title: River of Dreams

text: As of 2022, "River of Dreams" is the last rock album Joel has released. The last studio album he released was "Fantasies & Delusions" in 2001, a classical recording featuring solo piano performed by Hyung-ki "Richard" Joo. Since "River of Dreams", Joel has recorded occasional rock/pop singles and continues to play live.


title: River of Dreams

text: The album cover was a painting by Joel's then-wife, Christie Brinkley. In 1993, "Rolling Stone" gave her the "Top Picks" award for "The Best Album Cover of the Year".


title: River of Dreams

text: In the summer of 1992, Billy Joel held a series of writing and recording sessions on Shelter Island, New York; these sessions eventually produced seven tracks, self-produced by Joel.


title: River of Dreams

text: Joel was dissatisfied with the results, and so, on the recommendation of Don Henley, he brought in session guitarist Danny Kortchmar for another take on the songs. Kortchmar agreed to produce, provided he be allowed to use session musicians on the recordings, to which Joel agreed. Only one song from the Shelter Island sessions, "Shades of Grey", would make the final album in its original produced form.


title: River of Dreams

text: A Voyage on the River of Dreams is an Australian 3-CD box set released in 1994, which includes the studio album, "River of Dreams", along with a 6-track live CD from the '93–'94 River of Dreams Tour, plus a Questions & Answers CD recorded at Princeton University. This box set made the charts in Australia (No. 33) and New Zealand (No. 47), the only places besides Japan where the set was officially released.


title: River of Dreams

text: "River of Dreams" stands as Billy Joel's most recent studio album of original materials in the pop/rock genre. Joel has often stated that the album itself was designed to stand as his final record and that while he still composes music, he no longer writes within the pop/rock music vein and has no more interest in the recording industry. Accordingly, Joel's succeeding one-off studio album "Fantasies & Delusions" which was released in 2001 was an instrumental album of classical piano pieces containing no pop songs whatsoever. However, there is currently a petition online at Change.org created by a group of Billy Joel fans asking him to put out at least one more studio album with new songs of original materials in the pop/rock genre.


title: AI Dungeon

text: AI Dungeon is a free-to-play single-player and multiplayer text adventure game which uses artificial intelligence to generate content. It allows players to create and share their own custom adventure settings. The game's first version was made available on Google Colaboratory in May 2019, and its second version (initially called "AI Dungeon 2") was released online and for iOS and Android in December 2019. The AI model was then upgraded in July 2020.


title: AI Dungeon

text: "AI Dungeon" is a text adventure game that uses artificial intelligence to generate random storylines in response to player submitted stimulus.


title: AI Dungeon

text: Players are prompted to choose a setting for their adventure (e.g. fantasy, mystery, apocalyptic, cyberpunk, zombies), followed by other options relevant to the setting (such as character class for fantasy settings).


title: AI Dungeon

text: After beginning an adventure, there are three main interaction methods that can be chosen for each of the player's pieces of text input:


title: AI Dungeon

text: The game adapts and responds to most actions entered by the player. Providing blank input can also be used to prompt the AI to generate further content, and the game also provides players with options to undo or redo or modify recent events in order to improve the game's narrative. Players are also given an option to explicitly tell the AI what elements to "remember" for reference in future parts of their play-through.


title: AI Dungeon

text: In addition to the pre-configured settings available in "AI Dungeon", players have the ability to create custom "adventures" from scratch by describing the setting in text format. The AI will then generate a setting based on the user's input.


title: AI Dungeon

text: Custom adventures that players create can be published for others to play. The game provides an interface for browsing published adventures along with the ability to leave comments and like them.


title: AI Dungeon

text: "AI Dungeon" includes a multiplayer mode in which different players each have a dedicated character and can take turns interacting with the AI within the same game session. This supports both online play across multiple devices or local play using a shared device.


title: AI Dungeon

text: The game's host players are given additional permissions, whereby they can supervise the AI and make modifications to its output.


title: AI Dungeon

text: Unlike the single-player game, in which actions and stories use second person narration, multiplayer game stories are presented using third-person narration.


title: AI Dungeon

text: "AI Dungeon" allows players to set their adventures within specific "Worlds," which give context to the broader environment in which the adventure takes place. This feature was first released with two different worlds available for selection: Xaxas, a "world of peace and prosperity," and Kedar, a "world of dragons, demons, and monsters."


title: AI Dungeon

text: The first version of "AI Dungeon" (sometimes referred to as "AI Dungeon Classic") was designed and created by Nick Walton of Brigham Young University's "Perception, Control, and Cognition" deep learning laboratory in March 2019 during a hackathon. Before this, Walton had been working as an intern for several companies in the field of autonomous vehicles.


title: AI Dungeon

text: This creation used an early version of the GPT-2 natural-language-generating neural network, created by OpenAI, allowing it to generate its own original adventure narratives. During his first interactions with GPT-2, Walton was partly inspired by the tabletop game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), which he had played for the first time with his family a few months earlier:


title: AI Dungeon

text: “I realized that there were no games available that gave you the same freedom to do anything that I found in [Dungeons & Dragons] ... You can be so creative compared to other games."


title: AI Dungeon

text: Unlike later versions of "AI Dungeon", the original did not allow players to specify any action they wanted. Instead, it generated them a finite list of possible actions to choose from.


title: AI Dungeon

text: This first version of the game was released to the public in May 2019. It was released within Google Colab, an online tool for data scientists and AI researchers that allows for free execution of code on Google-hosted machines. It required players to download the full model, 5 gigabytes of data at the time. Within days of the initial release, this mandatory download resulted in bandwidth charges of over $20,000, forcing the temporary shut-down of the game until a peer-to-peer alternative solution was established.


title: AI Dungeon

text: This initial version is not to be confused with another GPT-2-based adventure game, "GPT Adventure", created by Northwestern University neuroscience postgraduate student Nathan Whitmore, also released on Google Colab several months after the public release of "AI Dungeon".


title: AI Dungeon

text: Reflecting later on the first version of "AI Dungeon", Walton stated that:"The first version of AI Dungeon was entertaining in its own wacky way, but it could almost never form a cohesive story... it was nothing like what it's become today."


title: AI Dungeon

text: In November 2019, a new, "full" version of GPT-2 was released by OpenAI. This new model included support for 1.5 billion parameters (which determine the accuracy with which a machine learning model can perform a task), compared with the 126 million parameter version used in the earliest stages of "AI Dungeon"'s development. The game was recreated by Walton, leveraging this new version of the model, and temporarily rebranded as "AI Dungeon 2".


title: AI Dungeon

text: "AI Dungeon 2"'s AI was given more focused training compared to its predecessor, using genre-specific text. This training material included approximately 30 megabytes of content web-scraped from chooseyourstory.com (an online community website of content inspired by interactive gamebooks, written by contributors of multiple skill levels, using logic of differing complexity) and multiple D&D rulebooks & adventures.


title: AI Dungeon

text: Initially, the new version was released as open-source software available on GitHub; however, in December 2019, it became closed-source, proprietary software and was relaunched by Walton's start-up development team, Latitude (with Walton taking on the role of CTO). This relaunch included both a new web-based interface on December 5 and mobile apps for iOS & Android (built by app developer Braydon Batungbacal) on December 17. Other members of this team included Thorsten Kreutz for the game's long-term strategy and the creator's brother, Alan Walton, for hosting infrastructure.


title: AI Dungeon

text: At this time, Nick Walton also established a Patreon campaign to support the game's further growth (such as addition of multiplayer and voice support, along with longer-term plans to include music and image content) and turn the game into a commercial endeavor, which Walton felt was necessary in order to cover the costs of delivering a high-quality version of the game. "AI Dungeon" was one of the only commercial applications to be based upon GPT-2.


title: AI Dungeon

text: Following its first announcement in December 2019, a multiplayer mode was added to the game in April 2020. Hosting a game in this mode was originally restricted to premium subscribers, although any players could join a hosted game.


title: AI Dungeon

text: In July 2020, the developers introduced a premium-exclusive version of the AI model, named "Dragon", which uses OpenAI's new API for leveraging the GPT-3 model without maintaining a local copy (released on June 11, 2020). GPT-3 was trained with 570 gigabytes of text content (approximately one trillion words, with a $12 million development cost) and can support 175 billion parameters, compared to the 40 gigabytes of training content and 1.5 billion parameters of GPT-2.


title: AI Dungeon

text: Speaking shortly after this release, on the differences between GPT-2 and GPT-3, Walton stated:"[GPT-3 is] one of the most powerful AI models in the world... It's just much more coherent in terms of understanding who the characters are, what they're saying, what's going on in the story and just being able to write an interesting and believable story."In the latter half of 2020, the "Worlds" feature was added to "AI Dungeon", providing players with a selection of overarching worlds in which their adventures can take place. In February 2021, it was announced that "AI Dungeon"'s developers, Latitude, had raised $3.3 million in seed funding (led by NFX, with participation from Album VC and Griffin Gaming Partners) to "build games with ‘infinite' story possibilities." The intention of this funding was to move AI content creation beyond the purely text-based nature of "AI Dungeon" as it existed at the time.


title: AI Dungeon

text: Approximately two thousand people played the original version of the game within the first month of its May 2019 release. By contrast, within a week of its December 2019 relaunch, the game reached over 100,000 players and over 500,000 play-throughs, and reached 1.5 million players by June 2020.


title: AI Dungeon

text: As of December 2019, the game's corresponding Patreon campaign was raising approximately $15,000 per month.


title: AI Dungeon

text: In his January 2020 review of the GPT-2-powered version of "AI Dungeon" (known at the time as "AI Dungeon 2"), Craig Grannell of "Stuff Magazine" named it "App of the Week" and awarded it 4 out of 5 stars. Grannell praised the game's flexibility and its custom story feature, but criticized the abrupt shifts in content that were common in the GPT-2 edition of the game:"["AI Dungeon" is] an endless world of dreamlike storytelling, and a fascinating glimpse into the future of AI."Campbell Bird of "148Apps" also awarded this edition of the game 4 out of 5 stars in his review, also praising its creativity whilst criticizing the lack of memory for previous content:""AI Dungeon" is like doing improv with a partner who is equal parts enthusiastic and drunk... [It] is a game that's charming, occasionally frustrating, but mostly just impressive in its raw creativity and spirit."Jon Mundy of "TapSmart" awarded it a 3 out of 5-star rating, similarly, praising its variety and the "magical" custom adventure option, but described its adventure narratives as "often too passive and vague" and lacking in resolution.


