title: Nero Wolfe

text: Good food is a keystone (along with reading) of Wolfe's mostly leisured existence. He is both a gourmand and a gourmet, enjoying generous helpings of Fritz's cuisine three times a day. Shad roe is a particular favorite, prepared in a number of different ways. Archie enjoys his food but lacks Wolfe's discerning palate, lamenting in "The Final Deduction" (chapter 9) that "Every spring I get so fed up with shad roe that I wish to heaven fish would figure out some other way. Whales have." Shad roe is frequently the first course, followed by roasted or braised duck, another Wolfe favorite.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Archie also complains that there is never corned beef or rye bread on Wolfe's table, and he sometimes ducks out to eat a corned beef sandwich at a nearby diner. Yet a young woman gives Wolfe a lesson in preparing corned beef hash in "Cordially Invited to Meet Death". Another contradiction is found in "Plot It Yourself" when Archie goes to a diner to eat "fried chicken like my Aunt Margie used to make it back in Ohio", since Fritz does not fry chicken. But in "The Golden Spiders", Fritz prepares fried chicken for Wolfe, Archie, Saul, Orrie, and Fred.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Wolfe displays an oenophile's knowledge of wine and brandy, but it is only implied that he drinks either. In "And Be a Villain" (chapter 17), he issues a dinner invitation and regrets doing so on short notice: "There will not be time to chambrer a claret properly, but we can have the chill off." Continuing the invitation, Wolfe says of a certain brandy, "I hope this won't shock you, but the way to do it is to sip it with bites of Fritz's apple pie."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: On weekdays, Fritz serves Wolfe his breakfast in his bedroom. Archie eats his separately in the kitchen, although Wolfe might ask Fritz to send Archie upstairs if he has morning instructions for him. Regularly scheduled mealtimes for lunch and dinner are part of Wolfe's daily routine. In an early story, Wolfe tells a guest that luncheon is served daily at 1 p.m. and dinner at 8 p.m., although later stories suggest that lunchtime may have been changed to 1:15 or 1:30, at least on Fridays. Lunch and dinner are served in the dining room, on the opposite side of the first-floor hallway from the front room and the office. However, Archie will eat separately in the kitchen if he is in a rush due to pressing business or a social engagement, because Wolfe cannot bear to see a meal rushed. Wolfe also has a rule against discussing business at the table, sometimes bent but very rarely overtly broken.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In the earliest books, Archie reports that Wolfe is subject to what he terms a "relapse"—a period of several days during which Wolfe refuses to work or even to listen to Archie badger him about work. The cause is unknown. Wolfe either takes to bed and eats nothing but bread and onion soup, or else he consults with Fritz on menus and the preparation of nonstop meals. In "Fer-de-Lance" (chapter 6), Archie reports that, during a relapse, Wolfe once ate half a sheep in two days, different parts cooked in 20 different ways. The relapse also appears briefly in "The League of Frightened Men" (chapter 11), "The Red Box" (chapter 6), and "Where There's a Will" (chapter 12), but subsequently disappears from the corpus as a plot device—possibly because Archie eventually discovered how to shut down a relapse during its earliest stages, as chronicled in "The Red Box".


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Wolfe views much of life through the prism of food and dining, going so far as to say that Voltaire "... wasn't a man at all, since he had no palate and a dried-up stomach." He knows enough about fine cuisine to lecture on American cooking to Les Quinze Maîtres (a group of the 15 finest chefs in the world) in "Too Many Cooks" and to dine with the Ten for Aristology (a group of epicures) in "Poison à la Carte". Wolfe does not, however, enjoy visiting restaurants (with the occasional exception of Rusterman's, owned for a time by Wolfe's best friend Marco Vukcic and later subject to Wolfe's trusteeship). In "The Red Box" (chapter 11), Wolfe states, "I know nothing of restaurants; short of compulsion, I would not eat in one were Vatel himself the chef."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Wolfe appears to know his way around the kitchen; in "Too Many Cooks" (chapter 17), he tells Jerome Berin, "I spend quite a little time in the kitchen myself." In "The Doorbell Rang", he offers to cook Yorkshire Buck and, in "Immune to Murder", the State Department asks him to prepare trout Montbarry for a visiting dignitary. In "The Black Mountain", Wolfe and Goodwin stay briefly in an unoccupied house in Italy on their way to Montenegro; Wolfe prepares a pasta dish using Romano cheese that, from "his memory of local custom", he finds in a hole in the ground. During the short story "Murder Is Corny", he lectures Inspector Cramer on the right and wrong ways to cook corn on the cob, insisting that it must be roasted rather than boiled in order to achieve the best flavor. (The 1940 story "Bitter End" suggests the contrary view that Wolfe was unable to prepare his own meals; Fritz's illness with the flu causes a household crisis and forces Wolfe to resort to canned liver pâté for his lunch.)


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Wolfe's meals generally include an appetizer, a main course, a salad served after the entrée (with the salad dressing mixed at tableside and used immediately), and a dessert course with coffee. (After-dinner coffee, however, is often taken by Wolfe and Archie in the office rather than the dining room.)


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Many of the dishes referred to in the various Nero Wolfe stories and novels were collected and published, complete with recipes, as "The Nero Wolfe Cookbook" by Rex Stout and the Editors of the Viking Press, published in 1973. All recipes are prefaced with a brief excerpt from the book or story that made reference to that particular dish.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The first novel, "Fer-de-Lance", introduces Wolfe as he prepares to change his habits. With Prohibition at an end, he can stop buying kegs of bootleg beer and purchase it legally in bottles. Fritz brings in samples of 49 different brands for him to evaluate, from which he ultimately selects Remmers as his favorite. Several times during the story, Wolfe announces his intention to reduce his beer intake from six quarts a day to five. "I grinned at that, for I didn't believe it", Archie Goodwin writes.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Like most other things in Wolfe's life, his beer drinking is bound by ritual. Seated at his desk, Wolfe presses the button twice to ring for beer, and Fritz delivers the bottles unopened; Wolfe uncaps the bottles himself, using an 18-karat gold bottle opener given to him by a satisfied client. He never drinks directly from the bottle, but instead pours the beer into a glass and lets the foam settle to an appropriate level before drinking. He keeps the gold opener in the center drawer of his desk, where he also keeps the bottlecaps as a means of tracking his daily/weekly consumption.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In "Plot It Yourself" (chapter 13), Wolfe makes an unprecedented vow after Archie tells him the killer they seek has killed again. Wolfe hits the desk with his fist, bellows in a language Archie does not understand, then coldly orders Fritz away when he enters with the beer: "Take it back. I shall drink no beer until I get my fingers around that creature's throat. And I shall eat no meat."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Reading is central to Nero Wolfe's life, and books are central to the plots of many of the stories. The floor-to-ceiling bookshelves lining Wolfe's office contain some 1,200 books ("Gambit", chapter 6)—the size of Stout's own library.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In the first paragraph of "Plot It Yourself", Archie relates his own method of grading what Wolfe is reading, on a scale from A to D. If Wolfe picks up a book before he rings for beer, and if he has marked his place with a thin strip of gold given to him by a grateful client, the book is an A. "I haven't kept score, but I would say that of the two hundred or so books he reads in a year not more than five or six get an A," Archie writes. In "The Red Box" (chapter 12), Wolfe uses a thin strip of ebony to mark his place as he re-reads "Seven Pillars of Wisdom". Archie indicates in various stories that Wolfe prefers to finish a paragraph before acknowledging an interruption in his reading. He often dog-ears a page to mark his place.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: William S. Baring-Gould's summary of Wolfe's library was incorporated with contributions from others into an annotated reading list created by Winnifred Louis.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Known for rigidly maintaining his personal schedule, Nero Wolfe is most inflexible when it comes to his routine in the rooftop plant rooms. From 9:00 to 11:00 in the morning, and from 4:00 to 6:00 in the afternoon, he looks after his orchid collection with help from Theodore Horstmann.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "Wolfe spends four hours a day with his orchids. Clients must accommodate themselves to this schedule", wrote Rex Stout's biographer John J. McAleer. "Rex does not use the orchid schedule to gloss over gummy plotting. Like the disciplines the sonneteer is bound by, the schedule is part of the framework he is committed to work within. The orchids and the orchid rooms sometimes are focal points in the stories. They are never irrelevant. In forty years Wolfe has scarcely ever shortened an orchid schedule."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "A dilly it was, this greenhouse", wrote Dr. John H. Vandermeulen in the "American Orchid Society Bulletin".


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Entering from the stairs via a vestibule, there were three main rooms—one for cattleyas, laelias, and hybrids; one for odontoglossums, oncidiums, miltonias, and their hybrids; and a tropical room (according to "Fer-de-Lance"). It must have been quite a sight with the angle-iron staging gleaming in its silver paint and on the concrete benches and shelves 10,000 pots of orchids in glorious, exultant bloom.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "If Wolfe had a favorite orchid, it would be the genus Phalaenopsis", Robert M. Hamilton wrote in his article, "The Orchidology of Nero Wolfe", first printed in "The Gazette: Journal of the Wolfe Pack" (Volume 1, Spring 1979). Phalaenopsis is mentioned in 11 Wolfe stories, and Phalaenopsis Aphrodite is named in seven—more than any other species. Wolfe personally cuts his most treasured Phalaenopsis Aphrodite for the centerpiece at the dinner for the Ten for Aristology in "Poison à la Carte". In "The Father Hunt", after Dorothy Sebor provides the information that solves the case, Wolfe tells Archie, "We'll send her some sprays of Phalaenopsis Aphrodite. They have never been finer."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Wolfe rarely sells his orchids—but he does give them away. Four or five dozen are used to advance the investigation in "Murder by the Book", and Wolfe refuses to let Archie bill the client for them. In "The Final Deduction", Laelia purpurata and Dendrobium chrysotoxum are sent to Dr. Vollmer and his assistant, who shelter Wolfe and Archie when they have to flee the brownstone to avoid the police.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In "The Second Confession", the orchid rooms are torn apart by gunfire from across the street. The shooters are in the employ of crime boss Arnold Zeck, who wants Wolfe to drop a case that could lead back to him. Wolfe and Archie call men to take care of the plants and repair the windows before notifying the police.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Wolfe has pronounced eccentricities, as well as strict rules concerning his way of life, and their occasional violation adds spice to many of the stories:


