title: Maybach Music Group

text: Also in 2010, Ross made an offer to rapper Wiz Khalifa to sign to Maybach Music Group. Khalifa at the time was already signed with Atlantic Records. In 2011, Ross confirmed that he intended to launch Maybach Music Jamaica along with Maybach Music Latino. He also signed Maybach Music Group's first reggae artist, Magazeen. On March 25, 2011, it was announced that R&B & Soul singer Teedra Moses had signed to Maybach Music Group via Warner Bros. Records as its first female artist. On May 23, 2011, Maybach Music Group released the album "Self Made Vol. 1", featuring Rick Ross with Maybach's new roster additions, Wale, Meek Mill, Teedra Moses, Pill, and Stalley along with Torch and Gunplay of Triple C's.


title: Maybach Music Group

text: On January 2, 2012, while in the studio with Rick Ross, French Montana announced that he had signed a joint venture deal with Maybach Music Group and Bad Boy Records with Rick Ross and Diddy set to executive produce his debut album. It was announced that his debut album Excuse My French would be released in Fall 2012 through Interscope Records. On February 4, 2012, Rick Ross spoke about the departure of Pill from Maybach Music Group and revealed that Pill was never actually signed to Maybach Music Group. Pill was already signed to Warner Bros. prior to Maybach Music Group and it was Warner executives who proposed the idea of Pill joining. Ross says that they worked out a one-year deal where Pill would be part of the team and after the year was up, it would be up to Warner Bros. Records to decide if he stayed or not.


title: Maybach Music Group

text: On June 22, 2012, while promoting "Self Made Vol. 2", Rick Ross said that Gunplay signed a solo deal with Def Jam and that more material would be released from Gunplay leading up to his debut album. There have been rumors that rapper Dom Kennedy or Nipsey Hussle were in talks on joining the label but when asked about the rumors Ross stated that he was a fan of them, but is not yet signed to Maybach Music Group. On July 12, 2012, after rumors that rapper Rockie Fresh was in talks to joining the label, Ross confirmed that Rockie Fresh was the newest addition to Maybach Music Group. Rockie Fresh released a mixtape entitled Electric Highway that dropped January 21, 2013 as his first project released under the imprint.


title: Maybach Music Group

text: On December 11, 2012, Ross announced that his label, MMG was leaving Warner Bros. Records and that the label is moving to Atlantic Records. Ross is, however, signed as a solo artist to Epic Records. On June 2, 2013, Rick Ross revealed an album cover and announced that Maybach Music Group will be releasing their third collaboration album, "Self Made Vol. 3" on August 6, 2013. On June 3, 2013, three songs, all to appear on the album, "Poor Decisions", "God Is Great" and "Oil Money Gang" were released. On June 4, 2013, a video for each of the 3 songs were uploaded to the group's official YouTube page. "Self Made Vol. 3" was released to generally positive reviews on September 17, 2013. The same day Stalley released his first retail project "Honest Cowboy EP". On November 6, 2013, MMG announced that they had signed Washington DC rapper Fat Trel.


title: Maybach Music Group

text: On August 26, 2017, Rick Ross appeared on Signed, a VH1 Television series where Ross, The Dream and Lenny S, mentor aspiring artists and eventually offer them a place on their respective labels (MMG, Radio Killa Records, and Roc Nation). Rick Ross offered Cozywiththecurls and Just Brittany single deals, both of whom accepted. Jeff Chery and Tay Walker - the winners of the TV show - were also offered deals with MMG. In late 2017, Stalley announced his departure from the label.


title: Maybach Music Group

text: The following is a list of albums released through Maybach Music Group, various album distributors are noted below.


title: The Impossible Dream (The Quest)

text: "The Impossible Dream (The Quest)" is a popular song composed by Mitch Leigh, with lyrics written by Joe Darion. The song is the most popular song from the 1965 Broadway musical "Man of La Mancha" and is also featured in the 1972 film of the same name starring Peter O'Toole.


title: The Impossible Dream (The Quest)

text: The complete song is first sung by Don Quixote as he stands vigil over his armor, in response to Aldonza (Dulcinea)'s question about what he means by "following the quest". It is reprised partially three more times – the last by prisoners in a dungeon as Miguel de Cervantes and his manservant mount the drawbridge-like prison staircase to face trial by the Spanish Inquisition.


title: The Impossible Dream (The Quest)

text: A version recorded by Jack Jones peaked at No. 35 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart.


title: The Impossible Dream (The Quest)

text: During Robert F. Kennedy's long shot campaign for the presidency in 1968, Senator George McGovern introduced him before a South Dakota stump speech by quoting from "The Impossible Dream". Afterwards Kennedy questioned McGovern whether he really thought it was impossible. McGovern replied, "No, I don't think it's impossible. I just... wanted the audience to understand it's worth making the effort, whether you win or lose." Kennedy replied, "Well, that's what I think." It was actually Robert Kennedy's favorite song. One of Kennedy's close friends, Andy Williams, was one of many vocal artists of the Sixties that recorded the song. The song was also a favorite of younger brother Ted Kennedy and was performed by Brian Stokes Mitchell at his memorial service in 2009.


title: The Impossible Dream (The Quest)

text: The song was a favorite of Philippine hero Evelio Javier, the assassinated governor of the province of Antique in the Philippines, and the song has become a symbol of his sacrifice for democracy. Javier was shot and killed in the plaza of San Jose, Antique, during the counting following the 1986 Snap Elections, an act which contributed to the peaceful overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos by Cory Aquino in the People Power Revolution. Every year, Javier is remembered on Evelio Javier Day and the song is featured. The song's lyrics are written in brass on a monument in the plaza where he was shot.


title: Dick Van Dyke on screen and stage

text: Dick Van Dyke (born December 13, 1925) is an American actor, comedian, singer, dancer, writer and producer. He first gained recognition on radio and Broadway, then he became known for his role as Rob Petrie on the CBS television sitcom "The Dick Van Dyke Show", which ran from 1961 to 1966. He also gained significant popularity for roles in the musical films "Bye Bye Birdie" (1963), "Mary Poppins" (1964), and "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (1968).


title: Dick Van Dyke on screen and stage

text: On television, he is known for his roles in "The New Dick Van Dyke Show" (1971–1974), "" (1993–2001), and "Murder 101" (2006–2008).


title: Piacenza

text: Piacenza (; ; ) is a city and in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, and the capital of the eponymous province. As of 2022, Piacenza is the ninth largest city in the region by population, with over 102,000 inhabitants.


title: Piacenza

text: Westernmost major city of the region of Emilia-Romagna, it has strong relations with Lombardy, with which it borders, and in particular with Milan. It was once defined by Leonardo da Vinci as "Land of passage", in his Codex Atlanticus, by virtue of its crucial geographical location. Piacenza integrates characteristics of the nearby Ligurian and Piedmontese territories added to a prevalent Lombard influence, favored by communications with the nearby metropolis, which attenuate its Emilian footprint.


title: Piacenza

text: Piacenza is located at a major crossroads at the intersection of Route E35/A1 between Bologna and Milan, and Route E70/A21 between Brescia and Turin. Piacenza is also at the confluence of the Trebbia, draining the northern Apennine Mountains, and the Po, draining to the east. Piacenza also hosts two universities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Polytechnic University of Milan and University of Parma.


title: Piacenza

text: The etymology is long-standing, tracing an origin from the Latin verb , "to please": The name means "pleasant" or (as James Boswell reported some of the etymologists of his time to have translated it) "comely abode", and it was given as a good omen.


title: Piacenza

text: Before its settlement by the Romans, the area was populated by other peoples; specifically, most recently to the Roman settlement, the region on the right bank of the Po between the Trebbia and the Taro had been occupied by the Ananes or Anamari, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls. Before then, says Polybius, "These plains were anciently inhabited by Etruscans" before the Gauls took the entire Po Valley from them.


title: Piacenza

text: Piacenza and Cremona were founded as Roman military colonies in May 218 BC. The Romans had planned to construct them after the successful conclusion of the latest war with the Gauls ending in 219 BC. In the spring of 218 BC, after declaring war on Carthage, the Senate decided to accelerate the foundation and gave the colonists 30 days to appear on the sites to receive their lands. They were each to be settled by 6,000 Roman citizens, but the cities were to receive Latin Rights; that is, they were to have the same legal status as the many colonies that had been co-founded by Rome and towns of Latium.


title: Piacenza

text: The reaction of the region's Gauls was swift; they drove the colonists off the lands. Taking refuge in Mutina, the latter sent for military assistance. A small force under Lucius Manlius was prevented from reaching the area. The Senate then sent two legions under Gaius Atelius. Collecting Manlius and the colonists, they descended on Piacenza and Cremona and successfully placed castra there of to support the building of the city. Piacenza must have been walled immediately, as the walls were in place when the Battle of the Trebia was fought around the city in December. There is no evidence either textual or archaeological of a prior settlement at that exact location; however, the site would have been obliterated by construction. Piacenza was the 53rd colony to be placed by Rome since its foundation. It was the first among the Gauls of the Po valley.


title: Piacenza

text: It had to be supplied by boat after the Battle of Trebbia, when Hannibal controlled the countryside, for which purpose a port (Emporium) was constructed. In 209 BC, Hasdrubal Barca crossed the Alps and laid siege to the city, but he was unable to take it and withdrew. In 200 BC, the Gauls sacked and burned it, selling the population into slavery. Subsequently, the victorious Romans restored the city and managed to recover 2000 citizens. In 198 BC, a combined force of Gauls and Ligurians plundered the whole region. As the people had never recovered from being sold into slavery, in 190 BC they complained to Senate of underpopulation; in response the Senate sent 3000 new settlers. The construction of the Via Aemilia in the 180's made the city easily accessible from the Adriatic ports, which improved trade and the prospects for timely defense.


title: Piacenza

text: The Liver of Piacenza, a bronze model of a sheep's liver for the purposes of haruspicy discovered in 1877 at Gossolengo just to the south of Piacenza, bears witness to the survival of the "disciplina Etrusca" well after the Roman conquest.


title: Piacenza

text: Although sacked and devastated several times, the city always recovered and by the 6th century Procopius was calling it "the principal city in the country of Aemilia".