title: AI Dungeon

text: The AI's tendency to create graphic and sexual content despite not being prompted by players was noted by reviewers, including Lindsay Bicknell. Latitude CEO Nick Walton and employee Suchin Gururangan responded to such concerns, stating that the behavior was unexpected and reasoning that such a thing occurs due to a lack of strict constraints placed on the GPT-3 model. They stated that they did not do enough to prevent it from behaving this way "in the wild".


title: AI Dungeon

text: In addition to those who used "AI Dungeon" for its primary purpose as a game, other users experimented with using its language generation interface to create other forms of content that would not be found in traditional games (primarily via the custom adventure option). Although the game was primarily trained using text adventures, training content for the GPT models themselves included large amounts of web content (including the entirety of the English-language Wikipedia), thereby allowing the game to adapt to areas outside of this core focus. Examples of "AI Dungeon" being used in this way include:


title: AI Dungeon

text: In April 2021, "AI Dungeon" implemented a new algorithm for content moderation to prevent instances of text-based simulated child pornography created by users. The moderation process involved a human moderator reading through private stories. The filter frequently flagged false positives due to wording (terms like "eight-year-old laptop" misinterpreted as the age of a child), affecting permissible pornographic and non-pornographic stories. Controversy and review bombing of "AI Dungeon" occurred as a result of the moderation system, citing false positives and a lack of communication between Latitude and its userbase following the change.


title: AI Dungeon

text: In June 2022, "AI Dungeon" added advertisements to replace the past "energy" (users would need to wait to get more turns at generating AI content) system. The advertisement system would allow infinite tries of AI output, but would occasionally interrupt gameplay with advertisements. This addition was met with backlash from users, and Latitude would add a beta system in response, allowing storing of actions with the only way of getting more actions being watching an advertisement.


title: Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology

text: The wolf is a common motif in the foundational mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout Eurasia and North America (corresponding to the historical extent of the habitat of the gray wolf). The obvious attribute of the wolf is its nature of a predator, and correspondingly it is strongly associated with ferocity, loyalty, sharp intelligence and appetite for freedom, making it the symbol of the warrior on one hand, and that of the devil on the other. The modern trope of the Big Bad Wolf is a development of this. The wolf holds great importance in the cultures and religions of the nomadic peoples, both of the Eurasian steppe and North American Plains.


text: Wolves were sometimes associated with witchcraft in both northern European and some Native American cultures: in Norse folklore, the völva Hyndla and the gýgr Hyrrokin are both portrayed as using wolves as mounts, while in Navajo culture, wolves were feared as witches in wolf's clothing. Similarly, the Tsilhqot'in believed that contact with wolves could cause mental illness and death.


text: One of the earliest written references to black wolves occurs in the Babylonian epic "Gilgamesh", in which the titular character rejects the sexual advances of the goddess Ishtar, reminding her that she had transformed a previous lover, a shepherd, into a wolf, thus turning him into the very animal that his flocks must be protected against.


text: The names of nation of Georgia derives from Old Persian designation of the Georgians "vrkān" (𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴) meaning "the land of the wolves", that would eventually transform into "gorğān", term that will be finding its way into most European languages as "Georgia".


text: The wolf is a national symbol of Chechnya. According to folklore, the Chechens are "born of a she-wolf", as included in the central line in the national myth. The "lone wolf" symbolizes strength, independence and freedom. A proverb about the teips (clans) is "equal and free like wolves".


text: Unlike the fox and the bear, the wolf has been feared and hated in Finland for a long time. The wolf has been the symbol of destruction and desolation to the extent that the very word for wolf in the Finnish language, "susi", also means "a useless thing", and the by-name "hukka" means perdition and annihilation. While the bear has been the sacred animal of the Finns, wolves have been hunted and killed mercilessly for a long time. The wolf has been represented as an implacable and malicious predator, killing more than it manages to eat.


text: In Proto-Indo-European mythology, the wolf was presumably associated with the warrior class ("kóryos"), who would "transform into wolves" (or dogs) upon their initiation. This is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the "Tierkrieger" depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone (1987)


text: According to legend, the establishment of the Lithuanian capital Vilnius began when the grand duke Gediminas dreamt of an iron wolf howling near the hill. Lithuanian goddess Medeina was described as a single, unwilling to get married, though voluptuous and beautiful huntress. She was depicted as a she-wolf with an escort of wolves.


text: In his book "From Zalmoxis to Genghis Khan", Mircea Eliade attempted to give a mythological foundation to an alleged special relation between Dacians and the wolves:


text: Norse mythology prominently includes three malevolent wolves, in particular: the giant Fenrisulfr or Fenrir, eldest child of Loki and Angrboda who was feared and hated by the Æsir, and Fenrisulfr's children, Sköll and Hati. Fenrir is bound by the gods, but is ultimately destined to grow too large for his bonds and devour Odin during the course of Ragnarök. At that time, he will have grown so large that his upper jaw touches the sky while his lower touches the earth when he gapes. He will be slain by Odin's son, Viðarr, who will either stab him in the heart or rip his jaws asunder, according to different accounts. Fenrir's two offspring will, according to legend, devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök. On the other hand, however, the wolves Geri and Freki were the Norse god Odin's faithful pets who were reputed to be "of good omen."


text: Wolves were seen as both being negative and positive to the Norse people. On one hand, they can represent chaos and destruction (e.g. Fenrir, Skoll, and Hati), while on the other hand, they can also represent bravery, loyalty, protection, and wisdom.


text: In the Hervarar saga, king Heidrek is asked by Gestumblindi (Odin), "What is that lamp which lights up men, but flame engulfs it, and wargs grasp after it always." Heidrek knows the answer is the Sun, explaining: "She lights up every land and shines over all men, and Skoll and Hatti are called wargs. Those are wolves, one going before the sun, the other after the moon."


text: But wolves also served as mounts for more or less dangerous humanoid creatures. For instance, "Gunnr's horse" was a kenning for "wolf" on the Rök runestone, in the Lay of Hyndla, the völva Hyndla rides a wolf, and to Baldr's funeral, the gýgr Hyrrokin arrived on a wolf.


text: Wolf or Wulf is used as a surname, given name, and a name among Germanic-speaking peoples. "Wolf" is also a component in other Germanic names:


text: Mount Lykaion () is a mountain in Arcadia where an altar of Zeus was located. "Zeus Lykaios" was said to have been born and brought up on it, and was the home of Pelasgus and his son Lycaon, who is said to have founded the ritual of Zeus practiced on its summit. This seems to have involved a human sacrifice, and a feast in which the man who received the portion of a human victim was changed to a wolf, as Lycaon had been after sacrificing a child. The sanctuary of Zeus played host to athletic games held every four years, the "Lykaia".


text: According to Suda the bodyguards of Peisistratos were called wolf-feet (Λυκόποδες), because they always had their feet covered with wolf-skins, to prevent frostbite; alternatively because they had a wolf symbol on their shields.


text: In the Rig Veda, Ṛjrāśva is blinded by his father as punishment for having given 101 of his family's sheep to a she-wolf, who in turn prays to the Ashvins to restore his sight. Wolves are occasionally mentioned in Hindu mythology. In the Harivamsa, Krishna, to convince the people of Vraja to migrate to Vṛndāvana, creates hundreds of wolves from his hairs, which frighten the inhabitants of Vraja into making the journey. Bhima, the voracious son of the god Vayu, is described as "Vṛkodara", meaning "wolf-stomached".


text: According to Zoroastrian legends, Zoroaster as a child was carried by the devs (the gods) to the lair of the she-wolf, in expectation that the savage beast would kill it; but she accepted it among her own cubs, and Vahman brought an ewe to the den which suckled it. (It was impossible in the Zoroastrian legend for the wolf herself to give milk to the infant, since wolves are regarded as daevic creatures.)


text: According to the Avesta, the sacred text of the Zoroastrians, wolves are a creation from the 'darkness' of the evil spirit Ahriman, and are ranked among the most cruel of animals. and belong to the "daevas". The "Bundahishn", which is a Middle Persian text on the Zoroastrian creation myth, has a chapter dedicated to the 'nature of wolves' as seen in Zoroastrian mythology and belief.


text: Wusuns, an Indo-European semi-nomadic steppe people of Iranian origin, had a legend that after their king Nandoumi was killed by Yuezhi, another Indo-European people, Nandoumi's infant son Liejiaomi was left in the wild and He was miraculously saved from hunger being suckled by a she-wolf, and fed meat by ravens.


text: In Roman mythology wolves are mainly associated to Mars, god of war and agriculture. The Capitoline Wolf nurses Romulus and Remus, sons of Mars and future founders of Rome. The twin babies were ordered to be killed by their great uncle Amulius. The servant ordered to kill them, however, relented and placed the two on the banks of the Tiber river. The river, which was in flood, rose and gently carried the cradle and the twins downstream, where under the protection of the river deity Tiberinus, they would be adopted by a she-wolf known as "Lupa" in Latin, an animal sacred to Mars. As a consequence, the Italian wolf is the national animal of the modern Italian Republic.


text: In Antiquity, the she-wolf was identified as a symbol of Rome by both the Romans themselves and nations under the Roman rule. The "Lupa Romana" was an iconic scene that represented in the first place the idea of "romanitas", being Roman. When it was used in the Roman Provinces, it can be seen as an expression of loyalty to Rome and the emperor.


text: The treatment given to wolves differed from the treatment meted out to other large predators. The Romans generally seem to have refrained from intentionally harming wolves. For instance, they were not hunted for pleasure (but only in order to protect herds that were out at pasture), and not displayed in the venationes, either. The special status of the wolf was not based on national ideology, but rather was connected to the religious importance of the wolf to the Romans.


text: The Slavic languages share a term for "werewolf" derived from a Common Slavic "vuko-dlak" "wolf-furr".


text: The wolf as a mythological creature is greatly linked to Balkan and Serbian mythology and cults. It has an important part in Serbian mythology. In the Slavic, old Serbian religion and mythology, the wolf was used as a totem. In the Serbian epic poetry, the wolf is a symbol of fearlessness. Vuk Karadžić, 19th-century Serbian philologist and ethnographer, explained the traditional, apotropaic use of the name Vuk ("wolf"): a woman who had lost several babies in succession, would name her newborn son Vuk, because it was believed that the witches, who "ate" the babies, were afraid to attack the wolves.


text: Raijū ("thunder beast") is a god from the Shinto religion. It is attributed with causing thunder, along with Raijin, who causes lightning. While Raijū is generally calm and harmless, during thunderstorms it becomes agitated, and leaps about in trees, fields, and even buildings.


text: In another Japanese myth, Grain farmers once worshiped wolves at shrines and left food offerings near their dens, beseeching them to protect their crops from wild boars and deer. Talismans and charms adorned with images of wolves were thought to protect against fire, disease, and other calamities and brought fertility to agrarian communities and to couples hoping to have children. The Ainu people believed that they were born from the union of a wolf like creature and a goddess.


text: In the "Secret History of the Mongols", the Mongol peoples are said to have descended from the mating of a doe ("gua maral") and a wolf ("boerte chino"). In modern Mongolia, the wolf is still seen as a good luck symbol, especially for males. In Mongolian folk medicine, eating the intestines of a wolf is said to alleviate chronic indigestion, while sprinkling food with powdered wolf rectum is said to cure hemorrhoids. Mongol mythology explains the wolf's occasional habit of surplus killing by pointing to their traditional creation story. It states that when God explained to the wolf what it should and should not eat, he told it that it may eat one sheep out of 1,000. The wolf however misunderstood and thought God said kill 1,000 sheep and eat one.


text: In the mythology of the Turkic peoples, the wolf is a revered animal. In the Turkic mythology, wolves were believed to be the ancestors of their people. The legend of Ashina is an old Turkic myth that tells of how the Turkic people were created. In Northern China a small Turkic village was raided by Chinese soldiers, but one small baby was left behind. An old she-wolf with a sky-blue mane named Ashina found the baby and nursed him, then the she-wolf gave birth to half-wolf, half-human cubs, from whom the Turkic people were born. Also in Turkic mythology it is believed that a gray wolf showed the Turks the way out of their legendary homeland "Ergenekon", which allowed them to spread and conquer their neighbours.


text: In most Native American cultures, wolves are considered a medicine being associated with courage, strength, loyalty, and success at hunting.


text: Wolves were generally revered by Aboriginal Canadians that survived by hunting, but were thought little of by those that survived through agriculture. Some Alaska Natives including the Nunamiut of both northern and northwestern Alaska respected the wolf's hunting skill and tried to emulate the wolf in order to hunt successfully. First Nations such as Naskapi as well as Squamish and Lil'wat view the wolf as a daytime hunting guide. The Naskapis believed that the caribou afterlife is guarded by giant wolves that kill careless hunters who venture too near. The Netsilik Inuit and Takanaluk-arnaluk believed that the sea-woman Nuliayuk's home was guarded by wolves. Wolves were feared by the Tsilhqot'in, who believed that contact with wolves would result in nervous illness or death. The Dena'ina believed wolves were once men, and viewed them as brothers.


text: In the cardinal directions of Midwestern Native Americans, the wolf represented the west, but it represented the southeast for the Pawnee tribe. According to the Pawnee creation myth, the wolf was the first creature to experience death. The Wolf Star, enraged at not having been invited to attend a council on how the Earth should be made, sent a wolf to steal the whirlwind bag of The Storm that Comes out of the West, which contained the first humans. Upon being freed from the bag, the humans killed the wolf, thus bringing death into the world. Native Americans have long seen the wolf as an animal of power. Many tribes credit the actual creator of the earth to be a wolf. The Arikara and Ojibwe believed a wolfman spirit made the Great Plains for them and for other animals. Many tribes consider wolves to be closely related to humans. The reason for this belief is because of the wolf's dedication to its pack, a trait the tribes attributed with themselves. The Navajo tribe was known for performing healing ceremonies where they would call upon wolves to restore health to their ill. Wolves were admired for their superb hunting skills. Prayers were offered in honor of wolves before they went out on hunting excursions. The Pawnee's connection with wolves was so great that their hand signal for Pawnee was actually the same one that they had for wolf. Before battles, Apache warriors would pray, sing, and dance to gain the teamwork, strength, and bravery of wolves.


text: The Pawnee, being both an agricultural and hunting people, associated the wolf with both corn and the bison; the "birth" and "death" of the Wolf Star (Sirius) was to them a reflection of the wolf's coming and going down the path of the Milky Way known as Wolf Road. The Navajo tribe feared taboo-breaking witches (nearly always male) in wolves' clothing called "yee naaldlooshii", literally "with it, he goes on all fours". Wolf in Navajo is "mąʼiitsoh"- literally "large coyote".


text: There is an Omaha legend in which a wolf guides a wounded warrior back to his camp, alerting him whenever there are rival warriors nearby and showing him the easiest path. There is a story that was pushed around as Cherokee legend, Two Wolves, that is often referenced in media but actually has ties to Christian-style parables that was told by Minister Billy Graham and actually mentioned, specifically, eskimo, and because it's been attributed to the Cherokee – the one that goes around the Cherokee world has a deeper meaning and negates the "GOOD" VS "EVIL" trope. In Cherokee beliefs, there is a clan called the wolf people. They would never kill a wolf, believing the spirit of the slain wolf would revenge its death. The Cherokee also believed that if a hunter showed respect and prayed before and after killing an animal such as a deer, a wolf, a fox, or an opossum would guard his feet against frostbite. The Tewa tribe believed that wolves held the powers of the east and were one of the zenith power-medicine animals.


text: The Bible contains 13 references to wolves, usually as metaphors for greed and destructiveness. In the New Testament, Jesus is quoted to have used wolves as illustrations to the dangers His followers would have faced should they follow him (Matthew 10:16, Acts 20:29, Matthew 7:15)


text: The Book of Genesis was interpreted in Medieval Europe as stating that nature exists solely to support man (Genesis 1:29), who must cultivate it (Genesis 2:15), and that animals are made for his own purposes (Genesis 2:18–20).


text: The wolf is repeatedly mentioned in the scriptures as an enemy of flocks: a metaphor for evil men with a lust for power and dishonest gain, as well as a metaphor for Satan preying on innocent God-fearing Christians, contrasted with the shepherd Jesus who keeps his flock safe. The Roman Catholic Church often used the negative imagery of wolves to create a sense of real devils prowling the real world. Quoting from Leviticus and Deuteronomy, the "Malleus Maleficarum" states that wolves are either agents of God sent to punish sinners, or agents of the Devil sent with God's blessing to harass true believers to test their faith.


text: However, legends surrounding Saint Francis of Assisi show him befriending a wolf. According to the "Fioretti", the city of Gubbio was besieged by the Wolf of Gubbio, which devoured both livestock and men. Francis of Assisi, who was living in Gubbio at the time took pity on the townsfolk, and went up into the hills to find the wolf. Soon fear of the animal had caused all his companions to flee, but the saint pressed on and when he found the wolf he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf to come to him and hurt no one. Miraculously the wolf closed his jaws and lay down at the feet of St. Francis. "Brother Wolf, you do much harm in these parts and you have done great evil ..." said Francis. "All these people accuse you and curse you... But brother wolf, I would like to make peace between you and the people." Then Francis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled citizens he made a pact between them and the wolf. Because the wolf had "done evil out of hunger" the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly, and in return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this manner Gubbio was freed from the menace of the predator. Francis, ever the lover of animals, even made a pact on behalf of the town dogs, that they would not bother the wolf again.


text: In Canto I of Dante's "Inferno", the pilgrim encounters a she-wolf blocking the path to a hill bathed in light. The she-wolf represents the sins of concupiscence and incontinence. She is prophecised by the shade of Virgil to one day be sent to Hell by a greyhound.


text: Much of the symbolism Jesus used in the New Testament revolved around the pastoral culture of Israel, and explained his relationship with his followers as analogous to that of a good shepherd protecting his flock from wolves. An innovation in the popular image of wolves started by Jesus includes the concept of the wolf in sheep's clothing, which warns people against false prophets. Several authors have proposed that Jesus's portrayal of wolves, comparing them to dangerous and treacherous people, was an important development in perceptions on the species, which legitimized centuries of subsequent wolf persecution in the western world. Subsequent medieval Christian literature followed and expanded upon Biblical teachings on the wolf. It appeared in the seventh century edition of the "Physiologus", which infused pagan tales with the spirit of Christian moral and mystical teaching. The "Physiologus" portrays wolves as being able to strike men dumb on sight, and of having only one cervical vertebra. Dante included a she-wolf, representing greed and fraud, in the first canto of the "Inferno". The "Malleus Maleficarum", first published in 1487, states that wolves are either agents of God sent to punish the wicked, or agents of Satan, sent with God's blessing to test the faith of believers.


text: The hagiography of the 16th Century Blessed Sebastian de Aparicio includes the account that in his youth, his life was saved in a seemingly-miraculous way by a wolf. During an outbreak of the bubonic plague in his town in 1514, his parents were forced to isolate him from the community in quarantine, and built a hidden shelter for him in the woods, where they left him. While lying there helpless, due to his illness, a she-wolf found the hiding spot and, poking her head into his hiding spot, sniffed and then bit and licked an infected site on his body, before running off. He began to heal from that moment.


text: 12.13: "He said: Surely it grieves me that you should take him off, and I fear lest the wolf devour him while you are heedless of him."


text: 12.14: "They said: Surely if the wolf should devour him notwithstanding that we are a (strong) company, we should then certainly be losers."


text: 12.17: "They said: O our father! Surely we went off racing and left Yusuf by our goods, so the wolf devoured him, and you will not believe us though we are truthful."


text: The popular image of the wolf is significantly influenced by the Big Bad Wolf stereotype from Aesop's Fables and Grimm's Fairy Tales.


text: The Christian symbolism where the wolf represents the devil, or evil, being after the "sheep" who are the living faithful, is found frequently in western literature.


text: The wolf in the Scandinavian tradition as either representing the warrior or protector, sometimes combined with the Christian symbolism as the wolf representing evil or the devil, came to be a popular attribute in the heavy metal music subculture, used by bands such as Sonata Arctica, Marduk, Watain, Wintersun, and Wolf.


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: Eliza Doolittle is a fictional character and the protagonist in George Bernard Shaw's play "Pygmalion" (1913) and its 1956 musical adaptation, "My Fair Lady".


