title: Interferon gamma

text: IFN-γ has a significant anti-viral effect in herpes simplex virus I (HSV) infection. IFN-γ compromises the microtubules that HSV relies upon for transport into an infected cell's nucleus, inhibiting the ability of HSV to replicate. Studies in mice on acyclovir resistant herpes have shown that IFN-γ treatment can significantly reduce herpes viral load. The mechanism by which IFN-γ inhibits herpes reproduction is independent of T-cells, which means that IFN-γ may be an effective treatment in individuals with low T-cells.


title: Interferon gamma

text: Chlamydia infection is impacted by IFN-γ in host cells. In human epithelial cells, IFN-γ upregulates expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which in turn depletes tryptophan in hosts and impedes chlamydia's reproduction. Additionally, in rodent epithelial cells, IFN-γ upregulates a GTPase that inhibits chlamydial proliferation. In both the human and rodent systems, chlamydia has evolved mechanisms to circumvent the negative effects of host cell behavior.


title: Interferon gamma

text: There is evidence that interferon-gamma expression is regulated by a pseudoknotted element in its 5' UTR.


title: Interferon gamma

text: There is also evidence that interferon-gamma is regulated either directly or indirectly by the microRNAs: miR-29.


title: Interferon gamma

text: Furthermore, there is evidence that interferon-gamma expression is regulated via GAPDH in T-cells. This interaction takes place in the 3'UTR, where binding of GAPDH prevents the translation of the mRNA sequence.


title: David O'Leary

text: David Anthony O'Leary (born 2 May 1958) is a football manager and former player. His managerial career began at Leeds United, subsequently managing Aston Villa. He most recently worked as the manager of Al-Ahli Dubai. The majority of his 20-year playing career was spent as a central defender at Arsenal. O'Leary's tally of 722 appearances for the North London side stands as a club record.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary was born in Stoke Newington, London, on 2 May 1958, and moved to live in Dublin at the age of four.


title: David O'Leary

text: A Shelbourne schoolboy player, O'Leary signed for Arsenal as an apprentice in 1973. He soon progressed through the ranks at Highbury, playing in the reserves at the age of 16. He made his debut for Arsenal against Burnley on 16 August 1975, and despite being only 17, went on to make 30 appearances that season. For the next 10 years, he was ever-present in the Arsenal side, playing more than 40 matches a season (except for 1980–81, when he was injured and only played 27).


title: David O'Leary

text: A calm and collected central defender, O'Leary was noted for his good positioning and elegant style of play. He won his first major honour with Arsenal when he played in their 3–2 win over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final. He also played in the 1978 and 1980 Cup finals, and the 1980 Cup Winners' Cup final, all of which Arsenal lost. In 1982, O'Leary became club captain, but relinquished it to Graham Rix 18 months later.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary broke numerous appearance records at Arsenal; he was the youngest person to reach the 100- and 200-match milestones, and he made his 400th appearance while still only 26. He passed George Armstrong's all-time record of 621 first-team games in November 1989. By this time, O'Leary was no longer automatic first choice (with the partnership of Tony Adams and Steve Bould at the centre of George Graham's defence), but he still turned in over 20 appearances as Arsenal won the 1988–89 First Division title due to a 2–0 win at Anfield on the final day of the season.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary won another league title in 1991 and an FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, though by this time he was mainly used as a substitute. He holds Arsenal's all-time record for appearances, with 722 first-team games, in a 20-year-long association with the club. In a poll to compile the list of the club's greatest-ever players, O'Leary was voted 14th. O'Leary assumes the role of a club ambassador for Arsenal.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary joined Leeds on a free transfer in 1993 after 19 years at Highbury. O'Leary played in the Leeds side until he suffered an achilles' tendon injury. He was still on the club's payroll at the beginning of the 1995–96 season, but that September, he gave in to his injury and announced his retirement from football at the age of 37, after only 14 appearances in all competitions.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary's international debut with the Republic of Ireland came as a teenager in a 1–1 draw with England in 1976. Following the appointment of Jack Charlton, O'Leary was frozen out of the international setup for 2 years. After being left out of a squad for a mini tournament in Iceland in May 1986, O'Leary booked a family holiday, which he decided not to cancel when he was eventually asked up to the squad following several withdrawals. O'Leary did not feature until November 1988, thus missing out on Euro 88.


title: David O'Leary

text: The highlight of his 68-cap international career came in the 1990 World Cup. With Ireland in a penalty shootout with Romania, Packie Bonner saved Daniel Timofte's last penalty. O'Leary then stepped up to take the decisive final penalty to win the shootout 5–4 to take Ireland to the quarterfinals. O'Leary's strike has since been voted as the greatest moment in Irish footballing history.


title: David O'Leary

text: Shortly after the World Cup, O'Leary scored his only goal for the Republic of Ireland in a 5–0 win over Turkey in a Euro 92 qualifier.


title: David O'Leary

text: When the former Arsenal manager George Graham was put in charge at Leeds United in September 1996, O'Leary was installed as his assistant. He remained in this position for two years.


title: David O'Leary

text: The Leeds United board offered several candidates the manager's position following George Graham's departure, but such deals fell through. During this time, O'Leary's Leeds side did creditably well in league matches.


title: David O'Leary

text: At the end of the 1998–1999 season, Leeds finished fourth in the Premier League and qualified for the UEFA Cup. Their 1999-2000 UEFA Cup campaign ended in the Cup semifinal with defeat to the Turkish side Galatasaray, following the murders of two Leeds fans during violence the night before.


title: David O'Leary

text: On the domestic front, Leeds finished third in the Premier League and qualified for the Champions League. It was their first campaign at this level since the 1992–93 season. During this time, O'Leary endorsed a Game Boy Color computer game entitled "O'Leary Manager 2000", which was released by Ubi Soft in 2000.


title: David O'Leary

text: Leeds reached the semifinals of the Champions League in 2000-01, where they lost to eventual runners-up Valencia. Their Premier League form also dipped slightly and O'Leary's men had to settle for a UEFA Cup place, finishing fourth in the last season before the Champions League qualification spots for the English Premiership expanded from the top three to the top four. Although there was little indication of this at the time, this was a serious failure for the club because Peter Ridsdale had borrowed £60 million against future gate receipts, budgeting for prolonged Champions League involvement.


title: David O'Leary

text: The 2001–02 season began well for Leeds. They frequently topped the table during the first half of the season and were Premier League leaders on 1 January 2002, but a loss of form in the second half of the season had them slump into fifth place, again just outside the Champions League qualification spots, meaning that they would again have to settle for a UEFA Cup place.


title: David O'Leary

text: This period was thrown into turmoil by the involvement of four players, including first-teamers Jonathan Woodgate and Lee Bowyer, in an incident in Leeds city centre that ended in the assault and injury of an Asian student in January 2000, with the second trial ending in December 2001. O'Leary, to some extent, alienated the fans and also Ridsdale, by writing a book, "Leeds United on Trial."


title: David O'Leary

text: By June 2002, O'Leary had spent almost £100 million on new players in less than four years for no reward in terms of trophies, but he had never finished outside the top five as a manager. Ridsdale sacked O'Leary as Leeds manager in the summer of 2002, replacing him with Terry Venables. O'Leary's departure signalled a downhill spiral for the club – highly attributable to the financial state that saw the sale of several key players, which saw three more managers (Venables, Peter Reid, and Eddie Gray) come and go before the club was finally relegated from the Premier League in 2004 with £80 million debt, and fell into League One (the third tier of the league) three years later. This fall from grace led to the phrase "doing a Leeds".


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary's fame at Leeds rests upon his promotion of a series of younger players, Jonathan Woodgate, Lee Bowyer, Alan Smith, Harry Kewell, Stephen McPhail, Eirik Bakke, Ian Harte, and Danny Mills (signed for £4 million from Charlton Athletic). He promoted several members of the youth team into an exciting Leeds side that played a pressing game relying on youthful enthusiasm.


title: David O'Leary

text: In an interview regarding the decline of Leeds, O'Leary stated, "I never wanted to leave Leeds. The fans are fantastic to me here. I hope they stay up because I had great times at the club."


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary has since stated that he would like the chance to return as manager of Leeds United, after Peter Ridsdale left the club.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary was linked with various other vacant manager's jobs throughout the 2002–03 season. He was hot favourite to become manager of Sunderland when Peter Reid was sacked in October and again when Howard Wilkinson was sacked in March of that season, but O'Leary remained out of work until June 2003, when he was appointed manager of Aston Villa.


title: David O'Leary

text: By the beginning of November 2003, Aston Villa were hovering just above the relegation zone. O'Leary's team finished in sixth place – one place too low for European qualification due to Millwall's FA Cup Final appearance and Middlesbrough's League Cup triumph.


title: David O'Leary

text: In 2004–05, Villa finished 10th in the league, a drop from the previous season. Despite this, O'Leary once again avoided any risk of relegation and signed A.C. Milan's international defender Martin Laursen, Carlton Cole, and French midfielder Mathieu Berson.


title: David O'Leary

text: Despite six summer acquisitions including Milan Baroš and Kevin Phillips, a series of poor results had Villa hovering dangerously above the relegation zone going into December, with just 17 points from 17 games. However, an improved winter period had them move slightly up the league, with victories over Everton (4–0), Middlesbrough (4–0) and a point against runaway leaders Chelsea. In the end, Villa finished 16th, just two places above the relegation zone. Following the relegation of local rivals Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion, Villa were the only Midlands side playing Premier League football in 2006–07.


title: David O'Leary

text: On 19 July 2006, O'Leary's contract as Aston Villa manager was terminated by mutual consent. Chairman Doug Ellis sold the club within a few months to Randy Lerner, and Martin O'Neill was appointed as manager.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary returned to management on 4 July 2010 with United Arab Emirates club Al-Ahli Dubai, where his first decision was to install former Italy captain Fabio Cannavaro as the new skipper of the team.


title: David O'Leary

text: On 2 April 2011, O'Leary was relieved of his duties following a 5-1 defeat at the hands of Al Jazira. On 22 April 2011, Al-Ahli officially announced its decision to sack O'Leary with his assistant coach Roy Aitken. When he was sacked, O'Leary had two years remaining on a three-year contract. In March 2012, he asked FIFA for help in getting compensation from Al-Ahli for the early termination of his contract. In May 2013, he won $5.2 million (£3.34 million) compensation. The dispute was settled by FIFA's players' status committee. Al-Ahli claimed O'Leary had abandoned his post, despite previously stating he had been dismissed. O'Leary had won six of his 15 league games in charge.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary's father was an avid, Arsenal supporter who had left Ireland to work in London as a contractor and was later proud that his son chose Arsenal, instead of Manchester United, who had also offered him terms to sign for them, he explained his decision in 2022, to interviewer Adrian Chiles, as a guest on BBC R5 Live. O'Leary is a UK resident, acording to current UK Companies House documents and maintains links to Yorkshire he has been married to wife Joy for more than forty years. In 2002 she was the subject of shocking hate mail, during a (failed) CPS prosecution of two Leeds football players. The couple have two children together.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary's brother Pierce O'Leary played for Shamrock Rovers and Celtic and was capped seven times for the Republic of Ireland. His nephew, Ryan O'Leary, declined to play for the Republic of Ireland Under 21s, choosing to play for Scotland, the country of his birth.


title: David O'Leary

text: O'Leary was involved in a complex tax avoidance scheme, "O'Leary v. McKinlay (Inspector of Taxes)" that was struck down in the Chancery Court in December 1990. The scheme involved the loan of £266,000 () by Arsenal, O'Leary's club, to trustees in Jersey, where it was held for his benefit.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: Direct reduced iron (DRI), also called sponge iron, is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines) into iron by a reducing gas or elemental carbon produced from natural gas or coal. Many ores are suitable for direct reduction.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: Direct reduction refers to solid-state processes which reduce iron oxides to metallic iron at temperatures below the melting point of iron. Reduced iron derives its name from these processes, one example being heating iron ore in a furnace at a high temperature of in the presence of the reducing gas syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: Direct reduction processes can be divided roughly into two categories: gas-based, and coal-based. In both cases, the objective of the process is to remove the oxygen contained in various forms of iron ore (sized ore, concentrates, pellets, mill scale, furnace dust, etc.), in order to convert the ore to metallic iron, without melting it (below ).


title: Direct reduced iron

text: The direct reduction process is comparatively energy efficient. Steel made using DRI requires significantly less fuel, in that a traditional blast furnace is not needed. DRI is most commonly made into steel using electric arc furnaces to take advantage of the heat produced by the DRI product.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: Direct reduction processes were developed to overcome the difficulties of conventional blast furnaces. DRI plants need not be part of an integrated steel plant, as is characteristic of blast furnaces. The initial capital investment and operating costs of direct reduction plants are lower than integrated steel plants and are more suitable for developing countries where supplies of high grade coking coal are limited, but where steel scrap is generally available for recycling. Many other countries use variants of the process.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: Direct reduced iron is highly susceptible to oxidation and rusting if left unprotected, and is normally quickly processed further to steel. The bulk iron can also catch fire since it is pyrophoric. Unlike blast furnace pig iron, which is almost pure metal, DRI contains some siliceous gangue (if made from scrap, not from new iron from direct reduced iron with natural gas), which needs to be removed in the steel-making process.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: Producing sponge iron and then working it was the earliest method used to obtain iron in the Middle East, Egypt, and Europe, where it remained in use until at least the 16th century.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: The advantage of the bloomery technique is that iron can be obtained at a lower furnace temperature, only about 1,100 °C or so. The disadvantage, relative to a blast furnace, is that only small quantities can be made at a time.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: The following reactions successively convert hematite (from iron ore) into magnetite, magnetite into ferrous oxide, and ferrous oxide into iron by reduction with carbon monoxide or hydrogen.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: Sponge iron is not useful by itself, but can be processed to create wrought iron or steel. The sponge is removed from the furnace, called a bloomery, and repeatedly beaten with heavy hammers and folded over to remove the slag, oxidize any carbon or carbide, and weld the iron together. This treatment usually creates wrought iron with about three percent slag and a fraction of a percent of other impurities. Further treatment may add controlled amounts of carbon, allowing various kinds of heat treatment (e.g. "steeling").


title: Direct reduced iron

text: Today, sponge iron is created by reducing iron ore without melting it. This makes for an energy-efficient feedstock for specialty steel manufacturers which used to rely upon scrap metal.


title: Direct reduced iron

text: Hydrogen-reduced iron is used as a source of food-grade iron powder, for food fortification and for oxygen scavenging. This elemental form is not absorbed as well as ferrous forms, but the oxygen-scavenging function keeps it attractive. Purity standards for this use are established in 1977.


title: South Carolina Lowcountry

text: The Lowcountry (sometimes Low Country or just low country) is a geographic and cultural region along South Carolina's coast, including the Sea Islands. The region includes significant salt marshes and other coastal waterways, making it an important source of biodiversity in South Carolina.


title: South Carolina Lowcountry

text: Once known for its slave-based agricultural wealth in rice and indigo, crops that flourished in the hot subtropical climate, the Lowcountry today is known for its historic cities and communities, natural environment, cultural heritage, and tourism industry. The communities in low countries are still heavily dominated by African American communities, such as the Gullah/Geechee people. These communities have been increasingly challenged by gentrification in part caused by the tourism industry as well as environmental racism.


title: South Carolina Lowcountry

text: The term "Low Country" originally was all the state below the Fall Line, or the Sandhills which run the width of the state from Aiken County to Chesterfield County. The Sandhills or Carolina Sandhills is a 15–60 km wide region within the Atlantic Coastal Plain province, along the inland margin of this province. The Carolina Sandhills are interpreted as eolian (wind-blown) sand sheets and dunes that were mobilized episodically from approximately 75,000 to 6,000 years ago. Most of the published luminescence ages from the sand are coincident with the last glaciation, a time when the southeastern United States was characterized by colder air temperatures and stronger winds. The area above the Sandhills was known as "Upstate" or "Upcountry". These areas are different in geology, geography, and culture.


title: South Carolina Lowcountry

text: There are several variations on the geographic extent of the "Lowcountry" area. The most commonly accepted definition includes the counties of Charleston, Dorchester, Beaufort, Georgetown, Colleton, Hampton, Berkeley, Jasper, and Williamsburg; often described as the area encompassing the basins of Cooper River, Santee River, ACE(Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto) Basin, Winyah Bay and Savannah River Basin. Some groups include Marion and Horry into the "Lowcountry" region. Dillion is included in the Lowcounty by the largest group of healthcare executives in the state. Four counties are covered by the Lowcountry Council of Governments, a regional governmental entity charged with regional and transportation planning, and are the ones included in the South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism's "Lowcountry and Resort Islands" area. The area includes the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Technically, the Lowcountry is synonymous with the areas with a large population of Gullah Geechee peoples of the region. Gullah Geechee people have traditionally resided in the coastal areas and the sea islands of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida — from Pender County, North Carolina, to St. Johns County, Florida.


title: South Carolina Lowcountry

text: The tourism industry has been a vibrant part of the regions economy since the beginning of the 20th century. The tourism commission currently advertises both nature-based tourism and historic sites. The pressure of the tourism industry on the coast both encroaches on marshland and places pressure on African American communities.


title: South Carolina Lowcountry

text: The industry tends to emphasize the Gullah Geechee cultural tradition as part of the Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor. Important to this cultural tradition are traditional seagrass baskets. However, harvesting the natural seagrass is under pressure from both development and overharvesting.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: The Duchy of Schleswig (; ; ; ) was a duchy in Southern Jutland () covering the area between about 60 km (35 miles) north and 70 km (45 mi) south of the current border between Germany and Denmark. The territory has been divided between the two countries since 1920, with Northern Schleswig in Denmark and Southern Schleswig in Germany. The region is also called Sleswick in English.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: Unlike Holstein and Lauenburg, Schleswig was never a part of the German Confederation. Schleswig was instead a fief of Denmark, and its inhabitants spoke Danish, German, and North Frisian. Both Danish and German National Liberals wanted Schleswig to be part of a Danish or German national state in the 19th century. A German uprising in March 1848 caused the First Schleswig War which ended in 1852. The Second Schleswig War (1864) ended with the three duchies being governed jointly by Austria and Prussia. In 1866, they became a part of Prussia.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: From early medieval times, the area's significance lay in being the buffer province of Scandinavia and the Danish Realm towards the powerful Holy Roman Empire to the south, as well as being a transit area for the transfer of goods between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, connecting the trade route through Russia with the trade routes along the Rhine and the Atlantic coast (see also Kiel Canal).


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: Roman sources place the homeland of the tribe of Jutes north of the river Eider and that of the Angles south of it. The Angles in turn bordered the neighbouring Saxons. By the early Middle Ages, the region was inhabited by three groups:


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: During the 14th century, the population on Schwansen began to speak Low German alongside Danish, but otherwise the ethno-linguistic borders remained remarkably stable until around 1800, with the exception of the population in the towns that became increasingly German from the 14th century onwards.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: During the early Viking Age, Hedeby – Scandinavia's biggest trading centre – was located in this region, which is also the location of the interlocking fortifications known as the "Danewerk" or "Danevirke". Its construction, and in particular its great expansion around 737, has been interpreted as an indication of the emergence of a unified Danish state. In May 1931, scientists of the National Museum of Denmark announced that they had unearthed eighteen Viking graves with the remains of eighteen men in them. The discovery came during excavations in Schleswig. The skeletons indicated that the men were bigger proportioned than twentieth-century Danish men. Each of the graves was laid out from east to west. Researchers surmised that the bodies were entombed in wooden coffins originally, but only the iron nails remained. Towards the end of the Early Middle Ages, Schleswig formed part of the historical Lands of Denmark as Denmark unified out of a number of petty chiefdoms in the 8th to 10th centuries in the wake of Viking expansion.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: The southern boundary of Denmark in the region of the Eider River and the Danevirke was a source of continuous dispute. The Treaty of Heiligen was signed in 811 between the Danish King Hemming and Charlemagne, by which the border was established at the Eider. During the 10th century, there were several wars between East Francia and Denmark. In 1027, Conrad II and Canute the Great again fixed their mutual border at the Eider.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: In 1115, King Niels created his nephew Canute Lavard – a son of his predecessor Eric I – Earl of Schleswig, a title used for only a short time before the recipient began to style himself Duke.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: In the 1230s, Southern Jutland (the Duchy of Slesvig) was allotted as an appanage to Abel Valdemarsen, Canute's great-grandson, a younger son of Valdemar II of Denmark. Abel, having wrested the Danish throne to himself for a brief period, left his duchy to his sons and their successors, who pressed claims to the throne of Denmark for much of the next century, so that the Danish kings were at odds with their cousins, the dukes of Slesvig. Feuds and marital alliances brought the Abel dynasty into a close connection with the German Duchy of Holstein by the 15th century. The latter was a fief subordinate to the Holy Roman Empire, while Schleswig remained a Danish fief. These dual loyalties were to become a main root of the dispute between the German states and Denmark in the 19th century, when the ideas of romantic nationalism and the nation-state gained popular support.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: The title of Duke of Schleswig was inherited in 1460 by the hereditary kings of Norway, who were also regularly elected kings of Denmark simultaneously, and their sons (unlike Denmark, which was not hereditary). This was an anomaly – a king holding a ducal title of which he as king was the fount and liege lord. The title and anomaly survived presumably because it was already co-regally held by the king's sons. Between 1544 and 1713/20, the ducal reign had become a condominium, with the royal House of Oldenburg and its cadet branch House of Holstein-Gottorp jointly holding the stake. A third branch in the condominium, the short-lived House of Haderslev, was already extinct in 1580 by the time of John the Elder.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: Following the Protestant Reformation, when Latin was replaced as the medium of church service by the vernacular languages, the diocese of Schleswig was divided and an autonomous archdeaconry of Haderslev created. On the west coast, the Danish diocese of Ribe ended about 5 km (3 mi) north of the present border. This created a new cultural dividing line in the duchy because German was used for church services and teaching in the diocese of Schleswig and Danish was used in the diocese of Ribe and the archdeaconry of Haderslev. This line corresponds remarkably closely with the present border.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: In the 17th century, a series of wars between Denmark and Sweden—which Denmark lost—devastated the region economically. However, the nobility responded with a new agricultural system that restored prosperity. In the period 1600 to 1800 the region experienced the growth of manorialism of the sort common in the rye-growing regions of eastern Germany. The manors were large holdings with the work done by feudal peasant farmers. They specialized in high quality dairy products. Feudal lordship was combined with technical modernization, and the distinction between unfree labour and paid work was often vague. The feudal system was gradually abolished in the late 18th century, starting with the crown lands in 1765 and later the estates of the nobility. In 1805 all serfdom was abolished and land tenure reforms allowed former peasants to own their own farms.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: From around 1800 to 1840, the Danish-speaking population on the Angeln peninsula between Schleswig and Flensburg began to switch to Low German and in the same period many North Frisians also switched to Low German. This linguistic change created a new de facto dividing line between German and Danish speakers north of Tønder and south of Flensburg.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: From around 1830, large segments of the population began to identify with either German or Danish nationality and mobilized politically. In Denmark, the National Liberal Party used the Schleswig Question as part of their agitation and demanded that the Duchy be incorporated into the Danish kingdom under the slogan "Denmark to the Eider". This caused a conflict between Denmark and the German states over Schleswig and Holstein, which led to the Schleswig-Holstein Question of the 19th century.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: When the National Liberals came to power in Denmark in early 1848, it provoked an uprising of ethnic Germans in the duchies. This led to the First War of Schleswig (1848–51). The Schleswig-Holsteiners were supported by the German Confederation of which Holstein (and Lauenburg) was a member state. Although Schleswig was never a part of the Confederation, the Confederation (and the short-lived German Empire of that time) treated Schleswig largely as such. The ideological argument was not only an ethnic but also a historical one: the German side referred to a medieval treaty that claimed that Schleswig and Holstein should be forever united (in Low German: "up ewig ungedeelt"). The federal and then imperial troops consisted mainly of Prussian divisions.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: Under pressure of the other great powers, Prussia had to retreat (in summer 1848 and again in summer 1850). This left the Schleswig-Holstein rebels to their fate. In 1851 the rebel government and its army were disbanded. In the London Protocol of 1852 the great powers confirmed that the king of Denmark was the duke of the duchies but also the status of the duchies as being distinct from Denmark proper.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: Denmark again attempted to integrate Schleswig by creating a new common constitution (the so-called November Constitution) for Denmark and Schleswig in 1863. This was met by German states in two ways:


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: The defeated Danish king had to leave Schleswig and Holstein to Austria and Prussia. They created a condominium over Schleswig and Holstein. Under the Gastein Convention of 14 August 1865, Lauenburg was given to Prussia, while Austria administered Holstein and Prussia Schleswig.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: However, tensions between the two German powers culminated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Follwowing the Peace of Prague, the victorious Prussians annexed both Schleswig and Holstein, creating the province of Schleswig-Holstein. Provision for the cession of northern Schleswig to Denmark was made pending a popular vote in favour of this. In 1878, however, Austria went back on this provision, and Denmark recognized in a Treaty of 1907 with Germany that, by the agreement between Austria and Prussia, the frontier between Prussia and Denmark had finally been settled.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: The Treaty of Versailles provided for plebiscites to determine the allegiance of the region. Thus, two referendums were held in 1920, resulting in the partition of the region. Northern Schleswig voted by a majority of 75% to join Denmark, whereas Central Schleswig voted by a majority of 80% to remain part of Germany. In Southern Schleswig, no referendum was held, as the likely outcome was apparent. The name Southern Schleswig is now used for all of German Schleswig. This decision left substantial minorities on both sides of the new border.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: Following the Second World War, a substantial part of the German population in Southern Schleswig changed their nationality and declared themselves as Danish. This change was caused by a number of factors, most importantly the German defeat and an influx of a large number of refugees from the former Prussian eastern provinces, whose culture and appearance differed from the local Germans, who were mostly descendants of Danish families who had changed their nationality in the 19th century.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: The change in demographics created a temporary Danish majority in the region and a demand for a new referendum from the Danish population in South Schleswig and some Danish politicians, including prime minister Knud Kristensen. However, the majority in the Danish parliament refused to support a referendum in South Schleswig, fearing that the "new Danes" were not genuine in their change of nationality. This proved to be the case and, from 1948 the Danish population began to shrink again. By the early 1950s, it had nevertheless stabilised at a level four times higher than the pre-war number.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: In the Copenhagen-Bonn declaration of 1955, West Germany (later Germany as a whole) and Denmark promised to uphold the rights of each other's minority population. Today, both parts co-operate as a cross-border Euroregion: Region Sønderjylland–Schleswig. As Denmark and Germany are both part of the Schengen Area, there are no regular controls at the border.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: In the 19th century, there was a naming dispute concerning the use of or and (Southern Jutland). Originally the duchy was called but in the late 14th century the name of the city Slesvig (now Schleswig) started to be used for the whole territory. The term was hardly used between the 16th and 19th centuries, and in this period the name had no special political connotations. However, around 1830 some Danes started to re-introduce the archaic term to emphasize the area's history before its association with Holstein and its connection with the rest of Jutland. Its revival and widespread use in the 19th century therefore had a clear Danish nationalist connotation of laying a claim to the territory and objecting to the German claims. "Olsen's Map", published by the Danish cartographer Olsen in the 1830s, used this term, arousing a storm of protests by the duchy's German inhabitants. Even though many Danish nationalists, such as the National Liberal ideologue and agitator Orla Lehmann, used the name , it began to assume a clear German nationalist character in the mid 19th century – especially when included in the combined term "Schleswig-Holstein". A central element of the German nationalistic claim was the insistence on Schleswig and Holstein being a single, indivisible entity. Since Holstein was legally part of the German Confederation, and ethnically entirely German with no Danish population, use of that name implied that both provinces should belong to Germany and that their connection with Denmark should be weakened or altogether severed.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: After the German conquest in 1864, the term became increasingly dominant among the Danish population, even though most Danes still had no objection to the use of as such (it is etymologically of Danish origin) and many of them still used it themselves in its Danish version . An example is the founding of (The North Schleswig Farmers Association). In 1866 Schleswig and Holstein were legally merged into the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein.


title: Duchy of Schleswig

text: The naming dispute was resolved with the 1920 plebiscites and partition, each side applying its preferred name to the part of the territory remaining in its possession – though both terms can, in principle, still refer to the entire region. Northern Schleswig was, after the 1920 plebiscites, officially named the Southern Jutland districts (), while Southern Schleswig then remained a part of the Prussian province, which became the German state of Schleswig-Holstein in 1946.


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: Mrs. Serial Killer, also spelled as Mrs Serial Killer, is a 2020 Indian crime thriller film, written and directed by Shirish Kunder and produced by his wife Farah Khan. The film stars Jacqueline Fernandez, Manoj Bajpayee and Mohit Raina in the main lead roles while Aamir Khan's niece Zayn Marie Khan makes her acting debut in the film.


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: Jacqueline plays the titular role of the film. The film was released on Netflix on 1 May, coinciding with May Day.


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: Sona Mukherjee tells her husband Mrityunjoy Mukherjee (Joy) that she's pregnant. Inspector Imran Shahid, who is also Sona's ex-boyfriend, visits her house to collect evidence against Joy in a serial killing case. Sona thinks Shahid is just trying to frame Joy to take revenge on him for taking away his love.


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: The serial killing case is that of six girls who went missing; their bodies were found in an isolated house owned by Joy. All the victims were unmarried and pregnant and were then aborted and dismembered. Joy, a gynaecologist, is arrested and the town's people lose respect for him. Sona, who firmly believes that Joy is innocent and framed by Shahid, visits Joy in prison, and Joy tells her to ask a famous lawyer Mr. Rastogi for help, whom he had saved before. Joy's bail application is rejected by the court for all found evidence is against Joy. Rastogi suggests that Sona prove Joy's innocence by killing one more girl in the same way the previous six were killed to prove that the killer is not Joy.


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: Sona is a kind person and unwilling to hurt anyone but finally agrees after she is convinced that there's no other way to prove Joy's innocence. She chooses her neighbor Anushka Tiwari, an unmarried pregnant girl. News of Anushka's death reaches police, making the court believe Joy is not the killer. He is granted bail.


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: After Joy returns home, Sona shows him Anushka, who is still held captive by her. Sona didn't actually kill her, but found an unclaimed body and dressed it up to make it look like Anushka's body. Meanwhile, Anushka's boyfriend Sid follows them and finds that Anushka is actually alive in the basement of Joy's clinic. Sid tries to free her but accidentally locks himself in the cupboard.


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: Sona wakes up in the night to find Joy missing. She drives to the clinic immediately to find Joy about to kill Anushka. Sona now realizes that he is indeed the killer of the six girls. She tries to save Anushka but he pins her hand on the table with his scalpel. Sid is also tied up by Joy, but he manages to contact Shahid, who immediately arrives, only to be tied by Joy too. Joy is now going to abort and dismember Anushka right in front of them. Shahid manages to free himself and Sona, who gets Sid and Anushka to escape. During his attempt to kill Anushka, Joy accidentally stabs Sona after she throws herself in front of Sid and Anushka. Shahid stabs Joy from behind, presumably killing him.


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: Sona wakes up in hospital with Shahid beside her and learns she has lost her baby. He tells her that Anushka is not going to file a case against her because she saved her life. Joy is also saved by the doctor and alive, but escapes from the hospital before anyone is aware. Rastogi, who is now revealed to have known Joy's crime already, and possibly had a role in those killings, meets Joy and gives him shelter.


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: Shubhra Gupta in her zero-star review for The Indian Express stated "Nothing, not Fernandez in her perfectly coiffed curls, nor Raina trying very hard to appear as if he knows what’s going on, nor the sundry others who come and go, help. Nor, I’m forced to regretfully report, Bajpayee, who should have known better." Rohan Naahar of Hindustan Times said "Not only does it disrespect your intelligence, it pretends --for a brief time towards the end -- that it has been in on the joke all along. It has none of the tongue-in-cheek chuckles that producer Farah Khan’s Main Hoon Na did, but is, instead, a strong contender for one of the worst films of 2020."


title: Mrs. Serial Killer

text: Jonathon Wilson of "Ready steady Cut" gave the film 3 out of 5 saying "A genuinely compelling premise makes Mrs. Serial Killer (Netflix) a much better showcase for Jacqueline Fernandez than the woeful Drive."


title: Cholecystokinin

text: Cholecystokinin (CCK or CCK-PZ; from Greek "chole", "bile"; "cysto", "sac"; "kinin", "move"; hence, "move the bile-sac (gallbladder)") is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. Cholecystokinin, formerly called pancreozymin, is synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. Its presence causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively, and also acts as a hunger suppressant.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: Evidence that the small intestine controls the release of bile was uncovered as early as 1856, when French physiologist Claude Bernard showed that when dilute acetic acid was applied to the orifice of the bile duct, the duct released bile into the duodenum. In 1903 the French physiologist showed that this reflex was not mediated by the nervous system. In 1904 the French physiologist Charles Fleig showed that the discharge of bile was mediated by a substance that was conveyed by the blood. There remained the possibility that the increased flow of bile in response to the presence of acid in the duodenum might be due to secretin, which had been discovered in 1902. The problem was finally resolved in 1928 by Andrew Conway Ivy and his colleague Eric Oldberg of the Northwestern University Medical School, who found a new hormone that caused contraction of the gall bladder and that they called "cholecystokinin". In 1943, Alan A. Harper and Henry S. Raper of the University of Manchester discovered a hormone that stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion and that they named "pancreozymin"; however, pancreozymin was subsequently found to be cholecystokinin. Swedish biochemists Johannes Erik Jorpes and Viktor Mutt undertook the monumental task of isolating and purifying porcine cholecystokinin and then determining its amino acid sequence. They finally presented porcine cholecystokinin's amino acid sequence in 1968.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: Cholecystokinin is a member of the gastrin/cholecystokinin family of peptide hormones and is very similar in structure to gastrin, another gastrointestinal hormone. CCK and gastrin share the same five C-terminal amino acids. CCK is composed of varying numbers of amino acids depending on post-translational modification of the 150-amino acid precursor, preprocholecystokinin. Thus, the CCK peptide hormone exists in several forms, each identified by the number of amino acids it contains, e.g., CCK-58, CCK-33, CCK-22 and CCK-8. CCK58 assumes a helix-turn-helix configuration. Biological activity resides in the C-terminus of the peptide. Most CCK peptides have a sulfate group attached to a tyrosine located seven residues from the C-terminus (see tyrosine sulfation). This modification is crucial for the ability of CCK to activate the cholecystokinin A receptor. Nonsulfated CCK peptides also occur, which consequently cannot activate the CCK-A receptor, but their biological role remains unclear.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: CCK plays important physiological roles both as a neuropeptide in the central nervous system and as a peptide hormone in the gut. It is the most abundant neuropeptide in the central nervous system. CCK has been researched thoroughly for its role in digestion and it participates in a number of processes such as digestion, satiety and anxiety.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: CCK is synthesized and released by enteroendocrine cells in the mucosal lining of the small intestine (mostly in the duodenum and jejunum), called I cells, neurons of the enteric nervous system, and neurons in the brain. It is released rapidly into the circulation in response to a meal. The greatest stimulator of CCK release is the presence of fatty acids and/or certain in the amino acids in the chyme entering the duodenum. In addition, release of CCK is stimulated by monitor peptide (released by pancreatic acinar cells), CCK-releasing protein (via paracrine signalling mediated by enterocytes in the gastric and intestinal mucosa), and acetylcholine (released by the parasympathetic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve).


title: Cholecystokinin

text: CCK mediates digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting gastric emptying. It stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to release a juice rich in pancreatic digestive enzymes (hence an alternate name, "pancreozymin") that catalyze the digestion of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Thus, as the levels of the substances that stimulated the release of CCK drop, the concentration of the hormone drops as well. The release of CCK is also inhibited by somatostatin and pancreatic peptide. Trypsin, a protease released by pancreatic acinar cells, hydrolyzes CCK-releasing peptide and monitor peptide, in effect turning off the additional signals to secrete CCK.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: CCK also causes the increased production of hepatic bile, and stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi (Glisson's sphincter), resulting in the delivery of bile into the duodenal part of the small intestine. Bile salts form amphipathic lipids, micelles that emulsify fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: As a peptide hormone, CCK mediates satiety by acting on the CCK receptors distributed widely throughout the central nervous system. The mechanism for hunger suppression is thought to be a decrease in the rate of gastric emptying. CCK also has stimulatory effects on the vagus nerve, effects that can be inhibited by capsaicin. The stimulatory effects of CCK oppose those of ghrelin, which has been shown to inhibit the vagus nerve.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: The effects of CCK vary between individuals. For example, in rats, CCK administration significantly reduces hunger in adult males, but is slightly less effective in younger subjects, and even slightly less effective in females. The hunger-suppressive effects of CCK also are reduced in obese rats.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: CCK is found extensively throughout the central nervous system, with high concentrations found in the limbic system. CCK is synthesized as a 115 amino acid preprohormone, that is then converted into multiple isoforms. The predominant form of CCK in the central nervous system is the sulfated octapeptide, CCK-8S.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: In both humans and rodents, studies clearly indicate that elevated CCK levels causes increased anxiety. The site of the anxiety-inducing effects of CCK seems to be central with specific targets being the basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, peraqueductal grey, and cortical regions.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: The CCK tetrapeptide fragment CCK-4 (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH) reliably causes anxiety and panic attacks (panicogenic effect) when administered to humans and is commonly used in scientific research for this purpose of in order to test new anxiolytic drugs. Positron emission tomography visualization of regional cerebral blood flow in patients undergoing CCK-4 induced panic attacks show changes in the anterior cingulate gyrus, the claustrum-insular-amygdala region, and cerebellar vermis.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: Several studies have implicated CCK as a cause of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Mutations in CCK receptors in combination with mutated CCK genes potentiate this association. These studies also uncovered potential racial/ethnic differences in the distribution of mutated CCK genes.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: CCK has been shown to interact with the Cholecystokinin A receptor located mainly on pancreatic acinar cells and Cholecystokinin B receptor mostly in the brain and stomach. CCK receptor also binds gastrin, a gastrointestinal hormone involved in stimulating gastric acid release and growth of the gastric mucosa. CCK has also been shown to interact with calcineurin in the pancreas. Calcineurin will go on to activate the transcription factors NFAT 1–3, which will stimulate hypertrophy and growth of the pancreas. CCK can be stimulated by a diet high in protein, or by protease inhibitors. CCK has been shown to interact with orexin neurons, which control appetite and wakefulness (sleep). CCK can have indirect effects on sleep regulation.


title: Cholecystokinin

text: CCK in the body cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, but certain parts of the hypothalamus and brainstem are not protected by the barrier.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: The Quebec Liberal Party (QLP; , PLQ) is a provincial political party in Quebec. It has been independent of the federal Liberal Party of Canada since 1955. The QLP has always been associated with the colour red; each of their main opponents in different eras have been generally associated with the colour blue.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: The QLP has traditionally supported a form of Quebec federalist ideology with nuanced Canadian nationalist tones that supports Quebec remaining within the Canadian federation, while also supporting reforms that would allow substantial autonomism in Quebec. In the context of federal Canadian politics, it is a more centrist party when compared to Conservative and Liberal parties in other provinces, such as the British Columbia Liberal Party.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: The Liberal Party is descended from the Parti canadien, or Parti Patriote who supported the 1837 Lower Canada Rebellion, and the Parti rouge, who fought for responsible government and against the authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Lower Canada.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: The Liberals were in opposition to the ruling Conservatives for most of the first 20 years after Canadian Confederation, except for 18 months of Liberal minority government in 1878–1879. However, the situation changed in 1885 when the federal Conservative government refused to commute the death sentence of Louis Riel, the leader of the French-speaking Métis people of western Canada. This decision was unpopular in Quebec. Honoré Mercier rode this wave of discontent to power in 1887, but was brought down by a scandal in 1891. He was later cleared of all charges. The Conservatives returned to power until 1897.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: The Liberals won the 1897 election, and held power without interruption for the next 39 years; the Conservatives never held power in Québec again. This mirrored the situation in Ottawa, where the arrival of Wilfrid Laurier in the 1896 federal election marked the beginning of Liberal Party of Canada dominance at the federal level. Notable long-serving Premiers of Quebec in this era were Lomer Gouin and Louis-Alexandre Taschereau.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: By 1935, the Conservatives had an ambitious new leader, Maurice Duplessis. Duplessis merged his party with dissident ex-Liberals who had formed the Action libérale nationale. Duplessis led the new party, the Union Nationale (UN), to power in the 1936 election. The Liberals returned to power in the 1939 election, but lost it again in the 1944 election. They remained in opposition to the Union Nationale until one year after Duplessis's death in 1959.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: Under Jean Lesage, the party won a historic election victory in 1960, ending sixteen years of rule by the national-conservative "Union Nationale". This marked the beginning of the Quiet Revolution, which dramatically changed Québec society. During this time a social-democratic faction within the party was especially prominent. Under the slogans "C'est l'temps qu'ça change" (it's time for change) in 1960 and "maîtres chez nous" (masters in our own house) in 1962, the Quebec government undertook several major initiatives, including:


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: Under Lesage, the Liberals developed a Quebec nationalist wing. In July 1964, the Quebec Liberal Federation led by Lesage formally disaffiliated from the federal Liberal Party of Canada, making the Quebec Liberal Party a distinct organization from its federal counterpart.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: In October 1967, former cabinet minister René Lévesque0 proposed that the party endorse his plan for sovereignty association. The proposal was rejected and, as a result, some Liberals, including Lévesque, left the Liberals to join the sovereignty movement, participating in the founding of the "Parti Québécois" (PQ) under Lévesque's leadership.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: Relations soured between the Quebec Liberal Party and the federal Liberal Party under Lesage, and worsened further under Robert Bourassa who had a poor relationship with Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: First elected in 1970, Robert Bourassa instituted Bill 22 to introduce French as the official language in Quebec, and pushed Trudeau for constitutional concessions. Reelected in 1973, his government was also embarrassed by several scandals. Bourassa resigned from the party's leadership after the loss of the 1976 election to René Lévesque's "Parti Québécois".


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: Bourassa was succeeded as Liberal leader by Claude Ryan, the former director of the respected Montréal newspaper, "Le Devoir". Ryan led the successful federalist campaign in the 1980 Quebec referendum on Québec sovereignty, but then lost the 1981 election. He resigned as Liberal leader some time later, paving the way for the return of Robert Bourassa.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: When Bourassa returned as Premier in 1985, he persuaded the federal Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney to recognize Quebec as a distinct society, and sought greater powers for Quebec and the other provinces. This resulted in the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord. Both of these proposals, however, were not ratified. While a Quebec nationalist, Bourassa remained an opponent of independence for Quebec.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: Daniel Johnson Jr. succeeded Bourassa as Liberal leader and Premier of Québec in 1994, but soon lost the 1994 election to the "Parti Québécois" under Jacques Parizeau.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: In 1993, after the failure of the Charlottetown Accord, many nationalist members of the Liberal party led by Jean Allaire and Mario Dumont, including many from the party's youth wing, left to form the "Action démocratique du Québec" (ADQ) because the Liberal Party dropped most of its autonomist demands during the negotiation of the Charlottetown Accord. As in 1980, the PLQ campaigned successfully for a "no" vote in the 1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: Around the time of the 1998 Quebec general election the party was referred to as being on the centre-right of the political spectrum.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: The Liberals regained power in the 2003 election. Premier Jean Charest was a federal cabinet minister with the now-defunct Progressive Conservative Party including a stint as Deputy Prime Minister and even serving as its leader for a time. The QLP government proposed a policy of reform of social programs and cuts to government spending and the civil service, and established a controversial health system fee for all taxpayers.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: It has also softened language policies. In response to a Supreme Court of Canada decision overruling a loophole-closing stopgap measure enacted by the Bernard Landry government, the Liberals enacted Loi 104 which provides for English-language, unsubsidized private school students to transfer into the subsidized English-language system, thus receiving the right to attend English schools in Québec for their siblings and all descendants, should the student demonstrate a bureaucratically-defined "parcours authentique" within the English system. Meanwhile, the Office québécois de la langue française (Quebec Board of the French Language) under the Liberal provincial government has also opted for a demand-side strategy for the enforcement of language laws, using a number of publicity campaigns, including stickers which merchants may voluntarily affix on their shop windows stating that French service may be obtained within, allowing for consumers to "choose" stores which will serve them in French.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: The Liberal party suffered a major setback in the 2007 election, which saw them reduced to a minority government, having lost francophone support to the surging ADQ. However, the party regained a majority in the 2008 election, which saw the collapse of ADQ support and the return of the Parti Québécois as the main opposition party. Election turnout was the lowest in Québec since the Quiet Revolution.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: Since its most recent election, the Liberal government has faced a number of scandals, including historic losses at the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, the attribution of highly sought-after subsidized daycare spaces to Liberal Party donors, as well as allegations of systemic construction industry corruption which arose notably during the 2009 Montréal municipal election. After public pressure, the Liberal government eventually called for a public commission of inquiry. Jean Charest's personal approval ratings have at times been lower than those of other premiers.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: In 2012, the Liberal government announced it was going to raise university tuition from $2,168 to $3,793 in increments between 2012 and 2017. This move proved controversial, leading to a significant portion of Quebec post-secondary students striking against the measures. In response to the discord the Quebec Liberal government introduced controversial emergency legislation via Bill 78 that restricted student protest activities, attacking students' right to strike and to demonstrate peacefully, and dealt with the administrative issues resulting from so many students missing classes.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: After almost a decade in power, the Liberal government of Jean Charest was defeated in the 2012 provincial election by the Parti Québécois led by Pauline Marois. Charest was also personally defeated in his constituency and resigned as party leader.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: They came back into power during the 2014 election under Philippe Couillard. In the 2018 election, they became the official opposition.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: The contemporary Québec Liberal Party is a broad-based federalist and multiculturalist coalition including among its members some supporters of the federal Liberals, New Democratic Party, Bloc Québécois, Greens, and Conservatives. In terms of voter support, it has always been able to rely on the great majority of non-francophones in Québec.


title: Quebec Liberal Party

text: The Quebec Liberal Party has faced various opposing parties in its history. Its main opposition from the time of the Confederation (1867) to the 1930s was the Parti conservateur du Québec. That party's successor, the Union Nationale, was the main opposition to the Liberals until the 1970s. Since then the Liberals have alternated in power with the Parti Québécois, a Quebec sovereigntist, self-described social-democratic party and very recently with the Coalition Avenir Québec, a Quebec autonomist and conservative party.


title: Salim Ali

text: Sálim Moizuddin Abdul Ali (12 November 1896 – 20 June 1987) was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist. Sometimes referred to as the ""Birdman of India"", Salim Ali was the first Indian to conduct systematic bird surveys across India and wrote several bird books that popularized ornithology in India. He became a key figure behind the Bombay Natural History Society after 1947 and used his personal influence to garner government support for the organisation, create the Bharatpur bird sanctuary (Keoladeo National Park) and prevent the destruction of what is now the Silent Valley National Park.


title: Salim Ali

text: Along with Sidney Dillon Ripley he wrote the landmark ten volume "Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan", a second edition of which was completed after his death. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1958 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1976, India's third and second highest civilian honours respectively. Several species of birds, Salim Ali's fruit bat, a couple of bird sanctuaries and institutions have been named after him.


title: Salim Ali

text: Salim Ali was born into a Sulaimani Bohra family in Bombay, the ninth and youngest child of Moizuddin Tyabji. His father died when he was a year old and his mother Zeenat-un-nissa died when he was three. Along with his siblings, Ali was brought up by his maternal uncle, Amiruddin Tyabji, and childless aunt, Hamida Begum, in a middle-class household in Khetwadi, Mumbai. Another uncle was Abbas Tyabji, a well known Indian freedom fighter. Ali's early interest was in books on hunting in India and he became the most interested in sport-shooting, encouraged by his foster-father Amiruddin. Shooting contests were often held in the neighbourhood in which he grew and his playmates included Iskandar Mirza, a distant cousin who was a particularly good marksman and went on in later life to become the first President of Pakistan.


title: Salim Ali

text: Salim was introduced to the serious study of birds by W. S. Millard, secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) where Amiruddin was a member, who identified an unusually coloured sparrow that young Salim had shot for sport with his toy air gun. Millard identified it as a yellow-throated sparrow, and showed Salim around the Society's collection of stuffed birds. Millard lent Salim a few books including Eha's "Common birds of Bombay", encouraged Salim to make a collection of birds and offered to train him in skinning and preservation. Millard later introduced young Salim to (later Sir) Norman Boyd Kinnear, the first paid curator at the BNHS, who later supported Ali from his position in the British Museum. In his autobiography, "The Fall of a Sparrow", Ali notes the yellow-throated sparrow event as a turning point in his life, one that led him into ornithology, an unusual career choice, especially for an Indian in those days. Even at around 10 years of age, he maintained a diary and among his earliest bird notes were observations on the replacement of males in paired sparrows after he had shot down the male.


title: Salim Ali

text: Salim went to primary school at Zenana Bible and Medical Mission Girls High School at Girgaum along with two of his sisters and later to St. Xavier's College, Bombay. Around the age of 13 he suffered from chronic headaches, making him drop out of class frequently. He was sent to Sind to stay with an uncle who had suggested that the dry air might help and on returning after such breaks in studies, he barely managed to pass the matriculation exam of the Bombay University in 1913.


title: Salim Ali

text: Salim Ali's early education was at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Following a difficult first year in college, he dropped out and went to Tavoy, Burma (Tenasserim) to look after the family's wolfram (tungsten) mining (tungsten was used in armour plating and was valuable during the war) and timber interests there. The forests surrounding this area provided an opportunity for Ali to hone his naturalist and hunting skills. He also made acquaintance with J C Hopwood and Berthold Ribbentrop who were with the Forest Service in Burma. On his return to India in 1917, he decided to continue formal studies. He went to study commercial law and accountancy at Davar's College of Commerce but his true interest was noticed by Father Ethelbert Blatter at St. Xavier's College who persuaded Ali to study zoology. After attending morning classes at Davar's College, he then began to attend zoology classes at St. Xavier's College and was able to complete the course in zoology. Around the same time, he married Tehmina, a distant relative, in December 1918.


title: Salim Ali

text: Ali was fascinated by motorcycles from an early age and starting with a 3.5 HP NSU in Tavoy, he owned a Sunbeam, Harley-Davidsons (three models), a Douglas, a Scott, a New Hudson and a Zenith among others at various times. On invitation to the 1950 International Ornithological Congress at Uppsala in Sweden he shipped his Sunbeam aboard the SS "Stratheden" from Bombay and biked around Europe, injuring himself in a minor mishap in France apart from having several falls on cobbled roads in Germany. When he arrived on a fully loaded bike, just in time for the first session at Uppsala, word went around that he had ridden all the way from India! He regretted not having owned a BMW.


title: Salim Ali

text: Ali failed to get an ornithologist's position which was open at the Zoological Survey of India due to the lack of a formal university degree and the post went instead to M. L. Roonwal. He was hired as guide lecturer in 1926 at the newly opened natural history section in the Prince of Wales Museum in Mumbai with a salary of Rs 350 per month. He however tired of the job after two years and took leave in 1928 to study in Germany, where he was to work under Professor Erwin Stresemann at the Berlin's Natural History Museum. Part of the work involved studying the specimens collected by J. K. Stanford in Burma. Stanford being a BNHS member had communicated with Claud Ticehurst and had suggested that he could work on his own with assistance from the BNHS. Ticehurst did not appreciate the idea of an Indian being involved in the work and resented even more, the involvement of Stresemann, a German. Ticehurst wrote letters to the BNHS suggesting that the idea of collaborating with Stresemann was an insult to Stanford. This was however not heeded by Reginald Spence and Prater who encouraged Ali to conduct the studies at Berlin with the assistance of Stresemann. Ali found Stresemann warm and helpful right from his first letters sent before even meeting him. In his autobiography, Ali calls Stresemann his "guru", to whom all his later queries went. In Berlin, Ali made acquaintance with many of the major German ornithologists of the time including Bernhard Rensch, Oskar Heinroth, Rudolf Drost and Ernst Mayr apart from meeting other Indians in Berlin including the revolutionary Chempakaraman Pillai. Ali also gained experience in bird ringing at the Heligoland Bird Observatory and in 1959 he received the assistance of Swiss ornithologist Alfred Schifferli in India.


title: Salim Ali

text: On his return to India in 1930, he discovered that the guide lecturer position had been eliminated due to lack of funds. Unable to find a suitable job, Salim Ali and Tehmina moved to Kihim, a coastal village near Mumbai. Here he had the opportunity to study at close hand, the breeding of the baya weaver and discovered their mating system of sequential polygamy. Later commentators have suggested that this study was in the tradition of the Mughal naturalists that Salim Ali admired and wrote about in three-part series on the Moghul emperors as naturalists. A few months were then spent in Kotagiri where he had been invited by K.M. Anantan, a retired army doctor who had served in Mesopotamia during World War I. He also came in contact with Mrs Kinloch, widow of BNHS member Angus Kinloch who lived at Donnington near Longwood Shola, and later her son-in-law R C Morris, who lived in the Biligirirangan Hills. Around the same time he discovered an opportunity to conduct systematic bird surveys in the princely states of Hyderabad, Cochin, Travancore, Gwalior, Indore and Bhopal with the sponsorship of their rulers. He was aided and supported in these surveys by Hugh Whistler who had surveyed many parts of India and had kept very careful notes. Whistler published a note on "The study of Indian birds" in 1929 where he mentioned that the racquets at the end of the long tail feathers of the greater racket-tailed drongo lacked webbing on the inner vane. Salim Ali wrote a response pointing out that this was in error and that such inaccuracies had been carried on from early literature and pointed out that it was incorrect observation that did not take into account a twist in the rachis. Whistler was initially resentful of an unknown Indian finding fault and wrote "snooty" letters to the editors of the journal S H Prater and Sir Reginald Spence. Subsequently, Whistler re-examined his specimens and not only admitted his error but became a close friend. Whistler wrote to Ali on 24 October 1938:


title: Salim Ali

text: Whistler also introduced Salim to Richard Meinertzhagen and the two made an expedition into Afghanistan. Although Meinertzhagen had very critical views of him they became good friends. Salim Ali found nothing amiss in Meinertzhagen's bird works but later studies have shown many of his studies to be fraudulent. Meinertzhagen made his diary entries from their days in the field available and Salim Ali reproduces them in his autobiography:


title: Salim Ali

text: He was accompanied and supported on his early surveys by his wife, Tehmina, and was shattered when she died in 1939 following a minor surgery. After Tehmina's death in 1939, Salim Ali stayed with his sister Kamoo and brother-in-law. In the course of his later travels, Ali rediscovered the Kumaon Terai population of the Finn's baya but was unsuccessful in his expedition to find the mountain quail ("Ophrysia superciliosa"), the status of which continues to remain unknown.


title: Salim Ali

text: Ali was not very interested in the details of bird systematics and taxonomy and was more interested in studying birds in the field. Ernst Mayr wrote to Ripley complaining that Ali failed to collect sufficient specimens : "as far as collecting is concerned I don't think he ever understood the necessity for collecting series. Maybe you can convince him of that." Ali himself wrote to Ripley complaining about bird taxonomy:


title: Salim Ali

text: Salim Ali's associations with Sidney Dillon Ripley led to many bureaucratic problems. Ripley's past as an OSS agent led to allegations that the CIA had a hand in the bird-ringing operations in India.


title: Salim Ali

text: Salim Ali took some interest in bird photography along with his friend Loke Wan Tho. Loke had been introduced to Ali by J.T.M. Gibson, a BNHS member and Lieutenant Commander of the Royal Indian Navy, who had taught English to Loke at a school in Switzerland. A wealthy Singapore businessman with a keen interest in birds, Loke helped Ali and the BNHS with financial support. Ali was also interested in the historical aspects of ornithology in India. In a series of articles, among his first publications, he examined the contributions to natural-history of the Mughal emperors. In the 1971 Sunder Lal Hora memorial lecture and the 1978 Azad Memorial Lecture he spoke of the history and importance of bird study in India. Towards the end of his life, he began to document the lives of people in the history of the Bombay Natural History Society but did not complete the series with only four parts published.


title: Salim Ali

text: Salim Ali was very influential in ensuring the survival of the BNHS and managed to save the then 100-year-old institution by writing to the then Prime Minister Pandit Nehru for financial help. Salim also influenced other members of his family. A cousin, Humayun Abdulali became an ornithologist while his niece Laeeq took an interest in birds and was married to Zafar Futehally, a distant cousin of Ali, who went on to become the honorary Secretary of the BNHS and played a major role in the development of bird study through the networking of birdwatchers in India. A grand-nephew Shahid Ali also took an interest in ornithology. Ali also guided several MSc and PhD students, the first of whom was Vijaykumar Ambedkar, who further studied the breeding and ecology of the baya weaver, producing a thesis that was favourably reviewed by David Lack.


title: Salim Ali

text: Ali was able to provide support for the development of ornithology in India by identifying important areas where funding could be obtained. He helped in the establishment of an economic ornithology unit within the Indian Council for Agricultural Research in the mid-1960s although he failed to gain support for a similar proposal in 1935. He was also able to obtain funding for migration studies through a project to study the Kyasanur forest disease, an arthropod-borne virus that appeared to have similarities to a Siberian tick-borne disease. This project partly funded by the PL 480 grants of the USA however ran into political difficulties with allegations made on CIA involvement. The funding for the early bird migration studies actually came for the early studies from the US Army Medical Research Laboratory in Bangkok under the SEATO (South Atlantic Security Pact) and headed by H. Elliott McClure. An Indian science reporter wrote in a local newspaper that the collaboration was secretly exploring the use of migratory birds for spreading deadly viruses and microbes into enemy territories. India was then a non-aligned country and the news led to political upheaval and a committee was set up to examine the research and allegations. Once cleared of these allegations, the project however stopped routing the funds through Bangkok to avoid further suspicions and was directly funded by the Americans to India. In the late 1980s, Ali also headed a BNHS project to reduce bird hits at Indian airfields. He also attempted a citizen science project to study house sparrows in 1963 through Indian birdwatchers subscribed to the "Newsletter for Birdwatchers".


title: Salim Ali

text: Ali had considerable influence in conservation related issues in post-independence India especially through Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi. Indira Gandhi, herself a keen birdwatcher, was influenced by Ali's bird books (a copy of the "Book of Indian Birds" was gifted to her in 1942 by her father Nehru who was in Dehra Dun jail while she herself was imprisoned in Naini Jail) and by the Gandhian birdwatcher Horace Alexander. Ali influenced the designation of the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, the Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary and in decisions that saved the Silent Valley National Park. One of Ali's later interventions at Bharatpur involved the exclusion of cattle and graziers from the sanctuary and this was to prove costly as it resulted in ecological changes that led to a decline in the waterbirds. Some historians have noted that the approach to conservation used by Salim Ali and the BNHS followed an undemocratic process.


title: Salim Ali

text: Ali lived for some time with his brother Hamid Ali (1880-1965) who had retired in 1934 from the Indian Civil Service and settled at Southwood, ancestral home of his father in law, Abbas Tyabji, in Mussoorie. During this period Ali became a close friend of Arthur Foot, principal of The Doon School and his wife Sylvia (referred to jocularly by Ali as the "Feet"). He visited the school often and was an engaging and persuasive advocate of ornithology to successive generations of pupils. As a consequence, he was considered to be part of the Dosco fraternity and became one of the very few people to be made an honorary member of "The Doon School Old Boys Society".


title: Salim Ali

text: Salim Ali held many views that were contrary to the mainstream ideas of his time. A question he was asked frequently in later life was on the contradiction between the collection of bird specimens and his conservation related activism. Although once a fan of "shikar" (hunting) literature, Ali held strong views against sport hunting but upheld the collection of bird specimens for scientific study. He held the view that the practice of wildlife conservation needed to be practical and not grounded in philosophies like "ahimsa". Salim Ali suggested that this fundamental religious sentiment had hindered the growth of bird study in India.


title: Salim Ali

text: In the early 1960s, the national bird of India was under consideration and Salim Ali was intent that it should be the endangered Great Indian bustard, however this proposal was over-ruled in favour of the Indian peacock.


title: Salim Ali

text: Ali was known for his frugal lifestyle, with money saved at the end of many of his projects. Shoddy jobs by people around him could make him very angry. He discouraged smoking and drinking and detested people who snored in their sleep.


title: Salim Ali

text: Although recognition came late, he received several honorary doctorates and numerous awards. The earliest was the "Joy Gobinda Law Gold Medal" in 1953, awarded by the Asiatic Society of Bengal based on an appraisal of his work by Sunder Lal Hora (and in 1970 he received the Sunder Lal Hora memorial Medal of the Indian National Science Academy). He received honorary doctorates from the Aligarh Muslim University (1958), Delhi University (1973) and Andhra University (1978). In 1967 he became the first non-British citizen to receive the Gold Medal of the British Ornithologists' Union. In the same year, he received the J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize consisting of a sum of $100,000, which he used as a corpus for the Salim Ali Nature Conservation Fund. In 1969 he received the John C. Phillips memorial medal of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The USSR Academy of Medical Sciences awarded him the Pavlovsky Centenary Memorial Medal in 1973 and in the same year he was made Commander of the Netherlands Order of the Golden Ark by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. The Indian government decorated him with a "Padma Bhushan" in 1958 and the "Padma Vibhushan" in 1976. He was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 1985.


title: Salim Ali

text: Dr. Salim Ali died in Bombay at the age of 90 on 20 June 1987, after a protracted battle with prostate cancer. In 1990, the Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) was established at Coimbatore by the Government of India. Pondicherry University established the Salim Ali School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. The government of Goa set up the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and the Thattakad bird sanctuary near Vembanad in Kerala also goes by his name. The location of the BNHS headquarters in Mumbai was renamed as "Dr Salim Ali Chowk". In 1972, Kitti Thonglongya discovered a misidentified specimen in the collection of the BNHS and described a new species that he called "Latidens salimalii", considered one of the world's rarest bats, and the only species in the genus "Latidens". The subspecies of the rock bush quail ("Perdicula argoondah salimalii") and the eastern population of Finn's weaver ("Ploceus megarhynchus salimalii") were named after him by Whistler and Abdulali respectively. A subspecies of the black-rumped flameback woodpecker ("Dinopium benghalense tehminae") was named after his wife, Tehmina, by Whistler and Kinnear. Salim Ali's swift ("Apus salimalii") originally described as a population of "Apus pacificus" was recognised as a full species in 2011 while "Zoothera salimalii", an undescribed population within the "Zoothera mollissima" complex, was named after him in 2016.


title: Salim Ali

text: On his 100th birth Anniversary (12 November 1996) Postal Department of Government of India released a set of two postal stamps.


title: Salim Ali

text: Salim Ali wrote numerous journal articles, chiefly in the "Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society". He also wrote a number of popular and academic books, many of which remain in print. Ali credited Tehmina, who had studied in England, for helping improve his English prose. Some of his literary pieces were used in a collection of English writing. A popular article that he wrote in 1930 "Stopping by the woods on a Sunday morning" was reprinted in "The Indian Express" on his birthday in 1984. His most popular work was "The Book of Indian Birds", written in the style of Whistler's "Popular Handbook of Birds", first published in 1941 and subsequently translated into several languages with numerous later editions. The first ten editions sold more than forty-six thousand copies. The first edition was reviewed by Ernst Mayr in 1943, who commended it while noting that the illustrations were not to the standard of American bird-books. His "magnum opus" was however the 10 volume "Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan" written with Dillon Ripley and often referred to as ""the handbook"". This work began in 1964 and ended in 1974 with a second edition completed after his death by others, notably J. S. Serrao of the BNHS, Bruce Beehler, Michel Desfayes and Pamela Rasmussen. A single volume "compact edition" of the "Handbook" was also produced and a supplementary illustrative work, the first to cover all the birds of India, "A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent", by John Henry Dick and Dillon Ripley was published in 1983. The plates from this work were incorporated in the second edition of the "Handbook". He also produced a number of regional field guides, including "The Birds of Kerala" (the first edition in 1953 was titled "The Birds of Travancore and Cochin"), "The Birds of Sikkim", "The Birds of Kutch" (later as "The Birds of Gujarat"), "Indian Hill Birds" and "Birds of the Eastern Himalayas". Several low-cost book were produced by the National Book Trust including "Common Birds" (1967) coauthored with his niece Laeeq Futehally which was reprinted in several editions with translations into Hindi and other languages. In 1985 he wrote his autobiography "The Fall of a Sparrow". Ali provided his own vision for the Bombay Natural History Society, noting the importance of conservation action. In the 1986 issue of the "Journal" "of the BNHS" he noted the role that the BNHS had played, the changing interests from hunting to conservation captured in 64 volumes that were preserved in microfiche copies, and the zenith that he claimed it had reached under the exceptional editorship of S H Prater.


title: Salim Ali

text: A two-volume compilation of his shorter letters and writings was published in 2006, edited by Tara Gandhi, one of his last students. She also edited a collection of transcripts of radio talks given by Salim Ali, which was published in 2021.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Cartoon Network (often abbreviated as CN) is an Indian cable and satellite television channel operated by Warner Bros. Discovery under its international division. The channel is the Indian equivalent to the original American network and was launched on 1 May 1995 as the first television network in India dedicated to children. The channel primarily airs animated programming.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Cartoon Network was the first dedicated children's television channel in India, which was launched on 1 May 1995, as a dual-channel with Cartoon Network operating from 5:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. (later 9:00 p.m.) and Turner Classic Movies (formerly TNT) taking up the remainder of the daily schedule. On 1 July 2001, Cartoon Network India commenced daily full-day broadcasts.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In early 2004, a separate feed of the channel dedicated to Pakistani and Bangladeshi viewers was launched.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Cartoon Network India initially only aired Hanna-Barbera cartoons such as "The Yogi Bear Show", "Top Cat", "The Flintstones", and "Scooby-Doo". The channel quickly started to develop, with them airing MGM cartoons such as "Tom and Jerry", "Droopy", and "Spike and Tyke" for the first time in 1996, and after Time Warner's purchase of Turner in 1996, Warner Bros. produced cartoons such as "Looney Tunes" in 1997. In 1998, Cartoon Network India began airing Cartoon Network originals, such as "Space Ghost Coast to Coast" and "The Moxy Show".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 4 January 1999, the channel started to offer Hindi-dubbed versions of its shows, such as "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", "The Flintstones", "The Jetsons", "Speed Racer", "", "", "The Addams Family", "The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest", "Captain Planet," and certain other select programs.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 23 August 1999, the channel received a rebrand, introducing new bumpers, new shows and a new "powerhouse" theme. The new shows for 1999 were its original shows "Dexter's Laboratory", "Cow & Chicken", "I Am Weasel", "Ed, Edd n' Eddy," and "Johnny Bravo".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: The following year, 2000, saw more Cartoon Network originals being introduced, including "The Powerpuff Girls", "Mike, Lu & Og," and "Courage the Cowardly Dog". DC Animated Universe series started premiering in 2000s starting with "" (2000) followed by "The Adventures of Batman and Robin" (2000), "The New Batman Adventures" (2000), "Batman Beyond" (2001), "" (2001), and "Justice League" (2002). On 28 February 2000, a Tamil feed was launched on the network.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In 2001, "Sheep in the Big City", "Time Squad," and "Samurai Jack" premiered in India. On 1 July 2001, Cartoon Network became a 24-hour channel.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In September 2001, the "Toonami" block was introduced that primarily consists of Japanese anime and occasionally American action animation like "Dragon Ball Z", "Inazuma Eleven", "," and "Superman: The Animated Series". A "Night Shift" block was introduced in November 2001 to target teens and adults. The programming included "Birdman and the Galaxy Trio", "The Brak Show", "Galtar and the Golden Lance", and "Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In 2002, Cartoon Network signed deal with Mattel to air Barbie films starting with "Barbie as Rapunzel", which premiered on 4 November 2002.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 27 January 2003, Tiny TV, a preschool programming block, was launched. This block was later shifted to sister channel Pogo TV. The channel also started acquiring local series and films in 2003 starting with "The Adventures of Tenali Raman". Other acquisitions include series like "The Adventures of Chhota Birbal", "Akbar and Birbal", "Jungle Tales" and television films like "Vikram and Betaal". "Pokémon" series was launched on 26 May 2003.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: The anime series "Beyblade" was also launched on 3 June 2005, which enjoyed a No. 1 or No. 2 position in the kids genre, along with "Pokémon".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 1 October 2005, the bumpers were replaced with 3D animations of the 'CN (Cartoon Network) City' that all the Cartoon Network toon characters lived in. Show-specific bumpers were replaced with 3D animations of a well-known scene from the particular show (e.g., a "Dexter's Laboratory" bumper would feature Dexter's house, a "Powerpuff Girls" bumper would feature most likely the PPG household, and so forth). The retro checkerboard logo was replaced with the new 'CN' city-style logo.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Cartoon Network continued to air new episodes and seasons from "Beyblade," "Pokémon", and their movies, which continued to rank No. 1 and No. 2 in the kids' genre. "Half Ticket Express" a preschool block was launched which aired series like "Dragon Tales", "Franklin," and "The Koala Brothers". Another programming block "Thoda Meow Thoda Bow" featuring "Tom and Jerry", "Scooby-Doo," and "The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries" was launched on Children's Day.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In 2005, Cartoon Network aired an television special with Aamir Khan to promote "". In this interview style special Khan is interviewed by "Johnny Bravo".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Cartoon Network launched an action series titled "Gransazers" on the action block Toonami in January 2007 and later "Justirisers" on 7 March 2007, and the singer Shankar Mahadevan sang its title track in Hindi. The series after airing all episodes was replaced by "Sazer X" on 3 July 2007 in which Shaan sung the title track. The "Boomerang" programming block was launched in August 2007 which aired classic properties like "Tom & Jerry", "Scooby-Doo", "Popeye", and "Jackie Chan Adventures".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 6 December 2008, Cartoon Network India, along with the other Asia Pacific feeds, featured an updated graphics package which was titled the "New Wave Era". It had the 'CN' logo tilted slightly diagonally, as opposed to the previous look of the "City Era".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: A few days later, on 11 December 2008, Cartoon Network began to air the next series in the "Ben 10" franchise, "". It also aired new "Ben 10" movies.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 28 June 2009, an episode titled "Johnny Goes to Bollywood" was aired exclusively in India. The special was produced by Famous House of Animation in Mumbai.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Other notable series acquired by Cartoon Network India were "The Adventures of Tintin" (2001), "" (2003), "Archie's Weird Mysteries" (2004), "Jumanji" (2004), "" (2004), and "The Spectacular Spider-Man" (2009).


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Cartoon Network started the third series in the "Ben 10 franchise", "" on 10 October 2010. Cartoon Network launched Roll No 21 in November 2010, multiple season and TV movies were launched after the success of first season. The new "Beyblade" series, "" started airing from 11 October 2010.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 1 October 2011, at 9 AM (Indian Standard Time) at the start of "The Amazing World of Gumball" premiere, Cartoon Network introduced its new branding and logo. Designed by Brand New School, it makes heavy use of the black and white checkerboard motif, as well as CMYK color variations and patterns. The slogan "It's a Fun Thing!" was also introduced. The second season " " started airing from 22 October 2011.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: As the slogan suggests, comedy programs began to occupy most of the timeslots. While initially "Tom and Jerry" made up most of the time slots, later when "Oggy and the Cockroaches" was started on the Indian feed in July 2012, CN began to air it hours together each day, which even continued until 2014. In January 2015, Cartoon Network India lost the rights to "Oggy and the Cockroaches" Seasons 1 to 3, but continued to air Season 4.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Starting from the new era, "It's a Fun Thing", CN began to air shows without providing any information through airings on the channel, like on-air promos and bumpers. "ThunderCats", "", "", and "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated" were started with no information about air date and timings on the channel, and information present only on TV schedules.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Animated shows like "", "DreamWorks Dragons", "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated", "The Looney Tunes Show", and "ThunderCats" aired, but for some reason all of these shows aired only the first seasons, and the second seasons haven't been aired yet.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: " " started airing from 27 October 2013. Cartoon Network acquired the rights of Krrish franchise's animated film series "Kid Krrish". The first movie "Kid Krrish" on 2 October 2013. The film was followed by three additional movies "Kid Krrish: Mission Bhutan" (premiered on 19 July 2014), "Kid Krrish: Mystery in Mongolia" (premiered on 27 September 2014), and "Kid Krrish: Shakalaka Africa" (premiered on 25 April 2015).


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: CN shifted the hit series "Pokémon" to its sister channel, in 2011, having aired until the eleventh season, but later brought it back on CN in 2014, starting from the fourteenth season of .


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In the summer of 2015, new shows like "Uncle Grandpa", "", "Clarence", and new episodes of "Ben 10 Omniverse" started to air. In May 2015, Cartoon Network India celebrated its 20th birthday with specials of various shows including specials from the classic "The Flintstones". Starting June 2015, it started to air new promos for each new episode of weekly-once shows like "Steven Universe", "Ben 10 Omniverse", and "Uncle Grandpa".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Cartoon Network celebrated the 20th Anniversary of its Indian feed throughout May 2015. A programming block "Happy Birthday Cartoon Network" which aired ongoing series like "Horrid Henry" and "Oggy and the Cockroaches" as well as classic series like "The Flintstones", "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy," and "Courage the Cowardly Dog".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In December 2015, Cartoon Network aired two specials for the promotion of Hindi film "Dilwale". The first special "Kris Aur Shahrukh Khan Ki Dilwale Bollywood Class" aired on 19 December while "Oggy Ki Birthday Party" aired on 25 December.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: "The Powerpuff Girls reboot" series premiered on 9 April 2016 in India and other Asian Pacific countries while the "Ben 10 reboot" premiered on 8 October 2016.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Since 2016, CN India started showing the programmes in 16:9 aspect ratio, however the channel is still natively in 4:3.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In August 2017, Cartoon Network also aired some classic shows during weekend nights on a block called "Get Tooned with Toonami", but was abruptly discontinued in October in favour of "Dragon Ball Super".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 1 September 2017, the Bang Zoom dub of "Dragon Ball Super"" started airing weekends on Cartoon Network at a later time slot without any promotion. It was previously aired on Toonami until it became a classic cartoon channel. In mid December 2017, Cartoon Network quietly started airing "Dragon Ball Z" movies on Sunday nights.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In September 2018, Cartoon Network India started to premiere new shows such as "Unikitty", "OK K.O! Let's Be Heroes", "," and "Running Man".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Cartoon Network India brought back the "Tom and Jerry" franchise in 2019 with "Tom and Jerry Tales" and "The Tom and Jerry Show (2014)". It was previously moved to Pogo TV.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Other notable television series launched in 2010s were "Horrid Henry" (9 April 2012), "Teen Titans Go!" (23 March 2015), and "Mighty Magiswords" (6 May 2017).


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In April 2020, Cartoon Network India acquired the ZeeQ television series "Bandbudh Aur Budbak". The fourth season of "The Tom and Jerry Show" was premiered on 14 November 2020 with a new voiceover commentary.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 22 February 2021, "Super Shiro", a spin-off series of "Crayon Shin-chan", made its debut in India on Cartoon Network. In March 2021, CN also started "Nate is Late". The channel created their own animated series titled "Dabangg", based on the film series, on 31 May 2021. On 27 June 2021, the channel premiered its first original CGI animated series, "Ekans: Ek Se Badhkar Snake".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: The channel celebrated the "International Cat Day", with back to back episodes of "The Tom and Jerry Show" broadcast on 8 August 2021, using the "Cat-Toon Network" moniker, which was also used by the American network to celebrate April Fools' Day. The third season of "Grizzy and The Lemmings" titled "Grizzy and the Lemmings World Tour" was also started from 9 August 2021. A three seven-minute special episode of "Lamput" premiered on 14 August 2021. On 22 August 2021, the "Ben 10,010" movie came on the channel in the form of "Ben 10 Special".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: In November 2021, Cartoon Network aired the "Harry Potter" film series. Cartoon Network also began airing "Taffy" on 24 January 2022.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: For celebrating the 82nd anniversary of "Tom and Jerry", the channel decide to air "Tom and Jerry Tales" from 7 to 11 February at 10:30 AM IST onwards. However it was continued until late April 2022 at a different timing with the other series of "Tom and Jerry" like "The Tom and Jerry Show (1975), The Tom and Jerry Show (2014)," and its 1940-1975 theatrical shorts. The network also started newer series of "Tom and Jerry" like "Tom and Jerry in New York" from 18 March 2022.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 30 March 2022, Cartoon Network India began using the "Redraw Your World" branding and graphics, like its US and Asian counterparts. With the rebrand, Cartoon Network also announced the launch of the Cartoonito block on the channel.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: On 22 May 2022, Cartoon Network India aired the "Dragon Ball Super" marathon, "Dragon Ball Super Sunday".


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: Cartoon Network HD+ (CN HD+) launched on 15 April 2018 and is an ad free channel. The channel was initially launched in India, but was eventually launched on popular operators in neighbouring countries.


title: Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)

text: CN HD+ is available in four languages. Programs like "We Bare Bears", "The Powerpuff Girls," etc., are also available in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu.