title: Negros Oriental

text: On May 29, 2015, the Negros Island Region was formed when Negros Oriental was separated from Central Visayas and transferred to the new region along with Negros Occidental and Bacolod, when President Benigno Aquino III signed "Executive Order No. 183, s. 2015". But it was abolished on August 9, 2017, when President Rodrigo Duterte revoked "Executive Order No. 183, s. 2015" through the signage of "Executive Order No. 38", citing the reason of the lack of funds to fully establish the NIR according to Benjamin Diokno, the Secretary of Budget and Management, reverting Negros Oriental back into Central Visayas. However, with the Philippines' current presidential administration promoting federalism, the idea of the twin provinces of Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental reunified into one federal state/region is already in the talks of local provincial politicians, with some additional support from the known native Negrenses. There is also a suggestion, jointly approved by the provincial governors, that Negros Oriental along with Negros Occidental, be renamed with their pre-colonial names as ""Buglas Sidlakan"" and ""Buglas Nakatundan"" respectively, with Negros, as a federal state, be named as ""Negrosanon Federated Region"", due to the negative racial connotation associated with the name ""Negros"".


title: Negros Oriental

text: Negros Oriental occupies the south-eastern half of the island of Negros, with Negros Occidental comprising the north-western half. It has a total land area of . A chain of rugged mountains separates Negros Oriental from Negros Occidental. Negros Oriental faces Cebu to the east across the Tañon Strait and Siquijor to the southeast. The Sulu Sea borders it to the south to southwest. Negros is basically volcanic, making its soil ideal for agriculture. Eighty percent of all arable land in the island region is cultivated.


title: Negros Oriental

text: The province's topography is characterized by low, grooved mountain ranges of which some lie close to the shoreline. At the southern end of the province is Mount Talinis, also known as "Cuernos de Negros" ("Horns of Negros"), which is a dormant complex volcano which rises to a height of . At the northern end of the province is the active Kanlaon Volcano, the highest peak of the island region with a height of . There are a few flatlands and plateaus in the interior to the southwest of the province, which includes the Tablas Plateau.


title: Negros Oriental

text: One of the landmarks of Dumaguete is the Dumaguete Bell Tower which stands next to the Saint Catherine of Alexandria Cathedral. It once used to warn the city of impending pirate attacks.


title: Negros Oriental

text: Negros Oriental has a tropical climate. Because of the mountain range running from the north to the south, the province has two types of climatic conditions. The eastern part of the province is characterized by unpronounced maximum rainfall with a short dry season lasting from one to three months. The western half of the province is characterized by a distinct wet season and dry season.


title: Negros Oriental

text: Dumaguete City is the provincial capital and seat of government. It is also the province's most populous city, despite having the smallest land area among all component cities and municipalities of Negros Oriental.


title: Negros Oriental

text: For purposes of legislative representation, the cities and municipalities are grouped into three congressional districts, with each district electing a congressman to the House of Representatives of the Philippines.


title: Negros Oriental

text: The population of Negros Oriental in the 2020 census was 1,354,995 people, with a density of . As of 2010, its registered voting population are 606,634. 34.5% of the population are concentrated in the six most populous component cities of Dumaguete, Bayawan, Guihulngan, Tanjay, Bais and Canlaon. Population growth per year is about 0.99% over the period of 2010–2015, lower than the national average of 1.72%.


title: Negros Oriental

text: Residents of Negros are called "Negrenses" (and less often "Negrosanons") and many are of either pure/mixed Austronesian heritage, with foreign ancestry (i.e. Chinese and/or Spanish) as minorities. Negros Oriental is predominantly a Cebuano-speaking province due to its close proximity to Cebu, with 72% of residents reporting it as a first language. Hiligaynon is spoken by the remaining 28% and is common in areas close to the border with Negros Occidental. Filipino and English, while seldom used as first languages, are generally understood and used for official, literary, and educational purposes.


title: Negros Oriental

text: Christianity is the predominant religion in the province with Roman Catholicism (77%) as the largest single denomination . However, there is a strong and growing presence of mainline and evangelical Protestant which forms about 12% of the province population. The Iglesia ni Cristo(1.4%), the Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses and the Aglipayan Church, also known as the Philippine Independent Church also has some presence. Adherents of Islam and Buddhism constitute a minority of the population.


title: Negros Oriental

text: With its vast fertile land resources, Negros Oriental's other major industry is agriculture. The primary crops are sugarcane, sweetcorn, coconut and rice. In the coastal areas, fishing is the main source of income. People are also involved in cattle ranches, fish ponds and rubber plantations, especially in Bayawan City. There are also mineral deposits like gold, silver and copper found throughout the inner areas of the province.


title: Negros Oriental

text: The province is already emerging as a major technological center in Visayas, with its growing business process outsourcing (BPO) that has started to penetrate the province's secondary cities and other technology-related industries. Vehicle assembly is a growing industry in Amlan. Construction of mass housing and subdivisions is very evident in the periphery of Dumaguete City and is expected to spillover into the province's secondary cities and fast-growing towns.


title: Negros Oriental

text: Other industries include water bottling and warehousing, as well as cold and dry storing. Retailing has penetrated other urban areas outside Dumaguete, with the entry of supermarkets and shopping malls in cities such as Bayawan, Tanjay and Bais. The town of Bacong, which borders Dumaguete in the south, hosts many industrial plants geared for the local and export markets, which can bolster economic growth. Negros Oriental is also a notable tourist destination in the Visayas.


title: Negros Oriental

text: Negros Oriental has a network of roads, including a national road that spans the circumference of Negros Island. National and provincial roads in the province total more than 900 kilometers, though only about half of these are paved.


title: Negros Oriental

text: A large portion of residents do not own private vehicles, and are totally reliant on public transport. Buses and jeepneys link the cities and municipalities of the province. For short distances within a town, motorized tricycles (locally known as "pedicabs") are available. Moreover, motorcycles for hire locally called as habal-habal is the primary mode of transportation in the hinterlands or places wherein it can't be reached with other types of vehicles.


title: Negros Oriental

text: The Dumaguete Airport located in Sibulan is the province's only commercial airport. It is a domestic airport with multiple daily flights to and from Manila, served by Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific. The airport also serves flights to and from Cebu and Cagayan de Oro. Based on 2002 statistics, an average of 5,800 outgoing passengers and 5,700 incoming passengers pass through the airport every month. However, this airport is due for transfer to Bacong because of congestion in its current location and has been on proposal since 2014 and still pending final approval as of 2022. Yet in March 2021, upgrade works were made to the current Sibulan Airport which include pavement reconstruction, expansion of the terminal building from 1,152sqm. to 1,842sqm., and expansion of CAAP administrative buildings.


title: Negros Oriental

text: The primary seaport of the province is located in Dumaguete City. Additionally, there are five other seaports in the province classified as tertiary.


title: Negros Oriental

text: Most colleges and universities in the province are concentrated in Dumaguete City, which befit the role as Center of Learning in the South and is widely known as a university city. Here are the list of some universities, colleges and other tertiary institutions located in the province of Negros Oriental:


title: Negros Oriental

text: Each town in Negros Oriental celebrates an annual town fiesta, usually dedicated to a patron saint of a particular town or city. In some of the larger towns, there are particular fiestas for specific neighborhoods or barangays.


title: Negros Oriental

text: Additionally, the Buglasan Festival, which was revived in 2001, is celebrated annually in October in the provincial capital of Dumaguete and is hailed as Negros Oriental's "festival of festivals". It is a week-long celebration where you can see unique booths of each town and city in Negros Oriental featuring their native products and tourist attractions. The highlight of the occasion is the float parade and street dancing competition.


title: Negros Oriental

text: The province is the home of the last living remnants of the "Inata language" speakers. The "Sebwano language" is spoken throughout the province, while the indigenous "Minagahat language" is spoken in the south.


title: Negros Oriental

text: media publications in general circulation around the province. These publications include "Dumaguete MetroPost", "The Negros Chronicle", "Dumaguete Star Informer", "Times Focus", and "Island News". "Sun.Star Dumaguete" publishes news online bi-weekly. PLDT, Globe Telecom and their subsidiaries are major providers of network connection within the province. Major providers, in TV and radio are ABS-CBN, GMA, The 5 Network and CNN Philippines. Cable TV provides access to BBC, ESPN and other international programs. The province is mainly served by one regional newscast: TV Patrol Central Visayas (shared with ABS-CBN Cebu).