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: Eliza (from Lisson Grove, London) is a Cockney flower woman, who comes to Professor Henry Higgins asking for elocution lessons, after a chance encounter at Covent Garden. Higgins goes along with it for the purposes of a wager: That he can turn her into the toast of elite London society. Her Cockney dialect includes words that are common among working class Londoners, such as ain't; "I ain't done nothing wrong by speaking to the gentleman" said Doolittle.


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: Doolittle receives voice coaching and learns the rules of etiquette. The outcome of these attentions varies between the original play and the various adaptations (see the "Pygmalion" article).


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: The character of Eliza Doolittle was likely inspired by the real story of Eliza Sheffield (1856–1942), a barmaid in London who rose through the ranks of society in the late 19th century through marriage, various relationships, and forgeries.


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: The part of Eliza was originally played by Mrs Patrick Campbell, at that time the most famous actress on London's West End stage. Shaw had written the role for her, and although many considered her too old for the role, she triumphed. The unprecedented use of the word "bloody" – as a scripted intensive – caused a sensation when Campbell delivered it.


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: For the 1938 film "Pygmalion", George Bernard Shaw personally requested that the young English actress Wendy Hiller play Doolittle, a part she had previously played on stage opposite Leslie Howard as Higgins. Her performance was the definitive film portrayal until Audrey Hepburn played the role in the highly successful 1964 film musical "My Fair Lady".


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: Julie Andrews originated the musical version of Doolittle on stage in "My Fair Lady", with Rex Harrison as Higgins. Sally Ann Howes took the role of Eliza Doolittle in 1958 when Julie Andrews left. Harrison went on to reprise his role in the 1964 film alongside Audrey Hepburn as Doolittle. At the 37th Academy Awards, the award for Best Actress went to Andrews for her performance as Mary Poppins. Hepburn was not nominated. Despite this, many critics greatly applauded Hepburn's "exquisite" performance. "The happiest thing about ["My Fair Lady"]", wrote Bosley Crowther, "is that Audrey Hepburn superbly justifies the decision of Jack Warner to get her to play the title role." Her co-star Rex Harrison also called Hepburn his favourite leading lady, and Gene Ringgold of "Soundstage" also commented that "Audrey Hepburn is magnificent. She is Eliza for the ages," while adding, "Everyone agreed that if Julie Andrews was not to be in the film, Audrey Hepburn was the perfect choice."


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: Martine McCutcheon played the role in the 2001 London revival of "My Fair Lady". She missed many performances (citing health problems), with various understudies performing the role, and withdrew nearly five months early from the production's transfer to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, but nevertheless she won the award for best actress in a musical at the 2002 Laurence Olivier Awards. One of the understudies was the then unknown Kerry Ellis.


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: Lauren Ambrose played the role in the 2018 Lincoln Center Theater revival of "My Fair Lady" on Broadway, a performance for which she was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical and won the 2018 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical. Kirsten Anderson has been Ambrose's alternate, performing the role once a week. Laura Benanti replaced Ambrose in October 2018 to perform the role through July 2019.


title: Eliza Doolittle

text: Fans of "My Fair Lady" have, ever after, been fond of making an informal observance of Eliza Doolittle Day each May 20.


title: Feliciano López

text: Feliciano López Díaz-Guerra (; born 20 September 1981) is a Spanish professional tennis player. He achieved his career-high singles ranking of world No. 12 in March 2015 and doubles ranking of world No. 9 in November 2016.In 2005, López was the first male Spanish tennis player to reach the quarterfinals of Wimbledon since 1972. He repeated the feat in 2008 and 2011. López defeated Tim Henman at the 2007 Wimbledon second round. Throughout his career, he has played in the most five-set matches that have gone beyond 6–6 in the post-tiebreak era, his longest fifth set being 16–14 at the 2009 Australian Open against Gilles Müller.


title: Feliciano López

text: He reached the quarterfinals of the 2015 US Open, and won his first Grand Slam title at the 2016 French Open when he won the men's doubles title with Marc López. In 2017 at the age of 35 López won the Aegon Championship at The Queen's Club, London, beating Marin Čilić in a third set tiebreak. He distinguished himself by winning his ATP titles, both in singles and doubles, on all surfaces, hard, grass and clay. During the 2018 Wimbledon Championships, López made his 66th consecutive Grand Slam main draw appearance, surpassing the previous record of 65 consecutive appearances held by Roger Federer. As of the 2022 Australian Open, his record stands at 79 consecutive Grand Slam appearances and 21 consecutive French Open appearances, also a record. López also holds the record for most losses on the ATP Tour, with 486. On 22 June 2021, he achieved 500 match wins at the 2021 Mallorca Championships, putting him No. 10 on the list of active players with over 500 match wins. On 13 July 2021 at the 2021 Hamburg European Open, he became the fifth player in the world to reach 10,000 aces on the most aces in career list. With his direct entry in the 2021 Indian Wells, he broke the record with his 139th participation in events in the Masters 1000 category.


title: Feliciano López

text: López is left-handed and uses a single-handed backhand. He is known for his strong serve and ability to play balls repeatedly on the baseline, and is also a confident net player and has been known to serve and volley. Unlike most Spanish players, who almost always prefer clay courts due to the popularity of that surface in their country, López is an exceptionally strong grass-court player, with three quarter-final runs at Wimbledon (his strongest Grand Slam showing), as well as 4 titles on grass at the Eastbourne International in 2013 and 2014 and at the Queen's Club Championships in 2017 and 2019. This is due in part to his more traditional playing style, which is more like grass-court legends Pete Sampras and Roger Federer than fellow Spaniards Rafael Nadal and Tommy Robredo. This traditional arsenal includes a big serve and a willingness to come into the net.


title: Feliciano López

text: In 1997, Feliciano López made his pro circuit debut in Mallorca on 29 September, losing in the second round to Dušan Vemić. In 1998, he made his ATP debut at the 1998 Open SEAT, where he lost to Jiří Novák in the first round. He then competed on the Challenger circuit, making the quarter-finals of Spain F7 and Spain F8. In 1999, he competed on the Futures and Challenger circuits. He won his first Futures event in Spain F6, beating Pedro Canovas in the final. He also reached one other final, losing to Réginald Willems at the Spain F7.


title: Feliciano López

text: In 2000, López competed in only his second ATP tournament at the 2000 Estoril Open, losing to Juan Antonio Marín. His performance was mediocre on the Challenger circuit, and he reached only two quarter-finals. The next year was a better one for López, as he won his second Futures event in France F3, defeating Juan Antonio Marín in the final, and reaching the final in Maia, losing to Jarkko Nieminen. He also made his first ATP win in the 2001 Chevrolet Cup, defeating Adrián García. However, he lost the quarter-final to eventual champion Guillermo Coria. He also made his Grand Slam debut at the 2001 French Open, losing to Carlos Moyá in straight sets.


title: Feliciano López

text: In 2002, López competed on the ATP circuit regularly. He started the year with his first semi-final at the 2002 ATP Buenos Aires, losing to Nicolás Massú. He followed it up with a quarter-final appearance at the 2002 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships, losing to Antony Dupuis. He also reached the second round of the Miami Masters, losing to Àlex Corretja in the final. He then won his first Grand Slam match at the 2002 French Open, defeating Didac Pérez in five sets, before losing to third seed Tommy Haas in straight sets. In his Wimbledon debut, he reached the fourth round, losing to André Sá four sets, after defeating Guillermo Cañas in five sets with the fifth going to 10–8, in the second round, a match that lasted 3 hours and 40 minutes. This was his first win over a top-20 player. He then gained revenge for his loss to Sá by defeating him in López's US Open debut in the first round in straight sets, before losing to Gastón Gaudio in the next round. He then reached the quarter-finals in Hong Kong and Tokyo. In Tokyo, he defeated Marat Safin in the second round, his first win over a top-5 player. He also reached the third round of the 2002 Madrid Masters, losing to Andre Agassi. He ended the year in the top 100 for the first time, at no. 62.


title: Feliciano López

text: In 2003, López started the year with first-round exits at Doha and Auckland. He made his Australian Open debut, reaching the third round, but losing to Younes El Aynaoui in four sets. He performed badly in the first rounds in Milan, Marseille, and Rotterdam. He then reached the quarter-finals in Dubai, losing to Tommy Robredo, and in Estoril, losing to Max Mirnyi. He reached the second rounds of Indian Wells and Monte Carlo. In his second French Open, he lost to Mariano Zabaleta in straight sets. He once again reached the fourth round of Wimbledon, where he lost to Roger Federer in straight sets. He then reached two straight semi-finals in Stuttgart and Kitzbühel, losing both to eventual champion Guillermo Coria. He continued his form by reaching the quarter-finals at the 2003 Canada Masters, losing to David Nalbandian in straight sets. After early losses in Cincinnati, Long Island, the US Open, and Moscow, he reached the quarter-finals of Vienna, the Madrid Masters, and Basel. He ended the year with second-round exit at the Paris Masters, where he lost to Guillermo Coria, his fifth lost to Coria. He ended the year ranked no. 28.


title: Feliciano López

text: In 2004, López began the year with a 1–3 record, losing in the first rounds of Sydney, the 2004 Australian Open, and Milan, with his only win coming at the Davis Cup. He reached his first final at the 2004 Dubai Open, losing to Roger Federer. He then reached the second rounds of the 2004 Indian Wells Masters, the 2004 Miami Masters, the 2004 Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana, and the 2004 Monte Carlo Masters. He also reached the fourth round of the 2004 French Open, losing to Gustavo Kuerten. This was the furthest he had reached at the French Open. He then lost in the third round of 2004 Wimbledon, losing to tall Croatian Ivo Karlović. In his next three tournaments, he reached the second round, in Stuttgart, the Canada Masters, and the Cincinnati Masters. He also reached the quarter-finals of Kitzbühel, losing to Fernando Verdasco. In the 2004 US Open, he reached the third round, before losing to eventual runner-up Lleyton Hewitt. Then at the 2004 Bank Austria-TennisTrophy, he won his first title, defeating Guillermo Cañas in the final. He ended the year with a quarter-final appearance at the 2004 Paris Masters, losing to Guillermo Cañas. He ended the year at world no. 24.