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The books frequently mention brands that do not exist: for instance, Wolfe owns a Heron automobile, which Archie drives, and Wethersill automobiles are also mentioned. A Marley revolver (also Carley, in "Die Like A Dog") is Archie's weapon of choice. A semi-fictional revolver brand is the Haskell (mentioned in "A Right To Die"). The Rabson lock likewise does not exist; the name was borrowed by Lawrence Block and used in his Bernie Rhodenbarr mysteries. Wolfe serves Remisier brandy or Follansbee's gin to guests and drinks Remmers' beer. Archie goes dancing at the Flamingo Club, which is now the name of more than one place in the New York City area, but the one in the books antedates them. Archie also frequently goes to Manhattan addresses that do not exist, for instance, 171 East 52nd Street in "Might As Well Be Dead." Wolfe's address, as mentioned above, is also fictional.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: On the other hand, real names and places also occur in the text, presumably for verisimilitude; Wolfe serves Bar-Le-Duc to a visitor on one occasion. The "Churchill Hotel" (officially the Hotel Churchill), mentioned many times, is a real hotel in Manhattan, and Sardi's is a real restaurant. Real people, for example, J. Edgar Hoover (notably in "The Doorbell Rang"), Walter Winchell and Texas Guinan are also mentioned.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Archie Goodwin is the narrator of all the Nero Wolfe stories and a central character in them. Jacques Barzun and Wendell Hertig Taylor, critics and scholars of detective fiction, summarized the unique relationship between Wolfe and Archie:


title: Nero Wolfe

text: First, Archie is not a friend but a paid employee, who acts as secretary, chauffeur, and legman to the mountainous and sedentary Wolfe. Then they differ in all important respects—age, background, physique, and education. Finally, it is impossible to say which is the more interesting and admirable of the two. They are complementary in the unheard-of ratio of 50–50. ... Archie has talents without which Wolfe would be lost: his remarkable memory, trained physical power, brash American humor, attractiveness to women, and ability to execute the most difficult errand virtually without instructions. Minus Archie, Wolfe would be a feckless recluse puttering in an old house on West 35th Street, New York.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Like Wolfe, Archie is a licensed private detective and handles all investigation that takes place outside the brownstone. He also takes care of routine tasks such as sorting the mail, taking dictation and answering the phone. At the time of the first novel, "Fer-de-Lance," Archie had been working for Wolfe for seven years and had by then been trained by Wolfe in his preferred methods of investigation. Like Wolfe, he has developed an extraordinary memory and can recite verbatim conversations that go on for hours. But perhaps his most useful attribute is his ability to bring reluctant people to Wolfe for interrogation.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Archie's bedroom is one floor above Wolfe's, and his room and board at the brownstone are part of his compensation. On several occasions, he makes it a point to note that he owns his bedroom furniture. Except for breakfast (which chef Fritz Brenner generally serves him in the kitchen), Archie takes his meals at Wolfe's table, and has learned much about "haute cuisine" by listening to Wolfe and Fritz discuss food. While Archie has a cocktail on occasion, his beverage of choice is milk.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Archie has frequent reason to note that he needs at least eight hours' sleep each night, and prefers more. He reacts bitterly when his sleep is interrupted or otherwise shortened by events, such as late-night interrogations at Homicide headquarters or a precinct, or a 1:45 a.m. phone call from a client who has lost her keys, or driving a suspect to her home in Carmel and returning to Manhattan at 2:30 a.m.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Archie's initial rough edges become smoother across the decades, much as American norms evolved over the years. Noting Archie's colloquialisms in the first two Nero Wolfe novels, Rev. Frederick G. Gotwald wrote, "The crudeness of these references makes me suspect that Stout uses them in Archie to show their ugliness because he uses them unapologetically." In the first Wolfe novel, Archie uses a racially biased term, for which Wolfe chides him, but by the time that "A Right to Die" was published in 1964, racial epithets were mostly used by Stout's antagonistic characters.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Many reviewers and critics regard Archie Goodwin as the true protagonist of the Nero Wolfe corpus. Compared to Wolfe, Archie is the man of action, tough and street smart. His narrative style is breezy and vivid. Some commentators see this as a conscious device by Stout to fuse the hard school of Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade with the urbanity of Sherlock Holmes or Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot. But there is no doubt that Archie was an important addition to the genre of detective fiction. Previously, foils such as Dr. Watson or Arthur Hastings were employed as confidants and narrators, but none had such a fully developed personality or was such an integral part of the plot as Archie.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe books (novels and novella/short story collections) are listed below in order of publication. For specific publication history, including original magazine appearances, see entries for individual titles. Years link to year-in-literature articles.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: After the death of Rex Stout's widow in October 1984, the Stout estate approved the continuation of the Nero Wolfe series. In 1986 journalist Robert Goldsborough published the first of seven Nero Wolfe mysteries issued by Bantam Books. Goldsborough's approach was faithful to the Rex Stout works, but he added his own touches, including an updated frame of reference (Archie now uses a personal computer to file Wolfe's germination records; Wolfe's ancient elevator is finally replaced by a more efficient model; etc.). Goldsborough's first effort, "Murder in E Minor", was published in 1986. Goldsborough often drew on his own background in advertising, education and journalism for color and detail.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Goldsborough resumed the series in 2012 with "Archie Meets Nero Wolfe", a prequel to Stout's novels. The books are published by the Mysterious Press.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: After the publication of "Fer-de-Lance" in 1934, several Hollywood studios were interested in the movie rights. In one of many conversations with his authorized biographer, Rex Stout told John McAleer that he himself had wanted Charles Laughton to play Nero Wolfe:


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In 1974 McAleer interviewed Laughton's widow, Elsa Lanchester. "I seem to remember Charles being very interested in the character of Nero Wolfe," she told him. "I always regretted I did not get to play Dora Chapin."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "When Columbia pictures bought the screen rights to "Fer-de-Lance" for $7,500 and secured the option to buy further stories in the series, it was thought the role would go to Walter Connolly. Instead Edward Arnold got it", McAleer reported in "Rex Stout: A Biography". "Columbia's idea was to keep Arnold busy with low-cost Wolfe films between features. Two films presently were made by Columbia, "Meet Nero Wolfe (Fer-de-Lance)" and "The League of Frightened Men". Connolly did portray Wolfe in the latter film, after Arnold decided he did not want to become identified in the public mind with one part. Lionel Stander portrayed Archie Goodwin. Stander was a capable actor but, as Archie, Rex thought he had been miscast."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Columbia Pictures adapted the first Nero Wolfe novel, "Fer-de-Lance", for the screen in 1936. "Meet Nero Wolfe" was directed by Herbert Biberman, and featured a cast led by Edward Arnold as Nero Wolfe, and Lionel Stander as Archie Goodwin. A young Rita Hayworth (then Rita Cansino) portrays Maria Maringola, who sets the story in motion when she asks for Wolfe's help in finding her missing brother, Carlo.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: ""Meet Nero Wolfe" is an above average minor A picture, a solid mystery, and unfailingly entertaining", reported "Scarlet Street" magazine in 2002 when it revisited the film. "No, at bottom, it's not Rex Stout's Nero and Archie, but it's a well-developed mystery (thanks to Stout's plot) with compensations all its own—and an interesting piece of Wolfeana."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In 1937, Columbia Pictures released "The League of Frightened Men", its adaptation of the second Nero Wolfe novel. Lionel Stander reprised his role as Archie Goodwin, and Walter Connolly took over the role of Nero Wolfe.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "He drinks beer in the novel but hot chocolate in the picture. That's the best explanation of what's wrong with the film", wrote "Variety" (June 16, 1937).


title: Nero Wolfe

text: After "The League of Frightened Men", Rex Stout declined to authorize any more Hollywood adaptations. "Do you think there's any chance of Hollywood ever making a good Nero Wolfe movie?" biographer John McAleer asked the author. Stout replied, "I don't know. I suppose so."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Three actors portrayed Nero Wolfe over the course of the 1943–44 radio series, "The Adventures of Nero Wolfe". J. B. Williams starred in its first incarnation (April 10 – June 26, 1943) on the regional New England Network. Santos Ortega assumed the role when the suspense drama moved to ABC (July 5 – September 27, 1943; January 21 – July 14, 1944). Luis Van Rooten succeeded Ortega sometime in 1944. Louis Vittes wrote most of the scripts for the 30-minute episodes, basing none of them on Stout's original stories.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Only one episode of the series is in circulation. "The Last Laugh Murder Case" (July 14, 1944) was chosen for rebroadcast by the Armed Forces Radio Service's "Mystery Playhouse" series.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Francis X. Bushman starred in "The Amazing Nero Wolfe", a 1945 radio drama series on the Mutual Broadcasting System. Broadcast July 17 – November 30, 1945, the series was a product of the Don Lee Network, a California affiliate, and may have been broadcast only in that region.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Louis Vittes wrote the scripts for the 30-minute program, based on Stout's principal characters but not his stories.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Although 21 episodes were produced, the series finale, "The Case of the Shakespeare Folio", is the only episode that has survived in radio collections.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Sydney Greenstreet starred in "The New Adventures of Nero Wolfe", a 1950–51 series that aired on NBC October 20, 1950 – April 27, 1951. Produced by Edwin Fadiman and directed by J. Donald Wilson, the show was written by Alfred Bester.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Biographer John McAleer reported that Stout enjoyed Greenstreet's portrayal. "The New Adventures of Nero Wolfe" was the first radio series that, like the Stout stories themselves, stressed characterization over plot. With all but one episode in circulation, it is regarded as the series that is most responsible for popularizing Nero Wolfe on radio.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Mavor Moore starred in the 1982 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation series "Nero Wolfe", broadcast January 16 – April 10, 1982. Don Francks portrayed Archie Goodwin, and Cec Linder played Inspector Cramer. The series was produced and directed by actor Ron Hartmann, who spent two years writing the hour-long radio adaptations of Stout's original stories. The 13-episode series was praised for its high production values and faithful presentation.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The Post Meridian Radio Players, a radio theater troupe in Boston, presented a gender-swapped staged radio drama titled "The Boy Who Cried Wolfe" July 20–28, 2018. An adaptation of a December 1950 episode of the NBC radio series, the production changed the genders of all of the characters; Nero Wolfe became Vera Wolfe, and Archie became Audrey Goodwin. The piece was performed along with an Arsene Lupin story and an adaptation of the Sherlock Holmes story "The Final Problem" as part of the troupe's summer mystery series, "Moriarty's Mysteries".