title: Bangladesh Police

text: The Bangladesh Police () of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a law enforcement agency, operating under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It plays a crucial role in maintaining peace, and enforcement of law and order within Bangladesh. Though the police are primarily concerned with the maintenance of law and order and security of persons and property of individuals, they also play a big role in the criminal justice system. Bangladesh police played an important role during the Bangladesh's liberation war.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Details of policing activities during the middle age are challenging to find. However, during the periods of the great sultans, an official holding the position of Muhtasib used to perform the duties of policing. This person was the chief of police, in charge of public works, and the inspector of public ethics simultaneously. In urban areas, Kotwals were responsible for performing police duties. The policing system introduced by Sher Shah Suri was further organised during the period of Emperor Akbar: the Emperor organised his administrative structure introducing Fouzdari (the principal representative of the Emperor), Mir Adal and Kazi (the head of judicial department), and Kotwal (the chief police official of larger cities). This system was effective in maintaining the law and order in cities, and was implemented in Dhaka. Many district sadar police stations are still called Kotwali police stations. In the Mughal period, Kotwal emerged as an institution.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: A Fouzdar was appointed to every administrative unit of the government (district), under whom there were some artillery and cavalry forces. There was a disciplined police system during the Mughal period, though there was no professional police force like that in the British period.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: In the early stage of the Industrial Revolution, when England was facing grave crisis due to socio-economic transformation, the necessity of an effective organised police service was keenly felt. Sir Robert Peel, then the Prime Minister, introduced a bill in the British Parliament in 1829 which created an organised civil police in London. The success of the London police in controlling social disorder and crime was admired by not only the people of England but also of European and American countries: New York city copied the London model with some modifications when it organised the first Municipal Police Force, in 1833.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: In 1858, full control of the Indian Territory was taken over from the East India Company by the British government. The success of the London police organised under Peel's Act of 1829 prompted the British government to reform the police system in the sub-continent in a similar way to British constabularies. With this end in view, a police commissioner was set up 1840, and on the recommendation of the commission of the Police Act (Act V of 1861), was passed by the British Parliament. Under this Act a police force was created in each province of British India, and placed under the control of the provincial government. The administration of the police force of a province was vested upon an officer styled as the Inspector-general of police. The administration of the police in a district was placed under the Superintendent of Police. The Act is still in force throughout the sub-continent, and regulates the function of police in Bangladesh, as well as the other countries of the sub-continent.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: After partition of the sub-continent in 1947, the police force in Bangladesh was first named as the East Bengal Police, and then as the East Pakistan Police; however, it continued to function on the same lines as during the British rule.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: In the Bangladesh Liberation War, Bengali-speaking police officers participated with the citizens, leading to deaths from most ranks, fighting with .303 rifles against the Pakistani. The resistance by the Bengali members of police at Rajarbagh is considered the first chapter of armed struggles during the Bangladesh Liberation war. Bangladesh Police founded a Liberation War Museum at the Rajarbagh police line in January 2017.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: After the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent country on 16 December 1971, the police force was recognised and assumed the role of a national police force. In January 2004, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party led government removed the boat from the police force badge because the boat is also the symbol of the then opposition party, Bangladesh Awami League. The police had been using the boat in its symbol since the independence of Bangladesh.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Bangladesh Police is headed by the Inspector General of Police (IGP), under whose command, Bangladesh Police is divided into several units.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Police medals are awarded every year in the annual Police Week Parade. They are awarded both for bravery and service.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: The recruitment process differs according to the level of position being recruited to, and direct entry (where an applicant does not have to start at the lowest level) is possible. The educational requirements increase with rank. A minimum bachelor's degree is required for Assistant Superintendent of Police, Sub-Inspector, and Sergeant, and for Constable, a Secondary School Certificate is required. Recruitment is conducted in the following three tiers:


title: Bangladesh Police

text: The Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) are recruited by the Bangladesh Public Service Commission (BPSC) through the competitive Bangladesh Civil Service the Bangladesh Police Academy as Probationary ASPs. After passing from the academy, they undergo an orientation training for six months in the district level as a probationer. After that they have been appointed as a full-fledged ASPs in different units.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Sub-Inspectors are recruited by Police Headquarters centrally. They undergo a one-year-long training in the Bangladesh Police Academy as Outside Cadet Sub-Inspectors. After that they have partake in two years probationary period in different police units. After that they have been appointed as a full-fledged SIs in different units.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Sergeants are recruited by Police Headquarters centrally. After appointment they undergo a one-year-long training course in the Bangladesh Police Academy, at the rank of Probationary Sergeant. After passing from the academy, they also undergo an orientation training of one year in the rank of probationer.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Constables are recruited in the district level. They undergo a six-month-long training in the Police Training Centre as a Trainee Recruit Constable career (TRC).


title: Bangladesh Police

text: The main training institution of the Bangladesh Police is the Bangladesh Police Academy, established in 1912 in Sardah. The Police Staff College, which trains officers from ASP to DIG in-service, was established in 2000 in Dhaka. Bangladesh Police also maintains Police Training Centre (PTC) in Tangail, Rangpur, Khulna and Noakhali. The Detective Training School was established in 1962 in Dhaka.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: In Bangladesh police, community policing is an organisation with the aims of promoting community, government and police partnerships, proactive problem solving, and community engagement to address the causes of crime, fear of crime and community issues. Bangladesh Police have been trying to implement this philosophy nationwide. The Police Reform Program (PRP), a UNDP funded project, has been providing Bangladesh Police with technical assistance to implement community-policing nationwide.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: There is a district community-policing cell in every district under the Superintendent of Police. The Additional SP or an ASP looks after the district community-policing cell.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Secondly, in the police station level, there is a community policing cell with a full-time community policing officer (CPO), who coordinates the community policing activities in the police station jurisdiction.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Dhaka Metropolitan Police is implementing the beat policing in Dhaka city. In this regard, each Police Station is divided into some police beats, and for each beat there is an assigned Beat Policing Officer.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Women first joined Bangladesh Police in 1974, when 14 women police officers were appointed in the Special Branch: seven were at the rank of Sub-Inspector, and seven were at the rank of Constable. The first female uniformed police members were recruited two years later, in 1976, when 15 women police officers were appointed in the Dhaka Metropolitan Police. They were also at the ranks of Constable and Sub-Inspector.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: In 1986, there was only one serving woman police officer: Fatema Begum was appointed as Assistant Superintendent of Police through 6th Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS) examination. After two years, in 1988, four women joined Bangladesh Police through the 7th Bangladesh Civil Service examination. After an interval from 1989 to 1998, in 1999, eight women officers were appointed through the 18th Bangladesh Civil Service examination. On 21 June 2011 an all-women Armed Police Battalion (APBn-11) was created as the 11th battalion of this force.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: As of 2010, there are 2,240 women in the Bangladesh Police, from the rank of constable to additional police superintendent.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Since its first mission in Namibia in 1989, the Bangladesh Police has contributed to numerous UN peace-keeping missions.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Bangladesh Police has been criticized for having political influence in all levels, and the major decisions are taken under political conditions. Corruption is widespread among the law enforcement, with custody deaths and torture being prevalent.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: In 2016 January, Dhaka South City Corporation official was tortured by Dhaka Metropolitan Police members. In the same month a sub-inspector at DMP was accused of torturing and attempting to extort money from a Bangladesh Bank official. Bangladesh Police have been accused of being involved in crime including rape and murder. Bangladesh opposition party has accused the police of being used to suppress the opposition parities. The accountability of the police has been question by the media. 230 Police officers in Barisal Metropolitan Police created a collective bribe fund for promotions. Bangladesh Police had faced criticism after telling secular bloggers to self-censure after the Attacks on secularists in Bangladesh. Wife of Avijit Roy had accused Bangladesh Police of Inactivity during the attack on her husband. British Government has faced criticism for its aid to Bangladesh Police which could be used to suppress dissidents.


title: Bangladesh Police

text: Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid, Superintendent of Police, is the head of Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) Tejgaon division. He has faced a number of controversies. On 3 November 2019, he kidnapped the wife and minor son of Showkat Aziz Russell, Chairperson of Amber group, for the purpose of extortion from Gulshan and shifted them to Narayanganj. He was removed from his post in Narayanganj after the incident came to light. He continued working at the post four days after his transfer came through. The Business Standard, a Bangladeshi newspaper, described him as a "case of police impunity". He made the news first on 6 July 2011 for assaulting Zainul Abdin Farroque, Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician, opposition whip, and member of parliament. He was awarded and promoted for the assault on Zainul. In November 2019, a video of him went viral, where he and other police officers were seen attacking a referee in a friendly football match.


title: Gala (apple)

text: Gala is an apple cultivar with a sweet, mild flavour, a crisp but not hard texture, and a striped or mottled orange or reddish appearance. Originating from New Zealand in the 1930s, similar to most named apples, it is clonally propagated. In 2018, it surpassed Red Delicious as the apple cultivar with the highest production in the United States, according to the US Apple Association. It was the first time in over 50 years that any cultivar was produced more than Red Delicious.


title: Gala (apple)

text: Gala apples are non-uniform in colour, usually vertically striped or mottled, with overall orange colour. They are sweet, fine textured, and aromatic, and in addition to being eaten raw and cooked are especially suitable for creating sauces.


title: Gala (apple)

text: The first Gala apple tree was one of many seedlings resulting from a cross between a Golden Delicious and a Kidd's Orange Red planted in New Zealand in the 1930s by orchardist J.H. Kidd. Donald W. McKenzie, an employee of Stark Bros Nursery, obtained a US plant patent for the cultivar on October 15, 1974. It is a relatively new introduction to the UK, first planted in commercial volumes during the 1980s. The variety now represents about 20% of the total volume of the commercial production of eating apples grown in the UK, often replacing Cox's Orange Pippin.


title: Gala (apple)

text: Many sports of Gala have been selected, mostly for increased red color, including the popular "Royal Gala". The original cultivar produced fruit with orange stripes and a partial orange blush over a yellow background. Since then, several un-patented sports have been recognized. Additionally, more than twenty sports have received US plant patents:


title: Gala (apple)

text: Gala apples are grown from May through September in the northern hemisphere, but, like most apples, are available almost all year through the use of cold storage and controlled atmosphere storage. Australian Gala are available from late January. California fruit is available until October.


title: Gala (apple)

text: While the season usually lasts only 9 or 10 months, they are able to last all year round. However, due to some apples continuing to be grown in some orchards, and the fact that they can be refrigerated for some months leads to the availability of the Gala apple year-round in some Australian markets. These usually taste different (slightly less sweet) from those in season. The UK season begins in late summer (August). Storage makes the UK fruit available nearly year-round as with fruit from other origins.


title: Gala (apple)

text: Royal Gala is a Gala sport, patented by Stark in 1977, which produces redder fruits than the original cultivar. It is a pink-red dessert apple and is therefore usually eaten fresh. Royal Galas are usually harvested in early to late February in the southern hemisphere. In New Zealand, the pinker original Gala has almost disappeared as a commercial apple in favor of the darker-skinned Royal Gala.