title: Feliciano López

text: He started 2005 with quarter-final appearances at the 2005 Qatar ExxonMobil Open, losing to Roger Federer, and at the 2005 Medibank International, losing to Radek Štěpánek. At the 2005 Australian Open, he reached the third round, losing to Joachim Johansson in five sets with the fifth set going to 11–13, in a match that lasted almost four hours. This propelled him to world no. 20 and the semi-finals of 2005 Open 13, once again losing to Joachim Johansson. He then reached the third round of the 2005 Indian Wells Masters, losing to Fabrice Santoro in straight sets, and the quarter-finals of the 2005 Estoril Open, losing to Gastón Gaudio in straight sets. He then reached his first Grand Slam quarter-final at 2005 Wimbledon, losing to Lleyton Hewitt in straight sets. He also reached the quarter-finals in Kitzbühel, losing to Mariano Zabaleta in straight sets. At the 2005 Pilot Pen Tennis, he lost in his third final to James Blake after winning the first set. He then reached the quarter-finals of the 2005 BA-CA Tennis Trophy, losing to Radek Štěpánek in straight sets. He ended the year ranked world no. 34.


title: Feliciano López

text: 2006 was a plateau year for López. He suffered early losses throughout the year. However, he did reach the third round of the 2006 Australian Open, losing to Ivan Ljubičić. He reached the third round of the 2006 Nottingham Open, losing to Jonas Björkman. He reached the final of the 2006 Allianz Suisse Open Gstaad, losing to Richard Gasquet. He reached the third round of the 2006 Legg Mason Tennis Classic, losing to eventual runner-up Andy Murray. He reached the quarter-finals of the 2006 PTT Thailand Open, losing to Jarkko Nieminen. He ended the year at world no. 81, 47 spots lower than the previous year.


title: Feliciano López

text: In 2007, López started the year badly, having a 2–5 record in his first five tournaments, managing a win only at the 2007 Australian Open, losing to Novak Djokovic, and at the 2007 SAP Open losing to Vincent Spadea. However, he followed it up with a quarter-final appearance at the 2007 Tennis Channel Open, losing to eventual champion Lleyton Hewitt. He then lost in the second round of the 2007 Indian Wells Masters, losing to eventual semi-finalist Andy Roddick. He reached the fourth round of the 2007 Miami Masters, losing to eventual champion Novak Djokovic. He then followed up with a 1–5 record, with his only win coming in the 2007 Open SEAT over compatriot Guillermo García López. López reached the third round of the 2007 Wimbledon Championships, losing to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, after he ended Tim Henman's Wimbledon career, beating him in a five-set thriller in the second round, Henman having been two sets up. He then reached the semi-finals of the 2007 Mercedes Cup, losing to eventual champion Rafael Nadal. He reached the fourth round of the 2007 US Open, losing to eventual champion Roger Federer, the first set being the fewest games won by Federer in one set in the whole tournament. He followed it up with three straight quarter-finals at the 2007 AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships, losing to eventual champion David Ferrer, at the 2007 BA-CA-TennisTrophy, losing to eventual runner-up Stanislas Wawrinka, and the 2007 Madrid Masters, losing to Roger Federer. He ended the year ranked world no. 35.


title: Feliciano López

text: In 2008 López once again had a bad start, but rebounded at the 2008 Dubai Tennis Championships by reaching the finals, losing to Andy Roddick. He then reached the third round of the 2008 Miami Masters, losing to Dmitry Tursunov. He suffered first-round losses at the next three Masters Series at the 2008 Monte-Carlo Masters, the 2008 Rome Masters, and the 2008 Hamburg Masters. However, in the middle of these tournaments, he managed to reach the third round of the 2008 Torneo Godó, losing to eventual champion Rafael Nadal. He once again lost early in the first rounds of the 2008 French Open and the 2008 Queen's Club Championships. He reached the quarter-finals of the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, for the second time losing to Marat Safin. He recorded a 2–7 record after Wimbledon with wins coming only at the 2008 Countrywide Classic and at the Davis Cup World Group. He then reached the semi-finals of the 2008 Bank Austria-TennisTrophy, losing to eventual champion Philipp Petzschner, the semi-finals of the 2008 Davidoff Swiss Indoors, losing to eventual champion Roger Federer, and the quarter-finals of the 2008 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid, losing to Rafael Nadal. He also helped the Spanish Davis Cup team to win the title against Argentina by beating Juan Martín del Potro. He ended the year world no. 31.


title: Feliciano López

text: In 2009, López started the year with a string of first-round losses, in the 2009 Heineken Open to Jarkko Nieminen, in the 2009 Australian Open to Gilles Müller, and in the 2009 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament to Julien Benneteau. He then competed in the 2009 Open 13 and made it to the quarter-finals, before losing to eventual champion Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. López struggled after this, and at one point he suffered eight straight main-draw losses in a row. In the midst of his bad run, he won a title at the Open Castilla y León Challenger event, beating Adrian Mannarino in straight sets. At the inaugural Shanghai Masters, he advanced to his first Master Series semi-final, beating David Ferrer, Jürgen Melzer, and Robin Söderling en route. However, he retired due to a right ankle injury in his semi-final match against Rafael Nadal, trailing 1–6, 0–3. Despite his poor year on the ATP tour, López did play a key role for the Spain Davis Cup team, helping them win the 2009 Davis Cup with doubles wins in the quarter-finals, semi-finals, and finals.


title: Feliciano López

text: López started his 2010 season by playing in the 2010 Medibank International Sydney, where he lost to eventual runner-up Richard Gasquet in the first round. He then competed in the 2010 Australian Open, where he reached the third round, defeating Pablo Cuevas and Rainer Schüttler, but lost to seventh seed Andy Roddick in a close four-setter.


title: Feliciano López

text: In the 2010 SA Tennis Open as the third seed, he beat Benjamin Balleret, Blaž Kavčič, and Rajeev Ram in the first three rounds, reaching the final after defeating top seed Gaël Monfils in the semi-finals. He went on to win the tournament, beating the eighth seed Stéphane Robert. Thus, he ended his five and a half-year title drought and won just his second ATP-level title. His finals record now improved to 2–4. He lost in the first rounds of the 2010 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament and 2010 Dubai Tennis Championships. He then reached the third round of the 2010 BNP Paribas Open, losing to sixth seed Robin Söderling, after defeating Paul-Henri Mathieu and receiving a bye. He lost to Mardy Fish in the third round, after defeating Michael Berrer in the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open.


title: Feliciano López

text: In the European clay season, he lost in the first round of 2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters to Tomáš Berdych. He then won his first clay victory of the season by reaching the third round of the 2010 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell, losing to Robin Söderling. At the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia, López reached the quarter-finals, losing to Ernests Gulbis, but upset Marin Čilić en route. After he disappointingly lost in the opening round at the 2010 French Open, he appeared at the 2010 Aegon Championships, the first grass tournament of the year. He beat Grigor Dimitrov and Julien Benneteau. He went on to stun top seed and world no. 1 Rafael Nadal to reach the semi-finals. There, he lost to Mardy Fish. In the 2010 Aegon International, he retired against 342nd-ranked Briton James Ward down 3–6, 4–5. He then played at 2010 Wimbledon, reaching the third round, but losing to Jürgen Melzer. He then lost three straight matches, beginning in the semi-finals of the 2010 Farmers Classic to Andy Murray, and the first rounds of the 2010 Rogers Cup and the 2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters. He reached the fourth round of the 2010 US Open, losing to eventual champion Rafael Nadal in straight sets. He then ended the year with a five-match losing streak: in the second round of 2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships and the first rounds of the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters 1000, the 2010 If Stockholm Open, the 2010 Valencia Open 500, and the 2010 BNP Paribas Masters.


title: Feliciano López

text: López started his 2011 pre-Australian Open preparations at the 2011 Brisbane International and 2011 Medibank International Sydney, but lost early in both tournaments. He then was upset in the second round of the 2011 Australian Open and first round of the 2011 SA Tennis Open by 199th-ranked Bernard Tomic and 235th-ranked Frank Dancevic. He then lost in the second rounds of the 2011 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament and the 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships. He lost in the first round of the 2011 BNP Paribas Open, the third round of the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open, and the second round of the 2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters. He then reached his first quarter-final of the year at the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell, where he lost to Ivan Dodig. He reached his first final in over a year at the 2011 Serbia Open in Belgrade, where he lost to Novak Djokovic. He played a memorable match at the 2011 Mutua Madrid Open, where he lost to Roger Federer. López made it to the third round of the 2011 Rome Open, but lost to fellow countryman Rafael Nadal. López lost in the first round of the 2011 French Open to Roger Federer.


title: Feliciano López

text: López started the grass court season at the 2011 Aegon Open with a second round loss to Andy Roddick. At Wimbledon, López defeated Michael Berrer in the first round, former semi-finalist Rainer Schüttler in the second round, and former world no. 1 and three-time finalist Andy Roddick in the third round. In the fourth round, López stormed back from two sets to love down to take out Polish qualifier Łukasz Kubot. In his third quarter-final appearance at Wimbledon, López lost to world no. 4 Andy Murray in straight sets.


title: Feliciano López

text: López helped his country in the 2011 Davis Cup by beating American Mardy Fish in five sets. He was scheduled to play Andy Roddick in the fifth and final match, but Spain was already up 3–1 over the United States. Spain won that year's Davis Cup without his help, beating Argentina in the December final.


title: Feliciano López

text: Feliciano made it to the quarter-finals of the 2011 Suisse Open by defeating Michael Lammer and Daniel Gimeno Traver in the first two rounds. However, he lost to fellow countryman and top seed Nicolás Almagro in straight sets. He beat Radek Štěpánek in the first round of the 2011 Rogers Cup, but lost to Mardy Fish in the second. He recorded a big win over fellow countryman and former world number one Juan Carlos Ferrero in the first round of the 2011 Western & Southern Open. He lost in the following round to Philipp Kohlschreiber. At the US Open, he lost in the third round, again to Murray.


title: Feliciano López

text: At the 2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters, López beat ninth seed Janko Tipsarević, Alex Bogomolov Jr., sixth seed Tomáš Berdych, and Florian Mayer, before losing in the semi-finals to third seed David Ferrer.


title: Feliciano López

text: López played in Sydney to tune up for the Australian Open. He had a bye in the first round, then lost to Julien Benneteau in straight sets in the second.