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Rex Stout appeared in the December 9, 1956, episode of "Omnibus", a cultural anthology series that epitomized the golden age of television. Hosted by Alistair Cooke and directed by Paul Bogart, "The Fine Art of Murder" was a 40-minute segment described by "Time" magazine as "a homicide as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Edgar Allan Poe [and] Rex Stout would variously present it". The author is credited as appearing along with Gene Reynolds (Archie Goodwin), Robert Eckles (Nero Wolfe), James Daly (narrator), Dennis Hoey (Arthur Conan Doyle), Felix Munro (Edgar Allan Poe), Herbert Voland (M. Dupin) and Jack Sydow. Writer Sidney Carroll received the 1957 Edgar Award for Best Episode in a TV Series. "The Fine Art of Murder" is in the collection of the Library of Congress (VBE 2397–2398) and screened in its Mary Pickford Theater February 15, 2000.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: On September 15, 1949, Rex Stout wrote a confidential memo to Edwin Fadiman, who represented his radio, film and television interests. The memo provided detailed character descriptions of Nero Wolfe and Archie Goodwin, and a physical description and diagram of Wolfe's office. Stout's biographer John McAleer inferred the memo was guidance for the NBC Nero Wolfe radio series that began in October 1950, but in summarizing the memo's unique revelations he remarked, "A TV producer could not have hoped for more specifics."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: On October 22, 1949, "Billboard" reported that Fadiman Associates was packaging a television series featuring Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe characters. When CBS-TV's "Perry Mason" went into production, Stout received some 50 offers from film and TV producers hoping to follow up on its success with a Nero Wolfe series. By April 1957 CBS had purchased the rights and was pitching a Nero Wolfe TV series to advertisers. The series had Stout's enthusiastic cooperation.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In March 1959, "The New York Times" reported that Kurt Kasznar and William Shatner would portray Nero Wolfe and Archie Goodwin in the CBS-TV series. Both actors were then starring on Broadway—the Vienna-born Kasznar in Noel Coward's "Look After Lulu!" and Shatner in "The World of Suzie Wong".


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "Nero Wolfe" was co-produced by Gordon Duff and Otis L. Guernsey, Jr., with Edwin Fadiman as executive producer. The theme music was composed by Alex North.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The pilot episode, "Count the Man Down", written by Sidney Carroll and directed by Tom Donovan, was filmed in Manhattan in March 1959. The half-hour program concerned the mysterious death of a scientist during a guided missile launch at Cape Canaveral. Guest stars include Alexander Scourby (Mr. Belson), Phyllis Hill (Leslie Gear), George Voskovec (Dr. Wohlgang), Eva Seregni (Mrs. Lowenberg), Frank Marth (Ernest Petchen), John McLiam (Professor Adams), John C. Becher (Mr. Faversham), Eileen Fulton (Receptionist), and Rene Paul (Christian Lowenberg).


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The series was to air Mondays at 10 p.m. ET beginning in September 1959. But in April, CBS announced that the new comedy series "Hennesey" would occupy the time slot.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In June 1959, "Baltimore Sun" critic Donald Kirkley reported that the "Nero Wolfe" pilot had been "in a way, too successful ... Everything seemed to point to a sale of the series. A facsimile of the brownstone house in which Wolfe lives in the novels ... was found in Grammercy Square. But when the film was made and shown around, it was considered too good to be confined to half an hour." In October 1960, William Shatner was reportedly still working to sell the first television adaptation of Nero Wolfe to the networks.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The 1959 "Nero Wolfe" pilot episode was released on DVD and Blu-ray in October 2018 by VCI Entertainment, in "Television's Lost Classics: Volume 2". The four rare pilots on the release were digitally restored in high definition by SabuCat Productions from the best archival film elements available.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In an interview May 27, 1967, Rex Stout told author Dick Lochte that Orson Welles had once wanted to make a series of Nero Wolfe movies, and Stout had turned him down. Disappointed with the Nero Wolfe movies of the 1930s, Stout was leery of Nero Wolfe film and TV projects in America during his lifetime: "That's something my heirs can fool around with, if they've a mind to", he said. In 1976, a year after Stout's death, Paramount Television purchased the rights for the entire set of Nero Wolfe stories for Orson Welles. Paramount paid $200,000 for the TV rights to eight hours of Nero Wolfe. The producers planned to begin with an ABC-TV movie and hoped to persuade Welles to continue the role in a mini-series. Frank D. Gilroy was signed to write the television script ("The Doorbell Rang") and direct the TV movie on the assurance that Welles would star, but by April 1977 Welles had bowed out. Thayer David was cast as Wolfe in the 1977 TV movie.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In March 1980, Paramount was planning a weekly NBC-TV series as a starring vehicle for Welles; Leon Tokatyan ("Lou Grant") was to write the pilot. Welles again declined because he wanted to do a series of 90-minute specials, perhaps two or three a year, instead of a weekly series. William Conrad was cast as Wolfe in the 1981 TV series.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In 1977, Paramount Television filmed "Nero Wolfe", an adaptation of Stout's novel "The Doorbell Rang". Thayer David and Tom Mason starred as Nero Wolfe and Archie Goodwin; Anne Baxter costarred as Mrs. Rachel Bruner. Written and directed by Frank D. Gilroy, the made-for-TV movie was produced as a pilot for a possible upcoming series—but the film had not yet aired at the time of Thayer David's death in July 1978. "Nero Wolfe" was finally broadcast December 18, 1979, as an ABC-TV late show.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Paramount Television remounted "Nero Wolfe" as a weekly one-hour series that ran on NBC TV from January through August 1981. The project was recast with William Conrad stepping into the role of Nero Wolfe and Lee Horsley portraying Archie Goodwin. Although it was titled "Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe", the production departed considerably from the originals. All 14 episodes were set in contemporary New York City.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Independent producer Michael Jaffe's efforts to secure the rights to the Nero Wolfe stories date back to his earliest days in the business. In the mid-1970s he was working with his father, Henry Jaffe, a successful attorney turned producer, when the Nero Wolfe rights came on the market. Warner Bros. wanted to adapt the Zeck trilogy for a feature film and approached Henry Jaffe, who traveled to New York to negotiate with the agent for Rex Stout's estate but lost out to Paramount Television.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "We finally got this opportunity", said Michael Jaffe. "I had chased the rights numerous times. One of the reasons that I never actually tried to make it as a series was that I didn't believe a network would ever let us make it the right way. Then A&E came along, and Allen Sabinson. I've known him for years and years. He swore he'd let me make it the right way.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: In March 2000, Maury Chaykin (as Nero Wolfe) and Timothy Hutton (as Archie Goodwin) starred in "", a Jaffe/Braunstein Films co-production with the A&E Network. High ratings led to the original series, "A Nero Wolfe Mystery" (2001–2002).


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Hutton had a strong creative hand in the A&E series, serving as an executive producer and directing four telefilms. "A Nero Wolfe Mystery" adapted the plots and dialogue of the Stout originals closely; unlike previous Wolfe adaptations, the series retained Archie Goodwin's first-person narration and did not update the stories to contemporary times. The episodes were colorful period pieces, set primarily in the 1940s–1950s. The production values were exceptional and critics responded favorably.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Other members of the principal cast were Colin Fox (Fritz Brenner), Conrad Dunn (Saul Panzer), Fulvio Cecere (Fred Durkin), Trent McMullen (Orrie Cather), Saul Rubinek (Lon Cohen), Bill Smitrovich (Inspector Cramer) and R.D. Reid (Sergeant Purley Stebbins). In a practice reminiscent of the mystery movie series of the 1930s and 1940s, the show rarely used guest stars in the roles of victims, killers and suspects, but instead used the same ensemble of supporting actors each week. An actor who had been "killed off" in one show might portray the murderer in the next. Actress Kari Matchett was a member of this repertory group while also having a recurring role in the series as Archie Goodwin's girlfriend Lily Rowan; other frequent members of the troupe included Nicky Guadagni, Debra Monk, George Plimpton, Ron Rifkin, Francie Swift, and James Tolkan.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Production of "A Nero Wolfe Mystery" coincided with Rex Stout's becoming a top-selling author some 30 years after his death. The series was released on Region 1 DVD as two sets ("The Golden Spiders" bundled with the second season), and as a single eight-disc thinpack set.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: A German TV adaption of "Too Many Cooks"—"Zu viele Köche" (1961)—starred Heinz Klevenow as Nero Wolfe, and Joachim Fuchsberger as Archie Goodwin. After he protested that his story was used without permission, Rex Stout received a $3,500 settlement.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "The name Nero Wolfe has magic in Italy," wrote Rex Stout's biographer John McAleer. In 1968, the Italian television network RAI paid Stout $80,000 for the rights to produce 12 Nero Wolfe stories. "He agreed only because he would never see them," McAleer wrote.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: From February 1969 to February 1971, Italian television broadcast 10 Nero Wolfe TV movies. These are the episodes in order of appearance:


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "In the Best Families" and "The Final Deduction" were among the titles for which RAI also bought the rights, but were not filmed.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The successful series of black-and-white telemovies star Tino Buazzelli (Nero Wolfe), Paolo Ferrari (Archie Goodwin), Pupo De Luca (Fritz Brenner), Renzo Palmer (Inspector Cramer), Roberto Pistone (Saul Panzer), Mario Righetti (Orrie Cather) and Gianfranco Varetto (Fred Durkin). The whole series became available on DVD in 2007.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: A series of Russian Nero Wolfe TV movies was made from 2001 to 2005. One of the adaptations, "Poka ya ne umer" ("Before I Die") (), was written by Vladimir Valutsky, screenwriter for a Russian Sherlock Holmes television series in the 1980s. Nero Wolfe is played by Donatas Banionis, and Archie Goodwin by Sergei Zhigunov.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The first season ("Niro Vulf i Archi Gudvin") () comprises five episodes, listed in order of appearance:


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The second season ("Noviye Priklucheniya Niro Vulfa i Archi Gudvina") () comprises four episodes, listed in order of appearance:


title: Nero Wolfe

text: On April 5, 2012, the RAI network in Italy began a new "Nero Wolfe" series starring Francesco Pannofino as Nero Wolfe and Pietro Sermonti as Archie Goodwin. Produced by Casanova Multimedia and Rai Fiction, the eight-episode series, which ran for a single season, began with "La traccia del serpente", an adaptation of "Fer-de-Lance" set in 1959 in Rome, where Wolfe and Archie reside after leaving the United States.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: MHz Choice began streaming the series with English subtitles in North America in November 2017 and released it on DVD in January 2018.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The Teatro del Stabile del Giallo in Rome presented a stage adaptation of "Christmas Party" November 14 – December 20, 2009.


