title: Indeterminate form

text: This is enough to show that formula_5 is an indeterminate form. Other examples with this indeterminate form include


title: Indeterminate form

text: Direct substitution of the number that "formula_6" approaches into any of these expressions shows that these are examples correspond to the indeterminate form formula_5, but these limits can assume many different values. Any desired value formula_36 can be obtained for this indeterminate form as follows:


title: Indeterminate form

text: If the functions formula_41 and formula_42 are analytic at formula_23, and formula_41 is positive for formula_6 sufficiently close (but not equal) to formula_23, then the limit of formula_47 will be formula_2. Otherwise, use the transformation in the table below to evaluate the limit.


title: Indeterminate form

text: The expression formula_24 is not commonly regarded as an indeterminate form, because if the limit of formula_50 exists then there is no ambiguity as to its value, as it always diverges. Specifically, if formula_41 approaches formula_2 and formula_42 approaches formula_1, then formula_41 and formula_42 may be chosen so that:


title: Indeterminate form

text: In each case the absolute value formula_61 approaches formula_58, and so the quotient formula_50 must diverge, in the sense of the extended real numbers (in the framework of the projectively extended real line, the limit is the unsigned infinity formula_3 in all three cases). Similarly, any expression of the form formula_65 with formula_66 (including formula_67 and formula_68) is not an indeterminate form, since a quotient giving rise to such an expression will always diverge.


title: Indeterminate form

text: The expression formula_31 is not an indeterminate form. The expression formula_70 obtained from considering formula_71 gives the limit formula_1, provided that formula_19 remains nonnegative as formula_6 approaches formula_23. The expression formula_76 is similarly equivalent to formula_24; if formula_78 as formula_6 approaches formula_23, the limit comes out as formula_58.


title: Indeterminate form

text: To see why, let formula_82 where formula_83 and formula_84 By taking the natural logarithm of both sides and using formula_85 we get that formula_86 which means that formula_87


title: Indeterminate form

text: The adjective "indeterminate" does "not" imply that the limit does not exist, as many of the examples above show. In many cases, algebraic elimination, L'Hôpital's rule, or other methods can be used to manipulate the expression so that the limit can be evaluated.


title: Indeterminate form

text: When two variables formula_88 and formula_89 converge to zero at the same limit point and formula_90, they are called "equivalent infinitesimal" (equiv. formula_91).


title: Indeterminate form

text: For the evaluation of the indeterminate form formula_5, one can make use of the following facts about equivalent infinitesimals (e.g., formula_100 if "x" becomes closer to zero):


title: Indeterminate form

text: In the 2nd equality, formula_102 where formula_103 as "y" become closer to 0 is used, and formula_104 where formula_105


title: Eli Marienthal

text: Marienthal was born in Santa Monica, California in 1986, the son of Penny Marienthal and Joseph Cross. He has two siblings, actors Harley Cross and Flora Cross. Marienthal is Jewish. In addition to acting, Marienthal has written and performed his own work as a poet, dancer, and playwright.


title: Eli Marienthal

text: Marienthal graduated from the private East Bay French-American School in Berkeley, where all students learn to speak French and attend classes in two languages, and from Berkeley High School in 2004. He graduated magna cum laude from Brown University in 2008 with a double major in comparative literature and international development studies. He also holds a master's degree in development studies from Brown. As of February 2019, Marienthal is a doctoral candidate in geography at the University of California, Berkeley.


title: Eli Marienthal

text: Marienthal's career started in Bay Area stage theater work, performing in "Missing Persons", "The Cryptogram", "Hecuba", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Every 17 Minutes the Crowd Goes Crazy", and "The Life of Galileo".


title: Eli Marienthal

text: Marienthal is known for the role of Robin (Tim Drake) in "" and the "Static Shock" episode "The Big Leagues". He replaced the previous voice actor, Mathew Valencia, because in these appearances, Robin appeared and was supposed to sound older than he had on the animated series. He played the title role of "Tucker Pierce" in the "Tucker" television series. He is also the voice of Hogarth Hughes in the 1999 film "The Iron Giant" (his most famous voice acting role) and plays Steve Stifler's younger brother in the 1999 film "American Pie" and its 2001 sequel, "American Pie 2" before his last film role to date was in the teenage-oriented comedy, "Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen" (2004), opposite Lindsay Lohan, as Sam.


title: The Harder They Come

text: The Harder They Come is a 1972 Jamaican crime film directed by Perry Henzell and co-written by Trevor D. Rhone, and starring Jimmy Cliff. The film is most famous for its reggae soundtrack that is said to have "brought reggae to the world".


title: The Harder They Come

text: Enormously successful in Jamaica, the film also reached the international market and has been described as "possibly the most influential of Jamaican films and one of the most important films from the Caribbean".


title: The Harder They Come

text: Ivanhoe "Ivan" Martin is a poor Jamaican man in desperate search of work. He leaves his rural home after his grandmother dies to live with his impoverished wastrel mother in Kingston, but is rebuffed. Before he can even locate her he has all his possessions stolen in a con by a street vendor he naively trusted. He later meets José, who takes him to see "Django", a Spaghetti Western. Excited by urban life, he tries to get a job but repeatedly fails.


title: The Harder They Come

text: He finally drifts into the circle of a Christian preacher. There he finds menial work, and in his spare time he turns an abandoned bicycle frame into a working bicycle, then uses it to run errands for his new boss. He gets into trouble with the preacher after he shows sexual interest in the Preacher's young virginal female ward, Elsa, then with her assistance uses his church for rehearsing secular songs he intends to record.


title: The Harder They Come

text: After being brusquely run off by the preacher (for his using the church space as a rehearsal venue) he returns to the church compound to collect his bicycle, but finds an older, much bigger former colleague has appropriated it. Challenged to take it back, Ivan does so, avoiding a broken bottle his opponent wields before slashing the man with a knife, for which he is sentenced by the local authorities to a violent whipping.


title: The Harder They Come

text: Ivan interests a prominent record producer in a song that he writes and performs, "The Harder They Come", but in spite of trying to wrangle more only gets the standard exploitative $20 offer for it. He dreams of stardom upon its release, but the stranglehold which the producer maintains on the local music industry through payola condemns Ivan to obscurity. He takes up with his lover, who has been violently driven away in a jealous rage by the preacher for "fornication".


title: The Harder They Come

text: Eventually José offers Ivan an opportunity to make a modest living running marijuana, moving the drug from the country to the city on a motorbike as part of a large police-protected network. When Ivan complains about the poor pay and what he obtusely believes is high risk, being oblivious to the collusion with the authorities that makes the thriving enterprise possible, José sets up a take-down for him with the corrupt local police official running the protection racket, Detective Jones. On Ivan's next trip he is flagged down by a policeman who routinely had waved him by; Ivan panics, and shoots the officer, who dies from his wounds and crashing his motorcycle.


title: The Harder They Come

text: Next, Ivan has a tryst with José's girlfriend. While he is in bed with her, the police surround the room and try to capture him. He shoots his way out, killing three officers. On the run, he returns to shoot and wound the girl, believing she and José betrayed him. He then finds José and pursues him, shooting at him but missing.


title: The Harder They Come

text: Ivan returns to the countryside. He is again betrayed and the police catch up with him, leading to another shootout and escape. Ivan seeks support from his closest drug-dealer friend, Pedro, who helps him hide out. Detective Jones, tasked with rounding Ivan up, temporarily shuts down his lucrative protection racket in order to starve the entire community thereby pressuring the network to hand Ivan over to the police.


title: The Harder They Come

text: Meanwhile, the record mogul releases Ivan's song in order to capitalize on his notoriety, which becomes a hit and fans his fame as a charismatic rebel. Enamoured of this image, Ivan has staged photographs of himself posing as a flagrant two-gun outlaw. He sends them to the press, which is resistant to print them. He then steals a flashy car from a resort hotel and drives it aimlessly around the countryside in a reverie.


title: The Harder They Come

text: Pedro then advises Ivan to escape to Cuba. A rendezvous with a vessel bound there is arranged, but Ivan is ambushed by a police assault team while seeking to approach it and is unable to drag himself up a boarding ladder thrown over its stern. He passes out from his wound and finds himself beached ashore. The police approach, armed with automatic rifles; he comes out, holding his two guns, and is shot. The film ends with a woman's torso gyrating to the sound of Ivan's song over the credits.


title: The Harder They Come

text: The film stars reggae singer Jimmy Cliff, who plays Ivanhoe Martin, a character based upon a real-life Jamaican criminal of that name, better known as Rhyging, who achieved fame in the 1940s. Prior to filming, the project had a working title of "Rhygin". This then changed to "Hard Road to Travel" before finally being changed to "The Harder They Come", prompting Cliff to write the song of the same name. The story very loosely follows the real Martin/Rhyging's life updated to the 1970s, though the historical Rhyging was neither a musician nor drug dealer.


title: The Harder They Come

text: Cliff's previous acting experience had come from school productions. Other major roles in the film were played by Janet Bartley ("Elsa"), Basil Keane ("Preacher"), Ras Daniel Hartman ("Pedro"), Beverly Anderson ("Upper St. Andrew Housewife"), eventually married to Michael Manley who became the Prime Minister of Jamaica, Bob Charlton ("Hilton"), Volair Johnson ("Pushcart Boy"), and well known comedians Bim and Bam: Ed "Bim" Lewis ("Photographer"), and Aston "Bam" Wynter ("drunken husband"). Legendary ska musician Prince Buster ("DJ at Dance") makes a cameo in the movie, telling the audience to "sit tight and listen keenly!"


