title: Guimarães

text: The construction of St. Peter's Basilica began in 1737, and became a minor basilica in 1751, with formal completion of the work between 1883 and 1884.


title: Guimarães

text: Until the 19th century the structure of the city did not suffer many transformations besides the construction of a few more churches, convents and palaces. It was by the ending of the 19th century that new urbanistic ideas of hygiene and symmetry that the village, that was promoted to city by the Queen Maria II on 23 June 1853 had its greatest changes.


title: Guimarães

text: The complete demolition of the city walls was authorized and the creation of many streets and avenues could start at that point. The controlled process of urbanization permitted the conservation of the city's magnificent historical center.


title: Guimarães

text: Granite rock formations occupy the majority of the municipality but schist rocks can also be found in certain zones in the northwest of the municipality. On the southeast, clay can be found in stream bed of the Ave, Vizela and Selho rivers.


title: Guimarães

text: The municipality is delimited at north by the "Senhora do Monte" (Senhora hill), at northwest by the hills of Falperra, Sameiro, Outeiro and Penedice. To the south by the Penha hill which with height of 613 meters, it is the highest point of the municipality.


title: Guimarães

text: Guimarães is part of the drainage basin of Ave river which divides the municipality in half. The Ave river has as tributaries the Vizela river, Torto river, Febras river and inside the city, the Selho river, the Couros river and the Santa Lúzia stream.


title: Guimarães

text: Guimarães is located in a valley and surrounded by hills, and because it is some distance from the sea, the winter is normally cold and rainy and the summer is hot and lightly humid. The average annual temperature is 14 °C.


title: Guimarães

text: There is not much diversity, especially in the urban areas, but the municipality has some species of cynegetic interest such as: the red fox, the wild boar, the turtle dove, the thrush, the pigeon and the red-legged partridge. In the green areas of the city, the most common species are rodents, especially squirrels.


title: Guimarães

text: In 2001, the population of the municipality was 159 576. In 2010, it is estimated that the population will reach 188 178 inhabitants.


title: Guimarães

text: The population is constituted by 78 436 males and 81 140 females. Guimarães is the 13th biggest city in the country in terms of population.


title: Guimarães

text: Guimarães is an average size city but with a booming cultural life. Besides its museums, monuments, cultural associations, art galleries and popular festivities, it has since September 2005, an important cultural space, the Vila Flor Cultural Center. This cultural center has two auditoria, exhibition center and a concert-cafe. Guimarães was the European Capital of Culture in 2012, together with Maribor in Slovenia.


title: Guimarães

text: Guimarães is also home to association football club Vitória S.C. who compete in the Primeira Liga, the top-flight of football in Portugal.


title: Guimarães

text: Guimarães was elected by "The New York Times" one of the 41 places to go in 2011 and called it one of the Iberian peninsula's emerging cultural spots.


title: Guimarães

text: The fact that since its beginning, Guimarães had a feminine monastery made much influence over its regional cuisine, specially its confectionery. "Tortas de Guimarães" (Guimarães' pies) and "Toucinho do céu" (normally translated as bacon from heaven) are a good example. Besides the customary Minho cuisine, the so-called "meat" cake is made here, which is a kind of bread in a pizza shape served with pork, sardines or other toppings.


title: Guimarães

text: The city of Guimarães has several cultural spaces of reference at a regional and national level. Among the several museums of the city, the Alberto Sampaio museum is the one that stands out. Founded in 1928, it opened its doors to the public in 1931; it is located in the old site of the Canon the Collegiate of Our Lady of Oliveira ("Cabido da Colegiada de Nossa Senhora da Oliveira" in Portuguese). It contains a rich collection of pieces from the 14th, 15th and 16th century, including one rare vest that was used by the king John I.


title: Guimarães

text: The Martins Sarmento Society ("Sociedade Martins Sarmento" in Portuguese) is one of the country oldest institutions dedicated to the study and preservation of archaeological artifacts. The society owns two museums: the Archaeological Museum of the Martins Sarmento Society, which is known by its prehistory and protohistory collections and also its numismatics and epigraphy collections; and the Castro Culture Museum which is dedicated to the Castro culture.


title: Guimarães

text: There is also: the Primitive Modern Arts Museum, located in the "Domus Municipalis" (the old city hall), which contains a collection of naïve art; the Museum of the Village of São Torcato, which is dedicated to the region and its relationship with the monastery and Saint Torcato ("São Torcato" in Portuguese); the Agriculture Museum of Fermentões, which exhibits collections of the traditional agricultural practices of the region; and the Museum of São Sebastião, inaugurated on 24 March 1984, which contains mainly sacred art.


title: Guimarães

text: Guimarães has two major sports club, Vitória Sport Clube, whose football (soccer) team has been the city's representative in the Primeira Liga every year, having already conquered a Portuguese Cup in 2012/13 and a Portuguese Supercup in 1988, and Moreirense Futebol Clube, whose football (soccer) team is also in Primeira Liga for some years and already won the Portuguese Second Division in 2013/14 and the Portuguese League Cup in 2016/17.


title: Guimarães

text: During Vitória SC European campaigns, the Portuguese team played against teams like Arsenal FC, Atletico Madrid, Real Sociedad, Eintracht Frankfurt, Parma FC and Borussia Monchengladbach.


title: Guimarães

text: Vitória SC also has basketball, volleyball and water polo squads competing in the top divisions of their sports.


title: Guimarães

text: In 2008, the city ranked second in the index of most livable city in Portugal. It is also the second most polluted city in the country.


title: Guimarães

text: In 2004, 89% of the population had running water; it was forecast that the number would raise to 95% by 2006. In 2001, 63.5% of the population had basic sanitation; it was forecast that the number would raise to 80% by 2008. In 2001, 100% of the population had access to waste management services.


title: Guimarães

text: However, several people complain that the city, together with other cities of the Braga district has had an unaesthetic and unorganized growth.


title: Guimarães

text: Guimarães ranks fourth in the country for available newspapers. The oldest was the "Azemel Vimaranense", founded in 1822; it possibly had its publication halted by the Vilafrancada incidents. From 1856, other newspapers start to appear, amongst them "A Tesoura de Guimarães". Actually the city's newspapers are:


title: Guimarães

text: There are two stations headquartered in the town: Radio Fundação (95.8 FM) and Radio Santiago (98.0 FM).


title: Guimarães

text: The Guimarães TV transmission is made online since 24 July 2007; it is the result of a collaboration between the city's assembly and the Guimarães Cybercenter. Its contents are feature in the Região Norte TV channel which is available through cable.


title: Guimarães

text: The "canalguimarães" was another online channel that started operating in March 2010. It is the fruit of the effort put in by an arts association, the "Associação de Socorros Mútuos Artística Vimaranense", one of the oldest associations of the city.


title: Guimarães

text: Guimarães is one of the most industrial municipalities in Portugal. Its primary industries are textiles, shoe industry and metalomechanics.


title: Guimarães

text: Guimarães is linked to Porto by the Guimarães line. This railway line was originally built with narrow gauge track, then modernised and rebuilt to the broad Iberian gauge in the first decade of the 21st century. The train service is operated by Comboios de Portugal (CP). Locally, Guimarães is served by TUG (Transportes Urbanos de Guimarães) which operates 21 bus routes serving the city.


title: Wing configuration

text: The wing configuration of a fixed-wing aircraft (including both gliders and powered aeroplanes) is its arrangement of lifting and related surfaces.


title: Wing configuration

text: Aircraft designs are often classified by their wing configuration. For example, the Supermarine Spitfire is a conventional low wing cantilever monoplane of straight elliptical planform with moderate aspect ratio and slight dihedral.


title: Wing configuration

text: Many variations have been tried. Sometimes the distinction between them is blurred, for example the wings of many modern combat aircraft may be described either as cropped compound deltas with (forwards or backwards) swept trailing edge, or as sharply tapered swept wings with large leading edge root extensions (or LERX). Some are therefore duplicated here under more than one heading. This is particularly so for variable geometry and combined (closed) wing types.


title: Wing configuration

text: Most of the configurations described here have flown (if only very briefly) on full-size aircraft. A few theoretical designs are also notable.


title: Wing configuration

text: "Note on terminology:" Most fixed-wing aircraft have left hand and right hand wings in a symmetrical arrangement. Strictly, such a pair of wings is called a wing plane or just plane. However, in certain situations it is common to refer to a plane as a wing, as in "a biplane has two wings", or alternatively to refer to the whole thing as a wing, as in "a biplane wing has two planes". Where the meaning is clear, this article follows common usage, only being more precise where needed to avoid real ambiguity or incorrectness.


title: Wing configuration

text: A staggered design has the upper wing slightly forward of the lower. Long thought to reduce the interference caused by the low pressure air over the lower wing mixing with the high pressure air under the upper wing; however the improvement is minimal and its primary benefit is to improve access to the fuselage. It is common on many successful biplanes and triplanes. Backwards stagger is also seen in a few examples such as the Beechcraft Staggerwing.


title: Wing configuration

text: To support itself a wing has to be rigid and strong and consequently may be heavy. By adding external bracing, the weight can be greatly reduced. Originally such bracing was always present, but it causes a large amount of drag at higher speeds and has not been used for faster designs since the early 1930s.


title: Wing configuration

text: The aspect ratio is the span divided by the mean or average chord. It is a measure of how long and slender the wing appears when seen from above or below.


title: Wing configuration

text: Most variable geometry configurations vary the aspect ratio in some way, either deliberately or as a side effect.


title: Wing configuration

text: The wing chord may be varied along the span of the wing, for both structural and aerodynamic reasons.


title: Wing configuration

text: Wings may be swept back, or occasionally forwards, for a variety of reasons. A small degree of sweep is sometimes used to adjust the centre of lift when the wing cannot be attached in the ideal position for some reason, such as a pilot's visibility from the cockpit. Other uses are described below.


title: Wing configuration

text: The classic aerofoil section wing is unstable in pitch, and requires some form of horizontal stabilizing surface. Also it cannot provide any significant pitch control, requiring a separate control surface (elevator) mounted elsewhere - usually on the horizontal stabilizer.


title: Wing configuration

text: Angling the wings up or down spanwise from root to tip can help to resolve various design issues, such as stability and control in flight.


title: Wing configuration

text: Some biplanes have different degrees of dihedral/anhedral on different wings. The Sopwith Camel had a flat upper wing and dihedral on the lower wing, while the Hanriot HD-1 had dihedral on the upper wing but none on the lower.


title: Wing configuration

text: In a cranked or polyhedral wing the dihedral angle varies along the span. (Note that the description "cranked" varies in usage. See also Cranked arrow planform.)


title: Wing configuration

text: Some designs have no clear join between wing and fuselage, or body. This may be because one or other of these is missing, or because they merge into each other:


title: Wing configuration

text: Some designs may fall into multiple categories depending on interpretation, for example many UAVs or drones can be seen either as a tailless blended wing-body or as a flying wing with a deep centre chord.


title: Wing configuration

text: Some types of variable geometry craft transition between fixed wing and rotary wing configurations. For more about these hybrids, see powered lift.


title: Wing configuration

text: A polymorphic wing is able to change the number of planes in flight. The Nikitin-Shevchenko IS "folding fighter" prototypes were able to morph between biplane and monoplane configurations after takeoff by folding the lower wing into a cavity in the upper wing.


title: Wing configuration

text: The slip wing is a variation on the polymorphic idea, whereby a low-wing monoplane was fitted with a second detachable "slip" wing above it to assist takeoff, which was then jettisoned once aloft. The idea was first flown on the experimental Hillson Bi-mono.


title: Wing configuration

text: Aircraft may have additional minor aerodynamic surfaces. Some of these are treated as part of the overall wing configuration:


title: Wing configuration

text: High-lift devices maintain lift at low speeds and delay the stall to allow slower takeoff and landing speeds:


title: Wing configuration

text: On a swept wing, air tends to flow sideways as well as backwards and reducing this can improve the efficiency of the wing:


title: Wing configuration

text: Vortex devices maintain airflow at low speeds and delay the stall, by creating a vortex which re-energises the boundary layer close to the wing.


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: Psychometry (from Greek: ψυχή, "psukhē", "spirit, soul" and μέτρον, "metron", "measure"), also known as token-object reading, or psychoscopy, is a form of extrasensory perception characterized by the claimed ability to make relevant associations from an object of unknown history by making physical contact with that object. Supporters assert that an object may have an energy field that transfers knowledge regarding that object's history.


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: Joseph Rodes Buchanan coined the word "psychometry" (measuring the soul) in 1842. Buchanan developed the idea that all things give off an emanation.


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: "The Past is entombed in the Present!" The world is its own enduring monument; and that which is true of its physical, is likewise true of its mental career. The discoveries of Psychometry will enable us to explore the history of man, as those of geology enable us to explore the history of the earth. There are mental fossils for psychologists as well as mineral fossils for the geologists; and I believe that hereafter the psychologist and the geologist will go hand in hand — the one portraying the earth, its animals and its vegetation, while the other portrays the human beings who have roamed over its surface in the shadows, and the darkness of primeval barbarism! Aye, the mental telescope is now discovered which may pierce the depths of the past and bring us in full view of the grand and tragic passages of ancient history!


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: Buchanan asserted that his particular psychism would supersede empiric science. He wrote a comprehensive treatise, "Manual of Psychometry: the Dawn of a New Civilization" (1885), detailing how the direct knowledge of psychometry would be applied to and affect the many various branches of science. It also would elevate the various schools of philosophy and arts thereby affecting wide social change and ultimately an enlightenment of humanity:


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: The thermometer measures caloric ("thermo" temperature). The barometer measures the weight ("baro", weight) of the atmosphere; the electrometer measures electric conditions; the psychometer measures the soul ("psyche"). In the case of Psychometry, however, the measuring assumes a new character, as the object measured and the measuring instrument are the same psychic element, and its measuring power is not limited to the psychic as it was developed in the first experiments, but has appeared by successive investigation to manifest a wider and wider area of power, until it became apparent that this psychic capacity was really the measure of all things in the Universe.


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: Buchanan continued to promote psychometry throughout his life and his followers believed that it would revolutionize science in a comprehensive way as "the dawn of a new civilization". Buchanan's work on psychometry was continued by the geologist William Denton (1823–1883). In 1863, Denton published a book on the subject "The Soul of Things". Their work was criticized by Joseph Jastrow as based on delusion and wishful thinking.


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: Others, such as Stephen Pearl Andrews who promoted Psychometry along with his own new science of Universology, built upon Buchanan's ideas. As a lecturer Andrews asserted that such inquiries, as paraphrased by an 1878 "New York Times" article, "demonstrated that the sympathy between the mind and body is an exact science".


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: In the later nineteenth century demonstrations of psychometry became a popular part of stage acts and séances; with participants providing a personal object for "reading" by a medium or psychic. It is also commonly offered at psychic fairs as a type of psychic reading. At New Age events psychometry has claimed to help visitors "meet the dearly departed" (a form of spiritualism).


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: There is no scientific evidence that psychometry exists. Skeptics explain alleged successes of psychometry by cold reading and confirmation bias.


title: Psychometry (paranormal)

text: The majority of police departments polled do not use psychics and do not consider them credible or useful on cases. Proponents of psychometry have argued that psychic detectives have been used by law enforcement agencies on specific cases. However, psychologist Leonard Zusne has noted that "enquiries with police officials... reveal that the involvement of psychics has not been very helpful, and that second-hand reports of it are often in gross error."


title: Rösti

text: Rösti or rööschti () is a Swiss dish consisting mainly of potatoes, sautéed or shallow-fried in a pan. It was originally a breakfast dish, commonly eaten by farmers in the canton of Bern, but is now eaten all over Switzerland and around the world. The French name "röstis bernois" directly refers to the dish's origins.


title: Rösti

text: Many Swiss people consider rösti to be a national dish. Rather than considering it a complete breakfast, lunch or dinner, it is more commonly served to accompany other dishes such as "Spinat und Spiegelei" (spinach and fried eggs, sunny side up), cervelas or Fleischkäse. It is commonly available in Swiss restaurants as a replacement for the standard side dish of a given meal.


title: Rösti

text: Rösti dishes are made with coarsely grated potato, either parboiled or raw. Rösti are most often pan-fried and shaped in the frying pan during cooking, but they can also be baked in the oven. Depending on the frying technique, oil, butter, cheese, or another fat may be added (and usually salt and pepper). The grated potatoes are shaped into rounds or patties, usually measuring between in diameter and thick.


title: Rösti

text: Although basic rösti consists of nothing but potato, a number of additional ingredients are sometimes added, such as bacon, onion, cheese, apple or fresh herbs. This is usually considered to be a regional touch.


title: Rösti

text: In Swiss popular cultural ethos, rösti are predominantly eaten in German-speaking regions, although they can be found easily elsewhere in the country. Rösti dishes are portrayed as a stereotypical part of the Swiss-Germanic culture, as opposed to Latin culture. The geographic border separating the French- and German-speaking parts of the country is therefore commonly referred to as the "Röstigraben": literally the "rösti ditch".


title: Mahendran (filmmaker)

text: J. Alexander (25 July 1939 – 2 April 2019), known professionally as Mahendran, was an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor, known for his work in the Tamil film industry. Mahendran is regarded as one of the greatest film makers of Tamil cinema and has influenced several filmmakers of the generations that followed.


title: Mahendran (filmmaker)

text: Mahendran entered the film industry as a screenwriter, writing scripts for nearly 26 films. He made an immediate impact with his first directional venture "Mullum Malarum" (1978). Mahendran's next film "Uthiripookkal", based on a short story written by Pudumaipithan, firmly established him as an important filmmaker in Tamil cinema. His "Nenjathai Killathe" won three National Film Awards including the award for the best regional film.


title: Mahendran (filmmaker)

text: He has also acted in films during the latter part of his film career, including "Kamaraj" (2004), "Theri" (2016), "Nimir" (2018) and "Petta" (2019).


title: Mahendran (filmmaker)

text: Mahendran was born on 25 July 1939 to Joseph Chelliah, a teacher and Manonmani. Mahendran did his schooling in Ilayangudi and completed his intermediate at American College, Madurai. Later he joined Alagappa Government Arts College to do a Bachelor of Arts in Economics. During his college days, he was very active in stage plays. It was during that time when M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) was invited as the chief guest for the college day during which Mahendran gave a speech that directly criticized the commercial elements that existed in cinema. Impressed by his speech M.G.R. praised Mahendran and said that he could become a good critic. After completing his degree, he went to Madras to study law. Seven months after joining the course he had to discontinue due to financial concerns. He then decided to go back to Ilayangud. However, on the insistence of Karaikudi Kannappa Valliappan he joined "Inamuzhakkam", a periodical as a journalist. It was during this time he met M.G.R. again and he was asked to write the screenplay of "Ponniyin Selvan" after the former decided to make a film based on the story. The idea of developing the screenplay into a film got delayed, and M.G.R. asked Mahendran to write a story for his drama troupe. Mahendran wrote a script titled "Anaadhaigal". M.G.R. decided to make a film based in the play. He named the film "Vaazhve Vaa" and acted in the lead role alongside Savitri. The project got shelved after three days of shooting. Soon M.G.R. acted in a film called "Kaanchi Thalaivan" and he recommended Mahendran to the director to make him an assistant.


title: Mahendran (filmmaker)

text: Mahendran made his breakthrough as a screenwriter for the film "Naam Moovar" in 1966. After the success of the film he got more offers from the same banner and worked in films like "Sabaash Thambi" and "Panakkara Pillai", both released in the subsequent years. He also wrote the script for "Nirakudam" starring Sivaji Ganesan. He announced that he was working on a new film in 2014 starring newcomers, for which Ilaiyaraaja would score music. He also worked as an actor in the films "Kamaraj" (2004), "Theri" (2016), and "Nimir" (2018).


title: Michael Barbaro

text: Michael Barbaro (born October 12, 1979) is an American journalist and host of "The New York Times" news podcast, "The Daily", one of the most popular podcasts in the United States.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: Barbaro grew up in North Haven, Connecticut. His mother, Jean, worked as a library media specialist at Anna Reynolds Elementary School in Newington, Connecticut. His father, Frank, was a New Haven, Connecticut city firefighter. His mother is Jewish and Barbaro identifies as Jewish. Barbaro's sister, Tracy Barbaro, works at Harvard University as a research lab coordinator. In middle school, he and his sister delivered the "New Haven Register" every weekday at 6am. Both attended Hamden Hall Country Day School in Hamden, Connecticut.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: In high school, Barbaro wrote for Hamden Hall's official newspaper, "The Advent." Barbaro, with classmate and future "New York Times" colleague Ross Douthat, also co-founded and ran the school's underground newspaper, "La Verité." As a teenager, he aspired to be the "Times"' Jerusalem Bureau Chief.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: He graduated from Yale University in 2002 with a degree in history. While at Yale, he reported for the "Yale Daily News" and later became its editor-in-chief, overseeing a staff of nearly 100 student writers.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: After his college graduation, Barbaro joined "The Washington Post" as a reporter covering the biotechnology industry. In 2005, he joined "The New York Times," where he first covered Walmart extensively until 2007 for the "Times"' business section. Next, he reported on New York City Hall and the American retail industry. Later, he became a national political correspondent for the "Times". During the 2016 United States presidential election, Barbaro frequently wrote front-page articles on the topic and became one of the most prominent "Times" reporters covering the election.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: In August 2016, "The New York Times" launched "The Run-Up", a twice-a-week political podcast that Barbaro hosted. The podcast ran until the presidential election in November 2016.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: In February 2017, Barbaro began hosting "The Daily," the "Times"' first podcast to air five days a week. In its first year, "The Daily" attracted an audience of one million listeners a day. The podcast, which has episodes that typically are 30 minutes long, has experienced tremendous success and was the #1 podcast in the United States for every month of 2019. "The Daily" was the most popular U.S. news podcast for both Spotify and Apple listeners in 2020 and the #2 podcast in the United States. Although the "Times"' has various other podcasts, most of the its audio revenue in mid-2019 was from "The Daily".


title: Michael Barbaro

text: "The Daily" has seen even greater success during the COVID-19 pandemic. TIME said: "Barbaro and his team at the "Times" have established themselves as the most trusted voices in podcasting at a time when we as a country are desperate for information." In August 2020, the newspaper's president and CEO Meredith Kopit Levien noted that at the time, "The Daily" had more than 3.5 million subscribers every day, a "vastly larger" audience than both the "Times"' daily and Sunday paper.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: In January 2021, Barbaro apologized after privately pressuring some journalists to pull back criticism of "The" "New York Times" podcast, "Caliphate".


title: Michael Barbaro

text: Barbaro is known for his distinctive voice, frequently described as "dulcet", and his "staccato" speech style. His success with "The Daily" and distinct appearance also led many to compare him to Ira Glass, host and producer of "This American Life." When Barbaro was growing up, his grandfather would criticize him for using "um" or "you know," so he often pauses when speaking to avoid using filler words.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: Since "The Daily" launched, Barbaro has received significant media coverage. He has made sold-out public appearances around the country, and a wide range of media outlets have interviewed him about "The Daily", journalism, and politics. He has been featured on television shows such as "Late Night with Seth Meyers", "CBS This Morning", and "PBS NewsHour." Additionally, he has been featured at South by Southwest (SXSW), Vox's Recode Decode podcast, and NPR's talk show 1A.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: Six months after "The Daily" launched, "The New Yorker" wrote an article about Barbaro entitled "An Appreciation of Michael Barbaro and "The Daily"." In January 2020, a New York Magazine profile on him called him "the voice of a generation." A"Vanity Fair" article in November 2021 suggested that "The Daily" had "vault[ed] Barbaro from a respected reporter to a full-fledged media celebrity."


title: Michael Barbaro

text: In 2018, Barbaro won a duPont-Columbia University Award, one of the most prestigious awards in journalism, for his work on "The Daily". Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, which administers the award, called "The Daily" "one of the signature achievements in podcasting this year," and said that the podcast is "raising the journalistic bar and inspiring a wave of imitators."


title: Michael Barbaro

text: Barbaro gave the 2019 UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism commencement speech and co-hosted the 2020 duPont-Columbia Awards with CNN's Chief International Anchor Christiane Amanpour.


title: Michael Barbaro

text: In October 2014, Barbaro married Timothy Levin, a fellow Yale graduate. Levin, who is eight years Barbaro's senior, founded Bespoke Education, a tutoring and test prep company. In July 2018, it was reported that Barbaro and Levin had since divorced. In a June 2019 interview with "Evening Standard", Barbaro mentioned that it "wasn't a coincidence" that he and his husband broke up shortly after "The Daily" launched. He said: “[The show] was a massive change, and it exposed things to me about my life. It made me reflect on who I was. Anytime you go through a major life change it tests every relationship."


title: Michael Barbaro

text: After his divorce, Barbaro began a relationship with "The Daily" executive producer, Lisa Tobin. They both report to the same boss, Sam Dolnick. Regarding Barbaro's sexual orientation, the article noted, "[Barbaro] declines to define his sexual orientation or whether he considers it to have shifted."


title: Michael Barbaro

text: A "New York" profile on Barbaro from January 2020 reported that Barbaro and Tobin bought an apartment together in Brooklyn in 2019 and were engaged. On May 7, 2021, Barbaro announced on "The Daily" that he and Lisa Tobin had welcomed a baby named Tobin Barbaro. He wrote in "The Daily"'s newsletter on May 28, "My wife and I had a baby," confirming that he and Tobin had gotten married. He took paternity leave on and off from "The Daily" for much of 2021. On August 5, 2022, he announced on "The Daily" that he had another daughter, Mira Ruth Barbaro.


title: National Corps

text: The National Corps (), also known as the National Corps Party, and previously called the Patriots of Ukraine, is a far-right political party in Ukraine founded in 2016 and then led by Andriy Biletsky. Before his involvement with Azov, Biletsky also founded and led two other far-right parties, the Social-National Assembly and the Patriot of Ukraine. The party was created by veterans of the Azov Battalion and members of the Azov Civil Corps, a civilian non-governmental organization affiliated with the Azov Battalion.


title: National Corps

text: During its campaign for the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party formed a united radical right nationwide-party list with the Governmental Initiative of Yarosh, the Right Sector, and Svoboda. This coalition won a combined 2.15% of the nationwide electoral list vote but ultimately failed to win any seat in the Verkhovna Rada.


title: National Corps

text: On October 14, 2016, 292 delegates from across Ukraine attended the founding congress of the party in Kyiv. The party was previously registered as the "Patriots of Ukraine" (). The congress unanimously elected Andriy Biletsky, a member of the Verkhovna Rada, as the party's leader, elected Commander Nazariy Kravchenko of the Azov National Guard Headquarters as the deputy leader, and appointed members of the party's ruling council. The congress also approved changes to the party's charter and political programme.


title: National Corps

text: The congress concluded with a "Nation March", which it organized with the Right Sector, a like-minded far-right organization with close ties to the National Corps. About 5,000 people took part in the torch-lit march from the Motherland Monument located in the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War to Saint Sophia's Square. Some of the marchers wore or carried the yellow and blue symbol of the Azov Battalion, which resembles the Wolfsangel, a symbol associated with Nazism. October 14 is celebrated as the Defender of Ukraine Day, as a public holiday in Ukraine since 2015.


title: National Corps

text: In November 2018, the National Corps refused to support Ruslan Koshulynskyi and his campaign for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election, and instead decided to nominate its own leader, Andriy Biletsky, as the common candidate of the Ukrainian nationalist camp. However, in late January 2019, Biletsky ruled out his participation in the presidential elections, and stated that he would concentrate all efforts "to bring our numbers to 50,000 people", and pledged to spearhead a successful campaign for the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.


title: National Corps

text: As part of its campaign for the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the National Corps formed a nationwide united party list with Svoboda, the Governmental Initiative of Yarosh, and the Right Sector. However, the resulting coalition only managed to win 2.15% of the popular vote, and since the coalition failed to pass the 5% threshold, it ultimately received no representation in the Verkhovna Rada. In addition, the National Corps also failed to win any single-mandate constituency seat.


title: National Corps

text: In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections the party gained 23 deputies (0.04% of all available mandates).


title: National Corps

text: As of 2016, the National Corps advocated for expanding the role of the head of state by granting the President of Ukraine absolute authority to become the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine as well as the Prime Minister of Ukraine, ultimately supporting a transition towards a fully presidential system.


title: National Corps

text: As of 2016, the National Corps favoured the restoration of Ukraine's nuclear power status, and also support the re-nationalization of enterprises and industries formerly owned by the Ukrainian SSR upon Ukraine's declaration of independence in 1991. The party wants Ukraine to become a neutral country. The National Corps are staunchly opposed to Russia and its foreign policy, and they strongly support breaking off all diplomatic, economic and cultural ties with Russia. The party also opposes the entry of Ukraine into the European Union, and is vocally opposed to fostering closer ties with NATO. In addition, the National Corps favours the creation of a new Intermarium superstate, which would hypothetically comprise the entirety of Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia,


title: National Corps

text: the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. The party also advocates the expansion of the right to bear arms and a public referendum regarding the restoration of capital punishment for treason and the embezzlement of government funds. The party is strongly opposed to the rights of Romanians in their old historical regions, currently located in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina, Northern Bessarabia, Budjak and Hertsa region). The National Corps support economic nationalism and protectionism, oppose free trade and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and also supports the cultivation of Ukraine's domestic industry and exports.


title: National Corps

text: In 2018, Ihor Vdovin, a spokesman for the militia wing, told "The Guardian" that the National Corps are not neo-Nazis and did not want to establish a white supremacist state, although he admitted that some members hold white supremacist or neo-Nazi views. The party's leader Andriy Biletsky had previously made racist statements, such as his 2010 speech calling on "the white races of the world into a final crusade against Semite-led [Jews] "Untermenschen" [subhumans]", but has subsequently "toned down his rhetoric" denying being anti-Semitic and expressing support for Israel.


title: Googoosh

text: former actress. One of the most popular and prolific entertainers in Iran, her career has spanned over six decades. Googoosh has enjoyed significant popularity since the beginning of her career, ultimately becoming a cultural icon inside Iran and abroad.


title: Googoosh

text: She is mainly known for her contributions to Iranian pop music, but she also starred in a variety of Persian movies from the 1950s to the 1970s. She achieved the pinnacle of her fame and success towards the end of the 1970s. In the 1970s, Googoosh was widely emulated by Iranian women, as they copied her clothing (miniskirts) and her short haircut (known as the "Googooshi"). Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, she remained in Tehran until 2000 and did not perform again during that period due to the ban on female singers. Younger generations of Iranians have rediscovered her music via bootleg recordings. After leaving Iran in 2000, she performed a total of 27 concerts in European and North American countries in that year. Recent projects include a new collaboration with Iranian singer-songwriter Hassan Shamaizadeh from her 2012 album "Ejaz", as well as serving as head judge and head of academy for the popular reality show Googoosh Music Academy broadcast on London-based satellite channel Manoto 1.


title: Googoosh

text: Since her return to the stage in the summer of 2000, she has performed in concerts and venues all around the world, including the Madison Square Garden in New York, the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Honda Center in Anaheim, Royal Albert Hall in London and the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles She has recorded songs in many languages including Persian, Azerbaijani, Turkish, English, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Armenian and French. She has a significant following outside of Iran and has even received the attention of European and African media and press.


title: Googoosh

text: Googoosh was born as Faegheh Atashin on 5 May 1950, in Tehran, to Azerbaijani parents who emigrated from the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union. According to Googoosh, her name on her birth certificate was Faegheh as the authorities wouldn’t allow Googoosh to be registered. She was quickly called "Googoosh", an Armenian name normally exclusively used for boys but which became her stage name.


title: Googoosh

text: During the 1970s, Googoosh began a meteoric rise to fame and success as she drove the edge of Iranian pop music further and further. Known for her flamboyant outfits and fashion sense, Googoosh wowed her pop-culture-hungry fans in Iran and abroad with her trademark hairdos and hip-elegant style, inspiring many Iranian women to copy her hairdos. Her music ranged from upbeat 1960s and 1970s pop, given a traditional-tinged edge, to declamatory, emotional ballads dealing with love and loss, comparable to the chanson style of music by artists like Édith Piaf. Her music was popular among non-Persian-speaking audiences as well. The Spanish singer Julio Iglesias covered the song "Bavar Kon". She starred in over 25 movies, one of which was to be the most commercially successful Iranian motion picture of all time. Googoosh performed many times for the royal family and was a favorite of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's wife and children. She performed at the party given for the 17th birthday of Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran.


title: Googoosh

text: At the time of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Googoosh was in Los Angeles. However, feeling homesick, she decided to return to Iran. In response to why she remained in Iran after the revolution, she said that it was "out of love of her for her homeland". Despite being a symbol of many things that the revolution tried to overturn, especially related to perceptions of excessive Westernization, Googoosh remained in Iran for years afterward. After the revolution, Googoosh, like other artists, was forbidden from performing and her material was banned. She would not perform again until Mohammad Khatami's presidency, during which she was allowed to tour outside of the country.


title: Googoosh

text: Googoosh left Iran and went to Canada in 2000, after being in Iran for 21 years following the Iranian Revolution. BMusic's Taghinia, says "Googoosh is the siren of that era [Pre-revolution] and important in that she's really a direct link to Iran's past." "Chicago Tribune" considers the return of Googoosh to be "more than just a pop milestone" but instead "a cultural marker, a measure of the way change occurs in a society that for more than two decades has tried to resist the tide of globalization by living in self-imposed isolation."


title: Googoosh

text: In 2000, Googoosh sang in public, away from her homeland, for the first time after 21 years of silence to the acclaim of many long-time fans. The "Googoosh Comeback Tour" was a series of concerts starting in July 2000. She began with a sold-out concert at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto on 29 July 2000 (with an audience of more than 12,000), and eventually brought the tour to a conclusion in Dubai on 21 and 24 March 2001 on the occasion of the Iranian New Year, Nowruz. Her concert in Dubai was considered a homecoming for her, and out of the more than 20,000 members of the audience, seventy percent of them were Iranians who had crossed the Persian Gulf to hear her. The two Dubai concerts held special importance: it was the tour finale, and Googoosh was rumored to be planning to return to Iran. Googoosh made the most money during her pop career and currently has an estimated net worth of 60-70 million dollars.


title: Googoosh

text: In 2000, a feature-length documentary called "Googoosh: Iran's Daughter" was released which chronicled the singer's life and her icon-status while detailing the socio-political turmoil that led to the 1979 Revolution in Iran. Made by Iranian-American filmmaker Farhad Zamani, the documentary began production in 1998 and was made at a time when Googoosh was still forbidden to give interviews.


title: Googoosh

text: In January 2009, she ended her work and career with Mehrdad Asemani, citing "creative differences," and in March 2009 began a new work relationship with her current management team. On 21 and 24 March of that year, during Nowruz, Googoosh performed in Dubai.


title: Googoosh

text: Googoosh and other speakers participated in a 22 July 2009 protest at the United Nations which attracted exiles from Iran. They stood in front of a banner with names of Iranian protestors who they believed were still incarcerated and of other protestors, written in red, who had been killed. During this protest, Googoosh made a speech stating that she entered politics because of the outcome of the 2009 Iranian presidential election. She said, "I have come here to be the voice for the sad mothers who lost their loved ones in peaceful demonstrations. I have come here to be the just voice of the grass-roots and spontaneous movement among my compatriots and to show my solidarity."


title: Googoosh

text: Beginning in 2011, she served as head-of-academy and head-judge alongside Hooman Khalatbari and Babak Saeedi for the widely popular talent show/singing competition Googoosh Music Academy, which was broadcast on the London-based Iranian satellite channel Manoto 1 and was their most watched program. Googoosh Music Academy lasted three seasons. In December 2010, Googoosh held a very notable concert in the Kurdish region of Iraq, to which tens of thousands of Iranians came from Tehran and beyond.


title: Googoosh

text: In 2010, Googoosh ran a Persian talent competition show called ""Googoosh Music Academy."" The series ran in Europe and Middle East on Monoto TV channes.


title: Googoosh

text: In March 2011, Googoosh released a snippet of a new song she was working on, titled "Bedrood", via YouTube. In April 2011, she debuted her latest project. The singer launched her own cosmetic collection sold online, titled "Googoosh Cosmetics". In April 2011, she held a concert at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, as well as a record breaking performance at the same venue on 27 October 2012, as a part of her worldwide "Ejaz" Tour. Also on 26 March 2013 she performed at London's Royal Albert Hall for the first time, where other notable Persian vocalists such as Elaheh, Ebi and Marzieh have performed memorable concerts in the past.


title: Googoosh

text: In 2012, Googoosh released her 6th studio album since her comeback, titled "Ejaz". The album consisted of 10 tracks, featuring collaborations with Hassan Shamaizadeh ("Hayahoo") and three songs wherein she collaborated with her fellow Googoosh Music Academy judge Babak Saeedi and with Raha Etemadi ("Nagoo Bedrood" and "Noghteye Payan" and "Hese Mobham"). She also collaborated with Alireza Afkari and Roozbeh Bemani on three songs ("E'jaz" and "Baraye Man" and "Behesht"). Another single "Bi Manoto" was a musical rendition of a poem by the Persian poet Rumi. The poem came to Googoosh's attention while she was banned from singing at the time of the Iran–Iraq War. She stated that she felt inspired by the lyrics and therefore created her own melody and was finally presented with the opportunity to record it as she had long hoped to do.


title: Googoosh

text: In February 2014, she released a music video of the song "Behesht", in support of the gay and lesbian community in Iran, which faces significant challenges in its struggle for equal rights, including the ongoing threat of the death penalty for convictions related to sexual orientation. This made her the first prominent Iranian with a huge following to speak out against homophobia in Iran.


title: Googoosh

text: On 21 March 2015, Googoosh released her 7th album titled "Aks-e Khosoosi" ("Private Portrait") including 11 tracks from different songwriters and composers such as Babak Sahraee, Nickan Ebrahimi, Babak Amini (Googoosh band leader). The first song of this album is "Che Ziba Bood", which is also the last song that was composed by Varujan.


title: Googoosh

text: Despite the political and personal hardships she has endured, Googoosh has continued to be a beloved figure over the last half century.


title: Googoosh

text: Googoosh has three half-brothers on her father's side and a brother and sister on her mother's side. One of her brothers died in his youth.


title: Googoosh

text: In 1980, Googoosh was imprisoned for nearly one month after the Iranian Revolution. In 2018, in reply to a question by interviewer about how she stays young, she said, "Love, music and lots of fruit!".


title: Googoosh

text: Googoosh's first husband was Mahmoud Ghorbani, a cabaret owner and music promoter who had helped Googoosh make a name for herself throughout the 1960s. Googoosh and Ghorbani married in February 1967. They had a son, Kambiz. After about six years of marriage, Ghorbani and Googoosh divorced in late 1972.


title: Googoosh

text: In 1975, Googoosh married Iranian actor Behrouz Vossoughi; they divorced fourteen months later in 1976. During their brief marriage they were considered to be the country's biggest celebrity power couple. During the late 1970s, Googoosh became involved with Homayoun Mesdaghi, and married him in 1979. Six years later, in 1985, she divorced Mesdaghi. She then married director Masoud Kimiai in 1991. They divorced in 2005.


title: Googoosh

text: Googoosh also acted in two other movies: "Mard-e keraye-i" (مرد کرایه‌ای) and "Hajji Firuz" (حاجی فیروز), but the production of each of these films was suspended during the final stages for unknown reasons. Googoosh has also acted in many television shows and commercials in Iran.


title: Paris Saint-Germain F.C. ownership and finances

text: During its first three years of existence, Paris Saint-Germain Football Club were fan-owned and had 20,000 members. The club was run by board members Guy Crescent, Pierre-Étienne Guyot and Henri Patrelle. A group of wealthy French businessmen, led by Daniel Hechter and Francis Borelli, would then buy the club in 1973. PSG changed hands in 1991, when Canal+ took over, and then again in 2006, with the arrival of Colony Capital. Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar, has been PSG's owner since 2011 through Qatar Sports Investments (QSI).


text: QSI acquired a majority stake in June 2011 and then became the club's sole owner in March 2012. This means PSG are a state-owned club, the only of its kind, and thus one of the richest teams in the world. QSI chairman Nasser Al-Khelaifi has been PSG president since the takeover. Al Thani, however, has the final word on every major decision of the club. He is both the chairman of the QIA and the founder of QSI.


text: Upon its arrival, QSI pledged to form a team capable of winning the UEFA Champions League. PSG have spent over €1.3bn on player transfers since the summer of 2011. These massive expenditures have translated in PSG's domination of French football but have not yet brought home the coveted UCL trophy as well as causing problems with UEFA's Financial Fair Play regulations.


text: PSG currently have the sixth-highest revenue in the footballing world with an annual revenue of €556m according to Deloitte, and are the world's seventh-most valuable football club, worth $3.2bn according to Forbes. PSG's strong financial position has been sustained by the club's Qatari owners; the team's on-pitch success; high-profile signings, including Zlatan Ibrahimović, Neymar, Kylian Mbappé and Lionel Messi; and lucrative sponsorship deals with the Qatar Tourism Authority, Nike, Air Jordan, Accor and Qatar Airways.


text: Developing football in Paris was a great ambition in 1969, since the French capital did not have an elite football team. Main backers Guy Crescent, Pierre-Étienne Guyot and Henri Patrelle were stuck with a problem related to the financing of the project until they met Real Madrid president Santiago Bernabéu. The latter told them that starting a subscription campaign was the best solution. After 20,000 subscriptions, Paris Saint-Germain were founded on 12 August 1970. For the first time in French football history, the fans had financially contributed to the creation of a football club.


text: During its first three years of existence, the club was fan-owned and had 20,000 members. At the time, the annual fee to become a member was between 25 and 40 francs (between 4 and 6 euros). PSG were run by board members Crescent, Guyot and Patrelle until 1973. That year, PSG accrued a considerable debt and PSG president Patrelle set out to look for financial aid. He found it in the form of French investor and fashion designer Daniel Hechter. The latter took control of Paris Saint-Germain shortly after, becoming club president and naming fellow Frenchman Francis Borelli as vice-president. Borelli then assumed the presidency in 1978 after Hechter was banned for life from football by the French Football Federation (FFF). He was found guilty of running a ticketing scheme at the Parc des Princes.


text: PSG's first major trophies arrived during the tenure of Borelli, but he also left the club on the brink of insolvency. Bought by French conglomerate Matra, the resurgent Matra Racing reached the top-flight in 1984 and went head to head with PSG for recognition as the capital's main sporting entity. Matra's experiment was short-lived, though, and by 1989 they returned to the lower leagues after bankrupting themselves. Borelli, however, incurred serious debts and financial irregularities in an attempt to ensure PSG's dominance in Paris. His mismanagement came to light in 1991 and, like Hechter before him, was forced by the FFF to resign.


text: Eager to revive interest in Ligue 1 and lure more subscribers, French premium television channel Canal+ bought PSG in May 1991. Canal+ paid off the club's debt and saved it from bankruptcy. Televised games became PSG's main source of income during a decade in which TV rights skyrocketed. As a result, PSG became one of the richest clubs in France. The club's budget went from 90 to 120 million francs and star signings like Valdo, David Ginola, George Weah, Raí and Youri Djorkaeff ensured several trophies between 1993 and 1998.


text: PSG adopted the status of Société Anonyme Sportive Professionnelle (SASP, i.e., professional sport limited company). Canal+ became the majority shareholder in 1997 (56.7%) and then sole owner in 2005 after buying out the Association Paris Saint-Germain (34%) and historical club leaders Alain Cayzac, Bernard Brochand and Charles Talar (9.3%). The management of the club fell into the hands of several delegated presidents; Michel Denisot was the first and, by far, the most successful.


text: Between 1991 and 1998, PSG president Michel Denisot ensured the club's financial health aided by the team's sporting success and increased broadcasting revenues. The departure of Denisot at the end of the 1997–98 season marked a downturn in the club's fortunes. PSG struggled on the pitch and also began to accumulate debt off of it. Despite recapitalizing the club in 2004, it just kept rising. In the time period of 2004–2006, PSG were the only French club with a large amount of debt. Fortunately, this was somewhat helped by an increase in the club's turnover. Led by players such as Marco Simone, Ronaldinho and Pauleta five more trophies arrived between 1998 and 2010, but PSG's on-field form slowly declined. The club even spent two seasons staving off relegations that were only very narrowly avoided.


text: Eventually, a split from Canal+ became inevitable. In May 2006, Canal+ sold the club to investment firms Colony Capital, Butler Capital Partners and Morgan Stanley for €41m. Colony would go on to buy the majority of shares between 2008 and 2009, becoming 95% owners of the club. Butler retained a 5% stake. After considerably reducing losses, Colony sent out a message in 2010, stating that they were looking for new investors to help make PSG a title contender in the coming years.


text: Paris Saint-Germain finally restored balance in June 2011, when Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar, bought 70% of the club's shares through state-run shareholding organization Qatar Sports Investments (QSI), a subsidiary of Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), the country's sovereign wealth fund. Colony Capital (29%) and Butler (1%) remained minority shareholders. Al Thani immediately named QSI chairman Nasser Al-Khelaifi as club president after the takeover. Every major decision goes through Al-Khelaifi first, but Al Thani has the final word. In March 2012, QSI purchased the remaining 30% stake to become PSG's sole shareholder, valuing the club at €100m.


text: Al Thani established QSI in 2005 and is also the chairman of the board of directors of QSI's parent company QIA. He has used the country's oil money to financially back the Parisian club through QSI, the QIA and other state-run companies like the Qatar Tourism Authority (QTA), the Qatar National Bank (QNB) and Ooredoo. PSG are therefore a state-owned club, which makes them one of the wealthiest teams in the world.


text: The strategy behind Qatar's buyout of PSG was presenting a worldwide image of itself as a great footballing nation before it stages the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In November 2010, right before the vote, UEFA president Michel Platini met with French president Nicolas Sarkozy, the emir of Qatar Al Thani, and the Qatari prime minister. Sarkozy is a well-known supporter of PSG, which were then struggling financially under Colony Capital. After that meeting, Platini changed his voting intention, from the US to Qatar, and six months later QSI bought PSG.


text: PSG went from Ligue 1 strugglers to one of Europe's elite clubs and UEFA Champions League contenders, with the club's Qatari owners splashing out over €1b on players. Since 2011 the club has dominated French football, but the Champions League has so far remained elusive. PSG's massive expenditures have also brought the club several problems with UEFA and its Financial Fair Play regulations (FFP).


text: In August 2012, PSG signed a huge nation branding deal with the Qatar Tourism Authority (QTA) to promote Qatar. The Qatari government branch agreed to pay PSG €1b over five seasons, including €100m for the first season. The partnership was made official in October 2013, but the contract stipulated two retroactive payments of €100m and €200m for the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons, respectively, thus wiping their losses for that period.


text: New signings Thiago Silva, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Edinson Cavani and David Luiz arrived at the club, though not without consequences. In October 2013, UEFA determined that the QTA deal — worth €200m per year and conveniently backdated to cover 2012 — was struck at an artificially-inflated price to help PSG get around UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations (FFP), which aim to stop clubs spending more than they earn.


text: In consequence, UEFA's Club Financial Control Body (CFCB) halved the value of the deal from €200m to €100m in April 2014. UEFA's revised valuation saw PSG's deficit for the 2013–14 season reach €107m — more than double the amount allowed under FFP rules, which limit losses to €45m over the last two years. Inevitably, UEFA punished PSG for violating FFP rules in May 2014. FFP sanctions notably included a €60m fine, amongst other sporting and financial measures. In September 2015, UEFA lifted the restrictions imposed on the Parisian club. In August 2016, PSG and the QTA renewed their partnership until June 2019, after their initial four-year contract expired in June 2016.


text: In August 2017, PSG activated the €222m release clause of Barcelona player Neymar, making him the most expensive transfer in football history. Later that month, Kylian Mbappé joined PSG from Monaco on loan with option to buy for €180m divided into three installments. He became the second-most expensive player in the world when the deal was completed in May 2022.


text: UEFA subsequently opened a new Financial Fair Play (FFP) investigation into PSG. In June 2018, UEFA cleared the club of breaching FFP rules, but devalued its Qatar-based deals with the Qatar Tourism Authority (QTA), the Qatar National Bank (QNB) and Ooredoo. The QTA contract went from €100m to €58m. UEFA also warned PSG that the QTA contract would not be taken into account beyond June 2019. The club also brought in the €50 million in player sales that UEFA demanded before the end of June 2018 to adjust to FFP.


text: PSG appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in November 2018. A few days later, UEFA temporarily suspended the investigation until CAS gives its judgment regarding PSG's appeal. In March 2019, the CAS upheld PSG's appeal against UEFA regarding FFP. This meant that UEFA's original decision back in June 2018 was final, so PSG avoided FFP sanctions for 2015, 2016 and up until the summer of 2017. The French outfit also satisfied the €60m requirement in player sales set by UEFA before the end of June 2019.


text: Under pressure from UEFA, the club did not renew their controversial seven-year nation branding agreement with the Qatar Tourism Authority (QTA) when it expired in June 2019, embarking in the process of building a new business model to pursue the goal of economic emancipation from its Qatari owners. Deprived of their most lucrative partner since the Qatari takeover, PSG relied on their contracts with French multinational Accor (€65m/year), as well as American brands Nike (€80m/year) and Air Jordan (€67m/year), between 2019 and 2022.


text: The club's deals with Qatar have nevertheless continued via more classical collaborations in accordance with UEFA's FFP rules. Following Accor's stint (2019–2022), Qatar Airways became PSG's new shirt sponsor by agreeing to a multi-year deal in June 2022 (€70m/year). The QTA, the Qatar National Bank (QNB), Aspetar, beIN Sports and Ooredoo also pay around €10m a year each to be premium partners of the club. Ooredoo notably has the naming rights of the Camp des Loges, PSG's training facilities, now officially named Ooredoo Training Centre.


text: As with the QTA, the club also has a nation branding agreement with the Rwandan government to promote Rwanda. The latter pay €10m a year (2019–2022) for branding on the player's warm-up jerseys and LED perimeter board signage around PSG's stadium to advertise their tourist board's message "Visit Rwanda." Another notable non-Qatari based deal is that of American online lifestyle company GOAT, which pays €17m a year (2022–2025) for its logo to appear on the sleeves of the team's shirt.


text: Paris Saint-Germain recorded a profit of 1.5m francs during their inaugural 1970–71 season, but this trend quickly reversed and the club's debt grew over the years. PSG were in severe financial trouble by the early 1990s, having indebted itself for 50 million francs, which the Paris City Council refused to pay. Fortunately, Canal+ bought the club in May 1991 and wiped it out. With 40% of its income coming from televised games, PSG became one of the richest clubs in France.


text: In the time period of 1991–1998, the capital club were in good financial health thanks to the increase in TV rights, the team's excellent sporting performances and the rise in attendance at the Parc des Princes. PSG also opened its first official store at the prestigious Champs-Élysées avenue in May 1998, and debuted in the top 20 of the Deloitte Football Money League in 1997–98, being ranked 15th with a total revenue of €39m. That season, however, marked the end of the club's golden age; PSG went into financial and sporting decline, and fell right off the list in 1998–99.


text: PSG recorded a negative net income every season between 1998 and 2011, with losses amounting to nearly €300m: €240m under Canal+'s ownership and €58m more with Colony Capital. At the time, the club had a total revenue of €101m and was valued at €100m. This all changed when Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar, bought PSG through Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) in June 2011. The QSI deal covered €15–20m in debt and €19m in losses from the 2010–11 season. Owned by the state of Qatar itself (annual GDP $100bn), PSG became one of the world's wealthiest clubs.


text: Following the takeover, ahead of the 2011–12 campaign, QSI chairman and new PSG president Nasser Al-Khelaifi announced plans of making the club profitable again, a feat not seen since the tenure of Michel Denisot in the 1990s. Al-Khelaifi entrusted this task to deputy general manager Jean-Claude Blanc. PSG immediately returned to the Deloitte Football Money League that season, securing tenth place with a total revenue of €221m. Five years later, PSG turned a profit of €11m during the 2014–15 season. The club also recorded a positive net income in 2015–16, 2017–18 and 2018–19. PSG, however, suffered a major setback in the following two campaigns. Disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on football, with games played behind closed doors, the club registered record loses to the tune of €124m in 2019–20 and €224m in 2020–21.


text: PSG currently have the sixth-highest revenue in the footballing world with an annual revenue of €556m according to Deloitte, and are the world's seventh-most valuable football club, worth $3.2bn according to Forbes. This financial growth has been supported by the club's Qatari owners; the team's on-pitch success; high-profile signings, including Zlatan Ibrahimović, Neymar, Kylian Mbappé and Lionel Messi; and big-money partnerships with the Qatar Tourism Authority, Nike, Air Jordan, Accor and Qatar Airways.


text: Paris Saint-Germain played without a shirt sponsor until the 1972–73 season, when the club signed a deal with Canadian grocery store chain Montreal. PSG then signed with Canadian soft-drink brand Canada Dry in 1973–74 what was the biggest contract in Division 2 history at the time. The club also reached an agreement with French radio RTL worth 1.2m francs on the condition of reaching the top flight in 1974–75. PSG ultimately did and the RTL partnership lasted until 1990–91.


text: Between 1986 and 1995, the club had two sponsors or more in its shirts. Brands from this period included RTL, French premium television channel Canal+, French television network La Cinq, Japanese electronics company TDK, French eyewear brand Alain Afflelou, American electronics manufacturer Commodore, German dairy company Müller, French soft-drink brand Tourtel, Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, and British tea brand Lipton. German automobile manufacturer Opel marked the end of this trend in the 1995–1996 season, assuming shirt sponsorship duties until 2001–02. Next was French multimedia company Thomson from 2002 to 2006 before turning to Dubai-based airline Fly Emirates.


text: Emirates appeared on the shirts until the 2018–19 season, after which French hospitality company Accor took over as shirt sponsor. Its lifestyle loyalty platform, Accor Live Limitless (ALL), was on the front of the shirts between 2019 and 2022. Accor reportedly paid the club around €65m each year. The agreement was almost double the figure that Emirates paid PSG, which was approximately €25m per year. Qatari airline Qatar Airways replaced Accor in June 2022. The multi-year contract will see PSG receive close to €70m every season.


text: French sportswear brand Le Coq Sportif became the first kit manufacturer of Paris Saint-Germain in 1970. They have assumed kit supply duties in three occasions: from 1970 until 1975, for the 1976–1977 campaign, and between 1978 and 1986. In between, French sportswear brand Kopa, created by French footballer Raymond Kopa, and American sportswear brand Pony briefly took charge of the kits for the 1975–1976 and 1977–78 seasons, respectively. German sportswear brand Adidas became the kit supplier in 1986 and the partnership lasted until 1989.


text: PSG signed with American sportswear brand Nike ahead of the 1989–90 season. The deal was renewed until the end of the 2021–22 campaign in December 2013. Nike increased the €6.5m annual commitment it had with the club to €25m. In late June 2019, PSG announced a long-term contract extension with Nike, which is now one of European football's most lucrative and the biggest sponsorship agreement in the club's history. The Parisians are now tied to the Swoosh company until 2032 with an annual figure of €80 million. The new deal covers the men's and women's football teams as well as their handball outfit.


text: In September 2018, before the start of the 2018–19 season, PSG signed a partnership with Nike-owned basketball brand Air Jordan for it to produce some of the club's kits until 2021. The contract, worth around €67m a year, was extended until 2022 in January 2021, even though it was not made official by the club. The 2021–22 home shirt was the first to bear the Jordan logo after previously only making away, third and fourth strips for the club. In February 2022, despite no formal announcement, the deal was prolonged for another season, until 2023.


text: Paris Saint-Germain have spent over €1.3bn on players since Qatar Sports Investments arrived ahead of the 2011–12 season. The Parisians are not new to lavish transfers, though. Bankrolled by wealthy club presidents Daniel Hechter and Francis Borelli in the 1970s and 1980s, PSG made Jean-Pierre Dogliani the club's original transfer record in summer 1973. Hechter, who had recently arrived as a major stakeholder at PSG, handed Monaco €10k for the French playmaker. Congolese attacker François M'Pelé quickly dethroned Dogliani in December 1973, signing from Ajaccio for €130k, as Hechter broke the bank again.


text: After becoming club president in June 1974, Hechter signed Algerian virtuoso Mustapha Dahleb, considered PSG's first star and for which they paid a then French record €205k to Sedan. A year later, PSG shelled out that same amount to snatch Humberto Coelho from Benfica. The Portuguese became the club's record sale when he went back to Benfica for €107k in 1977. Next up was Carlos Bianchi that same year, whose price tag made him the club's most expensive player yet. The Argentine marksman arrived at the Parc des Princes from Reims for €230k. It was Hechter's final signing as PSG president. His right-hand man, club vice-president Francis Borelli, succeeded him.


text: When Bianchi left in 1979 to join Strasbourg for €230k, he also became PSG's most valuable sale up until that point. He was eventually surpassed by Yugoslavian winger Ivica Šurjak, sold for €460k to Udinese in 1982. Borelli continued his predecessor's transfer policy, breaking the club's transfer record in 1979 with the capture of Portuguese wizard João Alves from Benfica for €760k. Jules Bocandé nearly doubled this figure in 1986, when PSG recruited him for €1.5m from Metz. The Senegalese held this record until 1991 and the arrival of Canal+ as club owners.


text: Paris Saint-Germain also made waves in the transfer market during the 1990s and early 2000s. Backed by French TV giants Canal+, who bought the club in May 1991, PSG completely smashed its two transfer records ahead of the 1991–92 season. Brazil international Ricardo arrived from Benfica for €4.6m and French right back Jocelyn Angloma joined arch-rivals Marseille for €6m. Both marks were topped by Liberian striker George Weah. The Parisian club dished out €6.5m to lure him out of Monaco in 1992 and then sold him for €6.9m to Milan three years later.


text: The spending spree continued with French prodigy Florian Maurice, who for €7m became the most expensive transfer in France when he joined the capital side from Lyon in 1997. PSG did not slow down and broke the national transfer record yet again. Not once, but twice. The club signed Nigerian genius Jay-Jay Okocha from Fenerbahçe for €12.4m in 1998 and then paid Real Madrid €34.5m for the return of prodigal son Nicolas Anelka in 2000. Anelka would remain PSG's record purchase until the Qatar Sports Investments era.


text: In the sales department, things speeded up as well. Brazilian winger Leonardo, who arrived to the club from Japan without making much noise in 1996, was sold for €8.5m to Milan the following year, becoming the club's most expensive sale. The record however, did not stand for long, with French free-kick specialist Laurent Robert joining Newcastle United for €14.33m in 2001, followed by Anelka's €15m move to Manchester City in 2002, and finally by Ronaldinho, whose switch to Barcelona for €32.25m in 2003 stood as the club's priciest sale until 2016.


text: Following their takeover by Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) in June 2011, Paris Saint-Germain broke the French transfer record with the purchase of Argentine playmaker Javier Pastore from Palermo for €42m that summer. This fee was matched by Thiago Silva, who was signed from A.C.Milan in 2012, and then eclipsed by the €64.5m capture of Edinson Cavani from S.S.C. Napoli in 2013. The club also spent heavily on several other stars, including Zlatan Ibrahimović (€21m), David Luiz (€49.5m) and Ángel Di María (€63m). On the other hand, David Luiz and Gonçalo Guedes were also sold for large transfer fees thus surpassing Ronaldinho at the top of PSG's most expensive sales. Chelsea paid €35m for David Luiz on deadline day of the winter transfer window in 2016, while Valencia C.F. acquired Guedes for €40m during the summer transfer window in 2018.


text: Cavani was replaced in August 2017, when Paris Saint-Germain paid another transfer fee that broke the world transfer record. Dubbed by media outlets as “the transfer of the century,” Brazil leading man Neymar became the world's most expensive player when PSG activated his €222m release clause to snatch him from Barcelona. Later that month, young French forward Kylian Mbappé joined from Monaco on a deal that was initially a loan, which included a clause for a permanent transfer, this divided the payments for said transfer into three installments. PSG paid €90m the following summer, and €55m the year after. Monaco collected the final €35m in May 2022, taking the transfer total to up to €180m and making him the world's second-most expensive player.


text: Since then, Paris Saint-Germain have had to drastically reduce their spending on transfers due to budget constraints imposed by UEFA's Financial Fair Play. In the summer of 2019, they racked up a total of €106m in sales and dished out €95m in signings. This was the first time since QSI became club owners that PSG recorded a profit in the transfer market, boasting a €11m positive balance.


text: PSG still managed to splash out €50m on Argentine forward Mauro Icardi in 2020–21 and €60m on highly-rated Moroccan right-back Achraf Hakimi in 2021–22. In addition to Hakimi, the club registered the free transfers of six-time Ballon d'Or winner and Barcelona captain Lionel Messi, Real Madrid and Spain captain Sergio Ramos, UEFA Euro 2020 player of the tournament Gianluigi Donnarumma, and Netherlands captain Georginio Wijnaldum. Portuguese left-back Nuno Mendes, regarded as one of the best in his position, also arrived on an initial loan, which was made permanent in 2022 in a transfer worth €38 million. PSG's summer of 2021 has been described as the greatest transfer window of all time.


title: Tim Bagley

text: Timothy Hugh Bagley (born August 17, 1957) is an American actor and comedian, who has appeared in numerous films and television programs. He had recurring roles on the TV series "Will & Grace", "Hope & Gloria", "Strip Mall", "According to Jim", "The King of Queens", "Monk", "Help Me Help You", "10 Items or Less", "$#*! My Dad Says", and portrayed Richard Pratt on the Showtime series, "Web Therapy". Previously, Bagley had a recurring role as Principal Toby Pearson on the American sitcom "Teachers", and as Peter in the Netflix series "Grace and Frankie".


title: Tim Bagley

text: In 1989, Bagley began studying with The Groundlings, and was soon writing and performing with their prestigious Main Stage Company. Although he retired from the theatre's Main Company in the mid 1990s, Bagley still comes back regularly to perform in The Groundlings’ all-improv show "Cookin' with Gas". In 1995, Bagley left the Groundlings and turned his attention to television. After guest appearances on "" and "Seinfeld", he landed his first regular role on the Showtime series "Howie Mandel's Sunny Skies".


title: Tim Bagley

text: Since breaking into television in the early 1990s, Bagley has become a familiar face on primetime television. He has guest starred on such shows as "Seinfeld", "Wings", "Dharma & Greg", "According to Jim", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "The X Files", "Suddenly Susan", "ER", "Ellen", "3rd Rock from the Sun", "The Nanny", and "Desperate Housewives".


title: Tim Bagley

text: Bagley has also had regular and recurring roles in such hit shows as "The King of Queens", "Hope & Gloria", "Strip Mall", and "7th Heaven", and portrayed fellow OCD sufferer Harold Krenshaw on "Monk" for several episodes, often antagonizing the titular character, Adrian Monk and his assistants, Sharona Fleming and Natalie Teeger. He also appeared in "Grimm" as a blutbad. He is perhaps best known on television for his appearances as Larry, one half of a married gay couple with an adopted daughter, on the hit sitcom "Will & Grace".


title: Tim Bagley

text: Bagley also starred with Lisa Kudrow and Victor Garber on "Web Therapy", the series of online vignettes developed by Kudrow which was adapted into a half-hour show by Showtime. He can also be seen as Principal Pearson on the 2016 TV Land comedy "Teachers".


title: Tim Bagley

text: In addition to his work in independent films, Bagley has appeared in big-budget movies like "The Mask", "" and "Knocked Up". Other high-profile films include "Employee of the Month", "Happy, Texas" and "Mistress", starring Robert De Niro. He appeared briefly at the beginning of the 2006 film "Accepted".


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: Harmy's Despecialized Edition is a fan-created film preservation of the original "Star Wars" trilogy films: "Star Wars" (1977), "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980) and "Return of the Jedi" (1983). It is a high quality replica of the out-of-print theatrical versions, created by a team of "Star Wars" fans with the intention of preserving the films, culturally, and historically. The project was led by Petr Harmáček, then an English teacher, from Plzeň, Czech Republic under the online alias "Harmy".


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: The original "Star Wars" trilogy was created by George Lucas and released theatrically between 1977 and 1983. For the "Special Edition" theatrical re-release of the films in 1997, Lucas introduced noticeable changes to address his dissatisfaction with the original cuts. These included additional scenes, altered dialogue, new sound-effects and computer-generated imagery. These changes were included in subsequent releases of the films for home viewing. , the original theatrical releases are not commercially available, and have never been officially released in high definition.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: Some of the alterations were met with a negative response from both critics and fans. Harmáček felt that altering the films in this way constituted "an act of cultural vandalism". In 2010, he began to create a high definition reconstruction of the films' theatrical versions. He and a team of eight other fans used the 2011 Blu-ray releases for the majority of material, the lower-definition 1993 LaserDisc releases as a guide to the original version, and various other sources. The first version was published online in 2011, and updated versions have been released since.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: As a derivative work, "Harmy's Despecialized Edition" cannot be legally bought or sold in the United States and other countries with treaties respecting US copyrights, and is "to be shared among legal owners of the officially available releases only". Consequently, the films are mainly available via various file sharing methods. Reaction to the project has been positive, with critics generally praising the quality and aesthetics of the work.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: The original "Star Wars" trilogy was a Lucasfilm production released theatrically by 20th Century Fox between 1977 and 1983, and was subsequently released on home media during the 1980s and 1990s. The films were distributed by CBS/Fox Video on several formats, such as VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc. In 1997, to coincide with the 20th anniversary of "Star Wars", Lucas re-released new cuts of the trilogy to theaters, naming them the "Special Editions". The purpose of this release was to alter the films to meet Lucas' ideal vision that he could not achieve during their original productions. A number of changes to the original releases included additions of enhanced digital effects, previously unreleased scenes, altered dialogue, unreleased and newly recorded music by John Williams, updated sound-effects by THX and Skywalker Sound, and entirely new CGI sequences from Industrial Light & Magic.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: Reactions to the "Special Edition" versions remain controversial, with commentators praising the picture and sound restoration, but criticising unnecessary additions such as computer-generated characters, creatures, and vehicles as well as alterations to the essential story; most notably a short scene involving the bounty hunter Greedo shooting at Han Solo from the first film drew significant ire. Further changes to the series were added to the DVD release in 2004 to establish continuity with the prequel trilogy and to the Blu-ray releases from 2011. The final release of the theatrical cuts was in 2006, when unrestored masters used for the 1993 "Definitive Collection" trilogy on LaserDisc were added as a DVD bonus feature to a limited run – fans pejoratively termed this release "George's Original Unaltered Trilogy" (GOUT).


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: Despite a high demand and many online fan petitions, Lucasfilm has refused to release the theatrical versions of "Star Wars" in HD quality. In 2010, Lucas stated that bringing the original cuts to Blu-ray would be a "very, very expensive" process; , the films are still only widely available in their altered versions.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: Petr Harmáček (known online by the alias "Harmy") had watched a dubbed version of the original cut of "Star Wars" at the age of six, and had then seen the Special Editions of "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi" on their 1997 release. Although initially admiring them, he became disappointed when he learned how much the films had been changed retroactively; he argued that replacing the original effects with re-composited digital effects was "an act of cultural vandalism". A fan of the original trilogy, he had written his undergraduate thesis on their cultural impact. After seeing a trailer for a cut of the DVD version of "The Empire Strikes Back" by a fan known as Adywan, Harmáček was inspired to create a version of the film that "undid" the various post-1977 changes and restored the theatrical releases, in high-definition. He described his motivation as: "I wanted to be able to show people who haven't seen "Star Wars" yet, like my little brother or my girlfriend, the original, Oscar-winning version, but I didn't want to have to show it to them in bad quality." Harmáček's edits were the first to recreate the theatrical releases in HD.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: Harmáček began creating his new cuts in 2010. At the time, he was working as an English teacher in Plzeň and had no professional experience with film editing. Instead, he taught himself programs such as Avisynth and Adobe After Effects as the project progressed, beginning with Photoshop skills that he had developed in college. To remove the post-1977 changes, Harmáček went through the film frame-by-frame, correcting colors and rotoscoping. Undoing some shots took only an hour, while others took hundreds. Lightsabers were color-corrected, shots of the "Millennium Falcon" cockpit were un-cropped, Boba Fett's original voice was restored, and CGI characters and backgrounds were removed.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: Most of the source material used for "Harmy's Despecialized Edition" was taken from Lucasfilm's official Blu-ray release of the films in 2011, while other sequences were upscaled from previous home video releases.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: Harmáček was assisted by a group of like-minded fans from the website OriginalTrilogy.com. In total, they estimated that the project took thousands of hours of work between them. In 2011, one year after the project had begun, the first version of "Harmy's Despecialized Edition" was published online; new and updated versions were created regularly in the five years that followed. , the most recent versions of "Star Wars", "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi" are v2.7, v2.0 and v2.5 respectively. As a result of the project, Harmáček was able to quit his teaching job and in 2015 was hired by UltraFlix to prepare and restore a library of 4K-encoded films for sale and rent. He has since joined UPP, a Prague-based VFX house, as a 2D digital compositor and worked on such projects as "Blade Runner 2049", "Wonder Woman", and AMC's "The Terror".


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: The legality of downloading "Harmy's Despecialized Edition" is contentious. As a fan edit, the cut cannot be legally bought or sold, and treads a line between fair use and copyright infringement. OriginalTrilogy.com states that the edits are "made for culturally historical and educational purposes" and that they are "to be shared among legal owners of the officially available releases only". Consequently, the films are only available via various BitTorrent trackers and through specialized rapid download programs using file sharing sites. Harmáček himself remarked: "I'm convinced that 99% of people who download this already bought "Star Wars" 10 times over on DVD." , he had received no legal challenge from Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, the owner of Lucasfilm and 20th Century Studios, over the "Despecialized Edition".


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: In 2013, Italian blogger "Leo", from the blog DoppiaggiItalioti.it – which discusses Italian adaptations of foreign films, both satirizing dubbing and translation errors and endorsing good dubs – worked on an Italian-language version of "Harmy's Despecialized Edition" for the original "Star Wars" movie, together with other people, and with Harmáček's permission. He used original 35mm prints of the localized Italian-language edition, as well as a rare 1991 VHS copy, to reproduce the opening crawl, subtitles, and end credits (even preserving some typos) of the film, as they were seen in Italian theaters. This version is no longer available, since it is based on an outdated version of Harmáček's work, although an update to the blog post assures that when a "definitive" edition is released, the localization will be adapted to that one. The update also refers to another "multilanguage" version of the "Despecialized Edition", featuring several audio tracks – the Italian one is taken from the Italian version of the 2006 limited edition DVD – over the original English-language video.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: The project also restored the original Italian trailer for the film, which Leo produced using the video from the original US trailer and audio from low-definition copies, as well as completely remaking the text sections.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: "Star Wars 4K77" is a fan project to scan and restore original 35mm prints of "Star Wars" from 1977. The project name refers to the 4K resolution used and the film's release year of 1977. In 2016, a few 35mm prints were located and donated to a group of fans called "Team Negative 1" (TN1), who scanned these prints at 4K resolution. TN1 released the film online in May 2018, first in the form of a 4K UHD file and then a 1080p downscale. According to the "Project 4K77" website, 97% of the restored video came from a single print that was dubbed in Spanish, with the remainder from an alternate print and some frames upscaled from the official Lucasfilm Blu-ray.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: TN1 followed "4K77" with "Project 4K83", based on an original 35mm print of "Return of the Jedi" (released in 1983) that was discovered and scanned in 4K. According to their website, this print required little cleanup, and the restoration was released in October 2018.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: "Project 4K80", a restoration of "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980), was begun by TN1 in 2020, reporting that although they have multiple prints, some were faded and they required substantially more cleanup, with a project two-year time frame to complete.


title: Harmy's Despecialized Edition

text: Reaction to "Harmy's Despecialized Edition" has been universally positive. Writing for Inverse, Sean Hutchinson placed it at number one on his list of the best "Star Wars" fan edits, and described it as "the perfect pre-1997 way to experience the saga". Whitson Gordon of Lifehacker called the edits "the best version of "Star Wars" you can watch", and named them "the version of "Star Wars" we've all been clamoring for the last 20 years". Similarly, Nathan Barry of "Wired" praised the films as "an absolute joy to watch", while Gizmodo described them as "very, "very" good". In an article listing Ars Technica's favorite "Star Wars" items, Sam Machkovech selected "Harmy's Despecialized Edition", calling it "a treat".


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The Golden Joystick Awards, also known as the People's Gaming Awards, is a video game award ceremony; it awards the best video games of the year, as voted for originally by the British general public, but is now a global event that can be voted online via "GamesRadar+". , the ceremony was in its 39th year. It is the longest-running video game award ceremony, launched in 1983, and the second-oldest video game award ceremony after the Arcade Awards, launched in 1981.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The awards were initially focused on PC games, but were later extended to include console games as well, owing to the success of video game consoles such as the Sega Master System and the Sega Mega Drive in the United Kingdom. The ceremony is not directly related to the golden joystick prize given away to successful contestants on "GamesMaster", a British television show, but both properties belong to Future plc.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: In 2021, the Golden Joystick Awards celebrated 50 Years Of Games by asking the public to vote for the Ultimate Game Of All Time, which was won by the 2011 game "Dark Souls". The PC also received the Best Gaming Hardware of All Time Award, which was accepted by Valve president Gabe Newell.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2002 ceremony took place at the Dorchester Hotel on 25 October 2002 and was hosted by Jonathan Ross (best known for presenting "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" and "Japanorama").


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2003 ceremony took place at the Park Lane Hilton on 28 November 2003 and was hosted by Phill Jupitus.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2004 ceremony took place at the Park Lane Hilton on 5 November 2004 and was hosted by Matt Lucas.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2005 ceremony took place at the Park Lane Hilton on 4 November 2005 and was hosted by Jimmy Carr.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2006 ceremony took place at the Park Lane Hilton on 27 October 2006 and was hosted by Emma Griffiths.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2007 ceremony took place at the Park Lane Hilton on 26 October 2007 and was hosted by David Mitchell.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2008 ceremony took place at the Park Lane Hilton on 31 October 2008 and was hosted by Frankie Boyle.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2010 ceremony took place at the Bridge Park Plaza on 29 October 2010 and was hosted by Rich Hall.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2011 ceremony took place at the Bridge Park Plaza on 21 October 2011 and was hosted by Seann Walsh.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2017 ceremony took place at Bloomsbury Big Top on 17 November 2017 and was hosted by Danny Wallace.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2018 ceremony took place at Bloomsbury Big Top on 16 November 2018, and was hosted by Danny Wallace.


title: Golden Joystick Awards

text: The 2020 ceremony took place digitally on 24 November 2020 and was hosted by Laura Bailey and Travis Willingham.


title: Devon Allen

text: Devon Allen (born December 12, 1994) is an American track and field athlete, specializing in the 110-meter hurdles, and a wide receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played wide receiver for the University of Oregon football team from 2014 to 2016. In the 110-meter hurdles, Allen is a three-time U.S. national champion (2014, 2016, and 2018) and a two-time Olympian, reaching the finals in both the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. His personal best of 12.84 seconds, set in 2022, ranks as the third-fastest time in history. In his final meet of 2021, Allen clocked 12.99 seconds and became the 13th American hurdler to ever break the 13-second barrier in this event. In April 2022, the Philadelphia Eagles signed Allen as a wide receiver.


title: Devon Allen

text: On July 17, 2022, Allen was disqualified at the 2022 World Athletic Championships in Eugene, Oregon, due to a controversial false start. The sensors in the starting blocks measured his reaction time from the moment the gun went off at 0.099 second, which is 0.001 second faster than the legally allowed reaction time of 0.1 second.


title: Devon Allen

text: Coming out of high school as a four-star recruit, Allen committed to the University of Oregon and played on their football team for three years as a wide receiver, with his first season as the most productive one. After coming out of college, however, he focused his athletics on hurdling and track-and-field rather than football.


title: Devon Allen

text: After years of competing in the US Nationals and the Olympics, Allen chose to participate in the football pro day held for players at the University of Oregon during the 2022 preseason. Allen caught the attention of NFL scouts when he ran an unofficial 4.35-second 40-yard dash. He impressed the Eagles enough to merit a visit on April 7 to their training facility, the NovaCare Complex.


title: Devon Allen

text: On April 8, 2022, the day after being brought to their training facility, Allen signed a standard three-year undrafted rookie deal with the Philadelphia Eagles. He was waived on August 30, 2022 and signed to the practice squad the next day.


title: Age of Apocalypse

text: "Age of Apocalypse" is a 1995 comic book crossover storyline mostly published in the X-Men franchise of books by Marvel Comics. The "Age of Apocalypse" briefly replaced the universe of Earth-616 and had ramifications in the main Marvel Comics universe when the original timeline was restored. It was later retconned as having occurred in the alternate universe of Earth-295.


title: Age of Apocalypse

text: During the entirety of the "Age of Apocalypse" event the regularly published X-Men comics were replaced by new X-Men related mini series, focusing on various teams and individuals in the "Age of Apocalypse" world including "X-Calibre", "Gambit and the X-Ternals", "Generation Next", "Astonishing X-Men", "Amazing X-Men", "Weapon X", "Factor X", "X-Man" and "X-Universe". The event was bookended by two one shots, "X-Men Alpha" and "X-Men Omega".


title: Age of Apocalypse

text: The storyline starts with Legion (David Haller), a psychotic mutant who traveled back in time to kill Magneto before he can commit various crimes against humanity. Legion accidentally kills Professor Charles Xavier, his father, leading to a major change in the timeline. The death of Professor Xavier leads Apocalypse to attack 10 years sooner than he did in the original timeline, taking control of Earth and altering everything that happened from that point forward. Apocalypse is opposed by several factions of mutant resistance, including a group led by Magneto. The group manages to send the mutant Bishop back in time to prevent the murder of Professor Xavier, undoing the entire timeline.


title: Age of Apocalypse

text: In 2005, Marvel published an "Age of Apocalypse" one-shot and miniseries to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the fan favorite event. The book looks at what happened after the end of the original story, revealing that the timeline became in fact an alternate earth, designated "Earth-295". The "Dark Angel Saga" in 2011 revisited the alternate reality once more, leading to an "Age of Apocalypse" ongoing series launched in 2012 that ran for 14 issues. The world was also featured as part of Marvel's 2015 "Secret Wars".


title: Age of Apocalypse

text: Legion (David Haller), a psychotic mutant on Earth and son of Professor Charles Xavier, travels back in time with the intention of killing Magneto (Erik Lehnsherr). However, Legion travels to a time when Magneto and Xavier are still friends while in Israel. As Xavier dies trying to protect Magneto, Legion vanishes, and a new timeline is created. The only person aware of how history has changed is Lucas Bishop, a time traveling mutant who followed Legion.


title: Age of Apocalypse

text: Because of Xavier's sacrifice, Magneto comes to believe in his late friend's dream of a peaceful coexistence between humans and mutants. Apocalypse (En Sabah Nur), an immortal mutant villain, was monitoring the fight. He chooses this moment as the perfect time to begin his world conquest, which did not happen in the mainstream Marvel universe for another ten years.


title: Age of Apocalypse

text: Magneto assembles the X-Men just as Apocalypse begins his war. Despite the X-Men's resistance, Apocalypse conquers all of North America and eventually mutants are considered the ruling class. Apocalypse initiates a genocidal campaign called "cullings," killing millions of humans. To further ensure that no one is left to challenge him or undo the circumstances that led to his reign, he has everyone with telepathic or chronal abilities hunted down. Meanwhile, the changes in the timeline result in a destructive crystallization wave created by the M'Kraan Crystal.


title: Age of Apocalypse

text: "X-Men: Alpha" was published in January 1995 and launched the "Age of Apocalypse" crossover story. It briefly shows readers how many popular X-Men characters have changed in this new world. Bishop is reunited with Magneto while retaining fragmented memories of the true timeline. Magneto assigns his X-Men and their allies various missions. Some are to gather the forces needed to change history while others will continue resisting Apocalypse. The story continues in eight interlocking miniseries, each focusing on a different team of X-Men or other mutant forces. Each miniseries temporarily replaced one of the monthly X-Men titles being published at the time.