title: Patrick Gibson (actor)

text: Patrick Leo Kenny-Gibson (born 19 April 1995) is an Irish actor known for his roles in "The Tudors", "The Passing Bells", and "The OA". He was awarded Rising Star at the 2017 IFTAs.


title: Patrick Gibson (actor)

text: Gibson was born in central London. His father is also an actor and his mother works in marketing. Upon returning to Ireland, the family lived in Greystones, then Stillorgan, and later Donnybrook. Gibson attended Gonzaga College. He began his studies in Philosophy at Trinity College Dublin, but left halfway through his degree in 2016 upon being cast in "The OA".


title: Immortality (video game)

text: Immortality is an interactive film video game developed by Sam Barlow and published by Half Mermaid Productions. It was released for Windows and Xbox Series X/S in August 2022. Android and iOS versions through Netflix app were released in November 2022. A macOS version is also in the works.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: The game is based on the fictional model turned actress Marissa Marcel (Manon Gage) who had starred in three movies from 1968, 1970, and 1999 but which were never released. Marcel has since gone missing, creating a mystery for the player to solve. In the same manner as Barlow's prior works "Her Story" and "Telling Lies", "Immortality" incorporates the use of full-motion video for the player to piece together Marcel's fate. The player begins with one clip from one of the three films, and the player can pause and click on a person or item of interest. The game will then show all other clips from the three films, as well as behind-the-scenes production footage and television and interview clips, which the player can review and seek out further persons or items.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: Much of the plot is shown through secret footage the player reveals by manipulating the footage from the films, TV interviews, etc.; because of this, the plot progresses in a non-chronological, broken narrative format. This synopsis follows chronological order.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: Two immortal beings, credited as "The One" and "The Other One," predate humanity and are able to live indefinitely by taking on the forms of humans and living their lives. This ostensibly ends the human's life, though elements of their personalities and memories mingle with the beings' own personalities and memories. Their kind's numbers have dwindled since human civilization began. They can regenerate from being killed, though some methods, especially burning, are implied to be permanent, although the ending throws even this into question.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: The One and The Other One seem to be a pair, though their relationship is never explicitly defined. The One is fascinated with humanity, particularly their proclivities for sex, violence, and art. The Other One is ambivalent toward Humanity, seeing them as inferior copies of the immortal beings, and believes that the immortals and humans should exist separate from each other. However, they indulge The One in their exploration of humanity.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: The One becomes Marissa Marcel, a French girl who is implied to have been mortally wounded by German soldiers in World War II and absorbed by The One as a mercy. In 1968 she auditions and is awarded a role in "Ambrosio," a film based on the gothic novel "The Monk" by Matthew Lewis. During filming she becomes romantically involved with director of photography John Durick. The film's director, Arthur Fischer, steals the negatives, which prevents the film from ever being released.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: Two years later, John directs "Minsky," a detective story set in New York City's avant-garde art world. He casts Marissa as a lead; she also has significant creative input in the rest of the film. The Other One, taking the form of a man named Carl Goodman, also joins the cast as the film's other lead. Marissa and John's relationship deteriorates, possibly because Carl also begins a romantic relationship with John. While filming a scene, Marissa shoots and kills Carl with a prop gun at point blank range. To the rest of the cast and crew, this appears to be a tragic accident; the truth is that The One intentionally killed The Other One. Carl's death causes filming to halt, and the film is never released. Marissa reveals to John her and Carl's true natures as immortals, and tells him that she killed Carl. John is horrified by this, which disappoints The One. She murders John and takes on his form, shedding Marissa's form. The general public assumes Marissa became a recluse.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: Nearly 30 years later, Fischer gives the negatives from "Ambrosio" to John in an attempt to free himself from deathbed regrets. The nostalgia causes The One to remember Marissa fondly and take on her form simultaneously with John's form, essentially existing in two bodies at once. Meanwhile, the actress Amy Archer watches footage of Carl's death, which allows The Other One to take her form. John, Marissa, and Amy begin work on a new film, "Two of Everything," a drama film about a pop star named Maria who allows her coincidentally-identical body double Heather to pretend to be Maria so that she can live a pop star lifestyle and Maria can have a break from it. John directs, Marissa plays both Maria and Heather (paralleling The One's attempt to exist as two people), and Amy plays a villain character who murders Heather, thinking she is Maria. During filming, both John and Marissa behave strangely: Marissa is sometimes unresponsive and suffers nosebleeds, and both she and John occasionally collapse in exhaustion. John is also frequently absent during filming, implying that he vanishes when The One cannot maintain both forms. In several pieces of footage Amy pleads with Marissa to take breaks, but Marissa rebuffs her concerns. During one take, Marissa spontaneously bleeds from her head. The Other One tells her that their kind cannot sustain existing in two forms at once. Before Marissa becomes completely unresponsive, she asks Amy/The Other One to help her die onscreen as The Other One did, and therefore become truly immortalized in film. Amy films herself burning an inert Marissa's body. "Two of Everything" never finishes filming.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: After the player watches Marissa burn, the grid containing all the clips they've collected during the game slowly disappear, revealing the face of The One. They tell the player they are "part of you, now," implying the player is their new host.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: Barlow had announced "Immortality" as "Project Ambrosio" in 2020 and had blogged about its development over the year. His writing suggested that the game may have more of a horror-themed nature than his previous games, along with several passages marked as if classified or redacted information. Barlow brought on three additional screenwriters for the game: Allan Scott, Amelia Gray, and Barry Gifford. The game was formally announced during the E3 2021 event in June that year for Microsoft Windows, iOS, and Android. In March 2022, Half Mermaid Productions announced that a version for Xbox Series X/S would also be available at launch. During PC Gaming Show 2022, it was announced that the game would release on 26 July 2022, but was later delayed to 30 August 2022. In August 2022, it was announced that the mobile ports would be published by Netflix.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: "Immortality" premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in June 2022. It was subsequently released on August 30, 2022 on Xbox Series X/S, Xbox Game Pass, and Windows via Steam and GOG. It released on Netflix via Google Play and IOS in November 2022.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: In an early review due to its print format, "Edge" awarded "Immortality" a perfect 10/10 score, the 24th game in its history to do so.


title: Immortality (video game)

text: In addition, "Immortality" has been praised for its acting performances, notably that of Manon Gage, who has received critical acclaim for her performance as Marissa Marcel. "Edge" called her performance "outstanding." "Vulture"s Lewis Gordon called it "a knockout performance." PJ O'Reilly of "Pure Xbox" said Gage "provides a core performance that marks her out as an absolute superstar in the making." "Vice"s Cameron Kunzelman noted: "...watching Gage play Marcel playing these characters is like watching someone juggle while riding a unicycle in the middle of the Indy 500, and she does it perfectly and without breaking a sweat. It’s really something."


title: Immortality (video game)

text: Charlotta Mohlin has also been praised for her performance, with "Edge" calling her "remarkable", and Tristan Ogilvie of "IGN" calling her "spellbinding." Well Played AU's James Wood said "[Mohlin's] work is something I will be thinking about for years to come." Nate Hermanson of Video Games Are Good noted Mohlin "[makes] us cry, laugh, shudder, and blush in almost every scene she [is] in."


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Gimpo International Airport (), commonly known as Gimpo Airport , formerly rendered in English as Kimpo International Airport, is located in the far western end of Seoul, some west of the Central District of Seoul. Gimpo was the main international airport for Seoul and South Korea before being replaced by Incheon International Airport in 2001. It now functions as Seoul's secondary airport. In 2015, over 23 million passengers used the airport, making it the third-largest airport in Korea, as it has been surpassed by Jeju International Airport.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: The airport is located south of the Han River in western Seoul. The name "Gimpo" comes from the nearby city of Gimpo, of which the airport used to be a part.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: On 29 November 2003, scheduled services between Gimpo and Haneda Airport in Tokyo resumed. Services to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport resumed on 28 October 2007. Services to Kansai International Airport in Osaka, Japan, started on 26 October 2008. Services to Beijing Capital International Airport started on 1 July 2011. Services to Taipei Songshan Airport started on 30 April 2012.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: The airfield was originally constructed in 1935–1942 during the Japanese Imperial period as an Imperial Army base. The runways were built on a bed of rocks manually hauled by Korean laborers from Kaihwasan and Yangchan, several miles from the base. Then known as Keijo New Airfield (京城新飛行場), Kimpo was constructed with four runways to supplement the much smaller Keijo Airfield (京城飛行場), which was later known as Yeouido Airport.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Gimpo played a major role during the Korean War, and the USAF designated the airfield as Kimpo Air Base or K-14.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: North Korean forces attacked South Korea on 25 June 1950 starting the Korean War. During one of the first Korean People's Air Force (KPAF) attacks on 25 June, a Military Air Transport Service C-54 Skymaster was destroyed on the ground at Gimpo. On 27 June, US naval and air forces began evacuating 748 US diplomats, military dependents, and civilians by air transport from Kimpo and Suwon Airfield. On the afternoon of 27 June, five F-82 Twin Mustangs of the 68th Fighter Squadron and 339th Fighter Squadron were escorting four C-54 Skymaster aircraft out of Kimpo when the C-54s were attacked by five KPAF Lavochkin La-7 fighters. In the subsequent dogfights, three LA-7s were shot down for the loss of no US aircraft in the first air battle of the war.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Later that day, four F-80Cs of the 35th Fighter-Bomber Squadron shot down four Ilyushin Il-10s for no losses over Gimpo in the USAF's first jet-aircraft victory.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Gimpo was captured by the KPA shortly after the capture of Seoul on 28 June 1950. On 29 June, eight B-29s of the 19th Bomb Group bombed Gimpo and the Seoul railyards. By July, the KPAF were using the base for attacks on UN forces; on 10 July, seven Yak-7s were hidden at Gimpo and used in strikes against UN positions at Cheongju. The next day, they surprised and damaged several Lockheed F-80s in the area. On 15 July, the US launched an attack on Gimpo, destroying two or three of the seven Yak-7s there and damaging the runway. On 5 August 5th Air Force fighters strafed and bombed Gimpo, destroying 9 aircraft and damaging 9 others.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Following the Inchon landings on 15 September 1950, the 2nd Battalion 5th Marines was ordered to seize Gimpo on 17 September. Gimpo was defended by a conglomeration of half-trained fighting men and service forces, and by the morning of 18 September, the Marines had secured the airfield. The airfield was in excellent shape as the North Koreans had not had time to do any major demolition. On 19 September, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers repaired the local railroad up to 8 miles (13 km) inland and 32 C-54 transport planes began flying in gasoline and ordnance. VMF-212 was one of the first units to operate from Gimpo before moving forward to Yonpo Airfield. On 25 September, the 811th Engineer Aviation Battalion began repairing bomb damage on the asphalt runway at Gimpo and covering it with Marston matting. On 6 October, the USAF took control of Gimpo from the USMC.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Following the Chinese Third Phase Campaign and the defeat of UN Forces at the 38th parallel, on 5 January 1951, General Ridgway ordered the evacuation of Seoul and the withdrawal of UN forces to a new defensive line along the 37th parallel. Units based at Gimpo were withdrawn to the south and facilities were destroyed to prevent their use by Chinese and North Korean forces.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: UN forces resumed the offensive again in late January 1951 and launched Operation Thunderbolt on 25 January, with the aim of pushing Chinese and North Korean forces back north of the Han River. By 10 February 1951, UN forces once again had control of Gimpo.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: In 1958, the airport was redesignated as the Gimpo international airport of Seoul by a presidential decree, completely replacing the existing Yeouido Airport.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Following the construction of Gimpo, Yeouido Airport was demolished. Gimpo soon became the main airport of Seoul, and of South Korea in general. In 1971, a new, combined domestic and international terminal was opened. However, following the opening of what was known as Terminal 1 in 1977, the original combined terminal was converted to domestic flights only. Later, Terminal 2 was opened due to the Olympic Games.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Gradually, Gimpo began to have more flights than it was capable of handling. After about 1980, it experienced numerous problems due to its lack of space for expansion. An additional problem was South Korea's overnight curfew (midnight to 4 am), a security measure that was in effect for decades. The curfew, which severely limited the airport's night operations, was finally abolished in 1982.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Eventually, the South Korean government decided to build a new airport. The facility was initially planned to be in Cheongju, 124 km away from Seoul, but that idea was strongly opposed by the citizens of Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, due to the inconvenience it would pose to them. (It would have been farther from Seoul than the 80-km distance between Viracopos Airport in Campinas, Brazil, and the city of São Paulo.) Finally, Yeongjong Island, a part of the city of Incheon, slightly west of Seoul, was chosen for the new airport, which later came to be known as Incheon International Airport. All international flights were moved to Incheon when it opened in 2001.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: "Shuttle" flights to Haneda Airport in Tokyo started in November 2003 on a charter basis, cutting 30 minutes or more of ground transportation at each end in an attempt to attract business travelers. This "city to city" route was followed by new routes to Hongqiao Airport in Shanghai starting in October 2007, Kansai Airport in Osaka starting in 2008, Beijing starting in July 2011, and Songshan Airport in Taipei starting in April 2012. Total international passenger numbers at Gimpo rose from under one million in 2005 to over four million by 2012.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Korea Airports announced an expansion and remodeling of the terminals in 2013, adding new gates and security checkpoints. In 2017, the South Korean government announced that a new terminal would be built to meet growing domestic traffic.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Gimpo currently has two runways (3600 × 45 m and 3200 × 60 m), two passenger terminals, and one cargo terminal.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: In 2016, the ten carriers with the largest percentage of passengers flying into, out of, or through Gimpo International Airport are as follows:


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: The Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board (ARAIB) has its FDR/CVR Analysis and Wreckage Laboratory on the property of the airport. When the predecessor agency Korea Aviation Accident Investigation Board (KAIB) existed, its CVR/FDR and wreckage laboratory was located on the airport property.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: On 23 March 2007 the AREX airport express line started operations to Incheon International Airport, with an extension to Seoul Station which opened in December 2010. Seoul Subway Line 9 also links the airport to the Gangnam area.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: For many years, the airport was served by the Gimpo Line, a railway line that no longer exists. In the 1990s, Seoul Subway Line 5 was extended to Gimpo Airport.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Gimpo International Airport is connected to Incheon International Airport by Incheon International Airport Expressway via Gimpo Airport Interchange.


title: Gimpo International Airport

text: Some others road also linked Gimpo Airport with Seoul and nearby province including National Route 39, National Route 48, Olympic-daero and Seoul City Route 92 (Nambu Beltway).


title: Richard Fairbrass

text: Richard Peter John Fairbrass (born 22 September 1953) is an English singer, bassist and television presenter, best known as lead singer of the pop group Right Said Fred, which achieved two hits in the early 1990s with the singles "I'm Too Sexy" and "Deeply Dippy". He and his band have won two Ivor Novello Awards.


title: Richard Fairbrass

text: Before forming his own band, Richard was a bassist who had played with several prominent artists, including Boy George. In 1984, he appeared in "Jazzin' for Blue Jean", a video by David Bowie, as the bass player. Towards the end of the 1980s, Richard joined with his brother Fred to form Right Said Fred. The Fairbrass brothers performed as a duo for a brief period, touring in New York City. Guitarist Rob Manzoli joined them in 1990.


title: Richard Fairbrass

text: During the band's heyday, Madonna publicly expressed (in front of sixty million viewers of America's Arsenio Hall Show) her desire to go to bed with Richard. In 1994, he was joint winner of Rear of the Year with Mandy Smith. Following this, Fairbrass co hosted on BBC Two, (with Rhona Cameron), a television series called "Gaytime TV" (1995–1999) which was aimed at an LGBT audience.


title: Richard Fairbrass

text: In December 1998, Fairbrass presented BBC One's "Naked Eurovision", a behind the scenes documentary about the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 in Birmingham. From June to August 2001, he co presented with Gabrielle Richens a game show, "The Desert Forges", on Channel 5.


title: Richard Fairbrass

text: In April 2007, Fairbrass was reported to be planning to run for Mayor of London in the 2008 Election. Shortly after, during a gay rights rally in Red Square, Moscow, on 27 May 2007, commemorating the 14th anniversary of the decriminalisation of homosexuality in Russia, Richard and Fred Fairbrass were assaulted by members of a counter demonstration staged by ultra-nationalists. During this incident, Fairbrass sustained a cut under his eye. Speaking about the incident upon his return to the United Kingdom, he commented: "When it was over I actually felt more sorry for the guy that whacked me than I did for me ... How threatened can he be, how insecure is he to be threatened by a bisexual pop singer who's most famous for singing 'I'm Too Sexy'?".


title: Richard Fairbrass

text: In an episode of "Celebrity Fantasy Homes", hosted by Gaby Roslin, Richard and his brother Fred were looking to spend £2,000,000 on a property in Sussex, with three separate living accommodations for them and their mother. In June 2013, Right Said Fred re-recorded "I'm Too Sexy" as "I'm Too Smurfy" for "World Smurfs Day". Richard appears on the promo, which features fresh clips from the 3D film. Global Smurfs Day benefits the charity MediCinema, which builds cinemas in hospitals.


title: Richard Fairbrass

text: Fairbrass was born on 22 September 1953 in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England, and was brought up in East Grinstead, West Sussex. He has a younger brother, "Fred" (born Christopher Abbott Bernard Fairbrass on 2 November 1956).


title: Richard Fairbrass

text: Richard had come out as bisexual in 1991 to "The Sun". Richard's long-term partner, from 1982 until 2010, was Stuart Pantry, a BBC make up artist, who died in September 2010 of cancer. In April 2007, Richard said to the "Metro": "My last relationship was with a girl, so I am on the cusp. I have never described myself as completely gay". Fairbrass has also said he appreciates "pretty guys who look like girls and girls who look like pretty guys."


title: Richard Fairbrass

text: Fairbrass was hospitalised with COVID-19 in 2021; he has spoken out against COVID-19 measures and has been sceptical of the COVID-19 vaccine.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: "I Saw Her Standing There" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon. It is the opening track on the band's 1963 debut UK album "Please Please Me" and their debut US album "Introducing... The Beatles".


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: In December 1963, Capitol Records released the song in the United States as the B-side on the label's first single by the Beatles, "I Want to Hold Your Hand". While the A-side topped the US "Billboard" chart for seven weeks starting 1 February 1964, "I Saw Her Standing There" entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 on 8 February 1964, remaining there for 11 weeks, peaking at No. 14. The song placed on the "Cashbox" chart for only one week at No. 100 on the same week of its "Billboard" debut. In 2004, "I Saw Her Standing There" was ranked No. 139 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: Originally titled "Seventeen", the song was conceived by McCartney when driving home from a Beatles' concert in Southport, Merseyside as a modern take on the traditional song "As I Roved Out", a version of "Seventeen Come Sunday" that he had heard in Liverpool in 1960. According to Beatles biographer Mark Lewisohn, McCartney first worked out the chords and arrangement on an acoustic guitar at the family home of his Liverpool friend and fellow musician Rory Storm on the evening of 22 October 1962. Two days later, McCartney was writing lines for the song during a visit to London with his then-girlfriend Celia Mortimer, who was seventeen at the time herself. The song was completed about a month later at McCartney's Forthlin Road home in collaboration with Lennon and performed as part of their set in December 1962 in the Star-Club in Hamburg.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: McCartney later described in "Beat Instrumental" how he went about the song's composition: "Here's one example of a bit I pinched from someone: I used the bass riff from 'Talkin' About You' by Chuck Berry in 'I Saw Her Standing There'. I played exactly the same notes as he did and it fitted our number perfectly. Even now, when I tell people, I find few of them believe me; therefore, I maintain that a bass riff hasn't got to be original." Berry's "I'm Talking About You" was performed by The Beatles and the song appears on their albums "Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962" and "On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2".


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: The lyrics were written in a Liverpool Institute exercise book. "Remember: The Recollections and Photographs of the Beatles", a book by McCartney's brother Mike McCartney, includes a photograph taken in the front room of his home of Lennon and McCartney writing the song while strumming their acoustic guitars and reading the exercise book. It typified how Lennon and McCartney would later work in partnership, as McCartney subsequently reflected: "I had 'She was just seventeen,' and then 'never been a beauty queen'. When I showed it to John, he screamed with laughter, and said 'You're joking about that line, aren't you?'" According to McCartney, "We came up with, 'You know what I mean.' Which was good, because you don't know what I mean." "It was one of the first times he ever went 'What? Must change that ...'" Lennon said: "That's Paul doing his usual good job of producing what George Martin used to call a 'potboiler'. I helped with a couple of the lyrics." The songwriting credit on the "Please Please Me" liner notes is "McCartney–Lennon" which differs from the more familiar "Lennon–McCartney" that appears on subsequent releases.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: The first live recording (a slow version of the song) was made at the Cavern Club at the end of 1962. Lennon did not play rhythm guitar; he played harmonica in the introduction and during the verses. Lennon and McCartney laughed when they sang "Well we danced all night/And I held her tight/And I held her hand in mine" the second time.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: The song was recorded at EMI Studios on 11 February 1963 and engineered by Norman Smith, as part of the marathon recording session that produced 10 of the 14 songs on "Please Please Me". The Beatles were not present for the mixing session on 25 February 1963. It was not common practice for bands to be present at such sessions at that time.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: On the album, the song starts with a rousing "One, two, three, "four"!" count-in by McCartney. Usually count-ins are edited off the final audio mix; however, record producer George Martin wanted to create the effect that the album was a live performance: "I had been up to the Cavern and I'd seen what they could do, I knew their repertoire, and I said 'Let's record every song you've got, come down to the studios and we'll just whistle through them in a day'". Martin took the count-in from take 9, which was considered 'especially spirited' and spliced it onto take 1. Music journalist Richard Williams suggested that this dramatic introduction to their debut album was just as stirring as Elvis Presley's "Well, it's one for the money, two for the show ..." on his opening track, "Blue Suede Shoes", for his debut album seven years earlier. It also made the point that the Beatles were a live band as, at that time, they opened their set with this song. On the first American release of the song, issued on Vee Jay Records, the count was edited out—but the "Four!" is still audible.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: The full take 9 version of the song appears on the "Free as a Bird" CD single as a B side, released for the first time.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: Take 2 of the song was released on "The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963", which was an album released exclusively to iTunes in 2013.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: In its contemporary review of the US single, "Cash Box" described it as an "engaging" song that is "hard-hitting teen stuff."


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: A live version was recorded at Madison Square Garden on 28 November 1974 by the Elton John Band with John Lennon, and released as the B-side to the former's "Philadelphia Freedom" single. The song is available on the "Lennon" box set, and on Elton John's "To Be Continued..." box set as well as the expanded CD edition of his 1976 live album "Here and There" and Elton John's "Rare Masters". Lennon's introduction:


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: This was the last major live performance by Lennon. After Lennon's death, the track was released as a single and reached No. 40 on the UK Singles Chart in March 1981, making it the first time that any version of the song had entered the UK charts.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: McCartney included "I Saw Her Standing There" on his live albums "Tripping the Live Fantastic" (1990), "Back in the US" (2002) and "Back in the World" (2003). In 1987, he recorded a new version for his album "CHOBA B CCCP", but left it to outtakes. The song has become a mainstay of McCartney's live sets, and a special version was played when McCartney and his band returned to Liverpool in June 2008. It featured special guest drummer Dave Grohl, the lead singer of the Foo Fighters and ex-drummer of Nirvana. In 2007, McCartney performed a secret gig at Amoeba Music in Hollywood – this performance appeared on the EP "Amoeba's Secret" and earned him a Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance nomination in 2009.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: McCartney performed "I Saw Her Standing There" at the 1986 Prince's Trust Rock Gala, as part of the 10th anniversary celebration of HRH Prince Charles' charity. He was supported by an all-star band featuring Elton John, Eric Clapton, Phil Collins, Mark Knopfler, and Ray King. Interviewed at the time, McCartney said: "It is a good thrill playing with musicians of this calibre ... since it was a birthday thing, they wanted to do something silly at the end, and that's me". Paul McCartney also performed a duet of this song with Billy Joel during the inaugural concert at Citi Field in Flushing, New York.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: George Harrison and Ringo Starr also performed the song with Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, Mick Jagger, and Bob Dylan, amongst others, at the Beatles' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. This makes it the only song by the Beatles that all four members performed on stage during their respective solo careers to any extent.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: "I Saw Him Standing There" was recorded and released by Tiffany. It appeared on her debut self-titled album, changing the lyrics to "him" instead of "her". The track was re-recorded and remixed for single release.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: In Japan, one of Tiffany's most well loved songs, "Can't Stop a Heartbeat" was the B-side. She and the song were featured in TV commercials for Meiji's "Marble Chocolate". "Can't Stop a Heartbeat" was released in Japan before the rest of the world on the B-side on the Japanese release of "I Saw Him Standing There" because it was made for a TV commercial for Meiji "Lucky" chocolate.


title: I Saw Her Standing There

text: The music video was a live performance of the song in front of thousands of screaming fans. Like her previous videos, it received considerable airplay on MTV and VH1.


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: Robert-François Damiens (; surname also recorded as "Damier"; 9 January 1715 – 28 March 1757) was a French domestic servant whose attempted assassination of King Louis XV in 1757 culminated in his public execution. He was the last person to be executed in France by dismemberment, the traditional form of death penalty reserved for regicides.


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: Damiens was born on 9 January 1715 in La Thieuloye, a village near Arras in northern France. He enlisted in the army at an early age. After his discharge, he became a domestic servant at the college of the Jesuits in Paris. He was dismissed from this, as well as from other employments, for misconduct, earning him the moniker ("Robert the Devil").


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: Damiens's motivation has always been debated, with some historians considering him to have been mentally unstable. From his answers under interrogation, Damiens seems to have been put into a state of agitation by the uproar that followed the refusal of the French Catholic clergy to grant the holy sacraments to members of the Jansenist sect. He appears to have laid the ultimate blame for this on the king, and so formed a plan to punish him.


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: On 5 January 1757 at 4:00 pm, as the King was entering his carriage at the Palace of Versailles, Damiens rushed past the King's bodyguards and stabbed him with a penknife, inflicting only a slight wound. He made no attempt to escape and was apprehended at once. Louis XV's thick winter clothes were protective, so the knife penetrated less than half an inch into his chest. Nevertheless, Louis was bleeding and called for a confessor to be brought to him, as he feared he might die. When the Queen ran to Louis's side, he asked forgiveness for his numerous affairs.


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: Damiens was arrested on the spot and taken away to be tortured to force him to divulge the identity of any accomplices or those who had sent him. This effort was unsuccessful. He was tried and condemned as a regicide by the Parlement of Paris, and sentenced to be drawn and quartered by horses at the Place de Grève.


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: Fetched from his prison cell on the morning of 28 March 1757, Damiens allegedly said "" ("The day will be hard"). He was first subjected to a torture in which his legs were painfully compressed by devices called "boots". He was then tortured with red-hot pincers; the hand with which he had held the knife during the attempted assassination was burned using sulphur; molten wax, molten lead, and boiling oil were poured into his wounds. He was then remanded to the royal executioner Charles Henri Sanson who, after emasculating Damiens, harnessed horses to his arms and legs to be dismembered. But Damiens's limbs did not separate easily: the officiants ordered Sanson to cut Damiens's tendons, and once that was done the horses were able to perform the dismemberment. Once Damiens was dismembered, to the applause of the crowd, his reportedly still-living torso was burnt at the stake. (Some accounts say he died when his last remaining arm was removed.)


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: Damiens’s final words are uncertain— some sources attribute to him "O death, why art thou so long in coming?"; others claim Damiens’s last words consisted mainly of various effusions for mercy from God.


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: After his death, the remains of Damiens's corpse were reduced to ashes and scattered in the wind. His house was razed, his brothers and sisters were forced to change their names, and his father, wife, and daughter were banished from France.


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: France had not experienced an attempted regicide since the killing of Henry IV in 1610. Damiens's infamy endured. Forty years after his death, the memory of Arras's most notorious citizen was used against another Arras native, Maximilien Robespierre. The polarizing figure of the French Revolution was described frequently by his enemies as the nephew of Damiens. Though untrue, the libel held considerable credibility among royalists and foreign sympathizers. For others, Damiens's execution became a cause célèbre exemplifying the barbarism of the Ancien Régime.


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: The execution was witnessed by 18th-century adventurer Giacomo Casanova, who included an account in his memoirs:


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: The critic Ian Haywood has argued that Edmund Burke alludes to Damiens's torture in "A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful" (1775), when he writes "When danger or pain "press too nearly", they are incapable of giving any delight, and are simply terrible; but at certain distances, and with certain modifications, they may be, and they are delightful" (emphasis added), punning on "press" to refer to Damiens's ordeal. Philosopher Cesare Beccaria explicitly cited Damiens's fate when he condemned torture and the death penalty in his treatise "On Crimes and Punishments" (1764). Thomas Paine in "Rights of Man" (1791) mentions Damiens's execution as an example of the cruelty of despotic governments; Paine argues that these methods were the reason why the masses dealt with their prisoners in such a cruel manner when the French Revolution occurred. Damiens's execution is also described and discussed at length by Michel Foucault in his treatise "Discipline and Punish", in examination of the shift in views on punishment which took place in Western culture in the following century. He cited Alexandre Zévaès' work, "Damiens le regicide".


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: Voltaire included a thinly-veiled account of Damiens's execution in his novella "Candide" (1759). The execution is referenced by Charles Dickens in (1859), Chapter XV:


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: An allusion to Damiens's attack and execution, and Casanova's account of it, are used by Mark Twain to suggest the cruelty and injustice of aristocratic power in chapter XVIII of "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" (1889). Baroness Orczy refers to the incident in "Mam'zelle Guillotine" (1940), part of the Scarlet Pimpernel series, which features the fictionalised character of his daughter Gabrielle Damiens. There is also a description of the death of Damiens in Peter Weiss's play "Marat/Sade" (1963).


title: Robert-François Damiens

text: In the historical manga "Innocent", Robert Damiens is a supporting character in the early part of the story. He forms a friendship with Charles Henri Sanson when Sanson offers his son medical treatment. Notably, Damiens is portrayed as a desperate man trying to provide for his family, with his attack on the King stated to be due to despair and a desire to see if the King was really different. Charles is ultimately forced to execute him.


title: Dream a Little Dream (film)

text: Dream a Little Dream is a popular 1989 American fantasy-romantic comedy film directed by Marc Rocco and starring Corey Feldman, Corey Haim, Meredith Salenger, Jason Robards, Piper Laurie and Harry Dean Stanton. It was filmed in Wilmington, North Carolina. This was the third film featuring The Two Coreys. A direct to video sequel, "Dream a Little Dream 2", was released in 1994.


title: Dream a Little Dream (film)

text: Bobby Keller (Corey Feldman) is a slacker high school student who, while running through a short cut through a backyard in his neighborhood one night, collides with Lainie Diamond (Meredith Salenger), over whom Bobby has recently been obsessing. During the collision, elderly professor Coleman Ettinger (Jason Robards) is performing a meditation exercise in the yard with his wife Gena (Piper Laurie), theorizing that if he and his wife can enter a meditative alpha state together voluntarily, they will be able to live together forever. However, just as the Ettingers are on the verge of completing their meditation experiment, the teenagers' collision renders both teens unconscious, enacting a type of body switch between the four characters.


title: Dream a Little Dream (film)

text: Bobby wakes up in his bedroom to find his best friend Dinger (Corey Haim) and his parents asking him if he's okay, but "Bobby" has no idea who these people are because he is actually Coleman trapped in Bobby Keller's body. Coleman leaves the house to find his wife but returns when he cannot find her or make any sense of the situation. On his return to Bobby's home, Coleman plays up the role of Bobby for his family and friend, just wanting to go to sleep to see if the alpha state he attains in dreams will give him any clue to what has gone wrong with the experiment.


title: Dream a Little Dream (film)

text: In his dream, Coleman is greeted by the real Bobby, who appears to be trapped in a dream partially generated by Coleman's own subconscious. Coleman discovers that Gena, skeptical of her husband's "dream state" theory from the beginning, is also trapped in the dream but is unable to communicate with him because part of her mind has been transferred to Lainie's body. Bobby informs Coleman that he has very little time to prevent what's left of his wife from forgetting about him and becoming lost in the dream forever.


title: Dream a Little Dream (film)

text: Bobby claims to know the secret to switch them all back, yet is reluctant to help Coleman do so, finding the dream-world he now inhabits to be more satisfying than the physical world in which he existed as a troubled teen. Coleman realizes he only has a few days (while pretending to be Bobby) to overcome generation gaps, high-school bullies, Lainie's violent and unstable boyfriend Joel, and Lainie's bitter and manipulative divorced mother in order to improve Bobby's grades, love-life, relationships with his family and friends, and connect with Lainie (who is not particularly fond of Bobby) enough to convince her to recreate the meditation experiment that might save his beloved wife.


title: Dream a Little Dream (film)

text: The soundtrack includes a mix of 1980s rock and classic music. Michael Damian covered the 1973 David Essex song "Rock On" which rose to number 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 the week of June 3, 1989, helped by a video featuring the film's lead actors.


title: Dream a Little Dream (film)

text: Mickey Thomas, the lead singer of the popular 1980s band Starship, recorded the film's title theme song and its duet version with Mel Tormé for the soundtrack. Thomas also appears as the teacher Mr. Pattison in the film.


title: Dream a Little Dream (film)

text: The movie made $2,568,963 during its opening weekend, with its widest release, in 1,019 theaters. The following week, its weekend gross dropped dramatically (by around 51%). Its domestic gross came out to be around $5,500,000.


title: Dream a Little Dream (film)

text: The film received largely negative reviews, earning a 9% on Rotten Tomatoes based on all 11 reviews counted. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 32 out of 100, based on 12 critics.


title: Lists of organisms by population

text: This is a collection of lists of organisms by their population. While most of the numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. Species population is a science falling under the purview of population ecology and biogeography. Individuals are counted by census, as carried out for the piping plover; using the transect method, as done for the mountain plover; and beginning in 2012 by satellite, with the emperor penguin being first subject counted in this manner.


title: Lists of organisms by population

text: More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. According to another study, the number of described species has been estimated at 1,899,587. 2000–2009 saw approximately 17,000 species described per year. The total number of undescribed organisms is unknown, but marine microbial species alone could number 20,000,000. For this reason, the number of quantified species will always lag behind the number of described species, and species contained in these lists tend to be on the K side of the r/K selection continuum. More recently, in May 2016, scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described. The total number of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 10 and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion [million million] tonnes of carbon). In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the Last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all organisms living on Earth.


title: Lists of organisms by population

text: The domain of eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms; however, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes number about 4–6 × 10 cells and 350–550 Pg of C.


title: Lists of organisms by population

text: It is estimated that the most numerous bacteria are of a species of the Pelagibacterales (or SAR11) clade, perhaps "Pelagibacter ubique", and the most numerous viruses are bacteriophages infecting these species. It is estimated that the oceans contain about 2.4 × 10 (24 octillion) SAR11 cells.


title: Lists of organisms by population

text: The Deep Carbon Observatory has been exploring living forms in the interior of the Earth. "Life in deep Earth totals 15 to 23 billion tons of carbon".


title: Lists of organisms by population

text: Recent figures indicate that there are more than 1.4 billion insects for each human on the planet, or roughly 10 (10 quintillion) individual living insects on the earth at any given time. An article in "The New York Times" claimed that the world holds 300 pounds of insects for every pound of humans. Ants have colonised almost every landmass on Earth. Their population is estimated as between 10–10 (10-100 quadrillion). With an estimated 20 quadrillion ants their biomass comes to 12 megatons of dry carbon, which is more than all wild birds and mammals combined.


title: Lists of organisms by population

text: According to NASA in 2005, there were over 400 billion trees on our globe. However, more recently, in 2015, using better methods, the global tree count has been estimated at about 3 trillion. Other studies show that the Amazonian forest alone yields approximately 430 billion trees. Extrapolations from data compiled over a period of 10 years suggest that greater Amazonia, which includes the Amazon Basin and the Guiana Shield, harbors around 390 billion individual trees.


title: RPG Group

text: The Rama Prasad Goenka Group, commonly known as RPG Group, is an Indian industrial and services conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The roots of the RPG Group can be traced back to the enterprise of Ramdutt Goenka in 1820. RPG Enterprises was established in 1979 by Rama Prasad Goenka and initially comprised the Phillips Carbon Black, Asian Cables, Agarpara Jute, and Murphy India companies. R. P. Goenka held the title of Chairman Emeritus until his death in 2013. The present chairman is Harsh Goenka, the elder son of R. P. Goenka.


title: RPG Group

text: Presently, the RPG Group comprises over fifteen companies in the areas of infrastructure, tyres, technology, and speciality. Some of the companies it holds are CEAT Tyres, information technology firm Zensar Technologies, infrastructure company KEC International, pharmaceutical company RPG Life Sciences, energy products company Raychem RPG, plantation company Harrisons Malayalam, and a one-stop shop for senior adults, Seniority.


title: RPG Group

text: The conglomerate's major companies, subsidiaries and affiliates are divided among the following 4 sectors.


title: RPG Group

text: CEAT is the flagship company of RPG Enterprises, with an annual turnover of in the financial year 2020-21. CEAT manufactures the largest range of tyres in India. It is the largest exporter of tyres in India, exporting to over 100 countries. The company is headquartered in Mumbai. It has manufacturing plants in Bhandup and Ambernath in Mumbai, Nashik, and Halol (near Baroda).


title: RPG Group

text: Entering the Sri Lankan market in 1992, CEAT India formed a joint venture with AMW, and subsequently a three-way venture with Kelani Tyres in 1999, to manufacture and market CEAT tyres in Sri Lanka. This venture resulted in the creation of CEAT Kelani Associated Holdings, formerly Kelani Tyres, which is today the largest domestic tyre manufacturer in Sri Lanka. The exit of AMW in 2009, resulted in a joint venture between CEAT Kelani Holdings and CEAT India. Commencing operations with one plant in Kalutara, the company today has three plants, including a radial plant constructed in 2006. CEAT Kelani is the single largest brand in the radial tyre segment in Sri Lanka, with a 33 percent market share.


title: RPG Group

text: In 2017, the conglomerate entered into a joint-venture with Bangladeshi group, A K Khan & Company, to set up a plant in Bhaluka, Mymensingh with an initial investment of US$67 million. CEAT will have a 70% stake in this joint-venture.


title: RPG Group

text: KEC is one of the largest power transmission engineering-procurement-construction (EPC) companies in the world, recording a turnover of in the financial year 2020–21. The company has developed power infrastructure in over 70 countries across South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Africa, Central Asia, and the Americas. While power transmission is its largest vertical market, the company also has a growing presence in railways, civil, urban infrastructure, solar infrastructure, and oil and gas cross-country pipelines.


title: RPG Group

text: In April 2010, KEC International set up the world's largest tower testing station at Butibori, in Nagpur. The new test station will facilitate validation of the largest towers ever designed for the country's futuristic Extra-High Voltage (EHV) energy network. In September 2010, KEC International acquired Houston-based SAE Towers, a group of operating companies incorporated in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, consolidated through SAE Towers Holdings, LLC. This acquisition created the second largest steel-lattice tower manufacturer in the world with approximately 1,02,000 MT of annual production capacity. The company is also executing EPC works for several transmission lines in the region.


title: RPG Group

text: Zensar Technologies is a global information technology services and business process outsourcer headquartered in Pune, India. It offers a range of integrated information technology (IT) and BPO products and services to Fortune 500 clients. Zensar has a marketing presence in the US, Europe, Asia Pacific, and South Africa. The company has operations and a customer base across all continents, including software development centers at Pune, Hyderabad, and Bangalore in India, Gdańsk, Poland, and the Middle East.


title: RPG Group

text: Zensar service areas include application support and development, application portfolio management, testing, enterprise collaboration and content management, enterprise application integration, business intelligence and data warehousing. Zensar's core competency is application modernization, using Zensar's SBP framework. Zensar is a CMMI Level 5 Company with activity that spans utilities, retail and distribution, banking, financial services and insurance, manufacturing, and telecommunications.


title: RPG Group

text: Raychem RPG Limited is a 50:50 joint venture between RPG and US group TE Connectivity (formerly Tyco Electronics), and is involved in engineering products and services catering to the infrastructure segments of the economy such as power, telecommunications, hydrocarbon, oil and gas, and water. It manufactures cable accessories up to 245 kV, and connector systems, viz. shear bolt, low power-loss wedge connectors, insulation piercing, deep step indentation, and bolted, up to 1200kV. Raychem Zero-Halogen Heat-shrink technology is widely used in Metro underground applications. Raychem has an innovation centre in Halol, Gujarat, wherein research on polymers for electrical applications, connection technologies, and power electronics, take place. The thrust is on solutions to the power sector, to lower the Aggregate Technical & Commercial losses (AT & C). Raychem RPG has introduced Delta-transformer technology, which has lower No-load losses, as compared to conventional transformers.


title: RPG Group

text: RPG Life Sciences (RPGLS) is an Indian pharmaceutical company, formerly known as Searle (India) Ltd. Its three major sources of business are manufacturing and marketing of bulk drugs, also known as API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients), pharmaceutical formulation and fermentation & biotechnology. It is represented in more than 30 countries by means of strategic partnership and joint ventures. It has global partnership for dossiers/DMF in Europe and Canada, artificial sugar in UK, NSAID in Europe, and formulations in Asia, Canada and Europe.


title: RPG Group

text: RPGLS offers services like marketing partnership, NDDS development, development of non-infringing process technologies, and P2P and/or contract manufacturing to its global partners. In 2012, it was named as one of India's best places to work by the Great Places to Work institute.


title: RPG Group

text: Harrisons Malayalam is an agricultural business corporation with a history that goes back to over 150 years. It cultivates between 14’000 ha – 26’000 ha (information varies) of its own land and processes products from other farmlands in its neighbourhood. In addition to banana, cardamom, cocoa, coffee, coconut, pepper, and vanilla, its primary products are rubber, tea, and pineapple. Harrisons Malayalam is the largest producer of pineapples in India, the largest producer of tea in South India, and is the largest employer in the region. It employs around 13,000 people in rural Kerala, and more than 100,000 people are dependent on the company for their livelihood.


title: RPG Group

text: It is the venture capital arm of the RPG group, which makes investments in innovative startups in different sectors like health and wellness, technology, automotive, infrastructure, and project management. In October 2016, it invested an undisclosed amount in Bangalore-based bot-mitigation and management startup, ShieldSquare, through a series-A funding. In September 2017, it invested US$1 million in Pune-based elderly-care e-commerce platform, Seniority. In November 2017, it backed the Pune-based online pharmacy, Medsonway Solutions with US$600,000.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: Islam in Sweden refers to the practice of Islam in Sweden, as well as historical ties between Sweden and the Islamic world. Viking contact with Islam dates back to the 7th–10th centuries, when the Vikings traded with Muslims during the Islamic Golden Age. Since the late 1960s and more recently, immigration from predominantly Muslim countries has impacted the demographics of religion in Sweden, and has been the main driver of the spread of Islam in the country.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: The Muslim community in Sweden hails from numerous countries, making it a complex and heterogeneous population. According to a 2019 report from the Swedish Agency for Support to Faith Communities, there were 200,445 Muslims in Sweden who practiced their religion regularly; this count came from those registered with Islamic congregations. Population increases between 2004 and 2012 have been attributed to immigrants from Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan. The US Department of State's "Sweden 2014 International Religious Freedom Report" set the 2014 figure of Muslims in Sweden at around 600,000 people, 6% of the total Swedish population. A 2017 Pew Research report documents Sweden's Muslim population at 810,000 people, 8.1% of Sweden's total population of 10 million people.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: Pre-Islamic Arabic coins originating from the Middle East have been found at Iron Age burial sites. Archaeological findings have also shown Viking contact with Islam dating back to the 7th–10th centuries, when the Vikings seem to have been trading with the medieval Islamic world, among others.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: The Swedish census in 1930 listed 15 people as belonging to the group "Muslims and other Asian faiths". Although the number of Muslims themselves are not known, one estimate suggests a maximum of 11 but could have been as low as 2.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In modern Sweden, the first registered Muslim groups were Finnish Tatars who emigrated from Finland and Estonia in the 1940s. Islam began to have a noticeable presence in Sweden with immigration from the Middle East beginning in the 1970s. Further waves of immigrants came to Sweden from the former Yugoslav republics, and more recently from Somalia.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: Sweden has a number of mosques providing the Muslim communities in Sweden places of worship. The first mosque in Sweden was the Nasir Mosque, built in 1976 in Gothenburg by the Ahmadiyya. It was followed by the Malmö Mosque, 1984, and later, the Uppsala Mosque in 1995. More mosques were built during the 2000s, including the Stockholm Mosque (2000) and the Fittja Mosque (completed 2007), among others. The governments of Saudi Arabia and Libya have financially supported the constructions of some of the largest Mosques in Sweden.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: The first meeting between Muslim youth organizations across Europe first took place in Sweden in 1995, in which the Foreign Ministry of Sweden worked with "Sveriges Unga Muslimer" to hold an international conference titled "Islam in Europe." This led to the creation of the Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organizations (FEMYSO).


title: Islam in Sweden

text: As of the year 2000, an estimated 300,000 to 350,000 people of Muslim background lived in Sweden, or 3.5% of total population; thereby included is anyone who fits the broad definition of someone who "belongs to a Muslim people by birth, has Muslim origin, has a name that belongs in the Muslim tradition, etc." regardless of personal religious convictions, of whom about 100,000 were second-generation immigrants (born in Sweden or immigrated as children). In Sweden registration by personal belief is not common and is normally against the law, thus only figures of practising Muslims belonging to an Islamic community can be reported. In 2009, the Muslim Council of Sweden reported 106,327 registered members.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In December 2008, riots broke out in Malmö in the Herrgården section of Rosengård, when the landlord did not renew the contract for the premises of a local mosque. Angry youths occupied the premises for three weeks, at the end of which police coming to evict the occupiers were confronted by about 30 occupiers, including radical Muslims and activists affiliated with the radical leftist Antifaschistische Aktion. The occupiers attacked police with pipe bombs and rocks and the incident rapidly escalated, with protestors arriving from other cities and officials calling in riot police. Rioters set fire to cars, wagons, kiosks, building sheds, recycling stations, and bicycle sheds. After two nights of rioting, 200 adult Malmö residents organized by the Islamiska kulturföreningen (“Islamic Cultural Forum”) moved into the streets to mediate, causing the youthful rioters to desist.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In September 2018, the mosque in Alby, Botkyrka via its Green Party member Ali Khali delivered an offer to the Moderate Party where the 3000 votes of the worshippers would be given to the Moderate Party in exchange for planning permission to build a new mosque. The Green Party forced Khalil to leave the party after the finding was made public by Swedish Television.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In September 2018, the Social Democratic Party in Karlshamn revoked the membership of a Muslim politician after translations from Arabic showed that the politician had campaigned for the supremacy of Islam over Swedish customs, against vulnerable children being taken care of by social services and that women with Arabic heritage should wear the Islamic veil. The statements were verified with interpreters.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In April and May 2019, five senior members of the Swedish Muslim community were detained by the Swedish Migration Agency by orders of the Säpo security police.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In December 2019, the municipality of Skurup banned Islamic veils in educational institutions. Earlier, the municipality of Staffanstorp approved a similar ban.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In 2018, preschools in Biskopsgården district were reprimanded by the Municipality of Gothenburg after Göteborgs-Posten newspaper had found out that 4 out of 5 kindergartens stated they were willing to force girls in their care to wear the Islamic hijab if the parents requested it. The newspaper found a willingness by preschools to force at 27 of the 40 investigated institutions in Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: Although there are no official statistics of Muslims in Sweden, estimates count 200,000—250,000 people of Muslim background in 2000 (i.e. anyone who fits the broad definition of someone who "belongs to a Muslim people by birth, has Muslim origin, has a name that belongs in the Muslim tradition, etc."), roughly estimated close to 100,000 of which are second-generation. Of the first-generation Muslims, 255,000 are thought to be Sunni, 5,000 Shi'ites, no more than 1,000 Ahmadiya, Alevi and other groups and probably no more than 5,000 converts – mainly women married to Muslim men. In 2009 a US report stated that there are 450,000 to 500,000 Muslims in Sweden, around 5% of the total population, and that the Muslim Council of Sweden reported 106,327 officially registered members. Swedish estimates are rather 350,000, including nominal Muslims and people from a Muslim background.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: Such numbers do not imply religious beliefs or participation; Åke Sander claimed in 1992 that at most 40–50% of the people of Muslim background in Sweden "could reasonably be considered to be religious", and in 2004, based on discussions and interviews with Muslim leaders, concerning second-generation Muslims born and raised in Sweden that "it does not seem that the percentage they consider to be religious Muslims in a more qualified sense exceeds fifteen percent, or perhaps even less". Sander re-stated in 2004 that "we do not think it unreasonable to put the figure of religious Muslims in Sweden at the time of writing at close to 150,000". Professor Mohammad Fazlhashemi at Umeå University estimates "a good 100,000". About 25,000 are regarded as devout Muslims, visiting Friday prayers and practising daily prayers.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: Muslims in Sweden most often originate from Iraq, Iran, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, the Iraqis being by far the largest group in 2015. Most Iranians and Iraqis fled as refugees to Sweden during the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988. The second-largest Muslim group consists of immigrants or refugees from Eastern Europe, particularly from former Yugoslavian countries, most of them being Bosniaks, who number 12,000. There is also a sizeable community of Somalis, who numbered 40,165 in 2011. They are followed by Muslim refugees from Syria and Somalia, two very rapidly growing groups. Two other groups, residing in Sweden for a decade longer, are people from Turkey and Lebanon.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: Pew Research Center estimate differs from most other sources and lists the number of self-identified Muslims in Sweden at 810,000 (or 8.1% of the total population) for the year 2016. About a third of these are believed to practice their religion. In order to predict the number of Muslims in Sweden in the year 2050, they looked at three scenarios: zero migration, medium migration (with no new refugees, but same levels of other immigration as recently), and high migration (same total level as 2015-2016). In the year 2050 the number of Muslims in Sweden would be 1,130,000 (or 11.1% of the population) under the zero migration scenario, 2,470,000 (or 20.5% of the population) under the medium migration scenario, and 4,450,000 (or 30.6% of the population) under the high migration scenario. Michael Lipka, editor at Pew, considers the zero and high migration scenarios unlikely. The prediction has been criticized by researchers for not considering that birth rates among immigrants is expected to decrease, and that many immigrants later migrate to other countries or return to their birth countries. On the other hand, the prediction has not considered current asylum seekers waiting for decision, undocumented immigrants and people in a state of impediment to expulsion.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In 2017 Swedish Security Police reported that the number of jihadists in Sweden had risen to thousands from about 200 in 2010. Based on social media analysis, an increase was noted in 2013. BBC reported in 2016 that more than 300 people in Sweden have gone to fight in Iraq and Syria, which makes Sweden a high exporter of jihadists per capita.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: There are no official statistics on the exact number of Swedish converts to Islam, but Anne Sofie Roald, a historian of religions at Malmö University College, estimates the number of converts from the Church of Sweden to Islam to be 3,500 people since the 1960s. Roald further states that conversions are also occurring from Islam to the Church of Sweden, most noticeably by Iranians, but also by Arabs and Pakistanis.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: The first known convert to Islam was the famous painter Ivan Aguéli who was initiated into the Shadhiliyya order in Egypt in 1909. It was Aguéli who introduced the French metaphysician René Guénon to Sufism. Aguéli is more known among Sufis by his Muslim name Abdul-Hadi al-Maghribi. Other well-known Swedish converts to Islam are Tage Lindbom, Kurt Almqvist, Mohammed Knut Bernström and Tord Olsson. Lindbom, Almqvist and Olsson are also initiates into various Sufi orders. Bernström translated the Quran into Swedish in 1998.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: Several mosques have been built in Sweden since the 1980s, with notable ones in Malmö (1984) and Stockholm (2000). The Bellevue Mosque and the Brandbergen Mosque in the 2000s came to public attention as recruitment and propaganda centers for Islamist terrorism.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In recent years, Islamic places of worship have increasingly been subject to vandalism. Swedish historian Mattias Gardell from Uppsala University sent a survey to 173 mosques, with 106 responding. 59% reported being subject to some sort of physical attack.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: The beginning of nationwide Islamic (Sunni) institutions in Sweden dates back to the creation of FIFS ("Förenade Islamiska Församlingar i Sverige") in 1973–1974. In 1982 and 1984 two splits, due to internal rivalries, cultural differences, personal conflicts and funding, brought to the creation of SMF ("Svenska Muslimska Förbundet") and ICUS, today IKUS ("Islamska Kulturcenterunionen i Sverige"). Others national institutions are BHIRF ("Bosnien-Hercegovinas Islamiska riksförbund"), founded in 1995 by Bosnian refugees, IRFS ("Islamiska Riksförbundet"), also since 1995, and SIA (Svenska Islamiska Akademin), founded in 2000 by the former ambassador Mohammed Knut Bernström, with the task of establishing in the future an Islamic university in Sweden, charged with imam education. SIA also publishes since February 2001 the periodical "Minaret" in Swedish.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: There exist also the women association IKF ("Islamiska Kvinnoförbund i Sverige"), the youth association IUF ("Islamiska Ungdomförbundet i Sverige") and the imam association SIR ("Sveriges Imamråd"). IIF ("Islamiska Informationföreningen") is a member association of FIFS aiming at providing information about Islam in Sweden; 1986–2000 it published "Salaam", whose editorial board has always been dominated by women, mainly Swedish converts.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: National and target organization have also created umbrella organizations in order to simplify their relationships to the state. FIFS and SMF have created in 1990 SMR ("Sveriges Muslimska Råd"), of which SUM is also member. The IKUS umbrella organization is named IRIS ("Islamiska Rådet i Sverige") and includes also IKF, IUF and SIR. Above all, IS ("Islamiska samarbetsrådet") deals with financial issues with the commission for state grants to religious communities (SST); it includes FIFS, SMF, IKUS, ISS and SIF.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: The Muslim Council of Sweden (Swedish: "Sveriges muslimska råd, SMR") is an umbrella organisation of Islamic organisations in Sweden. It was founded in 1990 by representatives of the (FIFS), and the Muslim Association of Sweden (, SMuF). The former chairwoman of the organisation is Helena Hummasten, who succeeded Mostafa Kharraki.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: According to islamologist Sameh Egyptson at Lund University, several people in leadership positions of the council are Islamists and support the Muslim Brotherhood. The council organised a demonstration to protest when Mohamed Morsi was removed from office in Egypt.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In 1999, the organisation was part of an alliance with the Religious Social Democrats (Swedish: "Tro och Solidaritet") faction of the Social Democratic Party, where the council was to gain influence in Swedish politics via quotas for the number of Muslim politicians on election lists for council, region and Riksdag elections. Tro och Solidaritet was to further Islamic interests such as legislation and contracts concerning Muslim holidays, instituting a tax-financed training for imams via the National Agency for Higher Education and rules in working places for the Jumu'ah (Friday prayer). According to Religious Social Democrats chairman Peter Weiderud in 2014, the Religious Social Democrats were still in contact with SMR.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: The organisation Muslim Youth of Sweden (Swedish: "Sveriges Unga Muslimer", SUM) with its headquarters at Stockholm Mosque received state aid from the Swedish Agency for Youth and Civil Society (Swedish acronym: MUCF) in the years 2011–2015. SUM had to pay back the government funds for 2016 and 2017 due to the organisation failing to respect the ideals of democracy. A report outlined how sympathisers and activists for extremist movements had leading positions of local chapters of SUM.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: A number of Swedish academics member of "Antirasistiska Akademin" (ArA), among them Edda Manga and Maimuna Abdullahi (also of MMRK) criticized the decision of MUCF to withhold further state aid to the organization.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In 2019, the administrative court of appeal upheld the decision to deny state aid to the organisation on the grounds that its representatives on occasion had made remarks incompatible with democracy and was ordered to repay 1.4 million SEK.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: Islamic Relief in Sweden was founded in 1992 and is part of the international Muslim aid charity Islamic Relief which was founded in the UK.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: IR in Sweden receives and channels tax funding primarily from government agencies Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and . In 2019 IR Sweden received 167 million SEK and 139 million SEK in tax funding.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: The Muslim Association of Sweden (Swedish: "Sveriges muslimska förbund, SMF") is Sweden's largest Muslim organisation, which represents around 70,000 Muslims in Sweden, which receives state aid from Swedish Agency for Support to Faith Communities. The organization claims to be separate from the Muslim Brotherhood, but does claim to be inspired by its values. For example, one of the representatives of the organization, Mahmoud Aldebe, sent a letter in April 2006 to different Swedish political parties asking to exempt Muslims from Swedish divorce law.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: "Muslimska Mänskliga Rättighetskommittén" (MMRK) (loosely translated: "Muslim human rights committee") an organization modeled after the UK-based organisation Cageprisoner. MMRK consider the criminalisation of travelling to commit terror abroad to be a form of racial laws directed towards Muslims. MMRK also claim that returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters do not constitute a security threat. Spokesperson Maimuna Abdullahi also criticized suggestions that travelling to conflict zones should be criminalized in a letter published by Swedish Television.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: In May 2010, Munir Awad was invited to speak at a seminar criticizing the anti-terrorism laws of Sweden organized by MMRK. Awad was arrested in December 2010 for the 2010 Copenhagen terror plot for which he was later convicted and sentenced to jail.


title: Islam in Sweden

text: According to Dagens Nyheter in 2017, nine mosques in Sweden have imams sent and paid for by the Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet). Along with their religious duties, the imams are also tasked with reporting on critics of theTurkish government. According to Dagens Nyheter, propaganda for president Erdogan is openly presented in the mosques.