title: Show Me the Money 10

text: The remaining 33 contestants will undergo team casting in order to be matched by the producer team he/she wants to join in. Prior to this round, the producers will have special performances to convince them to join their teams. The contestant will vote for the best performance. The winning producer team will get to pick their first contestant to join their team. Each contestant will then make one last appeal by doing a set performance in front of the producers in order to convince their desired producer team to accept him/her. The contestants then will each have three minutes to listen to each producer team's appeal to join their team and then decide which producer team room he/she will enter. Each producer team will call in the contestants in their producer team room and will select contestants that will form their 5-member team. The remaining contestants that were not called in may still have a chance to be picked by another producer team if their team does not have 5 members. If neither producer team picks the contestant, he/she is eliminated from the show.


title: Show Me the Money 10

text: - "The Italicized performance was performed for the first time and was released in all music platforms the next day"


title: Show Me the Money 10

text: Prior to this round, the producer teams meet up for their team bonding session to get to know their team members and to introduce the instrumental in which their members will write their lyrics and then perform in front of all the producer teams. At the end of each performance, the producers of the performing producer team will eliminate one contestant. Unlike previous seasons, the eliminated contestant will still be part of the official release version of the song and will be included in this season's discography.


title: Show Me the Money 10

text: At the end of the team song mission, Team Gaeko x Code Kunst, who finished last in the producer stage performances, gets to choose the producer team they will face in this round, while the remaining two producer teams will face each other. There will be one-on-one diss battles for this round with previously eliminated contestants serving as members of the audience. They will vote after each diss battle with the votes accumulated to determine the winning producer team. The losing producer team will have its producers eliminate 1 contestant, while the winning producer team will have all members advance to the next round.


title: Show Me the Money 10

text: Following the results of the team diss battles, winning teams will compete against each other and losing teams will compete against each other at the live performances. This season, there will not be a mic selection and all remaining contestants perform in this round. However, the "Death Match Rule" will be applied in which two contestants will perform together but one of them will be eliminated regardless if they win or lose their respective match-ups. The performance voting will also involve the live audience and online audiences who registered a week prior to the recording of the show. The winning producer team from the previous round will select two contestants that will perform together in the Death Match with the Producer(s) and/or special guest performer, while the other two contestants will have solo performances with the producers and/or special guest performer. The losing producer team will then select two contestants that will perform together in the Death Match with the Producer(s) and/or special guest performer, while the other contestant will perform with the producers and/or special guest performer. At the end of each performance, the online audience will first eliminate one contestant on each Death Match performance regardless of the result. Both the Live and online audience will then vote for the winner of each solo and Death Match match-ups with the total number of votes will be accumulated for each Producer Team. The winning Producer Team will have its members advance to the semi-finals. The Losing Producer Team will eliminate one more contestant in either the solo performance(s) or Death Match performance(s) while its remaining members advance to the semifinals. A total of 8 contestants advance to the semifinal round.


title: Show Me the Money 10

text: The eight semi-finalists paired up for a single elimination semi-final round. Each of them had a solo performance with a special guest performer(s). Prior to this round, MC Kim Jin-pyo showed 8 cards representing one contestant. He picked the first three cards in which the contestant picked their opponent for this round while the remaining two contestants competed against each other by default. Similar to the first live performances round, the same two-round voting process from the live and online audiences will occur in this round. However, the contestant who received more performance money after two rounds of voting against their match-up advanced to the finals, while the loser gets eliminated. In the event that all contestant(s) in one producer team lost their respective match-up(s), their entire team will be eliminated from the show.


title: Show Me the Money 10

text: The final round will be televised live with partially pre-recorded performances as per strict compliance with the COVID-19 quarantine guidelines and live announcement of results and winners based from the votes from both the live audience (on-site evaluators) (40% of the votes) and live SMS voting (60% of the votes). Prior to the final episode, the show's production team opened the registration process for live audience participants in which the participant must be at least 19 years old and show proof that they received two doses of COVID-19 vaccine and/or a negative COVID-19 PCR test result 48 hours prior to the show. The four finalists will also meet up up the night prior to the final round to determine their order of performances. The final round will be divided into two parts: the first part of the finals featured all four finalists each having a solo performance with a special guest performer(s). After all four finalists performed, a two-round voting process from both the live audience and live SMS voting will be held, and the performance ranking based on the live audience will be announced. In the second part of the finals, the four finalists will each had one last performance with the producer(s) and/or with a special guest performer(s), with the same two-round voting process and announcement of performance ranking held after the final performances. The contestant who earned the most cumulative performance money from both the pre-finals online evaluation team voters and live SMS voters in all two performances was the season's champion, receiving a prize money of ₩300,000,000, plus a Mini Cooper, album production support and a 1-month stay in an ultra-luxury hotel suite. The final episode also included special performances between the two final rounds from both semi-finalists and season 9 producers with their songs included in this season's official discography.


title: Loaded question

text: A loaded question is a form of complex question that contains a controversial assumption (e.g., a presumption of guilt).


title: Loaded question

text: Such questions may be used as a rhetorical tool: the question attempts to limit direct replies to be those that serve the questioner's agenda. The traditional example is the question "Have you stopped beating your wife?" Whether the respondent answers yes or no, they will admit to having a wife and having beaten her at some time in the past. Thus, these facts are "presupposed" by the question, and in this case an entrapment, because it narrows the respondent to a single answer, and the fallacy of many questions has been committed. The fallacy relies upon context for its effect: the fact that a question presupposes something does not in itself make the question fallacious. Only when some of these presuppositions are not necessarily agreed to by the person who is asked the question does the argument containing them become fallacious. Hence, the same question may be loaded in one context, but not in the other. For example, the previous question would not be loaded if it were asked during a trial in which the defendant had already admitted to beating his wife.


title: Loaded question

text: This informal fallacy should be distinguished from that of begging the question, which offers a premise whose plausibility depends on the truth of the proposition asked about, and which is often an implicit restatement of the proposition.


title: Loaded question

text: A common way out of this argument is not to answer the question (e.g. with a simple 'yes' or 'no'), but to challenge the assumption behind the question. To use an earlier example, a good response to the question "Have you stopped beating your wife?" would be "I have "never" beaten my wife". This removes the ambiguity of the expected response, therefore nullifying the tactic. However, the asker is likely to respond by accusing the one who answers of dodging the question.


title: Loaded question

text: For another example, the 2009 referendum on corporal punishment in New Zealand asked: "Should a smack as part of good parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand?" Murray Edridge, of Barnardos New Zealand, criticized the question as "loaded and ambiguous" and claimed "the question presupposes that smacking is a part of good parental correction".


title: Custodian bank

text: A custodian bank, or simply custodian, is a specialized financial institution responsible for providing securities services. It safeguards assets of asset managers, insurance companies, hedge funds, and is not engaged in "traditional" commercial or consumer/retail banking like lending. The role of a custodian in such a case would be to:


title: Custodian bank

text: Using US definitions, a person who owns street name securities and who is not a member of an exchange, holds the securities through a registration chain which involves one or more custodians. This is due to the perceived impracticality of registering traded securities in the name of each individual holder; instead, the custodian or custodians are registered as the holders and hold the securities in a fiduciary arrangement for the ultimate security holders. However, the ultimate security holders are still the legal owners of the securities. They are not merely beneficiaries of the custodian as a trustee. The custodian does not become at any point the owner of the securities, but is only a part of the registration chain linking the owners to the securities.


title: Custodian bank

text: Global securities safekeeping practices vary substantially with markets such as the UK, Australia and South Africa encouraging designated securities accounts in order to permit shareholder identification by companies.


title: Custodian bank

text: The definition of "shareholder" is generally upheld by corporate law rather than securities law. One role of custodians (which may or may not be enforced by securities regulation) is to facilitate the exercise of share ownership rights, for example and processing dividends and other payments, corporate actions, the proceeds of a stock split or a reverse stock split, the ability to vote in the company's annual general meeting (AGM), information and reports sent from the company and so forth. The extent to which such services are offered are a function of the client agreement together with relevant market rules, regulations and laws.


title: Custodian bank

text: Custodian banks are often referred to as global custodians if they safe keep assets for their clients in multiple jurisdictions around the world, using their own local branches or other local custodian banks ("sub-custodian" or "agent banks") with which they contract to be in their "global network" in each market to hold accounts for their respective clients. Assets held in such a manner are typically owned by larger institutional firms with a considerable number of investments such as banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, hedge funds and pension funds.


title: Custodian bank

text: In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy established a Committee on Corporate Pension Plans. 2 years later, Studebaker Auto Manufacturer, shuttered its business and operations, and it failed to provide pensions to the affected approximately 7,000 employees. Hence, in 1974, U.S. President Gerald Ford proposed an Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA Act), protecting the employee benefit plans' standards.


title: Custodian bank

text: Since the Act has become effective, employers could not hold and keep their pension fund assets. Instead, they are obligated to appoint external custodians to safekeep the assets. Also, they are required to appoint trustees and depositories to ensure the pension funds are operated in the best interest of the pension holders and aligned to the investment mandates.


title: Custodian bank

text: And now, more banks have developed a wealth range of custody and related services (securities services), and have been keen on developing new technologies (e.g. blockchain, API, distributed ledger) and aligning with the fast-moving regulatory requirement, such as digital assets.


title: Custodian bank

text: The securities services industry mainly serves two types of clients: 1) Asset Owners & Managers and 2) Banks, Brokers & Dealers.


title: Custodian bank

text: For the client segment of Asset Owners & Managers, it includes asset management companies, alternative asset managers, insurance companies, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, central banks, family offices and prime brokers.


title: Custodian bank

text: The client segment of Banks, Brokers & Dealers includes global custodians, banks, brokers and dealers.


title: Custodian bank

text: A global custodian is responsible for the safekeeping and administration of assets of clients, for instance, asset managers & owners, in multiple markets. They serve as the first point of contact for their global clients. However, they may not have such a strong network in every jurisdictions in which the clients want to invest. Therefore, the global custodian needs to appoint and manage direct custodians which have existing securities services infrastructure in some individual markets.


title: Custodian bank

text: A Direct custodian offers custody services in their local markets. Global custodians are their focused clients as direct custodians can offer knowledge and experience of the markets and industry and, close relationships with the local regulators in the local market, which the global custodian might lack but require. Therefore, it is responsible for the safekeeping and administration of assets of clients, for instance, asset managers & owners, in a local market.


title: Custodian bank

text: As of 2022, the market size (as measured by revenue) of the Custody, Asset & Securities Services industry in the US is $32.5bn, with a YoY 2.9% growth between 2017 and 2022.


title: Custodian bank

text: Plenty of investment banks and banks offer securities services. Generally, the division of securities services is either grouped with Global Markets to form a larger umbrella of Markets & Securities Services (MSS) or falls under the umbrella of Corporate Banking or Transaction Banking.


title: Custodian bank

text: For instance, Citi and HSBC restructured and combined their Global Markets and Securities Services divisions in 2019 and 2020 respectively.


title: Custodian bank

text: In accordance Asset under Custody League Table by Global Custodian, custodian banks' assets under custody and/or administration (AUC/AUA) are:


title: Custodian bank

text: According to the Global Custody Survey 2020 by Global Investor Group, the top custody regional players are:


title: Custodian bank

text: In November 2002, State Street announced to acquire global custody business with assets under custody of approximately €2.2 trillion of Deutsche Bank's Global Securities Services (GSS) business for $1.5 billion, subject to adjustment.


title: Custodian bank

text: In July 2003, HSBC announced the agreement to acquire 82.19% of Korean fund administrator Asset Management Technology (AM TeK) for $12.47 million in cash, which was the biggest fund administrator in South Korea, with $24 billion of assets under administration.


title: Custodian bank

text: In October 2004, Citi acquired ABN AMRO's direct custody, securities clearing, and fund services businesses in selected European and Asian markets for around $50 million.


title: Custodian bank

text: In November 2005, U.S. Bancorp announced to purchase the corporate trust and institutional custody businesses of Wachovia Corporation.


title: Custodian bank

text: In July 2006, HSBC announced to acquire Westpac sub-custody operations in Australia and New Zealand for $112.5 million, making the British bank the leading sub-custody and clearing player in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Custodian bank

text: In July 2007, the merger between Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation had been finalised to create BNY Mellon, which is the largest custodian and asset servicer with more than $18trn in assets under custody and administration at that time.


title: Custodian bank

text: Also, in July 2007, the French bank, BNP Paribas announced an acquisition of a minority stake of 33.4% in the capital of SLIB, which had been a 100% subsidiary of Natixis prior to the acquisition.


title: Custodian bank

text: In November 2009, J.P. Morgan Chase acquired ANZ's custodian services business, including access to more than 100 clients and US$90.71 billion in assets under custody.


title: Custodian bank

text: In April 2010, Standard Chartered acquired Barclays African custody business, which had assets under custody of $3.8 billion.


title: Custodian bank

text: One month later, in May 2010, State Street announced the completion of its acquisition of Intesa Sanpaolo's Securities Services business (ISPSS) for Euro 1.28 billion in cash.


title: Custodian bank

text: In April 2013, Citi announced to acquire ING Group's Custody and Securities Services Business in Central and Eastern Europe with €110 Billion in assets under custody. In the same month, Standard Chartered acquired custody business in South Africa from Absa Bank.


title: Custodian bank

text: In February 2018, Butterfield Bank announced to purchase Deutsche Bank's Global Trust Solutions business in the Cayman Islands, Jersey and Guernsey.


title: Custodian bank

text: In January 2021, U.S. Bancorp acquired debt servicing and securities custody services client portfolio of MUFG Union Bank, with approximately 600 client relationships and $320 billion in assets under custody and administration.


title: Custodian bank

text: In September 2021, State Street announced to acquire Brown Brothers Harriman's Investor Services business, including its custody, accounting, fund administration, global markets and technology services, for $3.5 billion in cash.


title: Custodian bank

text: In January 2022, Standard Chartered announced an agreement to acquire 100% ownership of RBC Investor Services Trust Hong Kong Limited from RBC Investor & Treasury Services, expanding its custodian business to MPF and ORSO schemes trusteeship business in Hong Kong.


title: Custodian bank

text: According to the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in the US, various retirement accounts such as: Traditional IRAs, Roth IRA, SEP IRA, or 401k plan accounts require that a qualified trustee, or custodian, hold IRA assets on behalf of the IRA owner. The trustee/custodian provides custody of the assets, processes all transactions, maintains other records pertaining to them, files the required IRS reports, issues client statements, helps clients understand the rules and regulations pertaining to certain prohibited transactions, and performs other administrative duties on behalf of the self-directed retirement account owner.


title: Custodian bank

text: Self-directed retirement account custodians (also known as "self-directed IRA custodians" or "self-directed 401k custodians") should not be confused with a custodian bank, which strictly provides safekeeping for securities. While a self-directed retirement account custodian can provide custody for securities, typically it will specialize in non-security assets, or alternative investments. Examples of alternative investments would be: Real Estate, precious metals, private mortgages, private company stock, oil and gas LPs, horses, and intellectual property. These types of assets require a specialization on the part of the custodian due to the complexity of the documentation required to keep the alternative investments in compliance with the IRC.


title: Custodian bank

text: A Mutual Fund Custodian refers typically to a custodian bank or trust company (a special type of financial institution regulated like a "bank"), or similar financial institution responsible for holding and safeguarding the securities owned by a mutual fund. A mutual fund's custodian may also act as one or more service agents for the mutual fund such as being the fund accountant, administrator and/or transfer agent which maintains shareholder records and disburses periodic dividends or capital gains, if any, distributed by the fund. The vast majority of funds use a third party custodian as required by SEC regulation to avoid complex rules and requirements about "self-custody".


title: Custodian bank

text: A mutual fund retirement account (IRA, SEP etc.) custodian, however, refers to the plan administrator and recordkeeper such as noted above, which may not necessarily be the same institution providing custody services to the investments of the overall fund.


title: Interim Government of India

text: The Interim Government of India, also known as the Provisional Government of India, formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly of India, had the task of assisting the transition of British India to independence. It remained in place until 15 August 1947, the date of the independence (and partition) of India, and the creation of Pakistan.


title: Interim Government of India

text: After the end of the Second World War, the British authorities in India released all political prisoners who had participated in the Quit India movement. The Indian National Congress, which had long fought for self rule, agreed to participate in elections for a constituent assembly, as did the Muslim League. The newly elected government of Clement Attlee dispatched the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India to formulate proposals for the formation of a government that would lead to an independent India.


title: Interim Government of India

text: The elections for the Constituent Assembly were not direct elections, as the members were elected from each of the provincial legislative assemblies. In the event, the Indian National Congress won a majority of the seats, some 69 per cent, including almost every seat in areas with a majority Hindu electorate. The Congress had clear majorities in eight of the eleven provinces of British India. The Muslim League won the seats allocated to the Muslim electorate.


title: Interim Government of India

text: The Viceroy's Executive Council became the executive branch of the interim government. Originally headed by the Viceroy of India, it was transformed into a council of ministers, with the powers of a prime minister bestowed on the vice-president of the Council, a position held by the Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru. After independence, all members would be Indians, apart from the Viceroy, in August to become the Governor-General, Lord Mountbatten, who would hold only a ceremonial position, and the Commander-in-Chief, India, Sir Claude Auchinleck, replaced after independence by General Sir Rob Lockhart.


title: Interim Government of India

text: The senior Congress leader Vallabhbhai Patel held the second-most powerful position in the Council, heading the Department of Home Affairs, Department of Information and Broadcasting. The Sikh leader Baldev Singh was responsible for the Department of Defence and Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was named to head the Department of Education and arts. Asaf Ali, a Muslim Congress leader, headed the Department of Railways and Transport. Scheduled Caste leader Jagjivan Ram headed the Department of Labour, while Rajendra Prasad headed the Department of Food and Agriculture and John Mathai headed the Department of Industries and Supplies.


title: Interim Government of India

text: Upon the Muslim League joining the interim government, the second highest-ranking League politician, Liaquat Ali Khan, became the head of the Department of Finance. Abdur Rab Nishtar headed the Departments of Posts and Air and Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar headed the Department of Commerce. The League nominated a Scheduled Caste Hindu politician, Jogendra Nath Mandal, to lead the Department of Law.


title: Interim Government of India

text: Although until August 1947 British India remained under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom, the interim government proceeded to establish diplomatic relations with other countries, including the United States. Meanwhile, the Constituent Assembly, from which the Interim Government was drawn, began the task of drafting a constitution for independent India.


title: Aberfan

text: Aberfan () is a former coal mining village in the Taff Valley south of the town of Merthyr Tydfil, Wales.


title: Aberfan

text: On 21 October 1966, it became known for the Aberfan disaster, when a colliery spoil tip collapsed into homes and a school, killing 116 children and 28 adults.


title: Aberfan

text: Aberfan is situated toward the bottom of the western valley slope of the River Taff, on the eastern slope of Mynydd Merthyr hill, about south of the town Merthyr Tydfil. The Taff runs north-to-south through the village; at the upper side of the settlement, on the western outskirts, a disused Glamorganshire Canal bed and a railway embankment run parallel to the river.


title: Aberfan

text: Aberfan consisted of two cottages and an inn frequented by local farmers and bargemen until 23 August 1869, when John Nixon and his partners started the Merthyr Vale Colliery.


title: Aberfan

text: Between 1952 and 1965, with mountains denuded there was severe flooding in the Pantglas area of Aberfan on at least 11 occasions.


title: Aberfan

text: By 1966 the population had grown to approximately 5,000, most of whom were employed in the coal industry.


title: Aberfan

text: For many years, millions of cubic metres of excavated mining debris from the colliery were deposited on the side of Mynydd Merthyr, directly above the village of Aberfan on the opposite side of the valley. Huge piles, or "tips", of loose rock and mining spoil had been built up over a layer of highly porous sandstone that contained numerous underground springs, and several tips had been built up directly over these springs. Although local authorities had raised specific concerns in 1963 about spoil being tipped on the mountain above the village primary school, these were largely ignored by the National Coal Board's area management.


title: Aberfan

text: Early on the morning of Friday, 21 October 1966, after several days of heavy rain, a subsidence of about 3–6 metres occurred on the upper flank of colliery waste tip No. 7. At 9:15 a.m. more than 150,000 cubic metres of water-saturated debris broke away and flowed downhill at high speed. A mass of over 40,000 cubic metres of debris slid into the village in a slurry deep.


title: Aberfan

text: The slide destroyed a farm and 20 terraced houses along Moy Road, and struck the northern side of the Pantglas Junior School and part of the separate senior school, demolishing most of the structures and filling the classrooms with thick mud and rubble up to deep. Mud and water from the slide flooded many other houses in the vicinity, forcing many villagers to evacuate their homes.


title: Aberfan

text: After the disaster the Mayor of Merthyr immediately launched a disaster fund to aid the village and the bereaved. By the time the fund closed in January 1967, nearly 90,000 contributions had been received, totalling £1,606,929. The fund's final sum was approximately £1,750,000 (equivalent to £ million in ). The concerns of the village and donors grew about how the money in the fund would be used: some felt it should be used to compensate the bereaved, whilst others felt it should benefit the wider community. The funds paid for the memorial garden and cemetery along with other facilities to aid the regeneration of Aberfan both physically and emotionally.


title: Aberfan

text: The Aberfan Cemetery is where many of the victims are buried. The original Portland and Nabresina Stone memorials erected shortly after the disaster began to deteriorate, and in 2007 the Aberfan Memorial Charity refurbished the garden area, including all of the archways and memorials. The weathered masonry was replaced with polished pearl white granite, all inscriptions were re-engraved and additional archways were erected.


title: Aberfan

text: The Coventry Playground was built in 1972 on the site of the old Merthyr Vale School, with money collected by the people of Coventry. The playground was officially opened by the mayor of Coventry.


title: Aberfan

text: A memorial garden was opened on the site of Pantglas Primary School, which was destroyed during the disaster. The park was partly opened by the Queen, accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh, on her visit to Aberfan in 1974.


title: Aberfan

text: The Aberfan Memorial Charity was founded in 1989 and is responsible for the maintenance and repair of the cemetery and memorial garden.


title: Aberfan

text: Bethania Welsh Independent Chapel was built in 1876 and rebuilt in 1885. At the time of the Aberfan disaster in 1966 the chapel was used as a temporary mortuary where victims were taken to be identified by relatives. The chapel was demolished in 1967 and a new chapel erected in 1970. By 2007 the chapel had fallen into disrepair and was closed; memorial items from the disaster were relocated to Cardiff Bay.


title: Aberfan

text: Aberfan Calvinistic Methodist chapel was built 1876, in an Italianate style. The foundation stone was laid by Sarah Griffiths, wife of the owner of the Aberfan Estate. It became a Grade II listed building in August 1999, for its architectural interest as a well-designed Victorian chapel with an unaltered stone facade; it was judged to be prominent in Aberfan, and had retained its interior with a good gallery. After the Aberfan disaster, the chapel was furnished with a memorial organ by the Queen. After extensive renovation, the chapel reopened at Easter 2008, but dry rot quickly set in, destroying newly installed window frames and beams. The cost of repair was estimated at £60,000. In August 2012 parishioners were banned from attending the church after an inspection condemned the building, and in October it was offered for sale, with a guide price of £22,000.


title: Aberfan

text: In 2015 a fire was reported at the chapel in the early hours of 11 July. Fire crews from Merthyr, Treharris, Abercynon, Aberbargoed, Pontypridd and Barry attended, spending a total of eight hours at the scene. Nearby houses were evacuated. A 27-year-old man was later arrested in relation to the fire.


title: Aberfan

text: The village has two smaller chapels: the former Smyrna Baptist Chapel, built in 1877, which is now closed and is used as a community centre, and the Zion Methodist Chapel, originally English Primitive Methodist, located on Bridge Street and built in 1891.


title: Aberfan

text: Aberfan lies next to the main A470 road, but its nearest junction is north of the village. Aberfan is served by Merthyr Vale railway station, on the Merthyr line. The Taff Trail, a long-distance cycle route and footpath, passes through Aberfan, partly following the route of the filled-in Glamorganshire Canal.


title: Aberfan

text: Aberfan has two primary schools: Ynysowen Primary School adjacent to the Grove Field; and Ysgol Gynradd Gymraeg Rhyd y Grug, which has moved to the previously occupied Ynysowen Primary School building.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Thiago Henrique Moisés (born 23 March 1995) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who currently competes in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He has been a professional MMA competitor since 2012. Previously, he competed for the promotions RFA and LFA.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: The son of a professional mixed martial artist, Thiago began training Brazilian jiu-jitsu at the age of eight.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés made his professional MMA debut on May 19, 2012. He would go on to amass a 5–1 record, before signing with Resurrection Fighting Alliance.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés made his RFA debut against Javon Wright at RFA 28 on August 7, 2015. He won the fight by a second-round rear naked choke submission.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: In his second fight with the promotion, Moisés was scheduled to face Zach Juusola for the vacant RFA Lightweight Championship at RFA 35 on February 19, 2016. Juusola later withdrew from the bout due to an injury, and was replaced by David Castillo who moved up from the co-main event fight with David Putvin. Moisés won the fight with a second-round helicopter armbar submission.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés was scheduled to make his first title defense against Jamall Emmers at RFA 38 on June 3, 2016. He won the fight by a fifth-round technical knockout.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés was scheduled to make his second title defense against Zach Freeman at RFA 44 on September 30, 2016. Moisés dominated almost every round of the bout, winning the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 49–46, 49–46, 50–45.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: RFA and LFC merged in early 2017 to form Legacy Fighting Alliance. Accordingly, Moisés was given the opportunity to fight for the inaugural LFA lightweight title against Robert Watley at on July 21, 2017. Watley won the fight by unanimous decision, with all three judges awarding him every round of the bout.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés was scheduled to face Jeff Peterson at on June 1, 2018. He won the fight by a second-round guillotine choke submission.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés made his Tuesday Night Contender Series debut on August 11, 2018, at Dana White's Contender Series Brazil 3. He faced Gleidson Moraes and won the fight via knockout. The win earned Moisés a spot in the UFC.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: In his UFC debut Moisés faced against Beneil Dariush on November 10, 2018, at UFC Fight Night 139. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés faced Damir Ismagulov on August 31, 2019, at UFC Fight Night 157. He lost the fight via unanimous decision after getting knocked down in the first round.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés faced Michael Johnson on May 13, 2020, at . He won the fight via a heel hook submission in round two.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés was scheduled to face Jalin Turner on September 5, 2020, at UFC Fight Night 176. However, on September 5, 2020, Moisés tested positive for Covid-19 and the bout against Turner was cancelled.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés faced Bobby Green on October 31, 2020, at UFC Fight Night 181. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés faced Alexander Hernandez on February 27, 2021, at UFC Fight Night 186. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés faced Islam Makhachev on July 17, 2021, at UFC on ESPN 26. He lost the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in the fourth round.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés faced Joel Álvarez on November 13, 2021, at UFC Fight Night 197. At the weigh-ins, Álvarez weighed in at 157.5 pounds, one and a half pounds over the lightweight non-title fight limit. The bout proceeded at a catchweight with Álvarez fined 30% of his purse, which went to Moisés. Moisés lost the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Thiago Moisés

text: Moisés faced Christos Giagos at UFC on ESPN 38 on June 25, 2022. He won the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in the first round. This win earned him his first "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Marie Antoinette (TV series)

text: Marie Antoinette is a forthcoming French-British historical drama television series created and written by Deborah Davis, writer of "The Favourite". It is based on the life of the last queen of France before the French Revolution who was 14-years old when she became Dauphine of France upon her marriage to the heir apparent, Louis-Auguste. The first season of the series is scheduled to premiere in 2022 and will consist of eight episodes. German actress Emilia Schüle will play the titular role.


title: Marie Antoinette (TV series)

text: After the final season of "Versailles" aired, it was announced Canal+ had commissioned Deborah Davis to write an eight-part series centred on Marie Antoinette. Alongside Banijay Studios and CAPA Drama the French production company planned to create an English language series with the aim to distribute to a wide international audience in a similar fashion to "Versailles". In October 2021, it was announced that the BBC had pre-bought the series and the British broadcaster would be part of the production and distribution process. "Vogue" and "Variety" reported the series is being created by an all female writing team and would offer a "feminist take" on Marie Antoinette's life.


title: Marie Antoinette (TV series)

text: Casting was announced in September 2021 with Schüle attached to play the lead role. She will be joined by an international cast including Louis Cunningham, Jack Archer, Jasmine Blackborow, Gaia Weiss, James Purefoy, Marthe Keller, Roxane Duran, Crystal Shepherd-Cross, Caroline Piette, Oscar Lesage, Liah O'Prey, Jonas Bloquet, Nathan Willcocks, Paul Bandey, Laura Benson and Yoli Fuller.


title: Marie Antoinette (TV series)

text: In September 2021 it was announced filming had begun. "Variety" and "Deadline" reported that alongside the studios of Bry-Sur-Marne, filming would take place at locations that include the Châteaux of Versailles, Vaux-le-Vicomte, Palace of Fontainebleau, Lésigny, Champs and Voisins.


title: Marie Antoinette (TV series)

text: "Marie Antoinette" premiered on the French network Canal+ in October 2022. The following month the series was distributed through BBC First in Australia and released on streamers Foxtel and Binge. Banijay also announced PBS had pre-bought the series with a planned spring 2023 release. The American premiere was later confirmed to be 19 March 2023.


title: Vinnie Colaiuta

text: Vincent Peter Colaiuta (born February 5, 1956) is an American drummer who has worked as a session musician in many genres. He was inducted into the "Modern Drummer" Hall of Fame in 1996 and the "Classic Drummer" Hall of Fame in 2014. Colaiuta has won one Grammy Award and has been nominated twice. Since the late 1970s, he has recorded and toured with Frank Zappa, Joni Mitchell, and Sting, among many other appearances in the studio and in concert.


title: Vinnie Colaiuta

text: Colaiuta was given his first drum kit when he was seven. He took to it naturally, with little instruction. When he was fourteen, the school band teacher gave him a book that taught him some of the basics. Buddy Rich was his favorite drummer until he heard the album "Ego" by Tony Williams, an event that changed his life. Colaiuta was also listening to organ groups, notably Jack McDuff, Jimmy McGriff and Don Patterson.


title: Vinnie Colaiuta

text: While a student at Berklee College of Music, when jazz fusion was on the rise, he listened to and admired Alphonse Mouzon and Billy Cobham.


title: Vinnie Colaiuta

text: After leaving school, he played local gigs in Boston. He joined a brief tour organized by Al Kooper, then worked in California on an album by Christopher Morris, which Kooper was producing. Although he returned to Boston, Colaiuta was drawn back to California by friends. He took the bus from Boston to Los Angeles during the blizzard of 1978. After performing in jazz clubs, he won the audition to play drums for Frank Zappa. He toured with Zappa and appeared on the albums "Joe's Garage", "Tinsel Town Rebellion", and "Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar".


title: Vinnie Colaiuta

text: "Modern Drummer" magazine chose "Joe's Garage" as one of the top 25 drum performances of all time. Colaiuta was called out by name by Dale Bozzio (playing the character of Mary) in the lyrics of the song "Catholic Girls".


title: Vinnie Colaiuta

text: In 1981, he left touring with Zappa to become a studio musician, recording for the band Pages and pop singer Gino Vannelli. Opportunities arose with saxophonist Tom Scott and bassist Larry Klein, who invited Colaiuta to play on a record by Klein's then-girlfriend, Joni Mitchell. When Klein and Mitchell got married, Colaiuta was the best man at their wedding. During the 1980s, he toured with Mitchell. In 1986, he became the house drummer of "The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers". The band was led by Mark Hudson and is called the Party Boys and the Tramp.


title: Vinnie Colaiuta

text: By the end of the 1980s he was living the busy life of a studio musician, recording albums, doing TV and film work during the day, and playing clubs at night. In addition to pop acts, he has worked with jazz musicians Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, Buell Neidlinger, and the Buddy Rich Big Band.


title: Vinnie Colaiuta

text: In 1990, Colaiuta got a phone call from Sting, flew to England, and won the audition to become a member of his band. He remained with Sting for much of the 1990s, touring and recording the albums "Ten Summoner's Tales" (1993), "Mercury Falling" (1996), "Brand New Day" (1999) and "Sacred Love" (2003). On November 12, 2016, he played with Sting in the first concert to be held at the Bataclan in Paris since the terrorist attack a year earlier.


title: Vinnie Colaiuta

text: In 1994, he released his debut solo album. He has won over fifteen Drummer of the Year awards from "Modern Drummer" magazine's annual reader polls. These include ten awards in the "Best Overall" category.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: The Devils Hole pupfish ("Cyprinodon diabolis") is a critically endangered species of the family Cyprinodontidae (pupfishes) found only in Devils Hole, a water-filled cavern in the US state of Nevada. It was first described as a species in 1930 and is most closely related to "C. nevadensis" and the Death Valley pupfish ("C. salinus"). The age of the species is unknown, with differing analyses offering ranges between one thousand and sixty thousand years. It is a small fish, with maximum lengths of up to . Individuals vary in coloration based on age and sex: males are bright metallic blue while females and juveniles are more yellow. A defining trait of this species is its lack of pelvic fins. The pupfish consumes nearly every available food resource at Devils Hole, including beetles, snails, algae, and freshwater crustaceans, with diet varying throughout the year. It is preyed on by the predaceous diving beetle species "Neoclypeodytes cinctellus", which was first observed in Devils Hole in 1999 or 2000. Reproduction occurs year-round, with spikes in the spring and fall. Females produce few eggs, though, and the survivorship from egg to adult is low. Individuals live 10–14 months.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Devils Hole is more than deep, though pupfish are only found in the upper . The water is a constant temperature of and dissolved oxygen levels are low. A small, shallowly submerged rock shelf provides critical feeding and spawning habitat for the pupfish. Nearby agricultural irrigation in the 1960s and 1970s caused the water to drop in Devils Hole, resulting in less and less of the shelf remaining submerged. Several court cases ensued, resulting in the Supreme Court case "Cappaert v. United States", which determined that the preservation of Devils Hole as a National Monument in 1952 implicitly included preservation of adequate groundwater to maintain the scientific value of the pool and its fauna. Other threats faced by the species include flash floods, earthquakes, and vandalism.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: As its entire native range is a single locality, efforts to create other populations have proceeded since the 1960s and 1970s, most of which have failed. Three refugia were created in 1972, 1973, and 1990, though all were closed by 2007 as a result of maintenance failures, hybridization, and small founder populations. In the early 2010s, an exact replica of the uppermost of Devils Hole was constructed at Ash Meadows Fish Conservation Facility, which was populated with eggs taken from Devils Hole in winter months when development into adults is unlikely. Efforts to conserve the wild population have included removing sediment from the shallow shelf, adding supplemental food, and installing fences and security cameras to keep unauthorized people away. Conservation efforts have been costly and divisive. During the legal battle over ground water in the 1960s and 1970s, bumper stickers were distributed that read "Kill the Pupfish" or "Save the Pupfish". Some have argued that the species should be allowed to go extinct, while others have said this would be akin to "bombing the Louvre to make way for a parking lot".


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Population counts are conducted twice a year, in the spring and fall, with the fall population usually much larger. Since 1972, population counts have peaked at around 550 individuals. The April 2013 count showed only 35 remaining in the wild, but by September 2022, the count showed a total of 263 observed wild pupfish. The Devils Hole pupfish has been listed as endangered by the US federal government since 1967 and critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature since 2014.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: The Devils Hole pupfish was described as a new species in 1930 by American ichthyologist Joseph H. Wales. The holotype had been collected by Wales and George S. Myers in March 1930 at Devils Hole in the US state of Nevada. The species name ""diabolis"" was chosen to allude to the type locality of Devils Hole. Both the species name and the location spell "Devils Hole" without an apostrophe, a relic of the "quirks of government cartographers and scientists". According to genetic analysis, the sister taxon of the Devils Hole pupfish is "Cyprinodon nevadensis". Along with the Death Valley pupfish ("C. salinus"), the three Amargosa River basin species form a clade.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: The age of the species is subject to considerable debate, with analyses recovering starkly different figures. Devils Hole was formed around 60,000 years ago, with some researchers assuming the pupfish has existed in isolation for 10,000–20,000 years. How it colonized Devils Hole is unknown; hypotheses include arriving via subterranean waters or over dry land. As Native Americans used pupfish species as food, it has been speculated that they introduced the pupfish to Devils Hole, intentionally or not. Its divergence from a common ancestor with "C. nevadensis mionectes" was estimated at 217–2530 years in one study. Two studies, each based on independent genetic datasets, estimated that this species may have first colonized the hole within the past 1,000 years, but another suggested the species is as old as 60,000 years. These estimates depend heavily on knowledge of the mutation rate in this species, which is unknown, but is predicted to be one of the highest for any vertebrate due to its small population size.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: The Devils Hole pupfish is the smallest pupfish species in the genus "Cyprinodon", with lengths up to . The average length is . Males and females differ in coloration. Males are overall dark brown with metallic blue on their sides. The margins of all fins are black, and the back has golden iridescence. Iridescence is particularly pronounced on the opercles (gill covers) which have a violet sheen on their posterior side. The iris is blue and also iridescent. Females and young are more yellow in color than the males. Females have yellowish-brown backs, and the margins of their pectoral and caudal fins are yellow, not black. The dorsal fin has a black margin like the males, however. Females' opercles are metallic green, and their eyes are tinted metallic blue. The young are overall colored as the females, though they have a faint vertical bar on their sides.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Individuals lack pelvic fins, though have been observed to grow them when raised in lower temperatures in captivity. Its dorsal fin has twelve rays, while each pectoral fin has seventeen rays. The caudal fin is convex in appearance and has twenty-eight rays, curving outward at the margin. Its lateral series (the number of scales from the back end of the opercle to the beginning of the tail) is twenty-seven scales. The scales are ctenoid, or toothed, on the outer margin.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: The Devils Hole pupfish consumes a variety of food items representing nearly all possible food resources in Devils Hole. Its food resources include inorganic particulate matter; the algae "Spirogyra" and diatoms; the freshwater crustaceans "Hyalella azteca" and ostracods; protozoa; the beetle "Stenelmis calida"; the flatworm "Girardia dorotocephala"; and the freshwater snails "Tryonia". The consumption of the various food resources varies seasonally, though inorganic particulate matter had a high frequency of occurrence in stomach contents year-round in one study. The inorganic particulate matter consists of primarily travertine, a form of limestone. The three most common food items for each season by frequency of occurrence were:


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: As "Spirogyra" was mostly found undigested in the stomach, the authors hypothesized that it was not important as a food resource, but rather as a foraging substrate. The inorganic particulate matter was thought to be incidentally consumed as well as a result of the fish's foraging strategy of bottom feeding and surface feeding.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Predators of the Devils Hole pupfish include the diving beetle species "Neoclypeodytes cinctellus", which consumes its eggs and juveniles. "N. cinctellus" likely also preys on some of the same invertebrates as does the Devils Hole pupfish, meaning that it is a competitor as well as a predator. The diving beetle only recently became part of the ecosystem, and was first documented at Devils Hole in 1999 or 2000.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Although spawning year-round, spawning peaks from mid-February to mid-May with a smaller peak from July to September. Devils Hole pupfish females have low fecundity, which is the capacity to create offspring. The average female may only produce four or five mature ova (egg cells) each breeding season. Mature ova represent 10-20% of the total number of ova produced. During each spawn, a mature female is thought to produce only a single egg, which are only in diameter. In addition to its low fecundity, eggs have low hatching success and juveniles have low rates of survival. Individuals have a lifespan of 10–14 months.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Because the rock shelf upon which the fish feed and breed is susceptible to seismic activity, specialized behavior mitigates the impact of earthquakes. When a disturbance such as an earthquake occurs, it causes the fish to flee "en masse" into the depths, and begin a spawning event that may be out of season. During spawning brought upon by a disturbance, several males chase lone females until they become receptive, at which point the female allows one of the males to swim next to her. The female then lays an egg that the male immediately fertilizes.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: The Devils Hole pupfish has daily and seasonal movement within the Hole. Around midday, when incoming sunlight is at its maximum intensity on the shallow shelf, the number of fish on the shelf decreases. This tendency to leave the shelf at midday is most pronounced April through September. From December to March, when the shallow shelf receives little if any direct sunlight at midday, the number of fish on the shelf increases as the day advances. In the summer months when the shelf receives the most sunlight, fish are overall less likely to use the shallow shelf.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Having adapted to an environment with low oxygen saturation, the Devils Hole pupfish has developed a behavior known as "paradoxical anaerobism". The fish enters a state of torpor, and has been known to forego breathing oxygen for up to two hours. As a byproduct of this alternate respiration method, the fish produces ethanol.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Devils Hole and the pupfish are located in the Amargosa Desert ecosystem, in the Amargosa Valley, of southwestern Nevada, US, east of Death Valley and the Funeral Mountains and Amargosa Range. The Amargosa River is part of Devils Hole and the region's aquifer hydrology. Devils Hole is a water-filled cavern extending into a hillside. It is at an elevation of above sea level and the water is a constant temperature of . The surface area of Devils Hole is about 22 m long by 3.5 m wide (72 ft long by 11.5 ft wide). Its depth is at least . Devils Hole "may be the smallest habitat in the world containing the entire population of a vertebrate species". Approximately deep on one end of Devils Hole is a small rock shelf of . The dissolved oxygen of the water is 2.5–3.0 ppm up to around in depth, though the shallow shelf can have dissolved oxygen levels as high as 6.0–7.0 ppm in June and July.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Although pupfish have been found as deep as , their numbers are most dense above depths of . They depend on the shallow shelf for spawning as well as for much of their diet which primarily consists of diatoms. Natural threats from flash floods to earthquakes have been known to disrupt this fragile ecosystem, but in the 1960s and 1970s, the major threat was groundwater depletion due to agricultural irrigation.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Research indicates that the annual population fluctuation is in response to the amount of algae on the shallow shelf, which is dependent on incoming solar radiation and nutrient levels. Nutrient availability may peak when the cave is used by barn owls as a roosting or nesting site, as their nutrient-rich pellets fall into the water.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: The Devils Hole pupfish species is limited to a single site and highly susceptible to disturbance. In the 1970s, the species was threatened with groundwater depletion, as the withdrawal of groundwater lowered the water level of Devils Hole and limited their ability to spawn on the shallow shelf. After the groundwater withdrawal was limited, its population rebounded, but experienced a second decline from 1995 onward. The reasons for the second decline are unknown, but inbreeding depression, the loss of a prey species, changing algal and microbial communities, or shifting sediment dynamics have been hypothesized as potential factors. It could face threats in the future relating to climate change, as warming temperatures in the area are predicted to shorten the period of optimum recruitment, or the time when the next generation is produced and matures.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Large-scale earthquakes, such as the 2012 Guerrero–Oaxaca earthquake, the 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake, and the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes have caused standing waves known as seiches in Devils Hole, which can lead to an unseasonal spawning event due to the disruption of the pupfishes' environment. The waves caused by earthquakes can scour the algae from the rocks (including eggs and larva), affecting the food supply and spawning grounds. Flash floods also disrupt the algae via debris swept into Devils Hole.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: In addition to the indirect threat of groundwater depletion, human actions can impact the pupfish in other ways as well. A 2004 flash flood swept scientific monitoring equipment into Devils Hole, causing the deaths of an estimated eighty pupfish. In April 2016, three men broke into the Devils Hole protected area, destroying scientific equipment and wading onto the shallow shelf of Devils Hole, smashing pupfish eggs and larvae, as well as vomiting into the water.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: In the late 1940s, ichthyologist Carl Leavitt Hubbs began campaigning for legal protection for Devils Hole and the pupfish. This led to President Harry S. Truman issuing a proclamation in 1952 that made Devils Hole part of Death Valley National Monument (now National Park). In 1956, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) installed the first water level recorder. The fish was officially listed as an endangered species in 1967, making it one of the first species protected under the Endangered Species Act.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: In 1967, Spring Meadows, Inc. began purchasing large tracts of Ash Meadows, much from the Bureau of Land Management, in anticipation of developing of irrigated cropland. Many wells were drilled from 1967–1970, causing a decline of the water at Devils Hole by 1968. The level continued to drop through 1972, causing alarm as a 1969 study had determined that the shallow shelf was virtually the only feeding and spawning habitat available to the fish. Conservationists and public opinion began to rally for preservation of the pupfish, with a 1970 issue of the magazine "Cry California" stating that allowing it to go extinct would be "comparable to bombing the Louvre to make way for a parking lot". Two organizations were formed in support of the species: the Desert Fishes Council and the Desert Pupfish Task Force.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: In 1970, the USGS began a study to determine why the water level was receding at Devils Hole, concluding that a substantial withdrawal of groundwater would negatively affect the water level, and thus, pupfish habitat. In August 1971, the U. S. Department of Justice filed a complaint on behalf of the Department of the Interior, seeking to stop Spring Meadows from using three wells identified as having the greatest impact on Devils Hole. The basis for the argument was that when Devils Hole became part of a National Monument in 1952, sufficient water was thus reserved "to serve the requirements and purposes of the monument". Later that month, Spring Meadows and the federal government made an agreement that they would cease operation of the three identified wells, and not increase withdrawal at their other wells to compensate. Though the water level briefly rose, it once again entered a decline, exposing more than half the shallow shelf by summer 1972. This caused the government to reactivate the suit in 1972. Now, they wanted Spring Meadows to cease using any wells within of Devils Hole for any non-domestic purpose based on the implied reservation doctrine established in "Winters v. United States" (1908). An injunction in favor of the government was issued in June 1973, which was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (upheld in 1974) and the Supreme Court.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: In the case "Cappaert vs. U.S.", decided in 1976, the Supreme Court upheld the injunction and determined that the district court should set the minimum water level necessary to ensure pupfish survival. The Court stated that by making Devils Hole part of a National Monument, the groundwater necessary to sustain the pupfish was implicitly reserved. In 1977 the district court determined that the water level minimum would be below a reference point on the wall.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: In 1980, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) designated about as essential habitat where the groundwater most influenced the water level in the Hole. One of the identified goals of the recovery plan was to maintain the aquifer at such levels that the population fluctuates from 300 in winter to 700–900 in late summer. The water source for Devils Hole pupfish were now protected from industrial use, but the rest of Ash Meadows was unprotected. When the USFWS declined to purchase the land from Cappaert Enterprises, Ash Meadows was sold in 1980 to a property development company, Preferred Equities Corporation, who acquired additional nearby land with the intention of creating 33,636 residential parcels altogether. As the original injunction limited water with exception to domestic purposes, it was unclear if residents of the proposed subdivision would have to limit water usage in respect to the water level of Devils Hole. In 1982, Secretary of the Interior James Watt approved the emergency listing of two more Ash Meadows fish, the Ash Meadows pupfish ("Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes") and the Ash Meadows speckled dace ("Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis"). Further development by Preferred Equities would therefore almost certainly violate the Endangered Species Act. After protracted negotiations, The Nature Conservancy (a nonprofit) was able to purchase Ash Meadows for $5.5 million in February 1984, with reimbursement from the U.S. Federal Government of $5 million. By June 1984, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge was established, as The Nature Conservancy transferred the property to the government. By 1986, a recovery plan was drafted for all of Ash Meadows, encompassing Devils Hole.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: As of 2014, Devils Hole pupfish is evaluated as a critically endangered species by the IUCN. The species meets the criteria for this designation due to its extremely small extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, both of which are less than . Additionally, the species is found in a single locality and has a very small population, often with less than 100 mature individuals. In the state of Nevada, it is considered a protected species that is also endangered.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Shortly after 1956, a locked gate was installed in a rock crevice of Devils Hole to limit public access to the site. By 1970, as the shallow shelf was exposed by groundwater depletion, an artificial shelf was installed at Devils Hole. It was never used by the fish. In 2005, of sediment was removed from the shallow shelf to encourage feeding and spawning. While the number of larvae appeared to increase as a result, the population still experienced a net decline over the following year. In January 2006, biologists began supplementing the fish's food supply in response to observations of poor health and malnourishment. After vandalism resulted in the death of a pupfish in 2016, the National Park Service added additional barbed wire to the top of the fences surrounding Devils Hole, also installing more motion sensors and video cameras.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Due to the fear of extinction in the 1960s and 1970s, several measures were taken to create multiple populations of the pupfish outside of Devils Hole to safeguard the species, which is known as "ex situ" conservation. Some of these measures, such as transplanting the fish into nearby natural springs, quickly failed. The fish disappeared, though one population at Purgatory Spring was destroyed by biologists, as the fish were misshapen and no longer looked like Devils Hole pupfish. Two attempts were made at this time to establish aquaria populations, one at Steinhardt Aquarium and the other at Fresno State College, though these also failed. A number of artificial "refugia" consisting of concrete tanks approximating conditions in Devils Hole were attempted to ensure the species' survival should the natural population at Devils Hole die out. The Hoover Dam Refugium for Endangered Desert Fish was established in August 1972, with the first twenty-seven pupfish translocated in October 1972. The Hoover Dam Refugium was successfully maintained for several years and reached a population of several hundred, though the sex ratio was highly skewed towards males with as many as three males per female. In 1985 or 1986, a component of the water supply system failed, however, killing many of the fish. Nearly all the remaining fish were killed by October 1986 when an additional failure caused the water temperature to drop drastically. The lone surviving fish was then removed. In 1973, a second refugium was established at Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR), the Amargosa Pupfish Station, also known as the School Springs refuge. From the founding population of twenty-five fish, it remained at several dozen individuals until a power failure in August 1984 disrupted the water flow, reducing the population to seven. The population increased to 121 by October 1987. In 1990, a third refugium was constructed, also at AMNWR, called Point of Rocks refuge.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Historical attempts to maintain the refugia populations through traditional methods has been largely ineffective, blamed on the small founder population size of each refugium as well as maintenance failures. The Point of Rocks refuge population unexpectedly had individuals appear with pelvic fins, which are not found in the species. Genetic evidence showed that around three individuals of the closely related "C. nevadensis", which do have pelvic fins, invaded Point of Rocks between 1997 and 2005, hybridizing with the Devils Hole pupfish. The "C. nevadensis" genes quickly became highly prevalent in the gene pool, with researchers concluding, "...we add hybridization to the long list of problems that have conspired against successful propagation of "C. diabolis" in artificial settings outside of its native habitat". The School Springs population was extirpated in 2003, the Hoover Dam refugia population became extirpated once more in 2006, and the Point of Rocks refuge was extirpated in 2007.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: In May through August 2006, two pupfish from Devils Hole and five from the Hoover Dam Refuge were transferred to a Las Vegas Strip casino aquarium at Mandalay Bay with the hope of understanding how to breed the species in aquaria. Propagation efforts at Mandalay Bay failed, and by April 2007 all individuals had died or been transferred. Also in 2006, six younger pupfish were moved from Devils Hole to the Willow Beach National Fish Hatchery in Arizona. Additionally, the eighteen remaining individuals from the Hoover Dam refuge were moved to Willow Beach. While early breeding efforts appeared successful and four larvae survived to adulthood, all individuals had died by December 2006, possibly from a form of leukemia.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: In the early 2010s, a full-scale replica of the upper of Devils Hole was built at the new Ash Meadows Fish Conservation Facility (AMFCF), resulting in a tank. Located less than a mile away (), this refuge closely mimics the natural Devils Hole, including water chemistry, spawning shelf, and natural sunlight. It intentionally differs, however, in temperature and dissolved oxygen content. The temperature is cooler than that of Devils Hole and the dissolved oxygen content is doubled in attempts to reduce thermal and respiratory stress on the fish.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: The population of Devils Hole pupfish at AMFCF was created by taking eggs from Devils Hole. However, eggs are only removed at times of the year when it is unlikely that they would develop into mature adults, such as in the winter. It is thought that egg removal during this time would therefore have the least impact on the population size at Devils Hole. When transferred to AMFCF, the eggs are exposed to anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-parasite treatments. They are reared in the aquarium until adulthood, at which point they are transferred to the large refuge tank. This procedure is also followed for eggs laid in the refuge tank. While efforts have been made to remove the predaceous beetle "Neoclypeodytes cinctellus" from the captive population's tank to lessen its depredation on eggs, it has not been removed from Devils Hole. It is unknown how removal of the species could affect the Devils Hole ecosystem, and the number of beetles in Devils Hole is less than in the tank hosting the captive population.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: As of 2021, the efforts of the Ash Meadows Fish Conservation Facility have been considered "very successful" in maintaining a refuge population. At least fifty captive fish populated the refuge as of 2019, with an additional 10–20 in propagation tanks.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Millions of dollars have been spent conserving the Devils Hole Pupfish. The construction of the Ash Meadows Fish Conservation Facility alone, which opened in 2013, was estimated to cost $4.5 million. Conservation efforts from January 2006 to May 2007 were $750,000. The legal case over the rights to extract groundwater concluded that the Cappaert family, who invested $7 million into opening a ranch in the area, could no longer withdraw the same amount of water. The Cappaert family's attorney decried that the Supreme Court had chosen the interests of a fish over people, and a newspaper editor from nearby Pahrump threatened to dump a pesticide into Devils Hole to kill them all. In response to bumper stickers that read "Save the Pupfish" distributed by the Desert Fishes Council, Nye County Commissioner Robert Rudd produced bumper stickers that said "Kill the Pupfish". The Cappaert family sold the ranch in the late 1970s.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Population surveys of the Devils Hole pupfish began in 1972. Population counts since then have been conducted using the same methods, with scuba diving researchers counting fish starting at depths of while researchers above the water count the individuals on the shallow shelf. From 1970 through 1996, the average population was 324. Population highs were recorded in 1980, 1990, and 1995 at counts of 541–548 individuals. Since 2005, the population at Devils Hole has been below 200 individuals, although the population fluctuates depending on the season. Low algae growth and other winter conditions cause spring populations to be 35–65% of the autumn population. The reasons for the decline of the population are unclear. A 2014 study ascertained that the Devils Hole pupfish had a 26–33% chance of becoming extinct in the next twenty years


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: In November 2005, divers counted just 84 individuals in the Devils Hole population, the same as the spring population, despite observations of egg-laying and juvenile fish during the summer. In 2007, between 38 and 42 fish were left in Devils Hole.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: The pupfish count rose in the autumn of 2008 to 126, the first steady increase in more than 10 years. As of April 2013 U.S. Fish and Wildlife reported only 35 fish remain in their natural habitat, but increased to 92 when measured again in 2014. As of spring 2016, a periodic count found 115 of the fish living in the waters. In spring 2019, the pupfish population reached 136, the highest springtime population since 2003.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Population counts were suspended in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, egg collection for "ex situ" cultivation continued. Observers noted encouraging signs of population growth, and during the next count in April 2022, 175 pupfish were observed. The population has continued to grow, with 263 observed pupfish in September 2022.


title: Devils Hole pupfish

text: Many of the various surviving local "Cyprinodon" species and subspecies (pupfish), including the Devils Hole pupfish, are on the IUCN Red List of threatened species:


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: The Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Board () is an independent organization responsible for administering defined-benefit pensions for school teachers of the Canadian province of Ontario. Ontario Teachers' also invests the plan's pension fund and it is one of the world's largest institutional investors, acting as a partner organization of the World Economic Forum. The plan is a multi-employer pension plan, jointly sponsored by the Government of Ontario and the Ontario Teachers' Federation.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: Ontario Teachers' achieved a 11.1% one-year total-fund net return in 2021 and achieved its ninth consecutive fully funded year.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: Ontario Teachers' was established on January 1, 1990. Until then, Ontario teachers' pensions had been sponsored solely by the Ontario government. Assets of the plan had been invested in government bonds only. Currently, it invests globally in fixed income, public and private equity markets, real estate, infrastructure, natural resources, credit and venture capital through the Teachers' Innovation Platform (TIP).


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: The plan administers the pensions for some 183,000 teachers, principals, and school administrators, and it pays pensions to some 148,000 retirees. In 2020, $6.74 billion in benefits was paid to members. Ontario Teachers' is headquartered in Toronto, with regional offices in London, New York, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Mumbai. Effective January 1, 2020, Jo Taylor succeeded Ron Mock as President and Chief Executive Officer. The Chair of Ontario Teachers' is Steve McGirr.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: One of Canada's largest institutional investors, Ontario Teachers' reported having $241.6 billion in net assets as of December 31, 2021. It has an excellent track record for investment performance, with an average annual return of 9.7 per cent since inception in 1990.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: Ontario Teachers' owns and manages a diversified portfolio of Canadian and international assets. Through its fully owned real estate subsidiary, Cadillac Fairview, Ontario Teachers' owns properties that include the Toronto-Dominion Centre, Toronto Eaton Centre, the Pacific Centre in Vancouver, the Rideau Centre in Ottawa, and White City Place in London, UK. Through its private equity investment arm, Private Capital, Ontario Teachers' owns interests in companies such as Munchkin, PODS, Techem, GFL Environmental, and Shearer's Foods. In 2001, Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan and Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec were the sole two investors in a US$360 million fund raised by Canadian company Cordiant Capital. Ontario Teachers' also owns Camelot Group PLC, which holds an exclusive licence to operate the UK National Lottery. It acquired a share of the Irish National Lottery in 2014.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: Ontario Teachers' owns a substantial portfolio of infrastructure assets, including stakes in Birmingham Airport, Bristol Airport, Copenhagen Airport, and London City Airport, as well as international water and power utilities. Alongside PSP Investments, Ontario Teachers' owns Cubico Sustainable Investments, a leading provider of renewable energy.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: From 2003 to 2012, the fund was the principal owner of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, the parent organization of the Toronto Maple Leafs, Toronto Raptors, Toronto FC and Toronto Argonauts. The franchise was sold to BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications in 2012.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: In 2019, Ontario Teachers', along with Amazon and others, assisted in financing to help the New York Yankees regain ownership control of their regional sports network, the YES Network, resulting in a minority ownership in the network.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: In 2022, the pension fund was targeting investments in India, opening an office in Mumbai in September. It had $178.5 billion in assets total.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: In 2021 and 2022, Ontario Teachers' invested US$75 million in FTX and US$20 million in FTX.US respectively, through its Teacher's Venture Growth platform. Following FTX's collapse in early November 2022, Ontario Teachers' stated that it will write off the entirety of its US$95 million investment by the end of 2022.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: On June 6, 2018, a group of global institutional investors, led by Ontario Teachers' and CDPQ, in collaboration with the Government of Canada, announced a project to advance key G7 objectives. Partner Institutions AIMCo, Allianz, Aviva, CalPERS, CDPQ, Generali, Natixis Investment Managers, OMERS, Ontario Teachers', OPTrust, and PGGM pledged to commit resources, expertise and networks to three initiatives: enhancing expertise in infrastructure financing and development of emerging and frontier economies; opening opportunities for women in finance and investment worldwide; and speeding up the implementation of uniform and comparable climate-related disclosures under the FSB-TCFD framework.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: On September 26, 2018, Ontario Teachers' joined finance, health and government leaders in signing the Tobacco-Free Finance Pledge (of the NGO Tobacco-Free Portfolios), which commits the pension plan to no longer invest in tobacco companies.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: On January 21, 2021, Ontario Teachers' announced its commitment to net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, disclosing that its strategy will focus on financing climate solutions that replace fossil fuels and reduce emissions.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: On the January 12, 2004 episode of "Rick Mercer Report", comedian Rick Mercer had a short segment about the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, in which he humorously contrasted the plan's beneficiaries (i.e. teachers) with the investments the plan had made, including shopping malls and the tobacco industry.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: On December 2, 2008, New York lawyer Marc Stuart Dreier was arrested at Ontario Teachers' Toronto offices and charged with impersonating, through his words and by the use of business cards, Michael Padfield, a senior lawyer with the pension plan. A receptionist in the Ontario Teachers' offices had become suspicious and notified Toronto police who promptly arrested him. Dreier was attempting to close a sale of forged Ontario Teachers' promissory notes, worth US$44.7 million, by meeting with the buyers right in the Ontario Teachers' offices.


title: Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan

text: A 2012 article in "The Economist" titled "Maple Revolutionaries" about Canada's largest public pension funds features Ontario Teachers', saying it pioneered a new style of investing in the 1990s by managing more of its portfolio internally and doing more direct investing. Then-Ontario Teachers' CEO Jim Leech called Canadian pension funds a "new brand of financial institution" likened to depoliticized sovereign-wealth funds.


title: Accusative case

text: The accusative case (abbreviated ) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb.


title: Accusative case

text: In the English language, the only words that occur in the accusative case are pronouns: 'me,' 'him,' 'her,' 'us,' and ‘them’. The spelling of those words will change depending on how they are used in a sentence. For example, the pronoun "they", as the subject of a sentence, is in the nominative case ("They wrote a book"); but if the pronoun is instead the object, it is in the accusative case and "they" becomes "them" ("The book was written by them").


title: Accusative case

text: The accusative case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) prepositions. It is usually combined with the nominative case (for example in Latin).


title: Accusative case

text: The English term, "accusative", derives from the Latin , which, in turn, is a translation of the Greek . The word may also mean "causative", and this may have been the Greeks' intention in this name, but the sense of the Roman translation has endured and is used in some other modern languages as the grammatical term for this case, for example in Russian ().


title: Accusative case

text: The accusative case is typical of early Indo-European languages and still exists in some of them (including Albanian, Armenian, Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, German, Polish, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian), in the Finno-Ugric languages (such as Finnish and Hungarian), in all Turkic languages, in Dravidan languages like Malayalam, and in Semitic languages (such as Arabic). Some Balto-Finnic languages, such as Finnish, have two cases to mark objects, the accusative and the partitive case. In morphosyntactic alignment terms, both perform the accusative function, but the accusative object is telic, while the partitive is not.


title: Accusative case

text: Modern English almost entirely lacks declension in its nouns; pronouns, however, have an oblique case as in "them", "her", "him" and "whom", which merges the accusative and dative functions, and originates in old Germanic dative forms (see Declension in English).


title: Accusative case

text: In the sentence "The man sees the dog", the noun phrase "the dog" is the direct object of the verb "see". In English, which has mostly lost the case system, the definite article and noun – "the dog" – remain in the same form regardless of the grammatical role played by the words, though an artifact of it can be seen in the verb, which changes to "sees". One can correctly use "the dog" as the subject of a sentence also: "The dog sees the cat."


title: Accusative case

text: In a declined language, the morphology of the article or noun changes in some way according to the grammatical role played by the noun in a given sentence. For example, in German, "the dog" is . This is the form in the nominative case, used for the subject of a sentence. If this article/noun pair is used as the object of a verb, it (usually) changes to the accusative case, which entails an article shift in German – (The man sees the dog). In German, masculine nouns change their definite article from to in the accusative case.


title: Accusative case

text: The accusative case in Latin has minor differences from the accusative case in Proto-Indo-European (PIE).


title: Accusative case

text: The accusative case is used for the direct object in a sentence. The masculine forms for German articles, e.g., 'the', 'a/an', 'my', etc., change in the accusative case: they always end in -en. The feminine, neutral and plural forms do not change.


title: Accusative case

text: The accusative case is also used after particular German prepositions. These include , , , , , , after which the accusative case is always used, and , , , , , , , , which can govern either the accusative or the dative. The latter prepositions take the accusative when motion or action is specified (being done into/onto the space), but take the dative when location is specified (being done in/on that space). These prepositions are also used in conjunction with certain verbs, in which case it is the verb in question which governs whether the accusative or dative should be used.


title: Accusative case

text: Adjective endings also change in the accusative case. Another factor that determines the endings of adjectives is whether the adjective is being used after a definite article (the), after an indefinite article (a/an) or without any article before the adjective ("many" green apples).


title: Accusative case

text: In German, the accusative case is also used for some adverbial expressions, mostly temporal ones, as in (This evening I'm staying at home), where is marked as accusative, although not a direct object.


title: Accusative case

text: In Russian, accusative is used not only to display the direct object of an action, but also to indicate the destination or goal of motion. It is also used with some prepositions. The prepositions and can both take accusative in situations where they are indicating the goal of a motion.


title: Accusative case

text: In the masculine, Russian also distinguishes between animate and inanimate nouns with regard to the accusative; only the animates carry a marker in this case.


title: Accusative case

text: The PIE accusative case has nearly eroded in Russian, merging with the genitive or the nominative in most declensions. Only singular first-declension nouns (ending in ", ", or ") have a distinct accusative (", ", or ").


title: Accusative case

text: Traditional Finnish grammars say the accusative is the case of a total object, while the case of a partial object is the partitive. The accusative is identical either to the nominative or the genitive, except for personal pronouns and the personal interrogative pronoun /, which have a special accusative form ending in .


title: Accusative case

text: The major new Finnish grammar, , breaks with the traditional classification to limit the accusative case to the special case of the personal pronouns and /. The new grammar considers other total objects as being in the nominative or genitive case.


title: Accusative case

text: Accusative case marking existed in Proto-Semitic, Akkadian, and Ugaritic. It is preserved today in many Semitic languages as Modern Standard Arabic, Hebrew and Ge'ez.


title: Accusative case

text: The accusative case is called in Arabic () and it has many other uses in addition to marking the object of a verb.


title: Accusative case

text: In Japanese, cases are marked by placing particles after nouns. The accusative case is marked with を (wo, pronounced ).


title: Accusative case

text: In Turkish, cases are marked with suffixes. Accusative case is marked with suffixes "-ı, -i, -u, -ü", depending on the vowel harmony. An example is "Arabayı," the word "araba" is marked with the suffix with the buffer letter "y" added because in Turkish, two vowels next to each other is not allowed. (The exception is words loaned from other languages such as "saat", "şiir" etc.)


title: Accusative case

text: In Malayalam, the accusative inflection is achieved using the suffix എ /-e/. Example: രാമൻ /raman/ → രാമനെ /ramane/. The sandhi also play a role here depending on the ending of the noun. Example: മരം /maram/ → മരത്തെ /maratte/ where /tt/ replaces /m/ when /e/ is suffixed.


title: Helen Martin

text: Helen Dorothy Martin (July 23, 1909 – March 25, 2000) was an American actress of stage and television. Martin's career spanned over 60 years, appearing first on stage and later in film and television. Martin is best known for her roles as Wanda on the CBS sitcom "Good Times" (1974–1979) and as Pearl Shay on the NBC sitcom "227" (1985–1990).


title: Helen Martin

text: Martin was raised in Nashville, Tennessee. She was an only child born to a family of musicians. Martin's parents wanted their daughter to become a concert pianist. At the urging of her parents, Martin attended Fisk University for a two year span before dropping out to embark on an acting career.


title: Helen Martin

text: After leaving college, Martin moved to Chicago, and New York City thereafter to study acting with the WPA Theater and the Rose McClendon Players. She was a founding member of the American Negro Theater in Harlem. Martin became a Broadway character actress for many decades, debuting in 'Orchids Preferred' in 1937 and thereafter Orson Welles's production of "Native Son" in 1941.


title: Helen Martin

text: Martin appeared in a dozen Broadway shows, including Jean Genet's "The Blacks", the musical "Raisin" from 1973 until 1975, Ossie Davis's "Purlie Victorious" (and later the musical version, which was called "Purlie"), "The Amen Corner" and Tennessee Williams's "Period of Adjustment".


title: Helen Martin

text: Martin became widely known later in life due to her roles in popular television series, which brought her a large audience. She had a recurring role as Wanda "Weeping Wanda" on the television series "Good Times", and later as the neighbor Pearl Shay on the television sitcom "227", which lasted from 1985 until 1990. Martin also had a role on the short-lived sitcoms "Baby, I'm Back" (as mother in-law, Luzelle) and "That's My Mama". Martin portrayed a variety of grandmothers in films: "Hollywood Shuffle" (1987), "Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood" (1996), "I Got the Hook Up" (1998), "House Party 2" (1991), and Mama Doll in "Bulworth" (1998).


title: Helen Martin

text: While appearing on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" to promote "Don't Be a Menace", Martin sent host Conan O'Brien and the audience into a frenzy with her remarks, responding to a question about being cast as a pot-smoking grandmother in the film, "I love the reefer!", and that she would be a stripper had she not gone into acting, following the statement with a suggestive dance.


title: The Suburbs

text: The Suburbs is the third studio album by Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire, released on August 2, 2010. Coinciding with its announcement, the band released a limited edition 12-inch single containing the title track and "Month of May". The album debuted at No. 1 on the Irish Albums Chart, the UK Albums Chart, the US "Billboard" 200 chart, and the Canadian Albums Chart. It won Album of the Year at the 2011 Grammy Awards, Best International Album at the 2011 BRIT Awards, Album of the Year at the 2011 Juno Awards, and the 2011 Polaris Music Prize for best Canadian album. Two weeks after winning Grammy's Album of the Year, the album jumped from No. 52 to No. 12 on the "Billboard" 200, the album's highest ranking since August 2010.


title: The Suburbs

text: Arcade Fire released a deluxe edition CD/DVD of "The Suburbs" on June 27, 2011 (everywhere except the U.S. and Canada). The American and Canadian versions were released on August 2, 2011, to coincide with the original album's anniversary. The new version included two brand new tracks recorded during "The Suburbs" album sessions ("Culture War" and "Speaking in Tongues", the latter featuring David Byrne), an extended version of album track "Wasted Hours", Spike Jonze's short film, "Scenes from the Suburbs", and an 80-page booklet as well as other exclusive content.


title: The Suburbs

text: The album's lyrical content is inspired by band members Win and William Butler's upbringing in The Woodlands, Texas, a suburb of Houston. According to Win Butler, the album "is neither a love letter to, nor an indictment of, the suburbs – it's a letter "from" the suburbs". The album was recorded in Win Butler and Régine Chassagne's residence in Montreal, with some parts being recorded at the band's studio in Quebec and in New York City. Win Butler describes the overall sound of "The Suburbs" as "a mix of Depeche Mode and Neil Young", stating that he wanted the album to sound like "the bands that I heard when I was very young, and wondered what those crazy noises were". It was released by Merge Records in North America and by Mercury Records in the United Kingdom.


title: The Suburbs

text: The band pressed each completed song to a 12″ lacquer, then recorded it back for the digital master of the album. There are eight alternative covers for the CD version of the album.


title: The Suburbs

text: A video for "Ready to Start" was released on August 20, 2010, directed by Charlie Lightning and filmed at the band's July 7, 2010 concert at the Hackney Empire in London. On August 30, 2010, an interactive video was released for "We Used to Wait" at http://www.thewildernessdowntown.com, written and directed by Chris Milk, designed in conjunction with Google Chrome, which makes use of Google Maps and Google Street View, and has been featured in "Time"s "Short List".


title: The Suburbs

text: Another music video, for the title track "The Suburbs", was released on November 18, 2010, directed by Spike Jonze. The video, filmed in Austin, Texas, follows a group of teenagers living in the suburbs, and features cameos by Win Butler and Sarah Neufeld as police officers. The music video is composed of excerpts from Jonze's short film, "Scenes from the Suburbs", which debuted at the Berlin International Film Festival 2011, and has a running time of 30 minutes. "Scenes from the Suburbs" screened at the SXSW Film Festival 2011 and saw its online premiere on MUBI on June 27, 2011. Writing for the Canadian Press, Nick Patch called the film "a sci-fi puzzler that seems to blend the paranoia of Terry Gilliam films with the nostalgia of classic Steven Spielberg flicks".


title: The Suburbs

text: "The Suburbs" received acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 87 out of 100, which indicates "universal acclaim" based on 43 reviews. Writing for BBC Music, Mike Diver described the album as the band's "most thrillingly engrossing chapter yet; a complex, captivating work that, several cycles down the line, retains the magic and mystery of that first tentative encounter" and stated that "you could call it their "OK Computer"." Several reviewers compared "The Suburbs" favourably to Arcade Fire's earlier work. Ian Cohen of "Pitchfork" called it "a satisfying return to form—proof that Arcade Fire can still make grand statements without sounding like they're carrying the weight of the world". Noel Murray of "The A.V. Club" described the album as being "like one long sequel" to the band's earlier single "No Cars Go". "Q" wrote that the band "may well have delivered their masterpiece."


title: The Suburbs

text: David Marchese, writing in "Spin", wrote of the album: "Radiant with apocalyptic tension and grasping to sustain real bonds, [it] extends hungrily outward, recalling the dystopic miasma of William Gibson's sci-fi novels and Sonic Youth's guitar odysseys. Desperate to elude its own corrosive dread, it keeps moving, asking, looking, and making the promise that hope isn't just another spiritual cul-de-sac." "NME"s reviewer Emily Mackay compared "The Suburbs" to R.E.M.'s "Automatic for the People" in the sense of it being "an album that combines mass accessibility with much greater ambition. Pretty much perfect, in other words – and despite their best efforts, listening to it feels just like coming home." "Uncut" designated the album as their "Album of the Month"; in a 4-star review for the magazine, Alastair McKay called it "a surprising record, swapping the spit and fire of "Funeral" for a sense of mature playfulness", and concluding that "[it] explores the badlands between safety and boredom. It's nostalgic, with a sense of future dread. There is pain and pleasure, loss and hope. It feels like the anesthetic is wearing off."


title: The Suburbs

text: "Exclaim!" listed the album as their No. 1 Pop & Rock Album of 2010. Writer Andrea Warner summarized it as "a perfect actualization of the suburbs as metaphor for the classic North American dream: a smoothly perfect veneer covering up the lush complexity of motivation. It's not just metaphor, but goes a step further to exemplify the quintessential Arcade Fire sound ― a controlled frenzy, pushing and reaching for something more."


title: The Suburbs

text: The album was also included in the 2011 edition of the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: The Suburbs

text: On June 16, 2011, the album was named as a long-listed nominee for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize. On July 6, "The Suburbs" was awarded a spot on the shortlist, making it one of ten possible candidates to win $30,000 and the recognition as the best Canadian album of the year as voted by jury of Canadian journalists and broadcasters. On September 19, 2011, it won the Polaris Music Prize.


title: The Suburbs

text: The album won both Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2011, as well as the Album of the Year at the 53rd Grammy Awards, and earned a nomination for Best Alternative Music Album, won International Album at the 2011 BRIT Awards and was also on numerous best-albums-of-the-year lists:


title: The Suburbs

text: The single “Ready to Start” was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.


title: Crazy Mohan

text: Mohan Rangachari (16 October 1952 – 10 June 2019) known professionally as Crazy Mohan, was an Indian actor, comedian, screenwriter and playwright. An engineer by profession, Mohan started writing plays and established his own drama troupe called "Crazy Creations" in 1979. In addition to dramas and tele-serials, Mohan worked as a dialogue writer on a number of comedy films. Mohan had written over 30 plays, worked on over 40 films, having cameo roles in each film, and written 100 short stories. The Tamil Nadu state government in the year 2004, awarded him the Kalaimamani title for excellence in the field of arts and literature.


title: Crazy Mohan

text: Mohan was a student at the College of Engineering, Guindy, where he graduated as a mechanical engineer in 1973. His guide was his classmate S. Ravi, who was the President of Tamil Mandram. Before becoming a full-time writer, Mohan was working at Sundaram - Clayton Limited.


title: Crazy Mohan

text: At the College of Engineering, Guindy, in February 1972, he first wrote "Great Bank Robbery", a skit for an intra class contest within the Guindy Engineering college for which he received the Best Writer award. It was followed by scripts for his younger brother Maadhu Balaji's drama troupe at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Chennai. The first full-length play he wrote was "Crazy Thieves in Paalavakkam" for Natakapriya in 1976, which was a runaway hit and gave him the nom de plume "Crazy" Mohan. He also wrote scripts for "Tenant Commandments" and "One More Exorcist".


title: Crazy Mohan

text: After writing for other productions, Mohan decided to start his own troupe and founded Crazy Creations in 1979. The troupe has since created over 30 plays with original scripts and staged over 6,500 shows all over India and abroad. His play "Chocolate Krishna" had been staged 500 times within three years. His brother Maadhu Balaji, who is an actor, plays the hero in all his dramas.


title: Crazy Mohan

text: The first feature film he worked on was K. Balachander's "Poikkal Kudhirai" for which he wrote the dialogues. The film itself was based on Mohan's drama "Marriage made in Saloon". He went on to write dialogues for several comedy films, particularly starring Kamal Haasan, which include "Sathi Leelavathi", "Kaathala Kaathala", "Michael Madana Kama Rajan", "Apoorva Sagodharargal", "Indian", "Avvai Shanmughi", "Thenali", "Panchathanthiram" and "Vasool Raja MBBS". The 2006 film "Jerry" had a story and screenplay by Mohan and featured Mohan's entire theatre team, including its director S. B. Khanthan. He has also acted in supporting or cameo roles in the films he wrote the dialogue or script for.