title: Shergar

text: In 2008 a special investigation by "The Sunday Telegraph" obtained information from another IRA member who said that O'Callaghan had not been told the full story "because the gang was so embarrassed by what happened": a vet that the IRA had arranged to look after Shergar did not turn up because his wife threatened to leave him if he did. Once the IRA realised that the Aga Khan was not going to pay, the Army Council ordered the horse to be released. The extensive search by the Gardaí hampered any release, and Mallon thought he was under close surveillance, and that releasing the horse was too risky, so he ordered that it should be killed. The IRA source told the newspaper that two men went into the stable where Shergar was being held; one carried a machine gun:


title: Shergar

text: Shergar was machine gunned to death. There was blood everywhere and the horse even slipped on his own blood. There was lots of cussin' and swearin' because the horse wouldn't die. It was a very bloody death.


title: Shergar

text: Shergar's body has never been recovered or identified. Several sources, including O'Callaghan, "The Sunday Telegraph" and "The Observer" consider it likely that the body was buried near Aughnasheelin, near Ballinamore, County Leitrim. O'Callaghan said that as far as he knew, the remains had been buried on the farm of an IRA veteran from the 1940s, and that it would be difficult to get permission to dig on the land. Ballinamore is a town of strong republicanism, once nicknamed the "Falls Road of the South"—a reference to the Falls Road, Belfast, a highly republican area during the Troubles.


title: Shergar

text: There have been several claims of equine skeletons being that of Shergar. Des Leadon, a specialist horse vet with knowledge of equine pathology, has assisted the Gardaí in several instances where a horse's remains may have been those of Shergar. He retains some strands of hair from Shergar's mane and tail which, he says, may contain sufficient DNA to confirm an identification.


title: Shergar

text: In 1999, in honour of Shergar, the Shergar Cup was inaugurated at Goodwood Racecourse, in a format that put a European team of jockeys against one from the Middle East. The race was later moved to Ascot Racecourse and is a competition between four teams, Great Britain and Ireland, Europe, the rest of the world and an all-women team. The winners of the competition are presented with a trophy showing Shergar; this was donated by the Aga Khan.


title: Shergar

text: On the twentieth anniversary of Shergar's Derby win, a bronze statuette of the horse was presented to the winning jockey. A statue of Shergar stands in the grounds of Gilltown Stud, one of the Aga Khan's Irish stud farms.


title: Shergar

text: The story of Shergar's theft was made into a television play with Stephen Rea and Gary Waldhorn, broadcast in March 1986 as part of the BBC's "Screen Two" anthology series. The play was based on the few facts known, plus a backstory described as plausible by Hugh Hebert, reviewing for "The Guardian". The theft was also dramatised as the film "Shergar", directed by Dennis Lewiston and starring Ian Holm and Mickey Rourke. There have been two television documentaries, "Who Kidnapped Shergar?", broadcast on RTÉ in March 2004, and "Searching for Shergar", broadcast on BBC One in June 2018.


title: Mercedes-Benz M120 engine

text: The Mercedes-Benz M120 engine is a naturally aspirated high-performance automobile piston V12 engine family used in the 1990s and 2000s in Mercedes' flagship models.


title: Mercedes-Benz M120 engine

text: The M120 family is built in Stuttgart, Germany. It has an aluminium engine block lined with silicon/aluminium. The aluminium DOHC cylinder heads are 4 valves per cylinder designs. It uses sequential fuel injection (SFI) and features forged steel connecting rods.


title: Mercedes-Benz M120 engine

text: The M120 was eventually replaced by the smaller, lesser-powered, short-lived, SOHC, three valves per cylinder, 5.8L, M137 V12 engine.


title: Mercedes-Benz M120 engine

text: In 1997, the FIA GT Championship race car Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR was fitted with the M297 engine, derived from the M120. The 25 road cars, required by the FIA rules and delivered in 1999, had their engine enlarged to 6.9 L. There was also a 7.3 L version producing developed by AMG which was also used in the SL73 AMG, S73 AMG and CL73 AMG. The 7.3 L M297 engine was also featured in the AMG-built, S73 T Kombi, a custom-built W140 S-Class wagon for the Sultan of Brunei. Eighteen units were produced, ten of which went to the Sultan.


title: Mercedes-Benz M120 engine

text: Another 7.1 L (7,055 cc) version with 510 PS (380 kW; 500 hp) was used for SL72 AMG, S72 AMG and CL72 AMG cars.


title: Mercedes-Benz M120 engine

text: The Pagani Zonda has used 3 different capacity, Mercedes-AMG tuned, versions of the M120 engine starting with the untuned 6.0 L for the original Zonda C12 to a 7.0 L version for the C12-S and Zonda GR, then to the 7.3 L for the Zonda S 7.3, Zonda F, Zonda Cinque and the Zonda Tricolore, and back to the 6.0 L for the Zonda R and the Zonda Revolucion. The bore and stroke is .


title: Miles Davis Quintet

text: The Miles Davis Quintet was an American jazz band from 1955 to early 1969 led by Miles Davis. The quintet underwent frequent personnel changes toward its metamorphosis into a different ensemble in 1969. Most references pertain to two distinct and relatively stable bands: the First Great Quintet from 1955 to 1959, and the Second Great Quintet from late 1964 to early 1969, Davis being the only constant throughout.


title: Miles Davis Quintet

text: In the summer of 1955, after Davis performed at the Newport Jazz Festival, he was approached by Columbia Records executive George Avakian, who offered him a contract if he could form a regular band. Davis assembled his first regular quintet to meet a commitment at the Café Bohemia in July with Sonny Rollins on tenor saxophone, Red Garland on piano, Paul Chambers on bass, and Philly Joe Jones on drums. By the autumn, Rollins had left to deal with his heroin addiction, and later in the year joined the hard bop quintet led by Clifford Brown and Max Roach.


title: Miles Davis Quintet

text: At the recommendation of drummer Jones, Davis replaced Rollins with John Coltrane, beginning a partnership that would last five years and finalizing the Quintet's first line-up. Expanded to a sextet with the addition of Cannonball Adderley on alto saxophone in 1958, the First Great Quintet was one of the definitive hard bop groups along with the Brown-Roach Quintet and the Jazz Messengers, recording the Columbia albums "Round About Midnight", "Milestones", and the marathon sessions for Prestige Records resulting in four albums collected on "The Legendary Prestige Quintet Sessions".


title: Miles Davis Quintet

text: In mid-1958, Bill Evans replaced Garland on piano and Jimmy Cobb replaced Jones on drums, but Evans only remained for about six months, in turn replaced by Wynton Kelly as 1958 turned into 1959. This group backing Davis, Coltrane, and Adderley, with Evans returning for the recording sessions, recorded "Kind of Blue", considered "one of the most important, influential and popular albums in jazz". Adderley left the band in September 1959 to pursue his own career, returning the line-up to a quintet. Coltrane departed in the spring of 1960, and after interim replacements Jimmy Heath and Sonny Stitt, Davis plus Kelly, Chambers, and Cobb continued through 1961 and 1962 with Hank Mobley on tenor sax.


title: Miles Davis Quintet

text: The two rhythm sections from the Davis Quintet also gained attention in their own right. Garland, Chambers, and Jones recorded as a unit on "Art Pepper meets The Rhythm Section" and Sonny Rollins' "Tenor Madness", while Kelly, Chambers, and Cobb toured and recorded as a trio under Kelly's name, in addition to appearing on the albums "Coltrane Jazz" and the solo debut of Wayne Shorter, as well as backing Wes Montgomery on "Full House" and "Smokin' at the Half Note". The Kelly-Chambers-Cobb trio also backed Art Pepper on the album "Gettin' Together", which included trumpeter Conte Candoli.


title: Miles Davis Quintet

text: Mobley, Kelly, Chambers, and Cobb all left Davis by the end of 1962, and during 1963 he struggled to maintain a steady line-up. By the late spring, he had hired the core of the Second Quintet with Herbie Hancock on piano, Ron Carter on bass, and Tony Williams on drums. Initially with George Coleman or Sam Rivers on tenor sax, the final member of the quintet arrived in late 1964 when saxophonist Wayne Shorter joined.


title: Miles Davis Quintet

text: The performance style of the Second Great Quintet was often referred to by Davis as "time, no changes", incorporating elements of free jazz without completely surrendering to the approach. This allowed the five musicians to simultaneously contribute to the group as equals at times, rather than to always follow the established pattern of having the group leader and then the backing musicians perform unrelated solos. This band recorded the albums "E.S.P.", "Miles Smiles", "Sorcerer", "Nefertiti", "Miles in the Sky", and "Filles de Kilimanjaro", and the live set considered by "The Penguin Guide to Jazz" to be their crowning achievement, "The Complete Live at the Plugged Nickel 1965".


title: Miles Davis Quintet

text: When Davis began to become more interested in the rock, soul, and funk music of the late 1960s, the Second Quintet unraveled. Carter departed during the sessions for "Filles de Kilimanjaro", and Williams left in early 1969 to start his own band, the Tony Williams Lifetime, staying on with Davis to record the groundbreaking "In a Silent Way". Davis would continue his innovations into jazz fusion with the album "Bitches Brew" and his work in the 1970s. As a result, the Second Quintet came to an end, though Hancock would contribute to subsequent sessions with Miles and appear on "Jack Johnson", "On the Corner", and "Get Up with It". Players on "In A Silent Way" and "Bitches Brew" would go on to form the core jazz fusion bands of the 1970s away from Davis: Shorter and Josef Zawinul to Weather Report; John McLaughlin and Billy Cobham to the Mahavishnu Orchestra; Hancock and Bennie Maupin to Headhunters; and Chick Corea and Lenny White to Return to Forever.