title: Feliciano López

text: At the Australian Open, he beat John Isner in the third round to set up a match with eventual finalist Rafael Nadal in the fourth, but succumbed in straight sets.


title: Feliciano López

text: He reached the semi-finals in Houston, where Isner took his revenge, beating López in three sets with two tie-breakers. In Barcelona, he beat Flavio Cipolla and Jarkko Nieminen, only to fall to compatriot David Ferrer in the quarter-finals. In Munich, he beat Australian Bernard Tomic in the quarter-finals, but was defeated by Philipp Kohlschreiber in the semi-finals. After his successes on clay, he had a disappointing grass season. At Wimbledon, he lost to Jarkko Nieminen in the first round. Back on clay, he made the quarter-finals in Gstaad, only to be beaten by Brazilian Thomaz Bellucci.


title: Feliciano López

text: At the 2012 Olympics, he beat Russian Dmitry Tursunov and Argentine Juan Mónaco, but was defeated by Frenchman Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in straight sets with one tie-breaker.


title: Feliciano López

text: At the US Open, he beat Robin Haase and compatriot Pablo Andújar, but could not stand up to eventual champion Andy Murray in the third round, against whom he lost in four sets with three tie-breakers. In Beijing, he beat Americans Ryan Harrison and Sam Querrey, before bowing again to Tsonga, retiring at 1–4 in the second set. In Shanghai, he defeated Kohlschreiber in straight sets to set up a meeting with Novak Djokovic, to whom he lost in straight sets.


title: Feliciano López

text: López played in Sydney as a tune-up event for the 2013 Australian Open. He beat Jérémy Chardy in the opening round in three sets, but he lost in the second round to Kevin Anderson in straight sets. At the Australian Open, he went out in straight sets in the second round to Radek Štěpánek.


title: Feliciano López

text: In Memphis, López made it to the final, but was turned away by Kei Nishikori. At the French Open he lost in the third round to compatriot and eventual finalist David Ferrer. The week before Wimbledon, López won his first grass-court title by beating Gilles Simon in three sets in the final of the Aegon International in Eastbourne.


title: Feliciano López

text: López reached the final of the prestigious Aegon Championships in June and had a championship point against Grigor Dimitrov, but was eventually beaten in a deciding set tiebreak. However, one week later, López successfully defended his Aegon International title, defeating Richard Gasquet for the first time in six attempts, 7–5 in the deciding set.


title: Feliciano López

text: López then continued his impressive grass-court form into the third Grand Slam of the year, Wimbledon. He saw off both Yūichi Sugita and Ante Pavić in straight sets in the first and second rounds, respectively. He then met John Isner in the third round. It was a match dominated by serve. López fought back from a set down to win 3 sets to 1, securing the first break of serve in the match in the penultimate game. López thus progressed to the fourth round, where he met Stan Wawrinka, the fifth seed. López lost, despite having several set points in the second-set tiebreak.


title: Feliciano López

text: López won over seeded players Tomáš Berdych and Milos Raonic at the Rogers Cup to reach his third Masters 1000 semi-final, after which he lost to Roger Federer. At the 2014 US Open, he was defeated by Dominic Thiem in the third round. The Spaniard claimed wins over Rafael Nadal, John Isner, and Mikhail Youzhny at the 2014 Shanghai Masters, then lost the semi-final match to Gilles Simon.


title: Feliciano López

text: López made the fourth round of the 2015 Australian Open, losing to Milos Raonic in five sets. He then entered the new ATP 250 event, the Ecuador Open in Quito, Ecuador and reached the final, losing to Víctor Estrella Burgos. López lost in the first round of the 2015 French Open.


title: Feliciano López

text: In 2016 Lopez achieved one of the greatest highlights of his career by winning the French Open doubles championship along with compatriot Marc López.


title: Feliciano López

text: On 6 September 2016, López was part of the last match ever played in the old Louis Armstrong Stadium at the US Open. Alongside his partner Marc López, they defeated the Bryan brothers (Bob and Mike) in the quarter-finals of the men's doubles tournament, the score 7–6, 4–6, 6–3. The pair eventually lost in the semi-finals against fellow countrymen Pablo Carreño Busta and Guillermo García López in straight sets.


title: Feliciano López

text: López started the year representing Spain in the Hopman Cup, along with Lara Arruabarrena, but didn't make it past the round robin. In the Auckland Open, he was seeded 6th and won in the first round to Michael Venus, in three sets, but withdrew in the second round to Jérémy Chardy.


title: Feliciano López

text: He lost in the first round of the 2017 Australian Open to Fabio Fognini in straight sets, where he achieved the wooden spoon. In the Open Sud de France, he beat Julien Benneteau in three sets in the first round but then lost to Benoît Paire in the second round. López appeared at the 2017 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament but lost to Pierre-Hugues Herbert in the first round. López also appeared in the 2017 Abierto Mexicano Telcel but lost in the first round to Jordan Thompson.


title: Feliciano López

text: In June López won the Men's Singles title at Queen's Club Championships (the Aegon Championships at The Queen's Club, London), beating Marin Čilić 4–6, 7–6, 7–6, which was his sixth career title and third on grass.


title: Feliciano López

text: After a disappointing 2018 in which he failed to progress beyond the quarterfinals in any of the tournaments he played, López went through the first few months with defeats to younger opponents. His year began with a first-round loss to Jordan Thompson at the Australian Open, then continued with a loss to Denis Istomin at Delray Beach in the first round, a defeat by Alex de Minaur at the Acapulco Open, and second-round defeats to Karen Khachanov and Grigor Dimitrov at Indian Wells and Miami, respectively before finishing out the North American hard court tour with a loss to Alexander Bublik in the quarterfinals at Monterrey.


title: Feliciano López

text: The clay court season was also unfruitful with first-round losses in each of the tournaments he entered. This culminated with losses to Thomas Fabbiano in the Monte Carlo qualifying rounds, Fernando Verdasco in Barcelona, Damir Džumhur in Geneva, and Ivo Karlović at Roland Garros.


title: Feliciano López

text: The grass-court season was much more productive, as he made the round of 16 at Surbiton, losing to Ivo Karlović, then made the round of 32 at Stuttgart, losing to Lucas Pouille. He then won both the singles and doubles titles at the Queens Club Championships with a three-set singles win over Gilles Simon and a champion tie-break doubles win (partnering with Andy Murray) over Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury.


title: Feliciano López

text: At the 2021 Australian Open Lopez reached the third round for the ninth time in his career defeating Australian wildcard Li Tu and 31st seed Lorenzo Sonego in five sets. He was the oldest player to win a major match from two sets down since Ken Rosewall at the 1974 Wimbledon Championships. He also was the oldest player to reach the third round of the Australian Open since 1978. Melbourne was the 75th Grand Slam he has played in a row, having not missed one since the 2002 French Open. He lost to seventh seed Andrey Rublev.


title: Feliciano López

text: He lost in the first round at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships to 26th seed Daniel Evans but attained also a new record when he appeared in his 77th consecutive Grand Slam. Lopez played his 138th Masters 1000 tournament at the 2021 National Bank Open. As a result, he tied Roger Federer for the most appearances at the Masters’ events.


title: Feliciano López

text: At the 2021 US Open he was eliminated in the first round by fellow countryman and qualifier Bernabé Zapata Miralles in a five set match. This was his 78th appearance in a consecutive Slam and 79th overall. As a result, he dropped out of the top 100 to No. 110 on 20 September 2021, his 40th birthday.


title: Feliciano López

text: Lopez played his 139th Masters 1000 tournament at the 2021 Indian Wells Masters. As a result, he now owns the record for the most appearances in the Masters 1000 category.


title: Feliciano López

text: During 2021 Davis Cup Finals, he represented Spanish Davis Cup team in both singles and doubles. He won both his singles matches. In the tie against Russia, aged 40, he won his tie against world number 5, Andrey Rublev, which is only the second time in Open Era history that a player aged 40+ managed to beat a top 5 player. Before Lopez, the only other 40+ player who managed to beat a top 5 ranked player was Ken Rosewall, who, at the age of 42 scored a win against Vitas Gerulaitis at 1977 Sidney Indoors.


title: Feliciano López

text: In January, at 2022 Australian Open, Feliciano lost in the first round in four sets to home favorite John Millman. It was his record 79th consecutive Grand Slam appearance and 80th overall putting him one Major away from Roger Federer’s record of 81 overall appearances.


title: Feliciano López

text: He failed to qualify for the 2022 French Open ending his consecutive appearances streak at this Major, also a record of 21, and overall in Majors. At the same tournament in doubles however, he reached the third round partnering Maxime Cressy.


title: Feliciano López

text: With his participation in the 2022 Wimbledon Championships he made his 81st main draw Grand Slam appearance, equaling Roger Federer's record. He was beaten in the first round by the 21st seed Botic van de Zandschulp. Due to the ATP decision that Wimbledon will not be awarded ranking points and therefore players could not defend points from 2021, Feliciano automatically fell out of top 250, regardless of his Wimbledon result.


title: Feliciano López

text: López has appeared as a model for the likes of Hugo Boss and Elle, and endorses Braun shavers and L'Oréal products. He has professed to dislike being called a model, however, and states that he wants to be seen only as a tennis player. He has been endorsed by Ellesse tennis clothing since 2016; before that, Joma was his endorser and Nike endorses his shoes.


title: Feliciano López

text: López was born in Toledo and now lives in Madrid. Feliciano grew up with his brother Victor who also played professional tennis.


title: Feliciano López

text: He was married to model Alba Carrillo from July 2015 to March 2017. The couple had been separated since June 2016.


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: Senior chief petty officer is the eighth of nine enlisted rates in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard, just above chief petty officer and below master chief petty officer, and is a noncommissioned officer. They are addressed as "Senior Chief" in most circumstances, or sometimes, less formally, as "Senior".


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: Advancement to senior chief petty officer is similar to that of chief petty officer. It carries requirements of time in service, superior evaluation scores, and peer review. In the Navy, it is the first promotion that is based entirely on proven leadership performance; test scores do not play a part. A chief petty officer can only advance to senior chief if a board of master chiefs approve, convened every year around March. Senior chief petty officers make up just 2.5% of the total enlisted force of the Navy and overall fall within the top 4% of the enlisted ranks.