title: The Harder They Come

text: The film was a sensation in Jamaica due to its naturalistic portrayal of black Jamaicans in real locations and its use of Jamaican Patois, the local creole. According to Henzell, "Black people seeing themselves on the screen for the first time created an unbelievable audience reaction".


title: The Harder They Come

text: The film premiered at the Carib Theatre in Kingston, Jamaica on June 5, 1972, and was then released in February 1973 in New York City by Roger Corman's New World Pictures to little attention. It became more popular when it was played to midnight audiences nationwide the following April. However, the popularity of the movie was limited outside of Jamaica because the local Patois spoken by the characters was so thick that it required subtitles, making it possibly "the first English language movie in history to require subtitles in the United States".


title: The Harder They Come

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 90% score based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 2 1/2 stars out of 4, writing that the "movie’s ending is an exercise in plot; its beginning and its music deserve better than that". The staff of "Variety" magazine wrote that the film "has a sharp and racy rhythm, in keeping with the syncopated music of the isle, plus an underlying social theme in the guise of a familiar tale".


title: The Harder They Come

text: In 1980, Jamaican-American author Michael Thelwell published a novel based on the film, using the same title. Thelwell inserted many Jamaican proverbs into the novel that were unused in the film.


title: The Harder They Come

text: In 2006, Prasad Corporation digitally restored the film, recapturing its original look by cleaning it frame by frame to remove dirt, tears, scratches, and other artifacts.


title: The Harder They Come

text: In 2005, "The Harder They Come" was adapted into a stage musical by the Theatre Royal Stratford East and UK Arts International in the UK, with a script overseen by Henzell. The show opened on 25 March 2006, boasting the original soundtrack as well as a couple of additions, including "The Ganja Song", written by Geraldine Connor, featuring Rolan Bell as Ivan. The production later moved to the Playhouse Theatre, and was performed in Toronto and Miami.


title: The Harder They Come

text: "The Harder They Come", Suzan-Lori Parks' musical adaptation of the 1972 film was scheduled to be staged at New York's Public Theater in early 2023.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West is a 1970 non-fiction book by American writer Dee Brown that covers the history of Native Americans in the American West in the late nineteenth century. The book expresses details of the history of American expansionism from a point of view that is critical of its effects on the Native Americans. Brown describes Native Americans' displacement through forced relocations and years of warfare waged by the United States federal government. The government's dealings are portrayed as a continuing effort to destroy the culture, religion, and way of life of Native American peoples. Helen Hunt Jackson's 1881 book "A Century of Dishonor" is often considered a nineteenth-century precursor to Dee Brown's book.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Before the publication of "Bury My Heart...", Brown had become well-versed in the history of the American frontier. Having grown up in Arkansas, he developed a keen interest in the American West, and during his graduate education at George Washington University and his career as a librarian for both the US Department of Agriculture and the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, he wrote numerous books on the subject. Brown's works maintained a focus on the American West, but ranged anywhere from western fiction to histories to children's books. Many of Brown's books revolved around similar Native American topics, including his "Showdown at Little Bighorn" (1964) and "The Fetterman Massacre" (1974).


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" was first published in 1970 to generally strong reviews. Published at a time of increasing American Indian activism, the book has never gone out of print and has been translated into 17 languages. The title is taken from the final phrase of a twentieth-century poem titled "American Names" by Stephen Vincent Benét. The full quotation, "I shall not be there. I shall rise and pass. Bury my heart at Wounded Knee", appears at the beginning of Brown's book. Although Benet's poem is not about the plight of Native Americans, Wounded Knee was the site of the last major attack by the US Army on Native Americans. It is also one of several potential locations for the site of Crazy Horse's burial.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: In the first chapter, Brown presents a brief history of the discovery and settlement of America, from 1492 to the Indian turmoil that began in 1860. He stresses the initially gentle and peaceable behavior of Indians toward Europeans, especially their lack of resistance to early colonial efforts at Europeanization. It was not until the further influx of European settlers, gradual encroachment, and eventual seizure of native lands by the "white man" that the Native peoples resisted.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Brown completes his initial overview by briefly describing incidents up to 1860 that involved American encroachment and Indian removal, beginning with the defeat of the Wampanoags and Narragansetts, Iroquois, and Cherokee Nations, as well as the establishment of the West as the "permanent Indian frontier" and the ultimate breaches of the frontier as a means to achieve Manifest Destiny.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: In each of the following chapters, Brown provides an in-depth description of a significant post-1860 event in American Western expansion or Native American eradication, focusing in turn on the specific tribe or tribes involved in the event. In his narrative, Brown primarily discusses such tribes as the Navajo Nation, Santee Dakota, Hunkpapa Lakota, Oglala Lakota, Cheyenne, and Apache people. He touches more lightly upon the subjects of the Arapaho, Modoc, Kiowa, Comanche, Nez Perce, Ponca, Ute, and Minneconjou Lakota tribes.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Brown discusses the plight of Manuelito and the Navajo people in New Mexico, who make treaties and other efforts to maintain peace with Euro-Americans despite their encroachment on Navajo land, stealing livestock and burning entire villages as punishment for perceived misbehavior. The second, third and fourth generation European immigrants occupy land in Navajo country not only to build their own forts, the first of which was Fort Defiance, but also claim rights to the surrounding Navajo lands as pasture for their livestock. Various disputes occur between the Navajo and the Euro-Americans, culminating in a horse race between Manuelito and a US Army lieutenant who wins as a result of dishonesty and trickery. The consequence is a massacre of Navajo bystanders.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: The US Army General James Carleton orders the Navajos to relocate to a reservation at Bosque Redondo, where the Apaches had recently been moved, but is met with resistance. Employing a scorched-earth campaign, Kit Carson and Carleton force a large majority of resistant Navajos and Apaches to surrender and flee to the reservation. Manuelito and a few other Navajo leaders refuse to surrender but finally agree to relocate to the Bosque in 1866 "for the sake of the women and children", signing a peace treaty on June 1, 1868.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: The narrative of the Sioux begins with Brown's discussion of the Santee Dakota tribe. Following a poor harvest and lack of promised support from the US government in the early 1860s, members of the tribe became angry at white people. After the murder of several white men and women by young Dakotas, the frustrated Santee tribe, led by Chief Little Crow, attacked Fort Ridgely and a nearby town. When the Santees refused to surrender their white hostages to Colonel Sibley, they are forced into battle again at Yellow Medicine River. The Santees lose and over three dozen Santee warriors are executed in December 1862. Santee chiefs, including Chief Little Crow, were killed during the following six months, and the remaining Santees are removed to a Missouri River and Crow Creek reservation.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Brown's discussion of the Oglala Lakota begins with the US Army's 1865 invasion of the Powder River country in Montana. The army is confronted with opposition from the local Lakota and Cheyenne tribes. This and other skirmishes results in battles between the US Army and the Oglala Lakotas led by Chiefs Red Cloud and Roman Nose, forcing the army to retreat for the winter. The high death toll among US troops swelled the confidence of the Native Americans who began a journey to the Black Hills.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: At the army's request, the Sioux chiefs and approximately 2000 other warriors arrived at Fort Laramie in May 1866 for treaty talks. The tribes quickly learned of the army's intent to build roads and railroads through Sioux land. As construction progressed, the Sioux planned an attack on the white men and harassed white traffic through the Powder River country. Red Cloud unknowingly leads approximately 3,000 Lakota into an ambush, later called the Fetterman Massacre, at Peno Creek where 81 white men and 200 Lakotas are killed. Conflict continued between the army and the Lakota for years despite peace commissioners being sent to Powder River to address differences. In 1868 the army retreats upon the signing of the peace treaty with Red Cloud.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: In 1869 Red Cloud is invited to Washington D.C. to speak with Donehogawa, a member of the Iroquois tribe who is serving as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in the US government. Chief Red Cloud and his tribe members express their discontent with the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie which defined their reservation land as bordered by the Missouri River rather than the Powder River. Commissioner Donehogawa corrected this mistake by declaring the Powder River country reserved for Lakota hunting grounds. Donehogawa's agency was later accused of being like a "savage Indian" and the agency was unable to purchase supplies for the reservations. Donehogawa was subsequently forced to resign his commission.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: In 1874, when rumors of gold in the Black Hills were delivered by Custer and his men to the white settlers on the plains, miners and panhandlers flooded the Black Hills, angering the Lakota and Dakota living there. A peace council in 1875 tried to arrange for the US government to either purchase the mineral rights or outright ownership of the Black Hills, but both proposals were rejected by the Sioux. In 1876, a series of battles occur between the Sioux and US troops which initially ends when the Sioux defeat General Custer and his troops at the Battle of Little Bighorn on June 25. The humiliated US Army sends a peace council to sign a treaty that forces the Sioux out of the Black Hills to the Missouri River. The troops follow this treaty with numerous attacks on Lakota villages.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Following the removal of the Lakota from the Black Hills to the Missouri River Reservation, Sitting Bull, in exile in Canada and participating in unsuccessful peace talks, returned to American soil and surrenders at Fort Buford. He is removed to the Hunkpapa reservation at Standing Rock; he subsequently joins Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. The Lakota were ultimately forced to sign a treaty in 1890 that further divided and thwarted their reservation.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Sitting Bull was later arrested in an attempt by US authorities to suppress Sitting Bull's endorsement of the Ghost Dance which they considered a religious disturbance. The two Native American policemen sent to arrest Sitting Bull killed him. Following the death of Sitting Bull, a conflict arose that resulted in the Hunkpapas and Minneconjous tribes fleeing Standing Rock. Deciding against further resistance, the tribes join Red Cloud at Pine Ridge where they encountered Major Whitside in late December 1890. The tribes are subsequently directed to Wounded Knee, where a member of the Minneconjou tribe called Black Coyote refuses to surrender his rifle. The army reacts with violence which results in the deaths of 150–350 Native Americans and 25–31 US Army soldiers. The Lakota who survived the assault fled to Pine Ridge, and returned to Wounded Knee the next day only to bury their families and comrades.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: The 1858 Pikes Peak Gold Rush in Colorado created a swarm of white settlers onto Cheyenne and Arapaho lands and instigated treaty talks that resulted in removal of Cheyenne and Arapaho territory to any area between Sand Creek and the Arkansas River. When the Civil War brings the army into Cheyenne and Arapaho territory, the army endorses the murder of "hostile Indians". The Cheyenne tribe responds with numerous strikes on army outposts.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: In early 1866, the Southern Cheyenne Dog Soldiers are asked to sign the treaty that would relocate them to the south with Black Kettle and his tribe. When they refuse, Roman Nose organizes an attack which is thwarted by the coming of winter. In the following year a peace council is held between General Hancock's army and the Cheyenne which ends when Hancock's army burns the Cheyenne camp to force their cooperation. After a series of retaliatory assaults, a treaty is signed by the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Comanche tribes which relocates them to the reservation south of Arkansas River. Roman Nose doesn't sign the treaty. Instead he leads his Dog Soldiers on more war parties and is eventually killed. Generals Custer and Sheridan burn Black Kettle's village and the remaining band of Dog Soldiers are killed.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: After the surrender and removal, the Northern Cheyenne tribe led by Little Wolf and Dull Knife are unable to sustain themselves on the poor land at Fort Reno, and they form a hunting party to hunt buffalo north of their reservation. Their hunt was unsuccessful, and the tribe continues to suffer severe losses due to malnutrition and a measles epidemic. Chiefs Little Wolf and Dull Knife decide to move north but this leads to more violent encounters with the army. The tribes are reduced to nearly 10% of their earlier population. Dull Knife and his tribe try to join Red Cloud, and they defy orders to return to their southern, buffalo-depleted reservation. Battles ensue, and Dull Knife's tribe is pursued north until the majority of the tribe are killed. The survivors take refuge at Red Cloud's reservation.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: The friendly relations between the Apaches and Euro-Americans, evidenced by the Apaches allowing white travelers to pass through their land unmolested, evaporated when Apache Chief Cochise was imprisoned for allegedly stealing cattle and kidnapping a white boy from a settler's farm. When Cochise escaped, he and his warriors killed three white men, and the army responded by hanging male members of Cochise's family. Cochise spent the next two years leading attacks on the Euro-Americans. In 1865, after Cochise refused a treaty designed to relocate his Chiricahua tribe to a reservation, the Apaches successfully avoided contact with white men for a number of years. But in 1871, a group of settlers, Mexicans, and warriors from competing tribes massacred an Apache village, and Cochise and his followers retreated into the mountains. They stay there until the chief agrees to move the Apache to a reservation in the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona. He died soon thereafter in 1874.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: The Apache nation was divided after Cochise's death, and they soon become infamous for raiding white villages. The Chiricahua Apaches, avoiding attempts to relocate to a reservation, flee into Mexico. Victorio and his Warm Springs Apaches are removed to the San Carlos agency in southeastern Arizona in 1877. The entire tribe is eventually killed, to stop their raids on white settlers. Geronimo and his tribe leave their reservation only to return heavily armed and determined to free their fellow Apaches. This results in the stationing of Apache guerillas in Mexico. Negotiations with Geronimo and the guerillas continue over the next few years as alleged stories of the guerillas’ brutalities and atrocities circulate. In 1886, Geronimo flees once more before being incarcerated and transported to a reservation in Florida with the remaining Chiricahua Apaches.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Captain Jack, the Chief of the Modoc tribe of northern California, is described as a Native American friendly to the "white people" who settled in his country. As larger numbers of settlers trespass onto Modoc land and small disputes arise between the Modocs and white settlers, the US government forces a treaty, over Captain Jack's reluctance, that will relocate the Modocs to a reservation in Oregon shared with the Klamaths. Conflicts between the two tribes quickly begin, and the Modocs return south to California. Their return is halted by a skirmish between the tribe and an army battalion in 1872, and the Modocs divert to the California lava beds. Another group of Modocs, led by Hooker Jim, murdered 12 white settlers and forced Captain Jack to lead his tribe into a battle against the army. A peace commission led by General Canby, conducts peace talks with Captain Jack who eventually, under pressure from Hooker Jim's Modocs, agrees to kill Canby should the original Modoc land not be returned to the tribe. As feared, Canby refuses to return the land to the Modocs, and he is killed by Captain Jack. Hooker Jim betrayed Captain Jack to the army, and he is hanged on October 3, 1873.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: After the Battle of Washita in 1868, General Sheridan ordered the tribes involved to surrender at Fort Cobb. The Kiowa tribe refused. The Kiowa chiefs were arrested and both the Kiowa and Comanche people are forced onto the Fort Cobb reservation. The Kiowas and Comanches, led by Satanta and Big Tree, attacked the white men, and killed seven teamsters. This resulted in the arrest and imprisonment of both chiefs. Lone Wolf, another Kiowa chief, arranges for the release of White Bear and Big Tree so they can attend the peace talks at Fort Sill. In early 1874, while on parole, White Bear and Big Tree lead the Kiowa and Comanche tribes on an attack against white settlers in order to preserve the buffalo. When both tribes flee their reservations, they are hunted down by the army. Upon their surrender in early 1875, they are exiled in Florida.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Despite maintaining peaceful relations with whites, the Nez Perces are forced to sign a treaty in 1863 which removed them to a small reservation in Idaho. Chief Joseph and his tribe denigrated this agreement as the "thief treaty". Offended by the treaty terms and the sudden influx of gold miners and cattle farmers onto Nez Perce land, the tribe refused to move to the Lapwai Reservation, choosing instead to fight the army at White Bird Canyon in June 1877. After winning the battle, the tribe fled to Montana, trying to join Sitting Bull in Canada, but then lost the battle at the Bear Paw Mountains in August and were forced to surrender. Some members of the tribe managed to find refuge in Canada, but those that surrendered were split between the Lapwai reservation and the Colville reservation in Washington.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Despite having previously signed treaties guaranteeing their ownership of the land on the Niobrara River, Ponca land was taken via a subsequent US treaty and given to the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota tribes just before they were added to a list of tribes to be exiled to Indian Territory following Custer's defeat. Ponca Chief Standing Bear was arrested along with other chiefs for refusing to leave voluntarily. The Ponca tribe was forced onto the Quapaw reservation, where over one quarter of their population died. Standing Bear returned to the Niobrara and took his case to a white man's court in 1879 arguing that he is a person protected by the US Constitution. Standing Bear won the case but was informed by General Sherman that the case is specific to him and does not apply to the other Poncas, who were forced to remain in Indian Territory.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: The Utes are a Colorado tribe whose land was gradually overrun by mineral and gold miners. Chief Ouray signed a treaty in 1863 allowing settlers to mine Ute land and relinquishing all mineral rights. He signed another treaty in 1868 that allotted 16 million acres of forests and meadows in the Rockies as a personal reservation that prohibited white trespass. When disputes arose, Nathan Meeker attempted to assimilate the Utes into Euro-American culture, but William Vickers opposed the idea and started "The Utes Must Go!" campaign in 1879. Vickers called on the US cavalry to prevent an uprising by the Utes. The Utes responded by killing all the white men at the White River Indian agency. In 1881, as a result of outrage over the White River Massacre, the Utes were removed to a marginal reservation in Utah.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" was published less than three years following the establishment of AIM, the American Indian Movement, formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1968. AIM moved to promote modern Native American issues and to unite America's dividing Native American population, similar to the Civil Rights and Environmental Movements that gained support at that time. The publication of Brown's book came at the height of the American Indian Movement's activism. In 1969, AIM occupied Alcatraz Island for 19 months in hopes of reclaiming Native American land after the San Francisco Indian Center burned down. In 1973, less than three years after the book's release, AIM and local Oglala and neighboring Sicangu Lakota took part in a 71-day occupation at Wounded Knee in protest of the government of Richard Wilson, the chairman of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, which resulted in the death of two Indians and injury of the US Marshal. The resulting 1974 trial ended in the dismissal of all charges due to the uncovering of various incidents of government misconduct.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: At the time of the publication of Brown's book, the United States was engaged in the Vietnam War. The actions of the United States Army in Vietnam were frequently criticized in the media and critics of Brown's narrative often drew comparisons between its contents and what was seen in the media. The primary comparison made was the similarity between the massacre and atrocities against Native Americans in the late nineteenth century as portrayed by Dee Brown's book and the 1968 massacre of hundreds of civilians in South Vietnam at My Lai for which twenty-five US Army troops were indicted. Native American author N. Scott Momaday, in his review of the narrative, agreed with the viability of the comparison, stating "Having read Mr. Brown, one has a better understanding of what it is that nags at the American conscience at times (to our everlasting credit) and of that morality which informs and fuses events so far apart in time and space as the massacres at Wounded Knee and My Lai."


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Thirty years later, in the foreword of a modern printing of the book by Hampton Sides, it is argued that My Lai had a powerful impact on the success of Brown's narrative, as ""Bury My Heart" landed on America's doorstep in the anguished midst of the Vietnam War, shortly after revelations of the My Lai massacre had plunged the nation into gnawing self-doubt. Here was a book filled with a hundred My Lais, a book that explored the dark roots of American arrogance while dealing a near-deathblow to our fondest folk myth."


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" received ultimately positive reviews upon its publication. "Time" magazine reviewed the book:


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: In the last decade or so, after almost a century of saloon art and horse operas that romanticized Indian fighters and white settlers, Americans have been developing a reasonably acute sense of the injustices and humiliations suffered by the Indians. But the details of how the West was won are not really part of the American consciousness. ... Dee Brown, Western historian and head librarian at the University of Illinois, now attempts to balance the account. With the zeal of an IRS investigator, he audits US history's forgotten set of books. Compiled from old but rarely exploited sources plus a fresh look at dusty Government documents, "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" tallies the broken promises and treaties, the provocations, massacres, discriminatory policies and condescending diplomacy.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: The Native American author N. Scott Momaday, who won the Pulitzer Prize, noted that the book contains strong documentation of original sources, such as council records and first-hand descriptions. He stated that "it is, in fact, extraordinary on several accounts" and further complimented Brown's writing by saying that "the book is a story, whole narrative of singular integrity and precise continuity; that is what makes the book so hard to put aside, even when one has come to the end."


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Peter Farb reviewed the book in 1971 in "The New York Review of Books": "The Indian wars were shown to be the dirty murders they were." Other critics could not believe that the book was not written by a Native American and that Dee Brown was a white man, as the book's Native perspective felt so real. Remaining on bestseller lists for over a year following its release in hardback, the book remains in print 40 years later. Translated into at least 17 languages, it has sold nearly four million copies and remains popular today.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Despite the book's widespread acceptance by journalists and the general public, scholars such as Francis Paul Prucha criticized it for lacking sources for much of the material, except for direct quotations. He also said that content was selected to present a particular point of view, rather than to be balanced, and that the narrative of government–Indian relations suffered from not being placed within the perspective of what else occurred in the government and the country at the time.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: Brown was candid about his intention to present the history of the settlement of the West from the point of view of the Indians—"its victims," as he wrote. He noted, "Americans who have always looked westward when reading about this period should read this book facing eastward."


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: HBO Films produced a made-for-television film adaptation by the same title of Brown's book for the HBO television network. The film stars Adam Beach, Aidan Quinn, Anna Paquin, and August Schellenberg with a cameo appearance by late actor and former US Senator Fred Thompson as President Grant. It debuted on the HBO television network on May 27, 2007, and covers roughly the last two chapters of Brown's book, focusing on the narrative of the Lakota tribes leading up to the death of Sitting Bull and the Massacre at Wounded Knee. The film received 17 Primetime Emmy nominations and went on to win six awards, including the category of Outstanding Made For Television Movie. It also garnered nominations for three Golden Globe Awards, two Satellite Awards, and one Screen Actors Guild Award.


title: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

text: The author of "Lincoln's Last Days", Dwight Jon Zimmerman, adapted Brown's book for children in his work entitled "The Saga of the Sioux". The narrative deals solely with the Sioux tribe as the representatives of the story told in "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" written from the perspective of the Sioux chiefs and warriors from 1860 to the events at the massacre at Wounded Knee. The book includes copious photographs, illustrations, and maps in support of the narrative and to appeal to its middle school demographic.


title: Steve Jablonsky

text: Steve Jablonsky (born October 9, 1970) is an American composer for film, television and video games, best known for his musical scores in the "Transformers" film series. Some of his frequent collaboration partners include film directors Michael Bay and Peter Berg, and fellow composer Hans Zimmer.


title: Steve Jablonsky

text: Jablonsky's mother was born in a Japanese internment camp. He went to the University of California, Berkeley for college and studied computer science at first, but switched to music composition a year later. After graduation, he became an intern at Hans Zimmer's Remote Control Productions, after cold calling the studio to ask if they needed any help. During that time, Jablonsky met Harry Gregson-Williams, a fellow composer of Zimmer, and started working as his assistant. Later he became more engaged with Zimmer and started composing for works such as "Desperate Housewives" and the "Transformers" film series.


title: Steve Jablonsky

text: Jablonsky has composed the soundtracks to the films "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" (2003), "Steamboy" (2004), "The Island" (2005), "Transformers" (2007), "D-War" (2007), "" (2009), "" (2011), "Battleship" (2012), "Ender's Game" (2013) (replacing renowned film composer James Horner), "" (2014), and "" (2017). He was also a contributor on "" (2004) among many others. In addition, he helped compose some of the music to the video game "", and composed the theme music for BBC's "Seven Wonders of the Industrial World" in 2003. He also has written music for the television show "Desperate Housewives" (2004 - 2012) since the fourth episode. His track "Trailblazing" served as the opening theme for WrestleMania X8 and WrestleMania XIX, as well as the soundtrack to the TNA Hall of Fame induction of Sting.


title: Steve Jablonsky

text: Jablonsky also wrote the music for "", taking the place of the former "Command & Conquer" music composer Frank Klepacki, who was unable to write the game's score due to his involvement with "".


title: Steve Jablonsky

text: Jablonsky has worked for Harry Gregson-Williams at Media Ventures, the music production company which was conceived and founded by Jay Rifkin and Hans Zimmer, for seven years. His most recent projects include the scores for the South Korean film "D-War", "Gears of War 3" for the Xbox 360 gaming console, and music for "The Sims 3".


title: Steve Jablonsky

text: Currently, Jablonsky is employed at Zimmer's studio, Remote Control Productions, having been mentored by the company's members Zimmer and Nick Glennie-Smith, as well as former members Harry Gregson-Williams and Klaus Badelt.


title: Steve Jablonsky

text: In February 2015, Jablonsky was hired to compose the score for the film "The Last Witch Hunter". He also composed the soundtrack for "", the sequel to "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", and the 2016 Peter Berg film "Deepwater Horizon", starring Mark Wahlberg and Kurt Russell.


title: Terry stop

text: A "Terry" stop in the United States allows the police to briefly detain a person based on reasonable suspicion of involvement in criminal activity. Reasonable suspicion is a lower standard than probable cause which is needed for arrest. When police stop and search a pedestrian, this is commonly known as a stop and frisk. When police stop an automobile, this is known as a traffic stop. If the police stop a motor vehicle on minor infringements in order to investigate other suspected criminal activity, this is known as a pretextual stop. Additional rules apply to stops that occur on a bus.


title: Terry stop

text: In the United States at the federal level, the Supreme Court has published many cases that define the intersection between policing and the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. However, Congress has not defined a baseline for police behavior. There has been some state action at both the legislative and judicial levels, and also some cities have passed laws on these issues.


title: Terry stop

text: There is concern that Terry stops do not account for possible implicit bias of officers, and possibly results in racially skewed decisions. Communities that have high rates of incarceration may experience more intense and punitive policing and surveillance practices even during periods of time when general crime rates are decreasing.


title: Terry stop

text: The concept of a Terry stop originated in the 1968 Supreme Court case "Terry v. Ohio", in which a police officer detained three Cleveland men on the street behaving suspiciously, as if they were preparing for armed robbery. The police conducted a pat down search and discovered a revolver, and subsequently, two of the men were convicted of carrying a concealed weapon. The men appealed their case to the Supreme Court, arguing that the search in which the revolver was found was illegal under the Fourth Amendment. This brief detention and search were deemed admissible by the court, judging that the officer had reasonable suspicion which could be articulated (not just a hunch) that the person detained may be armed and dangerous. This was not mere "suspicion" but "reasonable suspicion" which could be articulated at a later date.


title: Terry stop

text: This decision was made during a period of great social unrest in the United States in the 1960s, with rising crime, opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement, and race riots. It was thought that law enforcement needed to be provided with tools to deal with the unrest and new issues of urban crime. Some criticized the decision for watering down the prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures; others praised it for balancing safety and individual rights.


title: Terry stop

text: The United States Supreme Court held that where: (1) a police officer observes unusual conduct by a subject; (2) the subject's conduct leads the Officer reasonably to conclude that criminal activity may be afoot, and that the subject may be armed and presently dangerous; (3) the officer identifies himself as a policeman; (4) the officer makes reasonable inquiries; and (5) nothing in the initial stages of the encounter serves to dispel the officer's reasonable fear for safety, the officer may conduct a carefully limited search of the outer clothing of the subject in an attempt to discover weapons, and that such a search is a reasonable search under the Fourteenth Amendment, so that any weapons seized may properly be introduced in evidence.


title: Terry stop

text: To have reasonable suspicion that would justify a stop, police must have "specific and articulable facts" that indicate the person to be stopped is or is about to be engaged in criminal activity. Because officers usually do not have supervision when they encounter civilians, they have discretion who to stop. Reasonable suspicion depends on the "totality of the circumstances". Reasonable suspicion is a vague term and the Supreme Court concluded it should be decided on a case-by-case basis. Often it is built out of a combination of facts, each of which would, in itself, not be enough justification for the stop.


title: Terry stop

text: The suspicion must be of an individual person. Police officers primarily use situational factors based on criminal behavior to determine if a stop is needed. In essence, when they witness a person behaving suspiciously or violating the law, they will stop them. Other factors influencing decision include personal attitudes and the decision-making model where the officer works. Racial profiling can be systemic.


title: Terry stop

text: The three types of primary sources that the Court accepts to determine suspiciousness are information obtained from third parties, information based on the suspect’s appearance and behavior, and the time and place of the suspected offense. Officers can define what they believe is normal, and if and how the suspect deviates from this. Reasonable suspicion has been used for actions like standing in the wrong place, nervousness, exceptional calmness, or walking quickly in another direction. Officers' experience may make them suspicious of behavior that is usually innocuous. For instance, a social interaction such as a hug or a handshake can be perceived as a drug deal. Suspecting people because they fit into a broad category, such as being in a particular location, being of a particular race or ethnicity, or fitting a profile, are insufficient for reasonable suspicion. However, stop-and-frisk has been validated on the basis of furtive movements; inappropriate attire; carrying objects such as a television or a pillowcase (in English law, "going equipped"); vague, nonspecific answers to routine questions; refusal to identify oneself; and appearing to be out of place.


title: Terry stop

text: Before 1968, the law required substantial evidence to impede liberty or seize property. But the Fourth Amendment does not protect consensual encounters. During the "Terry" case, the Supreme Court found that the police should have the power to search, even without probable cause, to protect themselves from weapons. The "Terry" stop operates under the assumption that though stop and frisk is an intrusion, the potential harm from weapons outweighs it.


title: Terry stop

text: The cases following "Terry" expanded the power of the police. While the original case was concerned with armed violence and firsthand observation by officers, "Adams v. Williams" (1972) extended the doctrine to drug possession backed up by the secondhand hearsay of an informant. The "Adams v. Williams" case set a precedent in that police did not need a first person observation but could get information from a confidential informant instead. Regarding this case, Justice Marshall stated, "Today's decision invokes the specter of a society in which innocent citizens may be stopped, searched, and arrested at the whim of police officers who have only the slightest suspicion of improper conduct." "United States v. Hensley" (1985) ruled that police officers may stop and question suspects when they believe they recognize them from "wanted" flyers issued by another police department. In "Illinois v. Wardlow" (2000), a person's unprovoked flight from Chicago police officers in "an area known for heavy narcotics trafficking" constituted reasonable suspicion to stop him.


title: Terry stop

text: Usually during a "Terry" stop, the police ask those they detain to identify themselves. Several states require people to provide their names to the police. In "Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada" (2004), these stop and identify statutes were deemed constitutional. While the specifics of "stop and identify" statutes and ordinances vary, a significant number of states and local jurisdictions have "stop and identify" statutes. In New York, Courts have limited the effects of "Terry" by creating a four level continuum of intrusion each of which requires its own level of suspicion. This allows police officers who encounter individuals on the street to approach an individual with as little as an articulable and objective credible reason. In "People v. DeBour", New York's highest Court permitted the police to stop an individual for crossing the street when the individual observed the police.


title: Terry stop

text: Lacking reasonable suspicion, police may stop a person based on a hunch, constituting a "consensual" stop. "United States v. Mendenhall" found that police are not generally required to advise an individual that they were stopped on a consensual basis and that they may leave at any time. A person can typically determine if a stop is consensual by asking, "Am I free to go?". If the officer responding in the negative or does not respond, the person is being detained under a "Terry" stop; otherwise the person may leave. "Mendenhall" also found that a consensual stop can be converted into an unconstitutional "Terry" stop by circumstances such as "the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled". Police who conduct an unconstitutional "Terry" stop can face administrative discipline and a civil suit.


title: Terry stop

text: In "Pennsylvania v. Mimms", two police officers gave Mimms a ticket for driving a car with expired car tags. When they asked him to step out, they realized that he had a gun, and promptly arrested him. The Court ruled in favor of the police, citing officer safety as their reasoning. Dissenting justices found that this furthers the expansion of "Terry". Since the officers were allowed to ask Mimms to step out of the car, this set a precedent that officers could now ask citizens to perform actions through warrantless intrusion.


title: Terry stop

text: A frisk, also known as a pat-down, of the surface of a suspect's garments is permitted during a "Terry" stop, but must be limited to what is necessary to discover weapons, and must be based on a reasonable suspicion the individual may be armed. However, pursuant to the plain feel doctrine (similar to the plain view doctrine), police may seize contraband discovered in the course of a frisk, but only if the contraband's identity is immediately apparent.


title: Terry stop

text: The Supreme Court has placed very liberal requirements on what is "immediately apparent" regarding contraband. For example, in conducting a pat-down search, an officer feels a hard pack of cigarettes; the officer removes the pack and examines the inside, discovering drugs. He can be allowed to do this because he has prior knowledge, based on experience, that a small switchblade or tiny gun could be hidden in such a box.


title: Terry stop

text: Subsequent court cases have expanded the definition of what constitutes a frisk, and what is considered as admissible evidence. In "Michigan v. Long", "Terry" stops were extended to searching the inside of a car passenger compartment if police have reasonable suspicion an occupant may have access to a weapon there. In "Minnesota v. Dickerson", the court ruled that "immediately recognized" contraband discovered during a "Terry" stop is also a lawful seizure.


title: Terry stop

text: Based on the Supreme Court decision in "Schneckloth v. Bustamonte" (1972), a person waives Fourth Amendment protections when giving voluntary consent to a search. Police are not required to inform a person of their right to decline the search. Justice Marshall, in his dissent in the case, said it is a ""curious result" that one can choose to relinquish a constitutional right—the right to be free from unreasonable searches—without knowing that he has the alternative of refusing to accede to a police request". Several cities and states require police to inform citizens of their right to deny a search.


title: Terry stop

text: For practical purposes, a traffic stop is essentially the same as a "Terry" stop; for the duration of a stop, driver and passengers are "seized" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court has held that drivers and passengers may be ordered out of the vehicle without violating the Fourth Amendment's proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures. Drivers and passengers may be frisked for weapons upon reasonable suspicion they are armed and dangerous. If police reasonably suspect the driver or any of the occupants may be dangerous and that the vehicle may contain a weapon to which an occupant may gain access, police may perform a protective search of the passenger compartment. Otherwise, lacking a warrant or the driver's consent, police may not search the vehicle, but under the plain view doctrine may seize and use as evidence weapons or contraband that are visible from outside the vehicle.


title: Terry stop

text: As decided in "Ohio v. Robinette" (1996), once an officer returns the driver's identification, there is no requirement that the officer inform the driver they are free to go; therefore, although the encounter has been turned into a consensual encounter, questioning can continue, including a request to search the vehicle.


title: Terry stop

text: Pretextual stops are a subset of traffic stops deemed constitutional by the Supreme Court in "Whren v. United States" (1996). They occur when a police officer wishes to investigate a motorist on other suspicions, generally related to drug possession, and uses a minor traffic infringement as a "pretext" to stop the driver. In the case of "Whren", the defense used a "would have" rule: asking if a reasonable police officer would have made the stop without the suspicion of other criminal behavior. Some consider that pretextual stops can allow for racial profiling to occur. There are numerous petty violations a driver may make and the officer can be selective about whom to pull over to investigate. Sixteen states ban pretextual stops based solely upon racial profiling or other factors:


title: Terry stop

text: Police officers may develop schemas after continuously being exposed to certain environments, like high crime minority neighborhoods, which can lead to their association of crime with race instead of suspicious behavior. Officers who have been in the police force for longer are more likely to have suspicions based on non-behavioral reasons. Even forms of American culture that perpetuate negative stereotypes such as blacks being violent can cause those who consume them to associate black people with these stereotypes, even if they do not believe them, making implicit bias a possible factor in arrests. Black and Hispanic people are more likely to be targeted, and are more likely to be stopped than their population and relative crime rates suggest.


title: Terry stop

text: Terry stop regulations vary per area. Areas with high crime, like public housing, require less evidence for someone to be stopped. Because more black and Hispanic people tend to live there, they will be stopped more often. In areas that are perceived to have high crimes, more police are deployed, which results in higher arrest rates, which are then used to justify more policing. When controlling for location based stops, Goel found that white people were more likely to have a weapon than black or Hispanic people. Grogger and Ridgeway found that the same proportion of racial groups were stopped during the day and at night, suggesting that stop decisions were not based on the physical appearance of the driver. However, when it came to the post stop outcomes, black people were more likely to be held longer. With regards to marijuana, white people were 50% more likely to be dismissed on the charge, in comparison to black people. The National Research Council states that “more research is needed on the complex interplay of race, ethnicity, and other social factors in police-citizen interactions.”


title: Terry stop

text: Kramer and Remster found that there is a 27% increase in likelihood of black civilians experiencing force at a stop compared to a white person, and a 28% increase in likelihood that the officer would draw their gun. Even when the police did not stop the civilians on account of criminal behavior, black civilians are still 29% more likely to experience force compared to their white counterparts. Young civilians are also more likely to experience force compared to older civilians. In New York City between 1996 and 2000, there was a disproportionate number of complaints by blacks about officers' use of force. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations investigations have confirmed that police-perpetrated abuse has affected a sizeable number of civilians, especially blacks. Vrij and Winkel state that because black and white people have different styles of nonverbal communication, officers are more likely to interpret the actions of black people as fidgety, to use a greater range of voice and pitch, and to avoid eye contact with the officer, which causes the officer to treat them with suspicion.


title: Terry stop

text: A stronger police presence and more respect towards the residents are simultaneously desired in poor, minority neighborhoods. According to Cooper, police officers will attempt to use their power to enforce their masculinity. A majority of police officers are men, and the majority of civilians stopped are also men. Because of this, police officers are susceptible to the phenomena of the culture of honor stance and hypermasculinity, in which they are more prone to physical aggression in order to protect their social standing. This can result in police brutality, especially towards men of color. This can also explain why police officers tend to punish for disrespect, as a question of their authority is a challenge to their manhood.


title: Terry stop

text: Immigration does not have a positive correlation with crime, but immigrants are disproportionately enforced, stopped, and arrested within their racial/ethnic communities. Immigrants from racial and ethnic communities tend to be more unaware of what to do when stopped by the police, which is something that officers can take advantage of. After being stopped more often, immigrants may hold distrust towards the police. Because immigrant children feel that they are always viewed with suspicion, they begin to believe that they actually are a criminal.


title: Terry stop

text: In Riverland, California, gang-related Latinos have an inherent distrust of the police trying to build trust, since they believe that police officers are trying to gain something instead of protect them. Some police officers believe that this stop-and-frisk is for the sake of protecting the community and preventing youth members from joining gang related activity. For this purpose, police officers track Latino people using data like photos, frequent stops, and social media to figure out gang-associated activities, which often results in more overall stops for Latinos.


title: Terry stop

text: The experience of minority citizens, who are both more likely to be stopped by police and more likely to experience the use of force by the police after being stopped, has been characterized as a racial or ethnic "double jeopardy". Acts of police force cause injury, death, civil litigation, public outrage, civil disorder, and a distrust towards the police.


title: Terry stop

text: Eric Garner and NYPD, Freddie Gray and the Baltimore police, and Michael Brown and the Ferguson police are notable examples of police force at "Terry" stops that ended tragically. Although racial disparities in the frequency of "Terry" stops are well known, less is known about the nature, prevalence, and factors predictive of use of force during "Terry" stops.


title: Terry stop

text: Morrow et al. studied NYPD's SQF (stop, question, and frisk) records in 2010 to determine the frequency of force used at stops and whether the citizen's race/ethnicity was a factor in the decision to use force. SQF tactics were found to disproportionately target minorities, regardless of control over variables like social and economic factors, precinct crime rates, and neighborhood racial or ethnic composition. SQF tactics did not seem to actually address crime either, as only 6% of stops yielded an arrest and only 0.15% of stops yielded a gun. In 2013, 44% of young minority New Yorkers had been stopped by NYPD nine or more times.


title: Terry stop

text: Using the US Census Bureau's data from 2012, Morrow et al. analyzed racial/ethnic disparities in the use of force among NYPD. Force was classified as hands, suspect on ground, suspect against wall, weapon drawn, weapon pointed, baton, handcuffs, pepper spray, and other; these were then categorized as no force, physical/non-weapon force, and weapon force. They found that non-weapon force occurred in 14.1% of SQF. However, when this was further separated by racial categories, while for whites, only 0.9% experienced non-weapon force, 7.6% blacks and 5.0% Hispanics experienced non-weapon force, eight to nine times more likely than whites. There is a possibility that these results are due to implicit biases of police officers, which could be shaped by previous experiences in the workforce.


title: Terry stop

text: A stop and frisk can be damaging to communities. Kwate and Threadcraft argue that stop and frisk is a public health problem and works to "produce bodies that are harassed, stressed and resource deprived, if not altogether dead". Stop and frisk creates an environment of fear that alters the behaviors of a community's inhabitants and limits their freedom of action. The police conduct pat-downs that intrude upon the privacy of the individual, and can result in escalation through physical or sexual violence. During this process, officers sometimes use profanity and discriminatory slurs. Because of this, residents often have anger, fear, or distrust towards the police.


title: Terry stop

text: For those with mental disorders and disabilities, pat-downs can be traumatic, especially for those with sensory disorders. Those who have suffered through sexual trauma, which is prevalent among men with criminal justice histories and black people in poorer urban areas, can relive their trauma through the invasive procedure, resulting in stress, depression, and anxiety. This practice also increases the possibility of sexual exploitation or assault, especially in communities that are more vulnerable, like black and poor sex workers and sex trafficking victims. Because ways of transporting drugs have evolved, some police officers utilize methods such as stripping the civilian and searching their body for drugs, which can be traumatizing for both users and nonusers of drugs. Civilians have also reported that police officers often wait until their quota is filled up to bring the arrested civilians back to stations. Civilians must stay in the back of the van, which often was missing seats, for hours on end and packed with 15 or 16 people, without access to the bathroom.


title: Terry stop

text: In a study conducted by Cooper et al., young men who do not use drugs stated that they feel uncomfortable when stopped by a police officer because they were afraid that "unnecessary violence or life disruption was imminent during every police stop". Those who have been stopped more often develop more allostatic load, resulting in low self esteem and despair. When residents of a community know they are being treated both unfairly, and unfairly due to their social identity, they are more likely to anticipate stigma and rejection due to their race. Marginalized communities that experience recurring injustice from the police distrust them and become more cynical of them, resulting in legal cynicism, which in turn results in decreased cooperation and respect toward the legal system. This loss of faith in the system causes depressed civic and political engagement. Community residents are less likely to call for the police to help when they believe the police are not on their side, instead turning towards other community members. This distrust towards police is passed down from generation to generation, otherwise known as legal socialization, as a means of protection, forcing the community to live in perpetual fear.


title: Terry stop

text: Items that are discovered during pat-downs that are incriminating, like clean needles, condoms, and other harm reduction tools, are used less to prevent arrest; this then is a danger to public health.


title: Terry stop

text: Many police departments all over the country have adapted courtesy policing as a response to criticism of racial profiling and police violence. Courtesy policing is when the police build rapport with the community through respect and friendliness. Legitimacy policing is a method used by police officers to interact with the community, where, in order to achieve a desired outcome, police officers utilize both punitive and courtesy strategies. While courtesy policing is used to gain trust and collect information, the punitive approach is used whenever it appears that the stopped people did not comply, making the police more aggressive; these approaches are adapted on a shifting continuum to the actions of the people they stop. People of color are more likely to see this community policing as degrading.


title: Terry stop

text: Cooper believes that in order to address hypermasculinity, which increases physical aggression in the police force, officers should be taught to not use command presence (where they use an authoritative tone of voice or even become physically violent) in situations where it is not needed. It should still be used when the officer is in a dangerous situation, but not when a situation does not require force. Instead of the officer punishing the harm doer, the officer should instead make it a goal to have a full understanding of the situation. Police training culture should not emphasize aggressive approaches and instead advocate for a more patient approach. An emphasis should be put on how to communicate with civilians who challenge their authority. Officers should also be made aware of any potential biases they may have.


title: Terry stop

text: Terry was originally created to prevent imminent armed robberies. However, 90% of individuals who are stop-and-frisked in New York City were free to leave afterwards. This demonstrates that they were not about to do serious criminal activity, which goes against Terry’s purpose of preventing serious crime. Hutchins wishes to narrow the scope of Terry, and prevent certain police encounters from happening in the first place, and proposes to limit the reach of Terry stops so that officers may not stop someone based on a possessory offense under nothing more than reasonable suspicion. Goel calls for the optimization of stop relating to criminal possession of a weapon (CPW). Because having a lower threshold of evidence to stop someone disproportionately affects black and Hispanic people, optimization would result in less racial disparities for terry stops. Goel examines NYPD’s three million stops for cases where the stop yielded an individual involved with criminal possession of a weapon. In approximately 43% of these stops, there was less than 1% of a chance that the suspect had a weapon. Goel found that five stop circumstances are more likely to increase the likelihood of recovering a weapon for a stop: suspicious weapon, sights and sounds of criminal activity, suspicious bulge, witness report, and ongoing investigation.


title: Terry stop

text: Kwate and Threadcraft advocate for three ways to address Stop and Frisk, as a public health issue. First, they believe the health department’s city wide health surveys should include Stop and Frisk encounters, so that the data can be used to investigate health outcomes of a Stop and Frisk. Second, within 24 hours, reports of traumatic stops should be received by the city. Third, a registry should be created in which communities can report police encounters. Torres calls for more comprehensive data in stop and frisk reports. Specifically, since Latinos can also be white and black, current data is not as accurate.


title: Terry stop

text: Using public record requests, the Stanford Open Policing project amassed 60 million state traffic stops in 20 states over the period 2011 through 2015.


title: Terry stop

text: North Carolina was the first state in the country to require the release of all traffic stop data starting in 2000. Researchers have analysed 20 million traffic stops from this data finding that African Americans as a share of the population were twice as likely to be pulled over than whites and four times as likely to be searched. Hispanics were not more likely to be pulled over, but had a higher likelihood of being searched.


title: Terry stop

text: There is a push to release more open police data nationwide. In 2015, the White House launched the Police Data Initiative which, , has 130 participating police departments, some of which provide data sets on stop-and-frisk. The 130 departments cover 15% of the population.


title: Desamuduru

text: Desamuduru () is a 2007 Indian Telugu-language romantic action film directed by Puri Jagannadh and produced by DVV Danayya under the Universal Media banner. The film stars Allu Arjun and debutante Hansika Motwani. The film was released on 12 January 2007 in 400 theatres.


title: Desamuduru

text: Bala Govind is a program director in MAA TV, whose fights for justice regularly get him into trouble. During one of these incidents, he saves a person from goons while severely thrashing the notorious smuggler Tambi Durai's son Murugesan. Fearing retribution from Tambi Durai, the MAA TV crew sends Bala's team to Kullu Manali to shoot a travel episode. After reaching Manali, Bala sees Vaishali, a sannyasin, and soon falls in love with her.


title: Desamuduru

text: Though initially apprehensive of Bala, Vaishali recropriates his feelings. The ashram's head sannyasin, Rama Prabha also accepts their relationship. Before Bala is able to return to Hyderabad with Vaishali, Tambi Durai's henchmen kidnap her and take her to his home. The person, who was saved by Bala reveals that Vaishali is the daughter of a businessman named Narayan Patwari.


title: Desamuduru

text: In order to grab Patwari's properties, Tambi Durai killed her parents, and his wife Andal performs the marriage of Vaishali with Murugesan. However, Vaishali escapes and reaches Kullu Manali. Bala seeks the help of Inspector Prasad to save Vaishali from their clutches, where he eventually succeeds in arresting Tambi Durai and marries Vaishali.


title: Desamuduru

text: After the release of "Happy" (2006), Allu Arjun was reported to be keen to act in the Telugu remake of "Sivakasi" (2005) starring Vijay and Asin. He later accepted to act in a film directed by Puri Jagannadh and produced by DVV Danayya under the banner Universal Media. The title was confirmed as "Desamuduru". Puri Jagannadh worked on the film's script at Bangkok and returned to Hyderabad on 16 June 2006. The film had its official launch at the office of Puri Jagannadh's production company Vaishno Academy on 19 June 2006.


title: Desamuduru

text: Allu Arjun played the role of a crime reporter working for MAA TV in the film. For his role, Allu Arjun sported a long hairdo and built six pack abs. Hansika Motwani was selected as the female lead which marked her debut in Telugu cinema as an actress at a very young age of 16. She played the role of a sanyasin in the film. Rambha was selected for an item number in the film, despite initial reports stated that Charmee Kaur would dance in the song.


title: Desamuduru

text: Filming began on 14 July 2006 at Hyderabad where the film's first schedule was shot. The next schedule began in Himachal Pradesh. Few action sequences were shot at Manali in early September 2006. Weeks later, few scenes between the lead pair were shot in Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh. This schedule was planned to be wrapped up on 5 December 2006. However the schedule was completed on 10 October 2006. Some crucial action sequences were shot at Aluminium Factory in Gachibowli in early December 2006.


title: Desamuduru

text: The film has six songs composed by Chakri. Music of the film was launched on 25 December 2006. The song "Ninne Ninne" was the most popular song in the soundtrack among music lovers.


title: Desamuduru

text: "Desamuduru" ran for more than 175 days. The film grossed 12.58 crore and a share of 9.5 crore. worldwide in the first week of its release. The film grossed 20 crore in four weeks.


title: Desamuduru

text: The film is one of the most successful films in Allu Arjun's career at the time of its release and one of the highest-grossing movies of 2007. This movie's dubbed version was released in Kerala titled as `Hero´. This movie was a blockbuster in Kerala too.


title: Desamuduru

text: The film was released on 500 screens, including 424 in Andhra Pradesh, 32 in Karnataka, 8 in Orissa, 2 in Chennai, 3 in Mumbai and 31 overseas.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: The British grave of the Unknown Warrior (often known as 'The Tomb of the Unknown Warrior') holds an unidentified member of the British armed forces killed on a European battlefield during the First World War. He was given a state funeral and buried in Westminster Abbey, London on 11 November 1920, simultaneously with a similar interment of a French unknown soldier at the Arc de Triomphe in France, making both graves the first examples of a tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and the first to honour the unknown dead of the First World War.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: The idea of a Tomb of the Unknown Warrior was first conceived in 1916 by the Reverend David Railton, who, while serving as an army chaplain on the Western Front, had seen a grave marked by a rough cross, which bore the pencil-written legend 'An Unknown British Soldier'.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: He wrote to the dean of Westminster, Herbert Ryle, in 1920 proposing that an unidentified British soldier from the battlefields in France be buried with due ceremony in Westminster Abbey "amongst the kings" to represent the many hundreds of thousands of Empire dead. The idea was strongly supported by the dean and the prime minister, David Lloyd George, who later wrote "The Cenotaph is the token of our mourning as a nation; the Grave of the Unknown Warrior is the token of our mourning as individuals".


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: Arrangements were placed in the hands of Lord Curzon of Kedleston who prepared in committee the service and location. Suitable remains were exhumed from various battlefields and brought to the chapel at Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise near Arras, France, on the night of 8 November 1920. The bodies were received by the Reverend George Kendall OBE. Brigadier L.J. Wyatt and Lieutenant Colonel E.A.S. Gell of the Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries went into the chapel alone. The remains were then placed in four plain coffins each covered by Union Flags: the two officers did not know from which battlefield any individual soldier had come. Brigadier Wyatt with closed eyes rested his hand on one of the coffins. The other soldiers were then taken away for reburial by Kendall.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: The coffin of the unknown warrior then stayed at the chapel overnight and on the afternoon of 9 November, it was transferred under guard and escorted by Kendall, with troops lining the route, from Ste Pol to the medieval castle within the ancient citadel at Boulogne. For the occasion, the castle library was transformed into a chapelle ardente: a company from the French 8th Infantry Regiment, recently awarded the Légion d'Honneur en masse, stood vigil overnight.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: The following morning, two undertakers entered the castle library and placed the coffin into a casket of the oak timbers of trees from Hampton Court Palace. The casket was banded with iron, and a 16th Century sword chosen by King George V personally from the Royal Collection was affixed to the top and surmounted by an iron shield bearing the inscription 'A British Warrior who fell in the Great War 1914–1918 for King and Country'.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: The casket was then placed onto a French military wagon, drawn by six black horses. At 10:30 a.m., all the church bells of Boulogne tolled; the massed trumpets of the French cavalry and the bugles of the French infantry played "Aux Champs" (the French "Last Post"). Then, the mile-long procession—led by one thousand local schoolchildren and escorted by a division of French troops—made its way down to the harbour.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: At the quayside, Marshal Foch saluted the casket before it was carried up the gangway of the destroyer, , and piped aboard with an admiral's call. The "Verdun" slipped anchor just before noon and was joined by an escort of six battleships. As the flotilla carrying the casket closed on Dover Castle it received a 19-gun Field Marshal's salute. It was landed at Dover Marine Railway Station at the Western Docks on 10 November. The body of the Unknown Warrior was carried to London in South Eastern and Chatham Railway General Utility Van No.132, which had previously carried the bodies of Edith Cavell and Charles Fryatt. The van has been preserved by the Kent and East Sussex Railway. The train went to Victoria Station, where it arrived at platform 8 at 8:32 p.m. that evening and remained overnight. A plaque marking the site was unveiled on 10 November 1998: every year on the same date, a small Remembrance service, organised by The Western Front Association, takes place between platforms 8 and 9.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: The Unknown Warrior was granted a full state funeral, the only time that this honour has been bestowed on an anonymous person or a representative of a whole group of people. On the morning of 11 November 1920, the casket was placed onto a gun carriage of the Royal Horse Artillery (N Battery RHA) and drawn by six black horses through immense and silent crowds. As the cortege set off, a further Field Marshal's salute was fired in Hyde Park. The route followed was Hyde Park Corner, The Mall, and to Whitehall where the Cenotaph, a "symbolic empty tomb", was unveiled by King George V. The cortège was then followed by The King, the Royal Family and ministers of state to Westminster Abbey, where the casket was borne into the West Nave of the Abbey flanked by a guard of honour of one hundred recipients of the Victoria Cross. The guests of honour were a group of about one hundred women. They had been chosen because they had each lost their husband and all their sons in the war. "Every woman so bereft who applied for a place got it".


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: The coffin was then interred in the far western end of the Nave, only a few feet from the entrance, in soil brought from each of the main battlefields, and covered with a silk pall. Servicemen from the armed forces stood guard as tens of thousands of mourners filed silently past. The ceremony appears to have served as a form of catharsis for collective mourning on a scale not previously known.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: The grave was then capped with a black Belgian marble stone (the only tombstone in the Abbey on which it is forbidden to walk) featuring this inscription, composed by Herbert Edward Ryle, Dean of Westminster, engraved with brass from melted down wartime ammunition.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: This last sentence is a paraphrase of 2 Chronicles 24:16, taken from the story of Jehoiada: 'And they buried him in the city of David among the kings, because he had done good in Israel, both toward God, and toward his house.'


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: A year later, on 17 October 1921, the unknown warrior was given the United States' highest award for valour, the Medal of Honor, from the hand of General John Pershing; it hangs on a pillar close to the tomb. On 11 November 1921, the American Unknown Soldier was reciprocally awarded the Victoria Cross.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: When Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) married Prince Albert, Duke of York (who became King George VI) on 26 April 1923, she laid her bouquet at the Tomb on her way into the Abbey, as a tribute to her brother Fergus who had died at the Battle of Loos in 1915 (and whose name was then listed among those of the missing on the Loos Memorial, although in 2012 a new headstone was erected in the Quarry Cemetery, Vermelles). Royal brides married at the Abbey now have their bouquets laid on the tomb the day after the wedding and all of the official wedding photographs have been taken. It is also the only tomb not to have been covered by a special red carpet for the wedding of the Duke of York and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: Before she died in 2002, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother expressed the wish for her wreath to be placed on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior. Her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, laid the wreath the day after the funeral.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: The British Unknown Warrior came 76th in the 100 Great Britons poll. A new steam locomotive, LMS Patriot Class 5551 "The Unknown Warrior", is being constructed by a charitable project, the LMS-Patriot Project. The new locomotive is destined to be the new National Memorial Engine, continuing the Remembrance tradition of the Patriot class steam locomotive and its predecessors. A public appeal to build the locomotive was launched in 2008 and work continues today.


title: The Unknown Warrior

text: On the 100th anniversary of the interment, a ceremony attended by Prince Charles (later Charles III), his wife, and the then prime minister, Boris Johnson, was held at the Abbey and broadcast live to the nation by the BBC. The Poet Laureate, Simon Armitage, read a newly written poem "The Bed". Queen Elizabeth II also laid a wreath at the tomb.


title: Ranking

text: A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that, for any two items, the first is either "ranked higher than", "ranked lower than" or "ranked equal to" the second.


title: Ranking

text: In mathematics, this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects. It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking. The rankings themselves are totally ordered. For example, materials are totally preordered by hardness, while degrees of hardness are totally ordered. If two items are the same in rank it is considered a tie.


title: Ranking

text: By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers, rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria. Thus, for example, an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance, making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see.


title: Ranking

text: It is not always possible to assign rankings uniquely. For example, in a race or competition two (or more) entrants might tie for a place in the ranking. When computing an ordinal measurement, two (or more) of the quantities being ranked might measure equal. In these cases, one of the strategies shown below for assigning the rankings may be adopted.


title: Ranking

text: A common shorthand way to distinguish these ranking strategies is by the ranking numbers that would be produced for four items, with the first item ranked ahead of the second and third (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of the fourth. These names are also shown below.


title: Ranking

text: In competition ranking, items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, and then a gap is left in the ranking numbers. The number of ranking numbers that are left out in this gap is one less than the number of items that compared equal. Equivalently, each item's ranking number is 1 plus the number of items ranked above it. This ranking strategy is frequently adopted for competitions, as it means that if two (or more) competitors tie for a position in the ranking, the position of all those ranked below them is unaffected (i.e., a competitor only comes second if exactly one person scores better than them, third if exactly two people score better than them, fourth if exactly three people score better than them, etc.).


title: Ranking

text: Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B gets ranking number 2 ("joint second"), C also gets ranking number 2 ("joint second") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth").


title: Ranking

text: Sometimes, competition ranking is done by leaving the gaps in the ranking numbers "before" the sets of equal-ranking items (rather than after them as in standard competition ranking). The number of ranking numbers that are left out in this gap remains one less than the number of items that compared equal. Equivalently, each item's ranking number is equal to the number of items ranked equal to it or above it. This ranking ensures that a competitor only comes second if they score higher than all but one of their opponents, third if they score higher than all but two of their opponents, etc.


title: Ranking

text: Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B gets ranking number 3 ("joint third"), C also gets ranking number 3 ("joint third") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth"). In this case, nobody would get ranking number 2 ("second") and that would be left as a gap.


title: Ranking

text: In dense ranking, items that compare equally receive the same ranking number, and the next items receive the immediately following ranking number. Equivalently, each item's ranking number is 1 plus the number of items ranked above it that are distinct with respect to the ranking order.


title: Ranking

text: Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B gets ranking number 2 ("joint second"), C also gets ranking number 2 ("joint second") and D gets ranking number 3 ("Third").


title: Ranking

text: In ordinal ranking, all items receive distinct ordinal numbers, including items that compare equal. The assignment of distinct ordinal numbers to items that compare equal can be done at random, or arbitrarily, but it is generally preferable to use a system that is arbitrary but consistent, as this gives stable results if the ranking is done multiple times. An example of an arbitrary but consistent system would be to incorporate other attributes into the ranking order (such as alphabetical ordering of the competitor's name) to ensure that no two items exactly match.


title: Ranking

text: With this strategy, if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth"), and either B gets ranking number 2 ("second") and C gets ranking number 3 ("third") or C gets ranking number 2 ("second") and B gets ranking number 3 ("third").


title: Ranking

text: Items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, which is the mean of what they would have under ordinal rankings; equivalently, the ranking number of 1 plus the number of items ranked above it plus half the number of items equal to it. This strategy has the property that the sum of the ranking numbers is the same as under ordinal ranking. For this reason, it is used in computing Borda counts and in statistical tests (see below).


title: Ranking

text: Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B and C each get ranking number 2.5 (average of "joint second/third") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth").


title: Ranking

text: In statistics, ranking is the data transformation in which numerical or ordinal values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted. For example, the numerical data 3.4, 5.1, 2.6, 7.3 are observed, the ranks of these data items would be 2, 3, 1 and 4 respectively. For example, the ordinal data hot, cold, warm would be replaced by 3, 1, 2. In these examples, the ranks are assigned to values in ascending order. (In some other cases, descending ranks are used.) Ranks are related to the indexed list of order statistics, which consists of the original dataset rearranged into ascending order.


title: Ranking

text: The distribution of values in decreasing order of rank is often of interest when values vary widely in scale; this is the rank-size distribution (or rank-frequency distribution), for example for city sizes or word frequencies. These often follow a power law.


title: Ranking

text: Some ranks can have non-integer values for tied data values. For example, when there is an even number of copies of the same data value, the above described fractional statistical rank of the tied data ends in ½.


title: Ranking

text: Microsoft Excel provides two ranking functions, the Rank.EQ function which assigns competition ranks ("1224") and the Rank.AVG function which assigns fractional ranks ("1 2.5 2.5 4") as described above. The functions have the order argument, which is by default is set to "descending", i.e. the largest number will have a rank 1. This is generally uncommon for statistics where the ranking is usually in ascending order, where the smallest number has a rank 1.


title: Ranking

text: For example, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is useful to measure the statistical dependence between the rankings of athletes in two tournaments. And the Kendall rank correlation coefficient is another approach.


title: Ranking

text: One example is the "Rank–rank hypergeometric overlap" approach, which is designed to compare ranking of the genes that are at the "top" of two ordered lists of differentially expressed genes.


title: Ranking

text: A similar approach is taken by the "Rank Biased Overlap (RBO)", which also implements an adjustable probability, p, to customize the weight assigned at a desired depth of ranking.


title: Ranking

text: These approaches have the advantages of addressing disjoint sets, sets of different sizes, and top-weightedness (taking into account the absolute ranking position, which may be ignored in standard non-weighted rank correlation approaches).


title: Ranking

text: Let formula_1 be a set of random variables. By sorting them into order, we have defined their order statistics


title: Ranking

text: If all the values are unique, the rank of variable number formula_3 is the unique solution formula_4 to the equation formula_5.


title: Ranking

text: In the presence of ties, we may either use a midrank (corresponding to the "Fractional Rank" defined above), defined as the average of all indices formula_3 such that formula_7, or the uprank (corresponding to the "Modified Competition Ranking" above) defined by formula_8.


title: Ranking

text: The rank methodology based on some specific indices is one of the most common systems used by policy makers and international organizations in order to assess the socio-economic context of the countries. Some notable examples are: Human Development Index (United Nations), Doing Business Index (World Bank), Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International) and Index of Economic Freedom (the Heritage Foundation).


title: Ranking

text: For instance, the Doing Business Indicator of the World Bank measures business regulations and their enforcement in 190 countries. Countries are ranked according to 10 indicators that are synthetized to produce the final rank. Each indicator is composed of sub-indicators; for instance, the Registering Property Indicator is composed of 4 sub-indicators measuring time, procedures, costs and quality of the land registration system. Obviously, these kinds of ranks are based on subjective criteria for assigning the score. Sometimes, the adopted parameters may produce discrepancies with the empirical observations, therefore potential biases and paradox may emerge from the application of these criteria.


title: Ranking

text: Being competitive is the very nature of human beings. The desire to achieve a higher social rank can be perceived as a driving force for human beings. In simple terms, we want to know who is the richest, the cleverest, the most handsome or prettiest. We are also sometimes ranked by others: our supervisors, our neighbors, and compare our status in society with that of the others. An inevitable question is how objective or subjective these rankings are? Many ranked lists are based on subjective categorization. We can even pose the question: do we always want to be seen objectively, or rather do not mind having a better image than we deserve? There are certainly specific difficulties in measuring society. In order to find our place in real and virtual communities we need to understand the issues emerging when navigating between objectivity and subjectivity by combining human and artificial intelligence. The set of subjects to treat this topics include comparison, ranking, rating, choices, laws, ranking games, struggle for reputation, etc (see Péter Érdi).


title: Escape to the Country

text: Escape to the Country is a British daytime television reality property-buying/real estate programme, created by Talkback Thames, which premieres on network BBC One, produced by John Comerford and is repeated on BBC Two. It first aired on 14 October 2002 and also airs internationally in broadcast syndication.


title: Escape to the Country

text: The programme's TV format follows potential home buyers as they look for their dream home in the rural UK by viewing three houses (including a "mystery property") in the designated area. After they inspect each house, the host asks the buyers to guess the seller's asking price before revealing it. Episodes also feature information regarding the counties, towns and villages presented, for example local industry and history. In each episode, with the exception of some filmed under COVID19 restrictions, the buyers undertake an activity in the local area, often tailored to their interests, such as baking, gardening, or sailing. The presenter also experiences an activity, which is often associated the area in question, such as cheese making. At the end of each episode, the buyers are asked whether they will make an offer on one of the houses, with updates sometimes available at the end of the episode.


title: Escape to the Country

text: There are two versions of each episode produced - a shorter 45-minute version with only 3 houses shown and a longer 60-minute version. The short version usually airs on BBC One weekday afternoons (usually in the 15:00 slot) and the longer on BBC One weekdays at 10:00 or BBC Two evenings at 19:00. Repeat episodes are shown on HGTV.


title: Escape to the Country

text: Produced by Boundless, part of Fremantle UK, and aired from 2002, the premise of the show is that a person/family wishes to relocate from their current city home to a more peaceful and rural retreat. It is then the job of the show's presenter to find four houses for the family to view via laptop computer in their own homes. The family must then choose two out of the four houses to go and view for themselves. In addition, there is also the option of choosing the presenter's 'mystery house'.


title: Escape to the Country

text: Series 3 included a Catherine Gee episode starring actor/writer Ian Murphy, who was relocating from Nottingham to Lancaster.