title: Miles Davis Quintet

text: Columbia/Legacy Recordings released "", a collection of previously unreleased tracks recorded by the Second Great Quintet between 1966 and 1968.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: Youth With You (season 2) (), is a Chinese girl group elimination reality show, which premiered on 12 March 2020 on video platform iQiyi. The show is presented by Cai Xukun with Lalisa Manoban, and Ella Chen serving as the mentors. The show introduces 109 female trainees from different companies, who are voted for by viewers. The Top 9 trainees with the most votes in the final episode debuted in the Chinese girl group THE9.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: The series captures the pulse of contemporary pop culture and gives it a positive value of meaning, with a youthful attitude of "interpreting self" and "not defining self", showing the mentality and struggle of the girls when facing their dreams. Through the program, the audience can see the persistent efforts of young people, the youth passion released in the struggle, and the realization of the value of life on the road to dream.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: In the production of Youth With You Season 2, iQiyi has achieved localized innovation. By creating high-quality youth inspirational examples, audience from all over the world can see the spirit and attitude of Chinese girls' youth and hard work, and hence enhance the influence of China's new era youth culture in overseas countries and users.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: The show convenes 109 young girls with dreams who sing and dance well and will move towards the final debut through a four-month training and stage competition. Only 9 out of 109 girls can debut by forming a girl group, and they will be selected based on the votes of the youth producers.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: The "Concept X" proposed in this series implies the infinite possibilities of the show itself and the trainees. The emergence of original singer-songwriters and cross-fields trainees means that in the production chain of young idols, the cultivation of emotions, culture, and life experience, rather than just singing and dancing, is becoming more and more critical. The arrival of "X Mentor" will enrich the structure of mentors. In addition to the powerful union in professionalism, the X mentors also add a diverse perspective to the program. The youth producers' representative Cai Xukun appeared as a "warm heart senior". Besides offering strict professional guidance and emotional care, he also symbolized the power of role models.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: KUN, as the winner of Season 1, rarely participated in variety shows after his debut. This time, as a trainee who witnessed dreams, he regained the place where the dream began. Being the representative of youth producers is not only a retrospect of the very beginning mind but also the inheritance of dreams.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: As a member of S.H.E, who debuted 19 years ago, Ella Chen's strength and professionalism are beyond doubt. In addition to helping the participants in music, her joining has a more profound meaning for the young and inexperienced trainees. From being called "tomboy" at the time of debut, to a fashionable wife and mother, she has always insisted on being herself. Her experience coincides with the idea of "Don't define, only create infinite possibilities" in Season 3, which is also the profound reason that the program chose her as the new music mentor.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: Lalisa Manoban is the dance mentor of Season 2. As a member of the immensely popular South Korean girl group Blackpink, Lalisa Manoban has an amazing appearance as well as dance strength. As well as being cute and shy, she also has confidence. Plus, her bangs are known as "iron bangs" because she moves with such grace that they don't move.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: As a leading figure of the Chinese rap industry, Jony J is the first rapper in China to hold a concert of ten thousand people. Since the audience often ponders his highly personalized lyrics, he is also known as "Hip-hop Poet".


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: Four mentors arrive at the welcome party and met the 109 trainees. In the last seasons, the mentors would only be able to meet the trainees on the stage of preliminary rating. This time the mentors get to meet them in advance to learn about their characters and backgrounds so that they can talk with the trainees in a better way. Every trainee introduces herself at the party and seated herself around a very long table next to each other. On the next day, the four mentors give their performance on the stage for the trainees. Dance mentor Lisa performs "In the Name of Love" and "Attention"; rap mentor Jony J performs "My Man"; vocal mentor Ella performs "How Old Are You"; and youth producers' representative Kun performs "YOUNG." Then comes the stage of preliminary rating for the trainees. The trainees who choose the same song are automatically paired one-to-one and compete against each other. The one-to-one performance makes it easier to observe and compare the trainees. The mentors will then rank them from Class A to F according to their performance.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: The stage of preliminary rating continues. Kong Xueer becomes the first trainee that is assigned to Class A. She and Zhao Xiaotang talk about being trainees who have already debuted before and how their experiences make them more mature and independent, resonating many trainees who have similar experiences. Wang Qing and Zhang Yu perform "Theme Song of Love" using their unique style and make all the mentors and trainees laugh a lot. Wang Qing's management of facial expression and her overall performance touch the judges and get she into Class A. A fierce battle rises within Shangguan Xiai, An Qi and Xu Jiaqi. All of them prove themselves by their solo performances and are all assigned to A class. Chua Zhuoyi bursts into tears when she shares how she feels about the odium from people on the Internet towards her. They think that her experience makes her "unqualified" for being a member of a girls' team. She insists that she doesn't live in the comments at all, and she will love herself, be herself, and go ahead bravely. Vocal mentor Ella says that girls shouldn't have only one look, and a girls' team shouldn't be defined, so "Youth With You Season 2" will let girls' team have an evolution.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: The stage of preliminary rating continues. Duan Xiaowei's performance of new Japanese sign dance amazes everyone. Then she is assigned to Class A. After performing, "chatty" Yu Shuxin spends 3 minutes explaining how she tries to show her feelings through acting in the show, but Kun points out that Shuxin is trying too hard and it is better if she just highlights particular parts. As time goes, sleepiness comes quietly, but Yu Yan's stunning opening of her show awakes everyone, and she is assigned to Class A. Only Liu Yuxin chooses "No Joke", so she does not have a rival. Her perfect performance wins mentor over. Lisa says this is what she has been waiting for, and Yuxin aced all the aspects. Everyone is very surprised about Qinniu Zhengwei coming to this stage, but Qin thinks it is difficult to understand someone through the Internet, so she wants to show more about herself through the program. The battle between AKB48 and SNH48 also attracts everyone's attention as the two groups are from the same system. Though they already have some achievement in their circle, Mo Han says they are in a status of closed-loop development, so they want to get out of the loop and make progress step by step. Ella points out that both groups' performances are quite formulized and lack personal characteristics. They should think about what kind of girl group members they want to become to let people remember each of them. Everyone in these two teams is assigned to Class D.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: The stage of preliminary rating continues. It begins with the competition within the original rap team. Jony J says rappers in this program are like playing away from home because this is the home for trainees. He is stricter than the trainees expect. When he criticizes Gia's performance, everyone is quite shocked. As a professional rapper, NINEONE has released over 30 original pieces, but Jony J says the song she chooses is not competent enough in such a competitive part because it doesn't show what she is capable of. Kun and Jony J have different opinions on Xie Keyin's ranking. Kun thinks Xie Keyin deserves Class A based on her performance as a whole. Still, Jony believes it is better to give her a signal that she is good, but not good enough, so they assign her to Class B. After the performance of rap team, Lin Xiaozhai attracts the trainees' attention because she is already a very famous influencer and owns a successful business. Xiaozhai says she chooses to come here because she thinks an Internet influencer's career is very fragile, so she wants to develop more skills. The performance of the girls from Yuehua ENT is great as a whole, but the mentors are not impressed by any of them as they don't have distinct characteristics, so all of them are assigned to Class C.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: The preliminary rating finally ends. The first mission for the trainees is position assessment. There are three positions: Vocal, Dance and Rap. At first, every trainee gets to choose the position they want. Different songs are for different positions, but only trainees in Class A has the right to select the song they prefer. Out of everyone's expectation, Shangguan chooses "Kissing the Future of Love" because she wants to show the audience that she can give everything they want. After choosing the song they want, Class A trainees can also select the teammates they want. The order of selection is decided by random draw. The trainee that is drawn can finish her selection of teammates at once. After Class A trainees finish their grouping, there are still several songs left. For all the left songs, they are chosen by picking up balls. However, if some trainees are not chosen to perform the remaining songs in their position, they will then be assigned to other groups.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: After the grouping ends, responsibility assignment comes. Every group needs to choose a leader and centre. Everyone wants the centre position, so the battle for it begins. For the group "Oh Boy," Wang Chengxuan and Shen Jie battles for the centre position, but Chengxuan loses in the voting because the three sisters of Jie, Shen Bing, Shen Qing, Shen Yu all vote for her. The discussion becomes quite intense. Jie's sisters think Chengxuan and Jie are equally matched, but Jie has a bright spot and catches their eyes. However, the other two members don't agree because they think Chengxuan's level is way above the rest of the members. In the end, the sisters persuade others, and Jie becomes the centre.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the filming location, Guangdong, has been sealed up and filming has been halted since 22 January.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: Along with Cai Xukun and , 5 girls —Xu Jiaqi, Shangguan Xiai, An Qi, Kong Xueer and Wang Qing — participated in promotions for "Youth With You Season 2" on Happy Camp on 29 February episode.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: On 25 March, a man who claimed to be Shen Bing's boyfriend posted a statement that he had been seeing her since September 2019 and hidden his marriage from her. According to him, Shen Bing had made threatening comments to his wife after learning of his marriage. Thereafter, Shen Bing withdrew from the show, stating that she had had no idea about his marriage, contradicting what her boyfriend had said.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: On the final episode of "Youth With You Season 2", when the song "Hunt" was performed live, the audio quality during the live stage was poor and some of the trainee's voices couldn't be heard. Many netizens were disappointed by the poor audio and the trainee's poor vocals, and trended the topic on Weibo, with many calling it a "car accident". When trainee Yu Shuxin was announced a member of THE9, she sang a song to prove her vocal abilities after many found her performance in "Hunt" disappointing.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: The same day, Dove posted in Weibo to congratulate Liu Yuxin for becoming the first in "Youth With You Season 2" before the result was announced. Then, it was deleted. The next day, Dove clarified that the staff will send out congratulations in advance.


title: Youth With You (season 2)

text: Winners of the season formed the group THE9. THE9 released their first EP on 10 August which contained the lead title track "SphinX" along with "Not Me".


title: Wan Peng

text: Wan Peng (; born 20 August 1996) is a Chinese actress under Easy Entertainment. She made her debut with the drama "When We Were Young (2018)", and gained significant fame for her performances in "My Girlfriend is an Alien" (2019) , "Crush" (2021) and My Girlfriend is an Alien 2 (2022).


title: Wan Peng

text: In 2018, Wan made her debut in the coming-of-age youth drama "When We Were Young", for which she received positive reviews and became known for her role. She received the Best Newcomer award at the China News Entertainment Awards and the Outstanding Actress award at the China Internet Radio and Video Convention.


title: Wan Peng

text: In 2019, Wan then played supporting roles in the period detective drama "Detective L" and medical rescue drama "Rush Into Danger". Her popularity increased after starring in the hit romantic comedy "My Girlfriend is an Alien," and she was awarded Most Promising Television Actor at the Tencent Video All Star Awards.


title: Wan Peng

text: In 2020, Wan continued to play leading roles in the youth romance dramas "First Romance" and "Meeting You".


title: Wan Peng

text: In 2021, she starred as the female lead in the historical drama "Love Like White Jade", and the well-received romance drama "Crush".


title: Wan Peng

text: In 2022 she starred in My girlfriend is an alien season 2 opposite the same cast with some few changes.


title: ABN AMRO

text: ABN AMRO Bank N.V. is the third-largest Dutch bank, with headquarters in Amsterdam. It was initially formed in 1991 by merger of the two prior Dutch banks that form its name, Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN) and Amsterdamsche en Rotterdamsche Bank (AMRO Bank).


title: ABN AMRO

text: Following aggressive international expansion, ABN AMRO was acquired and broken up in 2007―2008 by a consortium of European banks, including Fortis which intended to take over its formed operations in the Benelux. Fortis came under stress in the autumn of 2008, and was in turn broken up into separate national entities; the Dutch operations, namely Fortis Bank Nederland and the former ABN AMRO activities that Fortis had planned to absorb, were nationalized, restructured, and renamed ABN AMRO in mid-2010. On , the Dutch government publicly re-listed the company through an IPO and sold 20 percent of the shares to the public.


title: ABN AMRO

text: In 1824, King William I established the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM) a trading company to revive trade and financing of the Dutch East Indies and it would become one of the primary ancestors of ABN AMRO. The NHM merged with the in 1964, to form Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN). Also in 1964, the "Amsterdamsche Bank", established in 1871, merged with the "Rotterdamsche Bank", established in 1873 (as part of a merger that included "Determeijer Weslingh & Zn." from 1765), to form Amsterdamsche en Rotterdamsche Bank, known as AMRO Bank.


title: ABN AMRO

text: On 22 September 1991, ABN and AMRO merged to form ABN AMRO. In 1993, two of its investment banking subsidiaries ― Bank Mees & Hope and Pierson, Heldring & Pierson ― merged in turn to form MeesPierson.


title: ABN AMRO

text: The two merged banks brought to ABN AMRO a large network of overseas companies and branches. From NHM, ABN owned a significant branch network in Asia and the Middle East, including the Saudi Hollandi Bank owned by the NHM Jeddah branch. Another, the Hollandsche Bank-Unie (HBU), which grew from the merger of the "Hollandsche Bank voor de Middellandsche Zee" (HBMZ) and the "Hollandsche Zuid-Amerika Bank" in 1933, gave ABN AMRO an extensive network of branches in South and Central America. In 1979, ABN had expanded into North America with the acquisition of Chicago-based LaSalle National Bank.


title: ABN AMRO

text: After the 1991 merger, ABN AMRO continued to grow through a number of further acquisitions, including the 1996-purchase of suburban Detroit based Standard Federal Bank followed five-years later by the acquisition of its Detroit-based competitor Michigan National Bank which was rebranded as Standard Federal. In 2005, Standard Federal became "LaSalle Bank Midwest" to unite ABN AMRO's two banking networks in the U.S. In 1995, ABN AMRO purchased The Chicago Corporation, an American securities and commodities trading and clearing corporation.


title: ABN AMRO

text: Other major acquisitions included the Brazilian bank Banco Real in 1998 and the Italian bank Antonveneta in 2006. It was also involved in the controversial acquisition of the Dutch local government mortgage and building development organisation, the Bouwfonds in 2000. ABN AMRO sold the Bouwfonds as a going concern in 2006.


title: ABN AMRO

text: In July 2006, Favonius Ventures, which was founded and headed by Roel Pieper, received all of the technology investments of ABN AMRO Capital which is the private equity business unit of ABN AMRO Bank N.V.


title: ABN AMRO

text: ABN AMRO had come to a crossroads in early 2005. The bank had still not come close to its own target of having a return on equity that would put it among the top-five of its peer group, a target that the CEO, Rijkman Groenink had set upon his appointment in 2000. From 2000 until 2005, ABN AMRO's stock price stagnated. Financial results in 2006 added to concerns about the bank's future. Operating expenses increased at a greater rate than operating revenue, and the efficiency ratio deteriorated further to 69.9%. Non-performing loans increased considerably year on year by 192%. Net profits were only boosted by sustained asset sales. In 2006, research findings were publicly released regarding ABN AMRO Bank N.V. predecessors and connections to African slavery. An examination of 200 predecessors of ABN AMRO Bank N.V. founded before 1888, determined that some had connections to African slavery, either in the United States or elsewhere in the Americas.


title: ABN AMRO

text: By 2007, ABN AMRO was the second-largest bank in the Netherlands and the eighth-largest in Europe by assets. At that time, the magazine "The Banker" and Fortune Global 500 placed it 15th in the list of world's biggest banks and it had operations in 63 countries, with over 110,000 employees.


title: ABN AMRO

text: On 21 February 2007, The Children's Investment Fund Management (TCI) hedge fund called to ask the Chairman of the Supervisory Board to actively investigate a merger, acquisition or breakup of ABN AMRO, stating that the current stock price did not reflect the true value of the underlying assets. TCI asked the chairman to put its request on the agenda of the annual shareholders' meeting to be held in April 2007. Events accelerated on 20 March 2007, when the British bank Barclays and ABN AMRO both confirmed they were in exclusive talks about a possible merger.


title: ABN AMRO

text: On 28 March 2007, ABN AMRO published the agenda for the shareholders' meeting of 2007. It included all items requested by TCI, but with the recommendation not to follow the request for a breakup of the company.


title: ABN AMRO

text: However, on 18 April, another British bank, the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) contacted ABN AMRO to propose a deal in which a consortium of banks, including RBS, Belgium's Fortis, and Spain's Banco Santander Central Hispano (now Banco Santander) would jointly bid for ABN AMRO and thereafter divide the components of the company among them. According to the proposed deal, RBS would receive ABN's United States operations, LaSalle, and ABN's wholesale operations; Banco Santander would take the Brazilian operations; and Fortis, the Dutch operations. The three banks set up a joint venture, RFS Holdings (with name based on their respective initials), to execute the transaction.


title: ABN AMRO

text: On 23 April, ABN AMRO and Barclays announced the proposed acquisition of ABN AMRO by Barclays. The deal was valued at €67 billion and included the sale of LaSalle Bank to Bank of America for €21 billion.


title: ABN AMRO

text: Two days later, the RBS-led consortium brought out its indicative offer, worth €72 billion, if ABN AMRO would abandon its sale of LaSalle Bank to Bank of America. During the shareholders' meeting the next day, approximately 68 percent of the shareholders voted in favour of the breakup as requested by TCI.


title: ABN AMRO

text: The sale of LaSalle was seen as obstructive by many: as a way of blocking the RBS bid, which hinged on further access to the US markets, in order to expand on the success of the group's existing American brands, Citizens Bank and Charter One. On 3 May 2007, the Dutch Investors' Association (Vereniging van Effectenbezitters), with the support of shareholders representing up to 20 percent of ABN's shares, took its case to the Dutch commercial court in Amsterdam, seeking an injunction against the LaSalle sale. The court ruled that the sale of LaSalle could not be viewed apart from the current merger talks of Barclays with ABN AMRO, and that the ABN AMRO shareholders should be able to approve other possible merger/acquisition candidates in a general shareholder meeting.


title: ABN AMRO

text: However, in July 2007, the Dutch Supreme Court ruled that Bank of America's acquisition of LaSalle Bank could proceed and Bank of America absorbed LaSalle effective 1 October 2007.


title: ABN AMRO

text: On 23 July 2007, Barclays raised its offer for ABN AMRO to €67.5bn, after securing investments from the governments of China and Singapore, but it was still short of the RBS consortium's offer. Barclay's revised bid was worth €35.73 a share — 4.3% more than its previous offer. The offer, which included 37% cash, remained below the €38.40-a-share offer made the week before by the RFS consortium. The revised offer did not include an offer for La Salle Bank, since ABN AMRO could proceed with the sale of that subsidiary to Bank of America. RBS would now settle for ABN's investment-banking division and its Asian Network.


title: ABN AMRO

text: On 30 July 2007, ABN AMRO withdrew its support for Barclays' offer which was lower than the offer from the group led by RBS. While the Barclays offer matched ABN AMRO's "strategic vision," the board couldn't recommend it from "a financial point of view." The US$98.3bn bid from RBS, Fortis and Banco Santander was 9.8% higher than Barclays' offer.


title: ABN AMRO

text: Barclays Bank withdrew its bid for ABN AMRO on 5 October, clearing the way for the RBS-led consortium's bid to go through, along with its planned dismemberment of ABN AMRO. RFS formally acquired ABN AMRO on . Fortis would receive ABN AMRO's Dutch and Belgian operations, Banco Santander would get Banco Real in Brazil, and Banca Antonveneta in Italy and RBS would get ABN AMRO's wholesale division and all other operations, including those in Asia.


title: ABN AMRO

text: Both RBS and Fortis were increasingly visibly overextended following the ABN AMRO acquisition. On 22 April 2008, RBS announced the largest rights issue in British corporate history, which aimed to raise £12billion in new capital to offset a writedown of £5.9billion resulting from the bad investments and to shore up its reserves following the purchase of ABN AMRO. On 11 July 2008, Fortis CEO Jean Votron stepped down after the ABN AMRO deal had depleted Fortis's capital. The total worth of Fortis, as reflected by its stock value, was at that time one-third of what it had been before the acquisition, and just under the value it had paid for the Benelux activities of ABN AMRO.


title: ABN AMRO

text: On 3 October 2008, Fortis was nationalised. The Dutch government bought a number of Fortis divisions plus Fortis's share in ABN AMRO for EUR 16.8 billion. It subsequently announced that the parts of ABN AMRO it had acquired would be integrated with Fortis Bank Nederland (FBN) to create a new ABN AMRO. On 13 October 2008, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced a UK government bailout of the financial system. The Treasury would infuse £37 billion ($64 billion, €47 billion) of new capital into Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc, Lloyds TSB and HBOS Plc, to avert financial sector collapse. This resulted in a total government ownership in RBS of 58%. As a consequence of this rescue, the chief executive of the group Fred Goodwin offered his resignation, which was duly accepted. Later in October, Fortis announced that it would sell its stake in RFS Holdings, which included all activities that had not been transferred yet to Fortis (i.e. everything except asset management).


title: ABN AMRO

text: In 2008, RFS Holdings completed the sale of a portfolio of private equity interests in 32 European companies managed by AAC Capital Partners to a consortium comprising Goldman Sachs, AlpInvest Partners and the Canada Pension Plan for $1.5 billion through a private equity secondary market transaction.


title: ABN AMRO

text: In September 2009, RBS rebranded the Morgans sharedealing business in Australia as RBS Morgans. This followed the rebranding of the ABN AMRO Australia unit to RBS Australia in March that year.


title: ABN AMRO

text: On 10 February 2010, RBS announced that branches it owned in India and the United Arab Emirates were to be rebranded under its name. HSBC Holdings said it would buy the Indian retail and commercial banking businesses of Royal Bank of Scotland for $1.8bn, however the deal fell-through in December 2012.


title: ABN AMRO

text: The operations owned by Santander, notably those in Italy and Brazil, were merged with Santander, sold or eliminated.


title: ABN AMRO

text: The Dutch government had obtained full control of all Fortis operations in the Netherlands, including those parts of ABN-AMRO then belonging to Fortis, at a price of €16.8bn. The government and the De Nederlandsche Bank president have announced the merger of Dutch Fortis and ABN AMRO parts will proceed while the bank is in state ownership. This was completed in July 2010 when Fortis operations in the Netherlands were rebranded ABN AMRO.


title: ABN AMRO

text: In November 2008, a Belgian court dismissed a suit by shareholders of Fortis objecting to the Belgian government's handling of the Fortis/ABN AMRO transaction and subsequent break-up.


title: ABN AMRO

text: The Dutch government appointed former Dutch finance minister Gerrit Zalm as CEO to restructure and stabilise the bank, and in February 2010 the assets it owned were legally demerged from those owned by RBS. This demerger created two separate organisations, ABN AMRO Bank N.V. and The Royal Bank of Scotland N.V. The former was merged with ABN AMRO Private Banking, Fortis Bank Nederland, the private bank MeesPierson (formerly owned by the original ABN AMRO and Fortis) and the diamond bank International Diamond & Jewelry Group to create ABN AMRO Group N.V., with the Fortis name being dropped on 1 July 2010. The remaining parts of the original ABN AMRO still owned by The Royal Bank of Scotland N.V., meanwhile, were renamed, sold or closed. As part of the agreement with the European Commission on state aid in the restructuring, ABN AMRO sold Hollandsche Bank-Unie to Deutsche Bank in April 2010 together with another subsidiary, IFN Finance.


title: ABN AMRO

text: ABN AMRO acquired the specialist on-line mortgage provider "Direktbank Hypotheken" as part of the nationalisation and from 1 January 2011 it stopped selling these products under this brand to the public. It absorbed the mortgage business into its own products under the ABN AMRO brand as well as Florius brand.


title: ABN AMRO

text: In November 2020, ABN Amro announced it would cut 2800 jobs and sell its head offices as a plan to reduce costs, hoping to save €700 million by 2024.


title: ABN AMRO

text: ABN AMRO Bank has offices in 15 countries with 32,000 employees, most of whom are based in the Netherlands with only 5,000 in other countries. Its operations include a private banking division which focuses on high-net-worth clients in 14 countries as well as commercial and merchant banking operations that play a major role in energy, commodities and transportation markets as well as brokerage, clearing, and custody.


title: ABN AMRO

text: In April 2022, ABN AMRO Bank announced the company had signed a multi-year subscription extension with Switzerland based Banking and financial software development organisation Temenos. The deal was made to support ABN AMRO with customer growth and overall business expansion on the Temenos Banking cloud.


title: ABN AMRO

text: The bank refers to itself as ABN AMRO in all capitals, based on an acronym of the two originating banks names Algemene Bank Nederland and the Amsterdam and Rotterdam Bank, in the second case the first two letters of each city make up the word AMRO. The letters in 'ABN' are pronounced separately and 'AMRO' is pronounced as a word. For this reason some media spell the name as 'ABN Amro'. In written text both versions are used, although the bank itself uses only the uppercase version. In conversations, the bank is sometimes referred to as simply ABN or AMRO bank depending on one's location around the world.


title: ABN AMRO

text: The green and yellow shield logo was designed by Landor Associates for ABN AMRO in 1991 and has been used as a brand for the bank and all its subsidiaries.


title: ABN AMRO

text: ABN AMRO was the main sponsor of Dutch football club AFC Ajax of Amsterdam from 1991 to 2008. The sponsor logo was at the time the only one in the world to be printed vertically down the right hand side of the front of the shirt. As of 2014, ABN AMRO is one of the strategic industry partners with Duisenberg School of Finance.


title: ABN AMRO

text: The bank's former art collection has been managed since the end of 2007 by a dedicated foundation, the .


title: ABN AMRO

text: As a result of the alleged fraud by Bernard Madoff, Fortis Bank Netherlands (Holding) NV lost 1 billion euros on loans from the bank (through its subsidiary Prime Fund Solutions, part of Fortis Merchant Banking) to hedge fund and as collateral investments in Bernard Madoff Investment Securities. The Dutch government said on behalf of Fortis that a claim against the Securities and Exchange Commission would be considered.


title: ABN AMRO

text: ABN AMRO was mentioned by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in court filings when it sued Goldman Sachs and one of Goldman's collateralized debt obligation (CDO) traders on 16 April 2010. The SEC alleges that Goldman defrauded both IKB Deutsche Industriebank and ABN AMRO by its failure to disclose that the CDOs it sold to both banks were not assembled by a third party, but instead through the guidance of a hedge fund that was counterparty in the CDS transaction. This hedge fund, Paulson & Co., stood to reap great financial benefit in the event of default.


title: ABN AMRO

text: ABN AMRO bank is one of the main banks financing the diamond business. ABN AMRO had branches in Botswana, New York, Hong Kong, Mumbai and Dubai, all of which they have sold or are in process of closing. They currently only have a branch in Antwerp, where they are also shrinking their business.


title: Natural dye

text: Natural dyes are dyes or colorants derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals. The majority of natural dyes are vegetable dyes from plant sources—roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood—and other biological sources such as fungi.


title: Natural dye

text: Archaeologists have found evidence of textile dyeing dating back to the Neolithic period. In China, dyeing with plants, barks and insects has been traced back more than 5,000 years. The essential process of dyeing changed little over time. Typically, the dye material is put in a pot of water and heated to extract the dye compounds into solution with the water. Then the textiles to be dyed are added to the pot, and held at heat until the desired color is achieved. Textile fibre may be dyed before spinning or weaving ("dyed in the wool"), after spinning ("yarn-dyed") or after weaving ("piece-dyed"). Many natural dyes require the use of substances called mordants to bind the dye to the textile fibres. Mordants (from the Latin verb 'mordere', meaning 'to bite') are metal salts that can form a stable molecular coordination complex with both natural dyes and natural fibres. Historically, the most common mordants were alum (potassium aluminum sulfatea metal salt of aluminum) and iron (ferrous sulfate). Many other metal salt mordants were also used, but are seldom used now due to modern research evidence of their extreme toxicity either to human health, ecological health, or both. These include salts of metals such as chrome, copper, tin, lead, and others. In addition, a number of non-metal salt substances can be used to assist with the molecular bonding of natural dyes to natural fibreseither on their own, or in combination with metal salt mordantsincluding tannin from oak galls and a range of other plants/plant parts, "pseudo-tannins", such as plant-derived oxalic acid, and ammonia from stale urine. Plants that bio-accumulate aluminum have also been used, including club mosses, which were commonly used in parts of Europe, but are now endangered in many areas. The "Symplocos" genus of plants, which grows in semi-tropical regions, also bioaccumulates aluminum, and is still popular with natural dyers. Some mordants, and some dyes themselves, produce strong odors, and large-scale dyeworks were often isolated in their own districts.


title: Natural dye

text: Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials, but scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural invertebrate dyes, Tyrian purple and crimson kermes, became highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as woad ("Isatis tinctoria"), indigo, saffron, and madder were raised commercially and were important trade goods in the economies of Asia, Africa and Europe. Across Asia and Africa and the Americas, patterned fabrics were produced using resist dyeing techniques to control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. Dyes such as cochineal and logwood ("Haematoxylum campechianum") were brought to Europe by the Spanish treasure fleets, and the dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to America.


title: Natural dye

text: The discovery of man-made synthetic dyes in the mid-19th century triggered a long decline in the large-scale market for natural dyes. Synthetic dyes, which could be quickly produced in large quantities, quickly superseded natural dyes for the commercial textile production enabled by the industrial revolution, and unlike natural dyes, were suitable for the synthetic fibres that followed. Artists of the "Arts and Crafts Movement" preferred the rich, complex colors of natural dyes, since many natural dye sources contain more than one type of dye compound, unlike synthetic dyes which tend to rely on a single type of dye compound, creating a flatter visual effect. This helped ensure that the old European techniques for dyeing and printing with natural dyestuffs were preserved for use by home and craft dyers. Natural dyeing techniques are also preserved by artisans in traditional cultures around the world.


title: Natural dye

text: In the early 21st century, the market for natural dyes in the fashion industry is experiencing a resurgence. Western consumers have become more concerned about the health and environmental impact of synthetic dyeswhich require the use of toxic fossil fuel byproducts for their productionin manufacturing and there is a growing demand for products that use natural dyes. The European Union, for example, has encouraged Indonesian batik cloth producers to switch to natural dyes to improve their export market in Europe. While historically, dyers possessed sophisticated knowledge of natural sources of true dye compounds, nowadays the internet contains a lot of inaccurate information about sourcespredominantly foodsthat are not supported by the historic record or by modern science. In natural dyeing, there are "fast" dye compounds (those that have the necessary molecular structure to form stable chemical bonds with mordants and fibres, and so provide good resistance to fading when washed, exposed to light, or subjected to normal rubbing/abrasion; these are found throughout the historic record), and there are "fugitive" compounds, which are not true dyes (those that fade and wash out quickly, as they lack the molecular structure to form stable bonds, or any bonds at all, to mordants and fibres). Mordanting can not fix fugitive sources to fibres. Fugitive sources include nearly all berries, red cabbage, beets, spinach, black beans, most flowers (though some important true dyes are flower derived) and many others.


title: Natural dye

text: Because of their different molecular structure, cellulose and protein fibres require different mordant treatments to prepare them for natural dyes.


title: Natural dye

text: Cellulose fibres have a lower affinity for natural dyes than do protein fibres. The most common method for preparing cellulose fibres is to use a tannin first (tannins have high affinity for both protein and cellulose fibres), then use an aluminum metal salt. The most common method for preparing protein fibres is to use alum. However, the historic record contains many hundreds of different mordanting methods for both protein and cellulose fibres.


title: Natural dye

text: The types of natural dyes currently popular with craft dyers and the global fashion industry include:


title: Natural dye

text: Colors in the "ruddy" range of reds, browns, and oranges are the first attested colors in a number of ancient textile sites ranging from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age across the Levant, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Europe, followed by evidence of blues and then yellows, with green appearing somewhat later. The earliest surviving evidence of textile dyeing was found at the large Neolithic settlement at Çatalhöyük in southern Anatolia, where traces of red dyes, possible from ochre (iron oxide pigments from clay), were found. Polychrome or multicolored fabrics seem to have been developed in the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE. Textiles with a "red-brown warp and an ochre-yellow weft" were discovered in Egyptian pyramids of the Sixth Dynasty (2345–2180 BCE).


title: Natural dye

text: The chemical analysis that would definitively identify the dyes used in ancient textiles has rarely been conducted, and even when a dye such as indigo blue is detected it is impossible to determine which of several indigo-bearing plants was used. Nevertheless, based on the colors of surviving textile fragments and the evidence of actual dyestuffs found in archaeological sites, reds, blues, and yellows from plant sources were in common use by the late Bronze Age and Iron Age.


title: Natural dye

text: In the 18th century Jeremias Friedrich Gülich made substantial contributions to refining the dyeing process, making particular progress on setting standards on dyeing sheep wool and many other textiles. His contributions to refining the dyeing process and his theories on color brought much praise by the well known poet and artist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.


title: Natural dye

text: After mordanting, the essential process of dyeing requires soaking the material containing the dye (the "dyestuff") in water, adding the textile to be dyed to the resulting solution (the "dyebath"), and bringing the solution to a simmer for an extended period, often measured in days or even weeks, stirring occasionally until the color has evenly transferred to the textiles.


title: Natural dye

text: Some dyestuffs, such as indigo and lichens, will give good color when used alone; these dyes are called "direct dyes" or "substantive dyes". The majority of plant dyes, however, also require the use of a mordant, a chemical used to "fix" the color in the textile fibres. These dyes are called "adjective dyes" or "mordant dyes". By using different mordants, dyers can often obtain a variety of colors and shades from the same dye, as many mordants not only fix the natural dye compounds to the fibre, but can also modify the final dye color. Fibres or cloth may be pretreated with mordants (pre-mordant), or the mordant may be incorporated in the dyebath (meta-mordant, or co-mordant), or the mordanting may be done after dyeing (post-mordant).


title: Natural dye

text: Natural alum (aluminum sulfate) has been the most common metallic salt mordant for millennia (see Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis, mordant and dye recipes start at recipe #84), but tin (stannous chloride), copper (cupric sulfate), iron (ferrous sulfate, called "copperas") and chrome (potassium dichromate) are also used. Iron mordants "sadden" colors, while alum and tin mordants brighten colors. Iron, chrome and tin mordants contribute to fabric deterioration, referred to as "dye rot". Additional "modifiers" may be used during or after dying to protect fibre structure, shift pH to achieve different color results, or for any number of other desirably outcomes.


title: Natural dye

text: In China, Japan, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Gambia, and other parts of West Africa and southeast Asia, patterned silk and cotton fabrics were produced using resist dyeing techniques in which the cloth is printed or stenciled with starch or wax, or tied in various ways to prevent even penetration of the dye when the cloth is piece-dyed. The Chinese "ladao" process is dated to the 10th century; other traditional techniques include tie-dye, batik, Rōketsuzome, katazome, bandhani and leheria.


title: Natural dye

text: Some mordants and some dyestuffs produce strong odours, and the process of dyeing often depends on a good supply of fresh water, storage areas for bulky plant materials, vats which can be kept heated (often for days or weeks) along with the necessary fuel, and airy spaces to dry the dyed textiles. Ancient large-scale dye-works tended to be located on the outskirts of populated areas.


title: Natural dye

text: A variety of plants produce red (or reddish) dyes, including a number of lichens, henna, alkanet or dyer's bugloss ("Alkanna tinctoria"), asafoetida, cochineal, sappanwood, various galium species, and dyer's madder "Rubia tinctorum" and "Rubia cordifolia". Madder and related plants of the genus "Rubia" are native to many temperate zones around the world, and were already used as sources of good red dye in prehistory. Madder has been identified on linen in the tomb of Tutankhamun, and Pliny the Elder records madder growing near Rome. Madder was a dye of commercial importance in Europe, being cultivated in the Netherlands and France to dye the red coats of military uniforms until the market collapsed following the development of synthetic alizarin dye in 1869. Madder was also used to dye the "hunting pinks" of Great Britain.


title: Natural dye

text: Turkey red was a strong, very fast red dye for cotton obtained from madder root via a complicated multistep process involving "sumac and oak galls, calf's blood, sheep's dung, oil, soda, alum, and a solution of tin". Turkey red was developed in India and spread to Turkey. Greek workers familiar with the methods of its production were brought to France in 1747, and Dutch and English spies soon discovered the secret. A sanitized version of Turkey red was being produced in Manchester by 1784, and roller-printed dress cottons with a Turkey red ground were fashionable in England by the 1820s.


title: Natural dye

text: Munjeet or Indian madder ("Rubia cordifolia") is native to the Himalayas and other mountains of Asia and Japan. Munjeet was an important dye for the Asian cotton industry and is still used by craft dyers in Nepal. In tropical Asia, a red dye is obtained from sappanwood ("Caesalpinia sappan"). In Malaysia and Laos, a red to purple dye is produced from the root of the Indian mulberry ("Morinda tinctoria").


title: Natural dye

text: Puccoon or bloodroot ("Sanguinaria canadensis") is a popular red dye among Southeastern Native American basketweavers. Choctaw basketweavers additionally use sumac for red dye. Coushattas artists from Texas and Louisiana used the water oak ("Quercus nigra" L.) to produce red.


title: Natural dye

text: A delicate rose color in Navajo rugs comes from fermented prickly pear cactus fruit, "Opuntia polyacantha". Navajo weavers also use rainwater and red dirt to create salmon-pink dyes.


title: Natural dye

text: In Japan, dyers have mastered the technique of producing a bright red to orange-red dye (known as "carthamin") from the dried florets of safflower ("Carthamus tinctorius"). A bath solution of cold water is first prepared, to which is added the collected flowers. Steeping in cold water releases a yellow pigment (colorant) which, after straining, is discarded. After pressing and drying once again the red petals, the petals are re-hydrated again, at which time alkali made from the burnt ash of "Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum" is added to release the red colorant. The batch is then kneaded with one's hands and strained. Vinegar is then added to the solution, and the colorant is soaked up by using strips of linen. The strips of linen (now red) are then placed in a separate container and alkali obtained from the burnt ash of "Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum" is added once more to release the red absorbed by the linen. The solution obtained is then poured into a separate container. An extract made from plums that have been covered with soot and fumigated in a smoking pit for 24 hours, followed by a drying period of one month in the sun, is then used as a color fixing mordant. The dried plums are steeped in water and mixed with the color pigment, causing the colorant to precipitate onto a piece of silk or any other desired material. The colorant at this stage has the consistency of fine, red mud. Color used as a dye can be diluted. of dried florets produces enough dye pigment to dye a small piece of fabric. The dye color is fixed in the fabric with a mordant. Darker shades are achieved by repeating the dyeing process several times, having the fabric dry, and redyed.


title: Natural dye

text: Dyes that create reds and yellows can also yield oranges. Navajo dyers create orange dyes from one-seeded juniper, "Juniperus monosperma", Navajo tea, "Thelesperma gracile", or alder bark.


title: Natural dye

text: Yellow dyes are "about as numerous as red ones", and can be extracted from saffron, pomegranate rind, turmeric, safflower, onionskins, and a number of weedy flowering plants. Limited evidence suggests the use of weld ("Reseda luteola"), also called mignonette or dyer's rocket before the Iron Age, but it was an important dye of the ancient Mediterranean and Europe and is indigenous to England. Two brilliant yellow dyes of commercial importance in Europe from the 18th century are derived from trees of the Americas: quercitron from the inner bark of Eastern Black Oak ("Quercus velutina"), native to eastern North America and fustic from the dyer's mulberry tree ("Maclura tinctoria") of the West Indies and Mexico.


title: Natural dye

text: In rivercane basketweaving among Southeastern Woodlands tribes in the Americas, butternut ("Juglans cinerea") and yellow root ("Xanthorhiza simplicissima") provide a rich yellow color. Chitimacha basket weavers have a complex formula for yellow that employs a dock plant (most likely "Rumex crispus") for yellow. Navajo artists create yellow dyes from small snake-weed, brown onion skins, and rubber plant ("Parthenium incanum"). Rabbitbush ("Chrysothamnus") and rose hips produce pale, yellow-cream colored dyes.


title: Natural dye

text: If plants that yield yellow dyes are common, plants that yield green dyes are rare. Both woad and indigo have been used since ancient times in combination with yellow dyes to produce shades of green. Medieval and Early Modern England was especially known for its green dyes. The dyers of Lincoln, a great cloth town in the high Middle Ages, produced the Lincoln green cloth associated with Robin Hood by dyeing wool with woad and then overdyeing it yellow with weld or dyer's greenweed ("Genista tinctoria"), also known as dyer's broom. Woolen cloth mordanted with alum and dyed yellow with dyer's greenweed was overdyed with woad and, later, indigo, to produce the once-famous Kendal green. This in turn fell out of fashion in the 18th century in favor of the brighter Saxon green, dyed with indigo and fustic.


title: Natural dye

text: Soft olive greens are also achieved when textiles dyed yellow are treated with an iron mordant. The dull green cloth common to the Iron Age Halstatt culture shows traces of iron, and was possibly colored by boiling yellow-dyed cloth in an iron pot. Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau in North America used lichen to dye corn husk bags a sea green.


title: Natural dye

text: Navajo textile artist Nonabah Gorman Bryan developed a two-step process for creating green dye. First the Churro wool yarn is dyed yellow with sagebrush, "Artemisia tridentata", and then it is soaked in black dye afterbath. Red onion skins are also used by Navajo dyers to produce green.


title: Natural dye

text: Blue colorants around the world were derived from indigo dye-bearing plants, primarily those in the genus "Indigofera", which are native to the tropics. The primary commercial indigo species in Asia was true indigo ("Indigofera tinctoria"). India is believed to be the oldest center of indigo dyeing in the Old World. It was a primary supplier of indigo dye to Europe as early as the Greco-Roman era. The association of India with indigo is reflected in the Greek word for the dye, which was "indikon" (ινδικόν). The Romans used the term "indicum", which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word "indigo".


title: Natural dye

text: In Central and South America, the important blue dyes were Añil ("Indigofera suffruticosa") and Natal indigo ("Indigofera arrecta").


title: Natural dye

text: In temperate climates including Europe, indigo was obtained primarily from woad ("Isatis tinctoria"), an indigenous plant of Assyria and the Levant which has been grown in Northern Europe over 2,000 years, although from the 18th century it was mostly replaced by superior Indian indigo imported by the British East India Company. Woad was carried to New England in the 17th century and used extensively in America until native stands of indigo were discovered in Florida and the Carolinas. In Sumatra, indigo dye is extracted from some species of "Marsdenia". Other indigo-bearing dye plants include dyer's knotweed ("Polygonum tinctorum") from Japan and the coasts of China, and the West African shrub "Lonchocarpus cyanescens".


title: Natural dye

text: In medieval Europe, purple, violet, murrey and similar colors were produced by dyeing wool with woad or indigo in the fleece and then piece-dyeing the woven cloth with red dyes, either the common madder or the luxury dyes kermes and cochineal. Madder could also produce purples when used with alum. Brazilwood also gave purple shades with vitriol (sulfuric acid) or potash. In China, purple root/gromwell ("Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum") has been used to produce a purple dye.


title: Natural dye

text: Choctaw artists traditionally used maple ("Acer" sp.) to create lavender and purple dyes. Purples can also be derived from lichens, and from the berries of White Bryony from the northern Rocky Mountain states and mulberry ("morus nigra") (with an acid mordant).


title: Natural dye

text: Cutch is an ancient brown dye from the wood of acacia trees, particularly "Acacia catechu", used in India for dyeing cotton. Cutch gives gray-browns with an iron mordant and olive-browns with copper.


title: Natural dye

text: Black walnut ("Juglans nigra") is used by Cherokee artists to produce a deep brown approaching black. Today black walnut is primarily used to dye baskets but has been used in the past for fabrics and deerhide. Juniper, "Juniperus monosperma", ashes provide brown and yellow dyes for Navajo people, as do the hulls of wild walnuts ("Juglans major"). Khaki, which translates a Hindustani word signifying "soil-colored", was introduced into British uniforms in India, which were dyed locally with a dye prepared from the native mazari palm "Nannorrhops".


title: Natural dye

text: Choctaw dyers use maple ("Acer" sp.) for a grey dye. Navajo weavers create black from mineral yellow ochre mixed with pitch from the piñon tree("Pinus edulis") and the three-leaved sumac ("Rhus trilobata"). They also produce a cool gray dye with blue flower lupine and a warm gray from Juniper mistletoe ("Phoradendron juniperinum").


title: Natural dye

text: Dye-bearing lichen produce a wide range of greens, oranges, yellows, reds, browns, and bright pinks and purples. The lichen "Rocella tinctoria" was found along the Mediterranean Sea and was used by the ancient Phoenicians. In recent times, lichen dyes have been an important part of the dye traditions of Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and among native peoples of the southwest and Intermontane Plateaus of the United States. Scottish lichen dyes include cudbear (also called archil in England and litmus in the Netherlands), and crottle.


title: Natural dye

text: The American artist Miriam C. Rice pioneered research into using various mushrooms for natural dyes. Starting in the late 1960s, she discovered mushroom dyes for a complete rainbow palette. Swedish and American mycologists, building upon Rice's research, have discovered sources for true blues ("Sarcodon squamosus") and mossy greens ("Hydnellum geogenium"). "Hypholoma fasciculare" provides a yellow dye, and fungi such as "Phaeolus schweinitzii" and "Pisolithus tinctorius" are used in dyeing textiles and paper.


title: Natural dye

text: From the second millennium BC to the 19th century, a succession of rare and expensive natural dyestuffs came in and out of fashion in the ancient world and then in Europe. In many cases the cost of these dyes far exceeded the cost of the wools and silks they colored, and often only the finest grades of fabrics were considered worthy of the best dyes.


title: Natural dye

text: The premier luxury dye of the ancient world was Tyrian purple or royal purple, a purple-red dye which is extracted from several genera of sea snails, primarily the spiny dye-murex "Murex brandaris" (currently known as "Bolinus brandaris"). Murex dye was greatly prized in antiquity because it did not fade, but instead became brighter and more intense with weathering and sunlight. Murex dyeing may have been developed first by the Minoans of East Crete or the West Semites along the Levantine coast, and heaps of crushed murex shells have been discovered at a number of locations along the eastern Mediterranean dated to the mid-2nd millennium BC. The classical dye known as Phoenician Red was also derived from murex snails.


title: Natural dye

text: Murex dyes were fabulously expensive – one snail yields but a single drop of dye – and the Roman Empire imposed a strict monopoly on their use from the reign of Alexander Severus (AD 225–235) that was maintained by the succeeding Byzantine Empire until the Early Middle Ages. The dye was used for imperial manuscripts on purple parchment, often with text in silver or gold, and "porphyrogenitos" or "born in the purple" was a term for Byzantine offspring of a reigning Emperor. The color matched the increasingly rare purple rock porphyry, also associated with the imperial family.


title: Natural dye

text: Tyrian purple retained its place as the premium dye of Europe until it was replaced "in status and desirability" by the rich crimson reds and scarlets of the new silk-weaving centers of Italy, colored with kermes. Kermes is extracted from the dried unlaid eggs of the insect "Kermes vermilio" or "Kermococcus vermilio" found on species of oak (especially the Kermes oak of the Mediterranean region). The dye is of ancient origin; jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Similar dyes are extracted from the related insects "Porphyrophora hamelii" (Armenian cochineal) of the Caucasus region, "Porphyrophora polonica" (Polish cochineal or Saint John's blood) of Eastern Europe, and the lac-producing insects of India, Southeast Asia, China, and Tibet.


title: Natural dye

text: When kermes-dyed textiles achieved prominence around the mid-11th century, the dyestuff was called "grain" in all Western European languages because the desiccated eggs resemble fine grains of wheat or sand. Textiles dyed with kermes were described as "dyed in the grain". Woollens were frequently dyed in the fleece with woad and then piece-dyed in kermes, producing a wide range colors from blacks and grays through browns, murreys, purples, and sanguines. By the 14th and early 15th century, brilliant "full grain" kermes scarlet was "by far the most esteemed, most regal" color for luxury woollen textiles in the Low Countries, England, France, Spain and Italy.


title: Natural dye

text: Cochineal ("Dactylopius coccus") is a scale insect of Central and North America from which the crimson-colored dye carmine is derived. It was used by the Aztec and Maya peoples. Moctezuma in the 15th century collected tribute in the form of bags of cochineal dye. Soon after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire cochineal began to be exported to Spain, and by the seventeenth century it was a commodity traded as far away as India. During the colonial period the production of cochineal (in Spanish, "grana fina") grew rapidly. Produced almost exclusively in Oaxaca by indigenous producers, cochineal became Mexico's second most valued export after silver. Cochineal produces purplish colors alone and brilliant scarlets when mordanted with tin; thus cochineal, which produced a stronger dye and could thus be used in smaller quantities, replaced kermes dyes in general use in Europe from the 17th century.


title: Natural dye

text: During the course of the 15th century, the civic records show brilliant reds falling out of fashion for civic and high-status garments in the Duchy of Burgundy in favor of dark blues, greens, and most important of all, black. The origins of the trend for somber colors are elusive, but are generally attributed to the growing influence of Spain and possibly the importation of Spanish merino wools. The trend spread in the next century: the Low Countries, German states, Scandinavia, England, France, and Italy all absorbed the sobering and formal influence of Spanish dress after the mid-1520s.


title: Natural dye

text: Producing fast black in the Middle Ages was a complicated process involving multiple dyeings with woad or indigo followed by mordanting, but at the dawn of Early Modern period, a new and superior method of dyeing black dye reached Europe via Spanish conquests in the New World. The new method used logwood ("Haematoxylum campechianum"), a dyewood native to Mexico and Central America. Although logwood was poorly received at first, producing a blue inferior to that of woad and indigo, it was discovered to produce a fast black in combination with a ferrous sulfate (copperas) mordant. Despite changing fashions in color, logwood was the most widely used dye by the 19th century, providing the sober blacks of formal and mourning clothes.


title: Natural dye

text: The first synthetic dyes were discovered in the mid-19th century, starting with William Henry Perkin's mauveine in 1856, an aniline dye derived from coal tar. Alizarin, the red dye present in madder, was the first natural pigment to be duplicated synthetically, in 1869, leading to the collapse of the market for naturally grown madder. The development of new, strongly colored aniline dyes followed quickly: a range of reddish-purples, blues, violets, greens and reds became available by 1880. These dyes had great affinity for animal fibres such as wool and silk. The new colors tended to fade and wash out, but they were inexpensive and could be produced in the vast quantities required by textile production in the industrial revolution. By the 1870s commercial dyeing with natural dyestuffs was fast disappearing.


title: Natural dye

text: At the same time the Pre-Raphaelite artist and founding figure of the Arts and Crafts movement William Morris took up the art of dyeing as an adjunct to his manufacturing business, the design firm of Morris & Co. Always a medievalist at heart, Morris loathed the colors produced by the fashionable aniline dyes. He spent much of his time at his Staffordshire dye works mastering the processes of dyeing with plant materials and making experiments in the revival of old or discovery of new methods. One result of these experiments was to reinstate indigo dyeing as a practical industry and generally to renew the use of natural dyes like madder which had been driven almost out of use by the commercial success of the anilines. Morris saw dyeing of wools, silks, and cottons as the necessary preliminary to the production of woven and printed fabrics of the highest excellence; and his period of incessant work at the dye-vat (1875–76) was followed by a period during which he was absorbed in the production of textiles (1877–78), and more especially in the revival of carpet- and tapestry-weaving as fine arts. Morris & Co. also provided naturally dyed silks for the embroidery style called art needlework.


title: Natural dye

text: Scientists continued to search for new synthetic dyes that would be effective on cellulose fibres like cotton and linen, and that would be more colorfast on wool and silk than the early anilines. Chrome or mordant dyes produced a muted but very fast color range for woollens. These were followed by acid dyes for animal fibres (from 1875) and the synthesis of indigo in Germany in 1880. The work on indigo led to the development of a new class of dyes called vat dyes in 1901 that produced a wide range of fast colors for cellulosic fibers such as cotton. Disperse dyes were introduced in 1923 to color the new textiles of cellulose acetate, which could not be colored with any existing dyes. Today disperse dyes are the only effective means of coloring many synthetics. Reactive dyes for cotton were introduced in the mid-1950s. These petroleum based, synthetic dyes are used both in commercial textile production and in craft dyeing and have widely replaced natural dyes.


title: Natural dye

text: In America, synthetic dyes became popular among a wide range of Native American textile artists; however, natural dyes remained in use, as many textile collectors prefer natural dyes over synthetics. Today, dyeing with natural materials is often practiced as an adjunct to hand spinning, knitting and weaving. It remains a living craft in many traditional cultures of North America, Africa, Asia, and the Scottish Highlands.


title: Natural dye

text: "The section on William Morris incorporates text from the" Dictionary of National Biography," supplemental volume 3 (1901), a publication now in the public domain."


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Kenley Geronimo Jansen (born September 30, 1987) is a Curaçaoan professional baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Atlanta Braves.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Signed by the Dodgers as an undrafted free agent in 2004, Jansen converted from a catcher to a relief pitcher in the minor leagues, and made his major league debut in 2010. He served as the Dodgers' closer since 2012, and led the National League (NL) in saves in 2017. After 11 years in the major leagues with the Dodgers, he entered free agency and signed a one-year deal with the Braves.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen is a three-time MLB All-Star and two-time NL Reliever of the Year (2016, 2017). In 2019, Jansen became the 30th pitcher to reach 300 career saves.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen was born in Willemstad, Curaçao, the youngest of three sons of Isidor and Bernadette Jansen. His father worked in construction until suffering a stroke when Kenley was 12; his mother is a travel agent. Jansen grew up as a Braves fan, because the team's games were broadcast in Curaçao on TBS. The team later signed fellow Curaçaoan Andruw Jones and Jansen's older brother Ardley. Kenley Jansen began playing baseball at the age of six, alongside his brothers. He began as an outfielder before moving to shortstop. Jansen then met Andrelton Simmons, and was shifted to third base. He later played first base and catcher.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen was signed as an undrafted free agent catcher by the Dodgers organization on November 17, 2004, and was assigned to the Rookie Class Gulf Coast Dodgers, where he played in 37 games and hit .304 before being promoted to the Ogden Raptors of the Pioneer League on August 26. He had two hits in 11 at-bats in three games for Ogden. He was back with the Gulf Coast team the following season, hitting .245 in 35 games. After the season he played for the North Shore Honu in the Hawaii Winter Baseball League, where he hit .121 in nine games.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen split 2007 between the Raptors and the Class-A Great Lakes Loons of the Midwest League, hitting .207 in 73 games. After the season, he again played in Hawaii Winter Baseball, this time for the West Oahu CaneFires In 2008 with the Loons, he hit .227 and 9 home runs in 79 games. He was selected to the mid-season Midwest League All-Star game.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: In 2009, he was the starting catcher for the Netherlands team in the World Baseball Classic. In the Netherlands' upset of the favored Dominican Republic team, Jansen threw out Willy Taveras on an attempted steal of third base in the ninth inning, a key play in the game. He began 2009 with the Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino, but hit just .202 in 38 games. Despite that, he appeared in eight games for the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes, but had just five hits in 27 at-bats.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: The Dodgers convinced Jansen that he had no future at catcher because of his poor offensive numbers and that he should switch to pitching. Under the tutelage of former major leaguer Charlie Hough, he made the conversion in the second half of the 2009 season at Inland Empire. He pitched innings for the 66ers, allowing six earned runs. He continued the conversion in the Arizona Fall League for the Peoria Javelinas.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen was added to the Dodgers 40-man roster on November 19, 2009. He started with Inland Empire again and allowed only five runs in 18 innings while striking out 28 batters. On May 15, 2010, he was promoted to the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts, where he was selected to the mid-season Southern League All-Star Game. He pitched 27 innings in 22 games for the Lookouts, with a 1.67 ERA.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On July 23, 2010, Jansen was promoted to the Dodgers. He made his Major League debut in relief on July 24 against the New York Mets, where he pitched a scoreless inning, retiring all three batters he faced and striking out two. On July 25, Jansen recorded his first Major League save, when he pitched a 1-2-3 inning against the Mets.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On August 26, Jansen walked and scored a run in his first Major League plate appearance, at Miller Park in Milwaukee against Yovani Gallardo of the Brewers and collected his first major league hit on August 31, at Dodger Stadium. The hit was a single up the middle against Kyle Kendrick of the Philadelphia Phillies. Jansen recorded his first win against the Houston Astros on September 11 in Minute Maid Park. He appeared in 25 games with the Dodgers in 2010, working 27 innings with a 1–0 record and a 0.67 ERA. He also saved four games in 2010.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: In 2011, Jansen became a key member of the Dodgers' bullpen. He was 2–1 with a 2.85 ERA in innings and saved five games. Jansen also struck out 96 batters, setting a new Major League season record with strikeouts per nine innings.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: In May 2012, Jansen became the Dodgers' closer after Javy Guerra struggled in the role. At the end of the season, after missing some time due to heart problems, Jansen was replaced as closer by Brandon League. He appeared in 65 games, compiling a 5–3 record, 2.35 ERA, 99 strikeouts and 25 saves.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen began 2013 as the setup man in the bullpen but resumed the role as closer when League struggled. He was in 75 games with a 4–3 record, 1.88 ERA and 28 saves. He did not allow any runs, in three appearances in the 2013 National League Division Series (NLDS) against the Atlanta Braves but was less effective in the Championship Series (NLCS) against the Cardinals, allowing two runs in two innings.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On February 11, 2014, Jansen avoided his first arbitration hearing by signing a $4.3 million contract with the Dodgers. Fully established as the Dodgers' closer in 2014, Jansen worked in 68 games with a 2.76 ERA, 101 strikeouts and 44 saves. He became just the fourth Dodger pitcher in history with 40+ saves in a season, joining Éric Gagné (who did it three times), Todd Worrell and Jeff Shaw. Jansen only pitched one inning in the NLDS against the Cardinals.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On January 16, 2015, he again avoided arbitration by signing a one-year $7.425 million contract with the Dodgers. However, on February 17, he underwent surgery to remove a growth from a bone in his left foot. The recovery time kept him out of action until May. Jansen was eventually activated off the disabled list on May 15 and rejoined the Dodgers roster. Jansen struck out 23 batters in his first 14 games of the season, without giving up a single walk. This broke Jay Howell's team records (set in the 1991 season) of 13 games without a walk to start a season and 20 strikeouts without a walk to start a season. He wound up striking out 27 before he finally walked a batter on June 30, eight shy of the major league record. He made 54 appearances for the team in 2015 with a 2.41 ERA and 36 saves. He also struck out 80 batters, while only walking 8 all season. He became the first Dodgers pitcher with five seasons of 80 or more strikeouts in relief. He appeared in three games, with two saves in the 2015 NLDS and did not allow a run in innings. In his final year of arbitration, Jansen signed a one-year, $10.65 million, contract with the Dodgers on January 15, 2016.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On June 20, 2016, Jansen picked up his 162nd career save against the Washington Nationals, breaking the all-time franchise record held by Éric Gagné. He was also selected to the National League team for the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, his first all-star selection. On August 24, 2016, Jansen tied Jim Brewer's franchise record for strikeouts by a reliever with the 604th of his career. In 71 games, he was 3–2 with a 1.83 ERA and 47 saves, earning him the Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award. Of all MLB pitchers, he held right-handed batters to the lowest batting average, .107 (in 30 or more innings). In the 2016 NLDS against the Washington Nationals, Jansen pitched in four games and worked innings, allowing four runs and saving two games. In the 2016 NLCS against the Chicago Cubs he pitched innings over three games, with one save, and struck out 10 while only allowing one hit.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On January 10, 2017, the Dodgers announced the re-signing of Jansen to a five-year, $80 million contract. On June 11, he recorded his 200th career save against the Cincinnati Reds.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On June 2, 2017, Jansen recorded his 36th strikeout of the season, setting an MLB season record for most strikeouts without giving up a walk. The previous record was held by St. Louis Cardinals starting pitcher Adam Wainwright, who struck out 35 batters before giving up a walk in the 2013 season. The streak eventually reached 51 strikeouts before he recorded his first walk of the season on June 25 against the Colorado Rockies. He was named to his second straight All-Star Game. Jansen pitched in 65 games for the Dodgers in 2017, with five wins, a 1.32 ERA, 109 strikeouts (with only seven walks) and 41 saves. For the second straight year, he was awarded with the Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen started the playoffs by finishing all three games of the Dodgers 2017 NLDS sweep of the Diamondbacks. He saved two of the games and did not allow an earned run in innings. He pitched innings over four games in the 2017 NLCS against the Cubs and did not allow a batter to reach base, while striking out eight. Jansen allowed two runs to score, including a solo homer by Marwin González in Game Two of the 2017 World Series against the Houston Astros. It was his first blown save in the postseason and snapped his MLB record of converting his first 12 post-season save opportunities. In Game Five of the series, he picked up the loss in the Dodgers 10 inning defeat. In his second inning of work, he hit Brian McCann with two outs and then after a walk, he gave up a walk-off single to Alex Bregman. Overall, he pitched innings over six games, with two saves and three runs allowed as the Dodgers lost the series in seven games.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen was bothered by an injury during spring training and was slow-played after his 2017 workload, resulting in two blown saves during a shaky April. He turned it around in May, June and July and was chosen for his third straight all-star game in 2018.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen's heart problems resurfaced during a four-game set in Colorado, and Jansen was placed on the 10-day disabled list with an irregular heartbeat. He struggled upon returning, losing his first two games back and blowing a save in his third. He struggled for the rest of the season. He finished the season with a 1–5 record, 3.01 ERA and 38 saves.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: He was effective against Atlanta and Milwaukee in the postseason, not allowing a run, but again struggled in the 2018 World Series, blowing two save opportunities as he allowed game-tying home runs to Jackie Bradley Jr. in Game 3 (which went 18 innings) and Steve Pearce in Game 4 as the Dodgers lost the series to the Boston Red Sox in five games.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On April 7, 2019, Jansen recorded a four-out save against the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field in Denver. On May 3 and 4, Jansen converted saves against the San Diego Padres. But on May 5, pitching for the third day in a row, Jansen walked a batter and allowed two bunt singles to load the bases with no outs. He retired the next two hitters before he gave up a walk-off grand slam to Hunter Renfroe, as the Dodgers lost 8–5.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen recorded two extended saves in a series against the Mets, with a 5-out save in the first game of the series and a 4-out save in the fourth game. This was his first five-out save since June 2018 in Pittsburgh. He debuted the intentional balk in the top of the ninth against the Chicago Cubs on June 15, 2019. The intentional balk was an idea he came up with bench coach Bob Geren, in which he has a runner on second and two outs and balks the runner to third to prevent the runner from stealing signs. On September 25, in a game against the San Diego Padres, Jansen picked up his 300th career save, becoming the 30th pitcher all time and the first in Dodgers history. He pitched in 62 games, with a 5–3 record and 33 saves, but a career-high ERA of 3.71.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen was late reporting to camp after the pandemic-imposed shutdown, suffering with a COVID-19 infection, which affected his conditioning during the shutdown. He appeared in 24.1 innings over 27 games during the season, with a 3–1 record and a 3.33 ERA with 11 saves (3rd in the NL), while leading the National League with 24 games finished. Jansen pitched one scoreless inning in the first game of the Wild Card Series to pick up the save and in the NLDS he allowed two runs to score in innings. He picked up a save and pitched three perfect innings over three games in the NLCS. In Game 4 of the 2020 World Series against the Tampa Bay Rays, Jansen blew his fourth career World Series save, setting a new World Series record.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On August 25, Jansen became the twelfth reliever in MLB history to record 1,000 strikeouts by striking out Austin Nola of the San Diego Padres. Jansen finished the 2021 season with 38 saves, a 2.22 ERA and 86 strikeouts in 69 innings. In the National League Wild Card Game against the St. Louis Cardinals, he struck out three batters in a scoreless ninth inning to record the win and in the 2021 NLDS, he struck out five of the six batters he faced in his two innings of work. In the 2021 NLCS, played against the Atlanta Braves, Jansen, pitched in five of the six games, allowing two hits and one walk while striking out six and recording the save in Game 3.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen signed a one-year contract worth $16 million with the Atlanta Braves on March 18, 2022. He made his Braves debut on April 8, surrendering 3 earned runs in the 9th inning against the Cincinnati Reds in a non-save situation. On April 19, Jansen returned to Dodger Stadium and was met with a mixture of cheers and boos from Dodger fans as he entered the game. He collected the save against his former team, retiring former Brave Freddie Freeman for the final out of the game.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen has represented the Netherlands at three of the four World Baseball Classic's. In 2009, he was the starting catcher for the Netherlands team in the World Baseball Classic. In the Netherlands' upset of the favored Dominican Republic team, Jansen threw out Willy Taveras on an attempted steal of third base in the ninth inning, a key play in the game. Jansen was a late addition to the Netherlands national baseball team for the 2013 World Baseball Classic, he had transitioned to pitching in late 2009, he was added to the roster for the semi-finals but did not appear in the game.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: After initially saying he would not pitch in the 2017 tournament, having signed a five-year $80 million contract with the Dodgers in the offseason, Jansen again joined the team when they advanced to the semi finals. Jansen appeared in the team's game against Team Puerto Rico, which including Dodgers teammate Kiké Hernandez. Jansen pitched a scoreless 9th inning, striking out two, but team Netherlands lost on a walk off sacrifice fly in the 11th inning.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen relies almost exclusively on a cut fastball that mostly ranges from 90 to 94 miles per hour (mph). Earlier in his career, he was able to throw the pitch at 98 mph, and he exceeded 100 mph in 2014. In 2012, he used this pitch about 93% of the time. His other main pitch is a slider in the low to mid 80s. He experimented with a changeup in the 2009–2011 seasons and debuted a four-seam fastball at the end of the 2012 season. He now throws four-seamer 92–96. Jansen relies both on movement and exceptional command, throwing over 70% strikes.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen has recorded extremely high strikeout rates, garnering 14.6 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched through the 2012 season. This is the second-highest total in history among pitchers who have thrown at least 140 innings (behind only Craig Kimbrel).


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen was diagnosed in 2011 with an irregular heartbeat (specifically, atrial fibrillation), and he missed some time that season while he was placed on blood thinners to prevent clots. The problem resurfaced late in the 2012 season, and he again missed considerable time while being treated. On October 24, 2012, Jansen underwent a 3-hour catheter ablation procedure in which Koonwalee Nademanee identified abnormal tissue in his left atrium and cauterized it to stop it from generating abnormal electrical signals.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen suffered a recurrence of his irregular heartbeat prior to a game in Denver on August 9, 2018. He was placed on the 10-day disabled list and the team reported he would likely miss a month of the season. Doctors determined the condition could be controlled with medication until the offseason, so Jansen returned to the hill just 11 days later. However, the heart medication he took, which included beta blockers, had the side effects of leaving him feeling fatigued and unemotional. He gave up four home runs in his first two outings back, blowing both save opportunities, and after he protested the effects of his medication his doctors switched him to aspirin. Jansen stayed in Los Angeles when the Dodgers returned to Denver in September because he was at high risk of a stroke if he returned to elevation. Jansen completed the season and provided scoreless relief in seven of nine postseason appearances, allowing two runs in 10.2 innings (1.69 ERA).


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On November 26, 2018, Jansen underwent a -hour heart ablation procedure, again performed by Koonlawee Nademanee, in Los Angeles. After the procedure the doctor told Jansen that small veins near the site of his 2012 procedure had grown and were agitated by dehydration, which caused the irregular signals that occurred in Denver. Jansen dedicated himself to a healthier diet after recovering from the operation and reported to spring training 25 pounds lighter. He no longer has to take blood-thinning medication.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: On July 12, 2020, Jansen reported to summer training camp for the first time after recovering from COVID-19.


title: Kenley Jansen

text: Jansen spends most of his off-season break back home in Curaçao. Kenley is married to a Curaçao native named Gianni Jansen - Fransisca. He has two daughters, Natalia Hannah Jansen, who was born on March 16, 2013, and Key’Gia Keziah Jansen born on September 12, 2021 and two sons, Kaden Isaiah Jansen, born on August 16, 2015, and Kyrian Jeremiah Jansen, born on August 22, 2018. He throws right-handed but writes with his left hand. A local team in Curaçao, the Wildcats, have renamed themselves in honor of Jansen, and competed in the Latin American Series as Wildcats KJ74.


title: Cannery Row (novel)

text: Cannery Row is a novel by American author John Steinbeck, published in 1945. It is set during the Great Depression in Monterey, California, on a street lined with sardine canneries that is known as Cannery Row. The story revolves around the people living there: Lee Chong, the local grocer; Doc, a marine biologist; and Mack, the leader of a group of derelict people.


title: Cannery Row (novel)

text: The actual location Steinbeck was writing about, Ocean View Avenue in Monterey, was later renamed "Cannery Row" in honor of the book. A film version was released in 1982 and a stage version was produced in 1995.


title: Cannery Row (novel)

text: "Cannery Row" has a simple premise: Mack and his friends are to do something nice for their friend Doc, who has been good to them without asking for reward. Mack hits on the idea that they should throw a thank-you party, and the entire community quickly becomes involved. Unfortunately, the party rages out of control, and Doc's lab and home are ruined—and so is Doc's mood. In an effort to return to Doc's good graces, Mack and the boys decide to throw another party—but make it work this time. A procession of linked vignettes describes the denizens' lives on Cannery Row. These constitute subplots that unfold concurrently with the main plot.


title: Cannery Row (novel)

text: Character include Lee Chong, the operator of the neighborhood grocery store, "Lee Chong's Heavenly Flower Grocery"; Doc, a marine biologist at Western Biological Laboratories, based on Steinbeck's friend Ed Ricketts, to whom Steinbeck dedicated the novel; Dora Flood, the owner and operator of the Bear Flag Restaurant; Mack, leader of a group of men called Mack and the boys; Hazel, a young man living with Mack and the boys in the Palace Flophouse; Eddie, a part-time bartender living at the Palace Flophouse, who supplies the boys with "hooch" left in patrons' glasses at Ida's Bar; and an enigmatic figure known as "the Chinaman".


title: Cannery Row (novel)

text: Mack and the boys work together to plan a party for Doc. After a failed first attempt, where Doc is not even present, their second attempt is more successful. Their transformation into an organised group in order to do something nice for Doc shows the value of comradeship and sociality.


title: Cannery Row (novel)

text: Mack and the boys at the Palace Flophouse need little and appreciate much, and whatever they do need they acquire by cunning and oftentimes stealing. Doc is happy with his station in life and in the community (but many worry about his being lonely without a companion). Lee Chong could very easily go after the people in Cannery Row and collect on the debts he is owed, but he chooses instead to let the money come back to him gradually. "Henri the painter" is happy building his ever-changing boat and will continually dismantle it and start again so that he can continue building it. Cannery Row is content because its denizens are not ambitious to be anything other than who they are: their sole ambition is to better befriend Doc.


title: Cannery Row (novel)

text: Steinbeck expresses a certain respect for prostitution for its honesty of motives, while reserving moral judgment for the reader. In "Of Mice and Men" (1937), George has a small monologue in which he states that a man can go into a whorehouse and get a beer and sex for a price agreed upon up front - unlike less professional relationships, you know what you're going to get and what you will have to pay for it. The same theme of respect is expressed in "Cannery Row" in Steinbeck's descriptions of the Bear Flag: prostitution is a business that provides a service in demand, it is run cleanly and honestly, and it benefits the community.


title: Cannery Row (novel)

text: Throughout the story characters such as Dora Flood, Mack, and Doc are all expanded upon, and they reveal that they are much more complicated than they at first appear to be. For example, Dora Flood owns the brothel and is disliked by the townswomen because of her business, but she is very generous and for two years donates groceries to hungry people. Doc, who is a loved and respected member of society, is, deep down, a very sad and lonely person who, until the end of the story, never opens up to other people.


title: Cannery Row (novel)

text: The novel opens with the words: "Cannery Row in Monterey in California is a poem, a stink, a grating noise, a quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream." Author John Steinbeck spent some of the happiest years of his life in a house in Pacific Grove near "Cannery Row" and the laboratory of his friend, Ed Ricketts. This began in 1930 and lasted to 1941, when Steinbeck's marriage failed, and he fled eastward to marry again (eventually). After a traumatic time documenting the war in the Mediterranean campaign in 1943, Steinbeck returned home to find that his second marriage was also in difficulties. He wrote "Cannery Row" in 1944 in an attempt to recover a Depression era world in Monterey which was, by then, already inaccessible to Steinbeck. Major influences for this change included the war's effect on both Steinbeck and Monterey, the breakup of Steinbeck's first marriage, and the insulation caused by Steinbeck's new wealth arising from his increasing fame and success as a writer. Steinbeck was already beginning to suspect that he would never again be able to go back to living in this, his favorite part of California. Indeed, after a failed attempt to live in California in the late 1940s, he left to spend the rest of his life in New York.