title: Aradhana (1969 film)

text: The film was scripted by Sachin Bhowmick. The theme of the movie was based on the 1946 film "To Each His Own". A day prior to the shooting of "Aradhana", producer Surinder Kapoor showed Samanta his latest film, "Ek Shrimaan Ek Shrimati" with Shashi Kapoor as the lead, which was also written by Sachin Bhowmick. Much to his surprise, this film had a similar ending to his own film. The following day, Samanta decided to scrap his film, when writers Gulshan Nanda and Madhusudan Kalelkar visited his office. Upon hearing the issue, it was Gulshan Nanda who suggested to have a double role of father and son in the film. Originally, the first hero was to die by the interval and a new hero was to step in. The same evening, while Aradhana was being cancelled, Nanda recited a story of "Kati Patang" to Samanta, which he instantly liked, so for the next couple of hours they first rewrote the second half of "Aradhana", and subsequently went on to discuss "Kati Patang". The "Roop Tera Mastana" song sequence, which lasted more than three minutes and 30 seconds, was filmed in a single take. Sharmila Tagore believes this was done due to time constraints.


title: Aradhana (1969 film)

text: The soundtrack of the film was composed by S. D. Burman, with lyrics by Anand Bakshi. Sachin Dev Burman had written the music for the songs of "Aradhana" with his son, Rahul Dev Burman, and completed the recording of the songs in the voices of Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhonsle, Mohd. Rafi and S.D. Burman himself.


title: Aradhana (1969 film)

text: In "Roop Tera Mastana", Kersi Lord played the accordion, Homi Mullan played the duggi and Manohari Singh played the saxophone. This track was also reused in Tamil Remix Version as "Jean Pants" sung by K.S. Chithra and Stylebhai.


title: Aradhana (1969 film)

text: "Aradhana" estimated worldwide gross: (). Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to in 2017, or in .


title: Aradhana (1969 film)

text: In terms of estimated box office footfalls, it sold ticket sales in India and tickets in the Soviet Union, for a combined tickets sold worldwide.


title: Aradhana (1969 film)

text: "Aradhana" had a large impact on Indians in general. It inspired many to take up films as a vocation, one of them being the popular Indian actor Tom Alter, who confessed in an interview that he headed to Film and Television Institute of India after being impressed watching Rajesh Khanna in "Aradhana" in 1970.


title: Arlene Martel

text: Arlene Martel (born Arline Greta Sax; April 14, 1936 – August 12, 2014) was an American actress. Before 1964, she was frequently billed as Arline Sax or Arlene Sax. Casting directors, among other Hollywood insiders, called Martel the Chameleon because her appearance and her proficiency with accents and dialects enabled her to portray characters of a wide range of races and ethnicities.


title: Arlene Martel

text: Two of her earliest appearances were in "The Twilight Zone" TV series. The first was the episode "What You Need" as a woman in the bar. The second was the episode "Twenty Two", as a nurse who repeatedly utters the sinister phrase "Room for one more, Honey!" at the entrance to a hospital morgue and at the door of a doomed airplane.


title: Arlene Martel

text: Martel appeared in a 1960 episode of "The Rebel", "The Hunted", in which she had a scene with Leonard Nimoy, before they were reunited in an iconic episode of "Star Trek", "Amok Time". She was also featured in two 1961 episodes of "Route 66": "Legacy for Lucia", in which she had the title role of a Sicilian girl who inherits an American soldier's estate, and "The Newborn", in which she played a mother who dies in childbirth. She appeared in an episode of the TV series "Hong Kong" in 1961, opposite Rod Taylor.


title: Arlene Martel

text: In 1962, she made the first of two appearances on "Perry Mason", as Fiona Cregan in "The Case of the Absent Artist". In 1966 she guest-starred as Sandra Dunkel in "The Case of the Dead Ringer", in which, aside from his role as Mason, Raymond Burr played the murderer, Grimes.


title: Arlene Martel

text: Other roles include the princess Sarafina on the "Have Gun – Will Travel" episode "The Princess and the Gunfighter" (1961); a female cosmonaut on episode 13 of "I Dream of Jeannie", "Russian Roulette" (1965); a Hungarian immigrant on "The Fugitive" episode "The Blessings of Liberty" (1966); the French Resistance contact Tiger in five episodes of "Hogan's Heroes" (1965–71); and the evil witch Malvina on the "Bewitched" episode "How Not to Lose Your Head to King Henry VIII (Part 1)" (1971).


title: Arlene Martel

text: Martel's science fiction roles include "The Outer Limits" episode "Demon with a Glass Hand" (1964) and the "" episode "Amok Time" (1967) as the scheming and duplicitous, but extremely logical, T'Pring, who is betrothed to Mr. Spock and expected to become his consort.


title: Arlene Martel

text: On "Columbo", Martel played Gloria West, mistress of murder victim Tony Goodland (Bradford Dillman), in season 2, episode 2, "The Greenhouse Jungle" (1972), and the salesgirl in the episode "A Friend in Deed" (1974).


title: Arlene Martel

text: In 1974, she was billed as "Tasha Martelle" for the role of secretary Marty Bach in "The Rockford Files" episode "Trouble in Chapter 17." She appeared as the title character in the "Gunsmoke" episode "The Squaw" (1975).


title: Arlene Martel

text: Other shows on which Martel appeared included "The Restless Gun" (episode "A Bell for Santo Domingo", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "The Untouchables", "", "Here Come the Brides", "The Wild Wild West", "Battlestar Galactica", "The Monkees", Mannix, "The Rookies", and "The Six Million Dollar Man". In the fourth season of "Mission: Impossible" she was reunited with Leonard Nimoy in the episode "Terror," where she played an imprisoned terrorist's ruthless wife.


title: Arlene Martel

text: Martel also appeared in feature films, including "Angels from Hell" (1968) and "Chatterbox" (1977). She received top billing as the commandant in charge of a Russian road crew in "Zoltan, Hound of Dracula" (1978), although it was only a bit part, lasting less than five minutes.


title: Arlene Martel

text: Martel semi-retired from acting in the mid-1980s, but continued to act sporadically. She appeared in several TV episodes and some unsold TV pilots in the early 2000s. She said that even in her early career, she got most of her work by word of mouth, not through talent agents. In her later years, she often said, "I don't have a good agent who will get me the plum roles."


title: Arlene Martel

text: Late-life roles included a Vulcan priestess in the "Star Trek" fan film "" in a scene with her "Amok Time" suitor Lawrence Montaigne reprising his role as Stonn, and as one of the narrators of the 2015 documentary film "Unity", which was released a year after her death.


title: Arlene Martel

text: Martel was a regular at Star Trek conventions worldwide from 1972 to 2014. Her last convention appearance was at TrekTrax Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia, on April 25–27, 2014, four months before her death.


title: Arlene Martel

text: Martel battled breast cancer for the last five years of her life. On August 12, 2014, she died from complications of a heart attack at a hospital in Santa Monica, California. She was 78.


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: "" ("Hell's vengeance boils in my heart"), commonly abbreviated "", is an aria sung by the Queen of the Night, a coloratura soprano part, in the second act of Mozart's opera "The Magic Flute" (""). It depicts a fit of vengeful rage in which the Queen of the Night places a knife into the hand of her daughter Pamina and exhorts her to assassinate Sarastro, the Queen's rival, else she will disown and curse Pamina.


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: Memorable with its upper register staccatos, the fast-paced and menacingly grandiose "Der Hölle Rache" is one of the most famous of all opera arias. This rage aria is often referred to as the Queen of the Night Aria, although the Queen sings another distinguished aria earlier in the opera, "".


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: The German libretto of "The Magic Flute" was written by Emanuel Schikaneder, who also led the theatre troupe that premiered the work and created the role of Papageno.


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: Metrically, the text consists of a quatrain in iambic pentameter (unusual for this opera which is mostly in iambic tetrameter), followed by a quatrain in iambic trimeter, then a final pentameter couplet. The rhyme scheme is [ABAB][CCCD][ED].


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: The aria is written in D minor, and is scored for pairs of flutes, oboes, bassoons, horns, and trumpets, along with timpani and the string section. This is a larger orchestra than for "O zittre nicht" and comprises all the players from the opera as a whole, except the clarinets and trombones.


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: The aria is renowned as a demanding piece to perform well. The vocal range covers two octaves, from F to F and requires a very high tessitura, A to C.


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: Thomas Bauman has expressed particular admiration for one moment in the score. At the climax of the aria, the Queen sings the words "Hört, hört, hört!" solo, in alternation with loud chords from the orchestra. The first two syllables are sung to D and F, suggesting to the listener a third one on A, completing the D minor triad. But, as Bauman writes:


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: Mozart's masterstroke is the transformation he brought about by moving from the third degree to the flat sixth rather than to the fifth. ... No matter how often one hears this passage ... one is led by musical logic to expect, after D and F, A. But the Queen sings a terrifying B instead.


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: The effect is accompanied by unexpected Neapolitan harmony in the orchestra, with all the violins playing in unison high on the G string to intensify the sound.


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: The first singer to perform the aria onstage was Mozart's sister-in-law Josepha Hofer, who at the time was 32. By all accounts, Hofer had an extraordinary upper register and an agile voice and apparently Mozart, being familiar with Hofer's vocal ability, wrote the two blockbuster arias to showcase it.


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: An anecdote from Mozart's time suggests that the composer himself was very impressed with his sister-in-law's performance. The story comes from an 1840 letter from composer Ignaz von Seyfried, and relates an event from the last night of Mozart's life—4 December 1791, five weeks into the opera's initial (very successful) run. According to Seyfried, the dying Mozart whispered the following to his wife Constanze:


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: Quiet, quiet! Hofer is just taking her top F; – now my sister-in-law is singing her second aria, 'Der Hölle Rache'; how strongly she strikes and holds the B-flat: 'Hört! hört! hört! der Mutter Schwur!'


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: In modern times a number of notable sopranos have performed or recorded the aria. June Anderson sings it in the film "Amadeus". The aria was also a favourite of the amateur soprano Florence Foster Jenkins.


title: Queen of the Night aria

text: A recording of the aria by Edda Moser, accompanied by the Bavarian State Opera under the baton of Wolfgang Sawallisch, is included in a collection of music from Earth on the "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2" spacecraft.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Vishishtadvaita (IAST ""; ) is one of the most popular schools of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Vedanta literally means the in depth meaning "of the Vedas." "Vishisht Advaita" (literally "Advaita means non- Duality") is a non-dualistic school of Vedanta philosophy. It is non-dualism of the qualified whole, in which Brahman alone is seen as the Supreme Reality, but is characterized by multiplicity. It can be described as qualified monism or qualified non-dualism or attributive monism. It is a school of Vedanta philosophy which believes in all diversity subsuming to an underlying unity.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Ramanuja, the 11–12th century philosopher and the main proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy contends that the Prasthanatrayi ("The three courses"), namely the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Brahma Sutras are to be interpreted in a way that shows this unity in diversity, for any other way would violate their consistency. Vedanta Desika defines "Vishishtadvaita" using the statement, "Asesha Chit-Achit Prakaaram Brahmaikameva Tatvam": Brahman, as qualified by the sentient and insentient modes (or attributes), is the only reality.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The Vishishtadvaitic thought is considered to have existed for a long time, and it is surmised that the earliest works are no longer available. The names of the earliest of these philosophers is only known through Ramanuja's "Vedartha Sangraham". Bodhayana, Dramida, Tanka, Guhadeva, Kapardi and Bharuci the prominent ones in the line of the philosophers considered to have expounded the Visishtadvaitic system.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Bodhayana is considered to have written an extensive "vritti" (commentary) on the Purva and Uttara Mimamsas. Tanka is attributed with having written commentaries on Chandogya Upanishad and Brahma Sutras. Nathamuni of the ninth century AD, the foremost Acharya of the Vaishnavas, collected the Tamil prabandhas, classified them, made the redaction, set the hymns to music and spread them everywhere. He is said to have received the divine hymns straight from Nammalvar, the foremost of the twelve Alvars, by yogic insight in the temple at Alwar Thirunagari, which is located near Tirunelveli in South India. Yamunacharya renounced kingship and spent his last days in the service of the Lord at Srirangam and in laying the fundamentals of the Vishishtadvaita philosophy by writing four basic works on the subject.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Ramanuja is the main proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy. The philosophy itself is considered to have existed long before Ramanuja's time. Ramanuja continues along the line of thought of his predecessors while expounding the knowledge expressed in the Upanishads, Brahma Sutras and Bhagavad Gita. Vedanta Desika and Pillai Lokacharya, disciples in the tradition of Ramanuja, had minor disagreements not on the philosophy, but on some aspects of the theology, giving rise to the Vadakalai and Thenkalai schools of thought, as explained below.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Swaminarayan, the founder of Swaminarayan Sampraday, propagated a related philosophy, and based the Swaminarayan Sampraday (original name is Uddhava Sampraday) partly on these ideals.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: "Pramana" refers to the correct knowledge, arrived at by thorough reasoning, of any object. "Pramana" ("sources of knowledge", Sanskrit) forms one part of a "triputi" (trio).


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: In Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, only the following three "pramanas" are accepted as valid means of knowledge:


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: There are three rules of hierarchy when there is apparent conflict between the three modes of acquiring knowledge:


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The ontology in Vishishtadvaita consists of explaining the relationship between Ishvara ("Parabrahman"), the sentient beings ("chit-brahman") and the insentient Universe ("achit-brahman"). In the broadest sense, Ishvara is the Universal Soul of the pan-organistic body consisting of the Universe and sentient beings. The three ontological entities are described below:


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Ishvara (denoted by Vishnu (Narayana)) is the Supreme Cosmic Spirit who maintains complete control over the Universe and all the sentient beings, which together also form the pan-organistic body of Ishvara. The triad of Ishvara along with the universe and the sentient beings is Brahman, which signifies the completeness of existence. Ishvara is Parabrahman endowed with innumerable auspicious qualities (Kalyana Gunas). Ishvara is perfect, omniscient, omnipresent, incorporeal, independent, the creator of the universe, its active ruler and also its eventual destroyer. He is causeless, eternal and unchangeable — and is yet the material and the efficient cause of the universe and sentient beings. He is both immanent (like whiteness in milk) and transcendent (like a watch-maker independent of a watch). He is the subject of worship. He is the basis of morality and giver of the fruits of one's Karma. He rules the world with His Maya — His divine power.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Ishvara is considered to have a 2-fold characteristic: he is the indweller of all beings and all beings dwell in Ishvara.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: When Ishvara is thought of as the indweller of all beings, he is referred to as the Paramatman, or the innermost self of all beings.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: "He who inhabits water, yet is within water, whom water does not know, whose body water is and who controls water from within — He is your Self, the Inner Controller, the Immortal."


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: "He who inhabits the sun, yet is within the sun, whom the sun does not know, whose body the sun is and who controls the sun from within — He is your Self, the Inner Controller, the Immortal" - Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 3.7.4-14


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: When Ishvara is thought of as the all encomposing and the residence of all beings that is, all beings reside in Ishvara, he is referred to as the paramapurusha. The sentient beings and the insentient universe which form part of the pan-organistic body of Ishvara are encapsulated by Ishvara.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Chit is the world of sentient beings, or of entities possessing consciousness. It is similar to the Purusha of Samkhya system. The sentient beings are called Jivas and they are possessors of individual consciousness as denoted by "I". The scope of Chit refers to all beings with an "I" consciousness, or more specifically self-awareness. Therefore, all entities which are aware of their own individual existence are denoted as "chit". This is called "dharmi-jnana" or "substantive consciousness". The sentient beings also possess varying levels of "dharma-bhuta-jnana" or "attributive consciousness"


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Achit is the world of insentient entities as denoted by matter or more specifically the non-conscious Universe. It is similar to the Prakriti of Samkhya system.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: There is a subtle difference between Ishvara and Brahman. Ishvara is the substantive part of Brahman, while jivas and jagat are its modes (also secondary attributes), and kalyana-gunas (auspicious attributes) are the primary attributes. The secondary attributes become manifested in the effect state when the world is differentiated by name and form. The kalyana-gunas are eternally manifest.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: "Brahman is the description of Ishvara when comprehended in fullness– i.e., a simultaneous vision of Ishvara with all his modes and attributes. "


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The relationship between Brahman and Jivas, Jagat is expressed by Rāmānujā in numerous ways. He calls this relationship as one of:


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: These relationships can be experienced holding Brahman as the father, son, mother, sister, wife, husband, friend, lover and lord. Hence, Brahman is a personal being.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Ramanuja argues vehemently against understanding Brahman as one without attributes. Brahman is Nirguna in the sense that impure qualities do not touch it. He provides three valid reasons for staking such a claim:


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Shruti/Shabda Pramana: All shrutis and shabdas denoting Brahman always list either attributes inherent to Brahman or not inherent to Brahman. The shrutis only seek to deny Brahman from possessing impure and defective qualities which affect the world of beings. There is evidence in the shrutis to this regard. The shrutis proclaim Brahman to be beyond the tri-gunas which are observed. However, Brahman possesses an infinite number of transcendental attributes, the evidence of which is given in vakhyas like "satyam jnanam anantam Brahma" (Taittiriya Upanishad).


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Pratyaksha Pramana: Ramanuja states that "a contentless cognition is impossible". And all cognition must necessarily involve knowing Brahman through the attributes of Brahman.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Anumana Pramana: Ramanuja states that "Nirgunatva" itself becomes an attribute of Brahman on account of the uniqueness of no other entity being Nirguna.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Ramanuja had simplified relationship between bramha and soul. According to him though soul is integral part of bramha it has independent existence.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The three ontological entities i.e. Ishvara, Chit and Achit are fundamentally real. It upholds the doctrine of "Satkaryavada" as against "Asatkaryavada".


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: More specifically, the effect is a modification of what exists in the cause and does not involve new entities coming into existence. This is called as "parinamavada" or evolution of effect from the cause. This doctrine is common to the Samkhya system and Vishishtadvaita system. The Samkhya system adheres to Prakriti-Parinama vada whereas Vishishtadvaita is a modified form of Brahma-Parinama vada.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The ("cause") and ("effect") in Vishishtadvaita is different from other systems of Indian philosophy. Brahman is both the ("cause") and the ("effect"). Brahman as the cause does not become the Universe as the effect.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: According to Vishishtadvaita, the Universe and Sentients always exist. However, they begin from a subtle state and undergo transformation. The subtle state is called a causal state, while the transformed state is called the effect state. The causal state is when Brahman is internally not distinguishable by name and form.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: It can be said that Vishishtadvaita follows Brahma-Prakara-Parinama Vada. That is to say, it is the modes (Jivas and Jagat) of Brahman which is under evolution. The cause and effect only refer to the pan-organistic body transformation. Brahman as the Universal Self is unchanging and eternal.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Brahman having the subtle (sūkṣma) chit and achit entities as his "Śarīra/Prakāra(body/mode)" before manifestation is the same Brahman having the expanded (sthūla) chit and achit entities as "Śarīra/Prakāra(body/mode)" after manifestation.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The essential feature is that the underlying entity is the same, the changes are in the description of that entity.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: For e.g. "Jack was a baby. Jack was a small kid. Jack was a middle-aged person. Jack was an old man. Jack is dead"


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The body of a single personality named Jack is described as continuously changing. Jack does not become "James" because of the change.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Souls and Matter are only the body of God. Creation is a real act of God. It is the expansion of intelligence. Matter is fundamentally real and undergoes real revelation. The Soul is a higher mode than Matter, because it is conscious. It is also eternally real and eternally distinct. Final release, that comes, by the Lord's Grace, after the death of the body is a Communion with God. This philosophy believes in liberation through one's Karmas (actions) in accordance with the Vedas, the Varna (caste or class) system and the four Ashramas (stages of life), along with intense devotion to Vishnu. Individual Souls retain their separate identities even after moksha. They live in Fellowship with God either serving Him or meditating on Him. The philosophy of this school is SriVaishnavism, a branch of Vaishnavism.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Translated literally, this means "All this is Brahman". The ontology of Vishishtadvaita system consists of:


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: a. Ishvara is "Para-brahman" with infinite superlative qualities, whose substantive nature imparts the existence to the modes


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: b. Jivas are "chit-brahman" or sentient beings (which possess consciousness). They are the modes of Brahman which show consciousness.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: c. Jagat is "achit-brahman" or matter/Universe (which are non-conscious). They are the mode of Brahman which are not conscious.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Brahman is the composite whole of the triad consisting of Ishvara along with his modes i.e. Jivas and Jagat.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: From the earlier statement, it follows that on account of everything being Brahman, the self is not different from Brahman.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Rāmānujā chooses to take the position of universal identity. He interprets this passage to mean the subsistence of all attributes in a common underlying substratum. This is referred to as "samānādhikāraṇya". Thus Rāmānujā says the purport of the passage is to show the unity of all beings in a common base. Ishvara ("Parabrahman") who is the Cosmic Spirit for the pan-organistic body consisting of the Universe and sentient beings, is also simultaneously the innermost self (Ātman) for each individual sentient being (Jīva). All the bodies, the Cosmic and the individual, are held in an adjectival relationship (aprithak-siddhi) in the one Isvara.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: When multiple entities point to a single object, the relationship is established as one of substance and its attributes.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Similarly, when the Upanishads declare Brahman is the Universe, Purusha, Self, Prana, Vayu, and so on, the entities are attributes or modes of Brahman.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: If the statement tat tvam asi is taken to mean as only "the self is Brahman", then sarvam khalv idam brahma will not make sense.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: This is an Upanishadic concept which is employed while attempting to know Brahman. The purport of this exercise is understood in many different ways and also influences the understanding of Brahman.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: In the overall sense, this phrase is accepted to refer to the indescribable nature of Brahman who is beyond all rationalisations.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Taittiriya Upanishad 2-9-1 passage "yato vacho nivartante.." (words recoil, mind can not grasp...) etc., state the same concept regarding Brahman. The visishtadvaita interpretation is that these passages do not indicate a black hole, but the incompleteness of any statement or thought or concept concerning Brahman. Brahman is these and more. This interpretation is consistent with "sarvam khalv idam brahma". Antaryami Brahmana of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad passage "yasya prithvi shariram yasya atma shariram" is also interpreted to show that Brahman is not a zero point - "nirvisesha chinmatra" (an entity which has nothing except existence)


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The typical interpretation of Neti-Neti is "not this, not this" or "neither this, nor that". It is a phrase meant to convey the inexpressibility of Brahman in words and the futility of trying to approximate Brahman with conceptual models. In VisishtAdvaita, the phrase is taken in the sense of "not just this, not just this" or "not just this, not just that". This means that Brahman cannot be restricted to one specific or a few specific descriptions. Consequently, Brahman is understood to possess infinite qualities and each of these qualities are infinite in extent.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The purpose or goal of human existence is called purushartha. According to the Vedas, there are four goals namely artha (wealth), kama (pleasure), dharma (righteousness) and moksha (permanent freedom from worldly bondage). According to this philosophy, the first three goals are not an end by themselves but need to be pursued with the ideal of attaining moksha.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Bhakti is the sole means of liberation in Vishishtadvaita. Through Bhakti (devotion), a Jiva ascends to Vaikuntha, where it continues to delight in His service in a body which is "sat-cit-ananda". Karma Yoga and Jnana Yoga are sub processes of Bhakti, total surrender, as the devotee acquires the knowledge that the Lord is the inner self. A devotee realizes his own state as dependent on, and supported by, and being led by the Lord, who is the Master. One is to lead a life as an instrument of the Lord, offering all his thought, word, and deed to the feet of the Lord. One is to see the Lord in everything and everything in Him. This is the unity in diversity achieved through devotion.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: However Shri Ramanuja accepts Sharanagati, total surrender at the Lord's lotus feet alone as the sole means to moksha. Wherein, moksha is defined as liberation from samsara and going to Vaikuntha to serve Narayana (Balaji)in a spiritual body. This is a distinguishing feature of this school of philosophy, as both Adishankara's advaita and Anandatirtha's dvaita accept bhakti for two different concepts of moksha. Swami Ramanuja has supported this opinion with various citations directly from the vedas, and various incidents highlighting sharangathi as means to attain personal stay in the realm of Vaikuntha. Observing total surrender at the Lord's feet guarantees moksha at the end of this birth, and in the time between sharanagathi and death, the surrendered soul must spend his time performing the nice forms of devotion. So bhakti is not a moksha sadhana, but for "anubhāva" (experience) and reaching Vaikuntha, in the Vishishtadvaita Sampradaya.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The Sri vaishnava tradition has two major sub-traditions in Tamil word called Vadakalai (northern) and Thenkalai (southern). The Vadakalai sect of Sri Vaishnavism associate themselves with Vedanta Desikan and Ramanujacharya. Vedanta Desikan is one of the foremost learned scholars and philosophers of medieval India, who has written more than a hundred works in Sanskrit and Tamil, Prakrit and Manipravala. He is said to have been born as an incarnation of the divine bell of Lord Venkateshwara of Tirupati and also of Ramanujacharya in the month of Purattasi under the star Thiruvonam (Sravana), in the year 1268 CE. All of his works are characterized by his versatility, irrefutable reasoning, logic, examination, deep spiritual insight, ethical fervour and excellent expressions of devotional emotion in delightful style. His Paduka-sahasram and "Rahasyatrayasaram" are some classic examples. He was a great teacher, logician, expositor, debater, poet, philosopher, thinker and defender of the faith of Vaishnavism. ""Kavitaarkika Simham"" (lion among poets and debaters), ""Sarvatantra Svatantrar"" (all-knowing and all-powerful), ""Vedaantaachaarya"" (the master and preceptor of the Vedanta) are some of the titles attributed to him.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: Pillai Lokacharya literally meaning "Teacher for the whole world" is one of the leading lights on the Sri Vaishnava Vedanta philosophy. His work Sri Vachana Bhusanam is a classic and provides the essence of Upanishads. The Tenkalai sect of Sri Vaishnavism looks up to him apart from Swami Ramanuja and Swami Manavala Mamuni. He was a senior contemporary of Vedanta Desika. He is said to have been born as an "amsa" ("essence") of Kanchi Devaraja (Varadaraja) Perumal to document and immortalize Ramanuja's message in the month of Aippaci under the star Thiruvonam (Sravana), in the year 1205 CE. He is said to have lived for 106 years, during which time, he also helped to safeguard the idol of Ranganatha at Srirangam from Muslim invaders. Pillai Lokacharya confirmed the basics of the Sri Vaishnava system in his 18 monumental works popularly known as "Ashtadasa Rahasyangal" ("the eighteen secrets") also called the Rahasya granthas ("doctrines that explain the inner meanings") out of which Sri Vachana Bhushanam and Mumukshuppadi are the most famous. Manavala Mamuni expanded on and popularized Lokacharya's teachings arguments in Tamil.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The Absolute Supreme Reality referred to as Brahman, is a Transcendent Personality. He is Narayana, also known as Lord Vishnu.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: "A man who has discrimination for his charioteer and holds the reins of the mind firmly, reaches the end of the road; and that is the supreme position of Vishnu." - 1.3.9 Katha Upanishad


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: "Beyond the senses are the objects; beyond the objects is the mind; beyond the mind, the intellect; beyond the intellect, the Great Atman; beyond the Great Atman, the Unmanifest; beyond the Unmanifest, the Purusha. Beyond the Purusha there is nothing: this is the end, the Supreme Goal."- 1.3.10,11 Katha Upanishad


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: In terms of theology, Ramanujacharya puts forth the view that both the Supreme Goddess Lakshmi and Supreme God Narayana together constitute Brahman - the Absolute. Sri Lakshmi is the female personification of Brahman and Narayana is the male personification of Brahman, but they are both inseparable, co-eternal, co-absolute and are always substantially one. Thus, in reference to these dual aspects of Brahman, the Supreme is referred to in the Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya as Sriman Narayana.


title: Vishishtadvaita

text: The most striking difference between Srivaishnavas and other Vaishnava groups lies in their interpretation of Vedas. While other Vaishnava groups interpret Vedic deities like Indra, Savitar, Bhaga, Rudra, etc. to be same as their Puranic counterparts, Srivaishnavas consider these to be different names/roles/forms of Lord Narayan citing solid reasons thus claiming that the entire Veda is dedicated for Vishnu worship alone. Srivaishnavas have remodelled Pancharatra homas like Sudarshana homa, etc. to include Vedic Suktas like Rudram in them, thus giving them a Vedic outlook.


title: Andrea Parker

text: Andrea N. Parker is an American film and television actress. She is known for her roles on "ER", "The Pretender", "Less than Perfect", "Desperate Housewives", and "Pretty Little Liars".


title: Andrea Parker

text: Her first documented film role was at age 19 in the movie "Rented Lips" in which she played a dancer/nurse. Parker appeared in "Married... with Children" as a Go-Go Dancer in 2 episodes – "Prom Queen: The Sequel" (1989) and "Prom Queen: Part 1" (1989).


title: Andrea Parker

text: After "The Pretender" was cancelled by NBC in 2000, Parker did another guest spot on "JAG" before signing on to reprise her role as Miss Parker in the telemovies for "The Pretender", which aired on TNT in 2001. She then returned to series television in 2002 and starred in the ABC comedy "Less than Perfect", playing Lydia Weston until it was cancelled in 2006. From 2011 to 2012, Parker had recurring role of Jane Carlson in the ABC series "Desperate Housewives". She later starred in NBC drama pilot "Beautiful People", and joined the cast of ABC Family series "Pretty Little Liars".


title: Andrea Parker

text: Parker supports various charities such as the National Hospice Palliative Care Organization, Glenn Siegel's My Good Friend charity organization, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's research and Project Angel Food. In February 2006, Parker attended a benefit with former Pretender co-stars Michael T. Weiss and James Denton for Cure Autism Now.


title: FanDuel

text: FanDuel Group is an American gambling company that offers sportsbook, daily fantasy sports, horse racing, and online casino. The company operates sportsbooks in a number of states including New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana and West Virginia, as well as an online horse race betting platform, and a daily fantasy sports service.


title: FanDuel

text: The company was originally founded as a daily fantasy sports provider, and principally competed with DraftKings. In May 2018, amid the widening legalization of sports betting in the United States, FanDuel agreed to merge with the U.S. operations of Irish bookmaker Paddy Power Betfair (now Flutter Entertainment) to form FanDuel Group. The acquisition sought to leverage the company's existing brand recognition and user base, with FanDuel becoming the company's main U.S. brand.


title: FanDuel

text: FanDuel was founded by Nigel Eccles, Lesley Eccles, Tom Griffiths, Rob Jones and Chris Stafford on July 21, 2009 in Edinburgh, Scotland, as a pivot from Hubdub, a news prediction site, after taking in $1.2 million in venture capital funding from Pentech Ventures and Scottish Enterprise. In 2010, FanDuel held its first "FanDuel Fantasy Football Championship (FFFC)." The event consisted of ten users who won entry into the event by winning a qualifying league throughout the NFL season. First place was awarded $25,000 and the total prize pool was $40,000.


title: FanDuel

text: On January 30, 2013, FanDuel announced that it had closed an $11 million Series C funding round. In September 2014, the company announced $70 million in Series D funding. In July 2015, FanDuel announced a Series E funding round of $275 million leading the company to be valued at over a billion dollars.


title: FanDuel

text: In May 2015, FanDuel hired 38 of 42 employees that were laid off by Zynga 365 sports. Shortly after announcing the Series E fundraise, FanDuel acquired sports analytics company numberFire. Then in July 2015 FanDuel made its second acquisition in app developer Kotikan. Kotikan developed FanDuel's mobile app, and it was decided that they would be brought in house to help further develop mobile offerings. In September 2015, FanDuel acquired the esports focused DFS service AlphaDraft.


title: FanDuel

text: In October 2015, "The New York Times" reported that an employee of DraftKings inadvertently released data before the start of the third week of NFL games and won $350,000 on the FanDuel website. DraftKings stated that the employees could not have used their information to make decisions about FanDuel lineups. FanDuel and DraftKings have since prohibited their employees from playing in contests for money on rival websites. At the time of the incident the company released a statement that DraftKings' employees had won up to 0.3% of the $2 billion of prize money that FanDuel has given out. In a separate analysis it was shown that 91% of the player profits at DraftKings and FanDuel were won by just 1.3% of players on the website.


title: FanDuel

text: On November 18, 2016, DraftKings and FanDuel announced an intent to merge. The combined company would serve over five million users. On June 19, 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it would seek a preliminary injunction to block the then proposed merger. The FTC stated that the proposed transaction would give the combined company 90% of the DFS market, which it considered to be a monopoly position. The merger was subsequently terminated.


title: FanDuel

text: In September 2017, FanDuel and DraftKings each paid $1.3 million to settle with the Massachusetts Attorney General's office over allegations of unfair and deceptive practices by the companies prior to 2016. In November 2017, Nigel Eccles left the company. He was replaced as CEO by Matt King, who was previously CFO. Co founder Tom Griffiths left the company shortly thereafter, replaced by Nik Bonaddio, formerly of NumberFire, as Head of Product.


title: FanDuel

text: In May 2018, Ireland-based bookmaker Paddy Power Betfair announced its intent to acquire FanDuel. Paddy Power Betfair planned to contribute $158 million and merge its existing assets in the United States (which also include the horse racing oriented cable networks TVG Network and TVG2) into FanDuel; Paddy Power Betfair holds a 61% controlling stake, with the option to increase its stake to 80% and 100% over time.


title: FanDuel

text: The merger came in the wake of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992 — which effectively outlawed sports betting in almost all states in the United States — being declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. FanDuel had been preparing to offer a sports wagering platform, while Paddy Power Betfair stated that the merger would make it "exceptionally well placed to target the prospective sport betting opportunity." FanDuel will serve as Paddy Power Betfair's primary operating brand in the United States.


title: FanDuel

text: The merger was completed on July 11, 2018, with the combined company of FanDuel and Paddy Power Betfair's US operations becoming known as FanDuel Group. The FanDuel board valued FanDuel's stake in the merger at $465 million, which was significantly lower than FanDuel's internal valuation and resulted in a $120 million lawsuit in Scottish court by the company founders including Lesley Eccles, the former head of marketing for FanDuel. Subsequently in February 25, 2020 over 100 former employees, company founders and early investors filed suit in New York against FanDuel's board for breach of fiduciary duty in allegedly undervaluing FanDuel to enrich themselves.


title: FanDuel

text: A few days after the merger was completed, FanDuel opened its first branded sportsbook at the Meadowlands Racetrack in New Jersey. In March 2019, a FanDuel sportsbook opened at Valley Forge Casino Resort in Pennsylvania. FanDuel also offers online sports betting in Indiana, New Jersey, Illinois, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and New York.


title: FanDuel

text: In August 2018, FanDuel announced that it had partnered with Minute Media to create "The Duel", a new site for fantasy/sports betting information generated by fans.


title: FanDuel

text: In 2019, Paddy Power Betfair, now known as Flutter Entertainment, acquired Canadian gaming operator The Stars Group. As part of the sale, Fox Corporation (which took a minority stake in The Stars Group as part of a joint venture to offer Fox Sports-branded sports betting services) has the option to acquire 18.5% of FanDuel Group in July 2021.


title: FanDuel

text: In February 2020, FanDuel reached an agreement with Scientific Games to serve as the technology partner for its current and future sports betting operations. In December 2020, Flutter Entertainment announced that it had increased its stake in FanDuel Group to 95% in a $4.1 billion cash-and-stock deal. In May 2021, FanDuel announced that CEO Matt King would be stepping down after four years with the company.


title: FanDuel

text: In November 2018, FanDuel announced a multi-year agreement to become a sports betting partner, and official daily fantasy sports partner, of the National Hockey League. The company announced a separate team sponsorship with the NHL's New Jersey Devils the same day, which includes in-arena sponsorship for FanDuel Sportsbook, and brand integration via team platforms.


title: Policy analysis

text: Policy analysis is a technique used in the public administration sub-field of political science to enable civil servants, nonprofit organizations, and others to examine and evaluate the available options to implement the goals of laws and elected officials. The process is also used in the administration of large organizations with complex policies. It has been defined as the process of "determining which of various policies will achieve a given set of goals in light of the relations between the policies and the goals."


title: Policy analysis

text: The areas of interest and the purpose of analysis determine what types of analysis are conducted. A combination of two kinds of policy analyses together with program evaluation is defined as "policy studies". Policy analysis is frequently deployed in the public sector, but is equally applicable elsewhere, such as nonprofit organizations and non-governmental organizations. Policy analysis has its roots in systems analysis, an approach used by United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in the 1960s.


title: Policy analysis

text: Various approaches to policy analysis exist. The analysis "for" policy (and analysis "of" policy) is the central approach in social science and educational policy studies. It is linked to two different traditions of policy analysis and research frameworks. The approach of analysis "for" policy refers to research conducted for actual policy development, often commissioned by policymakers inside the bureaucracy (e.g. civil servants) within which the policy is developed. Analysis "of" policy is more of an academic exercise, conducted by academic researchers, professors and think tank researchers, who are often seeking to understand why a particular policy was developed at a particular time and assess the effects, intended or otherwise, of that policy when it was implemented.


title: Policy analysis

text: There are three approaches that can be distinguished: the analysis-centric, the policy process, and the meta-policy approach.


title: Policy analysis

text: The analysis-centric (or "analycentric") approach focuses on individual problems and their solutions. Its scope is the micro-scale and its problem interpretation or problem resolution usually involves a technical solution. The primary aim is to identify the most effective and efficient solution in technical and economic terms (e.g. the most efficient allocation of resources).


title: Policy analysis

text: The policy process approach puts its focal point onto political processes and involved stakeholders; its scope is the broader meso-scale and it interprets problems using a political lens (i.e., the interests and goals of elected officials). It aims at determining what processes, means and policy instruments (e.g., regulation, legislation, subsidy) are used. As well, it tries to explain the role and influence of stakeholders within the policy process. In the 2010s, "stakeholders" is defined broadly to include citizens, community groups, non-governmental organizations, businesses and even opposing political parties. By changing the relative power and influence of certain groups (e.g., enhancing public participation and consultation), solutions to problems may be identified that have more "buy in" from a wider group. One way of doing this follows a heuristic model called the "policy cycle". In its simplest form, the policy cycle, which is often depicted visually as a loop or circle, starts with the identification of the problem, proceeds to an examination of the different policy tools that could be used to respond to that problem, then goes on to the implementation stage, in which one or more policies are put into practice (e.g., a new regulation or subsidy is set in place), and then finally, once the policy has been implemented and run for a certain period, the policy is evaluated. A number of different viewpoints can be used during evaluation, including looking at a policy's effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, value for money, outcomes or outputs.


title: Policy analysis

text: The meta-policy approach is a systems and context approach; i.e., its scope is the macro-scale and its problem interpretation is usually of a structural nature. It aims at explaining the contextual factors of the policy process; i.e., what the political, economic and socio-cultural factors are that influence it. As problems may result because of structural factors (e.g., a certain economic system or political institution), solutions may entail changing the structure itself.


title: Policy analysis

text: Policy analysis uses both qualitative methods and quantitative methods. Qualitative research includes case studies and interviews with community members. Quantitative research includes survey research, statistical analysis (also called "data analysis") and model building. A common practice is to define the problem and evaluation criteria; identify and evaluate alternatives; and recommend a certain policy accordingly. Promotion of the best agendas are the product of careful "back-room" analysis of policies by "a priori" assessment and "a posteriori" evaluation.


title: Policy analysis

text: There are six dimensions to policy analysis categorized as the effects and implementation of the policy across a period of time. Also collectively known as "Durability" of the policy, which means the capacity in content of the policy to produce visible


title: Policy analysis

text: The strategic effects dimensions can pose certain limitations due to data collection. However the analytical dimensions of effects directly influences acceptability. The degree of acceptability is based upon the plausible definitions of actors involved in feasibility. If the feasibility dimension is compromised, it will put the implementation at risk, which will entail additional costs. Finally, implementation dimensions collectively influence a policy's ability to produce results or impacts.


title: Policy analysis

text: One model of policy analysis is the "five-E approach", which consists of examining a policy in terms of:


title: Policy analysis

text: Policies are considered as frameworks that can optimize the general well-being. These are commonly analyzed by legislative bodies and lobbyists. Every policy analysis is intended to bring an evaluative outcome. A systemic policy analysis is meant for in depth study for addressing a social problem. Following are steps in a policy analysis:


title: Policy analysis

text: Many models exist to analyze the development and implementation of public policy. Analysts use these models to identify important aspects of policy, as well as explain and predict policy and its consequences. Each of these models are based upon the types of policies.


title: Policy analysis

text: Public policy is determined by a range of political institutions, which give policy legitimacy to policy measures. In general, the government applies policy to all citizens and monopolizes the use of force in applying or implementing policy (through government control of law enforcement, court systems, imprisonment and armed forces). The legislature, executive and judicial branches of government are examples of institutions that give policy legitimacy. Many countries also have independent, quasi-independent or arm's length bodies which, while funded by government, are independent from elected officials and political leaders. These organizations may include government commissions, tribunals, regulatory agencies and electoral commissions.


title: Policy analysis

text: This model, however, has been criticized for being overly linear and simplistic. In reality, stages of the policy process may overlap or never happen. Also, this model fails to take into account the multiple factors attempting to influence the process itself as well as each other, and the complexity this entails.


title: Policy analysis

text: One of the most widely used model for public institutions are of Herbert A. Simon, the father of rational models. It is also used by private corporations. However, many criticise the model due to characteristics of the model being impractical and relying on unrealistic assumptions. For instance, it is a difficult model to apply in the public sector because social problems can be very complex, ill-defined and interdependent. The problem lies in the thinking procedure implied by the model which is linear and can face difficulties in extraordinary problems or social problems which have no sequences of happenings.


title: Policy analysis

text: The rational model of decision-making is a process for making sound decisions in policy-making in the public sector. Rationality is defined as “a style of behavior that is appropriate to the achievement of given goals, within the limits imposed by given conditions and constraints”. It is important to note the model makes a series of assumptions, such as: 'The model must be applied in a system that is stable'; 'The government is a rational and unitary actor and that its actions are perceived as rational choices'; 'The policy problem is unambiguous'; 'There are no limitations of time or cost'.


title: Policy analysis

text: Furthermore, in the context of the public sector policy models are intended to achieve maximum social gain. Simon identifies an outline of a step by step mode of analysis to achieve rational decisions. Ian Thomas describes Simon's steps as follows:


title: Policy analysis

text: The model of rational decision-making has also proven to be very useful to several decision making processes in industries outside the public sphere. Nonetheless, there are some who criticize the rational model due to the major problems which can be faced & which tend to arise in practice because social and environmental values can be difficult to quantify and forge consensus around. Furthermore, the assumptions stated by Simon are never fully valid in a real world context.


title: Policy analysis

text: Further criticism of the rational model include: leaving a gap between planning and implementation, ignoring of the role of people, entrepreneurs, leadership, etc., the insufficiency of technical competence (i.e. ignoring the human factor), reflecting too mechanical an approach (i.e. the organic nature of organizations), requiring of multidimensional and complex models, generation of predictions which are often wrong (i.e. simple solutions may be overlooked), & incurring of cost (i.e. costs of rational-comprehensive planning may outweigh the cost savings of the policy).


title: Policy analysis

text: However, Thomas R. Dye, the president of the Lincoln Center for Public Service, states the rational model provides a good perspective since in modern society rationality plays a central role and everything that is rational tends to be prized. Thus, it does not seem strange that “we ought to be trying for rational decision-making”.


title: Policy analysis

text: An incremental policy model relies on features of incremental decision-making such as: satisficing, organizational drift, bounded rationality, and limited cognition, among others. Such policies are often called "muddling through" & represent a conservative tendency: new policies are only slightly different from old policies. Policy-makers are too short on time, resources, and brains to make totally new policies; as such, past policies are accepted as having some legitimacy. When existing policies have sunk costs which discourage innovation, incrementalism is an easier approach than rationalism, and the policies are more politically expedient because they don't necessitate any radical redistribution of values. Such models necessarily struggle to, improve the acceptability of public policy.


title: Policy analysis

text: Criticisms of such a policy approach include: challenges to bargaining (i.e. not successful with limited resources), downplaying useful quantitative information, obscuring real relationships between political entities, an anti-intellectual approach to problems (i.e. the preclusion of imagination), and a bias towards conservatism (i.e. bias against far-reaching solutions).


title: Policy analysis

text: There are many contemporary policies relevant to gender and workplace issues. Actors analyze contemporary gender-related employment issues ranging from parental leave and maternity programs, sexual harassment, and work/life balance to gender mainstreaming. It is by the juxtaposition of a variety of research methodologies focused on a common theme the richness of understanding is gained. This integrates what are usually separate bodies of evaluation on the role of gender in welfare state developments, employment transformations, workplace policies, and work experience.


title: Policy analysis

text: This policy is formed as a result of forces and pressures from influential groups. Pressure groups are informally co-opted into the policy making process. Regulatory agencies are captured by those they are supposed to regulate. No one group is dominant all the time on all issues. The group is the bridge between the individual and the administration. The executive is thus pressured by interest groups.


title: Policy analysis

text: The success of a policy can be measured by changes in the behavior of the target population and active support from various actors and institutions involved. A public policy is an authoritative communication prescribing an unambiguous course of action for specified individuals or groups in certain situations. There must be an authority or leader charged with the implementation and monitoring of the policy with a sound social theory underlying the program and the target group. Evaluations can help estimate what effects will be produced by program objectives/alternatives. However, claims of causality can only be made with randomized control trials in which the policy change is applied to one group and not applied to a control group and individuals are randomly assigned to these groups.


title: Policy analysis

text: To obtain compliance of the actors involved, the government can resort to positive sanctions, such as favorable publicity, price supports, tax credits, grants-in-aid, direct services or benefits; declarations; rewards; voluntary standards; mediation; education; demonstration programs; training, contracts; subsidies; loans; general expenditures; informal procedures, bargaining; franchises; sole-source provider awards...etc.


title: Policy analysis

text: Policy evaluation is used to examine content, implementation or impact of the policy, which helps to understand the merit, worth and the utility of the policy. Following are National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy's (NCCHPP) 10 steps:


title: Policy analysis

text: There is sometimes a need for policy assessment to be conducted at speed, using rapid evaluation and assessment methods (REAM).


title: Policy analysis

text: Characteristics of REAM include setting clear and targeted objectives at the start of a policy cycle, participation and interdisciplinary teamwork, simultaneous collection and analysis of data, and the staged reporting of findings. These require front-loaded effort: consulting with funders and achieving buy-in from informants who will face competing demands during implementation phases. They also blur the distinction between evaluation and implementation, as interim findings are used to adapt and improve processes.


title: Policy analysis

text: Rapid methods can be used when there is a short policy cycle. For instance, they are often used in international development to assess the impact of aid policies in response to natural disasters. It has been suggested that rapid assessment methods may be necessary to evaluate energy and climate policies in the context of the climate emergency.


title: Merovech

text: Merovech (; ; 411 – 458) was the King of the Salian Franks, which later became the dominant Frankish tribe, and the founder of the Merovingian dynasty. Several legends and myths surround his person. He is proposed to be one of several barbarian warlords and kings that joined forces with the Roman general Aetius against the Huns under Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in Gaul in 451. His grandson Clovis I became the founder of the Frankish kingdom.


title: Merovech

text: The family of Childeric and Clovis, the first Frankish large-scale royal dynasty called themselves Merovingians ("descendants of Meroveus") after him, and this was known to historians in the following centuries, but no more contemporary evidence exists. The most important such written source, Gregory of Tours, recorded that Merovech was said to be descended from Chlodio, a roughly contemporary Frankish warlord who pushed from the Silva Carbonaria in modern central Belgium as far south as the Somme, north of Paris in modern-day France.


title: Merovech

text: The name "Merovech" is related to "Marwig", (compare modern Dutch "news, rumour", "famous" as well as "fight" with -"vech").


title: Merovech

text: There is little information about him in the later histories of the Franks. Gregory of Tours only names him once as the father of Childeric I but remained vague about his relationship to Chlodio. The Chronicle of Fredegar recounts that Merovech was born after Chlodio's wife encountered a sea creature while bathing in the sea; according to Fredegar it remained unclear whether Merovech's father was the creature or Chlodio. Another theory considers this legend to be the creation of a mythological past needed to back up the fast-rising Frankish rule in Western Europe.


title: Merovech

text: Chlodio is said to have been defeated by Flavius Aëtius at Vicus Helena in Artois in 448. Ian S. Wood would therefore place his son somewhere in the second half of the fifth century.


title: Merovech

text: A contemporary Roman historian, Priscus writes of having witnessed in Rome a “lad without down on his cheeks as yet and with fair hair so long that it poured down his shoulders, Aetius had made him his adopted son”. Priscus writes that the excuse Attila used for waging war on the Franks was the death of their king and the disagreement of his children over the succession, the elder being allied with Attila and the younger with Aetius. As Chlodio died just before Attila's invasion, this seems to suggest that Merovech was in fact Chlodio's son.


title: Merovech

text: The legend about Merovech's conception was adapted in 1982 by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln in their book "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail", as the seed of a new idea. They hypothesized that this "descended from a fish" legend was actually referring to the concept that the Merovingian line had married into the bloodline of Jesus Christ, since the symbol for early Christians had also been a fish. This theory, with no other basis than the authors' hypothesis, was further popularized in 2003 via Dan Brown's bestselling novel, "The Da Vinci Code". However, there was no evidence for this claim that Merovech is descended from Jesus. The identity and historicity of Merovech is one of the driving mysteries in "The Widow’s Son", second book of Robert Anton Wilson’s "The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles", first introducing the fish legend to the reader by having the early Merovingians appear in a vision as a hideous fish creature resembling H. P. Lovecraft’s Deep Ones, before settling on a variation on "Holy Blood, Holy Grail" which goes a step further by identifying Jesus and Mary Magdalene as the bridegroom and bride in "The Alchemical Marriage of Christian Rosycross" and Merovech as the titular Widow's Son from Masonic lore and positing that the entire bloodline is descended from alien-human hybrids.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13 or Global Goal 13) is about climate action and is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The official mission statement of this goal is to "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030. They cover a wide range of issues surrounding climate action. The first three targets are "output targets": Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters; integrate climate change measures into policies and planning; build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change. The remaining two targets are "means of achieving" targets: To implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management. Along with each target, there are “indicators” that provide a method to review the overall progress of each target, along with SDG 13 as a whole. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The average worldwide temperature in 2021 was approximately 1.1°C higher than pre-industrial levels (from 1850 to 1900). The years from 2015 to 2021 were the seven warmest on record; the top three being 2016, 2019 and 2020. Currently climate change is affecting the global community in every nation across the world. The impact of climate change not only impacts national economies, but also lives and livelihoods, especially those in vulnerable conditions. By 2018, climate change continued exacerbating the frequency of natural disasters, such as massive wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, and floods. Over the period 2000–2018, the greenhouse emissions of developed countries in transitions have declined by 6.5%. However, the emissions of the developing countries are up by 43% in the period between 2000 and 2013. In 2019, at least 120 of 153 developing countries had undertaken activities to formulate and implement national adaptation plans.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: SDG 13 and SDG 7 on clean energy are closely related and complementary. The leading sources of the greenhouse gas savings that countries need to focus on in order to fulfill their commitments under the Paris Agreement are switching fuels to renewable energy and enhancing end-use energy efficiency.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: SDG 13 intends to take urgent action in order to combat climate change and its impacts. The contributing countries to this SDG are making plans to prioritize food security and production, terrestrial and wetland ecosystems, freshwater resources, human health, and key economic sectors and services.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The year 2019 was the second warmest on record with an average temperature of 1.71 degrees F above the 20th-century average. Carbon dioxide () levels and other greenhouse gases also rose to new records in 2019. It was at the end of the warmest decade, from 2010 to 2019.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The UN discussions and negotiations identified the links between the post-2015 SDG process and the Financing for Development process that concluded in Addis Ababa in July 2015 and the COP 21 Climate Change conference in Paris in December 2015.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The Agreement aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change, through appropriate financial flows, a new technology framework and an enhanced capacity building framework. It also provides a path for the more developed countries to help out the undeveloped countries by adapting to the changes with trying to help fight against climate change. The main goal of the Agreement is to eventually become a net-zero emissions world; however, the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals is crucial for the Paris Agreement to be of any effect.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: In 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change, published a special report "Global Warming of 1.5 °C""." It outlined the impacts of a 1.5 °C global temperature rise above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, and highlighted the possibility of avoiding a number of such impacts by limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared to 2 °C, or more. The report mentioned that this would require global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO) to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching "net zero" around 2050, through “rapid and far-reaching” transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: In 2022, the report the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published, some of the topics covered were the different emission trends, longterm pathways for mitigation, national policies, international cooperation, and how to accelerate the transition to more sustainable development.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: SDG 13 has five targets. The targets include to strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters (Target 13.1), integrate climate change measures into policies and planning (Target 13.2), build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change (Target 13.3), implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Target 13.a), and promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management (Target 13.b).


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Each target includes one or more indicators that help to measure and monitor the progress. Some of the indicators are number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (13.1.1) or total greenhouse emissions generated by year (13.2.2.)


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The full text of Target 13.1 is: "Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: For Indicator 13.1.1 the United Nations considers three concepts that are relevant for its understanding: a) Death, which is related to people who died during the disaster, or directly after, as a result of the hazardous event; b) Missing, people whose whereabouts are unknown since the hazardous event; and c) Directly affected refers to the people who have suffered injuries, illness, or other health effects; who were evacuated, displaced, relocated, or have suffered direct damage to their livelihoods, economic, physical, social, cultural, and environmental assets.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Indicator 13.1.2 serves as a bridge between the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Indicator 13.1.3 needs to be aligned with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, disaster risk reduction and should mainstream and integrate disaster risk reduction within and across all sectors.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: By 2018, climate change continued exacerbating the frequency of natural disasters, such as massive wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, and floods, affecting more than 39 million of people. In April 2020, the number of countries and territories that adopted national disaster risk reduction strategies increased to 118 compared to 48 from the first year of the Sendai Framework.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Approximately 60,000 people globally die from the natural disasters each year. Totally, the deaths from natural disasters represent around 0.1% of global deaths. However, in case of high-impact events, the number can change and range from 0.01% to 0.4% of total deaths.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: There was a significant decline in global deaths from natural disasters since second half of the 20th century. At the beginning of 20th century, the annual average was around 400,000–500,000 deaths. In the early 2000s, there has been a significant decline to 100,000 and less. That is at least five times lower than in the early 1900s. Considering this data in terms of death rates a population growth (measured per 100,000 people) – there was at least 10-fold decline over the past century.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Improvement in living standards is crucial to avoid more deaths or injuries from the natural disasters. Access to resilient infrastructure, local development and effective response systems are especially problematic in low-income countries, which are facing higher risks during natural disasters.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The full text of Target 13.2 is: "Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: In order to avoid catastrophic impacts, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions need to decline by about 45%by 2030 and reach net zero in 2050. To be able to meet the 1.5 °C or even 2 °C, which is the maximum target made by the Paris Agreement, greenhouse gas emissions must start to fall by 7.6% per year starting on 2020. However, the world is way off track in meeting this target at the current level of nationally determined contributions. Over the period 2000–2018, green house emissions of developed countries and economies in transitions have declined by 6.5%. The emissions of the developing countries are up by 43% in the period between 2000 and 2013.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: As of 2015 170 countries are a part of at least one multilateral environmental agreement. With each year having an increase in the amount of countries signing onto environmental agreements.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The full text of Target 13.3 is: "Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The indicator 13.3.1 measures the extent to which countries mainstream Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in their education systems and educational policies.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The indicator 13.3.2 identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The goal by 2030 is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: To explain the concept of "Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship seeks to equip learners with the knowledge of how their choices impact others and their immediate environment.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The full text of Target 13.a is: "Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: This target only has one indicator: Indicator 13.a is the "Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Previously, the indicator was worded as "Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year between 2020 and 2025 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: This indicator measures the current pledged commitments from countries to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars (USD) per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the US$100 billion commitment to 2025. As of 2018, $51.93 billion had been contributed showing an increase from the $45.51 billion that was provided in 2017.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Regarding funding, by December 2019, 81 countries submitted 83 proposals totaling $203.8 million requesting support from the GCF.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: There was an increase of $681 billion from 2015 to 2016 with regard to global climate finance. Renewable energy received high levels of new private investment. This represents the largest segment of the global total. These financial flows are relatively small in relation to the scale of annual investment needed for a low-carbon, climate-resilient transition.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: In April 2018, 175 countries ratified the Paris Agreement and 168 parties had communicated their first nationally determined contributions to the UN framework convention on Climate Change Secretariat. As of March 2020, 189 countries had ratified the Paris Agreement and 186 of them – including the European Union – have communicated their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The full text of Target 13.b is: "Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change."


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: This target has one indicator: Indicator 13.b.1 is the "Number of least developed countries and small island developing states with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: A previous version of this indicator was: "Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing states that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities." This indicator's previous focus on women, youth and local and marginalized communities is not included anymore in the latest version of the indicator.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: In 2019, at least 120 of 153 developing countries had undertaken activities to formulate and implement national adaptation plans. This is an increase of 29 countries, compared with 2018. The plans will help countries achieve the global goal on adaptation under the Paris Agreement.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General. The most recent one is from April 2020. Updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations and at Our World in Data. In a progress update reported by the United Nations, it is made clear that SDG 13 has made little progress towards reducing global greenhouse gas emissions.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: As countries move toward rebuilding their economies after COVID-19, recovery plans can shape the 21st century economy in ways that are clean, green, healthy, safe and more resilient. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a drastic reduction in human activity. This has resulted in a 6% drop in greenhouse gas emissions from what was initially projected for 2020, however these improvements are only temporary. Once the global economy begins to recover from the pandemic, emissions are expected to rise once again to high levels.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The year 2020 has seen a decreased motion of climate crises as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. A drop of 6% in emissions was noted in 2020 and potentially up to 8%, the largest year-on-year reduction on record. This has resulted to UNEP supporting all investors and policy makers to financing and fiscal stimulus packages and to prioritize green and descent jobs.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused worldwide disruptions for both production and human activity with some positive consequences for the environment in terms of GHG emissions. China especially has seen a sharp drop in coal-fired power station utilization, likely because of the 5% drop in energy demand nationwide and globally. Many parts of the world have experienced a reduction in air pollution and atmospheric Nitrogen Dioxide (NO)emissions. Air quality along with climate variability like latitude, temperature, and humidity have been speculated to affect rates of COVID-19 outbreaks; should this be the case it only stands to substantiate the importance of close monitoring, effective and collaborative international communication, and early warning systems as well as adherence to SDGs for their focus on preparedness, adaptation and resilience for natural disasters and pandemics.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Despite the slight benefits to emissions reduction which the COVID-19 pandemic has caused, SDG 13 still faces several threats to its progress. The GHG emissions saw a decline from 36.7 billion metric tons to 34.81 billion metric tons emitted from 2019 to 2020, however these emissions have already seen a sharp increase back to 36.4 billion metric tons emitted in 2021. Also, energy-related CO2 emissions for 2021 increased by 6%, hitting their highest level ever and erasing the pandemic-related decrease witnessed in 2020. This is due to the rush for governments globally to stimulate local economies by putting money towards fossil fuel production and in turn economic stimulation. Funding for economic policies will likely divert the emergency funds usually afforded to climate funding like The Green Climate Fund and other sustainable policies, unless an emphasis is put on green deals in the redirection of monetary funds.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: A rebound in transport pollution has occurred since restrictions of government lockdown policies have been lifted. Transport pollution accounts for roughly 21% of global carbon emissions due to it being still 95% dependent on oil. This is because countries like the United States are reducing efficiency standards and restricting environmental standard enforcement. The outcome of the UN Climate Change Conference UK '20, or, COP26, was postponed to October 31, 2021, where action was agreed upon to accelerate the rate in which GHG emissions are limited. This included strictly steering away from coal usage and oil, along with attempting to reach zero emissions from transport by 2040, among many other items of action discussed in COP26.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: In order to slow the rate of climate change and to shift to a more sustainable economy, the UN Secretary General has proposed six climate-positive actions for governments to take as they go about rebuilding their economies and societies post pandemic.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The most effective way to address this climate crisis is that long-term systematic shifts must be made in order to produce a more climate-conscious, sustainable society.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: The Sustainable Development Goal 13 is related tightly with the other SDGs. For the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals the implementation the Paris Agreement is essential.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: It was stated in 2015 that a high-ambition climate agreement is most crucial to achieving the SDGs relating to poverty (SDG 1), inequality (SDG 10), climate change (SDG 13) and global partnerships for sustainable development (SDG 17). The report also states that tackling climate change will only be possible if the SDGs are met. Further, economic development and climate change are inextricably linked, particularly around poverty, gender equality, and energy. The UN encourages the public sector to take initiative in this effort to minimize negative impacts on the environment.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: SDG 13 (Climate Action) is vital in enabling other Sustainable Development Goals to succeed. Not only SDG 13 but all other SDGs need to be collaboratively conducted in harmony to achieve the mutual goal of developing a sustainable society. In comparison with the other 17 sustainable development goals, SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 4 (Quality Education) are considered to be the two most impactful. Additionally, two other SDGs that will significantly influence the course of success in the other 15 SDGs are SDG 16 (Peace Justice and Strong Institution) and SDG 17 (Partnership for Goals). These two SDGs will guide how other SDGs implement their actions and management.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Additionally, the decrease in gas emissions resulting from the actions of SDG 13 will benefit many other SDGs. Those SDGs include good health & well-being (SDG 3), clean water & sanitation (SDG 6), responsible consumption & production (SDG 12), life below water (SDG 14), and life on land (SDG 15).


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: SDG 13 is closely tied to other SDGs in a sense that the climate crisis is a globally experienced phenomenon. The climate on earth closely dictates the state of how humanity can function. For example SDG 2, which has a target to end hunger. Agriculture across the globe is niche, and majority of agricultural products are not generalist and requires particular environmental conditions in order to be successful. With global climate changing so rapidly, this coincides with a steady decline in available area to produce a sufficient amount of agricultural products. For example, sea-level rise, a direct impact of climate change, can lead to saline intrusion of groundwater aquifers, increasing the salinity of water supplies used for agriculture. This is currently happening in the Mekong delta, a region that produces the most rice for Vietnam, a country with a 19.3% share of the global rice trade. However, increased saline levels in agricultural water supplies have significantly lowered their production, which has already created national concern and, if left unresolved, could lead to a global shortage of rice. Saline intrusion also affects SDG 6, "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all." As saline intrusion can penetrate coastal groundwater aquifers, communities with limited freshwater sources like those on islands are likely to face increased saline contamination events leading to freshwater shortages as sea levels continue to rise. SDG 13 and SDG 7 on clean energy are also closely related and complementary. The leading sources of the greenhouse gas savings that countries need to focus on in order to realize their commitments under the Paris Agreement are switching fuels to renewable energy and enhancing end-use energy efficiency.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: Another SDG which is linked closely with SDG 13 is SDG 12, which is about responsible production and consumption. Currently, production and consumption are increasing exponentially, which is not sustainable long-term. Many increased levels of greenhouse gas emissions began during the industrial revolution due to the increased usage of heavy machinery and the burning of fossil fuels. Due to industrialization, there have been significant increases in both production and consumption, to the detriment of our environment. These two sustainable development goals are linked because as one decreases, so does the other. SDG 13 is closely tied to various other SDGs in that the climate crisis is a globally experienced phenomenon. The climate on earth closely dictates the state of how humanity can function.


title: Sustainable Development Goal 13

text: In the US there are over three thousand tax-exempt organizations working on issues related to UN SDG 13, according to data filed with the Internal Revenue Service –IRS and aggregated by X4Impact. X4Impact, with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, Hewlett Foundation, and Giving Tech Labs, created a free online interactive tool Climate Action and Climate Justice in the US. This online tool enables users to see related indicators nationally and by state, as well as relevant information for over three thousand tax-exempt organizations in the US working on issues related to UN SDG 13. The nonprofit data in the tool is updated every 15 days while the indicators are updated annually.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: Resident Evil Outbreak is a survival horror video game with online playability for the PlayStation 2. Initially released in 2003, it was developed by Capcom Production Studio 1 and was the first entry in the "Resident Evil" video game series to feature cooperative gameplay and online multiplayer support, although online support was not available for the PAL versions of the game.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: "Outbreak" depicts a series of episodic storylines in a zombie-inhabited Raccoon City. Players control eight characters with unique abilities. It was set during the same general time period as "Resident Evil 2" and "". "Outbreak" was followed by a standalone expansion entitled "". The game was praised for the graphics, fun-factor, and multiplayer but criticized for the lack of voice chat.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: The controls and gameplay are similar to the "Resident Evil" remake, which was exclusive to the Nintendo GameCube, with quite a few adjustments. The player chooses a scenario, difficulty level, and character selection screen. The difficulty level is tied to what enemies and items the player encounters while progressing through the scenario. The game has five scenarios, each of which has an event checklist consisting of special actions that the player must perform to reach 100% completion. Upon doing so the player will unlock "Infinity Mode", in which all the player's weapons never break or run out of ammunition.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: Each scenario also has "SP" items. These are invisible items hidden throughout the level and are randomly generated on two paths. There are 20 scenario items for each scenario, and twenty items specific to each character hidden across the five scenarios. If acquired, these items unlock new costumes and the option to listen to their ad-libs.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: Players were able to connect to the internet servers using a broadband connection and a network adapter. Account registration and login were required. Once players connected and logged in, they would choose between Free Mode and Scenario Mode. Free Mode took place in a lobby and allowed players to create their own games, scenarios, and difficulty level. Scenario Mode would choose the scenario and players automatically. When a player first started online, the game would begin on the "Outbreak" scenario and progress from there. If players wished to stop playing, they could save their data and restart from the scenario they were up to at the time. If players had beaten a scenario, they acquired a star next to their names.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: Capcom shut down the American servers for "Outbreak" on December 31, 2007, and the Japanese servers on June 30, 2011, ending official online capabilities.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: The beginning of "Outbreak" is set a couple of days after the initial outbreak of the T-virus in Raccoon City, moments before the crisis further escalates into complete chaos. The game starts with the eight characters in J's Bar, who are unaware of what is happening until a lone zombie wanders into the bar and attacks one of the employees named Will. After that, the characters must make it through the city. The game ends in the final moments of the same incident, with the player attempting to escape Raccoon City before the U.S. government launches a missile strike to eliminate the threat posed by the G-virus. The player controls one of eight characters with gameplay events transpiring across various regions of Raccoon City and span over a period of several days.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: There are five individual scenarios in this game, which are not set in chronological order. The first, "Outbreak", takes place at the beginning of the outbreak, as the police prepare to destroy the zombie horde using explosives. "Below Freezing Point" deals with the events in the former underground laboratory of Umbrella, where a rogue virologist, Monica, attempts to steal bio-weapons research and deal with her former co-worker, Yoko Suzuki. "The Hive" involves the survivors taking refuge in the Raccoon General Hospital, which is also featured in "", while it is under assault from a colony of infected leeches. "Hellfire", set the same day as "Outbreak", involves a group of survivors fleeing into the Apple Inn hotel that turns out to be on fire and swarming with lickers. The final scenario, "Decisions, Decisions", regards the survivors' search for a cure to the T-virus, which sends them to Raccoon City University, where the eight different characters must wisely choose a decision to survive the puzzling secrets hidden in the university; they must then escape the city before it is destroyed.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: According to an interview with producer Noritaka Funamizu, the first concept of "Biohazard Outbreak", as it was known originally, was known before the release of "Resident Evil 2" in 1998. With growing interest in the concept of network gaming over consoles, Shinji Mikami, the director of the first "Resident Evil", suggested to Funamizu that he should have a try. Early on in the design, Funamizu made a small multi-player mini-game in which the player must survive the longest time possible; the team decided to remove it due to its failure to encourage teamwork—players would instinctively run away from the horde and be slaughtered rather than help one another to ensure their own survival. They decided that what made "Resident Evil" scary was its lack of multiplayer, forcing gamers to play "on their own". The team then chose that the game would follow its own story like the other games in the series, but keep the option for multi-player. The game development was later put on hold.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: Prior to 2002, Capcom decided to revive development of the game, based on the research gathered from the first attempt. Production Studio 1 began its development of the game, as opposed to Mikami's Studio 4. In February 2002, a Sony press conference regarding the PlayStation 2 revealed the game—previously unheard-of by the public, it had a working title of "Biohazard Online". This led to confusion amongst the audience before Capcom released a statement confirming its existence. "Resident Evil Outbreak" was a part of an initiative from Capcom's Production Studio 1 to develop three network focused games on the PlayStation 2. The other games were "Auto Modellista" and "Monster Hunter". Capcom's goal was to have at least one of the games reach a million sales. Both "Monster Hunter" and "Resident Evil Outbreak" eventually reached this goal.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: The game made an appearance at Sony's conference on May 21 at E 2002, with a video showcasing real-time 3D backgrounds (as opposed to pre-rendered); revealing four of the characters and demonstrating the ad-lib system and character communication. The "ad-lib system" was chosen over conventional microphone chat because the development team argued that it would ruin the atmosphere. Instead, limited chat options were used for conversation between users; a player would walk up to another and deliver a line from a particular conversational category (e.g. "help" and "go" categories). No solid release date was given at that time.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: Later that year the game was renamed "Biohazard Network". By October, eighteen different scenarios were in development, with even more in the concept phase. In November, Capcom released various pieces of media, showing eight playable characters and familiar-scenarios such as "Flashback". The occupations of the characters were also given.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: In January 2003, further information was provided, mostly regarding interactive NPCs (non-player characters). Capcom boasted such actions as enemy NPCs who would attack the player and other ones that would run away when approached. Screenshots of "Flashback", "Underbelly", "The Hive" and other scenarios were released.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: By May 2003, the game's title had been changed. This time, it had been changed to "Biohazard Outbreak" ("Resident Evil Outbreak" outside Japan), and the number of scenarios was reduced to the five scenarios. Another five scenarios did not make the initial cut, although they were complete enough to be featured in the E3 2002 trailer, and were developed into the sequel "Resident Evil Outbreak File #2". In September, doubts were raised as to "Outbreak"s online game-play in Europe, but Capcom was adamant that it would at least try to find a way to solve the problem in time for release.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: The European release was heavily delayed, finally released in September 2004—nine months after Japan and the United States saw its release. Back in March Capcom had given in on securing "Outbreak"s network due to the numerous problems faced with establishing a network in a region simultaneously for dozens of languages, and securing service providers; as well as the usual PAL/NTSC differential.


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: "Outbreak" received a "C+" from "1UP.com" in their review. The staff referred to it as "another typical entry in the RE canon", and as a "competent game" with "controls [that] are actually functional and somewhat intuitive". However, they cited a number of problems with the game, notably Capcom's choice of not installing voice chat in favor of the ad-lib system. They found the game's five scenarios to be short, and AI partners to be "chock-full of repetitive and annoying sound bytes".


title: Resident Evil Outbreak

text: "Eurogamer" was disappointed with Capcom's failure to establish online support for the European market at a time when the PlayStation 2's online community was threatened with the expected rise in the Xbox's popularity with the upcoming release of "Halo 2", stating that an Outbreak was "designed from the ground up to be a co-operative multiplayer game for four players" and questioning if a network-less game would be of interest to players. Another problem was with the real-time "START" menu, which meant that file-reading and item-trading would make the player vulnerable to a random zombie attack, making the game "[feel] light in the story department" as a consequence of not becoming immersed in the environment. Long load times for the PAL version was also noted in the review.