title: Ehud Olmert

text: In 2009, Olmert spoke at various colleges throughout the United States to mixed receptions. In October 2009, he visited Magnolia, Arkansas, and spoke about Israeli farming, technology and Israel's view on Iran. The speech was given at Southern Arkansas University, where he also invited the rural university to form a partnership with Israel's Hebrew University of Jerusalem.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In July 2019, he canceled a planned visit to Switzerland after the country's authorities notified Israel he would be taken for questioning for committing potential war crimes in Operation Cast Lead.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In 2020, Olmert is presented in the media as a very harsh, outspoken and strong-worded critic of the Netanyahu administration and the Likud party.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Wayne Woodrow Hayes (February 14, 1913 – March 12, 1987) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at Denison University (1946–1948), Miami University in Oxford, Ohio (1949–1950), and Ohio State University (1951–1978), compiling a career college football record of 238 wins, 72 losses, and 10 ties. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1983.


title: Woody Hayes

text: During his 28 seasons as the head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes football program, Hayes's teams were selected five times as national champions, from various pollsters, including three (1954, 1957, 1968) from major wire-service: AP Poll and Coaches' Poll. Additionally, his Buckeye teams captured 13 Big Ten Conference titles, and amassed a record of 205–61–10.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Over the last decade of his coaching tenure at Ohio State, Hayes's Buckeye squads faced off in a fierce rivalry against the Michigan Wolverines coached by Bo Schembechler, a former player under and assistant coach to Hayes. During that stretch in the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry, dubbed "The Ten Year War", Hayes and Schembechler's teams won or shared the Big Ten Conference crown every season and usually each placed in the national rankings.


title: Woody Hayes

text: A native of Clifton, Ohio, Hayes was the youngest of three children born to Wayne B. and Effie (née Hupp) Hayes. He played center at Newcomerstown High School in Newcomerstown, Ohio. At Denison University, he played tackle under coach Tom Rogers, and was a member of Sigma Chi fraternity. After graduating from Denison in 1935, Hayes went on to serve as an assistant at two Ohio high schools: Mingo Junction in 1935–1936 and New Philadelphia in 1937. When New Philadelphia head coach John Brickels left to accept another position, Hayes was elevated to the head coaching position, where he put together a 17–2–1 record in his first two seasons before enduring a 1–9 record in 1940.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Hayes enlisted in the United States Navy in July 1941, eventually rising to the rank of Lieutenant Commander during World War II. He commanded "PC 1251" in the Palau Islands invasion and the destroyer-escort USS "Rinehart" in both the Atlantic and Pacific operations.


title: Woody Hayes

text: As World War II was near its end, and Hayes' alma mater, Denison University, was pursuing plans to reinstate its football program (which had been suspended during the war), it contacted former head coach Rogers (also in the Navy) about rejoining the program as head coach. Rogers declined, but recommended that his former team captain, Hayes, should be named the next head coach. Denison was able to locate and give Hayes an offer, which he accepted, minutes before his Navy ship was to begin the voyage through the Panama Canal — meaning Hayes would have been incommunicado for an extended period of time.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Upon returning to Denison in 1946, Hayes had a hard first year, winning only 2 games, over Capital and the season finale against Wittenberg. However, that victory sparked a 19-game winning streak, a surge that propelled him into the head coaching position at Miami University. Miami is recognized as the "Cradle of Coaches" because of its history of outstanding coaches starting their careers there, such as Paul Brown, Ara Parseghian, Weeb Ewbank, Bill Mallory, Sid Gillman, Randy Walker, and Bo Schembechler. After the 1947 season, Gillman moved down the road to coach at the University of Cincinnati, which was then Miami's chief rival. Hayes and Gillman maintained a sparkling feud between themselves, combining mutual distaste for the other's coaching style, and because they were in recruiting competition in the same general area.


title: Woody Hayes

text: In his second year with the Miami Redskins, Hayes led the 1950 team to an appearance in the Salad Bowl, where they defeated Arizona State. That success led him to accept the Ohio State head coaching position on February 18, 1951, in a controversial decision after the university rejected the applications of other more well-known coaches, including former Buckeyes' head coach Paul Brown, incumbent Buckeye assistant Harry Strobel, and Missouri head coach Don Faurot.


title: Woody Hayes

text: As head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes, Hayes led his teams to a 205–61–10 record (.761), including three consensus national championships (1954, 1957, and 1968), two other non-consensus national titles (1961 and 1970), 13 Big Ten conference championships, and eight Rose Bowl appearances. Hayes was a three-time winner of The College Football Coach of the Year Award, now known as the Paul "Bear" Bryant Award, and was "the subject of more varied and colorful anecdotal material than any other coach past or present, including fabled Knute Rockne", according to biographer Jerry Brondfield.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Hayes' basic coaching philosophy was that "nobody could win football games unless they regarded the game positively and would agree to pay the price that success demands of a team." His conservative style of football (especially on offense) was often described as "three yards and a cloud of dust"—in other words, a "crunching, frontal assault of muscle against muscle, bone upon bone, will against will." The basic, bread-and-butter play in Hayes' playbook was a fullback off-guard run or a tailback off tackle play. Hayes was often quoted as saying "only three things can happen when you pass (a completion, an incompletion, and an interception) and two of them are bad."


title: Woody Hayes

text: In spite of this apparent willingness to avoid change, Hayes became one of the first major college head coaches to recruit African-American players, including Jim Parker, who played both offensive and defensive tackle on Hayes' first national championship team in 1954. While Hayes was not the first to recruit African-Americans to Ohio State, he was the first to recruit and start African-Americans in large numbers there and to hire African-American assistant coaches.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Another Hayes recruit, Archie Griffin, was the only two-time Heisman Trophy winner in seven decades of selections. Altogether, Hayes had 58 players earn All-America honors under his tutelage. Many notable football coaches, such as Lou Holtz, Bill Arnsparger, Bill Mallory, Dick Crum, Bo Schembechler, Doyt Perry, Ara Parseghian and Woody's successor, Earle Bruce, served as his assistants at various times.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Hayes often used illustrations from historical events to make a point in his coaching and teaching. When Hayes was first hired to be the head coach at Ohio State, he was also made a "full professor of physical education", having earned an M.A. degree in educational administration from Ohio State in 1948. The classes he taught were usually full, and he was called "Professor Hayes" by students. Hayes also taught mandatory English and vocabulary classes to his freshman football players. One of his students was a basketball player named Bobby Knight, who later became a legendary basketball coach.


title: Woody Hayes

text: During his time at Ohio State, Hayes' relationships with students and faculty members were particularly good. Even those members of the faculty who believed that the role of intercollegiate athletics was growing out of control respected Hayes personally for his commitment to academics, the standards of integrity with which he ran his program, and the genuine enthusiasm he brought to his hobby as an amateur historian. Hayes often ate lunch or dinner at the university's faculty club, interacting with faculty and administrators.


title: Woody Hayes

text: As a coach and an educator, Hayes was one of the first to use the motion picture as a teaching and learning tool. He was also memorable in that he could often be seen walking across campus, taking the time to visit with students. When talking to young people, Hayes treated all with respect, without regard to race or socio-economic class. This behavior was helpful to Ohio State in quelling the violence and damage from anti-war demonstrations that other college campuses suffered in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He took the time to communicate with student leaders. Then-team quarterback Rex Kern said, "Woody was out there on the Oval with the protesters, and he'd grab a bullhorn and tell the students to express their beliefs but not be destructive. He believed in Nixon, and he believed in the Establishment, but he wasn't afraid to talk to the students. He wanted to stay close to the action." Hayes was considered one of the few authority figures that students then had respect for. His enthusiasm for coaching and winning was such that many across the nation consider the following maxim to be true: "What Vince Lombardi was to professional football, Woody Hayes was to college football."


title: Woody Hayes

text: During his tenure at Ohio State, Hayes joked that he considered himself to be Notre Dame's best recruiter because if he could not convince a recruit to come to Ohio State instead of Michigan he would try to steer the recruit to Notre Dame, whom Ohio State did not play. While Hayes' public stance was that he refused to play Notre Dame because he was afraid of polarizing the Catholic population in Ohio, Notre Dame's long-time athletic director Edward "Moose" Krause said that Hayes had told him that Hayes liked having Michigan as the only tough game on the Ohio State schedule and that having the Buckeyes play Notre Dame would detract from that. Despite Hayes' apparent fear of playing more than one "tough" game a year, Ohio State still managed to schedule regular-season games with Nebraska, Washington, Southern California, UCLA, and Oklahoma during his tenure.


title: Woody Hayes

text: After losses or ties, Hayes conducted locker room interviews while naked. A journalist from his tenure noted, "He was an ugly guy so it would clear the locker room out pretty fast."


title: Woody Hayes

text: In 1959, following a 17−0 loss to USC, Hayes threw a punch at "Los Angeles Examiner" sportswriter Al Bine, but missed, and punched the brother of "Pasadena Independent" sports editor Bob Shafer in the back instead. In a May 1965 meeting of Big Ten Conference athletic directors and coaches, Hayes nearly started a fight with Iowa's athletic director, Forest Evashevski, before being restrained.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Prior to the 1973 Rose Bowl, Hayes shoved a camera into the face of a news photographer. As a result, Hayes was suspended for three games, fined $2,000, and left California with a subpoena.


title: Woody Hayes

text: In 1977, a late fumble at Michigan caused him to charge at ABC cameraman Mike Freedman, who recorded his frustration; Hayes was ejected, put on probation by the Big Ten Conference, and fined $2,000.