title: Piacenza

text: The first Bishop of Piacenza (322–357), San Vittorio, declared Saint Antoninus of Piacenza, a soldier of the Theban Legion (and not to be confused with the sixth-century Antoninus of Piacenza), the patron saint of Piacenza and had the first basilica constructed in his honor in 324. The basilica was restored in 903 and rebuilt in 1101, again in 1562, and is still a church today. The remains of the bishop and the soldier-saint are in urns under the altar. The theme of Antoninus, protector of Piacenza, is well known in art.


title: Piacenza

text: Piacenza was sacked during the course of the Gothic War (535–554). After a short period of being reconquered by the Roman emperor Justinian I, it was conquered by the Lombards, who made it a duchy seat. After its conquest by Francia in the ninth century, the city began to recover, aided by its location along the Via Francigena that later connected the Holy Roman Empire with Rome. Its population and importance grew further after the year 1000. That period marked a gradual transfer of governing powers from the feudal lords to a new enterprising class, as well to the feudal class of the countryside.


title: Piacenza

text: In 1095, the city was the site of the Council of Piacenza, in which the First Crusade was proclaimed. From 1126, Piacenza was a free commune and an important member of the Lombard League. In this role, it took part in the war against Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, and in the subsequent battle of Legnano (1176). It also successfully fought the neighbouring communes of Cremona, Pavia and Parma, expanding its possessions. Piacenza also captured control of the trading routes with Genoa, where the first Piacentini bankers had already settled, from the Malaspina counts and the bishop of Bobbio.


title: Piacenza

text: In the 13th century, despite unsuccessful wars against Frederick I, Piacenza managed to gain strongholds on the Lombardy shore of the Po. The preliminaries of the Peace of Constance were signed in 1183 in the Saint Antoninus church. Agriculture and trade flourished in these centuries, and Piacenza became one of the richest cities in Europe. This is reflected in the construction of many important buildings and in the general revision of the urban plan. Struggles for control were commonplace in the second half of the 13th century, not unlike the large majority of Medieval Italian communes. The Scotti family, Pallavicini family and (1290–1313) held power in that order during the period. Scoto's government ended when the Visconti of Milan captured Piacenza, which they would hold until 1447. Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti rewrote Piacenza's statutes and relocated the University of Pavia to the city. Piacenza then became a possession of the House of Sforza until 1499.


title: Piacenza

text: A coin from the 16th century features the motto: "Placentia floret" ("Piacenza flourishes") on one of its sides. The city was progressing economically, chiefly due to the expansion of agriculture in the countryside surrounding the city. Also in the course of that century a new city wall was erected. Piacenza, as part of the Duchy of Milan, was ruled, at alternate times, by the Sforza and by France until 1521, when, under Pope Leo X, it became part of the Papal States. From 1545, following the creation of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza by Pope Paul III to his son Pier Luigi Farnese, the city was ruled by the House of Farnese.


title: Piacenza

text: Piacenza was the capital city of the duchy until Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (1547–1586), moved it to Parma. The city underwent some of its most difficult years during the rule of Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma (1622–1646), when between 6000 and 13,000 Piacentini out of a total population of 30,000 died from famine and plague. The city and its countryside were also ravaged by bandits and French soldiers.


title: Piacenza

text: Between 1732 and 1859, Parma and Piacenza were ruled by the House of Bourbon. In the 18th century, several edifices which belonged to noble families such as Scotti, Landi and Fogliani were built in Piacenza.


title: Piacenza

text: In 1802, Napoleon's army annexed Piacenza to the French Empire. Young Piacentini recruits were sent to fight in Russia, Spain and Germany, while the city was plundered of a great number of artworks which are currently exhibited in many French museums.


title: Piacenza

text: The Habsburg government of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma (1816–1847), is remembered fondly as one of the best in the history of Piacenza; the duchess drained many lands, built several bridges across the Trebbia and the Nure and created educational and artistic activities.


title: Piacenza

text: Austrian troops occupied Piacenza until, in 1860, a plebiscite marked the entrance of the city into the Kingdom of Sardinia. 37,089 voters out of 37,585 voted for the annexation. Piacenza was therefore declared "Primogenita dell'Unità di Italia" ("First-born of the Unification of Italy") by the monarch. The Piacentini enrolled en masse in the Giuseppe Garibaldi's army in the Expedition of the Thousand.


title: Piacenza

text: In 1858 the geologist Karl Mayer-Eymar named the Piacenzian Age of the Pliocene Epoch based on deposits close to Piacenza.


title: Piacenza

text: In June 1865, the first railway bridge over Po river in northern Italy was inaugurated (in southern Italy a railroad bridge had already been built in 1839). In 1891, the first Chamber of Workers was created in Piacenza.


title: Piacenza

text: During World War II, the city was heavily bombed by the Allies. The important railway and road bridges across the Trebbia and the Po and the railway yards were destroyed. The historic centre of city itself also suffered collateral damage. In 1944, the bridges over the Po became vital for the supply from Austria of Field Marshal Albert Kesselring's Gothic Line, which protected the withdrawal of Kesselring's troops from Italy. Foremost among these were the railway and road bridges at Piacenza, along with supply depots and railway yards. In Operation Mallory Major, July 12–15, allied medium bombers from Corsica flew 300 sorties a day, knocking out 21 bridges east of Piacenza, and then continued to the west for a total of 90 by July 20. Fighter-bombers prevented reconstruction and cut roads and rail lines. By August 4, all the cities of northern Italy were isolated and had suffered heavy bombing, especially Piacenza. Transport to Genoa to the south or through Turin to the north was impossible; nevertheless, Kesselring continued to supply his men.


title: Piacenza

text: On the hills and the Apennine Mountains, partisans were active. On April 25, 1945, a general partisan insurrection by the Italian resistance movement broke out and on 29 April, troops of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force entered the city. In 1996, president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro honoured Piacenza with the gold medal for Valour in Battle.


title: Piacenza

text: Climate in this area is humid subtropical with no dry season, constantly moist. Summers are hot and sultry. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "" (Humid subtropical climate).


title: Piacenza

text: Many inhabitants of Piacenza and the surrounding province still use Piacentino, which is a variety of the Emilian dialect the Emilian-Romagnol language. Emilian-Romagnol is a member of a different Romance subfamily (Gallo-Italic) than Standard Italian (which is an Italo-Dalmatian language) and its distinct grammar and phonology make it mutually unintelligible with that language.


title: Piacenza

text: Although there have been a number of notable poets and writers using Piacentino, it has experienced a steady decline during the 20th century due to the growing standardization of the Italian language in the national educational system.


title: Piacenza

text: Piacenza Calcio 1919 was the main and most supported football team and played in Serie A for eight seasons. The team ceased to exist in 2012 after its bankruptcy. Currently there are two football teams playing in Serie D: S.S.D. Piacenza Calcio 1919, which acquired Piacenza Football Club coat of arms following the bankruptcy, and Pro Piacenza 1919, which declared bankruptcy in 2019.


title: Piacenza

text: Volley Piacenza is the main man volleyball team and currently plays in serie A1; its palmares entails a championship, a national cup, a national supercup and two European cups. River Volley is the main female volleyball team and won the national championship twice.


title: Piacenza

text: Rugby is relatively popular compared with Italian standards and Piacenza has a number of rugby teams: Piacenza Rugby Club and Rugby Lyons Piacenza are the most important.


title: Piacenza

text: Piacenza and its province are known for the production of seasoned and salted pork products. The main specialities are "pancetta" (rolled seasoned pork belly, salted and spiced), "coppa" (seasoned pork neck, containing less fat than "pancetta", matured at least for six months) and "salame" (chopped pork meat flavoured with spices and wine, and made into sausages).


title: Piacenza

text: "Bortellina" (salted pancakes made with flour, salt, and water or milk) and "chisulén" ("torta fritta" in Standard Italian; made with flour, milk, and animal fats mixed together and then fried in hot "strutto", or clarified pork fat) are the perfect coupling of "pancetta", "coppa", and "salame", but they are also good with cheeses, particularly Gorgonzola and Robiola.


title: Piacenza

text: "Pisarei e faśö" is a mixture of handmade pasta and borlotti beans. This is served with a sauce made of tomato puree, extra virgin olive oil, onion, salt, and pepper. It's preferred to be consumed with grated Parmigiano on top.


title: Piacenza

text: Among the culinary specialties of the Piacenza region (although also enjoyed in nearby Cremona) is "mostarda di frutta", consisting of preserved fruits in a sugary syrup strongly flavored with mustard. "Turtlìt" ("tortelli dolci" in standard Italian), or fruit dumplings, are filled with "mostarda di frutta", mashed chestnuts, and other ingredients, and are served at Easter. "Turtlìt" are also popular in the Ferrara area. "Turtéi", a similarly named Piacentine specialty, is a kind of pasta filled with spinaches and ricotta cheese, or filled with calabash. A similar Piacentine dish is the Panzerotti al Forno, which is made with pasta, ricotta cheese and spinach.


title: Piacenza

text: Piacentine staple foods include corn (generally cooked as polenta) and rice (usually cooked as risotto), both of which are very common across northern Italy. There are also locally produced cheeses, such as Grana Padano, though nearby Parma is more famous for its dairy products.


title: Piacenza

text: The hills surrounding Piacenza are known for their vineyards. The wine produced in this area is qualified with a "denominazione di origine controllata" called "Colli Piacentini" ("Hills of Piacenza"). The main wines are "Gutturnio" (red wines, both sparkling and still), "Bonarda" (a red wine, often sparkling and foamy, made from Croatina grapes), "Ortrugo" (a dry white wine) and "Malvasia" (a sweet white wine).


title: Piacenza

text: While he himself was born in New York City, highly decorated policeman and US Congressman Mario Biaggi's (1917-2015) parents immigrated there from Piacenza.


title: Jeanette Winterson

text: Jeanette Winterson (born 27 August 1959) is an English writer. Her first book, "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit", was a semi-autobiographical novel about a sensitive teenage girl rebelling against convention. Other novels explore gender polarities and sexual identity and later ones the relations between humans and technology. She broadcasts and teaches creative writing. She has won a Whitbread Prize for a First Novel, a BAFTA Award for Best Drama, the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize, the E. M. Forster Award and the St. Louis Literary Award, and the Lambda Literary Award twice. She holds an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.


title: Jeanette Winterson

text: Winterson was born in Manchester and adopted by Constance and John William Winterson on 21 January 1960. She grew up in Accrington, Lancashire, and was raised in the Elim Pentecostal Church. She was raised to become a Pentecostal Christian missionary, and she began evangelising and writing sermons at the age of six.


title: Jeanette Winterson

text: By the age of 16, Winterson had come out as a lesbian and left home. She soon after attended Accrington and Rossendale College, and supported herself at a variety of odd jobs while reading English at Oxford University.


title: Jeanette Winterson

text: After she moved to London, she wrote her first novel, "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit," which won the 1985 Whitbread Prize for a First Novel. Winterson adapted it for television in 1990. Her novel "The Passion" was set in Napoleonic Europe.


title: Jeanette Winterson

text: Winterson's subsequent novels explore the boundaries of physicality and the imagination, gender polarities, and sexual identities, and have won several literary awards. Her stage adaptation of "The PowerBook" in 2002 opened at the Royal National Theatre, London. She also bought a derelict terraced house in Spitalfields, east London, which she refurbished into an occasional flat and a ground-floor shop, Verde's, to sell organic food. In January 2017 she discussed closing the shop when a spike in rateable value, and so business rates, threatened to make the business untenable.


title: Jeanette Winterson

text: In 2009, Winterson donated the short story "Dog Days" to Oxfam's Ox-Tales project, covering four collections of UK stories by 38 authors. Her story appeared in the "Fire" collection. She also supported the relaunch of the Bush Theatre in London's Shepherd's Bush. She wrote and performed work for the "Sixty Six Books" project, based on a chapter of the King James Bible, along with other novelists and poets including Paul Muldoon, Carol Ann Duffy, Anne Michaels and Catherine Tate.


title: Jeanette Winterson

text: Winterson's 2012 novella "The Daylight Gate", based on the 1612 Pendle Witch Trials, appeared on their 400th anniversary. Its main character, Alice Nutter, is based on the real-life woman of the same name. "The Guardian"'s Sarah Hall describes the work: "the narrative voice is irrefutable; this is old-fashioned storytelling, with a sermonic tone that commands and terrifies. It's also like courtroom reportage, sworn witness testimony. The sentences are short, truthful – and dreadful... Absolutism is Winterson's forte, and it's the perfect mode to verify supernatural events when they occur. You're not asked to believe in magic. Magic exists. A severed head talks. A man is transmogrified into a hare. The story is stretched as tight as a rack, so the reader's disbelief is ruptured rather than suspended. And if doubt remains, the text's sensuality persuades."


title: Jeanette Winterson

text: In 2012, Winterson succeeded Colm Tóibín as professor of creative writing at the University of Manchester.


title: Jeanette Winterson

text: Winterson came out as a lesbian at the age of 16. Her 1987 novel "The Passion" was inspired by her relationship with Pat Kavanagh, her literary agent. From 1990 to 2002, Winterson had a relationship with BBC radio broadcaster and academic Peggy Reynolds. After that ended, Winterson became involved with theatre director Deborah Warner. In 2015, she married psychotherapist Susie Orbach, author of "Fat is a Feminist Issue". The couple separated in 2019.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Achromatopsia, also known as Rod monochromacy, is a medical syndrome that exhibits symptoms relating to five conditions, most notably monochromacy. Historically, the name referred to monochromacy in general, but now typically refers only to an autosomal recessive congenital color vision condition. The term is also used to describe cerebral achromatopsia, though monochromacy is usually the only common symptom. The conditions include: monochromatic color blindness, poor visual acuity, and day-blindness. The syndrome is also present in an "incomplete" form that exhibits milder symptoms, including residual color vision. Achromatopsia is estimated to affect 1 in 30,000 live births worldwide.


title: Achromatopsia

text: The syndrome is typically first noticed in children around six months of age due to their photophobia or their nystagmus. The nystagmus becomes less noticeable with age but the other symptoms of the syndrome become more relevant as school age approaches. Visual acuity and stability of the eye motions generally improve during the first six to seven years of life – but remain near 20/200. Otherwise the syndrome is considered stationary and does not worsen with age.


title: Achromatopsia

text: If the light level during testing is optimized, achromats may achieve corrected visual acuity of 20/100 to 20/150 at lower light levels, regardless of the absence of color. The fundus of the eye appears completely normal.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Achromatopsia can be classified as "complete" or "incomplete". In general, symptoms of incomplete achromatopsia are attenuated versions of those of complete achromatopsia. Individuals with incomplete achromatopsia have reduced visual acuity with or without nystagmus or photophobia. Incomplete achromats show only partial impairment of cone cell function.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Achromatopsia is sometimes called rod monochromacy (as opposed to blue cone monochromacy), as achromats exhibit a complete absence of cone cell activity via electroretinography in photopic lighting. There are at least four genetic causes of achromatopsia, two of which involve cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (ACHM2, ACHM3), a third involves the cone photoreceptor transducin (GNAT2, ACHM4), and the last remains unknown.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Known genetic causes of this include mutations in the cone cell cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels CNGA3 (ACHM2) and CNGB3 (ACHM3), the cone cell transducin, GNAT2 (ACHM4), subunits of cone phosphodiesterase PDE6C (ACHM5, OMIM 613093) and PDEH (ACHM6, OMIM 610024), and ATF6 (ACHM7, OMIM 616517).


title: Achromatopsia

text: The hemeralopic aspect of achromatopsia can be diagnosed non-invasively using electroretinography. The response at low (scotopic) and median (mesopic) light levels will be normal but the response under high light level (photopic) conditions will be absent. The mesopic level is approximately a hundred times lower than the clinical level used for the typical high level electroretinogram. When as described; the condition is due to a saturation in the neural portion of the retina and not due to the absence of the photoreceptors per se.


title: Achromatopsia

text: In general, the molecular pathomechanism of achromatopsia is either the inability to properly control or respond to altered levels of cGMP; particularly important in visual perception as its level controls the opening of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGs). Decreasing the concentration of cGMP results in closure of CNGs and resulting hyperpolarization and cessation of glutamate release. Native retinal CNGs are composed of 2 α- and 2 β-subunits, which are CNGA3 and CNGB3, respectively, in cone cells. When expressed alone, CNGB3 cannot produce functional channels, whereas this is not the case for CNGA3. Coassembly of CNGA3 and CNGB3 produces channels with altered membrane expression, ion permeability (Na vs. K and Ca), relative efficacy of cAMP/cGMP activation, decreased outward rectification, current flickering, and sensitivity to block by L-cis-diltiazem.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Mutations tend to result in the loss of CNGB3 function or gain of function—often increased affinity for cGMP—of CNGA3. cGMP levels are controlled by the activity of the cone cell transducin, GNAT2. Mutations in GNAT2 tend to result in a truncated and, presumably, non-functional protein, thereby preventing alteration of cGMP levels by photons. There is a positive correlation between the severity of mutations in these proteins and the completeness of the achromatopsia phenotype.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Molecular diagnosis can be established by identification of biallelic variants in the causative genes. Molecular genetic testing approaches used in achromatopsia can include targeted analysis for the common CNGB3 variant c.1148delC (p.Thr383IlefsTer13), use of a multigenerational panel, or comprehensive genomic testing.


title: Achromatopsia

text: While some mutations in CNGA3 result in truncated and, presumably, non-functional channels this is largely not the case. While few mutations have received in-depth study, at least one mutation does result in functional channels. Curiously, this mutation, T369S, produces profound alterations when expressed without CNGB3. One such alteration is decreased affinity for Cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Others include the introduction of a sub-conductance, altered single-channel gating kinetics, and increased calcium permeability.


title: Achromatopsia

text: When mutant T369S channels coassemble with CNGB3, however, the only remaining aberration is increased calcium permeability. While it is not immediately clear how this increase in Ca leads to achromatopsia, one hypothesis is that this increased current decreases the signal-to-noise ratio. Other characterized mutations, such as Y181C and the other S1 region mutations, result in decreased current density due to an inability of the channel to traffic to the surface. Such loss of function will undoubtedly negate the cone cell's ability to respond to visual input and produce achromatopsia. At least one other missense mutation outside of the S1 region, T224R, also leads to loss of function.


title: Achromatopsia

text: While very few mutations in CNGB3 have been characterized, the vast majority of them result in truncated channels that are presumably non-functional. This will largely result in haploinsufficiency, though in some cases the truncated proteins may be able to coassemble with wild-type channels in a dominant negative fashion. The most prevalent ACHM3 mutation, T383IfsX12, results in a non-functional truncated protein that does not properly traffic to the cell membrane.


title: Achromatopsia

text: The three missense mutations that have received further study show a number of aberrant properties, with one underlying theme. The R403Q mutation, which lies in the pore region of the channel, results in an increase in outward current rectification, versus the largely linear current-voltage relationship of wild-type channels, concomitant with an increase in cGMP affinity. The other mutations show either increased (S435F) or decreased (F525N) surface expression but also with increased affinity for cAMP and cGMP. It is the increased affinity for cGMP and cAMP in these mutants that is likely the disorder-causing change. Such increased affinity will result in channels that are insensitive to the slight concentration changes of cGMP due to light input into the retina.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Upon activation by light, cone opsin causes the exchange of GDP for GTP in the guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) α-transducing activity polypeptide 2 (GNAT2). This causes the release of the activated α-subunit from the inhibitory β/γ-subunits. This α-subunit then activates a phosphodiesterase that catalyzes the conversion of cGMP to GMP, thereby reducing current through CNG3 channels. As this process is absolutely vital for proper color processing it is not surprising that mutations in GNAT2 lead to achromatopsia. The known mutations in this gene, all result in truncated proteins. Presumably, then, these proteins are non-functional and, consequently, cone opsin that has been activated by light does not lead to altered cGMP levels or photoreceptor membrane hyperpolarization.


title: Achromatopsia

text: As achromatopsia is linked to only a few single-gene mutations, it is a good candidate for gene therapy. Gene therapy is a technique for injecting functional genes into the cells that need them, replacing or overruling the original alleles linked to achromatopsia, thereby curing it - at least in part. Achromatopsia has been a focus of gene therapy since 2010, when achromatopsia in dogs was partially cured. Several clinical trials on humans are ongoing with mixed results.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Since 2003, a cybernetic device called the eyeborg has allowed people to perceive color through sound waves. This form of Sensory substitution maps the hue perceived by a camera worn on the head to a pitch experienced through bone conduction according to a sonochromatic scale. This allows achromats (or even the totally blind) to perceive - or estimate - the color of an object. Achromat and artist Neil Harbisson was the first to use the eyeborg in early 2004, which allowed him to start painting in color. He has since acted as a spokesperson for the technology, namely in a 2012 TED Talk. A 2015 study suggests that achromats who use the Eyeborg for several years exhibit neural plasticity, which indicates the sensory substitution has become intuitive for them.


title: Achromatopsia

text: While gene therapy and the Eyeborg may currently have low uptake with achromats, there are several more practical ways for achromats to manage their condition:


title: Achromatopsia

text: However, on the small Micronesian atoll of Pingelap, approximately five percent of the atoll's 3,000 inhabitants are affected. This is the result of a population bottleneck caused by a typhoon and ensuing famine in the 1770s, which killed all but about twenty islanders, including one who was heterozygous for achromatopsia.


title: Achromatopsia

text: The people of this region have termed achromatopsia "maskun", which literally means "not see" in Pingelapese. This unusual population drew neurologist Oliver Sacks to the island for which he wrote his 1997 book, "The Island of the Colorblind".


title: Achromatopsia

text: Blue cone monochromacy (BCM) is another genetic condition causing monochromacy. It mimics many of the symptoms of incomplete achromatopsia and before the discovery of its molecular biological basis was commonly referred to as "x-linked achromatopsia", "sex-linked achromatopsia" or "atypical achromatopsia". BCM stems from mutations or deletions of the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes, both on the X chromosome. As a recessive x-linked condition, BCM disproportionately affects males, unlike typical achromatopsia.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Cerebral achromatopsia]is a form of acquired color blindness that is caused by damage to the cerebral cortex. Damage is most commonly localized to visual area V4 of the visual cortex (the major part of the colour center), which receives information from the parvocellular pathway involved in color processing. It is most frequently caused by physical trauma, hemorrhage or tumor tissue growth. If there is unilateral damage, a loss of color perception in only half of the visual field may result; this is known as hemiachromatopsia. Cerebral achromats usually do not experience the other major symptoms of congenital achromatopsia, since photopic vision is still functions.


title: Achromatopsia

text: Color agnosia involves having difficulty recognizing colors, while still being able to perceive them as measured by a color matching or categorizing task.


title: 12th century

text: The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and is sometimes called the Age of the Cistercians. The Golden Age of Islam experienced a significant development, particularly in Islamic Spain.


title: 12th century

text: In Song dynasty China an invasion by Jurchens caused a political schism of north and south. The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the Fatimids of Egypt were overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty. Following the expansions of the Ghaznavids and Ghurid Empire, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent took place at the end of the century.


title: Last Vegas

text: Last Vegas is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Jon Turteltaub, written by Dan Fogelman and starring Michael Douglas, Robert De Niro, Morgan Freeman, Kevin Kline and Mary Steenburgen. Three retirees travel to Las Vegas to have a bachelor party for their last remaining single friend.


title: Last Vegas

text: Four childhood friends from Brooklyn - Sam, Archie, Paddy, and Billy - are now older. Sam and his wife Miriam live in Naples. Archie, a twice-divorced Vietnam veteran, lives in New Jersey. Paddy lives alone in his Brooklyn apartment, bitter since the death of his beloved wife, Sophie. Billy is a successful entrepreneur in Malibu, who lives with his 31-year-old girlfriend Lisa. Shortly after proposing to Lisa (at a funeral), Billy finds an old bottle of scotch he and his friends stole in their childhood days, and calls Sam and Archie, who immediately propose a bachelor party for Billy in Las Vegas. After being given permission by Miriam to cheat on her, Sam collects Archie, whose ongoing health issues cause his son to be concerned. They convince a reluctant Paddy to join them and they fly off to rendezvous with Billy in Vegas.


title: Last Vegas

text: Billy and Paddy get into a heated argument about Billy's failure to attend Sophie's funeral. They head to Binion's but the hotel is closed for renovations. They visit the Aria where the wedding will be held, and are attracted to the lounge by the singing of Diana. The five share a drink, and they convince Diana to join them for festivities.


title: Last Vegas

text: While waiting to get rooms, Archie goes to a blackjack table and buys $15,000 worth of chips with his pension money. When Paddy and Sam return, they find that Archie is up $102,000. They quickly leave the table in fear of being accused of card counting. Billy tours the wedding chapel with Diana, and becomes smitten by her. The quartet later become judges of a swimsuit competition. They are then confronted by the casino manager, who offers to compensate the group with his largest penthouse suite in hopes that Archie will stay and spend his winnings at the hotel. Billy suggests they open the old bottle of scotch to celebrate, but Paddy storms off. That night, the remaining three go to the hotel's nightclub where they enjoy a night of drinking and dancing. Sam meets a young maid of honour from a bachelorette party who expresses her attraction for him.


title: Last Vegas

text: The following day, while the others are recovering, Paddy visits Diana and tells her that he and Billy were both in love with Sophie when they were younger and she picked Paddy. Diana tries to convince him to stop grieving and move on with life because Sophie would want it. Paddy joins Billy at their pool cabana and admits he needs to move on from Sophie's passing while also being upset with Billy for marrying a woman he does not truly love. Sam and Archie decide to throw a massive bachelor party for Billy in their suite that night. They prepare for the party and invite several people including a bachelorette party from the nightclub, exotic dancers, a band of drag queens, and cast members of "Zarkana".


title: Last Vegas

text: Billy visits Diana. She admits that she is fond of him, and asks if he truly loves Lisa. As they walk along The Strip, Billy tells Diana that Paddy gave Sophie an ultimatum to choose either Billy or him, and she secretly chose Billy first; but Billy told Sophie that she was meant to be with Paddy.


title: Last Vegas

text: Paddy tells Billy he invited Diana to the party because he likes her and wants to start anew after Sophie's passing, but realizes Billy likes her too. When Diana arrives, Billy pushes Paddy into the pool, and takes Diana upstairs to tell her to give Paddy a chance. She says she feels like she is being treated like Sophie, and "gifted" by Billy to Paddy, which Paddy overhears. Paddy is devastated to learn this and throws the old bottle of scotch in the trash as he leaves the party. Meanwhile, Sam prepares to cheat on his wife with the young maid of honour but cannot bring himself to do it.


title: Last Vegas

text: The next morning, Paddy confronts Billy at the pool. He informs him that no one could tell Sophie who to love, and that they shared a beautiful life together. He tells Billy to call off the wedding. As Lisa and her bridesmaids arrive, Paddy pushes Billy into the pool and tells Lisa that Billy is calling off the wedding.


title: Last Vegas

text: Billy and Lisa talk it out and Lisa leaves. Billy comes to terms with his age and admits his fear of getting old and being alone. They come together as friends again, and tell Billy to go see Diana. Billy goes to the lounge where Diana is singing and reveals his feelings for her. The guys finally decide to crack open the old bottle of scotch for a toast, however to their surprise, all but Paddy find the taste to be repulsive.


title: Last Vegas

text: A few months later, Billy and Diana call Archie and Paddy to announce they are getting married. They try to call Sam but he is unable to answer the phone as he is busy in bed with his wife.


title: Last Vegas

text: Principal photography started in November 2012 in Las Vegas. At the end of November, filming moved to the Atlanta, Georgia, area.


title: Last Vegas

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 46% based on reviews from 146 critics, with an average score of 5.18/10. The sites consensus states: "The cast of "Last Vegas" keep things amiably watchable, but the film is mostly a mellower "Hangover" retread for the older set." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 34 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A-, on a scale from A to F.


title: Last Vegas

text: Scott Foundas of "Variety" wrote: "A smattering of funny gags and the nostalgia value of the cast — none of whom, curiously, have ever shared the screen before — keeps the whole thing more watchable than it has any right to be." Foundas calls the film a clone of "The Hangover" and praises Mary Steenburgen for her performance but says "The rest of the movie rarely if ever rises to Steenburgen’s level."


title: Last Vegas

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a grade D- and wrote: "The high point of Last Vegas is also arguably the low point of Robert De Niro’s career."


title: Last Vegas

text: "Last Vegas" grossed $16,334,566 in its opening weekend in the US from 3,065 theaters, averaging $5,329 per theater and ranking #3 for the weekend. The film closed on February 20, 2014, with a worldwide final gross of $134,402,450, making it CBS Films' highest-grossing movie to date.


title: General Hux

text: General Armitage Hux is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. First introduced in the 2015 film "", he is portrayed by Irish actor Domhnall Gleeson. He is an unpleasant military commander in a power struggle with Kylo Ren for the First Order leadership, and being exceeded only by Supreme Leader Snoke. The character first featured in "The Force Awakens" media and merchandising, and returned in the film's sequels, "" (2017) and "" (2019). Gleeson's performance has received generally positive reception from critics and fans, while the reaction to the character and his shifting roles throughout the trilogy has been more mixed.


title: General Hux

text: Hux was born on Arkanis and was rumored to have been sired from an affair between his father, Commandant Brendol Hux of the Arkanis Academy, and a kitchen worker. Hux and his father are rescued from the Academy when it is about to fall to the New Republic near the end of the Galactic Civil War. When the war ends with the Battle of Jakku and the signing of the Galactic Concordance, the young Hux and his father are part of the Imperial Navy forces who retreat into the Unknown Regions. These forces later emerge as the First Order. The Republic believes that the First Order is just an unimportant band of Imperial holdouts, but Hux's training methods forge a formidable military that effectively overthrows the Republic and turns the galaxy into a dictatorship even more brutal than the Galactic Empire of the original "Star Wars" trilogy. He serves as the right hand of the First Order's Supreme Leader Snoke (Andy Serkis), second in authority only to Kylo Ren (Adam Driver), with whom he has a fierce rivalry. He is dedicated to destroying the Resistance, an army that grew out of the Rebel Alliance and is led by General Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher). Hux believes that the Republic is a threat to galactic stability, and that it is his destiny to rule the galaxy.


title: General Hux

text: Hux first appears in "The Force Awakens" as a high-ranking general in the First Order. Hux is part of a mission to Jakku to recover a map to Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill), the last Jedi. After the battle, he learns from Captain Phasma of the desertion of a former stormtrooper, Finn (John Boyega). To destroy the Resistance, Snoke orders Hux to use the Starkiller Base superweapon against the New Republic's capital world of Hosnian Prime. Hux gives a speech before the First Order army about the end of the Republic before Starkiller Base fires on Hosnian Prime under his command, killing billions of people in the destruction.


title: General Hux

text: Hux reports to Snoke that Kylo Ren has stopped the search for the droid BB-8, which has the aforementioned map, so Snoke orders him to turn the Starkiller weapon towards the Resistance base on D'Qar. Before Hux can destroy the planet, however, an attack squadron led by Resistance Commander Poe Dameron (Oscar Isaac), with ground support from Han Solo (Harrison Ford), Finn, and the Jakku scavenger Rey (Daisy Ridley), destroys Starkiller Base. Hux is ordered by Snoke to flee the planet and bring Kylo Ren to him.


title: General Hux

text: Hux appears in "" as the primary general reporting directly to Supreme Leader Snoke. He attempts to respond to a transmission from Dameron, who mocks him by asking for a General "Hugs" and describing his complexion as "pasty". Hux then leads the subsequent battle, during which both sides sustain heavy losses. Snoke rebukes Hux for his failure to defeat the Resistance, but he tells him about a plan to track the Resistance. Hux subsequently oversees the bombardment of the remaining three ships of the Resistance, then on the lifeboats, and, along with Phasma, helps arrange the execution of Finn and Rose Tico. Later, he discovers Snoke dead and Ren unconscious in the throne room of the "Mega"-class Star Dreadnought "Supremacy", so he attempts to kill his rival but stops when Ren wakes up. He initially protests Ren's claim to be the new Supreme Leader, but is swiftly persuaded otherwise when Ren uses the Force to choke him, proclaiming "Long live the Supreme Leader." At the end of the film, he accompanies Ren to the planet Crait in their attempt to finish off the Resistance. When Ren orders his men to fire on Luke, Hux gives the order to stop it soon after. After Ren wants to kill Luke himself, Hux admonishes him to focus on the escaping Resistance members; Ren silences him by using the Force to slam him into a wall, knocking him out. Hux is seen again when Ren and his troops invade the Resistance base and find it empty, giving Ren a sinister glare from behind.


title: General Hux

text: By the time of "", Hux has become embittered and jealous because of the lack of respect he receives and his rivalry with Allegiant General Pryde (Richard E. Grant), who constantly undermines Hux while vying for his job.


title: General Hux

text: Hux is even more upset to hear that Emperor Palpatine has returned from the dead and that he was the one behind the creation of Snoke and the First Order, as Palpatine arranged for the Sith Eternal's fleet of "Xyston"-class Star Destroyers, the Final Order, that can wipe out planets for the First Order. Hux is later revealed to have been a spy supplying information to the Resistance in order to undermine Ren in the hopes of taking his place as Supreme Leader (or at least seeing Ren falling along with the First Order if necessary). He helps Finn, Poe and Chewbacca escape Ren's "Resurgent"-class Star Destroyer "Steadfast" and has Finn shoot him in the leg so he can feign an effort to stop them. However, he is shot in the chest with a blaster by Pryde after the latter realizes Hux's treason through his cover story. Hux's decision to allow the rebels to escape is a major catalyst for the Resistance's victory in the Battle of Exegol.


title: General Hux

text: A scene deleted from the film featured Hux and Pryde in the opening action sequence with Kylo Ren on Mustafar.


title: General Hux

text: Hux briefly appears in segments of "The Lego Star Wars Holiday Special" set between the events of "The Last Jedi" and "The Rise of Skywalker". Upon walking in on a shirtless Kylo Ren with reports on the status of the First Order, Hux is left flustered by Ren's shirtless state, attempting to give his report without being distracted by him. After Ren is forcibly returned to the present from the past by Rey, Hux enters Ren's room to provide another report as he is destroying it with his lightsaber in frustration, silently immediately backing out of the room upon noticing Ren's wrathful state.


title: General Hux

text: Hux appears via hologram in the first season finale of the animated series "". The episode takes place at the same time as "The Force Awakens" and depicts First Order troops watching a transmission of Hux give his speech and the subsequent firing of Starkiller Base. He appears, in person, in the eleventh episode "Station to Station" of the second season and in hologram in the finale of season two, "The Escape", along with Kylo Ren.


title: General Hux

text: Hux appears in two theme park attractions, "Star Tours – The Adventures Continue" and "" with Gleeson reprising the role in each.


title: General Hux

text: Some details about the backstory of Hux and his father Brendol appear in the 2016 novel "" by Chuck Wendig. Hux and Brendol are also characters in the 2017 novel "" by Delilah S. Dawson.


title: General Hux

text: Hux also is a playable Dark Side squad leader in an update to the mobile MOBA "", released in late 2017.


title: General Hux

text: In his review of "The Force Awakens", Henry Barnes of "The Guardian" wrote that Gleeson's "screechy pseudo-Nazi role" as General Hux is "not as colourful or as nuanced" as Adam Driver's part as Kylo Ren, "but – given he's a functionary – Gleeson certainly makes an impression." Reviewing Hux and his role in the film, David Rutz of "The Washington Free Beacon" wrote that while Hux is portrayed as a villain, he is shown to be a capable general and "a committed soldier to his cause with laser-like focus on achieving the First Order's ends." However, after the release of "The Last Jedi", and "The Rise of Skywalker", some criticism was levelled at the use of the character to provide comic relief, particularly after having been introduced as a serious villain. The character's story arc was also discussed. The revelation that he was a Resistance spy and his subsequent "unceremonious" death was subject to some criticism.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: The Crime of the Century is an American two-part documentary film, directed, produced, and written by Alex Gibney. The film follows the opioid epidemic in the United States, and the political operatives, government regulations and corporations that enable the abuse of opioids, particularly the Sackler family and Purdue Pharma.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: The film follows the opioid epidemic in the United States, the political operatives, government regulations, and corporations that enable the abuse of opioids. Part one of the documentary focuses on Purdue Pharma and the Sackler family, who collaborated with Food and Drug Administration official Curtis Wright IV to get OxyContin approved for wider use. Government regulations tried to mitigate wrongdoing, leading Purdue and other distributors to settle cases, keeping details private. Patrick Radden Keefe, Andrew Kolodny, Mark Ross, Anna Lembke, Lynn Webster, Roy Bosley, Barry Meier, Art Van Zee (town physician), Paul Pelletier and Giles Sartin appear in part one.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: The documentary commentators blame the manufacturers and marketers of opioids, while Purdue Pharma and the Sackler family blame opioid users for abuse of drugs.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: Part two of the documentary follows the mass marketing of Fentanyl. While the opioid crisis was killing over 40 people per day, Insys Therapeutics began to bribe doctors to overprescribe the drug, and a complex scheme to defraud insurance companies with fraudulent marketing tactics, and lawmakers who turned a blind eye to the crisis. Joe Rannazzisi (a retired DEA Agent), Jonathan Novak, Sari Horowitz, Scott Higham, Lenny Bernstein, David Lazarus, Nathaniel Yeager, Fred Wyshak, Ed Byrne, Will Kimbell, Alec Burkaloff, Sunrise Lee and Caleb Lainer appear in part two.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: The DEA's Diversion Control Division ensures that opioid pharmaceutical drugs are not diverted to the black market.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: Fentanyl is designed to manage the "breakthrough pain" of cancer patients who are near death; the drug is supposed to alleviate their suffering before death.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: According to Scott Higham and other commentators, there is an oligopoly of drug distributors: the three main companies are McKesson, Cardinal Health, and AmerisourceBergen.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: Former U.S. deputy AG Jamie Gorelick is accused of lobbying on behalf of the drug industry. Similarly, former DEA lawyer Linden Barber is said to have become a lobbyist on behalf of Cardinal Health.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: In February 2021, it was announced that Alex Gibney would direct and produce a two-part documentary film focusing on the opioid epidemic in the United States, with HBO Documentary Films and HBO set to distribute.


title: The Crime of the Century (2021 film)

text: "The Crime of the Century" received positive reviews from critics. It holds a 95% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 20 reviews. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Difficult, but necessary, "The Crime of the Century" interrogates the origins of the opioid crisis, raising big questions that will likely leave viewers wondering why something hasn't been done about this sooner." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 84 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". It was both lauded and critiqued for focusing on those accused of causing the ongoing crisis more than on its victims.


title: Ajit Khan

text: Hamid Ali Khan (27 January 1922 – 22 October 1998), better known by his stage name Ajit, was an Indian actor active in Hindi films. He acted in over two hundred movies over almost four decades. Ajit is also credited for starring as a lead actor in popular Bollywood movies such as "Beqasoor", "Nastik", "Bada Bhai", "Milan", "Bara Dari", and later as a second lead in "Mughal-e-Azam" and "Naya Daur".


title: Ajit Khan

text: Ajit was born as Hamid Ali Khan into a Deccani Muslim family of Hyderabad state near the historic fort of Golconda outside Hyderabad city. The family belonged to the Barozai clan of Pashtuns, Ajit's ancestors having moved from Kandahar in Afghanistan to Shahjahanpur in Uttar Pradesh before settling in Hyderabad.


title: Ajit Khan

text: He struggled to meet people and be accepted in any project, and in order to feed himself, he worked as an "extra" in several films.


title: Ajit Khan

text: Finally, he managed to land a leading role, and in the first couple of films, he is credited in his real name, Hamid Khan. He did not meet with much success, and on the advise of Nana Bhai Bhat, he took the name "Ajit" meaning "indomitable" as his screen-name, but his luck did not greatly improve. Although he did several films as a protagonist and became known to the public, and although his distinctive baritone voice and impressive personality brought him a fan following, his luck at the box office was not good at all. Film director K. Amarnath, who directed him in "Beqasoor", suggested that the actor change his long name of Hamid Ali Khan to something shorter, and Hamid zeroed in on "Ajit". "Beqasoor", in which he acted with Madhubala, was one of the biggest hits of 1950. Ajit's films as hero include "Nastik" (1953), "Bada Bhai", "Milan", "Baradari" and "Dholak," and in all of them, he did credible work as actor. In Nastik (1953), the song ""Dekh tere sansar ki haalat kya ho gayi Bhagwan"" is picturised on him. He moved quite soon to second-lead roles, which he accepted because he had no other source of income. These movies include "Naya Daur" and "Mughal-e-Azam."


title: Ajit Khan

text: Ajit, who ran away from home to Mumbai after selling his college books, started his career in films in the 1940s. Luck did not favour him in the beginning. He began with the 1946 movie "Shahe Misra", acting opposite Geeta Bose, and also did films such as "Sikander" (with Van Mala), "Hatimtai" (1947), "Aap Beeti" (with Khursheed), "Sone Ki Chidiya" (with Leela Kumari), "Dholak" (with Meena Shori) and "Chanda Ki Chandni" (with Monica Desai) as leading hero, but flopped. He did the most films (15) with Nalini Jaywant. Ajit switched over to play the villain. His first movie as a villain was "Suraj", followed by films such as "Zanjeer" and "Yaadon Ki Baaraat".


title: Ajit Khan

text: His famous dialogues included the "Mona darling" bit in "Yaadon Ki Baraat", "Lily don't be silly" in "Zanjeer" and the one about a "Lion" in Kallicharan. Ajit's other well known films were "Naya Daur", "Nastik" and "Shikari" to name only a few. In his four decades of film career, Ajit had acted along with the legendary Prithviraj Kapoor, Sohrab Modi, Amitabh Bachchan, I S Johar, Dilip Kumar, Dev Anand, Shammi Kapoor, Dharmendra and many actresses, both young and old.


title: Ajit Khan

text: In the mid-seventies he had acted in over 57 films, mostly as a villain. His dialogue delivery remains popular even to this date. His colleagues in the film industry — leading personalities who have acted with him, grown up seeing him in Mumbai — expressed deep sorrow over his death.


title: Ajit Khan

text: Writer Javed Akhtar, who scripted "Zanjeer", said: "Like Bachchan, Ajit found a new image as villain after Zanjeer. He started a new innings in his career though he was an established hero in the fifties. His villainy started a new trend. Here was a new villain who was soft-spoken yet forceful. We wanted to give a different image to villainy which matched the hero."


title: Ajit Khan

text: Ajit almost always portrayed the sophisticated, educated, well groomed evil mastermind, albeit heartless villain. Ajit was presented in striking western attire, the "bold" checked suits, matching overcoats, white leather shoes, wide sunglasses, jewellery accessories etc. Given his stature as a senior artist, Ajit was usually the gang leader to second tier villains (such as Jeevan (actor), Prem Chopra, Ranjeet, Kader Khan and Sujit Kumar). He was rarely portrayed (in movie roles) doing any "dirty work" himself, rather relying on his army of henchmen for the task, with zero tolerance for any failures. He always had a savvy female accomplice, usually named "Mona." Acting in over 200 films, he specialized in playing suave villains with memorable catch-phrases delivered in now iconic Ajit-style nasal drawls such as "Mona, darling". Ajit also brought to fame the smuggler as the villain. In his movies, he is generally seen smuggling "gold biscuits" in or out of the country. It has also been noted that most of his gang members had Christian names like Robert, Michael and Peter. He pronounced "Robert" as "Rabbert." This also has been used for comic purposes in parodies. His favourite dialogue is- "Very smart"


title: Ajit Khan

text: It was the menacing voice he was most famous for. He is still remembered for bringing the most famous villains in the history of Indian cinema to life. His contemporaries include veteran actors like Amrish Puri, Amjad Khan, Pran and Prem Chopra. Some of his popularity in the present time is due to the innumerable jokes and parodies made on his famous lines by comedians.


title: Ajit Khan

text: Ajit married three times. His first wife, whom he married after a brief love affair, was an Anglo-Indian and a Christian. The marriage was very short-lived and fell apart due to huge cultural differences and there were no children. Ajit married Shahida, a young lady of his own community and similar social background, in a match arranged by their parents in the usual Indian way. The marriage, which lasted till his death, It was harmonious and was blessed with three sons Shahid Ali Khan, Zahid Ali Khan and Abid Ali Khan. Ajit then married a third time, and the name of his third wife was Sara/Sarah. The actor Jayant (better known as the father of actor Amjad Khan) took the initiative to facilitate this marriage. Ajit has a further two sons by his third wife name Shezad Khan and Arbaaz Khan.


title: Ajit Khan

text: Ajit had a strong friendship with actor Rajendra Kumar. Apart from friendship, Ajit also credited Rajendra Kumar with advising and helping him to become a "leading villain" rather than a second-lead hero. Rajendra Kumar was instrumental in getting Ajit his first role as villain in the film "Suraj".


title: Ajit Khan

text: Ajit died of a sudden heart attack. The film industry was taken aback by the sudden death and lavished many tributes.


title: Ajit Khan

text: Fellow "villain" Amrish Puri said Ajit's death is a sad loss to films. "Ajit developed his own style of acting and delivery of dialogue. We still remember his style of acting which is guidance to the new generation of actors." Another fellow villain, Prem Chopra, who starred with Ajit in many films including "Jugnu", "Chupa Rustom" and "Ram Balram" as a father and son team, said Ajit was devoted in his work. "He had a subtle sense of humour. He was a cultured man. We had a common interest - reciting Urdu poetry."


title: Ajit Khan

text: New-generation villain Kiran Kumar was shocked to hear that "his Ajit uncle" had died. "Our relationship was more personal than professional. I must have been hardly eight or ten years when my father (Jeevan) used to take me to Paradise Bakery opposite which was Ajit's residence. Father would call him by his first name Hamid, and would call him down. Ajit would come down, wearing lungi and jaali banian to chat with my father."


title: Purpose World Tour

text: The Purpose World Tour was the third concert tour by Canadian singer Justin Bieber, in support of his fourth studio album "Purpose" (2015). The tour started on March 9, 2016, in Seattle, Washington, and concluded on July 2, 2017, in London, United Kingdom. After that, the remaining 14 shows of the tour were cancelled due to Bieber's mental health issues.


title: Purpose World Tour

text: According to "Pollstar", Purpose World Tour grossed $163.3 million and sold 1,761,642 tickets in 2016 and the 29 shows in 2017 grossed $93.7 million with 1,043,839 tickets sold. Overall, the tour had a total gross of $257 million and 2,805,481 in attendance in 141 shows, becoming one of the highest-grossing concert tours of both 2016 and 2017.


title: Purpose World Tour

text: The tour was announced on November 11, 2015, on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". That same day, 58 dates in the United States along Canada were revealed on the singer's website. Due to overwhelming demand, additional shows were added in several cities. On September 30, 2016, Bieber announced that tour dates for New Zealand and Australia were to be released the following week. On October 25, 2016, two tour dates were announced for Mexico, as well as the South American and Central American legs of the tour. On December 5, 2016, Bieber announced on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" he would be starting a stadium tour starting in Australia and continue throughout the year in 2017, with dates announced later that day.


title: Purpose World Tour

text: The show starts with a pre-recorded sequence in which he is "stuck inside a glass cube; then the real Bieber appeared inside a real cube" performing "Mark My Words", scrawling words like "hope" on the walls with a marker, while wearing a long white coat. Later, Bieber rises from below the stage in a large glass cube, "with the hydraulics pushing him higher" during the performance of "Where Are Ü Now", with holograms flashing about, while "Bieber's crew of dancers tumbled onstage in all-white attire as women suspended in midair did acrobatics against a chrome-y, industrial video backdrop." For "I'll Show You", Bieber is "trapped under a literal steel cage while firestorms and spinning whirlwinds engulf him." During the song's chorus, "an LED light show began flashing across its beams, covering him in exploding octagons and digital fireworks." During "The Feeling", acrobats twirled above him, while cosmic projections of Halsey are shown. Later, the performance of "Get Used To It" brought pyrotechnics, as well as movement from the platforms onstage.


title: Purpose World Tour

text: The performance of "Love Yourself" has Bieber on acoustic guitar while seated on a red velvet couch down center stage. Later, the acoustic break also continued with a breezy solo rendition of "Home to Mama" and a new song called "Insecurities". After the acoustic set, "Boyfriend" is performed, with dancers in LED-laden black bodysuits creating "a light show" in choreography. Later, "Been You" is performed by Bieber and his dancers, featuring a "dance break", while in "Company", "a hidden platform anchored to the ceiling begins to descend and it turned out to be a giant, suspended trampoline, on which Justin completed a couple of backflips." "No Sense" is followed by the performance of "Hold Tight" and "No Pressure". The performance of "As Long As You Love Me", having a hard electric guitar riffs. Later, Bieber introduced his own act-two drum solo. Wearing a Marilyn Manson T-shirt, he "cheerily introduces and hugs elementary school-aged dancers" during the "Children" performance, which is followed by "Life Is Worth Living", where Bieber is backed by couples in stark white doing a contemporary choreography. In "What Do You Mean?", dancers on skateboards circled the singer, who by then had changed into a pair of joggers emblazoned with the Purpose tour logo. The performance of "Baby" was considered "playful", by Dylan Rupert of "Billboard" and later he performs "Purpose" at a white grand piano, The concert finishes with "Sorry", where Bieber stood with his dancers beneath a shower of artificial rain.


title: Purpose World Tour

text: "NME"'s Luke Morgan Britton named the tour as one of the best live shows of 2016, writing: "It was grandiose, self-indulgent, erratic and, when he could be bothered, had some of the best live singing you'll see. The 'Purpose' tour was like the life of a tortured pop star as performance art." Dylan Rupert of "Billboard" praised Bieber's vocals for sounding "smooth as ever", while noting that the performance of "Company" was "one of the show's most thrilling (though slightly puzzling) moments" and praising the acoustic set. Marc Snetiker of "Entertainment Weekly" called it "a concert that shows, beyond a shadow of a doubt, that Bieber is back. [...] Bieber had to prove that his comeback tour is exactly that — a performer's return to top form, not just a fluke of well-produced singles and hooks. That unfortunate weight did seem to bear down on Bieber during the entire show — he brought out no special guests and remained solemn throughout the night — but over time, its heft will diminish." Andrew Matson of "Rolling Stone" offered a very positive review, declaring: "The concert was sublime vocally, visually and musically, Bieber and his scaled back band did justice to songs in a cavernous space, often elevating the material." [...] "Bieber sang for real, played the piano, acoustic guitar and rock drums all gracefully and danced with zero mistakes. Sure, his energy seemed tentative as his dancers did Matrix capoeira all around him, but the Purpose tour is off to a stellar start, showcasing a musician taking control of his art and an audience vibing along for his journey."


title: Purpose World Tour

text: Mikael Wood of "Los Angeles Times" wrote about Bieber performance, stating: "His face expressionless, he sang with focused intensity — especially in "Hold Tight" and "Life Is Worth Living" — and danced in a powerfully unself-conscious way, as though he were simply a guy trying out moves for his own enjoyment." For Owen R. Smith of "Seattle Times", "Nothing could topple the positive quality of the evening overall." Chris Macias of "The Sacramento Bee" noted that "[F]or all the spectacle, and the occasional lifting of his garments to show off those abs, the Biebs is a bit tentative as a performer." François Marchand of "Vancouver Sun" analysed the tour, stating: "But all in all it was entertaining and the songs on Purpose are excellent – smooth and steady, atmospheric and deep." Tony Hicks of "Mercury News" was mixed, noting that "while the visuals were impressive, they masked the fact that Bieber's voice sounded muffled most of the night. [...] He does deserve credit for being in control all night. But that comes at a cost. Until his hair became out of sorts, there wasn't a second that didn't feel scripted, including stints of our hero showing off his musicianship by performing with an acoustic guitar and doing a comically pedestrian drum solo."


title: Purpose World Tour

text: In less favorable reviews, Adam Graham from "The Detroit News" noted the singer "sleep-walked through his choreography, made no attempts to mask his pre-recorded vocals and performed with the enthusiasm of a teenager being forced to clean his room." Jim Louvau of "Phoenix New Times" wrote: "You'd think that he'd show at least a perfunctory level of joy while performing on stage in front of thousands of ticket-buying fans, but at least outwardly, that was not the case." For MLive, Edward Pevos noted: "When Bieber was dancing, he wasn't singing much. He was also a bit unenthusiastic. It was as if he just wanted to get through the show at times. The microphone was often no where near his mouth while the backing tracks were playing."


title: Purpose World Tour

text: Purpose World Tour's Mumbai leg saw an attendance of 60,000 making it one of the highest selling Indian concerts by an English-language artist, eclipsed only by Michael Jackson.


title: Purpose World Tour

text: This set list is representative of the show on March 9, 2016, in Seattle. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.


title: Master (form of address)

text: "Master" was used in England for men of some rank, especially "free masters" of a trade guild and by any manual worker or servant employee addressing his employer (his master), but also generally by those lower in status to gentlemen, priests, or scholars. In the Elizabethan period, it was used between equals, especially to a group ("My masters"), mainly by urban artisans and tradespeople. It was later extended to all respectable men and was the forerunner of "Mister".


title: Master (form of address)

text: After its replacement in common speech by "Mister", "Master" was retained as a form of address only for boys who had not yet entered society. By the late 19th century, etiquette dictated that men be addressed as "Mister", and boys as "Master".


title: Master (form of address)

text: The use of "Master" as a prefixed title is, according to Leslie Dunkling, "a way of addressing politely a boy ... too young to be called 'Mister'." It can be used as a title and form of address for any boy.


title: Master (form of address)

text: "Master" was used sometimes, especially up to the late 19th century, to describe the male head of a large estate or household who employed domestic workers.


title: Master (form of address)

text: The heir to a Scottish peerage may use the style or dignity "Master of" followed by the name associated with the peerage. For instance, the heir of Lord Elphinstone is known as the Master of Elphinstone.


title: Master (form of address)

text: Nancy Tuckerman, in the "Amy Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette", writes that in the United States, unlike the UK, a boy can be addressed as "Master" only until age 12, then is addressed only by his name with no title until he turns 18, when he takes the title of "Mr.", although it is not improper to use "Mr." if he is slightly younger.


title: Master (form of address)

text: Robert Hickey, deputy director of the Protocol School of Washington, states that "use of "Master" [as] an honorific when addressing boys is considered old fashioned outside of conservative circles."


title: Master (form of address)

text: In the 21st century, "Master" as an honorific or more often "master" as a professional term still has some use in reference to advanced workers (not always male) in the trades, and sometimes also to academics and educators. However, it is more frequently used as an adjective for this purpose (e.g. "master bricklayer"), or with an adjective ("school master", "headmaster").


title: Master (form of address)

text: "Master" is also frequently used (along with feminine "Mistress" or "Domina") in the BDSM community. as a self-identifer by dominants, and by submissives in addressing them, especially in master/slave-roleplay relationships.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: USS "Olympia" (C-6/CA-15/CL-15/IX-40) is a protected cruiser that saw service in the United States Navy from her commissioning in 1895 until 1922. This vessel became famous as the flagship of Commodore George Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War in 1898. The ship was decommissioned after returning to the U.S. in 1899, but was returned to active service in 1902.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: She served until World War I as a training ship for naval cadets and as a floating barracks in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1917, she was mobilized again for war service, patrolling the American coast and escorting transport ships.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: After World War I, "Olympia" participated in the 1919 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War and conducted cruises in the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas to promote peace in the unstable Balkan countries. In 1921, the ship carried the remains of World War I's Unknown Soldier from France to Washington, D.C., where his body was interred in Arlington National Cemetery. "Olympia" was decommissioned for the last time in December 1922 and placed in reserve.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: In 1957, the U.S. Navy ceded title to the Cruiser "Olympia" Association, which restored the ship to her 1898 configuration. Since then, "Olympia" has been a museum ship in Philadelphia, where it is now part of the Independence Seaport Museum. "Olympia" was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: The "Olympia" is the oldest steel American warship still afloat. Repairs, estimated at $10–20 million, were desperately needed to keep the "Olympia" afloat, and in 2010 the Independence Seaport Museum considered finding a new steward for the ship. By 2014, the museum reversed its plan to find a new steward and soon obtained funding from private donors as well as federal and state agencies to begin work on repairing the ship. The museum invested in extensive stabilization measures including reinforcing the most deteriorated areas of the hull, expanding the alarm system, installing a network of bilge pumping stand pipes (which will provide greater damage control capability in the unlikely event of a hull breach), extensive deck patching and extensive repair and recoating of the ship's rigging. This work was made possible by donations from the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the U.S. Cruiser Sailors Association and many individual donors. By 2017, the museum completed the first phase of repairs to the ship and has embarked on an ambitious national campaign to raise the $20 million needed to dry-dock the "Olympia" and address waterline deterioration of the hull.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: When the first Cleveland Administration took office in 1885, United States Secretary of the Navy William Collins Whitney continued the naval modernization program started during the preceding Arthur Administration. U.S. naval policy at the time was focused on commerce raiding, which implied a defensive posture on the part of the United States.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: In 1887, Whitney authorized the construction of two coastal defense battleships, that were to become and . The emphasis was still on large and fast commerce-raiding cruisers, capable of destroying an attacking fleet's supply line. President Grover Cleveland was defeated in the election of 1888, but before he left office, Whitney managed to have Congress authorize two additional cruisers, one of which was the large, protected cruiser that was to become "Olympia".


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: Starting in 1887, the new Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin Tracy, began to rethink naval policy. Although Tracy allowed the design and construction of "Olympia" to continue, he was a follower of Alfred Thayer Mahan. As such, Tracy advocated a battle fleet capable of engaging enemy fleets in their home waters. This meant a shift away from large, fast, commerce-raiding cruisers. As a result, "Olympia", which would probably have been the first in a class of ships, was the only one of her type built.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: The newly formed Board on the Design of Ships began the design process for Cruiser Number 6 in 1889. For main armament, the board chose guns, though the number and arrangement of these weapons, as well as the armor scheme, was heavily debated. On 8 April 1890, the navy solicited bids but found only one bidder, the Union Iron Works in San Francisco, California. The contract specified a cost of $1,796,000, completion by 1 April 1893, and offered a bonus for early completion.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: During the contract negotiations, Union Iron Works was granted permission to lengthen the vessel by , at no extra cost, to accommodate the propulsion system. The contract was signed on 10 July 1890, the keel laid on 17 June 1891, and the ship was launched on 5 November 1892. However, delays in the delivery of components, including the new Harvey steel armor, slowed completion. The last 1-pounder gun was not delivered until December 1894.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: Union Iron Works conducted the first round of trials on 3 November 1893; on a run, the ship achieved a speed of . Upon return to harbor, however, it was discovered that the keel had been fouled by sea grass, which required dry-docking to fix.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: By 11 December, the work had been completed and she was dispatched from San Francisco to Santa Barbara for an official speed trial. Once in the harbor, heavy fog delayed the ship for four days. On the 15th, "Olympia" sailed into the Santa Barbara Channel, the "chosen race-track for California-built cruisers," and began a four-hour time trial. According to the navy, she had sustained an average speed of , though she reached up to —both well above the contract requirement of . While returning to San Francisco, "Olympia" participated in eight experiments that tested various combinations of steering a ship by rudder and propellers. The new cruiser was ultimately commissioned on 5 February 1895. For several months afterwards, she was the largest ship ever built on the western coast of the US, until surpassed by the battleship .


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: At the time of commissioning, "Scientific American" compared "Olympia" to the similar British s and the Chilean and found that the American ship held a "great superiority" over the British ships. While the "Eclipse"s had of coal, compared to "Olympia"s , the latter had nearly double the horsepower (making the ship faster), more armor, and a heavier armament on a displacement that was only greater than the other.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: The ship is in overall length, has a beam of and a draft of . Her design displacement was , with a full combat load of up to displacement. The ship is powered by a pair of vertical triple expansion engines, each supplied with steam from three coal-fired cylindrical boilers. Her engines were rated at with a top speed of , though on trials she achieved and a top speed of .


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: "Olympia" is armed with a variety of weapons. The primary armament was four /35 caliber guns in two twin Mark 6 gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. These guns could fire projectiles, either armor-piercing or high explosive, at a muzzle velocity of per second. The Mark 6 turret was designed for depression of the guns to −4° and elevation to 13°. By 1916, the turrets and guns were considered woefully obsolete, and were subsequently removed and replaced with open gun platforms, each with a single 4"/40. These guns were then later replaced with 5"/51-caliber guns in 1917.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: The secondary battery was ten /40 caliber guns mounted in casemates, five on each side of the ship. Each is placed to avoid the flash from the main battery. These guns fired armor-piercing shells at a muzzle velocity of per second. These also were replaced with 5"/51s during the 1917 refit. Fourteen 6-pounder () antitorpedoboat guns are mounted in sponsons. Six one-pounder guns are mounted on deck, along with six abovewater torpedo tubes. In 1898, The "Olympia" also boasted two Gatling guns and an arsenal of revolvers and rifles.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: "Olympia"s conning tower is armored with thick steel plates. The ship has a thick armored deck that slopes on the sides; the slopes increase in thickness to amidships and at the ends. A thick glacis protects the engine rooms. Her main battery turrets are protected by of Harvey armor, while the barbettes upon which they rest have nickel-steel armor. The 5-inch guns are protected by gun shields.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: Upon commissioning in February 1895 "Olympia" departed the Union Iron Works yard in San Francisco and steamed inland to the U.S. Navy's Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Vallejo, where outfitting was completed and Captain John J. Read was placed in command. In April, the ship steamed south to Santa Barbara to participate in a festival. The ship's crew also conducted landing drills in Sausalito and Santa Cruz that month. On 20 April, the ship conducted its first gunnery practice, during which one of the ship's gunners, Coxswain John Johnson, was killed in an accident with one of the 5-inch guns. The ship's last shakedown cruise took place on 27 July. After returning to Mare Island, the ship was assigned to replace as the flagship of the Asiatic Squadron.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: On 25 August, the ship departed the United States for Chinese waters. A week later, the ship arrived in Hawaii, where she remained until 23 October due to an outbreak of cholera. The ship then sailed for Yokohama, Japan, where she arrived on 9 November. On 15 November, "Baltimore" arrived in Yokohama from Shanghai, China, to transfer command of the Asiatic Squadron to "Olympia". "Baltimore" departed on 3 December; Rear Admiral F.V. McNair arrived fifteen days later to take command of the squadron. The following two years were filled with training exercises with the other members of the Asiatic Squadron, and goodwill visits to various ports in Asia. On 3 January 1898, Commodore George Dewey raised his flag on "Olympia" and assumed command of the squadron.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: As tensions increased and war with Spain became more probable, "Olympia" remained at Hong Kong and was prepared for action. When war was declared on 25 April 1898, Dewey moved his ships to Mirs Bay, China. Two days later, the Navy Department ordered the squadron to Manila in the Philippines, where a significant Spanish naval force protected the harbor. Dewey was ordered to sink or capture the Spanish warships, opening the way for a subsequent conquest by U.S. forces.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: On the morning of 1 May, Commodore Dewey—with his flag aboard "Olympia"—steamed his ships into Manila Bay to confront the Spanish flotilla commanded by Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón. The Spanish ships were anchored close to shore, under the protection of coastal artillery, but both the ships and shore batteries were outdated. At approximately 5:40 a.m., Dewey instructed "Olympia"s captain, "You may fire when you are ready, Gridley". Gridley ordered the forward 8-inch gun turret, commanded by Lt. Stokely Morgan, to open fire, and the starboard 8-inch gun fired the first shell of the battle at the Spanish flagship Reina Christina, prompting the other American warships to begin firing.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: The Spanish ship and shore gunners were significantly less accurate than the Americans, and the battle quickly became one-sided. After initial success, Dewey briefly broke off the engagement at around 7:30 a.m. when his flagship was reported to be low on 5-inch ammunition, giving the order to serve a second breakfast to all his ships' crews. This turned out to be an erroneous report — the 5-inch magazines were still mostly full. He ordered the battle resumed shortly after 11:15 that morning. By early afternoon, Dewey had completed the destruction of Montojo's squadron and the shore batteries, while his own ships were largely undamaged. Dewey anchored his ships off Manila and accepted the surrender of the city.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: Word of Dewey's victory quickly reached the US; both he and "Olympia" became famous as the first victors of the war. An expeditionary force was assembled and sent to complete the conquest of the Philippines. The "Olympia" remained in the area and supported the Army by shelling Spanish forces on land. She returned to the Chinese coast on 20 May 1899. She remained there until the following month, when she departed for the United States, via the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean Sea. Along the way back to the United States, the ship sought to project the United States' new global standing as a world power after the victory. Frances Benjamin Johnston was enlisted to take images of George Dewey and men in the United States Navy upon the ship. She boarded the ship on 5 August, 1899. The photos presented the daily life of American men on the ship and were meant to magnify American imperialism in a positive light. The ship arrived in Boston on 10 October. Following "Olympia"s return to the United States, her officers and crew were feted, and she was herself repainted and adorned with a gilded bow ornament. On 9 November, the "Olympia" was decommissioned and placed in reserve.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: The "Olympia" was recommissioned into the fleet in January 1902 and assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron. Her first duty was to serve as the flagship of the Caribbean Division. Over the following four years, the ship patrolled the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea; her voyages included a visit to the Ottoman Empire. During March through April 1903 she and four other U.S. Navy warships were involved in an intervention in Honduras.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: Starting on 2 April 1906, she became a training ship for midshipmen from the United States Naval Academy. In this role, she conducted three summer training cruises: 15 May – 26 August 1907, 1 June – 1 September 1908, and 14 May – 28 August 1909. Between the cruises, the ship was placed in reserve, first in Norfolk, Virginia and later at Annapolis, Maryland. On 6 March 1912, "Olympia" arrived in Charleston, South Carolina. There she served as a barracks ship until 1916. In late 1916, the ship was recommissioned into the fleet, when it became increasingly clear that the U.S. would eventually enter World War I.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: After the U.S. entered the First World War by declaring war on Germany in April 1917, "Olympia" was mobilized as the flagship of the U.S. Patrol Force. She was assigned to patrol the eastern seaboard of the U.S. for German warships. She also escorted transport ships in the North Atlantic. On 15 June 1917, she ran aground in Long Island Sound, and she put in for repairs at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, along with the replacement of her 8-inch and 5"/40-caliber guns with 5"/51-caliber guns, which took eight months, but a July, 1917 article about


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: hitting the rocks says her original armament of four 8 inch and ten 5 inch guns had been replaced by twelve 5 inch guns 'a few years ago". "Olympia" departed Charleston on 28 April 1918 carrying an expeditionary force bound for Russia. Russia, which had previously been a member of the Allied Powers, was in the midst of civil war and had signed a separate peace with Germany. On 9 June 1918, the ship arrived in Murmansk, Russia, and deployed the peacekeeping force. She subsequently assisted in the occupation of Archangel against Bolshevik forces.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: After the end of the war, "Olympia" sailed to the Mediterranean via Portsmouth, England. In December 1918, the ship became the flagship for American naval forces stationed in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. While on this assignment, she continued in her old role of showing the flag and conducting goodwill visits in various Mediterranean ports. This included a period of policing duty in the Adriatic Sea from 21 January to 25 October 1919; the Dalmatian coast was in a state of turmoil following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the war. On 1 April 1919, she was in Spalato, now Split, with and . On 18 August, she steamed to the Black Sea to aid the return of refugees from the Balkans who had fled during the war. She was back in the Adriatic Sea by 19 September, and four days later had to deploy a landing party to prevent an incident between Italian and Yugoslavian forces.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: The "Olympia" briefly returned to Charleston on 24 November 1919. The following year, she was reclassified CA-15. She then prepared for another tour of duty in the Adriatic, departing from New York on 14 February 1920. This was concluded on 25 May 1921, when the ship returned to Charleston. A month after her arrival she was made the flagship of the Atlantic Fleet's training unit. She then participated in joint Army-Navy experiments in July, during which the former German warships and were sunk off the Virginia Capes. She was again reclassified as CL-15 that year.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: On 3 October 1921, "Olympia" departed Philadelphia for Le Havre, France, to bring the remains of the Unknown Soldier home for interment in Arlington National Cemetery. The casket did not fit below deck, so it was lashed to the weather deck and covered in canvas. The cruiser departed France on 25 October 1921; she was escorted by a group of French destroyers for part of the voyage. During the crossing "Olympia" encountered the fifth tropical cyclone of the 1921 Atlantic hurricane season. Increased coal consumption during the storm lightened the ship, exacerbating its tendency to roll. Later in the crossing "Olympia" encountered the remains of the 1921 Tampa Bay hurricane. At the mouth of the Potomac river on 9 November, the battleship and the destroyer joined "Olympia" as she steamed to the Washington Navy Yard. After transferring the remains ashore, the cruiser fired her guns in salute. She conducted a last training cruise for midshipmen in the summer of 1922.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: On 9 December 1922, she was decommissioned for the last time in Philadelphia and placed in reserve. On 30 June 1931, the ship was reclassified IX-40, to be preserved as a relic.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: On 11 September 1957, she was released to the Cruiser Olympia Association, restored to her 1898 configuration and became a museum ship under their auspices. The main 8-inch guns and turrets, scrapped before World War I, were replaced with sheet metal fabrications. In January 1996, when faced with mounting debt and tremendous deferred maintenances, the Cruiser Olympia Society merged with the Independence Seaport Museum (ISM) in Philadelphia.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: Today, "Olympia" is a museum at the ISM, at Penn's Landing in Philadelphia. She is the sole floating survivor of the U.S. Navy's Spanish–American War fleet. Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps Midshipmen from Villanova University and the University of Pennsylvania regularly work on "Olympia", functioning as maintenance crew. "Olympia's" stern plate and bow ornaments are on display at Dahlgren Hall at the United States Naval Academy. Her anchor is also on display on the grounds of Norwich University, representing all Norwich graduates who have served in the Naval Service and Dewey's education at Norwich.


title: USS Olympia (C-6)

text: Historic steel-hulled ships should be drydocked for maintenance every 20 years, but the "Olympia" has been in the water continuously since 1945. Essential repairs were estimated at $10 million. Initially, plans to scuttle "Olympia", making her into an artificial reef, were under consideration by the Museum, soon overruled. Plans were made to close the "Olympia" to visitors on 22 November 2010, due a lack of operating funds. These plans were scrapped, and ISM agreed to keep the ship open with regular hours through 31 December, and then reduced hours through 31 March 2011. The U.S. Navy expressed its willingness to let the museum "responsibly dispose" of the vessel which could have resulted in the ship being transferred, sold as scrap, or sunk as a reef. As such, the museum held a summit in early 2011 with the Navy, Navy Sea Systems Command, National Park Service and the Pennsylvania Historical Museum Commission to determine what steps could be taken to save the cruiser.