey are featured throughout, with Andy Carlson contributing violin to "Electrolite".


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: After the tour was over, the band went into Seattle's Bad Animals Studio and recorded four additional tracks: "How the West Was Won and Where It Got Us", "E-Bow the Letter", "Be Mine" and "New Test Leper". Patti Smith came to the sessions and contributed vocals on "E-Bow the Letter". Audio mixing was finished at John Keane Studio in Athens and Louie's Clubhouse in Los Angeles with mastering by Bob Ludwig at Gateway Mastering in Portland, Maine.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: In part due to the nature of the recording process, several of the songs are about travel and motion—including "Departure", "Leave" and "Low Desert". The album's liner notes contain pictures from the road and the deluxe edition of the album is a hardcover book in a slipcase featuring more photographs of R.E.M.'s tour.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: Critical reaction to the album was mostly favorable. Several publications lauded the album for its rich diversity, including "Rolling Stone", "Q", and "Mojo". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said, "In its multifaceted sprawl, [R.E.M.] wound up with one of their best records of the '90s." At the same time, however, "Melody Maker" criticized the album's empty and flat sound caused by recording in arenas and soundchecks. In a 2017 retrospective on the band, "Consequence of Sound" ranked it third out of R.E.M.'s 15 full-length studio albums.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: The album is lead vocalist Michael Stipe's favorite from R.E.M. and he considers it the band at their peak. Radiohead singer Thom Yorke, who cited R.E.M. as a major influence, said it was his favorite R.E.M. album and "Electrolite" was the greatest song of their career.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: "New Adventures in Hi-Fi" has since appeared on several lists compiling the best albums of the 1990s or all time: "Magnet" listed the album at #20 on its list of the "Top 60 Albums 1993–2003", and "Mojo" also listed the album at #20 on a list of "The 100 Greatest Albums of Our Lifetime 1993–2006".


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: It was voted #186 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums" (3rd Edition, 2000). It was also featured on several year-end best-of lists for 1996:


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: Unlike most R.E.M. albums, this vinyl release did not have custom side names and was instead released as a double album. Record one has tracks 1–6 (three songs per side) and record two has tracks 7–14 (four songs per side). The tape release maintained the custom side names: the first side was called the "Hi-side" and the second side was called the "Fi-side."


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: "New Adventures in Hi-Fi" consisted of material written during some of the same sessions as "Monster" and its following promotional tour; consequently, there were few outtakes or left-over tracks for inclusion as B-sides. The first three tracks were international singles, with "How the West Was Won and Where It Got Us" being released only in Germany and Japan.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: "Revolution" was also released from these sessions—initially on the "Batman & Robin" soundtrack and later on disc two of "".


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: "New Test Leper" and "The Wake-Up Bomb" were released as promotional singles for the album; the former had a music video directed by Lance Bangs and Dominic DeJoseph. All five videos from the album were later collected on "".


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: The R.E.M. fan club, which issued a special single every year at Christmas time, featured two singles recorded during these sessions: 1996's "Only in America" (originally by Jay & The Americans)/"I Will Survive" (a Gloria Gaynor cover) and 1997's R.E.M. original "Live for Today" was backed with Pearl Jam's "Happy When I'm Crying".


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: While "New Adventures in Hi-Fi" began the band's sales decline in the United States, it topped the charts in over a dozen countries and reached #1 on the Top European Albums for five consecutive weeks. The album peaked at #2 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and spent 22 weeks on chart. According to Nielsen SoundScan, it has sold 994,000 units in the U.S. as of March 2007. The first single, "E-Bow the Letter", received only modest radio airplay in the U.S. and peaked at #49 on its charts. In the UK, however, the single became the band's biggest hit at that point, reaching #4.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: Like all R.E.M. albums since 1988's "Green", "New Adventures in Hi-Fi" was released in a limited-edition packaging. This one contained a 64-page hardcover book designed by Chris Bilheimer and featuring photos from the "Monster" tour. In 2005, Warner Brothers Records issued an expanded two-disc edition of the album which included a CD, a DVD-Audio disc containing a new audio mix of the album (in 5.1-channel surround sound, high resolution, AC3, Dolby Stereo, and DTS 5.1) done by Elliot Scheiner and the original CD booklet with expanded liner notes. In addition, the DVD includes a video documentary, lyrics, and a photo gallery.


title: New Adventures in Hi-Fi

text: As with the prior albums, a 25th-anniversary edition was announced in August 2021 for an October release date. The edition includes a remastered album, B-sides from the album and a Blu-ray with previously unreleased promotional materials. Due to issues related to the 2021 global supply chain crisis, all CD variations of the remastered reissue are delayed to mid-November 2021.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Dorothy Zbornak is a character from the sitcom television series "The Golden Girls", portrayed by Bea Arthur. Sarcastic, introspective, compassionate, and fiercely protective of those she considers family, she is introduced as a substitute teacher, and mother. At the time, Dorothy was recently divorced from her ex-husband Stanley. She, her mother Sophia Petrillo (played by Estelle Getty), and housemate Rose Nylund (Betty White) all rent rooms in the Miami house of their friend Blanche Devereaux (Rue McClanahan). Dorothy often acted as den mother and voice of reason among the quartet, "the great leveler" according to Bea Arthur, though at times she also acted foolishly or negatively and would need her friends and family to help ground her again. Arthur also considered her the "great balloon pricker," someone who openly defied and called out hypocrisy, injustice, cruelty, delusion, short-sighted remarks, and behavior she simply found dull, ill-considered, rude, or unreasonable.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Bea Arthur portrayed Dorothy in every episode of "The Golden Girls". Arthur also portrayed Dorothy's maternal grandmother Eleanor Grisanti in flashback in the episode "Mother's Day". In the same episode and others that involve flashbacks, a younger version of Dorothy was portrayed by Lynnie Green. In the season 5 episode "Clinton Avenue Memoirs" (1990), Jandi Swanson portrayed Dorothy as a child in flashback.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Bea Arthur's departure from the show in the season 7 two-part finale "One Flew Out of the Cuckoo's Nest" marked the end of the series as well. Outside of the series, Arthur also appeared as Dorothy in an episode of "Empty Nest" (a spin-off series), in the episode "Dumped", and in a two-episode story "Seems Like Old Times" in "The Golden Palace" (a sequel series to "The Golden Girls"). In the 1000th issue of "Entertainment Weekly", Dorothy Zbornak-Hollingsworth was selected as the Grandma for "The Perfect TV Family".


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Born in New York City (as was actress Bea Arthur), Dorothy is the daughter of Italian immigrants Sophia and Salvadore Petrillo. Dorothy states in one episode that she is a Leo (born in July or August). In the episode "Nothing to Fear But Fear Itself" (1987), Sophia says Dorothy was conceived in 1931, after Sophia and Salvadore's first argument as newlyweds (Bea Arthur herself was born in 1922). In the episode "Till Death Do We Volley" (1989), it is said Dorothy attended her high school prom in 1946, though it is not mentioned if this was during her senior year or if she was younger (as some high schools have junior proms, junior/senior proms, and proms that allow anyone in high school to attend). A later episode, "An Illegitimate Concern", implies her graduation date would have been 1949. Dorothy was regarded to be in her mid-50s in the first season of "The Golden Girls" (Bea Arthur was 63 when the show began). In the show's final season in 1992, Dorothy's age is stated as 62 (Bea Arthur was 70 at the time).


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Dorothy was called "Pussycat" by her mother and "Spumoni Face" by her father. According to the episode "Mary Has A Little Lamb", Dorothy's childhood nickname among other children was "Moose". In the fourth-season episode "Foreign Exchange," Dorothy discovers there is a possibility that she is the biological daughter of Dominic and Philomena Bosco, who claim they switched babies with the Petrillos at the hospital. Dorothy later dismisses this possibility, deciding the people who raised her are her real parents. Dorothy has two younger siblings, her brother Phil and her sister Gloria, nicknamed "Kitten" (played first by Doris Belack and later by Dena Dietrich). At an early age, Phil demonstrates that he sometimes prefers to wear feminine clothing, and Dorothy accepts this, remarking later that she sometimes borrowed her brother's outfits. While Dorothy and Phil are close and maintain affection into adulthood, Dorothy and Gloria are often at odds. Dorothy believes that Gloria unfairly judges her and resents that her mother sometimes refers to the younger sister as the "good daughter," while Gloria resents Dorothy, considering her to be the favored daughter for being so responsible and intelligent. In adulthood, Dorothy becomes estranged from Gloria after the younger sister marries a wealthy man.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Throughout her childhood, Dorothy is a "bookworm" and becomes known as an "overachiever" in high school. Due to her height, sarcasm, obvious intelligence, and deep voice, she is sometimes mocked and becomes self-conscious. An early high school boyfriend is verbally and emotionally abusive to her, further harming her self-esteem. A boy who was supposed to be her date to high school prom is thought by Sophia to be dressed inappropriately for a formal event, so she sends him away and tells Dorothy he never arrived. Dorothy later accepts a date with Stan Zbornak (Herb Edelman) because she "felt she couldn't do any better". One of their dates results in Dorothy's first pregnancy. The show says this conception happened while Dorothy was drunk, which Sophia blames on Stan's actions and peer pressure. Dorothy later claims she was unconscious and wonders if Stan "slipped" her something in her drink. In another episode, Dorothy recalls Stan guilted her into sex by claiming he was drafted to the military and could die in combat in Korea. Learning Dorothy is pregnant, her father demands Stan marry her. The two drop out of high school soon before graduation and have a shotgun wedding. While "One for the Money" says the wedding occurred in May 1944, that doesn't align with Dorothy's age in season 1 (about 55) and other episodes indicating she was still in high school in 1945 and 1946. A later episode, "An Illegitimate Concern", sets their wedding date on June 1 of 1949. This child was their daughter Kate (originally played by Lisa Jane Persky and later by Deena Freeman, each of whom was several years younger than Kate would have been). Years later, they had a son Michael (Scott Jacoby) whom Dorothy would occasionally clash with due to the boy's habit of avoiding responsibility and reluctance to plan ahead.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Stan and Dorothy buy property in Miami during their honeymoon there and later make the city their home. Dorothy completes her high school education and attends college, majoring in American history. Her college roommate is Jean (former Miss America semifinalist Lois Nettleton) and the two become close friends. When Jean realizes years afterward that she is a lesbian, Dorothy accepts her (and later discovers Sophia always knew). During this time, Dorothy also teaches part-time at a school for the blind. She learns French and becomes a high school teacher, and later a substitute teacher, teaching mainly English and American History. Dorothy is a very dedicated and strong-willed teacher, earning the nickname "Attila The Sub" from some students. During this time, she becomes godmother to a friend's daughter, Jenny.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: The Zbornak marriage involves many arguments and compromises, including years of struggle when Stan's business fails, but Dorothy later claims there were also many happy times together. After 38 years, Stan has an affair with a flight attendant named Chrissy and goes to Maui with her, having an attorney send Dorothy divorce papers rather than approaching her about it in person. Now divorced, Dorothy (keeping the surname of Zbornak) moves out of her house to rent a room in order to save more income. She meets Rose Nylund, a widow from the town of St. Olaf, and the two rent rooms in a house owned by widow Blanche Devereaux, from a wealthy family in Atlanta. By this time, Dorothy's father is dead and her mother Sophia is a resident at a retirement community called Shady Pines after suffering a stroke. In the pilot episode of the series, Shady Pines burns down and Sophia moves into Blanche's remaining room so Dorothy can look after her, completing the quartet of "The Golden Girls". Sophia resents that her daughter is now her caretaker and Dorothy likewise gets annoyed by Sophia's stubborn nature and biting remarks at times. After Shady Pines is rebuilt, Dorothy regularly threatens to send her mother back whenever Sophia's biting humor or reckless behavior tries her patience. In truth, she is fiercely protective of her mother, doing everything she can to protect and support the woman, often checking that Sophia is breathing when she is asleep or napping, making sure her mother regularly sees a doctor, and openly sharing her doubts and fears with the elder Petrillo.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Throughout the series, Dorothy navigates money concerns, returning to substitute teaching in order to provide for herself and Sophia, and romantic drama, searching for a new partner but often finding she is not ready or the match is not right. Dorothy also takes on other odd jobs on occasion. She teaches a night-school course for adults wishing to complete their high school equivalency, including Rose. She briefly takes a job teaching business executives but decides not to continue when they make it clear that they have no interest in learning new things. During summers, she works as a tutor for local children and for a time works alongside Blanche at the local museum. She briefly becomes a writer for the educational children's program "The Mister Terrific Show" and appears on the show as "Mrs. School Teacher" before quitting. At times, she pursues acting in local theatre and commercial work and briefly attempts stand-up comedy. For a brief time, Rose and Dorothy attempt to coach a children's football team. Dorothy also acts as a local event coordinator on a few occasions. When her ex-husband's uncle dies, she and Stan inherit his apartment building and she becomes a landlady.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Family and old friends often bring drama into Dorothy's life. She deals with problematic relatives on multiple occasions, as well as her role as a mother. She gets to see both her children married, Kate to a podiatrist named Dennis, and Michael to a singer in his band named Lorraine. Dennis later cheats on Kate, but she forgives him, and they remain together. Dorothy is concerned about Michael's marriage since it is partially spurred by the fact that Lorraine is pregnant and is 44 years old while he is in his 20s (though a later episode sets his age at several years older). However, she comes to accept the relationship and is happy to know she has a grandchild on the way. At times, Dorothy only realizes certain relationships and friendships are toxic when Blanche, Rose, and/or Sophia point it out to her (despite her occasional objections). Later in the series, Dorothy experiences the death of her brother, Phil, from heart problems.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Dorothy's ex-husband, Stan, periodically returns to her life, sometimes for the sake of a business venture, other times to reunite romantically after his relationship with Chrissy fails. At one point, Dorothy and Stan date again for months and decide to remarry, but Dorothy changes her mind when Stan insists on a prenuptial agreement minutes before the ceremony is to begin, stating that he needs the protection. The two later attend therapy together so they can have a healthier relationship and to help Stan accept that they are not reuniting. Later, Dorothy's sister Gloria, now a widow and broke after losing her money to junk bonds, comes to Miami to spend time with Sophia and ends up asking Dorothy how to live happily again from depression and loneliness. Dorothy offers perspective, and the two start to reconcile, but Gloria then sleeps with Stan in Dorothy’s bed. Gloria apologizes but then does so again the same day. Learning Sophia encouraged the two of them to get together because she figured that Gloria needs someone to take care of her, Dorothy is angry at all three of them but later reconciles with each. Gloria realizes that she hates Stan's behavior and decides not to pursue anything further with him.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: At the end of the series, after living in Blanche's house for seven years, Dorothy meets and falls in love with Lucas Hollingsworth (Leslie Nielsen), Blanche's uncle (her father's baby brother). The two marry, and Dorothy moves into Lucas' home in Hollingsworth Manor in Atlanta. Sophia decides to remain with Blanche and Rose in Miami, believing she has a life there now and that Dorothy needs to explore her new relationship without her. In the sequel series "The Golden Palace," the three operate a hotel together. In a two-part story, the new Mrs. Dorothy Hollingsworth visits to briefly reunite with her Miami family and examine the business.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: "The Golden Girls" dealt with social issues that were considered topical and possibly controversial in the 1980s. Different episodes depict Dorothy dealing with phobias regarding hospitals and heights, first denying her fears and vulnerabilities before openly admitting them and seeking coping mechanisms. Dorothy also reveals she is a former smoker and recovering gambling addict. After briefly engaging in gambling again, she immediately falls into old habits, avoiding social situations but dismissing professional work in order to gamble more. Realizing her problem has resurfaced, she seeks help from Gamblers Anonymous and begins her recovery process anew. When Dorothy sees Blanche in a toxic relationship, the latter defends herself by saying her new boyfriend never physically assaults or hits her. Dorothy then relates her experience with verbal and emotional abuse, arguing that abuse does not need to be physical to cause harm.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: During the run of the show, Dorothy repeatedly expresses liberal views but never declares her party affiliation, though she does have a Michael Dukakis bumper sticker (covering a Walter Mondale bumper sticker) on her car. When then-President George H. W. Bush visits Miami, Dorothy intends to angrily confront him regarding education, only to be rendered mute at the shock of actually meeting him. Dorothy shared many of Bea Arthur's political views, who in a 2005 interview remarked "that's what makes Maude and Dorothy so believable: we have the same viewpoints on how our country should be handled."


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Dorothy's strong moral principles brought her into conflict with different people throughout the series, including the school in which she worked. When she refuses to give a lazy student passing grades simply because he is a star athlete, meaning he cannot play football, the school threatens and intimidates her. When the student later plays football anyway and breaks his leg, Dorothy visits him in the hospital, determined to continue teaching him. She reads him "A Tale of Two Cities". On some occasions, Dorothy's beliefs and moral judgments are challenged, forcing her to reassess. When her son Mike decides to marry a woman 21 years older than him, Dorothy is concerned about the age difference but later concedes is not her business to stop them from marrying. In "Dorothy's Prized Pupil", Dorothy expresses compassion for such as Mario (Mario Lopez), a student who is an undocumented immigrant, offering to help him. When Blanche and Rose warn her that her new friend Barbara Thorndyke seems toxic, narrow-minded and snobbish, Dorothy repeatedly defends the woman, despite her obvious condescending attitudes. However, Dorothy later realizes that her friends are right when Barbara reveals that Sophia's Jewish friend will not be accepted to a "restricted" (i.e. WASP-only or predominantly so) club, whose membership policy Barbara tolerates merely because "they serve a great breakfast and the parking is free".


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Multiple episodes of "The Golden Girls" dealt with LGBT issues and with Dorothy's inclusive attitudes (Bea Arthur herself was openly supportive of the LGBT community). In the second season, Dorothy demonstrates a strong friendship with her friend Jean, whom she knows is homosexual. She consoles Jean following the death of the woman's romantic partner Pat and offers her sympathy when Jean later realizes she is developing romantic feelings for a heterosexual woman. In the same story, Dorothy, Sophia, Rose, and Blanche openly discuss homosexuality and accept it, even though some of them don't fully understand it. Likewise, Dorothy openly discusses her brother Phil Petrillo's cross-dressing without ever shaming him or feeling embarrassed that he does so. In the season 3 episode "Strange Bedfellows", the women are present when Gil Kessler, a man running for local office, reveals he is a trans man and had gender reassignment surgery in 1968. Rose is confused about what such surgery involves but continues to identify Kessler as male. Dorothy is upset, not due to Kessler's revelation but because he decides to drop out of the political race following his revelation (and because she is in a fight with Blanche). Other episodes deal with Blanche coming to terms with her brother being gay and later wishing to marry his partner.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: When her mother Sophia makes a new friend Alvin, only for him to not recognize her one day due to a mental condition (possibly Alzheimer's), Dorothy comforts her mother and they openly discuss fears regarding aging and mental health. One episode involves Sophia being asked by a friend to assist in her suicide, leading her and Dorothy to discuss the matter and whether such action is acceptable.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: A two-episode story "Sick and Tired" in season 5 has Dorothy suffering from extreme exhaustion and recurring illness but finding no cause from medical scans, leading one doctor to suggest it is depression and psychosomatic, while another tells her she's simply older now and must expect such problems. Dorothy persists and finally finds a doctor who diagnoses her with chronic fatigue syndrome. Susan Harris, the show's co-creator, also suffered from the then largely unrecognized condition. The story ends with Dorothy confronting one of the doctors who dismissed her, finding that the man does not recognize her. She remarks on the danger and insensitivity of doctors who do not listen to their patients and muses that she may have been taken more seriously had she been a man.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Dorothy Zbornak's last name was taken from Kent Zbornak, a friend and colleague of show co-creator and scriptwriter Susan Harris. Kent Zbornak wound up becoming the stage manager on "The Golden Girls". From the start, Harris envisioned Dorothy as a sarcastic, authoritarian teacher who would constantly clash with her quick-witted mother. In an interview for the 2003 TV special "The Golden Girls: Their Greatest Moments", Bea Arthur said, "Dorothy Zbornak was probably the only sane person on the show. I loved her, she had great humor... She was the steady one. She was the great leveler. She was the great balloon pricker, if you will." The producers were by their own admission "picky" about the casting for all the principal parts, deciding to take extra time if needed to find the right actors for each role so the cast would feel balanced and complementary. For Dorothy Zbornak, the show specified they wanted "a Bea Arthur type". Arthur herself was not asked due to an assumption she would not consider returning to a regular television series after spending years as the strongly opinionated lead character of "Maude." Maude had been a recurring character on "All in the Family" and her popularity in the role led to her spin-off series, which in turn had its own spin-off "Good Times".


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: In her show "Elaine Stritch at Liberty", Elaine Stritch claimed to have been considered for the role at one point but that she "blew her audition" by improvising colorful language and so was not cast as Dorothy. Stritch fit the "Bea Arthur type" description and had actually played a version of Arthur's character Maude in "Nobody's Perfect," a British adaptation of "Maude" broadcast in 1980 by ITV. The show ran for two years with a total of 14 episodes. Of the 14 episodes, Stritch herself adapted 13 original "Maude" scripts and co-star Richard Griffiths adapted one.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Following Stritch's auditions, others read for the role. Then, according to Bea Arthur herself, "This is so funny. My agent called me and said, 'What is this? I hear you're doing a new series... Something called Golden Girls.'" Bea Arthur and her agent investigated and discovered that several women had auditioned for a role described as "a Bea Arthur type" and it had led to a rumor that she was herself involved. At the time Arthur had taken a position as the spokeswoman for Shoppers Drug Mart, a Canadian drugstore chain (a role she would continue concurrently with her role as Dorothy). Arthur then requested to see the script.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: According to Arthur in an interview for "The Times", "When I was first sent the script for the pilot [of "The Golden Girls"], I fell in love with it — it was so bright, so witty, so adult. But it never really dawned on me it was about these older women. Apparently, it was presented to a number of producers and they turned it down — ‘Who cares about older women?’ I guess it was revolutionary because it was the first time older women were shown in an atmosphere where they were well-groomed, well dressed, had active sex lives. Prior to that, when old people were shown on television, you could almost smell them." Despite this, Arthur hesitated to join the cast after learning that the other two leads - the sexually forward Blanche and the sheltered and sometimes naive Rose - were to be played by Rue McClanahan, who had co-starred with her as Vivian Harmon on "Maude", and Betty White, known for playing flirtatious, sexually liberated Sue Ann Nivens on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", Arthur believed the show was typecasting both of them, assuming that McClanahan was portraying Rose and White would portray Blanche. The producers asked McClanahan to reach out to Arthur. When she did, Arthur said, "Rue, I'm not interested in playing "Maude and Vivian Meet Sue Ann Nivens"." McClanahan explained that while that had been the original idea the plan had changed; she would portray "the vamp" Blanche and White would be playing Rose. Impressed that the producers were subverting expectation rather than type-casting, and after further discussion with McClanahan, Arthur agreed to portray Dorothy Zbornak.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Bea Arthur said that she was fortunate in being allowed to shape her characters in both "Maude" and "The Golden Girls" along with the writers. On July 7, 1995, on an episode of the British daytime talk show "This Morning", she explained, "In both sitcoms that I did do, we were given... the opportunity of saying, 'No, I don't think I'd say that'... It was really give-and-take between the writers and actors... I was blessed that we had wonderful people."


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Arthur and the writers worked together to evolve Dorothy's character. Along with her sarcasm and righteous anger, Dorothy was also portrayed as a humble woman who was sometimes insecure about her appearance and whether people wanted to include her or thought of her as fun and interesting. Her divorce, along with previous negative and abusive relationships, sometimes made her insecure about new relationships. The show established that she had phobias of hospitals and heights, but that she worked to overcome these. She also showed addictive habits in regards to smoking and gambling, quitting both. While a fairly liberal woman, on occasion she would reveal conservative views or a fear of new situations and social situations she didn't have experience with before. Due to Bea Arthur's experience as a singer in theatre, Dorothy occasionally showed off singing talent. While Dorothy could be moralistically judgmental, she also had compassion for people who were earnest in regretting mistakes and harm they had caused.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Along with being a lead on "The Golden Girls", Arthur portrayed Dorothy in the spin-off series "Empty Nest" in an episode entitled "Dumped". The series "Empty Nest" featured a physician (a friend of Dorothy's) and his two daughters, all of whom lived in a house next door to the cast of "The Golden Girls".


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Estelle Getty was cast as Dorothy's mother Sophia Petrillo. Despite being over a year younger than Bea Arthur, Estelle was known for being able to play older roles and was further aged for the camera thanks to make-up and a wig. Regarding working with Arthur, Estelle Getty said, "Bea cracks me up the same way that I crack her up. She's one of the brilliant comic minds of our day, she's just that good... I love Bea Arthur like she was my own daughter... I think of Bea very often in a very maternal way."


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Arthur told David Levin, "The characters of Dorothy and her mother, played by me and Estelle, I think was one of the great comedic duos that has ever been done. I think it ranks up there with Laurel and Hardy... The absurdity of the love/hate relationship... The difference in size... It was brilliant... The writers were so brilliant... It was a joy coming to work every day... Everyone connected with "Golden Girls" was not a genius but damn close to it. Including our costume designer... I remember one of my very favorite episodes was when Sophia had entered the two of us in a mother/daughter beauty contest at Shady Pines and for the talent section we did Sonny and Cher's 'I Got You Babe.' And I remember Judy Evans, this brilliant costumer, had little Estelle in it was kind of a furry jacket with a mustache and I had black hair down to my behind... It was fabulous... Every day was so meaningful." In response to their performances as Sophia and Dorothy, both Getty and Arthur won Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead and Support Actress in a Comedy Series. Along with All in the Family, Will & Grace, and Schitt's Creek, Golden Girls is the only other show in American television where each of the lead actors has won an Emmy.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Arthur remarked that she found it natural to learn younger viewers were drawn to Golden Girls, particularly due to Dorothy's defiance of her mother and Sophia's defiance of Dorothy and often society. "It was all so anti-establishment, you know, that even kids loved it... They loved the character of the mother who said the most outrageous things."


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: Bea Arthur's contract came up for review after the sixth season and she decided that the next and seventh season would be her last on the show. She said that while she was grateful for the experience she wanted to return to live theatre and thought it was best to leave before popularity waned or Dorothy became too predictable to audiences. "I thought, we've hit it, we've really done it. And why hang on... just to keep it running and to go over the same stuff again? It's never going to be as rewarding." Rue McClanahan believed that Arthur felt she didn't have much to do to further Dorothy's development and so felt the role had become stagnant. "I think she just wanted more to do." It was decided that Dorothy's departure in the season finale would be marked by giving her a happy ending with a marriage to "a nice guy" in contrast with the many failed romances audiences had seen her in and with the fact that the show had begun with her recently divorced from a cheating husband. Leslie Nielsen portrayed her new love interest Lucas and played practical jokes on the set, providing comic relief to counter the high emotions surrounding Arthur's departure. Arthur admitted that even though she wanted to leave, and was happy that Dorothy would be marrying the "gorgeous" Leslie Nielsen, she was very sad to do so in the end and say goodbye to the cast and crew.


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: As season 7 began, NBC moved "The Golden Girls" to a new night and ratings suffered, with the show's ranking going from No. 10 to No. 35 that year, the first time the series has ever been outside of the "top ten". This, along with Bea Arthur's departure, led NBC to reconsider if the series could continue without Dorothy. The other three cast members were willing to continue and so a spin-off sequel series was created for them for CBS, "The Golden Palace." In the series, Blanche, Rose and Sophia operate a hotel together after Dorothy has married and left Florida. In the show's first season, Arthur made a guest appearance as Dorothy in a two-episode story "Seems Like Old Times". The series ended soon afterward and was not picked up for a second season. Betty White said that Bea Arthur's departure was deeply felt in the spin-off. "It became "Golden Girls in the Lobby" without Bea. And it just doesn't work, it's like taking a leg off a table. Table doesn't balance if you take a leg off of it, you know."


title: Dorothy Zbornak

text: In her 1995 interview with "This Morning", Arthur was asked about her departure from "The Golden Girls" and her return to live theatre. "I started doing sitcom television in 1972. July 5th to be exact... Maude... I spent most of my adult life in that little box [television] and I really felt it was time to get back to one's roots... Not that it wasn't terribly rewarding." When asked about her character Dorothy apparently being the "linchpin" of the show and that her absence may have been why the sequel series "The Golden Palace" didn't gel for audiences, she conceded this was apparently the observation of some but that she didn't know herself why the series wasn't successful.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 3)

text: The third season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" was originally aired on CBS from September 21, 2009, to May 24, 2010, with 23 episodes. It received higher ratings than the previous two seasons with over 15 million viewers. The third season saw the first appearances of future main cast members Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski in "The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary" and Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler in the season finale "The Lunar Excitation".


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 3)

text: Christine Baranski was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode, "The Maternal Congruence". Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for the episode "The Pants Alternative".


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 3)

text: Penny throws herself at Leonard after he returns from three months at the North Pole, and they begin a relationship that lasts most of the season. Penny and Sheldon start a quirky friendship (though she can still annoy him). Wil Wheaton begins appearing as Sheldon's arch-enemy. Howard begins to date Bernadette Rostenkowski. At the end of the season, Sheldon meets Amy Farrah Fowler.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 3)

text: The third season received critical acclaim. Maureen Ryan of "Chicago Tribune" who wrote that ""Big Bang Theory," which is in its third season, is doing many things very right", Alan Sepinwall of "The Star-Ledger" wrote "the Penny/Sheldon interaction was gold, as always", and Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly", who wrote that "what lifts "The Big Bang Theory" into frequent excellence is its one constant from the start: the brilliantly nuanced performance of Jim Parsons".


title: State flag

text: In vexillology, a state flag is either the flag of the government of a sovereign state, or the flag of an individual federated state (subnational administrative division).


title: State flag

text: A state flag is a variant of a national flag (or occasionally a completely different design) specifically designated and restricted by law or custom (theoretically or actually) to use by a country's government or its agencies. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as "government flags". In many countries the state flag and the civil flag (as flown by the general public) are identical, but in other countries, notably those in Latin America, central Europe, and Scandinavia, the state flag is a more complex version of the national flag, often featuring the national coat of arms or some other emblem as part of the design. Scandinavian countries also use swallowtailed state flags, to further differentiate them from civil flags.


title: State flag

text: In addition, some countries have state ensigns, separate flags for use by non-military government ships such as guard vessels. For example, government ships in the United Kingdom fly the Blue Ensign.


title: State flag

text: State flags should not be confused with the national flag as used by military organizations; these are referred to as war flags and naval ensigns.


title: State flag

text: In Australia, Brazil, the United States, and some other federalized countries, the term state flag can have a different usage, as it frequently refers to an official flag of any of the individual states or territorial subdivisions that make up the nation.


title: State flag

text: To avoid confusion with the first meaning of the term, however, such a flag would be more precisely referred to as "the flag of the state of X", rather than "the state flag of X". For this usage, see also:


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: Kanha Tiger Reserve, also known as Kanha–Kisli National Park, is one of the tiger reserves of India and the largest national park of the state of Madhya Pradesh. The present-day Kanha area is divided into two protected areas, Hallon and Banjar, of , respectively. Kanha National Park was created on 1 June 1955 and was designated a tiger reserve in 1973. Today, it encompasses an area of in the two districts Mandla and Balaghat.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: Together with a surrounding buffer zone of and the neighbouring Phen Sanctuary, it forms the Kanha Tiger Reserve, which is one of the biggest in the country. This makes it the largest national park in central India.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: The park hosts Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, sloth bear, barasingha and dhole. It is also the first tiger reserve in India to officially introduce a mascot, Bhoorsingh the Barasingha.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: Kanha Tiger Reserve is home to over 1000 species of flowering plants. The lowland forest is a mixture of sal ("Shorea robusta") and other mixed-forest trees, interspersed with meadows. The highland forests are tropical moist, dry deciduous type and of a completely different nature from bamboo ("Dendrocalamus strictus") on slopes. A notable Indian ghost tree ("Davidia involucrata") can also be seen in the dense forest.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: Kanha Tiger Reserve hosts populations of Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, dhole, sloth bear, Bengal fox and Indian jackal. The barasingha is adapted to swampy areas. The gaur inhabits meadows and waterholes in the park.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: The reserve hosts around 300 species of birds and the most commonly seen birds are the black ibis, Asian green bee-eater, cattle egret, blossom-headed parakeet, Indian pond heron, drongo, common teal, crested serpent eagle, Indian grey hornbill, Indian roller, lesser adjutant, little grebe, lesser whistling teal, minivet, Malabar pied hornbill, woodpeckers, pigeon, paradise flycatcher, hill myna, Indian peafowl, red junglefowl, red-wattled lapwing, steppe eagle, Tickell's blue flycatcher, white-eyed buzzard, white-breasted kingfisher, white-browed fantail, wood shrikes, warblers, and vultures among many more.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: An exciting conservation effort in this national park is the reintroduction of barasingha. The gaur will be relocated to Bandhavgarh and some barasingha will be relocated to Satpura Tiger Reserve. The objective of this project is to introduce about 500 barasingha in this national park to eight or nine different locations. There is also a project to capture about twenty tigers and relocate them to Satpura Tiger Reserve.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: Members of the Baiga tribe, a semi-nomadic tribe of central India that is reliant on the forest, lived in 28 villages that had been within the Kanha National Park until 1968, when they were relocated. The relocation was part of an effort to maintain a critical tiger habitat. The land to which they were relocated is barren and they now suffer from alcoholism and malnourishment, and beg to support themselves. The last of the villages to be relocated for the tiger habitat is in the core zone of the Kanha Tiger Reserve. The area is the ancestral home of the Gond and Baiga tribes.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: In January 2010, Baiga tribe were illegally evicted from the park without proper compensation from the government, according to Survival International.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: In its efforts to maintain and restore tiger habitats, WWF-India has worked to create corridors that support the tigers and their prey, thereby stabilizing the tiger population. This includes efforts to prevent loss of life or property of humans, reduce human dependency on the forest, and reduce retaliatory killings of tigers when people have experienced losses.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: However, Kanha's frontline staff continue to receive support, training and equipment from WWF, even as they carry out the eviction of the 22,000 residents who are to be forcibly resettled from tiger reserves in the region.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: The Jabalpur Airport / 04:30hrs) has direct flights to and from Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Pune, Belgaum and Bhopal, with AirIndia, SpiceJet and IndiGo operating daily flights. Nagpur (Mukki and Raipur (Mukki ) have other airports.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: Jabalpur is a major railway stations with train connectivity across India. From Jabalpur, the best way to travel is via Mandla, which has a tourist taxi service to the park, and one can reach up to Chiraidongri the newly added Broad Gauge station via Jabalpur, Nainpur railway route to enter national park through Kanha gate. In pre-planned journey one of shortest road route is Jabalpur-Bargi Dam-Ganhsor-Thanwar Dam-Chiraidongri-Kanha National Park. Other route Jabalpur to Mandla (via NH-30)-Chiraidongri- Kanha route is preferred when arrival permission is to be taken from National Park authority at Mandla. This National Park can also be approached from Raipur - Gandai - Malanjkhand - Baihar highway route via Mukki Gate to National Park. M.P. Tourism and Private owners has hotels, resorts near to Mukki Gate. Similar stay facilities is also available at Khatia and Kanha Gate.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: There are three gates for entrance into the park. The Kanha/Kisli gate is best accessed from Jabalpur and stops at the village Khatia, inside the buffer area. The second gate is at Mukki and the third, most recently opened, gate is at Sarhi.


title: Kanha Tiger Reserve

text: An economic assessment study of Kanha Tiger Reserve estimated that the tiger reserve provides flow benefits worth 16.5 billion rupees (0.80 lakh / hectare) annually. Important ecosystem services from the tiger reserve include gene-pool protection (12.41 billion year), provisioning of water to downstream regions (558 million) and provisioning of fodder in buffer areas (546 million). Other services included recreation value (384 million), provision of habitat and refugia for wildlife (319 million) and sequestration of carbon (219 million).


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: , alternatively titled Magical DoReMi in English, is a Japanese magical girl anime television series created by Toei Animation. It focuses on a group of elementary school girls, led by Doremi Harukaze, who become witch apprentices. The series aired in Japan on TV Asahi between February 1999 and January 2003, spanning four seasons and 201 episodes, and was followed by an original video animation series released between June and December 2004. An English-language version of the first season, produced by 4Kids Entertainment, aired in North America in 2005.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: "Ojamajo Doremi" has inspired two companion films, manga adaptations, video games, and a light novel sequel series. A 20th anniversary film titled "Looking for Magical Doremi" was released on November 13, 2020.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Doremi Harukaze, a third grade elementary school girl living in the fictional Japanese town of Misora, comes across the , a magic shop, and accidentally discovers that its owner, Majo Rika, is a witch. Due to a curse placed on any witch whose identity is exposed by a human, Majo Rika is transformed into a witch frog. Wanting to return to her original form, Majo Rika makes Doremi her witch apprentice, giving her the ability to cast magic. In order to become a fully-fledged witch capable of turning Majo Rika back into a human, Doremi has to pass nine different witch tests, while also keeping her identity a secret from other humans. Doremi is soon joined by her two best friends, Hazuki Fujiwara and Aiko Seno, and later by her younger sister Pop Harukaze who all become witch apprentices, helping to run the Maho-Do whilst using magic to help out their friends and families. They soon come across a rival witch apprentice, Onpu Segawa, who has been using forbidden magic to influence people's memories. While initially cold towards the other girls, Onpu soon warms up to them. Finally they successfully passed the final test. However, their identities are revealed to their families and friends. Onpu wipes the memories of those that attempt to expose them to prevent their identities from being revealed. She uses forbidden magic too many times, losing control of it. In order to save Onpu from an eternal sleep, the girls give up their magical powers to awaken her.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: At the start of the fourth grade, Doremi and the others, who sneak into the Witch World to visit Majo Rika, witness the birth of a magical baby, who is given the name Hana and will be the candidate for the next queen. As witch law dictates that whoever witnesses a magical baby's birth must take care of it for a year, Doremi and the others are once again made witch apprentices, tasked with raising Hana. While also taking care of the Maho-Do, which has now become a gardening store, the girls must ensure Hana's growth and help her pass several health examinations held by the Witch World's head nurse, Majo Heart. Meanwhile, a wizard named Oyajide attempts to kidnap Hana to help aid the Wizard World, later enlisting the help of four young wizards known as the Flat 4, who tried to get close Doremi and the others to kidnap Hana, but liked them later. Finally, the witch apprentices help mend relations between the Witch and Wizard Worlds. However, Hana's powerful magic catches the past queen of the Witch World's attention, who slept in the cursed forest for some reason. She cursed Hana to make her sick, only the Love Supreme Flower that grow in the cursed forest can heal her. At the end Doremi and the others succeeded in picking the flowers but were cursed to fall into eternal sleep. Then Hana wake up them with her powerful magic and thoughts of them, but they also lost their witch identity.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: As the Queen of the Witch World pleads to the other witch senates to make Doremi and the others witches again, half of the senates are opposed to the decision. Thus, the Queen offers a compromise in that the girls, who are made into apprentices again, must pass six patissière exams in order to become full witches. With the Maho-Do remodeled into a bakery, Doremi and the others are joined by Momoko Asuka, a returnee from America who initially has little experience with Japanese outside of using a special intercom, to help them bake sweets needed for their exams. Midway through the series, Hana is afflicted by a curse from the past queen again, causing her to have a dislike for vegetables which are necessary for her magical growth, prompting Doremi and the girls to get another chance to take care of Hana and help her get over her pickiness. After curing Hana's pickiness and passing the patissière exams, the girls appeal to the past queen, Majo Tourbillon, who had despised humans ever since she lost her human husband and grandchildren. They made her favorite dessert in her memory, the cake her husband made when he proposed to her, then she undoing a curse placed upon a forest, where her true form is found sleeping, protected by magical vines.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Hana, who has gotten bored of the Witch World and wants to be with Doremi and the others, uses all of her magic to instantly grow up and become a sixth grader. This results in the Maho-Do being transformed into a crafts shop and Hana's magical crystals shattering, requiring Doremi and the others to supply her with the energy needed to become a witch apprentice. Meanwhile, the Queen discovers Majo Tourbillon's power will eventually cause all worlds to be put to sleep. As such, the Queen tasks the girls, who are assisted by Majo Tourbillon's fairy, Baba, to recreate various handmade gifts that Majo Tourbillon's six grandchildren had made and received from her in order to remind her of the happy times and break the vines imprisoning her. The vines soon start spawning black flowers that cause people and magical beings alike to be affected with laziness, with the girls enlisting the help of Hana and a white elephant named Pao to put a stop to them. Finally they managed to wake up Majo Tourbillon. After resolving her misunderstanding with her grandchildren, she lifted the witch frog curse. Girls are finally allowed to become witches, but they are also reminded that if they become full witches, they will live longer than ordinary humans. Eventually they decided not to become witches and learned that they can do anything even without using magic, then combine their respective crystal fragments into a new crystal ball for Hana. The series ends with their elementary school graduation and Majo Rika takes Hana back to the Witch World. Although they each went their separate ways, their friendship remains the same and continue to move towards their dreams.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: "Ojamajo Doremi" is produced by Toei Animation and ABC. In Japan, the show aired on each of the ANN TV stations (Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC, Japan), TV Asahi, Nagoya TV (Metele), and others) and Broadcasting System of San-in Inc. The show replaced the time slot for "Yume no Crayon Oukoku" after its end and lasted from February 7, 1999, to January 30, 2000, with a new episode airing every week. The series soon followed with direct sequels, , , and until January 26, 2003. Each series lasted from 49 to 51 episodes. On June 26 to December 11, 2004, a thirteen-episode original video animation series, was produced which takes place during the third season.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: A 26-episode short ONA series, titled , began streaming on Toei Animation's YouTube channel from March 23, 2019. In this series Doremi and her friends as high school students. p A five-episode spin-off adaptation of the picture book , called was exclusively produced as a reward for the Ojamajo Doremi 20th Anniversary Thanks Festival crowdfunding campaign in 2020.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Toei Animation commissioned an English dub of the pilot episode from Ocean Productions to shop for potential licensors. 4Kids Entertainment licensed the first season in North America under the title "Magical DoReMi", which aired on 4Kids TV for the 2005–2006 broadcasting season. "Magical DoReMi" was heavily edited and localized for US audiences.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: From 2000 to early 2003, the manga magazine "Nakayoshi" ran a manga-adaptation of "Ojamajo Doremi". The story was based on the events of the original anime and was drawn by Shizue Takanashi. The chapters were compiled into "tankōbon" volumes by Kodansha. Four volumes were released in total — the first three were under the title "Ojamajo Doremi", covering the events of the original series and "Ojamajo Doremi #". The last volume was adapted from the "Mōtto! Ojamajo Doremi" story arc and was titled eponymously to it.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: was the first theatrical release for the series and was directed by Takuya Igarashi. Roughly twenty-seven minutes long, it was released on July 8, 2000 (along with "Digimon Hurricane Touchdown!! / Supreme Evolution!! The Golden Digimentals"), for the 2000 Summer Toei Anime Fair. The "Digimon" movie was split into two parts and "Ojamajo Doremi #: The Movie" was screened in between.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: In the movie, Pop has just passed one of her witch exams, but gets into a heated argument with Doremi because Hana followed her into the Witch World. Initially unbeknownst to everyone, the flower Pop brought home from the Witch World is really the Witch Queen Heart, the Queen's favorite flower, which grants any wish it hears regardless of any possible dangers until it begins to bear seeds. One of the wishes it had granted involves turning Doremi into a mouse, unknowingly made by Pop over her anger towards Doremi. While Pop goes to search for her sister, the other girls track down the runaway flower before it starts to reproduce.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: was the series' second theatrical release. It was directed by Shigeyasu Yamauchi and hit theaters on July 14, 2001, screened between "" and "Kinnikuman: Second Generations".


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: During Doremi and her friends' summer vacation, they visit her grandparents in the fictional mountains of Fukuyama, where they hear of a mysterious legend of Mayuri and Zenjuro, two star-crossed lovers that died in the Edo period. During the next morning, when they investigate the forest, the girls get lost and face the Curse of the Full Moon, which makes them unable to use magic. Meanwhile, due to a traumatizing memory, Aiko develops a fear of Doremi's grandfather.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: is a 2020 anime film released for the franchise's 20th anniversary. The film focuses on three adults, Sora Nagase, Mire Yoshigaki, and Reika Kawatani, who watched "Ojamajo Doremi" when they were children. Staff members who worked on the original anime series will be returning to the project, including Junichi Sato and Haruka Kamatani as directors, Midori Kuriyama as screenwriter, and Yoshihiko Umakoshi as the character designer. The voice actresses from the original series will reprise their roles. Three new characters were revealed on October 29, 2019, at the Tokyo International Film Festival, as well as returning staff members art designer Kenichi Tajiri and color artist Kunio Tsujita. The film was originally scheduled to be released in theaters on May 15, 2020, but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was released nationwide on November 13, 2020.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Throughout the run of the series, multiple singles, albums, and compilations were distributed. The original series' CD's were released under Bandai Music Entertainment, while music from "Ojamajo Doremi #" was distributed by King Records. From "Mōtto! Ojamajo Doremi" onwards, the CDs were distributed by Marvelous Entertainment.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: On September 5, 2011, Kodansha Limited announced the coming of the light novel "Ojamajo Doremi 16", featuring the original work of Izumi Todo, story written by Midori Kuriyama, and illustrations by Yoshihiko Umakoshi. It was published in three volumes by Kodansha between December 2, 2011, and November 30, 2012. The story takes place several years after the events of the anime series, with the main characters now in high school. It was followed by a second series, "Ojamajo Doremi 17", released in three volumes between July 2, 2013, and February 28, 2014, and a third, "Ojamajo Doremi 18", released in two volumes between September 2, 2014, and June 2, 2015. The final volume, "Ojamajo Doremi 19", was released on December 9, 2015. Drama CDs were included with the first "Ojamajo Doremi 17" novel, the third "Ojamajo Doremi 17" novel, and "Ojamajo Doremi 19". Toei producer Hiromi Seki has expressed interest in producing an anime adaptation of the series, but stated it would depend on sales. Following the announcement of the new movie, a new light novel volume, " Ojamajo Doremi 20’s", was announced for release in summer 2019, but it was delayed to October 2, 2019. Yumi Kageyama replaced Midori Kuriyama as author for this installment.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: During the run of "Ojamajo Doremi Dokkān!", Toei hosted live events with dance performances by select actresses who portrayed the girls, titled "Ojamajo Kids". These girls were selected via auditions.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Four games has been released for the Sony PlayStation, three of them part of the KidsStation educational line-up:


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Bandai produced a toy line for "Ojamajo Doremi". Maki Takahashi served as the toy line's supervisor, and a character was named after her in the show as an homage. In 2000, Bandai originally planned to market "Ojamajo Doremi" in North America through a partnership with Mattel, but the toy line was dropped. After 4Kids Entertainment picked up the series for North American distribution, they signed a marketing deal with Bandai America in August 2005 to distribute a toy line beginning in Q2 2006.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Beginning 2015, Premium Bandai produced limited edition goods and a make-up line for the franchise's 15th anniversary, targeted towards women. In the following years, "Ojamajo Doremi" has also collaborated with other fashion and character brands including SuperGroupies, The Ichi, Liz Lisa, Favorite, The Kiss, Ichiban Kuji, Sanrio, and Earth Music & Ecology.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: "Puyopuyo!! Quest" brought the "Ojamajo Doremi" collaboration event, featuring Doremi, Hazuki, Aiko, Onpu and Momoko with the first season outfit and their original voices, Majorika, and also the recurring characters Amitie, Spica, Sonia, Tilura and Kirin with the Ojamajo outfit, available as playable characters. The event ran between November 15 to 25, 2019.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: In October 2020, "Ojamajo Doremi" partnered with the Bushiroad mobile game "BanG Dream! Girls Band Party!" to promote "Looking for Magical Doremi". As part of the collaboration, the "BanG Dream!" band Hello, Happy World! received in-game costumes based on the main characters of "Ojamajo Doremi" and performed a cover version of the first season's opening theme.


title: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Bandai reported "Ojamajo Doremi" merchandise grossed a total of by 2000. By the time the third season was broadcast, the viewership rating was 13.7% and 90% of the target demographic were watching the show.


title: Papal ban of Freemasonry

text: The Catholic Church first prohibited Catholics from membership in Masonic organizations and other secret societies in 1738. Since then, at least eleven popes have made pronouncements about the incompatibility of Catholic doctrines and Freemasonry. From 1738 until 1983, Catholics who publicly associated with, or publicly supported, Masonic organizations were censured with automatic excommunication. Since 1983, the prohibition on membership exists in a different form. Although there was some confusion about membership following the 1962-1965 Second Vatican Council (Vatican II), the Church continues to prohibit membership in Freemasonry because it believes that Masonic principles and rituals are irreconcilable with Catholic doctrines. The current norm, the 1983 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith's (CDF) "Declaration on Masonic associations", states that "faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion" and membership in Masonic associations is prohibited. The most recent document about the "incompatibility of Freemasonry with the Catholic faith" was issued in 1985.


title: Papal ban of Freemasonry

text: In 1736, the Inquisition investigated a Masonic lodge in Florence, Italy, which it condemned in June 1737. The lodge had originally been founded in 1733 by the English Freemason Charles Sackville, 2nd Duke of Dorset, but accepted Italian members, such as the lodge's secretary Tommaso Crudeli. Also in 1736, on 26 December, Andrew Michael Ramsay delivered an oration to a masonic meeting in Paris on the eve of the election of Charles Radclyffe as Grand Master of the French Freemasons. In March 1737 he sent an edited copy to the chief minister, Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury, seeking his approval for its delivery to an assembly of Freemasons, and his approval of the craft in general. Fleury's response was to brand the Freemasons as traitors, and ban their assemblies. This ban, and the Italian investigation led, in 1738, to Pope Clement XII promulgating "In eminenti apostolatus", the first canonical prohibition of Masonic associations.


title: Papal ban of Freemasonry

text: Clement XII wrote that the reasons for prohibiting masonic associations are that members, "content with form of natural virtue, are associated with one another" by oaths with "grave penalties" "to conceal in inviolable silence whatever they secretly do together." These associations have aroused suspicions that "to join these associations is precisely synonymous with incurring the taint of evil and infamy, for if they were not involved in evil doing, they would never be so very averse to the light [of publicity]." "The rumor [of these doings] has so grown that" several governments have suppressed them "as being opposed to the welfare of the kingdom." Clement XII wrote, that these kinds of associations are "not consistent with the provisions of either civil or canon law" since they harm both "the peace of the civil state" and "the spiritual salvation of souls."


title: Papal ban of Freemasonry

text: Pope Leo XII attempted to assess the extent and influence of anti-social organizations. Leo XII inserted and confirmed the texts of , , and , in his 1825 constitution "Quo graviora" "to condemn them in such a way that it would be impossible to claim exemption from the condemnation."


title: Papal ban of Freemasonry

text: The ban in "In eminenti apostolatus" was reiterated and expanded upon by Benedict XIV (1751), Pius VII (1821), Leo XII (1825), Pius VIII (1829), Gregory XVI (1832), Pius IX (1846, 1849, 1864, 1865, 1869, 1873).


title: Papal ban of Freemasonry

text: "The decisive impetus for the Catholic anti-Masonic movement" was "Humanum genus", promulgated by Pope Leo XIII in 1884. Leo XIII wrote that his primary objection to Masonry was naturalism, his accusations were about pantheism, rationalism, and naturalism; but not about Satanism. Leo XIII analysed continental Grand Orient type philosophical "principles and practices." While naturalism was present everywhere in other types of lodges, "the subversive, revolutionary activity characteristic of the Grand Orient lodges of the continent" was not. Leo XIII "emphasises that 'the ultimate and principle aim' of Masonry 'was to destroy to its very foundations any civil or religious order established throughout Christendom, and bring about in its place a new order founded on laws drawn out of the entrails of naturalism'."


title: Papal ban of Freemasonry

text: In "Praeclara gratulationis publicae", Leo XIII namely stated about Freemasonry: "Although We have spoken on this subject in the strongest terms before, yet We are led by Our Apostolic watchfulness to urge it once more, and We repeat Our warning again and again, that in face of such an eminent peril, no precaution, howsoever great, can be looked upon as sufficient. May God in His Mercy bring to naught their impious designs; nevertheless, let all Christians know and understand that the shameful yoke of Freemasonry must be shaken off once and for all; and let them be the first to shake it off who are most galled by its oppression–the men of Italy and of France. With what weapons and by what method this may best be done We Ourselves have already pointed out: the victory cannot be doubtful to those who trust in that Leader Whose Divine Words still remain in all their force: I have overcome the world."


title: Papal ban of Freemasonry

text: Under , which was in effect May 1918 to November 1983, Catholics associated with Masonry were: automatically, i.e. "latae sententia", excommunicated, deprived of marriage in the Catholic Church, excluded from Catholic associations, deprived of Catholic funeral rites, invalidated from novitiate, invalidated reception of personal "jus patronatus", with additional penalties against clergy, religious, and members of secular institutes.


title: Papal ban of Freemasonry

text: Under , books which argue that "Masonic sects" and similar groups are "useful and not harmful to the Church and civil society" were prohibited.