title: Woody Hayes

text: In the 1961 season, Ohio State won the Big Ten championship, qualifying automatically for the Rose Bowl. At the time, the Big Ten Conference rules stated that the school's Faculty Council must officially approve of the trip. In this unusual development, the Ohio State Faculty Council voted 28 to 25 against the 1962 Rose Bowl trip, prompted by the head of a university alumni group, on the grounds that the school's academic reputation was suffering because of over-emphasis on the football team. Other reports stated that the bid was declined because Ohio State had already beaten their would-be Rose Bowl opponent, UCLA, during the regular season. The decision sparked minor rioting on the Ohio State Campus and in the Columbus area. The "Columbus Dispatch" published the names, addresses, and phone numbers of those Faculty Council Members who voted against the trip as well as the amount of university money that they spent on the trips. While Hayes was diplomatic with some faculty members who voted against the trip and urged the students to cease complaining, he did not spare his criticism of the alumni club president who led the charge against accepting the bowl bid.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Speaking at a football banquet in 1969, Hayes spoke about the recently revealed My Lai Massacre. He stated that the Vietnamese men in My Lai deserved to die, "and I wouldn't be so sure those women were innocent. The children are obviously innocent – if they are less than five."


title: Woody Hayes

text: Late in the 1971 rivalry game against Michigan in Ann Arbor, furious over what he thought was a missed defensive pass interference foul committed by Thom Darden of Michigan, Hayes stormed onto the field, launched a profanity-laced tirade at referee Jerry Markbreit, and tore up the sideline markers, receiving a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty. Hayes then threw the penalty flag into the crowd, began destroying the yard markers, and threw the first-down marker into the ground like a javelin before being restrained by Buckeyes team officials; Hayes was then assessed an additional 15-yard penalty and ejected. Hayes was suspended for one game and fined $1,000.


title: Woody Hayes

text: On December 29, 1978, the Buckeyes played in the Gator Bowl against Clemson. Late in the fourth quarter, Clemson was leading Ohio State 17–15. Freshman quarterback Art Schlichter managed to get Ohio State into field goal range. On third and 5 at the Clemson 24-yard line with 2:30 left and the clock running, Hayes called a pass rather than a run, because Schlichter was having a great game up to that point. Schlichter's next pass was intercepted by Clemson nose guard Charlie Bauman, who returned it toward the Ohio State sideline, where he was run out of bounds. After Bauman stood up facing the OSU sideline Hayes punched him in the throat, triggering a bench-clearing brawl. Hayes stormed onto the field and was abusive towards the referee. When one of Hayes' own players, offensive lineman, Ken Fritz, tried to intervene, Hayes turned on him and had to be restrained by defensive coordinator George Hill. The Buckeyes were assessed two 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalties for Hayes' attack on Bauman and his abuse towards the referee. Bauman was not injured by Hayes' punch and shrugged the incident off. Even though the game was being telecast by ABC, neither announcer Keith Jackson nor co-announcer Ara Parseghian saw or commented about the punch. (At the time, all non-press box cameras were operated remotely from another site, and Jackson allegedly did not actually witness the punch, his view of the sidelines being blocked by the upper tier of the stadium).


title: Woody Hayes

text: After the game, Ohio State Athletic Director Hugh Hindman, who had played for Hayes at Miami University and had been an assistant under him for seven years, privately confronted Hayes in the Buckeye locker room. He said that he intended to tell school president Harold Enarson about what happened, and strongly implied that Hayes had coached his last game at Ohio State. After a heated exchange, Hindman said that he then offered Hayes a chance to resign, but Hayes refused, saying, "That would make it too easy for you. You had better go ahead and fire me." Hindman then met with Enarson at a country club near Jacksonville, and the two agreed that Hayes had to go.


title: Woody Hayes

text: The next morning, Hindman told Hayes that he had been fired. A press conference was held at the hotel where the team had been staying. The team returned to Columbus around noon, and Hayes left the airport in a police car. Regarding Hayes' dismissal, Enarson said that "there isn't a university or athletic conference in this country that would permit a coach to physically assault a college athlete." After the incident, Hayes reflected on his career by saying, "Nobody despises to lose more than I do. That's got me into trouble over the years, but it also made a man of mediocre ability into a pretty good coach." About two months after the incident, Hayes called Bauman in his dorm room, but did not apologize for his previous attack on him. Earle Bruce succeeded Hayes as Ohio State's head coach.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Many years later, Leonard Downie, Jr., former executive editor of "The Washington Post" and student journalist at Ohio State, said he regretted not reporting an incident in the 1960s where Hayes instructed a player to take off his helmet and then hit him in the head.


title: Woody Hayes

text: According to the 1994 HBO documentary "American Coaches: Men of Vision and Victory", Hindman had placed Hayes on notice at the beginning of the 1978 season, not just for the swing at the ABC cameraman during the 1977 Michigan game, but also for hitting a player during practice. In his 1989 autobiography, Michigan's Bo Schembechler wrote that he believed Hayes, who was diabetic and may have had a high blood sugar level, didn't believe he struck Bauman. Schembechler also pointed out that Hayes had maintained that all he was trying to do was grab the ball away.


title: Woody Hayes

text: On March 11, 1987, Hayes was clearly in failing health when he had someone drive him in his pickup truck to Dayton to introduce Bo Schembechler, who was speaking at a banquet. Organizers had tried to discourage Hayes from attending, but Hayes insisted. He gave a lengthy introduction to Schembechler and then stayed to hear him speak before being driven back home.


title: Woody Hayes

text: The next morning, March 12, Hayes's wife Anne found him unconscious in his bed at the couple's home. He died of a heart attack at age 74. He is interred at Union Cemetery in Columbus, Ohio.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Hayes's lifetime record of 238–72–10 placed him ninth in all-time NCAA Division I FBS coaching victories. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983.


title: Woody Hayes

text: At Hayes's funeral at First Community Church in Marble Cliff, Ohio on March 17, 1987, former president Richard Nixon delivered the eulogy before a crowd of 1,400, acknowledging the friendship that had begun between the two during his second term as vice president. Having met Hayes at a reception following a Buckeye win over Iowa in 1957, Nixon recalled, "I wanted to talk about football. Woody wanted to talk about foreign policy. And you know Woody—we talked about foreign policy." The following day, more than 15,000 people took part in a memorial service at Ohio Stadium.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Following his death and in keeping with his wishes, the Wayne Woodrow Hayes Chair in National Security Studies was established at Ohio State's Mershon Center for International Security Studies. Professor John Mueller currently holds the chair. In November 1987, the university dedicated the new Woody Hayes Athletic Center in his memory.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Hayes married the former Anne Gross in 1942. Anne Hayes was a formidable and popular woman in her own right, who used to jokingly say at numerous sports banquets, "Divorce Woody? Never! But there were plenty of times I wanted to murder him!" The couple had one son, Steven, who went on to become a lawyer and judge. Coincidentally, the younger Hayes was assigned to the 2003 trial of former Ohio State standout Maurice Clarett. Judge Hayes (he had been on the Franklin County, Ohio Municipal Court) died in May 2022, at 76; his death was announced May 30.


title: Woody Hayes

text: Because of his knowledge of military history and ongoing popularity, Hayes in the early 1980s hosted the broadcast of six World War II films for WBNS-TV in Columbus, which has served as the official outlet of Ohio State sports media programming for years, including the football coach's shows. Among the movies broadcast were "Patton", "Midway", "The Wackiest Ship in the Army", "", and "Tora! Tora! Tora!."


title: Woody Hayes

text: Hayes also gave salty historical perspectives related to each movie. Hayes' segments, depending upon the movie, were taped in such locations as Fort Knox, West Point, the , and Stuttgart, Germany, where he interviewed Manfred Rommel, Lord Mayor of Stuttgart and the son of Erwin Rommel.


title: Mony Mony

text: "Mony Mony" is a 1968 single by American pop rock band Tommy James and the Shondells, which reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 3 in the U.S. Written by Bobby Bloom, Ritchie Cordell, Bo Gentry and Tommy James, the song has appeared in various film and television works such as the Oliver Stone drama "Heaven & Earth". It was also covered by English singer-songwriter Billy Idol in 1981. Idol's version, which took in more of a rock sound, became an international top 40 hit and additionally revived public interest in the original garage rock single. In 1986 it was covered by Amazulu, who gave it a ska rendition.


title: Mony Mony

text: "Mony Mony" was credited to Tommy James, Bo Gentry, Ritchie Cordell and Bobby Bloom. The song's title was inspired by Tommy James' view of the "M.O.N.Y." sign atop the Mutual of New York Building on the New York City skyline from his Manhattan apartment. As James said in a 1995 interview in "Hitch" magazine:


title: Mony Mony

text: "Mony Mony" was the only song by the group to reach the top 20 in the United Kingdom; it reached No. 1 in the UK, No. 3 in the U.S. and Canada, and became a Top 10 hit across western Europe. A music video was made featuring the band performing the song amidst psychedelic backgrounds. A decade and a half later, it would receive renewed play on MTV.


title: Mony Mony

text: British rock artist Billy Idol released a cover version in 1981 (on the "Don't Stop" EP). Along with the track "Baby Talk", Idol's version of "Mony Mony" went to No. 7 on the Billboard dance chart. In his 2015 memoir, "Dancing With Myself", he recalls his affection for the song originally stemmed from a sexual encounter he had as a youth where it played in the background. Before proposing the cover to executives at Chrysalis Records, he originally suggested recording a cover of "Shout" before admitting his intentions for "Mony Mony". A live recording of the song became a hit for Idol in 1987 as well, while promoting his then-forthcoming compilation work "Vital Idol". The live version was released as a single and went to No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, coincidentally displacing Tiffany's cover of another Tommy James song, "I Think We're Alone Now", from the top spot. It also finished directly behind the Tiffany song at No. 19 in the 1987 year-end "Billboard" chart.


title: Mony Mony

text: Idol's version gave rise to an interesting custom. When the song was performed live in concert or played at a club or dance, people would shout a certain formulaic (and usually obscene) variation of a particular phrase in the two measures following each line, for example, "Hey, say what… get laid get fucked!" Or "Hey, motherfucker… get laid get fucked!" This led to the song being banned at high-school dances across North America, although the custom continues at Idol concerts & sporting events today. It became so widespread that Idol would eventually commit the lyrics to record in the "Idol/Stevens Mix" of the song on the 2018 remix album "Vital Idol: Revitalized."


title: Mony Mony

text: Idol revived interest in the original garage rock song. The full studio version can be found on Idol's "Greatest Hits" compilation album, a 2001 Capitol Records release. That album has received positive critical reviews, with Idol's cover of the James tune specifically praised.


title: Mony Mony

text: The song was sampled by Australian Seven Network to promote its 1992 (jobs) "Yeah!" campaign. This sample was also used by the Seven-affiliated regional TV network Prime Television (now Prime7).


title: Mony Mony

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic wrote a parody of this song from his album "Even Worse", entitled "Alimony" (based on the live Idol version, complete with a live audience). It is about a recently divorced man complaining about his ex-wife taking everything he owns away from him in alimony payments.


title: Mony Mony

text: A cover version of the song appeared in Malcolm in the Middle Season 7 Episode 2 "Health Insurance" (2005) when Craig (David Anthony Higgins) threw a breakroom party for Lois (Jane Kaczmarek) celebrating her 10th anniversary at Lucky Aide; the show's fictional grocery store. Despite obvious changes to the lyrics, the cover otherwise followed the same melody as Idol's version with "Mony Mony" most notably replaced with "Lois Lois".


title: Lily Gao

text: Lily Gao is a Chinese-born Canadian actress who had major roles in the TV shows "The Expanse" and "Second Jen", and the film "".


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: Refugee is a 2000 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film written and directed by J. P. Dutta. It marked the debut of both the leading actors, Abhishek Bachchan and Kareena Kapoor. The film also starred Jackie Shroff, Sunil Shetty and Anupam Kher. "Refugee" was an average grosser at the box office and was the fifth highest-grossing film of that year.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: It is the story of an unnamed Indian Muslim, who helps illegal refugees from India and Pakistan (including modern-day Bangladesh) cross the border through the Great Rann of Kutch. The film is attributed to have been inspired by the short story ""Love Across the Salt Desert"" by Keki N. Daruwalla.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: Bihar-based Manzur Ahmad and his family had migrated to East Pakistan after the partitioning of India in 1947. However, after the formation of the state of Bangladesh in 1971, he and several other people were forced to relocate to the western part of Pakistan. To do this by land, they will have to cross India. The route from Dhaka leads to Guwahati in India then to Delhi then to Ajmer then to Bhuj, and then on to Haji Peer in Pakistan.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: They get as far as Bhuj, but afterward, they are assisted by an agent known only as "Refugee", who helps them trek their way across the Great Rann of Kutch to Pakistan. Refugee considers his clients as mere items of luggage and refuses to be emotionally involved with them and their stories. Then he meets Nazneen Ahmed, the daughter of Manzur Ahmed: He forgets this rule and falls in love with her.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: Police on both sides of the border are aware of the illegal refugee traffic and the Indian police regularly question Refugee and his old father Jan Muhammad. One day, Refugee helps four men enter the Indian side of the border. These men enlist the help of Mr. Muhammad's other son to get to Delhi. Shortly thereafter, explosions take place in trains, buses, and buildings in the Indian capital.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: Refugee crosses the border once again to visit Nazneen. She asks him to take her with him since her father wants to marry her to Mohammad Ashraf, a Pakistan Rangers Officer. While crossing the border through Rann they are captured by Pakistanis rangers. Refugee is beaten up and sent to India on a camel. The Indian BSF captures him and treats him in hospital. The Indians inform him that he unknowingly helped terrorists cross into India and caused several deaths. Refugee joins the BSF and fights the terrorists who laid siege to his village.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: The film ends with Nazneen giving birth to Refugee's child at the border between the two nations. Indian BSF and Pakistani Rangers personnel discuss the child's nationality in a lighter vein.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: The music of this movie is composed by Anu Malik and lyrics by Javed Akhtar. "Refugee"'s music received two National Film Awards: one for Best Music Direction and the other for Best Lyrics (for the song "Panchhi Nadiyaan". Additionally, Malik also won a Filmfare Special Award for his work in the film. It was one of the highest selling album of the year 2000


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: Taran Adarsh gave the album 4.5 out of 5 stars and praised the songs by saying "The music touches the heart of every listener. Every moment you feel like a heavenly moment." According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", around 35,00,000 albums were sold.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: The crew having traveled from Mumbai was based at the city of Bhuj and majority of the shooting took place around in the Kutch District of the Indian state of Gujarat including the Great Rann of Kutch (also on BSF controlled "snow-white" Rann within), villages and Border Security Force (BSF) posts in Banni grasslands and the Rann, Lakhpat Fort village, Tera Fort village, a village in southern Kutch, some ancient temples of Kutch, and with parts and a song filmed on set in Mumbai's Kamalistan Studios.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: Bipasha Basu was convinced by Jaya Bachchan to play the role of a village belle opposite her son Abhishek Bachchan in J. P. Dutta’s "Aakhri Mughal". However the film was shelved, and Dutta changed the script and made "Refugee" with Kareena Kapoor. Basu was offered a role in "Refugee" opposite Sunil Shetty, which she declined. Tabu was signed to play a doctor, but her role eventually got scrapped. Dutta initially wanted Akshaye Khanna to play Shadab Khan's role but decided against it as the role was very small.


title: Refugee (2000 film)

text: "Refugee" is attributed to have been inspired by the story based around the Great Rann of Kutch by Keki N. Daruwalla titled "Love Across The Salt Desert". It is included as a short-story in the School Standard 11 and 12 syllabus English textbook of NCERT in India.


title: Gene Simmons (album)

text: Gene Simmons is a 1978 solo album by Gene Simmons, the bassist and co-vocalist of the American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. Reaching number 22 on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart, it was the highest-placing of all the four Kiss solo albums. Mainly a hard rock album, it also features choirs and string arrangements on some songs, as well as incorporating various musical genres including Beatles-inspired pop, 1970s funk, and rock and roll.


title: Gene Simmons (album)

text: Although he is the bass player in Kiss, Simmons played mainly electric and acoustic guitars on the album, leaving the bass duties to Neil Jason. The album features guest appearances from well-known musicians, including Aerosmith's Joe Perry, Bob Seger, Cheap Trick's Rick Nielsen, Donna Summer, Helen Reddy and Cher. Though an unknown at the time, backing vocalist Katey Sagal would go on to a successful television career.


title: Gene Simmons (album)

text: Simmons re-recorded "See You in Your Dreams" because he reportedly was not happy with the way it was recorded on "Rock and Roll Over". Simmons said that he covered "When You Wish Upon a Star" because he related to the song and was a fan of Disney movies. "When I first heard that song I could barely speak English but I knew the words were true. Anybody can have what they want, the world and life can give its rewards to anyone".


title: Gene Simmons (album)

text: The songs "Burning Up with Fever", "Man of 1000 Faces" and "True Confessions" were demoed in August 1975 for the "Destroyer" album, but rejected by producer Bob Ezrin. They were finally released in 2021 on the bonus disc in the 2CD and Superdeluxe box set versions of "Destroyer". "See You Tonite" was also demoed in 1975, and the demo versions of all four songs are on the "Gene Simmons Vault" box set, along with a 1976 demo of "Mr. Make Believe"


title: Gene Simmons (album)

text: On the original CD release in 1988 the first two songs are split incorrectly. The introduction that leads into "Radioactive" is split at the 51-second mark while the rest of "Radioactive" and all of "Burning Up with Fever" are played in the second track. However, the track listing of the cover lists the two songs as two separate tracks. The rest of the CD is split correctly. The 1997 remastered edition fixes this mistake with "Radioactive" and "Burning Up with Fever" being split as two separate tracks. The introduction played before "Radioactive" is left in as part of the song.


title: Gene Simmons (album)

text: The album reached number 22 on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart, making it the highest-placing of all the four Kiss solo albums of 1978. It was certified platinum on October 2, 1978, having shipped 1,000,000 copies.


title: Gene Simmons (album)

text: AllMusic gave the album 3 stars out of 5 and called it an "unpredictable yet ultimately enjoyable release."


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Nadine Gordimer (20 November 192313 July 2014) was a South African writer and political activist. She received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1991, recognized as a writer "who through her magnificent epic writing has ... been of very great benefit to humanity".


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer's writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as "Burger's Daughter" and "July's People" were banned. She was active in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress during the days when the organization was banned, and gave Nelson Mandela advice on his famous 1964 defence speech at the trial which led to his conviction for life. She was also active in HIV/AIDS causes.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer was born near Springs, Gauteng, an East Rand mining town outside Johannesburg. She was the second daughter of her parents. Her father, Isidore Gordimer, was a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant watchmaker from Žagarė (then Russian Empire, now Lithuania), and her mother, Hannah "Nan" (Myers) Gordimer, was from London. Her mother was from an assimilated family of Jewish origins; Gordimer was raised in a secular household.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer's early interest in racial and economic inequality in South Africa was shaped in part by her parents. Her father's experience as a refugee from Tsarist Russia helped form Gordimer's political identity, but he was neither an activist nor particularly sympathetic toward the experiences of black people under apartheid. Conversely, Gordimer saw activism by her mother, whose concern about the poverty and discrimination faced by black people in South Africa led her to found a crèche for black children. Gordimer also witnessed government repression first-hand as a teenager; the police raided her family home, confiscating letters and diaries from a servant's room.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer was educated at a Catholic convent school, but was largely home-bound as a child because her mother, for "strange reasons of her own", did not put her into school (apparently, she feared that Gordimer had a weak heart). Home-bound and often isolated, she began writing at an early age, and published her first stories in 1937 at the age of 15. Her first published work was a short story for children, "The Quest for Seen Gold", which appeared in the "Children's Sunday Express" in 1937; "Come Again Tomorrow", another children's story, appeared in "Forum" around the same time. At the age of 16, she had her first adult fiction published.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer studied for a year at the University of the Witwatersrand, where she mixed for the first time with fellow professionals across the colour bar. She also became involved in the Sophiatown renaissance. She did not complete her degree, but moved to Johannesburg in 1948, where she lived thereafter. While taking classes in Johannesburg, she continued to write, publishing mostly in local South African magazines. She collected many of these early stories in "Face to Face", published in 1949.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: In 1951, the "New Yorker" accepted Gordimer's story "A Watcher of the Dead", beginning a long relationship, and bringing Gordimer's work to a much larger public. Gordimer, who said she believed the short story was the literary form for our age, continued to publish short stories in the "New Yorker" and other prominent literary journals. Her first publisher, Lulu Friedman, was the wife of the Parliamentarian Bernard Friedman, and it was at their house, "Tall Trees" in First Avenue, Lower Houghton, Johannesburg, that Gordimer met other anti-apartheid writers.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: The arrest of her best friend, Bettie du Toit, in 1960 and the Sharpeville massacre spurred Gordimer's entry into the anti-apartheid movement. Thereafter, she quickly became active in South African politics, and was close friends with Nelson Mandela's defence attorneys (Bram Fischer and George Bizos) during his 1962 trial. She also helped Mandela edit his famous speech "I Am Prepared to Die", given from the defendant's dock at the trial. When Mandela was released from prison in 1990, she was one of the first people he wanted to see.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, she continued to live in Johannesburg, although she occasionally left for short periods of time to teach at several universities in the United States. She had begun to achieve international literary recognition, receiving her first major literary award, the W. H. Smith Commonwealth Literary Award, in 1961. Throughout this time, Gordimer continued to demand through both her writing and her activism that South Africa re-examine and replace its long-held policy of apartheid.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: During this time, the South African government banned several of her works, two for lengthy periods of time. "The Late Bourgeois World" was Gordimer's first personal experience with censorship; it was banned in 1976 for a decade by the South African government. "A World of Strangers" was banned for twelve years. Other works were censored for lesser amounts of time. "Burger's Daughter", published in June 1979, was banned one month later. The Publications Committee's Appeal Board reversed the censorship of "Burger's Daughter" three months later, determining that the book was too one-sided to be subversive. Gordimer responded to this decision in "Essential Gesture" (1988), pointing out that the board banned two books by black authors at the same time it unbanned her own work. "July's People" was also banned under apartheid, and faced censorship under the post-apartheid government as well. In 2001, a provincial education department temporarily removed "July's People" from the school reading list, along with works by other anti-apartheid writers, describing "July's People" as "deeply racist, superior and patronizing"—a characterization that Gordimer took as a grave insult, and that many literary and political figures protested.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: In South Africa, she joined the African National Congress when it was still listed as an illegal organization by the South African government. While never blindly loyal to any organization, Gordimer saw the ANC as the best hope for reversing South Africa's treatment of black citizens. Rather than simply criticizing the organization for its perceived flaws, she advocated joining it to address them. She hid ANC leaders in her own home to aid their escape from arrest by the government, and she said that the proudest day of her life was when she testified at the 1986 Delmas Treason Trial on behalf of 22 South African anti-apartheid activists. (See Simon Nkoli, Mosiuoa Lekota, etc.) Throughout these years she also regularly took part in anti-apartheid demonstrations in South Africa, and traveled internationally speaking out against South African apartheid and discrimination and political repression.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Her works began achieving literary recognition early in her career, with her first international recognition in 1961, followed by numerous literary awards throughout the ensuing decades. Literary recognition for her accomplishments culminated with the Nobel Prize for Literature on 3 October 1991, which noted that Gordimer "through her magnificent epic writing has—in the words of Alfred Nobel—been of very great benefit to humanity".


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer's activism was not limited to the struggle against apartheid. She resisted censorship and state control of information, and fostered the literary arts. She refused to let her work be aired by the South African Broadcasting Corporation because it was controlled by the apartheid government. Gordimer also served on the steering committee of South Africa's Anti-Censorship Action Group. A founding member of the Congress of South African Writers, Gordimer was also active in South African letters and international literary organizations. She was Vice President of International PEN.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: In the post-apartheid 1990s and 21st century, Gordimer was active in the HIV/AIDS movement, addressing a significant public health crisis in South Africa. In 2004, she organized about 20 major writers to contribute short fiction for "Telling Tales", a fundraising book for South Africa's Treatment Action Campaign, which lobbies for government funding for HIV/AIDS prevention and care. On this matter, she was critical of the South African government, noting in 2004 that she approved of everything President Thabo Mbeki had done except his stance on AIDS.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: In 2005, Gordimer went on lecture tours and spoke on matters of foreign policy and discrimination beyond South Africa. For instance, in 2005, when Fidel Castro fell ill, Gordimer joined six other Nobel prize winners in a public letter to the United States warning it not to seek to destabilize Cuba's communist government. Gordimer's resistance to discrimination extended to her even refusing to accept "shortlisting" in 1998 for the Orange Prize, because the award recognizes only women writers. Gordimer also taught at the Massey College of the University of Toronto as a lecturer in 2006.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: In 2006, Gordimer was attacked in her home by robbers, sparking outrage in the country. Gordimer apparently refused to move into a gated complex, against the advice of some friends.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: In a 1979–80 interview Gordimer identified herself as an atheist, but added: "I think I have a basically religious temperament, perhaps even a profoundly religious one."


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer had a daughter, Oriane (born 1950), by her first marriage in 1949 to Gerald Gavron, a local dentist, from whom she was divorced within three years. In 1954, she married Reinhold Cassirer, a highly respected art dealer who established the South African Sotheby's and later ran his own gallery; their "wonderful marriage" lasted until his death from emphysema in 2001. Their son, Hugo, was born in 1955, and is a filmmaker in New York, with whom Gordimer collaborated on at least two documentaries.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Ronald Suresh Roberts published a biography of Gordimer, "No Cold Kitchen", in 2006. She had granted Roberts interviews and access to her personal papers, with an understanding that she would authorise the biography in return for a right to review the manuscript before publication. However, Gordimer and Roberts failed to reach an agreement over his account of the illness and death of Gordimer's husband Reinhold Cassirer and an affair Gordimer had in the 1950s, as well as criticism of her views on the Israel–Palestine conflict. Roberts published independently, not as "authorised", and Gordimer disowned the book, accusing Roberts of breach of trust.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: In addition to those disagreements, Roberts criticises Gordimer's post-apartheid advocacy on behalf of black South Africans, in particular her opposition to the government's handling of the AIDS crisis, as a paternalistic and hypocritical white liberalism. The biography also stated that Gordimer's 1954 "New Yorker" essay, "A South African Childhood", was not wholly biographical and contained some fabricated events.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer achieved lasting international recognition for her works, most of which deal with political issues, as well as the "moral and psychological tensions of her racially divided home country." Virtually all of Gordimer's works deal with themes of love and politics, particularly concerning race in South Africa. Always questioning power relations and truth, Gordimer tells stories of ordinary people, revealing moral ambiguities and choices. Her characterization is nuanced, revealed more through the choices her characters make than through their claimed identities and beliefs. She also weaves in subtle details within the characters' names.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Her first published novel, "The Lying Days" (1953), takes place in Gordimer's home town of Springs, Transvaal, an East Rand mining town near Johannesburg. Arguably a semi-autobiographical work, "The Lying Days" is a Bildungsroman, charting the growing political awareness of a young white woman, Helen, toward small-town life and South African racial division.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: In her 1963 work, "Occasion for Loving", Gordimer puts apartheid and love squarely together. Her protagonist, Ann Davis, is married to Boaz Davis, an ethnomusicologist, but in love with Gideon Shibalo, an artist with several failed relationships. Davis is white, however, and Shibalo is black, and South Africa's government criminalised such relationships.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer collected the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for "A Guest of Honour" in 1971 and, in common with a number of winners of this award, she was to go on to win the Booker Prize. The Booker was awarded to Gordimer for her 1974 novel, "The Conservationist", and was a co-winner with Stanley Middleton's novel "Holiday". "The Conservationist" explores Zulu culture and the world of a wealthy white industrialist through the eyes of Mehring, the antihero. Per Wästberg described "The Conservationist" as Gordimer's "densest and most poetical novel". Thematically covering the same ground as Olive Schreiner's "The Story of an African Farm" (1883) and J. M. Coetzee's "In the Heart of the Country" (1977), the "conservationist" seeks to conserve nature to preserve the apartheid system, keeping change at bay. When an unidentified corpse is found on his farm, Mehring does the "right thing" by providing it a proper burial; but the dead person haunts the work, a reminder of the bodies on which Mehring's vision would be built.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer's 1979 novel "Burger's Daughter" is the story of a woman analysing her relationship with her father, a martyr to the anti-apartheid movement. The child of two Communist and anti-apartheid revolutionaries, Rosa Burger finds herself drawn into political activism as well. Written in the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising, the novel was shortly thereafter banned by the South African government. Gordimer described the novel as a "coded homage" to Bram Fischer, the lawyer who defended Nelson Mandela and other anti-apartheid activists.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: In "July's People" (1981), she imagines a bloody South African revolution, in which white people are hunted and murdered after blacks revolt against the apartheid government. The work follows Maureen and Bamford Smales, an educated white couple, hiding for their lives with July, their long-time former servant. The novel plays off the various groups of "July's people": his family and his village, as well as the Smales. The story examines how people cope with the terrible choices forced on them by violence, race hatred, and the state.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: "The House Gun" (1998) was Gordimer's second post-apartheid novel. It follows the story of a couple, Claudia and Harald Lingard, dealing with their son Duncan's murder of one of his housemates. The novel treats the rising crime rate in South Africa and the guns that virtually all households have, as well as the legacy of South African apartheid and the couple's concerns about their son's lawyer, who is black. The novel was optioned for film rights to Granada Productions.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Gordimer's award-winning 2002 novel, "The Pickup", considers the issues of displacement, alienation, and immigration; class and economic power; religious faith; and the ability for people to see, and love, across these divides. It tells the story of a couple: Julie Summers, a white woman from a financially secure family, and Abdu, an illegal Arab immigrant in South Africa. After Abdu's visa is refused, the couple returns to his homeland, where she is the alien. Her experiences and growth as an alien in another culture form the heart of the work.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: "Get a Life", written in 2005 after the death of her long-time spouse, Reinhold Cassirer, is the story of a man undergoing treatment for a life-threatening disease. While clearly drawn from personal life experiences, the novel also continues Gordimer's exploration of political themes. The protagonist is an ecologist, battling installation of a planned nuclear plant. But he is at the same time undergoing radiation therapy for his cancer, causing him personal grief and, ironically, rendering him a nuclear health hazard in his own home. Here, Gordimer again pursues the questions of how to integrate everyday life and political activism. "New York Times" critic J. R. Ramakrishnan, who noted a similarity with author Mia Alvar, wrote that Gordimer wrote about "long-suffering spouses and (the) familial enablers of political men" in her fiction.


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Girdwood, Alison (1984), "Gordimer's South Africa", a review of "Something Out There", in Parker, Geoff (ed.), "Cencrastus" No. 18, Autumn 1984, p. 50,


title: Nadine Gordimer

text: Ian Fullerton, "Politics and the South African Novel in English", in Bold, Christine (ed.) "Cencrastus" No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 22 & 23


title: Exponential integral

text: It is defined as one particular definite integral of the ratio between an exponential function and its argument.


title: Exponential integral

text: The Risch algorithm shows that Ei is not an elementary function. The definition above can be used for positive values of "x", but the integral has to be understood in terms of the Cauchy principal value due to the singularity of the integrand at zero.


title: Exponential integral

text: For complex values of the argument, the definition becomes ambiguous due to branch points at 0 and Instead of Ei, the following notation is used,


title: Exponential integral

text: In general, a branch cut is taken on the negative real axis and "E" can be defined by analytic continuation elsewhere on the complex plane.


title: Exponential integral

text: Several properties of the exponential integral below, in certain cases, allow one to avoid its explicit evaluation through the definition above.


title: Exponential integral

text: where formula_8 is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The sum converges for all complex formula_3, and we take the usual value of the complex logarithm having a branch cut along the negative real axis.


title: Exponential integral

text: This formula can be used to compute formula_10 with floating point operations for real formula_11 between 0 and 2.5. For formula_12, the result is inaccurate due to cancellation.


title: Exponential integral

text: Unfortunately, the convergence of the series above is slow for arguments of larger modulus. For example, more than 40 terms are required to get an answer correct to three significant figures for formula_16. However, for positive values of x, there is a divergent series approximation that can be obtained by integrating formula_17 by parts:


title: Exponential integral

text: The relative error of the approximation above is plotted on the figure to the right for various values of formula_19, the number of terms in the truncated sum (formula_20 in red, formula_21 in pink).


title: Exponential integral

text: From the two series suggested in previous subsections, it follows that formula_22 behaves like a negative exponential for large values of the argument and like a logarithm for small values. For positive real values of the argument, formula_22 can be bracketed by elementary functions as follows:


title: Exponential integral

text: The left-hand side of this inequality is shown in the graph to the left in blue; the central part formula_10 is shown in black and the right-hand side is shown in red.


title: Exponential integral

text: Both formula_26 and formula_22 can be written more simply using the entire function formula_28 defined as


title: Exponential integral

text: is usually solved by the confluent hypergeometric functions formula_34 and formula_35 But when formula_36 and formula_37 that is,


title: Exponential integral

text: with the derivative evaluated at formula_41 Another connexion with the confluent hypergeometric functions is that "E" is an exponential times the function "U"(1,1,"z"):


title: Exponential integral

text: The exponential integral is closely related to the logarithmic integral function li("x") by the formula


title: Exponential integral

text: Many properties of this generalized form can be found in the NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions.


title: Exponential integral

text: is similar in form to the ordinary generating function for formula_51, the number of divisors of formula_52:


title: Exponential integral

text: Note that the function formula_56 is easy to evaluate (making this recursion useful), since it is just formula_57.


title: Exponential integral

text: The real and imaginary parts of formula_63 are plotted in the figure to the right with black and red curves.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: The SS Division Hitlerjugend or 12th SS Panzer Division "Hitlerjugend" () was a German armoured division of the Waffen-SS during World War II. The majority of its junior enlisted men were drawn from members of the Hitler Youth, while the senior NCOs and officers were from other Waffen-SS divisions.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: The division committed several war crimes while en route to and during the early battles of the Allied Normandy landings, including the Ascq and Normandy massacres, and several massacres, arsons and rapes in cities Plomion, Tavaux, Bouillon, Godinne, Hun, Rivere, Warnant and Namur. It first saw action on 7 June 1944 as part of the German defensive operations at Caen, and suffered great casualties during the Battle of the Falaise Pocket.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: In December 1944, the division was committed against the US Army in the Ardennes offensive. After the operation's failure, which became known as the Battle of the Bulge, the division was sent to Hungary to participate in fighting around Budapest. The division eventually retreated into Austria and surrendered to the 7th US Army on 8 May 1945. After the war several members of the division, including its commander Kurt Meyer, were convicted of war crimes.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: The idea for the Waffen-SS division was first proposed by Artur Axmann, the leader of the Hitler Youth, to "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler in early 1943. The plan for a division made up of Hitler Youth members born in 1926 was passed on to Adolf Hitler for his approval. Hitler approved the plan in February and SS-"Gruppenführer" Gottlob Berger was ordered to recruit the personnel. SS-"Oberführer" Fritz Witt of "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" (LSSAH) was appointed the divisional commander. Personnel from the LSSAH provided the regimental, battalion and most of the company commanders for the division.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: About 2,000 personnel were transferred from the LSSAH and in September 1943, the division had over 16,000 recruits on its roster, undergoing training in Beverloo Camp in Leopoldsburg, Belgium. The indoctrination was often brutal; while in Allied captivity, an SS man from the division recalled: "In the Waffen-SS you couldn't do anything if an Unterfuhrer hit you during the training. The purpose of the training is to make you just as they are; it's pure sadism". (The comments have also been taken from similar transcripts).


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: In March 1944 the 12th SS was attached to the I SS Panzer Corps and transferred to Caen in Normandy. At the beginning of June, the division had over 150 tanks.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: The division committed its first massacre while en route to Normandy. The division executed 86 French men on 1 April 1944 in Ascq, France, in a reprisal against the civilian population after the railway they were on was sabotaged. The commander of the convoy, SS-"Obersturmführer" Walter Hauck, ordered troops to search and arrest all male members of the houses on both sides of the track. Altogether, 70 men were shot beside the railway line and another 16 killed in the village. In 1949, Hauck was put on trial in Lille, France, and was sentenced to death. His sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment. He was freed in 1957 after a further sentence reduction.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: On 6 June 1944, the division, along with the 21st Panzer Division, were the closest Panzer divisions to the landing beaches but they were unable to move until ordered by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, armed forces high command). The division was ordered to the front at 14:30 hours on 6 June, over twelve hours after the first reports of the landings. Prior to this Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt had ordered over half of the division to deal with a parachute landing on the coast near Lisieux which was found to be dummies from Operation Titanic.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: The division's advance to the areas near the British–Canadian landing beaches of Sword and Juno Beaches proceeded slowly due to Allied air attacks. The first units of the 12th SS finally reached their assembly area near Evrecy at 22:00 hours on 6 June but the Panther battalion ran out of fuel east of the Orne River. According to Marc Milner, "[t]his was just the first example of sloppy staff work and command and control that characterized 12th SS Division's experience in the beachhead battles".


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: At 10:00 hours on 7 June, the 25th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment, along with 50 Panzer IV tanks of the 12th SS Panzer Regiment, arrived and moved into position north-west of Caen. Supported by a battalion of artillery (3rd Battalion, 12th SS Panzer Regiment), this battle group was ordered to stop the Canadian advance and drive through to the coast, a few kilometres away. They failed to break through the Canadians around Buron, a kilometre to the north. Meyer countermanded the divisional commander's order on his own initiative, feeling that objective unrealistic and hoped merely to stop the flow of Canadian units inland until the situation could be stabilized.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: The attack by the division was supposed to have been supported by the 21st Panzer Division but they could not disengage from fighting the British 3rd Infantry Division and were still at Couvre. Casualties of the 25th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment amounted to about 300 men, while 15 tanks from the 12th SS Panzer Regiment were also destroyed. Late on 7 June, the 26th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment under command of then SS-"Obersturmbannfuhrer" Wilhelm Mohnke arrived on the battlefield. Meyer had pushed back one part of the Canadian advance but to the west, the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade had occupied a group of small villages three kilometres into the German line. The 26th Panzergrenadier Regiment crossed behind Meyer's regiment and took post to the west. The 1st Battalion launched an attack towards Norrey-en-Bessin, defended by the Regina Rifles, 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division. Their orders were to overrun the Canadians and force a deep wedge between them and the British to the west. No reconnaissance of the Canadian positions was done and the infantry met intense defensive fire from firmly established positions.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: The attack at 03:30 hours on 8 June had little initial success. The various companies in the attacking battalion failed to coordinate effectively and suffered many casualties. Facing Canadian artillery and the supporting heavy machine guns of the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa, the 1st Battalion of the 12th SS was forced to fall back. Despite suffering losses themselves, the Regina Rifles stood their ground. The Hitlerjugend division was criticized for performing inadequately in the opening days of the Normandy campaign, with Canadian Brigadier Harry Foster later noting that "no use was made of the fact that the Reginas' flanks were exposed; instead, the enemy flung himself straight against the strongest points and utterly failed to exploit the undoubted weakness of his opponent's position".


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: On the Canadian right, the 2nd Battalion attacked the Royal Winnipeg Rifles defending the village of Putot-en-Bessin at 06:30 hours. The battalion managed to break into the village and surround several companies, pushing the Winnipeg Rifles out of the village by 13:00 hours and inflicting 256 casualties – of which 175 were taken prisoner. Later that day, a counter-attack by the Canadian Scottish Regiment, with artillery, tank and tank-destroyer support, re-took Putot with the SS giving up the struggle for the town and withdrawing around midnight.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: Oliver Haller concluded that "It is evident that the 12th SS was not capable of conducting successful offensive operations against prepared positions in Normandy. Artillery and anti-tank guns were the key to victory, and the Allies possessed large numbers of these effective weapons. All of the German assaults were checked and defeated in detail. The 3rd Canadian Division had won a decisive victory."


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: The 3rd Canadian Division ceased major combat operations until July, with only one day of major operations, on 11 June, at Le Mesnil-Patry. This saw the 12th SS inflict many casualties on the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and the 1st Hussars (6th Armoured Regiment) which lost 51 Sherman tanks during the attack. Also on 11 June the 46th Royal Marine Commando assaulted Rots. The official historian of Le Régiment de la Chaudière, described the "ferocious battle" including hand-to-hand fighting and "smoldering" tanks: "from each blackened turret hangs the charred corpse of a machine gunner". The following two weeks was a period of relative quiet, as both sides were exhausted. What did not stop was the constant Allied artillery, naval bombardment and air attacks. Major operations for both sides began again in July, including Operation Windsor and Operation Charnwood.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: During Charnwood, the division was driven from its positions in Buron and nearby villages of Gruchy and Cussy and the divisional command post in the Ardenne Abbey, which had been occupied since before D-Day, was lost. Witt was killed in action by a Royal Navy naval artillery barrage which hit the divisional command post at Venoix on 14 June 1944. Kurt Meyer was placed in command of the division. Over the course of August, the division was involved in the fighting around Falaise against the Polish 1st Armoured Division battlegroups who were trying to close the Falaise Pocket. The 12th SS, along with several other German units, was instrumental in re-opening the corridor out of the pocket on the 20th of August, allowing an estimated 10.000 German soldiers to escape encirclement.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: During their retreat from France, members of the LSSAH and the Hitlerjugend division murdered 34 French civilians in the towns of Tavaux and Plomion. The units in the division that were not fit for combat were ordered to pull back to Germany on 8 September, leaving behind a small "Kampfgruppe" attached to the SS Division Das Reich. The division losses during the fighting in Normandy, in the three months from June to September, amounted to ca. 8,000 men, over 80% of its tanks, 70% of its armored vehicles, 60% of its artillery and 50% of its motor vehicles.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: Another massacre was committed by the division on its second day of operations during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France. During the evening of 7 June, 11 Canadian prisoners of war from the North Nova Scotia Highlanders, the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders and the 27th Armoured Regiment (The Sherbrooke Fusilier Regiment), were shot in the back of the head. After a year of investigations from August 1944 to August 1945, the Canadian War Crimes Commission (CWCC) strove to discover the details of the murders. As commander of the regiment, Kurt Meyer was the prime suspect. At Meyer's war crimes trial in December 1945, he was found guilty of inciting his troops to commit murder and of being responsible as a commander for the killings at the Abbey. He was sentenced to death on 28 December 1945; his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1946. He was released in 1954.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: In September, SS-"Obersturmbannführer" Hubert Meyer was placed in command of the division. In November 1944, the division was sent to Nienburg in Germany, where it was to be reformed. The majority of reinforcements were transferred from Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine personnel. Hubert Meyer was replaced by SS-"Obersturmbannführer" Hugo Kraas, and the division was attached to the 6th SS Panzer Army of SS-"Oberstgruppenführer" Sepp Dietrich, which was forming up for Operation Wacht am Rhein (the Second Battle of the Ardennes, popularly known as the Battle of the Bulge), a large-scale offensive to recapture Antwerp and halt the Allied advance. The operation opened on 16 December 1944, with "Kampfgruppe Peiper" from the 1st SS Panzer Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" breaking through the American lines with some difficulty. After the 12th SS reached the front, it was met with heavy resistance from American troops stationed on the Elsenborn Ridge. Despite repeated efforts, the division could not budge the American defenders. As a result, the division was ordered to swing left and follow the advance line of the remainder of the 1st SS Panzer Division. American troops prevented the division from reaching its objective, and after the destruction of "Kampfgruppe Peiper" from the LSSAH, the advance of Dietrich's forces was altogether stopped. On 8 January Hitler gave the authorization to withdraw. The attack was ultimately a failure. The 12th SS had been severely mauled, with only 26 tanks and assault guns and an average of 120 men remaining in each battalion. In total during the offensive the division had lost 9,870 men which included 328 officers and 1,698 NCO's. By 28 January 1945, the 12th SS, along with all the German forces, had been pushed back to its starting positions.


title: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: On 14 January 1945, Dietrich's 6th SS Panzer Army was ordered to Hungary where it was to take part in an offensive to recapture the Hungarian oilfields and open the way to Budapest, where 45,000 men of the IX SS Mountain Corps had been encircled. While the division was in transit, the IV SS Panzer Corps launched several unsuccessful relief operations. The division, alongside the LSSAH as a part of I SS Panzer Corps arrived in Hungary in early February 1945, a few days before the city fell. The division next took part in Operation Spring Awakening, another operation to retake the Hungarian oilfields. The attack got underway on 6 March 1945; after initial success, the combination of the muddy terrain and strong Soviet resistance ground them to a halt. On 16 March, the Soviet forces counterattacked in strength, driving the entire southern front into a retreat towards Vienna. The Soviet forces took Vienna on 13 April. Retreating through Odenburg and Hirtenberg, the division reached Linz, Austria near the American lines. On 8 May 1945, 10,000 men of the division surrendered near the town of Enns to the troops of the 65th Infantry Division commanded by Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart.


title: Area code 404

text: Area code 404 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for Atlanta, Georgia and its closest suburbs. This comprises roughly the area encircled by Interstate 285. It is an enclave area code, surrounded by area code 770, which serves most of Atlanta's suburbs. Both 404 and 770 are overlaid by area codes 678, 470, and 943.


title: Area code 404

text: Area code 404 was created in 1947 as one of the original numbering plan areas in North America, serving the entire state of Georgia. On July 1, 1954, the area from Macon southward was split off as area code 912. Area code 404 was reduced to the northern half of the state, from the Tennessee and North Carolina borders as far south as Columbus and Augusta.


title: Area code 404

text: Despite Atlanta's growth in the 1970s and 1980s, 404 remained unchanged for 38 years. However, by the end of the 1980s, 404 was on the brink of exhaustion. In an effort to delay splitting the area code, Southern Bell (later BellSouth, now part of AT&T Inc.) decided to introduce interchangeable central office codes, effective October, 1 1989. Previously, the 404 numbering plan served 640 central offices, but the addition of interchangeable codes increased its capacity to 792 central offices in the numbering plan area. As a result, north Georgia telephone subscribers were forced to dial the full ten-digit number (area code plus number).


title: Area code 404

text: By late 1991, the need for a new area code could no longer be staved off. On May 3, 1992, nearly all of the old 404 territory outside of metro Atlanta was split off with area code 706. It originally comprised a horseshoe-shaped region that completely wrapped around Atlanta's inner ring. However, shortly after the split took effect, residents in several fast-growing exurbs of Atlanta that had been transferred to 706 complained about no longer being associated with 404. As a result, BellSouth returned these areas to 404 in the spring of 1993. The 404/706 boundary was redrawn in a way that left Columbus and its surrounding area cut off from the rest of 706, making 706 one of the few area codes that are not contiguous.


title: Area code 404

text: BellSouth and the Georgia Public Service Commission knew that 404 was still close to exhaustion even after the creation of 706 due to the growing proliferation of cell phones, fax machines and pagers. Indeed, the GPSC had anticipated that the Atlanta area would eventually need another area code, and had planned to assign 770 to Atlanta's suburbs later in the decade. However, the decision to return the Atlanta exurbs to 404 forced the GPSC to shift nearly all of Atlanta's suburban ring to 770 on August 1, 1995, sooner than had been planned.


title: Area code 404

text: The 404/770 boundary roughly follows Interstate 285, locally known as "the Perimeter." Generally, 404 is Atlanta itself and most suburbs inside the Perimeter (such as Decatur), while most of the metro area outside the Perimeter uses 770. The boundary was drawn in such a way that a number of areas are split between the two codes. For some time after the 770 split, 404 continued to be used for all cellphones in metro Atlanta. 404/770 became one of the six pairs of "doughnut area codes" in the numbering plan.


title: Area code 404

text: The 1995 split was intended as a long-term solution. However, within two years both 404 and 770 were close to exhaustion due to Atlanta's explosive growth and the continued proliferation of cellphones and pagers. On January 1, 1998, area code 678 was introduced as an overlay area code for 404 and 770. Since then, ten-digit dialing has been mandatory throughout metro Atlanta. Because the Federal Communications Commission would not allow an area code to apply only to cellphones, mobile customers throughout the metro area were given the option of choosing numbers in the 404, 770 and 678 area codes when signing up for service.


title: Area code 404

text: Within only two years, it was apparent that a fourth area code was needed for metro Atlanta. On September 2, 2001, area code 470, chosen by the Georgia Public Service Commission, was added to the overlay of area codes 404, 770, and 678. Assignment of telephone numbers for the new area code were not permitted before the exhaustion of 678. This was finally delayed until c. 2010, because of the implementation of number pooling.


title: Area code 404

text: Telephone numbers for high-capacity lines, such as for contest lines for radio stations, are assigned with the central office prefix 741. When 770 was split, these numbers continued to work as both 404-741-"xxxx" and as 770-741-"xxxx", so that only seven-digit dialing was necessary. That lasted until 678 came into use. There are also other prefixes that are not assigned to just one exchange, such as 499 and 528 used by Cobb County government and formerly SPSU. These were completely moved into 770.


title: Area code 404

text: In November 2013, the NANPA announced the exhaustion of available number blocks for area code 404, citing significant population growth in Atlanta.


title: Area code 404

text: An additional NPA, 943, is scheduled to be added to both metro Atlanta overlay areas with an effective date of March 15, 2022.


title: Area code 404

text: Area code 404 serves landlines and cellphones in portions of Clayton, DeKalb and Fulton counties, as well as cellphones in portions of Cobb, Douglas and Gwinnett counties. All are shared with area code 770.


title: Area code 404

text: The entire metro Atlanta region (404, 770, 678/470 and parts of 706/762) is a local calling area, one of the largest in the United States; no long-distance charges are applied for calls from landlines in one part of the region to the other.


title: Sofia Toufa

text: Sofia Toufa (born August 13, 1983), known by her stage name SOFI (acronym for Some Other Female Interest), is a German/Greek singer and rapper. In addition to her solo career, SOFI has provided vocals on tracks by electronic music artists including deadmau5, Moguai and Savoy.


title: Sofia Toufa

text: Toufa started her musical career at 13 through her group Danacee, signed to Def Jam Germany. The band has supported acts such as Destiny’s Child and Usher. Later, Toufa co-choreographed the video for Avril Lavigne’s hit-single "Girlfriend" and she was hired to co-choreograph, sing and dance on her 2008's Best Damn World Tour. In 2009, she toured the world as back up singer for Britney Spears on her Circus 2009 World Tour. Toufa has also worked with Fall Out Boy, Will.I.Am, Deadmau5, Butch Walker, Mötley Crüe, Tommy Lee and Nelly Furtado.


title: Fateful Findings

text: Fateful Findings is a 2012 American independent science fiction film directed, written, produced, edited by, and starring Neil Breen, who was also in charge of production design, set decoration, makeup, sound editing, catering, and casting. The film was screened on December 8, 2012, at the invite-only Butt-Numb-A-Thon, had a public festival debut on May 23, 2013, at the Seattle International Film Festival, and was released to theaters in early 2014.


title: Fateful Findings

text: Upon release, it was declared one of the "worst films ever made" and quickly gained a cult following.


title: Fateful Findings

text: Among other things, viewers cite the film's cryptic and incomprehensible plot, poor production values, overt political messages, stilted dialogue, and bizarre and unnatural performances as well as Breen's real-life eccentricities as part of the film's ironic appeal. Some critics have cited the film as an example of outsider art, and the phenomenon of "so bad it's good" media.


title: Fateful Findings

text: Eight-year-olds Dylan and Leah discover a magical black stone in the woods. With Leah's family's departure imminent, the two vow to always be friends but never see each other again.


title: Fateful Findings

text: Decades later, Dylan, now a successful novelist, is struck by a car but miraculously survives the accident. In the hospital, he rapidly heals from his injuries, which he credits to the power of the stone. Returning home, Dylan reveals to his wife, Emily, that he has not been working on a new book but has instead been using his hacking abilities to uncover "the most secret government and corporate secrets", which he plans to publish in an exposé. His commitment to the project is tested by his wife's descent into drug addiction and eventual overdose, as well as the constant sexual attention paid to him by his best friend Jim's underage daughter. Later, Jim himself is murdered by his wife for valuing taking care of his car over listening to her issues. Distraught, she stages his death as a suicide. Later Dylan finds Jim's body and can't believe he committed suicide but is unable to help him.


title: Fateful Findings

text: Plagued by disturbing dreams of a mystical book, Dylan begins seeing a psychologist, who helps him unearth repressed childhood memories. Doing so causes Dylan to realize that the doctor who attended to him during his recovery from the car accident was an adult Leah and the two are reunited, quickly beginning a sexual relationship. Learning about Dylan's plans to publish the exposé, a mysterious assailant kidnaps Leah. Using psychic powers granted to him by the stone, Dylan rescues her by teleporting into the kidnapper's compound. He then travels to the desert to find the book he sees in his dream. Going to visit his psychologist one last time, Dylan learns that she is, in fact, a ghost.


title: Fateful Findings

text: Dylan publishes his book, hosting a press conference in front of the National Archives Building divulging "the most secret government and corporate secrets". Various congresspeople and corporate executives react to the speech by committing mass suicide to applause from the audience. A camouflaged sniper attempts to assassinate him only for Dylan to kill him by reflecting the bullet using his psychic powers. His mission complete, Dylan and Leah return to the place where they found the stone in the woods as children.


title: Fateful Findings

text: After Breen generated buzz and a cult following with his previous films, "Fateful Findings" played at Harry Knowles' 2012 Butt-Numb-A-Thon, an invite-only film festival. In 2013, it played at the Seattle International Film Festival's Midnight Adrenaline program. The festival's programmer, Clinton McClung, said that he chose the film despite its amateurishness because of its uniqueness and cult appeal. Panorama Entertainment subsequently distributed it in the U.S.


title: Fateful Findings

text: Alan Jones of "The Dissolve" wrote that the film could only have been made by Breen, as his incompetence makes what could have been boring instead fascinating. Peter K. of Twitch Film wrote, "It's not just for enjoying hilarious incompetence, more purely it is for the act of watching eccentric choices made by even more eccentric people."


title: Fateful Findings

text: "Fateful Findings" has become a cult film. Describing why he thinks it deserves to be a cult film, Nathan Rabin called the film outsider art as unpredictable and unconventional as "Citizen Kane".


title: Fateful Findings

text: Jason Howard of "INLUX Magazine" began his interview of Breen by praising the film, writing "Ever on the hunt for the next great 'cult classic', I recently stumbled upon "Fateful Findings"" and "it only took about a minute into the film for me to discover that I was watching something special that had more to offer than the typical film".


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: In linear algebra, a Vandermonde matrix, named after Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde, is a matrix with the terms of a geometric progression in each row: an matrix


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: for all indices and . Some authors define the Vandermonde matrix as the transpose of the above matrix.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: The determinant of a square Vandermonde matrix is called a "Vandermonde polynomial" or "Vandermonde determinant". Its value is the polynomial


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: The Vandermonde determinant was sometimes called the "discriminant", although, presently, the discriminant of a polynomial is the square of the Vandermonde determinant of the roots of the polynomial. The Vandermonde determinant is an alternating form in the formula_4, meaning that exchanging two formula_4 changes the sign, while permuting the formula_4 by an even permutation does not change the value of the determinant. It thus depends on the choice of an order for the formula_4, while its square, the discriminant, does not depend on any order, and this implies, by Galois theory, that the discriminant is a polynomial function of the coefficients of the polynomial that has the formula_4 as roots.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: Three proofs of this equality are given below. The first one uses polynomial properties, especially the unique factorization property of multivariate polynomials. Although conceptually simple, it involves non-elementary concepts of abstract algebra. The second proof does not require any explicit computation, but involves the concepts of the "determinant of a linear map" and change of basis. It provides also the structure of the LU decomposition of the Vandermonde matrix. The third one is more elementary and more complicated, using only elementary row and column operations.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: By the Leibniz formula, is a polynomial in the formula_12 with integer coefficients. All entries of the th column have total degree . Thus, again by the Leibniz formula, all terms of the determinant have total degree


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: If, for , one substitutes formula_4 for formula_15, one gets a matrix with two equal rows, which has thus a zero determinant. Thus, by the factor theorem, formula_16 is a divisor of . By the unique factorization property of multivariate polynomials, the product of all formula_16 divides , that is


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: where is a polynomial. As the product of all formula_16 and have the same degree formula_20 the polynomial is, in fact, a constant. This constant is one, because the product of the diagonal entries of is


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: which is also the monomial that is obtained by taking the first term of all factors in formula_22 This proves that


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: Let be a field containing all formula_12 and formula_25 the vector space of the polynomials of degree less than with coefficients in . Let


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: The Vandermonde matrix is the matrix of formula_28 with respect to the canonical bases of formula_25 and formula_30


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: Changing the basis of formula_25 amounts to multiplying the Vandermonde matrix by a change-of-basis matrix (from the right). This does not change the determinant, if the determinant of is .


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: The polynomials formula_32, formula_33, formula_34, …, formula_35 are monic of respective degrees . Their matrix on the monomial basis is an upper-triangular matrix (if the monomials are ordered in increasing degrees), with all diagonal entries equal to one. This matrix is thus a change-of-basis matrix of determinant one. The matrix of formula_28 on this new basis is


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: Thus Vandermonde determinant equals the determinant of this matrix, which is the product of its diagonal entries.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: This third proof is based on the fact that if one adds to a column of a matrix the product by a scalar of another column then the determinant remains unchanged.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: So, by subtracting to each column – except the first one – the preceding column multiplied by formula_39 the determinant is not changed. (These subtractions must be done by starting from last columns, for subtracting a column that has not yet been changed). This gives the matrix


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: As all the entries in the formula_43-th row of formula_44 have a factor of formula_45 one can take these factors out and obtain


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: where formula_47 is a Vandermonde matrix in formula_48 Iterating this process on this smaller Vandermonde matrix, one eventually gets the desired expression of as the product of all formula_16 such that .


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: An rectangular Vandermonde matrix such that has maximum rank if and only if there are of the that are distinct.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: A square Vandermonde matrix is invertible if and only if the are distinct. An explicit formula for the inverse is known.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: The Vandermonde matrix "evaluates" a polynomial at a set of points; formally, it is the matrix of the linear map that maps the vector of coefficients of a polynomial to the vector of the values of the polynomial at the values appearing in the Vandermonde matrix. The non-vanishing of the Vandermonde determinant for distinct points formula_50 shows that, for distinct points, the map from coefficients to values at those points is a one-to-one correspondence, and thus that the polynomial interpolation problem is solvable with a unique solution; this result is called the unisolvence theorem, and is a special case of the Chinese remainder theorem for polynomials.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: This may be useful in polynomial interpolation, since inverting the Vandermonde matrix allows expressing the coefficients of the polynomial in terms of the formula_50 and the values of the polynomial at the formula_50.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: However, the interpolation polynomial is generally easier to compute with the Lagrange interpolation formula, which may also be used for deriving a formula for the inverse of a Vandermonde matrix.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: When the values formula_53 belong to a finite field, then the Vandermonde determinant is also called a


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: Moore determinant and has specific properties that are used, for example, in the theory of BCH code and Reed–Solomon error correction codes.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: The discrete Fourier transform is defined by a specific Vandermonde matrix, the DFT matrix, where the numbers α are chosen to be roots of unity.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: Using the Fast Fourier Transform it is possible to compute the product of a Vandermonde matrix with a vector in formula_54 time.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: The Laughlin wavefunction with filling factor one (appearing in the Quantum Hall effect), by the formula for the Vandermonde determinant, can be seen to be a Slater determinant. This is not true anymore for filling factors different from one, i.e., in the fractional Quantum Hall effect.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: It is the normalized volume of arbitrary formula_55-faces of cyclic polytopes. Specifically, if formula_56 is a formula_55-face of the cyclic polytope formula_58 (where formula_59), then formula_60


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: As described before, a Vandermonde matrix describes the linear algebra interpolation problem of finding the coefficients of a polynomial formula_61 of degree formula_62 based on the values formula_63, where formula_64 are "distinct" points. If formula_50 are not distinct, then this problem does not have a unique solution (which is reflected by the fact that the corresponding Vandermonde matrix is singular). However, if we give the values of the derivatives at the repeated points, then the problem can have a unique solution. For example, the problem


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: where formula_67 is a polynomial of degree ≤ 2, has a unique solution for all formula_68. In general, suppose that formula_69 are (not necessarily distinct) numbers, and suppose for ease of notation that equal values come in continuous sequences in the list. That is


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: where formula_71 formula_72 and formula_73 are distinct. Then the corresponding interpolation problem is


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: And the corresponding matrix for this problem is called a confluent Vandermonde matrices. In our case (which is the general case, up to permuting the rows of the matrix) the formula for it is given as follows: if formula_75, then formula_76 for some (unique) formula_77 (we consider formula_78). Then, we have


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: This generalization of the Vandermonde matrix makes it non-singular (such that there exists a unique solution to the system of equations) while retaining most properties of the Vandermonde matrix. Its rows are derivatives (of some order) of the original Vandermonde rows.


title: Vandermonde matrix

text: Another way to receive this formula is to let some of the formula_50's go arbitrarily close to each other. For example, if formula_81, then letting formula_82 in the original Vandermonde matrix, the difference between the first and second rows yields the corresponding row in the confluent Vandermonde matrix. This allows us to link the generalized interpolation problem (given value and derivatives on a point) to the original case where all points are distinct: Being given formula_83 is similar to being given formula_84 where formula_85 is very small.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: Marjorie Wallace (born January 23, 1954) is an American actress, television host, model and beauty queen. In 1973, she made history as the first woman from the United States to be crowned Miss World, but just 104 days later, pageant officials announced she would be the first Miss World to have her title taken from her for having an affair. Years later, she helped launch the television program "Entertainment Tonight" as an original co-host.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: Wallace was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, where her family ran an industrial supply business and raised her in the suburbs, she told "People" magazine. With Indianapolis having a population of about 740,000 in 1970, "dancing at the Holiday Inn was the biggest thing in town," she joked.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: When she was 14, her parents divorced and Wallace was already showing her wild side. She went on a road trip with a friend to Miami, Florida. But her teen years also included typical high school pursuits, such as competitive swimming and cheerleading, according to the magazine. Men began to play a larger role in her life. At age 17, she moved in with a guitarist in the Indy rock band "Pure Funk."


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: "My mother always says that if I ever have a daughter, I deserve to have one like myself," she said in 1976.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: Wallace also began traveling the 180 miles between Indianapolis and Chicago, to work as a model. A modeling agent pushed her to enter the Miss Indiana World and Miss World USA beauty pageants, which she won, opening the door to the 1973 Miss World contest in London.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: On November 23, 1973, Wallace defeated 53 competitors at the Royal Albert Hall in London as the first American to be crowned Miss World.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: During her time in the UK, she dated celebrities including Welsh singer Tom Jones, Northern Irish football star George Best, and American Indianapolis 500 and Formula One driver Peter Revson, with whom she was reportedly engaged to be married. During her engagement to Revson, she carried on an affair with Tom Jones, being seen kissing him on a beach in Barbados. This violated Wallace's Miss World contract, which prompted pageant authorities to take away her title on March 7, 1974, 104 days after she was crowned. Contest officials announced that Wallace "had failed to fulfill the basic requirements of the job."


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: The title was not offered to any of the other contestants, but first runner-up, Evangeline Pascual of the Philippines, pre-empted the decision by declaring she was not interested in the 'second hand crown' and claimed she was already too busy making a movie. The second runner-up, Patsy Yuen of Jamaica, undertook some of the pre-scheduled engagements in place of Wallace that could not be cancelled.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: Fifteen days after Wallace was stripped of her crown, Peter Revson was killed in a fiery crash on March 22, 1974, while practicing for the 1974 South African Grand Prix in Johannesburg. He died en route to a hospital and was wearing a gold locket Wallace had given him bearing the engraving, "If not for you ..." Wallace attended Revson's closed-casket funeral at Manhattan's Unitarian Church of All Souls.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: Less than three months later, Wallace was rushed to St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital after her sister, Nancy, found her unconscious in her apartment, apparently from an overdose of the sleeping pill Doriden. A doctor stated that Wallace was "comatose, and in pretty bad shape." She was put on a dialysis machine to clear her kidneys.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: Wallace's mother Alice stated, "She might have felt like she couldn't go on", however, Wallace herself said two years later, "I was depressed and OD'd on a few too many sleeping pills. I never attempted suicide."


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: Wallace won television acting roles on some of the top shows of the 1970s, including "Baretta" with Robert Blake and "Get Christie Love!" with Teresa Graves. She also appeared as a panelist on the television game show, "Match Game".


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: By 1976, she moved into the Los Angeles apartment of tennis champion Jimmy Connors. "Marji (sic) and I don't even have to talk to each other if we don't feel like it," Connors reportedly said. "But I feel I have found someone to share the things I like, and that makes it all worthwhile." Connors, Wallace said, was "a fantastic person. A very different person off the court."


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: The relationship with the tennis star did not last long. After the breakup, Wallace moved to New York where she auditioned for television sportscasting positions with ABC and CBS. She also appeared in television commercials for Ultra Brite toothpaste, Wella products and American Express.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: In the summer of 1977 she met film producer Michael Klein at a Beverly Hills party and they were married in May 1978. Klein's father was Eugene V. Klein, owner of the National Football League's San Diego Chargers. They had a son named Adam.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: In 1981, she became one of the first co-anchors on the television show, "Entertainment Tonight". A few months later, producers decided to make a change, offering her a reporter position on the program, which she declined.


title: Marjorie Wallace

text: In 1982, her marriage to Klein ended in divorce. Soon after, newspapers reported she was dating Richard Cohen, the estranged husband of Tina Sinatra. In 1994, she married real estate developer Donald Soffer; they divorced in 1996.


title: Genomic imprinting

text: Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father. Genes can also be partially imprinted. Partial imprinting occurs when alleles from both parents are differently expressed rather than complete expression and complete suppression of one parent's allele. Forms of genomic imprinting have been demonstrated in fungi, plants and animals. In 2014, there were about 150 imprinted genes known in mice and about half that in humans. As of 2019, 260 imprinted genes have been reported in mice and 228 in humans.


title: Genomic imprinting

text: Genomic imprinting is an inheritance process independent of the classical Mendelian inheritance. It is an epigenetic process that involves DNA methylation and histone methylation without altering the genetic sequence. These epigenetic marks are established ("imprinted") in the germline (sperm or egg cells) of the parents and are maintained through mitotic cell divisions in the somatic cells of an organism.


title: Genomic imprinting

text: Appropriate imprinting of certain genes is important for normal development. Human diseases involving genomic imprinting include Angelman syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome and male infertility.


title: Genomic imprinting

text: In diploid organisms (like humans), the somatic cells possess two copies of the genome, one inherited from the father and one from the mother. Each autosomal gene is therefore represented by two copies, or alleles, with one copy inherited from each parent at fertilization. The expressed allele is dependent upon its parental origin. For example, the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2/Igf2) is only expressed from the allele inherited from the father. Although imprinting accounts for a small proportion of mammalian genes they play an important role in embryogenesis particularly in the formation of visceral structures and the nervous system.


title: Genomic imprinting

text: The term "imprinting" was first used to describe events in the insect "Pseudococcus nipae". In Pseudococcids (mealybugs) (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) both the male and female develop from a fertilised egg. In females, all chromosomes remain euchromatic and functional. In embryos destined to become males, one haploid set of chromosomes becomes heterochromatinised after the sixth cleavage division and remains so in most tissues; males are thus functionally haploid.