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: In the Coast Guard, advancement to senior chief is similar to other advancements, in that candidates compete with other advancement-eligible chief petty officers. Advancement-eligible chief petty officers are prioritized based on written examination scores, evaluations, award points, time in service, and time in grade. Senior chief petty officers are then selected monthly from this prioritization list as positions become available.


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: As do chief petty officers, senior chief petty officers take on more advanced leadership duties in their new paygrade. In the Navy, their khaki uniform continues to reflect their responsibility level: It is similar to an officer's uniform, but with different insignia. (In the Coast Guard, petty officers, chief petty officers, warrant officers, and commissioned officers all wear similar uniforms.)


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: Like petty officers, every chief has both a rate (rank) and rating (job, similar to an MOS in other branches). A chief's full title is a combination of the two. Thus, a senior chief petty officer with the rating of machinist's mate would properly be called a senior chief machinist's mate, the abbreviation of which is "MMCS".


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: Each rating has an official abbreviation, such as MM for machinist's mate, QM for quartermaster, and YN for yeoman. The rating and the rate combined give the abbreviation of a senior chief's full title, such as BMCS for senior chief boatswain's mate. In the expanded form, the title of senior chief always precedes the rating. It is not uncommon practice to refer to a senior chief petty officer by this shorthand in all but the most formal correspondence (such as printing and inscription on awards).


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: The rating insignia for a senior chief is an eagle with spread wings above three chevrons. The chevrons are topped by a rocker that goes behind the eagle (or "crow", as it is commonly called). An inverted star (similar to the stars on the sleeves of line officers) is above the eagle. This is used on the dress blue uniform. On all other uniforms, the insignia used is the one that has become universally accepted as the symbol of the chief petty officer: a fouled (entwined in the anchor chain) gold anchor superimposed with a silver "USN" in the Navy or a silver shield in the Coast Guard. As in the dress blue insignia, the anchor is capped by an down-pointing star.


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: In the Navy, officers and chiefs are referred to as "khakis". This is a reference to the color of one of their most common uniforms and is a direct contrast to those in paygrades E-6 and below ("blueshirts").


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: As of 2005 and after a pilot program taking place on three mine countermeasures ships, the Navy started appointing senior chiefs to command roles. Until this time, senior chiefs had a senior enlisted leadership role in the submarine force as chiefs of the boat. This new effort works to formalize leadership at the senior chief level. In July 2015, the rate was formally established as a rating. Before it had been a billet instead of a rating.


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: Senior chief petty officer (Irish: "Ard-Mhion-Oifigeach Sinsearach") is a rank in the Irish Naval Service. The rank is deemed equivalent to a member of the NATO armed forces ranked E-8, making it the equivalent of a senior chief petty officer in the US Navy or a warrant officer class 2 in the Royal Navy. The rank is one grade below an Irish warrant officer.


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: The SCPO rank being the equivalent to Battalion or Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant causes some confusion when operating together with the Irish Army and Air Corps. The Quartermaster or logistical function is primary role of all BQMS/RQMS (OR-8) in the Irish Army and Air Corps. This is not so with the Irish Naval Service, many of their SCPOs (OR-8) have a purely line role. Line being the term used by the Irish Defence Forces to describe the default military role or non logistical role of the NCO.


title: Senior chief petty officer

text: All SCPOs have a specialist role such as Seaman, Engine Room Artificer, or Logistical Operator. There are only a very few Senior Chiefs, and they occupy roles of great importance within their respective branches. They are key members of the senior enlisted leadership, and are most often working directly for an Officer Commanding a large sub-unit as an advisor to Officer Commanding and as a senior personnel manager.


title: Southern Cone

text: The Southern Cone (, ) is a geographical and cultural subregion composed of the southernmost areas of South America, mostly south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it covers Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. In terms of social, economic and political geography, the Southern Cone comprises Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, and sometimes includes Brazil's four southernmost states (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo). In its broadest definition, taking into account common history and geography, it also includes Paraguay, another Spanish-speaking country.


title: Southern Cone

text: High life expectancy, the highest Human Development Index of Latin America, high standard of living, low fertility rates, significant participation in global markets and the emerging economy of its members make the Southern Cone the most prosperous subregion in Latin America.


title: Southern Cone

text: The climates are mostly temperate, but include humid subtropical, Mediterranean, highland tropical, maritime temperate, sub-Antarctic temperate, highland cold, desert and semi-arid temperate regions. Except for northern regions of Argentina (thermal equator in January), the whole country of Paraguay, the Argentina-Brazil border and the interior of the Atacama Desert, the region rarely suffers from heat. In addition to that, the winter presents mostly cool temperatures. Strong and constant wind and high humidity is what brings low temperatures in the winter. The Atacama is the driest place on Earth.


title: Southern Cone

text: One of the most peculiar plants of the region is the "Araucaria" tree, which can be found in Brazil, Chile and Argentina. The only native group of conifers found in the southern hemisphere had its origin in the Southern Cone. "Araucaria angustifolia", once widespread in Southern Brazil, is now a critically endangered species, protected by law. The prairies region of central Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil is known as the Pampas.


title: Southern Cone

text: Central Chile has Mediterranean vegetation and a Mediterranean climate, grading southward into an oceanic climate. The Atacama, Patagonian and Monte deserts form a diagonal of arid lands separating the woodlands, croplands and pastures of La Plata basin from Central and Southern Chile. Apart from the desert diagonal, the north–south running Andes form a major divide in the Southern Cone and constitute, for most of its part in the southern cone, the Argentina–Chile border. In the east the river systems of the La Plata basin form natural barriers and sea-lanes between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.


title: Southern Cone

text: Southern Brazil has a temperate climate with annual average temperatures varying between 12 °C (53.6 °F) and 22 °C (71.6 °F). During the months of June, July and August, high altitude areas in the South Region can receive snowfall. The state of São Paulo has seven distinct climatic types. The mountainous areas of the state have a subtropical climate ("Cfa)." In areas of high altitude, the average temperature is below 18 °C (64 °F). Oceanic (Cfb and Cwb) on the coast, the climate is of a super-humid tropical type (Af), without a dry season. The tropical climate of altitude (Cwa), predominant in the state territory, specifically in the center, is characterized by a temperature above 22 °C (72 °F) in the hottest month of the year. The occurrence of snow is rare, but has been recorded in Campos do Jordão and there are also reports that the phenomenon has occurred in several parts in the south.


title: Southern Cone

text: Besides sharing languages and colonial heritage, the residents of the states of the Southern Cone are avid players and fans of football, with top-notch teams competing in the sport. Argentina and Uruguay have both won the FIFA World Cup twice; they are the only national teams along with Brazil outside Europe to have won the cup. Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil have all hosted the World Cup. Additionally, national teams from the region have won several Olympic medals in football. Also, football clubs from the Southern Cone countries have won large numbers of club competitions in South-American competitions, Pan-American competitions, and world-FIFA Club World Cup-level competitions.


title: Southern Cone

text: The "asado" barbecue is a culinary tradition typical of the Southern Cone. The asado developed from the horsemen and cattle culture of the region, more specifically from the "gauchos" of Argentina, Uruguay and Southern Brazil (and Southern Chile) and the "huasos" of Central Chile. In the Southern Cone, horsemen are considered icons of national identity; they are featured in the epic poem "Martín Fierro". Mate is popular throughout the Southern Cone.


title: Southern Cone

text: In this area, there was extensive European immigration during the 19th- and 20th-centuries, who, with their descendants, have strongly influenced the culture, social life and politics of these countries. Immigration reshaped the modern-day societies of both Argentina and Uruguay, countries where the influx of newcomers was massive.


title: Southern Cone

text: In a social survey, residents rated their countries as 'good places for gay or lesbian people to live;' the following percentages said 'yes' in Uruguay (71%), Argentina (68%), Brazil (68%), and Chile (52%). By contrast, fewer people in the following countries agreed: Bolivia (31%) and Peru (35%).


title: Southern Cone

text: The overwhelming majority, including those of recent immigrant background, speak Spanish (in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) or Portuguese in the case of Southern Brazil. The Spanish-speaking countries of the Southern Cone are divided into two main dialects:


title: Southern Cone

text: Minor languages and dialects include Cordobés, Cuyo, and Portuñol, a hybrid between Rioplatense and Brazilian Portuguese that is spoken in Uruguay on the border with Brazil.


title: Southern Cone

text: Some Native American groups, especially in rural areas, continue to speak autochthonous languages, including Mapudungun (also known as Mapuche), Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani. The first is primarily spoken in Araucanía and adjacent areas of Patagonia, in southern Argentina and Chile. Guarani is an official language of Paraguay, the most widely spoken language in that country, and in 2010, the city of Tacuru, in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, adopted Guarani as the official language, besides Portuguese. It is also a co-official language in the northeastern Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones.


title: Southern Cone

text: English is spoken in the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory (disputed by Argentina), and by descendants of British settlers in Argentina and Chile. Welsh is spoken by descendants of immigrants in the Patagonia region of Argentina.


title: Southern Cone

text: Italian (mostly its Northern dialects, such as Venetian), is spoken in rural communities across Argentina, Southern Brazil, and São Paulo where immigrants had settled.


title: Southern Cone

text: German, in various dialects, is mostly spoken in Southern Chile and Southern Brazil. It is the second most spoken mother tongue in Brazil.


title: Southern Cone

text: Polish, Dutch and Ukrainian are also spoken in Southern Brazil. Dutch is spoken in Chile as well, Ukrainian is used in Argentina as well. Croatian and other Slavic languages are also spoken in the southernmost areas of Chilean Patagonia, reflecting patterns of immigration and settlement.


title: Southern Cone

text: Below there are selected words to show the similarities in vocabulary in the dialects of the countries of the Southern Cone.


title: Southern Cone

text: Below there are selected words to show vocabulary in the dialects of the countries of the Southern Cone and other Spanish-speaking countries in South America and the dialect of Portuguese spoken in Brazil.


title: Southern Cone

text: Like the rest of Latin America, most residents of the Southern Cone are members of the Catholic Church, with a minority of Protestants, including a significant Lutheran population in south Brazil. Other religions also present in the southern cone include Islam, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Buddhism, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Daoism. Jewish communities have thrived in cities of Argentina and Uruguay.


title: Southern Cone

text: While the Southern Cone has been conservative in some aspects of religion, it has had a tradition of social reform and liberation theology has been followed by many in the Catholic Church. Uruguay, where agnosticism and atheism is common, has a policy of strong separation of church and state; it is one of the most secular countries in the Americas. Uruguay, Chile and Argentina, in that order, have the least religious residents in South America, according to their responses about the significance of religion in their lives. According to the Pew Research Center, 28% of Uruguayans, 43% of Argentines, and 41% of Chileans think of religion 'very important in their lives,' contrasting with the higher values given by the residents of countries such as Peru (72%), Colombia (77%) and Ecuador (76%).


title: Southern Cone

text: The Southern Cone produced the first pope from the Western Hemisphere, Pope Francis, elected in 2013, born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.


title: Southern Cone

text: While its 4 southernmost states (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo) share characteristics with Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (high standard of living, subtropical and temperate climate, high levels of industrialization and strong European ethnic component due to immigration), the other states are more similar to the other South American countries in these issues.


title: Southern Cone

text: For this reason, Brazil is included in some meanings when speaking in Southern Cone, but excluded in others.


title: Southern Cone

text: When the definition is not limited to entire countries, the states of the South Region and the state of São Paulo are generally included.


title: Southern Cone

text: Due to the geographical proximity, common history, geography and political cycles, Paraguay is usually included in what is meant by Southern Cone. However, it contrasts strongly with other countries given the strong influence of guarani culture and due to the fact that it has not received a comparable amount of European immigration and foreign investment, though in the last few years this seems to be changing partly due to the political and macro-economical stability the country has experienced since the early 2000s.


title: Southern Cone

text: The population of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay is 40, 16.8 and 3.6 million respectively. Buenos Aires is the largest metropolitan area at 13.1 million and Santiago, Chile has 6.4 million. Uruguay's capital and largest city, Montevideo, has 1.8 million, and it receives many visitors on ferry boats across the Río de la Plata from Buenos Aires, away.


title: Southern Cone

text: By contrast, the Patagonia region of southern Chile and Argentina is very sparsely populated, with a population density of less than two people per square kilometer.


title: Southern Cone

text: The population of the Southern Cone has been strongly influenced by waves of immigration from Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. People of European descent, make up 85% of the total population of Argentina, 88% of total population of Uruguay and 60% of total population of Chile. In São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina self-identified white people are 61.3%; 70.0%; 82.3%; and 86.8% of the population respectively, with people of Italian and German ancestry predominating.


title: Southern Cone

text: Italians started to emigrate to the Southern Cone as early as the second half of the 17th century, and it became a mass phenomenon between 1880 and 1920 when Italy was facing social and economic disturbances. As a consequence of mass Italian immigration, the Southern Cone has the largest Italian diaspora in the world, with people of Italian descent being the majority in many places, with the highest percentage being in Argentina (62.5% Italian), and in the southern Brazilian state of Santa Catarina (60% Italian). Among all Italians who immigrated to Brazil, 70% went to the State of São Paulo. In consequence, the State of São Paulo has more people with Italian ancestry than any region of Italy itself, with São Paulo city being the most populous city with Italian ancestry in the world, of the 10 million inhabitants of São Paulo city, 60% (6 million people) have full or partial Italian ancestry (the largest city of Italy is Rome, with 2.5 million inhabitants). Small towns, such as Nova Veneza, have as much as 95% of their population of Italian descent.


title: Southern Cone

text: The region also has a large German diaspora (second largest after the United States), with People of German descent being 25% of the population of Rio Grande do Sul and 35% of the population of Santa Catarina.


title: Southern Cone

text: Mestizos make up 15.8% of the population and are a majority in Paraguay. Native Americans make up 3% of the population, most live in Chile. Mulattoes (people of European and African ancestry) mostly in Uruguay (0.2%), and Asians (1.0%), mostly in Argentina, the remaining 1.2%.


title: Southern Cone

text: There is also a strong Arab presence in the Southern Cone, with people of full or at least partial Arab ancestry being 5% of the population of Uruguay and Chile, 9.8% of the population of Brazil, and 11% of the population of Argentina. Brazil has the largest number of Arabs outside the Middle East, with 20 million Brazilians being descendants of Arabs, while the Palestinian community in Chile is considered the largest outside the Arab world.


title: Southern Cone

text: Since interethnic marriages are widespread in Latin America, complex ethnic classifications emerged, including more than a dozen of "racial" categories created in 18th century Hispanic America, with notorious examples being "castizo", "morisco" and . In Brazil, about 190 "racial" categories were detected by the Census of 1976.


title: Southern Cone

text: Blacks made up 25% of the population of Buenos Aires in 1810, 1822 and 1838. In 1887, the government decided to cease asking Argentine citizens about their race. According to Laura López, it was a way to "hide" the Black population, not only from the Census, but also from the public opinion. Chile does not ask its citizens about race, but a study from the University of Chile concluded that Whites make 60% of the Chilean population, while the CIA World Factbook described 88.4% of the population as white "and" mestizo.


title: Southern Cone

text: A study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist Daniel Corach, has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed by 79% from different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities), 18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups, in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was Indigenous.


title: Southern Cone

text: An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found the composition of the Argentine population to be 78,50% European, 17,30% Mixed Race, and 4,20% Sub-Saharan African (SSA).


title: Southern Cone

text: A DNA study from 2009, published in the American Journal of Human Biology, showed the genetical composition of Uruguay to be mainly European, but with Native American (which varies from 1% to 20% in different parts of the country) and also SSA (7% to 15% in different parts of the country).


title: Southern Cone

text: An autosomal DNA study from 2014 found out Chile to be 44.34% (± 3.9%) Native American, 51.85% (± 5.44%) European and 3.81% (± 0.45%) African.


title: Southern Cone

text: In the case of Chile,"The use of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome" test results show the following: The European component is predominant (91.0%, versus 9.0% of the aboriginal one) in the Chilean upper class, the middle classes, 66.8%-62.3% European component and 37.7%-33.2 of mixed aboriginal and lower classes at 55%-52.9% European component and 47.1%-45% mix of Aboriginal.


title: Southern Cone

text: Similar to the rest of Latin America, the genetic ancestry of the population of the Southern Cone reflects the history of the continent: the Iberian colonizers were mostly men who arrived without women. In consequence, they had children with the local Indigenous or enslaved African women. A European immigration to this part of the World in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (massive in Argentina, Uruguay, and south and southeastern Brazil, modest in elsewhere in Brazil, Chile and Paraguay)


title: Southern Cone

text: The other conspicuous characteristic of the Southern Cone is its relatively high standard of living and quality of life. Argentina's, Chile's, and Uruguay's HDIs — (0.827), (0.847) and (0.804) — are the highest in Latin America, similar to countries in Eastern Europe, such as Croatia, Hungary or Romania. Uruguay, where illiteracy technically does not exist, reaches the same level in this area, even considering that it faces restrictions to its industrial and economic growth. The Southern Cone is the most prosperous macro-region in Latin America. It has high life expectancy, access to health care and education. From an economic and liberal point of view the region has been praised for its significant participation in the global markets, and its "emerging economy" profile. More troubling are high levels of income inequality.


title: Southern Cone

text: During the second half of 20th century, these countries were in some periods ruled by right-wing juntas, military nationalistic dictatorships.


title: Southern Cone

text: Around the 1970s, these regimes collaborated in Plan Cóndor against leftist opposition, including urban guerrillas.


title: Southern Cone

text: However, by the early 1980s Argentina and Uruguay restored their democracies; Chile followed suit in 1990.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: True Crime is a 1999 American mystery thriller film directed by Clint Eastwood, and based on Andrew Klavan's 1995 novel of the same name. Eastwood also stars in the film as a journalist covering the execution of a death row inmate, only to discover that the convict may actually be innocent.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: The film was released on March 19, 1999 and became a box-office bomb, grossing just $16 million against its $55 million production budget.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: Steve Everett, an Oakland journalist recovering from alcoholism, is assigned to cover the execution of convicted murderer Frank Beechum following the death of Everett's colleague, Michelle Ziegler, who had originally been assigned to the story.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: Everett investigates the background to the case and comes to suspect that Beechum has been wrongly convicted of murdering Amy Wilson. He gets permission from his editor's boss to investigate, and is told that the top editor would call the Governor, and that would do the job, if Everett gets hard proof. He thus has a little over 12 hours to confirm his hunch and save Beechum.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: Everett interviews a prosecution witness, Dale Porterhouse, who saw Beechum at the store with a gun. Everett questions Porterhouse's account, saying that, because of the layout of the store, he could not have seen a gun in Beechum's hand.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: Everett confronts D.A. Cecelia Nussbaum, who reveals that, a young man, Warren, was interviewed and claimed he had stopped at the store to buy a soda and saw nothing. Everett suspects that Warren, never called as a witness, is probably the real killer. He breaks into the deceased reporter's house, suspecting that she had been onto something and finds her file on Warren. Meanwhile, Warden Luther Plunkett also starts to have doubts about Beechum's guilt.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: Everett falls out with his bosses and is fired on the spot, but he points out that his contract entitles him to adequate notice. They ask him how much notice he requires, and, looking at his watch, he says 6 hours and 7 minutes. He tracks down Angela Russel, Warren's grandmother. She tells him that her grandson could not have been the murderer, and berates him for the lack of interest from the press when Warren himself was killed in a mugging two years after Amy's murder.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: The prison chaplain misrepresents an exchange with Beechum as a confession to the crime. Everett hears about this on the radio and loses heart; on top of this, his wife Barbara has found out about his affair with his editor's wife and has turned him out of the house. He is about to start drinking again when he sees a piece on TV that shows a photograph of Amy wearing a locket, a locket he realizes he has seen before, being worn by Angela Russel.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: Everett drives back to Angela's house. When he tells her about the locket, she realizes the truth: her grandson was the killer. Everett now has to get Angela to the Governor's house in order to persuade him to order a stay of execution. As they approach the Governor's mansion, the first of three drugs used in the execution has already been injected into Frank's bloodstream and he has lost consciousness. The Governor calls, and the doctors try to revive him, while his wife Bonnie bangs on the window calling out for him to wake up.


title: True Crime (1999 film)

text: Six months later, a week before Christmas, Everett is out buying a stuffed hippo for his daughter, and the store's proprietor mentions that he is famous and may even win a Pulitzer. He catches sight of Frank and his family doing their Christmas shopping. Steve and Frank acknowledge each other, but Frank's daughter shouts for him to "come on," which Frank does.