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Park Square Theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota, commissioned a world-premiere stage adaption of "The Red Box", presented June 6 – July 13, 2014 (previews beginning May 30). Written by Joseph Goodrich and directed by Peter Moore, the two-act production starred E.J. Subkoviak (Nero Wolfe), Sam Pearson (Archie Goodwin), Michael Paul Levin (Inspector Cramer), Jim Pounds (Fritz Brenner, Rene Gebert), Nicholas Leeman (Lew Frost), Rebecca Wilson (Helen Frost), Suzanne Egli (Calida Frost), James Cada (Dudley Frost) and Bob Malos (Boyden McNair).


title: Nero Wolfe

text: "For audiences who might not be familiar with Wolfe and his trusty assistant Archie Goodwin, it's a terrific introduction to the characters and the milieu", wrote the "Saint Paul Pioneer Press".


title: Nero Wolfe

text: The stage production was authorized by the estate of Rex Stout; Stout's daughter, Rebecca Stout Bradbury, attended the opening. "It's something of a surprise that none of the Wolfe novels have been adapted for the stage before", wrote the "Twin Cities Daily Planet". "If "The Red Box" is any indication, many more will be."


title: Nero Wolfe

text: Park Square Theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota, commissioned a world-premiere stage adaptation of the "Might as Well Be Dead" to be presented June 16 – July 30, 2017. The second stage production to be authorized by the estate of Rex Stout, the play was written by Joseph Goodrich and directed by Peter Moore. They were also responsible for a successful adaptation of "The Red Box", presented at Park Square Theatre in 2014.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: HIStory (pronounced "his story") is a Taiwanese anthology streaming television series created by Chang Ting-fei for Choco TV and Line TV. Each season presents stand-alone stories with different plots and main characters focusing on the theme of boys' love, also known as BL. The first season premiered on February 14, 2017.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: The series has accumulated a large international following and is well-received by critics. In Taiwan, the series hit 3.5 million views after the first three months of release, and 16.5 million views by the end of the second season. "HIStory" is the first Taiwanese web drama to air on Japanese television, with the first season premiering on Japan's Nippon TV on July 31, 2017. On July 2, 2018, the series had its primetime television debut in Taiwan through CTS, airing the first two seasons back-to-back throughout the month. Season two's "HIStory2: Crossing the Line" received critical acclaim for its characterization, directing, and acting, earning a Golden Bell nomination for Best Miniseries. Its film sequel, "Crossover" (跨界) was announced on August 17, 2018, but was cancelled due to adjustment of content strategy due to the COVID-19 pandemic, subsequently announcing the fourth season being under works.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: The first season of the "HIStory" series, often referred to as "HIStory1" when named along with the other seasons, has a total of three miniseries, namely "My Hero", "Stay Away From Me" and "Obsessed", starring and , and , and and as three couples for the three miniseries.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: During a mission to collect the soul of college student Ku Ssu-jen, whose time on earth is dwindling, grim reaper Pai Chang-chang accidentally captures Lan Hsi's soul instead, killing her. To avoid punishment by the gods, Pai Chang-chang tries to find a way to help Lan Hsi return to Earth, but her body is cremated, rendering her unable to return to her original body. In a rage, Lan Hsi's soul takes over Ku Ssu-jen's body. She uses this opportunity to try to get back with her boyfriend Mai Ying-hsiung (Hero), but she only has seven days for her boyfriend to fall in love with her new body. Otherwise her soul, and Ku Ssu-jen, will die.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: When their parents get married and leave for a long honeymoon, superstar Cheng Ching moves in with his new stepbrother Feng He. With Cheng Ching on the brink of failing out of college, their parents entrust Feng He to tutor him. Meng Meng, Feng He's fujoshi best friend, starts dreaming of the perfect BL fanfic and tries to push the two together, but will Feng He be able to stay away from his brother?


title: HIStory (web series)

text: Shao Yi-chen, a man who dies in an accident following a scuffle with his ex-boyfriend Chiang Chin-teng, is reborn and sent back 9 years. To save his future self, he avoids Chin-teng and his feelings for him. Yi-chen proceeds to destroy his diary, where he writes about his longtime feelings for him. Chin-teng discovers a few pages, and develops a growing curiosity about Yi-chen which he can't explain. Yi-chen himself realizes that he can't resist Chin-teng, no matter how many times he tries to not fall for him again.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: "HIStory2" is the second season of the "HIStory" series, having a total of two miniseries, namely "Right or Wrong" and "Crossing the Line", starring and , and Fandy Fan, and and Patrick Shih as three couples for the two miniseries.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: Right or Wrong () is the first miniseries of "HIStory2", directed by and starring , . "Right or Wrong" accumulated 4.25 million views during its run.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: Shih Yi-chieh, an associate professor of the anthropology department, is a divorced father with a 6-year-old daughter. Upon chance, he hires college student Fei Sheng-che ("Xiao Fei") to be his daughter's babysitter. After years of having dysfunctional work hours and inconsistent meals, Xiao Fei's presence at home brings huge changes to Yi-chieh's life, and he falls in love. But the family of three's lives gets disrupted when Yi-chieh's ex-wife comes back into his life, in hopes to rekindle their failed marriage.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: Crossing the Line () is the second miniseries of "HIStory2", directed by and starring , Fandy Fan, and Patrick Shih.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: "Crossing the Line" accumulated over 4.56 million views during its run and is the only series in the "HIStory" anthology to receive a Golden Bell nomination for Best Miniseries.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: New transfer student Hsia Yu-hao joins the Zhihong High School volleyball club and gradually falls in love with the senior student Chiu Tzu-hsuan.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: On August 17, 2018, Choco Media announced a film sequel, "Crossover" (). Preparation for the film began after the broadcast of "Crossing the Line" in March 2018. Lu, Fan, Yang, and Shih will reprise their roles. The theatrical release for "Crossing the Line 2" is planned for the fourth quarter of 2019. However, the plan was cancelled due to adjustment of content strategy due to the COVID-19 pandemic, subsequently announcing the fourth season being under works.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: "HIStory3" is the third season of the "HIStory" series, having a total of two miniseries, namely "Trapped" and "Make Our Days Count", starring Jake Hsu and , and , and , and and as four couples for the two miniseries.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: A mysterious shooting leaves a police officer and the head of the Hsin Tien Group crime syndicate dead. Four years later, police investigator Meng Shao-fei is determined to hunt down Tang Yi, the sole survivor of the fateful shooting – and now the head of the Hsin Tien gang. Tang Yi is also hunting for answers but wants his own form of justice. He seems to want to exact his choice of punishment on the killer… although he appears to be hiding a dark secret. Is Tang Yi trying to protect someone?


title: HIStory (web series)

text: Meng Shao-fei and Tang Yi become entangled in a deadly game of wits – a game that becomes all the more complicated after Tang Yi baits a love trap for Meng Shao-fei.


title: HIStory (web series)

text: Make Our Days Count () is the second miniseries of "HIStory3", directed by and starring and , and and .


title: HIStory (web series)

text: High schoolers Hsiang Hao-ting and Yu Hsi-ku appear to be polar opposites: While Hao-ting is an outgoing, hot-headed extravert and some-time bully, Hsi-ku prefers to keep a low profile and focus on his schoolwork. What will happen when the two worlds collide as their relationship ensued?


title: HIStory (web series)

text: "HIStory4" is the fourth season of the "HIStory" series. It currently has only one miniseries, "Close To You".


title: Everyone Says I Love You

text: Everyone Says I Love You is a 1996 American musical film written and directed by Woody Allen. It stars Allen, Alan Alda, Drew Barrymore, Goldie Hawn, Edward Norton, Julia Roberts, Tim Roth, Natasha Lyonne and Natalie Portman. Set in New York City, Venice and Paris, it features singing by actors not usually known for musical roles. The film did not do well commercially, but is among the more critically successful of Allen's films, with "Chicago Sun-Times" critic Roger Ebert even ranking it as one of Allen's best.


title: Everyone Says I Love You

text: The emotions of an extended upper-class family in Manhattan are followed in songs at New York, Paris and Venice. Various characters act, interact and sing in each cities. They include young lovers Holden and Skylar, Skylar's parents Bob and Steffi, Steffi's ex-husband Joe, Joe and Steffi's daughter Djuna, Von, a lady whom Joe meets, and a recently released prison inmate, Charles Ferry, who is inserted between them, leading to their breakup.


title: Everyone Says I Love You

text: Most of the performers sing in their own voices, with two exceptions: Goldie Hawn, who was told by Allen to intentionally sing worse because she sang too well to be believable as a normal person just breaking into song, and Drew Barrymore, who convinced Allen that her singing was too awful even for the "realistic singing voice" concept he was going for. Her voice was dubbed by Olivia Hayman.


title: Everyone Says I Love You

text: The title song was written by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby, and was used as a recurring theme song in the Marx Brothers movie "Horse Feathers" (1932). Allen is a well-known Groucho Marx fan. Marx's theme song from "Animal Crackers" (1930) "Hooray for Captain Spaulding" is featured, sung in French by a chorus of Groucho Marxes. Songs, film score and subsequent album recorded, mixed, and co-produced with Dick Hyman by Roy Yokelson.


title: Everyone Says I Love You

text: The film was released in North America on December 8, 1996 on three screens. Its opening weekend gross was $131,678 ($43,892 per screen). It ended with the run with $9,759,200.


title: Everyone Says I Love You

text: The film was well received. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 77% "fresh" rating, based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's consensus states: "A likable, infectious musical, Woody Allen's "Everyone Says I Love You" is sometimes uneven but always toe-tapping and fun." Janet Maslin wrote a strongly positive review in "The New York Times", describing the film as "a delightful and witty compendium of the film maker's favorite things." Among the film's strongest detractors was Jonathan Rosenbaum, who described it as "creepy" and claimed "this characterless world of Manhattan-Venice-Paris, where love consists only of self-validation, and political convictions of any kind are attributable to either hypocrisy or a brain condition, the me-first nihilism of Allen's frightened worldview is finally given full exposure, and it's a grisly thing to behold."


title: Daily Lives of High School Boys

text: The story revolves around the daily lives of three schoolboy friends; Tadakuni, Hidenori Tabata and Yoshitake Tanaka of Sanada North Boys High school and their various interactions with other students of and around their school and their coming of age endeavors.


title: Daily Lives of High School Boys

text: The manga was first published by Square Enix in the web magazine "Gangan Online" on May 21, 2009, and ended its run on September 27, 2012. It was later compiled into seven "tankōbon" volumes and published between February 22, 2010 and September 27, 2012. The ending is different from the anime.


title: Daily Lives of High School Boys

text: An anime adaptation produced by Sunrise and directed by Shinji Takamatsu was announced in October 2011 and premiered on TV Tokyo on January 9, 2012. This was followed by later airings on AT-X, Bandai Channel, TVA, TVO and online streaming on Niconico. The series was later released on six Blu-ray and DVD volumes in Japan between April 3 and September 4, 2012, and included special bonus episodes along with the episodes that were streamed on Niconico prior to the television premiere of the anime. The series was also licensed by NIS America. The company released the series in its entirety with English subtitles on a two-disc Blu-ray premium edition package on August 6, 2013. Hanabee Entertainment also announced that they had licensed the anime for release in Australia. This was followed by a DVD release on July 31, 2013. Hulu eventually picked the series up for online streaming in the United States in 2013. Funimation added the series to their catalogue via a partnership with NIS America on April 15, 2021, for USA, Canada, UK & Ireland.


title: Daily Lives of High School Boys

text: "Daily Lives of High School Boys" uses three pieces of theme music: one insert song, one opening theme and one closing theme. The insert song is "Capsule" by Mix Speakers, Inc and was used in episode three. The main opening theme for all episodes is "Shiny tale" by Mix Speakers, Inc while the ending theme is by Amesaki Annainin. The original ending theme was supposed to be by Jinkaku Radio. However the song was quickly pulled after the band made inappropriate remarks concerning the series on their blog which poked fun at the manga, stating "About that Daily Lives of High School Boys thing ... the manga is actually pretty boring (lol)". The band's lead vocalist had also previously posted inappropriate remarks about voice actress Yui Horie. This later prompted an apology by Jinkaku Radio—vowing to show more "self-restraint" on social media along with cancellation of the sales of "Subtraction" and other scheduled events.


title: Daily Lives of High School Boys

text: There are six volumes of Drama CD released. The title is <nowiki>"Unseen Daily Lives of High School Boys"</nowiki>(Danshi Kōkōsei no Miserarenai Nichijō). These are some random gags and other stories.


title: Daily Lives of High School Boys

text: A live-action film adaptation produced by Showgate and directed by Daigo Matsui was announced in April 2013 and released on October 12, 2013. The cast includes Masaki Suda as Tadakuni, Shūhei Nomura as Yoshitake and Ryo Yoshizawa as Hidenori. The film follows an original story with the boys of Sanada North holding a joint school festival with the neighboring all-girls high school. Director Matsui remarked that he had spent his high school years in an all-boys school himself and identified with the Daily Lives so much that he began looking at the "boys"' logic objectively. This made him feel "sad and embarrassed" and felt as though he made a documentary of his own life at the end of filming. The film was released by Pony Canyon on Blu-ray and DVD in Japan on March 19, 2014.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë ( , ; ) is the third most populous city of the Republic of Albania and seat of Vlorë County and Vlorë Municipality. Located in southwestern Albania, Vlorë sprawls on the Bay of Vlorë and is surrounded by the foothills of the Ceraunian Mountains along the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coasts. It experiences a Mediterranean climate, which is affected by the Ceraunian Mountains and the proximity to the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë was founded as Aulon as an Ancient Greek colony on the Illyrian coast and was conquered at different periods throughout history by Romans, Byzantines, Normans, Venetians and Ottomans. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength for national consciousness, which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance. Vlorë played an instrumental role in Albanian Independence as an epicenter for the founders of modern Albania, who signed the Declaration of Independence on 28 November 1912 at the Assembly of Vlorë.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë is one of the most significant cities of southern Albania and the region of Labëria which is traditionally noted for its culture, traditions and folklore. Vlorë is served by the Port of Vlorë, the SH8 highway, and the A2 motorway, collectively representing part of the Adriatic–Ionian Corridor and the Pan-European Corridor VIII.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë was founded as an Ancient Greek colony on the Illyrian coast. Its initial name was "Aulṓn" (; also the name in modern Katharevousa), meaning "channel, glen" and possibly a translation of another indigenous name. The name of the city was first recorded in the 2nd century AD, by two Ancient Greek authors, Lucian and Ptolemy, the latter calling it "town and sea-port", which confirms that it was founded much earlier. However, Aulon has not been mentioned by more Ancient Greek and Roman authors, who on the other hand recorded the nearby town and seaport of Oricum. But in later sources Oricum is less encountered, while the toponym Aulon is more frequently mentioned.


title: Vlorë

text: "Vlorë" developed from the ancient "Aulon-a" through the evolution of the phonetic system of the Albanian language with the rhotacism "Vlonë" > "Vlorë", which is a pre-Slavic phenomenon in Albanian. The intervocalic has regularly evolved to in Tosk Albanian, while the initial has evolved from unstressed after the disappearance of the initial unstressed . The evolution > should be relatively ancient, preventing the evolution of the following intervocalic to . In Geg Albanian the toponym is pronounced "Vlonë", indicating that it has been in use among northern Albanians before the appearance of rhotacism in Tosk Albanian. Also the accent pattern of the name observes Albanian accent rules.


title: Vlorë

text: The medieval and modern Greek name is "Avlónas" ( "Aulṓnas" , accusative "Aulṓna" ), and is the source of the Latin "Aulona", the Italian "Valona" (also used in other languages) and of the obsolete English "Avlona". During the Ottoman era the city of Vlorë was known in Turkish as "Avlonya". In Medieval Latin sources and in Old Italian records it is mentioned with the forms "Avalona", "Avelona", "Lavalona", "Lavellona"; and in Old Serbian sources as "Avlona" or "Vavlona", the latter containing the Slavic preposition "v" "in". In Aromanian, the city is known as .


title: Vlorë

text: Due to its strategic position on the Adriatic Sea, especially the Bay of Vlorë, which forms a natural harbor, Vlorë occupied a significant place in classical antiquity as a base for trade by many peoples. Vlorë is considered one of the oldest cities in Albania and the region. The city was founded by the ancient Greeks in the 6th century BC and named "Aulōn". It is also one of several colonies on the Illyrian coast, mentioned for the first time by Ptolemy "(Geographia III xii, 2)". In terms of Greek mythology the inhabitants of Aulon claimed descent from the Nostoi; returning heroes from Trojan War. Other geographical documents, such as the "Tabula Peutingeriana" and Hierocles' "Synecdemus", also mention Aulon. The city served as an important port of the Roman Empire, when it was part of Epirus Nova.


title: Vlorë

text: Aulon ("Avlona") became an episcopal see in the 5th century. Among the known bishops are "Nazarius" in 458 and "Soter" in 553 (Daniele Farlati, "Illyricum sacrum", VII, 397–401). The diocese at that time belonged to the papal Pentarchy. In 733, it was annexed with the eastern Illyricum, to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and yet it is not mentioned in any "Notitiae Episcopatuum" of that Church. The bishopric had probably been suppressed for though the Bulgarians had been in possession of this country for some time, Avlona is not mentioned in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" of the Bulgarian Patriarchate of Achrida.


title: Vlorë

text: During the Roman period, a Latin see was established and Eubel ("Hierarchia catholica medii aevi", I, 124) mentions several of its bishops.


title: Vlorë

text: Aulon, no longer being a residential bishopric, is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see, a suffragan bishop of Durrës, being distinguished from a Greek titular see called Aulon by the use for it of the adjective "Aulonitanus", while the adjective regarding the Aulon in Euboea (Ionian Greece) is "Aulonensis". The diocese was nominally restored as Latin titular bishopric Aulon, or Valona in Curiate Italian; from 1925 it was (als) named Aulona in Latin and/or Italian, since 1933 it's only Aulon in Latin, Aulona in Italian. It was a bishopric from the fifth century until Bulgarian rule.


title: Vlorë

text: In the 11th and 12th century, Vlorë played an instrumental role in the conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Following Norman occupation, they ruled for only four years and established a Latin church episcopal see in Vlorë. Vlorë served as capital of the Principality of Valona, initially a Serbian vassal state and later, independent Christian state from 1346 to 1417.


title: Vlorë

text: The Ottoman Empire captured the city in 1417, while in 1432, Albanian rebels freed Vlorë and expelled the Ottomans from the area. As part of the Ottoman Empire, Vlorë became a "sanjak" centre in Rumelia Eyalet under the name "Avlonya". Later it become a Venetian possession in 1690 and the city was restored to the Ottomans in 1691, becoming a kaza of the Sanjak of Avlona in the "vilayet" (province) of Janina. At the time the city had about 10,000 inhabitants; there was a Catholic parish, which belonged to the Archdiocese of Durrës. During the early period of Ottoman rule, Vlorë became an international port centered on a high volume of trade between western Europe and the Ottoman state.


title: Vlorë

text: In 1426, the Ottomans supported the settlement of a Jewish community involved in mercantile activities. The community underwent population growth in subsequent decades with Jews migrating from Corfu, Venetian ruled lands, Naples, France, and the Iberian Peninsula. Following their expulsion and arrival from Spain, the Ottoman state settled Jewish expellees in Vlorë toward the latter part of the fifteenth century. Ottoman censuses for 1506 and 1520 recorded the Jewish population as consisting of 528 families and some 2,600 people in Vlorë. The Jews of Vlorë were involved in trade and the city imported items from Europe and exported spices, leather, cotton fabrics, velvets, brocades, and mohair from the Ottoman cities of Istanbul and Bursa. The Vlorë Jewish community took an active role in the welfare of other Jews such as managing to attain the release of war related captives present in Durrës in 1596. After the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the deterioration of security along the Ottoman controlled Adriatic and Ionian coasts, the numbers of Jews within Vlorë decreased.


title: Vlorë

text: Between the 18th and 19th centuries, cultural developments, widely attributed to Albanians having gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength, conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance with Vlorë becoming an epicenter of the movement in 1912. In 1833, Vlorë was captured by Albanian rebels forcing the Ottoman government to abolish taxes and comply to rebel requests.


title: Vlorë

text: In 1851 it suffered severely from an earthquake. The Jewish community of Yanina renewed the Jewish community of Vlorë in the nineteenth century.


title: Vlorë

text: On November 28, 1912, Ismail Qemali declared the Albanian National Awakening in Vlorë, during the First Balkan War. The city became Albania's first capital following its independence, but was invaded by Italy in 1914, during the World War I. The city remained occupied by Italian forces until an Albanian rebellion forced the Italians out of Albania in 1920. Italy invaded Vlorë again in 1939. The city remained under Italian occupation until Italy surrendered to the allies in 1943. Subsequently, Nazi Germany occupied the city until 1944. The city was liberated in 1944 by communist forces under Enver Hoxha.


title: Vlorë

text: During the World War II, Sazan Island became the site of a German and Italian submarine base and naval installations; these installations were heavily bombed by the Allies.


title: Vlorë

text: After World War II, with Albania ruled by a Communist Party, the port was leased out to the Soviet Union for use as a submarine base. During 1960 and 1961 it served as a theater in the aftermath of the decision of Enver Hoxha to denounce Nikita Khrushchev's reforms. In April 1961 the Soviet Union, resenting being pushed out after considerable investment in the naval facilities at nearby Pasha Liman Base, threatened to occupy Vlora with Soviet troops, and cut off all Soviet economic, military and technical aid to Albania. The threat was not carried out, as a result of the simultaneous international developments; most notably the Cuban Missile Crisis. Hoxha, realizing the vulnerability of Albania after the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, ordered the construction of hundreds of thousands of concrete bunkers. Under Hoxha, Vlorë served as an important recruiting centre for the Sigurimi; the Albanian state security, intelligence and secret police service.


title: Vlorë

text: In 1997, Vlorë was the center of the Albanian civil war of 1997 after the collapse of several fraudulent investment schemes that led to the downfall of the Sali Berisha administration.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë is situated on the Bay of Vlorë along the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coasts in the eastern part of the Strait of Otranto surrounded by the foothills of the Ceraunian Mountains. Defined in an area of , Vlorë Municipality is encompassed in Vlorë County as part of the Southern Region of Albania and consists of the adjacent administrative units of Novoselë, Orikum, Qendër Vlorë, Shushicë and Vlorë. The municipality stretches from the mouth of Vjosë in the north along the Narta Lagoon to the Llogara Pass in the south. It also encloses the Karaburun Peninsula and Sazan Island in the west with the Shushica-Vlorë River forming its eastern border. Protected areas include the Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park, Llogara National Park and Vjosa-Narta Protected Landscape. Valonia oak, the mass name for acorn cups obtained in the neighboring oak forests and used by tanners, derives its name from Valona, the ancient name of Vlorë.


title: Vlorë

text: According to the Köppen climate classification, Vlorë falls under the periphery of the hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) zone with an average annual temperature of . Summers in Vlorë are dry and hot while winters experience moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. The warmest month is August with an average temperature rising to . By contrast, the coldest month is January with an average temperature falling to . Vlorë has a sunny climate with an average of 3,358 hours of sunshine annually, making it one of the sunniest areas in the Eastern Mediterranean. July is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about 12 hours of sunshine a day. By contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than 7 hours per day in January.


title: Vlorë

text: The city of Vlorë remains a major seaport and commercial centre, with a significant fishing and industrial sector. The surrounding region produces petroleum, natural gas, bitumen and salt. The city is also the location of important installations of the Albanian Navy. It has grown in importance as an agricultural center with a very large-scale planting of olive and fruit trees, and as a center of the food processing, oil, and bitumen export industries. Historically, the surrounding district was mainly agricultural and pastoral, producing oats, maize, cotton, olive oil, cattle, sheep, skins, hides, and butter. These commodities are exported.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë is a vibrant coastal city with a well-developed and modern housing infrastructure. The city offers a variety of residential areas ranging from the coast and going inland. Vlorë is divided into three economic zones. The "Free Economic Zone TEDA" Vlorë has a strategic location, some away from the capital Tirana. The "Land and Environmental Information" is located in a flat, saline land, partially covered by "Soda" Forest. The area is suitable for industrial and environmentally friendly development. The "Industrial development inside the zone" eligible activities that can be developed in "TEDA" are: industrial, processing, commercial, goods storage, light industry, electronics, auto parts manufacturing, and port related activities. The "Labor market": Official data from 2014 reported the employable labor force in Vlora at 125,954, of which 84,836 are currently employed. 35% of the labor force in Vlora has a high school degree, while 17% has a university degree.


title: Vlorë

text: According to the World Bank, Vlorë has made significant steps in the economy rankings in 2016. Vlorë ranks 7th among 22 cities in Southeastern Europe in rankings conducted by the World Bank Group. ahead of the capital of Albania, Tirana, and also Belgrade, Serbia and Sarajevo, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.


title: Vlorë

text: Tourism which has always been a driving force for the city's economy has become a major industry in recent years, with many hotels, recreational centers, and vast beaches. The city has a good view over the Bay of Vlorë, which is considered the frontier between the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea. The Island of Sazan is in front of the city, at the entrance of the bay. Italy is just away. Beaches close to the city include Palasë, Dhermi, Vuno, Himara, Qeparo, and Borsh. The diversity of its territory makes Vlorë a city for everyone, from the mountains in the Llogara National Park, to the Riviera, from the narrow alleys of the historic city-center, to the various archaeological sites. In 2019, Vlorë was cited in Financial Times' 'Five destinations to watch' article that listed new and exciting holiday destinations from around the world.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë lies on the north–south transportation corridor of Albania and is served by a network of motorways and highways connecting the city to other parts of Albania. The preceding SH8 highway, beginning from Fier, links the northern districts of Vlorë with the central and southern districts, continuing along the Albanian Riviera to Sarandë. The A2 motorway parallelly runs along the SH8 from Fier to Vlorë and terminates after entering the city in the north. Upon completion, the bypass of Vlorë will link the A2 motorway through the suburbs of Vlorë with the SH8 highway.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë is served by the Port of Vlorë, the second busiest port in Albania, located in the northern part of the city's coast.


title: Vlorë

text: The Vlorë railway station is the southern terminus of the Durrës-Vlorë railway line which connects Vlorë with Durrës and the rest of the Albanian rail network. It opened in 1985 when the railway line was extended from Fier to Vlorë. A very limited service remained in operation until 2015, but currently passenger services no longer run south of Fier. However, a private railway company, Albrail, started operation of freight trains from Fier to Vlorë in 2018.


title: Vlorë

text: The Vlorë International Airport is a proposed airport development project currently under construction as part of Albania's plan to increase transportation links to destinations in southern Albania. The proposed location for the airport lies at the village of Akërni within the Vjosa-Narta Protected Landscape in the north of Vlorë, which was met with widespread criticism. The construction was officially launched on 28 November 2021, and has a completion target date of April 2024. The airport also has plans to include a marina and an agritourism site.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlora is home to the second largest university in Albania. The University of Vlora was founded in 1994 as a technological university. It retains a focus on technology, but has expanded in the areas of economics and finance, education, medicine, and law.


title: Vlorë

text: There are three journals based in the University of Vlora. There is also a scientific journal published quarterly in Albanian: Buletini Shkencor i Universitetit te Vlorës. Since 2008 it is home to the Academicus International Scientific Journal, a peer-reviewed scientific publication in the English language founded by Arta Musaraj.


title: Vlorë

text: Besides the state university there are two private universities, namely Universiteti Pavarësia Vlorë and Akademia e Studimeve të Aplikuara "Reald", which started as primary school and high school, and since 2011 operates also as a university.


title: Vlorë

text: As of the Institute of Statistics estimate from the 2011 census, there were 79,513 people residing in Vlorë and 104,827 in the municipality of Vlorë, constituting the third most populous city and fifth most populous municipality of Albania. The estimated population density of Vlorë Municipality was at 169.9 inhabitants per square kilometre. The population of Vlorë had increased from 71,662 in 1989 to 79,513 in 2011, while a decline of the population of Vlorë Municipality from 114,497 to 104,827 was highlighted.


title: Vlorë

text: The constitution defines Albania as a secular country with no official religion. It guarantees the freedom of religion, belief and conscience and prohibits discrimination on grounds of religious beliefs or practice. Vlorë is religiously diverse and possesses many places of worship catering to its religious population, who are traditionally adherents of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. During the 19th and early 20th century, Albanian-speaking Muslims were the majority population of Vlorë while there was a small number of Greek-speaking families, Albanian Orthodox, Jews, and an even smaller number of Catholics. In 1994 the ethnic Greek community of the city numbered 8,000 people. A Greek school was operating in the city in 1741.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë is geographically and culturally encompassed in the historical region of Labëria, extending from the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coasts to the mountainous region of southeastern Albania. Labëria is distinguished for its distinct culture, landscapes and traditions and known as the birthplace of Albanian polyphonic music, which has been proclaimed by UNESCO a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Most of the Albanian inhabitants of Vlorë speak the Lab dialect of southern Tosk Albanian that differs from other Albanian dialects.


title: Vlorë

text: Vlorë is home to many cultural and historical sites that also relate to the founding of Albania. The Monument of Independence is located on the Flag's Square and commemorates the Albanian independence from the Ottoman Empire. Museum of Independence is housed in a 19th-century building, where the founding fathers of Albania signed the Declaration of Independence. Its balcony is considered a symbol of freedom, victory and resilience of the Albanians to prevent the occupation of their motherland.


title: Vlorë

text: Located in a 19th-century mansion, the Ethnographic Museum close to the Museum of Independence displays the ethnographic heritage of Vlorë and its surrounding region. The History Museum at the Perlat Rexhepi Street is another museum exhibiting among others artefacts from the nearby archaeological sites of the Illyrians and Ancient Greeks. A museum dedicated to the historical Jewish population of Vlorë is planned to open in the historical center of Vlorë.


title: Vlorë

text: Among the most outstanding religious sites in Vlorë are the Muradie Mosque built in the 16th century at the Sadik Zotaj Street and the Saint Aloysius Gonzaga and Mary Church from the 19th century at the Kristoforidhi Street. Notable cultural sites in Vlorë Municipality include the Castle of Kaninë, Church of Marmiroi, Island of Sazan, Island of Zvërnec, Lagoon of Narta as well as the archaeological sites of Amantia and Oricum.


title: Vlorë

text: The oldest and most popular first division team based in Vlorë is the football club KS Flamurtari Vlorë. Flamurtari plays at Flamurtari Stadium in the center of Vlorë near the Independence Square.


title: Yaws

text: Yaws is a tropical infection of the skin, bones, and joints caused by the spirochete bacterium "Treponema pallidum pertenue". The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, in diameter. The center may break open and form an ulcer. This initial skin lesion typically heals after 3–6 months. After weeks to years, joints and bones may become painful, fatigue may develop, and new skin lesions may appear. The skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may become thick and break open. The bones (especially those of the nose) may become misshapen. After 5 years or more, large areas of skin may die, leaving scars.


title: Yaws

text: Yaws is spread by direct contact with the fluid from a lesion of an infected person. The contact is usually of a nonsexual nature. The disease is most common among children, who spread it by playing together. Other related treponemal diseases are bejel ("T. pallidum endemicum"), pinta ("T. carateum"), and syphilis ("T. p. pallidum"). Yaws is often diagnosed by the appearance of the lesions. Blood antibody tests may be useful, but cannot separate previous from current infections. Polymerase chain reaction is the most accurate method of diagnosis.


title: Yaws

text: No vaccine has yet been found. Prevention is, in part, done by curing those who have the disease, thereby decreasing the risk of transmission. Where the disease is common, treating the entire community is effective. Improving cleanliness and sanitation also decreases spread. Treatment is typically with antibiotics, including: azithromycin by mouth or benzathine penicillin by injection. Without treatment, physical deformities occur in 10% of cases.


title: Yaws

text: Yaws is common in at least 13 tropical countries as of 2012. Almost 85% of infections occurred in three countries—Ghana, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands. The disease only infects humans. Efforts in the 1950s and 1960s by the World Health Organization decreased the number of cases by 95%. Since then, cases have increased, but with renewed efforts to globally eradicate the disease by 2020. In 1995, the number of people infected was estimated at more than 500,000. In 2016, the number of reported cases was 59,000. Although one of the first descriptions of the disease was made in 1679 by Willem Piso, archaeological evidence suggests that yaws may have been present among human ancestors as far back as 1.6 million years ago.


title: Yaws

text: Yaws is classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary; this is useful, but people often have a mix of stages.


title: Yaws

text: Within 9–90 days (but usually about 21 days) of infection, a painless but distinctive "mother yaw" nodule appears. Initially reddened and inflamed, it may become a papilloma, which can then become an ulcer, possibly with a yellow crust. Mother yaws are most commonly found on the legs and ankles, and are rarely found on the genitals (unlike syphilis) The mother yaw enlarges and becomes warty in appearance. Nearby "daughter yaws" may also appear simultaneously. This primary stage resolves completely, with scarring, within 3–6 months. The scar is often pigmented.


title: Yaws

text: The secondary stage occurs months to two years later (but usually 1–2 months later), and may thus begin when the mother yaw has not yet healed. It happens when the bacterium spreads in the blood and lymph. It begins as multiple, pinhead-like papules; these initial lesions grow and change in appearance and may last weeks before healing, with or without scarring.


title: Yaws

text: Secondary yaws typically shows widespread skin lesions that vary in appearance, including "crab yaws" (areas of skin of abnormal colour) on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (named for the crab-like gait they cause people with painful soles to assume). These may show desquamation. These secondary lesions frequently ulcerate and are then highly infectious, but heal after 6 months or more.


title: Yaws

text: Secondary yaws affects the skin and bones. The most common bone-related problem is periostitis, an inflammation around the bone, often occurs in the bones of the fingers and the long bones of the lower arms and legs, causing swollen fingers and limbs. This causes pain at night and thickening of the affected bones (periostitis). About 75% of infected children surveyed in Papua New Guinea reported joint pain. Swollen lymph nodes, fever, and malaise are also common.


title: Yaws

text: After primary and secondary yaws (and possibly, in some cases, without these phases), a latent infection develops. Within five years (rarely, within ten years) it can relapse and become active again, causing further secondary lesions, which may infect others. These relapse lesions are most commonly found around the armpits, mouth, and anus.


title: Yaws

text: An estimated 10% of people with yaws formerly were thought to develop tertiary disease symptoms, but more recently, tertiary yaws has been less frequently reported.


title: Yaws

text: Tertiary yaws can include gummatous nodules. It most commonly affects the skin. The skin of the palms and soles may thicken (hyperkeratosis). Nodules ulcerating near joints can cause tissue death. Periostitis can be much more severe. The shinbones may become bowed (saber shin) from chronic periostitis.


title: Yaws

text: Rhinopharyngitis mutilans, also known as gangosa, is a destructive ulcerative condition that usually originates about the soft palate and spreads into the hard palate, nasopharynx, and nose, resulting in mutilating cicatrices, and outward to the face, eroding intervening bone, cartilage, and soft tissues. It occurs in late stages of yaws, usually 5 to 10 years after first symptoms of infection. This is now rare. Very rarely, yaws may cause bone spurs in the upper jaw near the nose (gondou); gondou was rare even when yaws was a common disease.


title: Yaws

text: The disease is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact with an infective lesion, with the bacterium entering through a pre-existing cut, bite, or scratch.


title: Yaws

text: Early (primary and secondary) yaws lesions have a higher bacterial load, thus are more infectious. Both papillomas and ulcers are infectious. Infectivity is thought to last 12–18 months after infection, longer if a relapse occurs. Early yaws lesions are often itchy, and more lesions may form along lines that are scratched. Yaws may be evolving less conspicuous lesions.


title: Yaws

text: Yaws is most common among children, who spread it by playing together. It is not thought to be transmitted from mother to child in the womb. Yaws is not a venereal disease.


title: Yaws

text: "T. pallidum pertenue" has been identified in nonhuman primates (baboons, chimpanzees, and gorillas) and experimental inoculation of human beings with a simian isolate causes yaws-like disease. However, no evidence exists of cross-transmission between human beings and primates, but more research is needed to discount the possibility of a yaws animal reservoir in nonhuman primates.


title: Yaws

text: Most often the diagnosis is made clinically. Dark field microscopy of samples taken from early lesions (particularly ulcerative lesions) may show the responsible bacteria; the spirochaetes are only 0.3 µm wide by 6–20 µm long, so light-field microscopy does not suffice.


title: Yaws

text: A microscopic examination of a biopsy of a yaw may show skin with clear epidermal hyperplasia (a type of skin thickening) and papillomatosis (a type of surface irregularity), often with focal spongiosis (an accumulation of fluid in specific part of the epidermis). Immune system cells, neutrophils and plasma cells, accumulate in the skin, in densities that may cause microabscesses.


title: Yaws

text: Warthin–Starry or Levaditi silver stains selectively stain "T. pallidum", and direct and indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase tests can detect polyclonal antibodies to "T. pallidum"s. Histology often shows some spatial features which distinguish yaws from syphilis (syphilis is more likely to be found in the dermis, not the epidermis, and shows more endothelial cell proliferation and vascular obliteration).


title: Yaws

text: Blood-serum (serological) tests are increasingly done at the point of care. They include a growing range of treponemal and nontreponemal assays. Treponemal tests are more specific, and are positive for any one who has ever been infected with yaws; they include the "Treponema pallidum" particle agglutination assay. Nontreponemal assays can be used to indicate the progress of an infection and a cure, and positive results weaken and may become negative after recovery, especially after a case treated early. They include the venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL; requires microscopy) and rapid plasma (RPR; naked-eye result) tests, both of which flocculate patient-derived antibodies with antigens.


title: Yaws

text: Serological tests cannot distinguish yaws from the closely related syphilis; no test distinguishing yaws from syphilis is widely available. The two genomes differ by about 0.2%. PCR and DNA sequencing can distinguish the two. There are also no common blood tests which distinguish among the four treponematoses: syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum), yaws (Treponema pallidum pertenue), bejel (Treponema pallidum endemicum), and pinta (Treponema carateum).


title: Yaws

text: "Haemophilus ducreyi" infections can cause skin conditions that mimic primary yaws. People infected with "Haemophilus ducreyi" lesions may or may not also have latent yaws, and thus may or may not test positive on serological tests. This was discovered in the mid-2010s. It seems that a recently diverged strain of "Haemophilus ducreyi" has evolved from being a sexually transmitted infection to being a skin ulcer pathogen that looks like yaws.


title: Yaws

text: Treatment is normally by a single intramuscular injection of long-acting benzathine benzylpenicillin, or less commonly by a course of other antibiotics, such as azithromycin or tetracycline tablets. Penicillin has been the front-line treatment since at least the 1960s, but there is no solid evidence of the evolution of penicillin resistance in yaws.


title: Yaws

text: Benzathine benzylpenicillin requires a cold chain and staff who can inject it, and there is a small risk of anaphylaxis. It was also not reliably available during the 2010s; there have been supply shortages.


title: Yaws

text: In the 2010s, a single oral dose of azithromycin was shown to be as effective as intramuscular penicillin. Unlike penicillin, there is strong evidence that yaws is evolving antibiotic resistance to azithromycin; there are two known mutations in the bacterium, each of which can cause resistance and make the treatment ineffective. This has threatened eradication efforts.


title: Yaws

text: Within 8–10 hours of penicillin treatment, bacteria can no longer be found in lesion biopsies. Primary and secondary lesions usually heal in 2–4 weeks; bone pain may improve within two days. If treated early enough, bone deformities may reverse and heal. Primary and secondary stage lesions may heal completely, but the destructive changes of tertiary yaws are largely irreversible.


title: Yaws

text: If lesions do not heal, or RPR test results do not improve, this may indicate treatment failure or re-infection; the treatment is typically repeated. WHO guidelines says that any presumed treatment failures at 4 weeks require macrolide resistance testing.


title: Yaws

text: Because "T. pallidum pertenue" is temperature- and humidity-dependent, yaws is found in humid tropical forest regions in South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania.


title: Yaws

text: About three quarters of people affected are children under 15 years of age, with the greatest incidence in children 6–10 years old. Therefore, children are the main reservoir of infection.


title: Yaws

text: It is more common in remote areas, where access to treatment is poorer. It is associated with poverty and poor sanitation facilities and personal hygiene.


title: Yaws

text: Worldwide, almost 85% of yaws cases are in Ghana, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. Rates in sub-Saharan Africa are low, but tend to be concentrated in specific populations. , it is estimated that about 89 million people live in yaws-endemic areas, but data are poor, and this is likely an over-estimate.


title: Yaws

text: In the early 1900s, yaws was very common; in sub-saharan Africa, it was more frequently treated than malaria, sometimes making up more than half of treatments.


title: Yaws

text: Mass treatment campaigns in the 1950s reduced the worldwide prevalence from 50 to 150 million to fewer than 2.5 million; however, during the 1970s there were outbreaks in South-East Asia, and there have been continued sporadic cases in South America. , it was unclear how many people worldwide were currently infected.


title: Yaws

text: From 2008 to 2012, 13 countries reported over 300,000 new cases to the WHO. There was no system for certifying local elimination of yaws, and it is not known whether the lack of reports from some countries is because they stopped having yaws cases or because they stopped reporting them. It is estimated that if there is not an active surveillance programme, there is less than a 1-in-2 chance that a country will successfully report yaws cases (if it gets them) in over three-quarters of countries with a history of yaws. These countries are thought to need international assistance to mount effective surveillance.


title: Yaws

text: Examination of remains of "Homo erectus" from Kenya, that are about 1.6 million years old, has revealed signs typical of yaws. The genetic analysis of the yaws causative bacteria—"Treponema pallidum pertenue"—has led to the conclusion that yaws is the most ancient of the four known "Treponema" diseases. All other "Treponema pallidum" subspecies probably evolved from "Treponema pallidum pertenue". Yaws is believed to have originated in tropical areas of Africa, and spread to other tropical areas of the world via immigration and the slave trade. The latter is likely the way it was introduced to Europe from Africa in the 15th century. The first unambiguous description of yaws was made by the Dutch physician Willem Piso. Yaws was clearly described in 1679 among African slaves by Thomas Sydenham in his epistle on venereal diseases, although he thought that it was the same disease as syphilis. The causative agent of yaws was discovered in 1905 by Aldo Castellani in ulcers of patients from Ceylon.


title: Yaws

text: Towards the end of the Second World War yaws became widespread in the North of Malaya under Japanese occupation. After the country was liberated, the population was treated for yaws by injections of arsenic, of which there was a great shortage, so only those with stage 1 were treated.


title: Yaws

text: A series of WHO yaws control efforts, which began shortly after creation of the WHO in 1948, succeeded in eradicating the disease locally from many countries, but have not lasted long enough to eradicate it globally. The Global Control of Treponematoses (TCP) programme by the WHO and the UNICEF launched in 1952 and continued until 1964. A 1953 questionnaire-based estimate was that there were 50–150 million yaws cases in 90 countries. The global prevalence of yaws and the other endemic treponematoses, bejel and pinta, was reduced by the Global Control of Treponematoses (TCP) programme between 1952 and 1964 from about 50 million cases to about 2.5 million (a 95% reduction). However, "premature integration of yaws and other endemic treponematoses activities into weak primary health-care systems, and the dismantling of the vertical eradication programmes after 1964, led to the failure to finish with the remaining 5% of cases" and led to a resurgence of yaws in the 1970s, with the largest number of case found in the Western Africa region. Following the cessation of this program, resources, attention and commitment for yaws gradually disappeared and yaws remained at a low prevalence in parts of Asia, Africa, and the Americas with sporadic outbreaks. With few cases, mainly affecting poor, remote communities with little access to treatment, yaws became poorly known, yaws knowledge and skills died out even among health professionals, and yaws eradication was not seen as a high priority. Although a single injection of long-acting penicillin or other beta lactam antibiotic cures the disease and is widely available and the disease highly localised, many eradication campaigns ended in complacency and neglect; even in areas where transmission was successfully interrupted, re-introduction from infected areas occurred. Yaws eradication remained a priority in south-east Asia. In 1995, the WHO estimated 460,000 worldwide cases.


title: Yaws

text: In the Philippines, yaws stopped being listed as a notifiable disease in 1973; as of 2020, it is still present in the country.


title: Yaws

text: India implemented a successful Yaws eradication campaign that resulted in the 2016 certification by the WHO that India was free of yaws. In 1996 there were 3,571 yaws cases in India; in 1997 after a serious elimination effort began the number of cases fell to 735. By 2003 the number of cases was 46. The last clinical case in India was reported in 2003 and the last latent case in 2006; certification by the WHO was achieved in 2016.


title: Yaws

text: In 2012 the WHO officially targeted yaws for eradication by 2020 following the development of orally administered azithromycin as a treatment, but missed that target. The Morges approach (named after Morges, Switzerland, where a meeting on it was held) involved mass treatment with azithromycin. This was safe, but ran into problems with antibiotic resistance, and did not fully interrupt transmission.


title: Yaws

text: The discovery that oral antibiotic azithromycin can be used instead of the previous standard, injected penicillin, was tested on Lihir Island from 2013 to 2014; a single oral dose of the macrolide antibiotic reduced disease prevalence from 2.4% to 0.3% at 12 months. The WHO now recommends both treatment courses (oral azithromycin and injected penicillin), with oral azithromycin being the preferred treatment.


title: Yaws

text: , there were 15 countries known to be endemic for yaws, with the recent discovery of endemic transmission in Liberia and the Philippines. In 2020, 82 564 cases of yaws were reported to the WHO and 153 cases were confirmed. The majority of the cases are reported from Papua New Guinea and with over 80% of all cases coming from one of three countries in the 2010–2013 period: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Ghana. A WHO meeting report in 2018 estimated the total cost of elimination to be US$175 million (excluding Indonesia).


title: Yaws

text: In the South-East Asian Regional Office of the WHO, regional eradication efforts are focused on the remaining endemic countries in this region (Indonesia and East Timor) after India was declared free of yaws in 2016.


title: Yaws

text: Although yaws is highly localized and eradication may be feasible, humans may not be the only reservoir of infection.


title: Labour economics

text: Labour economics, or labor economics, seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for wage labour. Labour is a commodity that is supplied by labourers, usually in exchange for a wage paid by demanding firms. Because these labourers exist as parts of a social, institutional, or political system, labour economics must also account for social, cultural and political variables.


title: Labour economics

text: Labour markets or job markets function through the interaction of workers and employers. Labour economics looks at the suppliers of labour services (workers) and the demanders of labour services (employers), and attempts to understand the resulting pattern of wages, employment, and income. These patterns exist because each individual in the market is presumed to make rational choices based on the information that they know regarding wage, desire to provide labour, and desire for leisure. Labour markets are normally geographically bounded, but the rise of the internet has brought about a 'planetary labour market' in some sectors.


title: Labour economics

text: Labour is a measure of the work done by human beings. It is conventionally contrasted with other factors of production, such as land and capital. Some theories focus on human capital, or entrepreneurship, (which refers to the skills that workers possess and not necessarily the actual work that they produce). Labour is unique to study because it is a special type of good that cannot be separated from the owner (i.e. the work cannot be separated from the person who does it). A labour market is also different from other markets in that workers are the suppliers and firms are the demanders.


title: Labour economics

text: There are two sides to labour economics. Labour economics can generally be seen as the application of microeconomic or macroeconomic techniques to the labour market. Microeconomic techniques study the role of individuals and individual firms in the labour market. Macroeconomic techniques look at the interrelations between the labour market, the goods market, the money market, and the foreign trade market. It looks at how these interactions influence macro variables such as employment levels, participation rates, aggregate income and gross domestic product.


title: Labour economics

text: The labour market in macroeconomic theory shows that the supply of labour exceeds demand, which has been proven by salary growth that lags productivity growth. When labour supply exceeds demand, salary faces downward pressure due to an employer's ability to pick from a labour pool that exceeds the jobs pool. However, if the demand for labour is larger than the supply, salary increases, as employee have more bargaining power while employers have to compete for scarce labour.


title: Labour economics

text: The Labour force (LF) is defined as the number of people of working age, who are either employed or actively looking for work (unemployed). The labour force participation rate (LFPR) is the number of people in the labour force divided by the size of the adult civilian noninstitutional population (or by the population of working age that is not institutionalized), LFPR = LF/Population.


title: Labour economics

text: The non-labour force includes those who are not looking for work, those who are institutionalized (such as in prisons or psychiatric wards), stay-at-home spouses, children not of working age, and those serving in the military. The unemployment level is defined as the labour force minus the number of people currently employed. The unemployment rate is defined as the level of unemployment divided by the labour force. The employment rate is defined as the number of people currently employed divided by the adult population (or by the population of working age). In these statistics, self-employed people are counted as employed.


title: Labour economics

text: The labour market has the ability to create a higher derivative efficiency of labour, especially on a national and international level, compared to simpler forms of labour distribution, leading to a higher financial GDP growth and output. An efficient labor market is important for the private sector as it drives up derivative income through the reduction of relative costs of labour. This presupposes that division of labour is used as a method to attain cost efficiency.


title: Labour economics

text: Variables like employment level, unemployment level, labour force, and unfilled vacancies are called stock variables because they measure a quantity at a point in time. They can be contrasted with flow variables which measure a quantity over a duration of time. Changes in the labour force are due to flow variables such as natural population growth, net immigration, new entrants, and retirements. Changes in unemployment depend on inflows (non-employed people starting to look for jobs and employed people who lose their jobs that are looking for new ones) and outflows (people who find new employment and people who stop looking for employment). When looking at the overall macroeconomy, several types of unemployment have been identified, which can be separated into two categories of natural and unnatural unemployment.


title: Labour economics

text: Neoclassical economists view the labour market as similar to other markets in that the forces of supply and demand jointly determine the price (in this case the wage rate) and quantity (in this case the number of people employed).


title: Labour economics

text: However, the labour market differs from other markets (like the markets for goods or the financial market) in several ways. In particular, the labour market may act as a non-clearing market. While according to neoclassical theory most markets quickly attain a point of equilibrium without excess supply or demand, this may not be true of the labour market: it may have a persistent level of unemployment. Contrasting the labour market to other markets also reveals persistent compensating differentials among similar workers.


title: Labour economics

text: Models that assume perfect competition in the labour market, as discussed below, conclude that workers earn their marginal product of labour.


title: Labour economics

text: Households are suppliers of labour. In microeconomic theory, people are assumed to be rational and seeking to maximize their utility function. In the labour market model, their utility function expresses trade-offs in preference between leisure time and income from time used for labour. However, they are constrained by the hours available to them.


title: Labour economics

text: Let "w" denote the hourly wage, "k" denote total hours available for labour and leisure, "L" denote the chosen number of working hours, π denote income from non-labour sources, and "A" denote leisure hours chosen. The individual's problem is to maximise utility "U", which depends on total income available for spending on consumption and also depends on the time spent in leisure, subject to a time constraint, with respect to the choices of labour time and leisure time: