title: Escape to the Country

text: The format of the show changed in series 6 to accommodate viewer demand to see more houses and more local information . Contributors now view all four houses, of which the fourth is the mystery house. The mystery house usually has something unique about it that will either make the contributors fall in love with or hate it. Added to the show is a taster day in which the contributors sample local delights, gain historical knowledge and visit local attractions to get a feel for the area they are planning to move to. Series 6 aired in August 2007 on BBC One, while series 7 and 8 aired back-to-back in autumn 2008. Series 9 began on 23 February in a new slot of 15:45 on BBC Two.


title: Escape to the Country

text: The format was modified again: the number of properties the couples viewed was reduced to three, with the third being the mystery house. Series 12 consisted of 75 shows and was broadcast from November 2011 on BBC Two with new title and credit sequences.


title: Escape to the Country

text: Series 13 premiered on 3 September 2012 on BBC One, followed by a further series each year; Series 20 began in late 2019.


title: Escape to the Country

text: In 2019, Series 19 was being broadcast and BBC One was re-running episodes of Series 18 on a daily basis. Presenters for these series included Sonali Shah, Jonnie Irwin, Ginny Buckley, Jules Hudson, Alistair Appleton, Margherita Taylor, and Nicki Chapman. For Series 19 the following credits were provided:


title: Escape to the Country

text: A subsequent programme, "I Escaped to the Country", revisits potential buyers who had appeared on the primary series. Three series had been broadcast as of early 2019.


title: Escape to the Country

text: A related series featuring the same concept and some of the same presenters, but filmed in other countries, "Escape to the Continent" was also created for BBC by Boundless Productions. Two series had been broadcast as of early 2019, featuring international locations, like Portugal and Malta.


title: Escape to the Country

text: In early 2019, several news sources indicated that BBC would be commissioning a spinoff series, "Escape To the Perfect Town", featuring towns and cities instead of rural villages. This series began in 2019.


title: Escape to the Country

text: A further related series, "Greatest Escapes to the Country", looking back at homes featured in the primary series was broadcast on BBC Two in 2020.


title: Escape to the Country

text: "Escape from the City" is an Australian version of the show produced by Fremantle Media Australia and screening on the ABC from 3 January 2019. It is presented by: Jane Hall, Simon Marnie, Bryce Holdaway, Del Irani and Dean Ipaviz.


title: Escape to the Country

text: In Australia, "Escape to the Country" airs on Seven Network's free-to-air digital channel 7TWO, and the Lifestyle Channel on Foxtel Subscription TV.


title: Escape to the Country

text: In the Netherlands, "Escape to the Country" airs since April 2011 on SBS 6. Additionally, most viewers in the Netherlands can watch the show on the BBC channels that are distributed by cable operators. As a result of its availability in the Netherlands it features in the novel "The Detour".


title: Escape to the Country

text: In the United States, it was viewable on Netflix online streaming in March 2017 but has since been discontinued. As of March 2020, a limited number of episodes are available for streaming on Amazon Prime Video, in conjunction with IMDbTV. On Dabl, two episodes are broadcast weekday afternoons and rerun the same evening.


title: Escape to the Country

text: On 5 March 2014, two DVDs were released in Australia by Shock Entertainment. Titled Series 20 Parts 1 & 2, the two DVDs box sets had a total of 19 discs.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Hopalong Cassidy is a fictional cowboy hero created in 1904 by the author Clarence E. Mulford, who wrote a series of short stories and novels based on the character. Mulford portrayed the character as rude, dangerous, and rough-talking. He was shot in the leg during a gun fight which caused him to walk with a little "hop", hence the nickname.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: From the 1930s to the 1950s, the character became indelibly associated with actor William Boyd, who portrayed Cassidy first in a series of sixty-six films from 1935 to 1948, then in children-oriented radio and TV series, both of which lasted until 1952. Boyd's portrayal of Cassidy had little in common with the literary character, being instead a clean-cut, sarsaparilla-drinking hero who never shot first. The plots of the film, radio and TV series were generally not taken from Mulford's writings.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: At the peak of the character's popularity in the early 1950s, he spawned enormous amounts of merchandise, as well as a comic strip, additional novels by Louis L'Amour (writing as Tex Burns), and even a short-lived amusement park, "Hoppyland", in Venice, Los Angeles.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Clarence E. Mulford wrote the first Hopalong Cassidy short story in 1904 while living in Fryeburg, Maine. He wrote the first novel, "Bar-20" (named after Cassidy's ranch) in 1906. He wrote 28 Hopalong Cassidy novels in all, with the last one, "Hopalong Cassidy Serves a Writ", being published in 1941. Not all of these novels focused on the Cassidy character: some focused on other characters in and around Bar-20.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: In 1950, while the character was undergoing a surge in popularity, then-aspiring author Louis L'Amour was commissioned to write four additional Hopalong Cassidy novels, this time with a characterization matching William Boyd's portrayal, rather than Mulford's writings. L'Amour wrote the novels under the pseudonym Tex Burns. Though they were his first published novels, he was unhappy with the assignment, since he preferred the original character, and publicly denied authorship of the novels for the rest of his life.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: In 2005, author Susie Coffman published "Follow Your Stars", new stories starring the character. In three of these stories, Coffman wrote the wife of actor William Boyd into the stories.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: As portrayed on the screen, white-haired Bill "Hopalong" Cassidy was usually clad strikingly in black (including his hat, an exception to the Western film stereotype that only villains wore black hats). He was reserved and well spoken, with a sense of fair play. He was often called upon to intercede when dishonest characters took advantage of honest citizens. "Hoppy" and his white horse, Topper, usually traveled through the West with two companions: one young and trouble-prone with a weakness for damsels in distress, the other older, comically awkward and outspoken.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: The juvenile lead was successively played by James Ellison, Russell Hayden, George Reeves, Rand Brooks, and Jimmy Rogers. George Hayes (later to become known as "Gabby" Hayes) originally played Cassidy's grizzled sidekick, Windy Halliday. After Hayes left the series because of a salary dispute with producer Harry Sherman, he was replaced by the comedian Britt Wood as Speedy McGinnis and finally by the veteran movie comedian Andy Clyde as California Carlson. Clyde, the most durable of the sidekicks, remained with the series until it ended. A few actors of future prominence appeared in Cassidy films, notably Robert Mitchum, who appeared in seven films at the beginning of his career.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: The 66 Hopalong Cassidy pictures were filmed by independent producers who released the films through the studios. The first "Hoppies", as the films were known, were distributed by Paramount Pictures to favorable returns, and United Artists was the distributor after Paramount. They were noted for fast action and outdoor photography (usually by Russell Harlan). Harry Sherman wanted to make more ambitious films and tried to cancel the Cassidy series, but popular demand forced Sherman back into production, this time for United Artists. Sherman gave up the series in 1944, but Boyd wanted to keep it going, and ended up co-producing 12 more films himself, from 1946 to 1948, now with lower budgets. The film series finally ended as "B" westerns were being phased out.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: In the first film, Hopalong Cassidy (then spelled "Hop-along") got his name after being shot in the leg. Hopalong's "drink of choice" was the nonalcoholic sarsaparilla.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Boyd thought Hopalong Cassidy might have a future in television, so he sold or mortgaged most of what he owned to buy the character rights from Mulford and the backlog of movies from Sherman, spending $350,000 to obtain the rights to his old films. He then approached the fledgling NBC network to air the films. The initial broadcasts were so successful that NBC could not wait for a television series to be produced and edited the feature films to broadcast length. On June 24, 1949, "Hopalong Cassidy" became the first network Western television series.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: The series and character were so popular that Hopalong Cassidy was featured on the cover of national magazines such as "Look, Life", and "Time". Boyd earned millions as Hopalong ($800,000 in 1950 alone), mostly from merchandise licensing and endorsement deals. In 1950, Hopalong Cassidy was featured on the first lunchbox to bear an image, causing sales of Aladdin Industries lunch boxes to jump from 50,000 units to 600,000 units per year. In 1950, more than 100 companies manufactured $70 million of Hopalong Cassidy products, including children's dinnerware, pillows, roller skates, soap, wristwatches (made by Timex), and jackknives.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: There was a new demand for Hopalong Cassidy features in movie theaters, and Boyd licensed reissue distributor Film Classics to make new film prints and advertising accessories. Another 1950 enterprise saw the home-movie company Castle Films manufacturing condensed versions of the Paramount films for 16 mm and 8 mm film projectors; they were sold through 1966.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Thanks to the earlier series which showed edited versions of his films, Boyd began work on a separate series of half-hour westerns made especially for television; Edgar Buchanan was his new sidekick, Red Connors (a character from the original stories and a few of the early films). The theme music for the television show was written by Nacio Herb Brown (music) and L. Wolfe Gilbert (lyrics). The show ranked number 7 in the 1949 Nielsen ratings, number 9 in the 1950–1951 season and number 28 in 1951–1952. The success of the show and tie-ins inspired juvenile television westerns such as "The Range Rider", "Tales of the Texas Rangers", "Annie Oakley", "The Gene Autry Show", and "The Roy Rogers Show".


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: The success of the television series made Boyd a star. The Mutual Broadcasting System began broadcasting a radio version, with Andy Clyde as the sidekick (except for episodes 28 to 53 of the 105 episode series, when, for reasons unknown, he was replaced by several different radio actors). The show was syndicated from 1948 to 1950, then began broadcast on Mutual on January 1, 1950. At the end of September, the show moved to CBS Radio, where it ran until 1952.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Fawcett Comics published a Hopalong Cassidy comic book one-shot in 1943, followed by an ongoing series from 1946–1953 (numbered #1 through 85), when the company ceased publishing. DC Comics took over the title in 1954 with issue #86, publishing it until issue #135, in 1959.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Mirror Enterprises Syndicate distributed a Hopalong Cassidy comic strip starting in 1949; it was bought out by King Features in 1951, running until 1955. The strip was drawn by Dan Spiegle, with scripts by Royal King Cole.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Beginning in 1950, Capitol Records released a series of Hopalong Cassidy "record readers" featuring William Boyd and music by Billy May, produced by Alan W. Livingston.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: On May 26, 1951, an amusement park named Hoppyland opened in the Venice section of Los Angeles. This was an expansion and retheming of Venice Lake Park (opened the previous year) as Boyd became an investor. Standing on it included a roller coaster, miniature railroads, pony rides, boat ride, Ferris wheel, carousel, and other thrill rides along with picnic grounds and recreational facilities. Despite Boyd's regular appearances as Hoppy at the park, it was not a success and shut down in 1954.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: There have been museum displays of Hopalong Cassidy. The major display is at the Autry National Center at Griffith Park in Los Angeles, California. Fifteen miles east of Wichita, Kansas, at the Prairie Rose Chuckwagon Supper was the Hopalong Cassidy Museum. The museum and its contents were auctioned on August 24, 2007, owing to the failure of its parent company, Wild West World.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: A "Hoppy Museum" consisting of a collection of products endorsed by William Boyd is located at Scott's 10th Street Antique Mall in Cambridge, Ohio.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Topper's saddle is on display at Twin Cities South Trailers, a horse trailer dealership in Pilot Point Texas.


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: In the closing chapter of F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel "The Great Gatsby", the title character's father, Henry C. Gatz, explaining his son's early character, is described "...pull[ing] from his pocket a ragged old copy of a book called "Hopalong Cassidy". 'Look here, this is a book he had when he was a boy. It just shows you.'"


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: The 1951 song "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" includes a reference to "Hopalong boots" as a holiday gift desired by children. Hopalong Cassidy is also referred to in Buddy Alan and Don Rich's 1970 top twenty hit, "Cowboy Convention". In 1973, fellow film cowboy Roy Rogers released a nostalgic ballad called "Hoppy, Gene and Me".


title: Hopalong Cassidy

text: In 2009, the US Postal Service selected Cassidy as one of the characters featured on a series of stamps depicting early TV characters.


title: Click chemistry

text: In chemical synthesis, click chemistry is a class of biocompatible small molecule reactions commonly used in bioconjugation, allowing the joining of substrates of choice with specific biomolecules. Click chemistry is not a single specific reaction, but describes a way of generating products that follow examples in nature, which also generates substances by joining small modular units. In many applications, click reactions join a biomolecule and a reporter molecule. Click chemistry is not limited to biological conditions: the concept of a "click" reaction has been used in chemoproteomic, pharmacological, and various biomimetic applications. However, they have been made notably useful in the detection, localization and qualification of biomolecules.


title: Click chemistry

text: Click reactions occur in one pot, are not disturbed by water, generate minimal and inoffensive byproducts, and are "spring-loaded"—characterized by a high thermodynamic driving force that drives it quickly and irreversibly to high yield of a single reaction product, with high reaction specificity (in some cases, with both regio- and stereo-specificity). These qualities make click reactions particularly suitable to the problem of isolating and targeting molecules in complex biological environments. In such environments, products accordingly need to be physiologically stable and any byproducts need to be non-toxic (for "in vivo" systems).


title: Click chemistry

text: By developing specific and controllable bioorthogonal reactions, scientists have opened up the possibility of hitting particular targets in complex cell lysates. Recently, scientists have adapted click chemistry for use in live cells, for example using small molecule probes that find and attach to their targets by click reactions. Despite challenges of cell permeability, bioorthogonality, background labeling, and reaction efficiency, click reactions have already proven useful in a new generation of pulldown experiments (in which particular targets can be isolated using, for instance, reporter molecules which bind to a certain column), and fluorescence spectrometry (in which the fluorophore is attached to a target of interest and the target quantified or located). More recently, novel methods have been used to incorporate click reaction partners onto and into biomolecules, including the incorporation of unnatural amino acids containing reactive groups into proteins and the modification of nucleotides. These techniques represent a part of the field of chemical biology, in which click chemistry plays a fundamental role by intentionally and specifically coupling modular units to various ends.


title: Click chemistry

text: The term "click chemistry" was coined by K. Barry Sharpless in 1998, and was first fully described by Sharpless, Hartmuth C. Kolb, and M.G. Finn of The Scripps Research Institute in 2001. In 2022, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was jointly awarded to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten P. Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless, "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry".


title: Click chemistry

text: Click chemistry is a method for attaching a probe or substrate of interest to a specific biomolecule, a process called bioconjugation. The possibility of attaching fluorophores and other reporter molecules has made click chemistry a very powerful tool for identifying, locating, and characterizing both old and new biomolecules.


title: Click chemistry

text: One of the earliest and most important methods in bioconjugation was to express a reporter on the same open reading frame as a biomolecule of interest. Notably, green fluorescent protein (GFP) was first (and still is) expressed in this way at the N- or C- terminus of many proteins. However, this approach comes with several difficulties. For instance, GFP is a very large unit and can often affect the folding of the protein of interest. Moreover, by being expressed at either terminus, the GFP adduct can also affect the targeting and expression of the desired protein. Finally, using this method, GFP can only be attached to proteins, and not post-translationally, leaving other important biomolecular classes (nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.) out of reach.


title: Click chemistry

text: To overcome these challenges, chemists have opted to proceed by identifying pairs of bioorthogonal reaction partners, thus allowing the use of small exogenous molecules as biomolecular probes. A fluorophore can be attached to one of these probes to give a fluorescence signal upon binding of the reporter molecule to the target—just as GFP fluoresces when it is expressed with the target.


title: Click chemistry

text: Now limitations emerge from the chemistry of the probe to its target. In order for this technique to be useful in biological systems, click chemistry must run at or near biological conditions, produce little and (ideally) non-toxic byproducts, have (preferably) single and stable products at the same conditions, and proceed quickly to high yield in one pot. Existing reactions, such as Staudinger ligation and the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, have been modified and optimized for such reaction conditions. Today, research in the field concerns not only understanding and developing new reactions and repurposing and re-understanding known reactions, but also expanding methods used to incorporate reaction partners into living systems, engineering novel reaction partners, and developing applications for bioconjugation.


title: Click chemistry

text: Many of the click chemistry criteria are subjective, and even if measurable and objective criteria could be agreed upon, it is unlikely that any reaction will be perfect for every situation and application. However, several reactions have been identified that fit the concept better than others:


title: Click chemistry

text: The classic click reaction is the copper-catalyzed reaction of an azide with an alkyne to form a 5-membered heteroatom ring: a Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The first triazole synthesis, from diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and phenyl azide, was reported by Arthur Michael in 1893. Later, in the middle of the 20th century, this family of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions took on Rolf Huisgen's name after his studies of their reaction kinetics and conditions.


title: Click chemistry

text: The copper(I)-catalysis of the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was discovered concurrently and independently by the groups of Valery V. Fokin and K. Barry Sharpless at the Scripps Research Institute in California and Morten Meldal in the Carlsberg Laboratory, Denmark. The copper-catalyzed version of this reaction gives only the 1,4-isomer, whereas Huisgen's non-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition gives both the 1,4- and 1,5-isomers, is slow, and requires a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius.


title: Click chemistry

text: Moreover, this copper-catalyzed "click" does not require ligands on the metal, although accelerating ligands such as tris(triazolyl)methyl amine ligands with various substituents have been reported and used with success in aqueous solution. Other ligands such as PPh3 and TBIA can also be used, even though PPh is liable to Staudinger ligation with the azide substituent. CuO in water at room temperature was found also to catalyze the same reaction in 15 minutes with 91% yield.


title: Click chemistry

text: The first reaction mechanism proposed included one catalytic copper atom; but isotope, kinetic, and other studies have suggested a dicopper mechanism may be more relevant. Even though this reaction proceeds effectively at biological conditions, copper in this range of dosage is cytotoxic. Solutions to this problem have been presented, such as using water-soluble ligands on the copper to enhance cell penetration of the catalyst and thereby reduce the dosage needed, or to use chelating ligands to further increase the effective concentration of Cu(I) and thereby decreasing the actual dosage.


title: Click chemistry

text: Although the Cu(I)-catalyzed variant was first reported by Meldal and co-workers for the synthesis of peptidotriazoles on solid support, they needed more time to discover the full scope of the reaction and were overtaken by the publicly more recognized Sharpless. Meldal and co-workers also chose not to label this reaction type "click chemistry" which allegedly caused their discovery to be largely overlooked by the mainstream chemical society. Sharpless and Fokin independently described it as a reliable catalytic process offering "an unprecedented level of selectivity, reliability, and scope for those organic synthesis endeavors which depend on the creation of covalent links between diverse building blocks".


title: Click chemistry

text: An analogous RuAAC reaction catalyzed by ruthenium, instead of copper, was reported by the Jia and Fokin groups in 2005, and allows for the selective production of 1,5-isomers.


title: Click chemistry

text: The Bertozzi group further developed one of Huisgen's copper-free click reactions to overcome the cytotoxicity of the CuAAC reaction. Instead of using Cu(I) to activate the alkyne, the alkyne is instead introduced in a strained difluorooctyne (DIFO), in which the electron-withdrawing, propargylic, gem-fluorines act together with the ring strain to greatly destabilize the alkyne. This destabilization increases the reaction driving force, and the desire of the cycloalkyne to relieve its ring strain.


title: Click chemistry

text: This reaction proceeds as a concerted [3+2] cycloaddition in the same mechanism as the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Substituents other than fluorines, such as benzene rings, are also allowed on the cyclooctyne.


title: Click chemistry

text: This reaction has been used successfully to probe for azides in living systems, even though the reaction rate is somewhat slower than that of the CuAAC. Moreover, because the synthesis of cyclooctynes often gives low yield, probe development for this reaction has not been as rapid as for other reactions. But cyclooctyne derivatives such as DIFO, dibenzylcyclooctyne (DIBO) and biarylazacyclooctynone (BARAC) have all been used successfully in the SPAAC reaction to probe for azides in living systems.


title: Click chemistry

text: Diaryl-strained-cyclooctynes including dibenzylcyclooctyne (DIBO) have also been used to react with 1,3-nitrones in strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloadditions (SPANC) to yield N-alkylated isoxazolines.


title: Click chemistry

text: Because this reaction is metal-free and proceeds with fast kinetics (k2 as fast as 60 1/Ms, faster than both the CuAAC or the SPAAC) SPANC can be used for live cell labeling. Moreover, substitution on both the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the nitrone dipole, and acyclic and endocyclic nitrones are all tolerated. This large allowance provides a lot of flexibility for nitrone handle or probe incorporation.


title: Click chemistry

text: However, the isoxazoline product is not as stable as the triazole product of the CuAAC and the SpAAC, and can undergo rearrangements at biological conditions. Regardless, this reaction is still very useful as it has notably fast reaction kinetics.


title: Click chemistry

text: The applications of this reaction include labeling proteins containing serine as the first residue: the serine is oxidized to aldehyde with NaIO and then converted to nitrone with p-methoxybenzenethiol, N-methylhydroxylamine and p-ansidine, and finally incubated with cyclooctyne to give a click product. The SPANC also allows for multiplex labeling.


title: Click chemistry

text: Strained alkenes also utilize strain-relief as a driving force that allows for their participation in click reactions. Trans-cycloalkenes (usually cyclooctenes) and other strained alkenes such as oxanorbornadiene react in click reactions with a number of partners including azides, tetrazines and tetrazoles. These reaction partners can interact specifically with the strained alkene, staying bioorthogonal to endogenous alkenes found in lipids, fatty acids, cofactors and other natural products.


title: Click chemistry

text: Oxanorbornadiene (or another activated alkene) reacts with azides, giving triazoles as a product. However, these product triazoles are not aromatic as they are in the CuAAC or SPAAC reactions, and as a result are not as stable. The activated double bond in oxanobornadiene makes a triazoline intermediate that subsequently spontaneously undergoes a retro Diels-alder reaction to release furan and give 1,2,3- or 1,4,5-triazoles. Even though this reaction is slow, it is useful because oxabornodiene is relatively simple to synthesize. The reaction is not, however, entirely chemoselective.


title: Click chemistry

text: Strained cyclooctenes and other activated alkenes react with tetrazines in an inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder followed by a retro [4+2] cycloaddition (see figure). Like the other reactions of the trans-cyclooctene, ring strain release is a driving force for this reaction. Thus, three-membered and four-membered cycloalkenes, due to their high ring strain, make ideal alkene substrates.


title: Click chemistry

text: Similar to other [4+2] cycloadditions, electron-donating substituents on the dienophile and electron-withdrawing substituents on the diene accelerate the inverse-demand diels-alder. The diene, the tetrazine, by virtue of having the additional nitrogens, is a good diene for this reaction. The dienophile, the activated alkene, can often be attached to electron-donating alkyl groups on target molecules, thus making the dienophile more suitable for the reaction.


title: Click chemistry

text: The tetrazole-alkene "photoclick" reaction is another dipolar addition that Huisgen first introduced in the late 1960s (ChemBioChem 2007, 8, 1504. (68) Clovis, J. S.; Eckell, A.; Huisgen, R.; Sustmann, R. Chem. Ber. 1967, 100, 60.) Tetrazoles with amino or styryl groups that can be activated by UV light at 365 nm (365 does not damage cells) react quickly (so that the UV light does not have to be on for a long time, usually around 1–4 minutes) to make fluorogenic pyrazoline products. This reaction scheme is well suited for the purpose of labeling in live cells, because UV light at 365 nm damages cells minimally. Moreover, the reaction proceeds quickly, so that the UV light can be administered for short durations. Quantum yields for short wavelength UV light can be higher than 0.5. This allows tetrazoles to be used wavelength selectively in combination with another photoligation reaction, where at the short wavelength the tetrazole ligation reaction proceeds nearly exclusively and at longer wavelength another reaction (ligation via o-quinodimethanes) proceeds exclusively. Finally, the non-fluorogenic reactants give rise to a fluorogenic product, equipping the reaction with a built-in spectrometry handle.


title: Click chemistry

text: Both tetrazoles and the alkene groups have been incorporated as protein handles as unnatural amino acids, but this benefit is not unique. Instead, the photoinducibility of the reaction makes it a prime candidate for spatiotemporal specificity in living systems. Challenges include the presence of endogenous alkenes, though usually cis (as in fatty acids) they can still react with the activated tetrazole.


title: Click chemistry

text: The commercial potential of click chemistry is great. The fluorophore rhodamine has been coupled onto norbonene, and reacted with tetrazine in living systems. In other cases, SPAAC between a cyclooctyne-modified fluorophore and azide-tagged proteins allowed the selection of these proteins in cell lysates.


title: Click chemistry

text: Methods for the incorporation of click reaction partners into systems in and ex vivo contribute to the scope of possible reactions. The development of unnatural amino acid incorporation by ribosomes has allowed for the incorporation of click reaction partners as unnatural side groups on these unnatural amino acids. For example, an UAA with an azide side group provides convenient access for cycloalkynes to proteins tagged with this "AHA" unnatural amino acid. In another example, "CpK" has a side group including a cyclopropane alpha to an amide bond that serves as a reaction partner to tetrazine in an inverse diels-alder reaction.


title: Click chemistry

text: The synthesis of luciferin exemplifies another strategy of isolating reaction partners, which is to take advantage of rarely-occurring, natural groups such as the 1,2-aminothiol, which appears only when a cysteine is the final N' amino acid in a protein. Their natural selectivity and relative bioorthogonality is thus valuable in developing probes specific for these tags. The above reaction occurs between a 1,2-aminothiol and a 2-cyanobenzothiazole to make luciferin, which is fluorescent. This luciferin fluorescence can be then quantified by spectrometry following a wash, and used to determine the relative presence of the molecule bearing the 1,2-aminothiol. If the quantification of non-1,2-aminothiol-bearing protein is desired, the protein of interest can be cleaved to yield a fragment with a N' Cys that is vulnerable to the 2-CBT.


title: Click chemistry

text: In combination with combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, and building chemical libraries, click chemistry has hastened new drug discoveries by making each reaction in a multistep synthesis fast, efficient, and predictable.


title: Click chemistry

text: The Scripps Research Institute has a portfolio of click-chemistry patents. Licensees include Invitrogen, Allozyne, Aileron, Integrated Diagnostics, and the biotech company baseclick, a BASF spin-off created to sell products made using click chemistry. Moreover, baseclick holds a worldwide exclusive license for the research and diagnostic market for the nucleic acid field.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Johnette Napolitano (born Jonette L. Napolitano; September 22, 1957) is an American singer, songwriter and bassist best known as the lead vocalist, songwriter, and bassist for the alternative rock group Concrete Blonde.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Johnette Napolitano was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, the eldest of five children in an Italian American family.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Her parents recognized their daughter possessed musical talent when, as a child, she was able to play "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" on piano by ear. Her mother loved show tunes. The family also listened to Johnny Cash, Marty Robbins, and the Rat Pack. At age five she enrolled in a gifted kids art program at UCLA.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: In 1986, Napolitano co-founded Concrete Blonde with guitarist James Mankey. She sang and sometimes played bass guitar. The pair had worked together under a variety of names since 1982. They released seven studio albums between 1986 and 2004, and one additional album as a collaboration with Los Illegals. Concrete Blonde had several moderately successful singles, including "God is a Bullet", "Joey", "Tomorrow Wendy", and a version of "Everybody Knows" originally by Leonard Cohen.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Concrete Blonde broke up and reformed several times, with Napolitano and Mankey as the only constant members. The band has not been active since 2012.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: She has recorded as a solo artist, with the albums "Sketchbook" (2002), "Sketchbook 2" (2006), "Scarred" (2007), and "Sketchbook 3" (2010). Napolitano also recorded a solo album titled "Sound of a Woman" around 1996–1997, and performed many of the songs on a solo tour opening for Paul Weller. The album was set to be released on IRS (a subdivision of Island Records), the label of her old band, Concrete Blonde. 1997–1998 was a bad time for Island, starting with the sudden departure of founder-CEO Chris Blackwell and ending with the total reorganization of the label. "Sound of a Woman" was, effectively, lost in the shuffle, and at this point is unlikely to ever be officially released. Bootleg copies of this album are rare and highly valued.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Before Concrete Blonde, Napolitano was a member of Dream 6, who released their self-titled debut EP in 1983.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: In addition to Concrete Blonde, Napolitano was involved with several musical project including Vowel Movement, a semi-improvisational musical collaboration with Holly Beth Vincent; and Pretty & Twisted, a band that also featured former Wall of Voodoo guitarist Marc Moreland.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: She is one of several vocalists featured on the 1996 album "No Talking, Just Head", by , including the single "Damage I've Done". The group was formed by three members of Talking Heads (Jerry Harrison, Chris Frantz and Tina Weymouth). Napolitano was the primary vocalist for The Head's only concert tour. The Heads was originally intended to become a full-time band, with further studio albums and tours. A live CD-video of the first tour was planned, featuring performances from many of the album's guest artists and Napolitano on vocals for the songs originally recorded by Talking Heads. David Byrne sued the band, saying their name and presentation was too evocative of Talking Heads. The suit was settled out of court, and The Heads ceased activity.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: She composes music for films and works as a gallery artist, specializing in working with discarded and reclaimed materials. She also cares for rescue horses.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: She has contributed music to many films, including the 2006 Australian film "Candy", and "Suicide Note" from "Underworld". The following films and TV programs also feature songs performed by Concrete Blonde:


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Napolitano collaborated with Danny Lohner (Nine Inch Nails, A Perfect Circle, Black Light Burns) on the horror film "Dead Silence". The pair had successfully collaborated previously for the films "Underworld" and "Wicker Park".


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Napolitano contributed vocals to an album by John Trudell, and performs backing vocals in "Struck a Nerve" by Bad Religion on the "Recipe For Hate" album.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Napolitano performed the main vocals on the score of the Australian film "West", written and directed by Daniel Krige. She also sang the title song, "Falling in Love".


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Napolitano also performed the duet "My Little Problem" with Paul Westerberg on The Replacements "All Shook Down" release.


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Napolitano wrote and sang, with Steve Wynn, the song "Conspiracy of the Heart" included in the Steve Wynn's album "Kerosene Man" (1990).


title: Johnette Napolitano

text: Johnette Napolitano joined Marc Moreland and Danny Montgomery to form Pretty & Twisted in 1995. Their self-titled debut, "Pretty & Twisted", was produced by Napolitano and released on Warner Brother Records, Inc.


Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) is the apex regulatory body for overall licensing and regulation of micro, small and medium enterprise finance companies in India. It is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance , Government of India headquartered at Lucknow and having its offices all over the country.The SIDBI was established on April 02, 1990 by Government of India, as a wholly owned subsidiary of IDBI Bank . It was delinked from IDBI w.e.f. March 27, 2000. Its purpose is to provide refinance facilities to banks and financial institutions and engage in term lending and working capital finance to industries, and serves as the principal financial institution in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. SIDBI also coordinates the functions of institutions engaged in similar activities. It was established in 1989, through an Act of Parliament.


title: Small Industries Development Bank of India

text: SIDBI is one of the four All India Financial Institutions regulated and supervised by the Reserve Bank of India; other three are India Exim Bank, NABARD and NHB. But recently NHB came under government control by taking more than 51% stake. They play a statutory role in the financial markets through credit extension and refinancing operation activities and cater to the long-term financing needs of the industrial sector.


text: SIDBI is active in the development of Micro Finance Institutions through SIDBI Foundation for Micro Credit, and assists in extending microfinance through the Micro Finance Institution (MFI) route. Its promotion & development program focuses on rural enterprises promotion and entrepreneurship development.


text: In order to increase and support money supply to the MSE sector, it operates a refinance program known as Institutional Finance program. Under this program, SIDBI extends Term Loan assistance to Banks, Small Finance Banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies. Besides the refinance operations, SIDBI also lends directly to MSMEs.


text: As part of non-financial intervention in the MSME sector, SIDBI had also undertaken various measures in the past. Recently, in association with credit rating agency CRISIL and Credit Information Company TransUnion CIBIL it has introduced "CriSidEx" and "MSME Pulse".


text: CriSidEx, India's first sentiment index for micro and small enterprises (MSEs) has been developed jointly by CRISIL & SIDBI. It is a composite index based on a diffusion index of 8 parameters and measures MSE business sentiment on a scale of 0 (extremely negative) to 200 (extremely positive). The crucial benefit of CriSidEx is that its readings will flag potential headwinds and changes in production cycles and thus help improve market efficiencies. And by capturing the sentiment of exporters and importers, it will also offer actionable indicators on foreign trade.


text: SIDBI in association with TransUnion CIBIL launched "MSME Pulse" and Microfinance Pulse launched by Equifax, a quarterly report on MSME credit activity, for closely tracking and monitoring the MSME segment in the country. The report is based on a study done on over five million active MSMEs who have access to formal credit, with live credit facilities in the Indian banking system.


text: SIDBI has launched the ‘Udyami Mitra’ Portal to improve accessibility of credit and handholding services to MSMEs. They can select and apply for preferred banks through this portal. Under the portal entrepreneurs can apply for loan without physically visiting any bank branches and can select from over 1 lakh bank branches, track their application status and avail multiple loan benefits. It also has facility for uploading all necessary documents. Through the portal the MSMEs can also seek handholding support for getting finance. SIDBI has also entered into an arrangement with CSC e-governance Services (CSCeGS) to take Udyami Mitra portal to the unserved and the underserved MSMEs. CSCeGS is a special purpose vehicle (SPV) set up by ministry of electronics and IT ( MeitY) which acts as connect point for various digitally aligned services to villages in the country.


text: SIDBI supports the Government of India in its initiatives and work as a nodal agency for some of the schemes related to development of MSMEs, such as Make in India and Startup India.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The Honda BR-V is an automobile manufactured by Honda since 2016 and mainly sold for emerging markets. It is a subcompact crossover SUV which offers three-row seating as standard or as an option. While being dimensionally bigger, the BR-V is positioned below the more advanced international market HR-V. The first-generation model shares its platform with the second-generation Mobilio, which itself based on the lengthened Brio platform. The second-generation model is built on a separate platform from the Mobilio (shared with the second-generation Amaze and the WR-V instead).


title: Honda BR-V

text: Developed by Honda R&D Asia Pacific in Thailand, the BR-V has been manufactured and assembled in several Asian countries, including Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, India, and Pakistan, and is also sold in Brunei, Mexico, and South Africa.


title: Honda BR-V

text: On 20 August 2015, the first-generation BR-V prototype was unveiled at the 23rd Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show. It is the third model that was developed by Honda R&D Asia Pacific in Thailand after the Amaze and Mobilio (both also derived from the Brio).


title: Honda BR-V

text: According to Tomoki Uchida, then the director of Honda Prospect Motor in Indonesia, the BR-V would "serve as an answer to rising customer demands and needs for an affordable SUV that rides high, has a sleek design and is capable to load 7 passengers at one trip". As BR-V is targeted particularly for the Asian market, mass production took place at several plants with different commencement date.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The first-generation BR-V was launched in India in an official event in Kolkata on 5 May 2016. Four trim levels were available: E, S, V and VX. All trim are available with either a petrol or diesel engine paired with a manual transmission. Only the petrol-powered V trim can be had with a continuous variable transmission. It was discontinued in 2020 due to declining sales and implementation of BS6 emission standards from April 2020.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The first-generation BR-V went on sale in Indonesia on 23 January 2016 and is available in 3 trim levels, which are S, E, and E Prestige (renamed to Prestige in the facelifted model). The hill-start assist and vehicle stability assist is available in CVT option.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The first-generation BR-V was launched in Malaysia on 5 January 2017. The Malaysian version comes with added NVH reduction features compared to those sold in neighboring countries. By early March 2017, bookings up to 8,500 units were received for the Honda BR-V in Malaysia, making it one of the top selling cars for Honda in Malaysia and resulting in an extended waiting time for the car. Almost 12,000 units of BR-V were sold within the first six months after launch. All variant/trim come standard with Electric Power Steering (EPS), Hill Start Assist (HSA), Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA), Isofix and reverse camera with parking sensors.


title: Honda BR-V

text: In Malaysia, the BR-V is offered in E, V and SE (Special Edition) trim levels and powered by 1.5L SOHC i-VTEC engine paired with Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT).


title: Honda BR-V

text: The first-generation BR-V was opened for booking in Pakistan in February 2017 and officially launched on 21 April 2017.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The first-generation BR-V was previewed at the 2016 Philippine International Motor Show. It is available in 2 trim levels: 1.5 S CVT and 1.5 V Navi CVT.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The first-generation BR-V was launched into the South African market in October 2016 with either manual transmission or CVT options with three trim levels. South African models received paddle shifters on the CVT models. The lineup doesn't include EBD on any models. Both daytime running lamps and reverse parking sensors are absent and neither are offered as an optional factory option.


title: Honda BR-V

text: Initially previewed at the 2015 Thailand International Motor Expo, the first-generation BR-V was launched in Thailand on the 28 January 2016 with two variants available: V and SV. The V only came with two rows of seats allowing for a seating capacity of 5 while the SV variant came with three rows of seats allowing for a seating capacity of 7.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The BR-V received a facelift that includes redesigned front and rear fascia. This facelift was first launched at the 27th Indonesia International Motor Show on 25 April 2019.


title: Honda BR-V

text: On 5 November 2019, for the Mexican market, this facelift entered the market just after being sold for a year.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The first-generation BR-V available with either a 1.5 L "L15Z1" i-VTEC four-cylinder petrol engine that produces at 6,600 rpm and of torque at 4,600 rpm, or a 1.5 L "N15A1" four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine that produces at 3,600 rpm and of torque at 1,750 rpm.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The second-generation BR-V was unveiled in Indonesia on 21 September 2021. It was previewed as a near-production concept model, called the "N7X Concept", which was revealed on 3 May 2021. Development was led by Large Project Leader Parinya Tangwiengwang of Honda R&D Asia Pacific. Its design is mostly retained from the N7X Concept with minimum changes, while its dashboard design is nearly identical to the second-generation Amaze and the WR-V released later.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The second-generation BR-V uses the 1.5-litre "L15ZF" DOHC i-VTEC four-cylinder engine that produces at 6,600 rpm along with the continuously variable transmission that is shared with the seventh-generation City, with slight adjustments in tuning.


title: Honda BR-V

text: It went on production in Indonesia on 13 December 2021 with a claimed localisation level of 80%. Indonesian sales commenced on 8 January 2022. Exports from the country also commenced on 16 March 2022 to around 30 countries throughout Africa and South America.


title: Honda BR-V

text: In Indonesia, the second-generation BR-V is offered in S, E and Prestige grade levels. Honda Sensing active safety system along with the LaneWatch camera system is available as an option for the Prestige trim.


title: Honda BR-V

text: In Thailand, the second-generation BR-V was announced on 27 July 2022. Imported from Indonesia, it is offered in E and EL grades. Honda Sensing is standard in every trim.


title: Honda BR-V

text: The second generation BR-V was released in the Philippines on 21 November 2022. It is offered in 3 grades; S (manual and CVT), V (CVT only) and the top-grade VX (CVT only), all with the 1.5-litre VTEC engine. Honda Sensing is standard for the VX grade.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Julieta Venegas Percevault (; born November 24, 1970) is an American-born Mexican singer, songwriter, instrumentalist and producer who sings pop-rock-indie in Spanish. She went on to join several bands including Mexican ska band Tijuana No!. Venegas plays 17 instruments including acoustic guitar, accordion, and keyboard.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: In 1997, she released her debut album "Aquí" to favorable reviews in Mexico by the rock audience. Her next production " Bueninvento " (2000) also produced by Gustavo Santaolalla, was praised by international critics and considered the third best album in the history of Spanish Rock by Rolling Stone. In later years, she positioned herself as one of the most prominent songwriters in Latin pop by achieving fame in 2003 in Latin America and Spain with the album "Sí" and singles "Andar Conmigo" and "Algo está cambiando" which were positioned at the top of Latin "Billboard".


title: Julieta Venegas

text: In 2006, she released her most successful album "Limón y Sal" which is her best-selling album to date. "Limón y Sal" achieved Platinum status in several countries, including the worldwide hit "Me Voy", which was certified Gold in Mexico.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Her first live album, "MTV Unplugged" (2008), sold more than 400,000 digital copies and thus obtained a diamond certification in Mexico. With Sony Music, Venegas released her fifth studio album, "Otra Cosa" (2010). She released her sixth studio album "Los Momentos" (2013), with which she moved to indie pop. Her seventh studio album "Algo Sucede" (2015) debuted at number 1 on the Latin Pop Albums chart.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Since 2017 she resides in Buenos Aires, where she debuted as a theater actress in the play "La Enamorada" by Argentinean writer Santiago Loza and released the album "La Enamorada" (2019) with themes based on the play.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: It is estimated that she has sold 30 million records worldwide. Throughout her career she has earned seven Latin Grammy Awards, seven MTV Awards, seven Broadcast Music, Inc. Awards, five VEVO Certified, three Oye! Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, plus other 100 awards received. She has also been awarded the accolades Master of Latin Music Award at the Berklee College for her career and a Musa Award in honor to her compositions.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Born in Long Beach, California, United States, Venegas grew up in Tijuana and began playing instruments at age 8 when her parents first sent her to piano lessons. In the years that followed, music grew to be her passion.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: At the beginning of her career, she collaborated with a few bands in Tijuana, and then later in Mexico City.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: With the support of BMG, Julieta Venegas recorded her first solo album with producer Gustavo Santaolalla. Released in 1997, "Aquí" contained twelve tracks composed by Venegas and was distributed in Mexico, Spain, and several Latin American countries. The material proved Venegas to be an extremely inventive artist in Mexican popular music. The first single from the album, "De Mis Pasos," was dramatically accepted by a young audience and quickly positioned as one of the best female rock songs of that time. The second single, "Como Sé," won the MTV award for "Mejor Interpretación Femenina." Following the international release of the album, Venegas received a large number of invitations to collaborate with different musicians and performers in Latin America, including Sasha Sokol, Enanitos Verdes, Sr. Gonzalez, Los Tres, Liquits, Cartel de Santa, León, and Enrique Bunbury.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: In 1998, she participated in the tour "De Diva Voz" with Ely Guerra and Aurora y La Academia, appearing at different locations in Mexico and the United States. Soon after, she toured in "Calaveritas y Diablitos" next to Aterciopelados and Los Fabulosos Cadillacs in Spain. The same year she participated in the album "", a tribute to the legendary Mexican singer José José. Venegas recorded the song "El Triste."


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Her participation in international festivals increased the following year, and Venegas performed at "Midem Americas (Miami)," Generation Ñ "(in Spain)," Rock Al Parque de Bogotá (Colombia) and Festival "El Hatillo" (in Venezuela).


title: Julieta Venegas

text: In 1999, she appeared in the Mexican version of the video "Infinito" by Bunbury. In 2000, Nacho Mastretta invited her to participate in her album "Luna de Miel," which consists of twelve songs performed by twelve female vocalists from different countries. Soon after that, Venegas contributed three songs to the soundtrack of "En El País de No Pasa Nada." Soon after, Julieta Venegas wrote and recorded the song "Amores Perros Me Van A Matar" for the film "Amores Perros." The song was produced by Emmanuel del Real and Quique Rangel (Café Tacuba), who would also collaborate with Venegas on her next album, "Bueninvento."


title: Julieta Venegas

text: "Bueninvento", also produced by Gustavo Santaolalla and Joe Chiccarelli, was launched in September 2000. It was recorded in Los Angeles (California), Monterrey and Mexico City. Thirteen of the fourteen songs are authored by Julieta Venegas including a tribute to Juan Gabriel – "Siempre En Mi Mente." In the same year, she participated in the "Arezzo Wave Love" in Italy, where she sang a version of the song "Amores Perros ..." in Italian, and joined the tour "Evolucion 2000" with Jaguares, Jumbo, and Gusana Ciega. She was also involved in the Hannover Fair as part of Music Bridges Around the World, which links to composers from around the world. Venegas joined the Cubadisco Festival in Havana, Cuba and the tour 'Femina Rock' with Maria Gabriela Epumer and other female figures in rock.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: In 2002, the singer Victor Manuel called, offering for her to participate in a tribute to Joaquín Sabina along with other women by singing "Corre Dijó La Tortuga." She participated in several soundtracks including "Maria Full of Grace" with the song "Lo Que Venga Después," and "Demasiado Amor" with a two versions of the cover of Lupita D'Alessio's "Acariciame," one in collaboration with Mastretta and one with Joan Valent. She worked with Mastretta for the main theme of the Spanish film "El Sueño del Caiman."


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Venegas sang "Niños," a duet with Spanish Pedro Guerra Ofrenda, and received by the same in the Persian Gulf where they sang a duet on the song "Cómo Sé" against the European media. She performed on the Soda Stereo album tribute to the song "Disco Eterno" which was nominated for a Grammy for "Best Rock Song: Hoy No Quiero" and "Best Alternative Rock Disco: Bueninvento." She took a brief break in her career and was dedicated to singing themes José José ("El Triste"), José Alfredo Jimenez ("Serenata Sin Luna") and Los Tigres del Norte ("La Jaula de Oro") and did duets with Celso Piña and ska "Los de Abajo" while preparing the songs for her upcoming album "Sí".


title: Julieta Venegas

text: In late 2003 she released the album "Sí" on which she collaborated with Coti and "Cachorro Lopez." "Sí" was recorded in Argentina and Spain. As her most commercially successful release to date, it allowed her to reach a wider market. It has sold over a million copies, making the songs "Andar Conmigo," "Lento," and "Algo Está Cambiando" pop standards in Latin music. She was invited to perform, along with Pau Dones from Jarabe de Palo, a song for the soundtrack of the movie "Asesino En Serie" "El Listón de Tu Pelo," a tribute to Los Angeles Azules.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: 2004 was the most productive year professionally and spiritually for Julieta Venegas – MTVla prized her with three awards for "Artist of the Year," "Solo of the Year," and "Best Artist North." She was also awarded her first Latin Grammy in the category "Best Rock Album." She won 3 Awards for "Oye!" Mexico City in the categories "Artist of the Year," "Song of the Year: Andar Conmigo," and "Record of the Year: "Sí"." In 2004 she collaborated on the album "Neruda En El Corazón" with artists like Joan Manuel Serrat, Pablo Milanés and Ana Belén. It was responsible for putting music to the poem "A Callarse." She also participated in the "Diego Torres: MTV Unplugged" on the song "Sueños." Additionally, Venegas performed in the concert "El Sueño Existe" in homage to Salvador Allende in the Stadium Nacional de Chile, with Chilean and international artists as Gilberto Gil, The Prisoners, Leon Gieco, and Silvio Rodríguez, among others.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Venegas began her first international tour in Mexico and celebrated it with a memorable concert at the Teatro Metropolitan, which is reflected on the album "Sí Special Edition". She is the first Latin artist to release a "Limited Edition DualDisc." Julieta Venegas was positioned with Latin artists with more international exposure, and was therefore requested to sing with various artists such as Lenine, El Cartel de Santa and Paulina Rubio. "Sí" was received with open arms in Viña del Mar, where it received the recognition Mar de Plata. Venegas was invited to record in Los Shajatos, singing in English "You've got Hide Your Love Away" and "Blackbird" by The Beatles.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Venegas also participated on "Tonto" on Vincentico's album "Los Rayos," "Miedo" on "MTV Unplugged Lenine," and on different musical scores for movies such as "Hotel Tivoli" ("El Fuego y El Combustible") and "Sólo Dios Sabe" (" Saudade " ft. Otto and "Lagrimas Negras").


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Venegas took about a year to develop her next album, "Limón y Sal", which was recorded in Buenos Aires with Cachorro López producing. When the first single "Me Voy," a Ranchera/Pop song, was released in March 2006, it quickly rose in popularity, transcending distance and language barriers as it was performed in English, Italian and Spanish.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: May saw the launch of "Limón y Sal" which was awarded a gold record for more than 50 thousand copies sold within two days of its launch. After a single week, it had received a platinum for 100 thousand records in Mexico and more golds for selling 50 thousand copies in both Spain and the United States. A few days later, the album received another gold record for more than 50 thousand copies in Italy. A total of 4 singles were released: "Me Voy," "Limón y Sal," "Eres para Mí," and "Primer Día"–a song that was supposedly only for Europe, but also caught American ears. At the same time, she paid tribute to Andrés Calamaro with "Sin Documentos."


title: Julieta Venegas

text: In June 2006 in Spain, Venegas took part in the MTV Day festival with Amaral and Keane, among others. Two days later, she participated in the celebration of the fortieth anniversary of Los 40 Principales Radio Formula. She sang "Me Voy" and "Nada de Esto Fué Un Error" next to Coti. Venegas has participated in the Spanish series "Yo Soy Bea", and the series was also involved in "SOS Mi Vida" Argentina on TV. In 2007 Venegas released a compilation album entitled "Realmente Lo Mejor."


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Venegas also collaborated on the Hector Buitrago album "Conector" with "Música Somos" before beginning a world tour that kicked off in Italy and made its way through other parts of Europe. Upon returning from Europe, she visited almost all of Latin America and the United States on her "Limón y Sal" tour. With regard to awards, she won her second Latin Grammy for "Best Alternative Album" and also won her first Grammy in a historic tie with Ricardo Arjona's album "Adentro."


title: Julieta Venegas

text: The year 2008 was even more productive. On March 6 she recorded "MTV Unplugged", which was ranked as "Very Successful," in addition to being the first to be recorded in Mexico. Artists joining Venegas for this live concert included Juan Son, La Mala Rodriguez, Marisa Monte, Natalia Lafourcade, Gustavo Santaolalla and an orchestra of 15 musicians. The show aired on June 5, 2008, on MTV Latin America. The album was released on June 17, and for it, she was named MTV Artist of the Month.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: The "MTV Unplugged" record blends the "ranchera" touch with pop ballads that have been well received by the public. In Mexico the album debuted at number 61 on the Mexican album charts, climbing to number-one the following week where it spent 10 consecutive weeks. The album demonstrates that Venegas is an accordion of surprises, with songs like "Mira la Vida," "Algún Día," y "Cómo Sé" revealing Venegas as a mature artist, constantly reinventing herself and giving the public something new. The album was released internationally on June 10, producing strong sales and critical acclaim. One month after its release, Julieta Venegas was awarded a platinum disc for selling more than 100,000 records in Mexico, and two gold discs for selling more than 50,000 records in Colombia and the USA.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Julieta Venegas started an international tour visiting countries such as England and Germany, places that were not as familiar with music like hers. Her record was nominated for MTV Awards, Premios Luna del Auditorio and the Latin Grammy.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Also in 2008, she recorded a duet with French chanteuse Olivia Ruiz singing "Las Migas de Mi Corazón." At the MTV Awards LA she sang with the Electro/Norteño band Nortec Collective a unique version of "El Presente." On November 13, 2008, Julieta Venegas took home two Latin Grammy awards in the categories of "Best Alternative Album" and "Best Long Form Video." After her successful tour Venegas was invited by Nelly Furtado to participate in the song "Bajo Otra Luz" with La Mala Rodríguez.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: "Otra Cosa" was released on Tuesday, March 16 in record stores and on iTunes. The first single was "Bien o Mal" written with Alejandro Sergi, vocalist of the band Miranda!, and released on March 16, 2010. "Otra Cosa" placed on the first and second positions of the "Top Albums" in the iTunes Latino store with her two Deluxe and Standard edition albums, according to the official website. Julieta Venegas became the first Latin artist to launch an iTunes LP. Four days after the official launch of "Otra Cosa", Venegas earned a Gold Record in Mexico. The album contains 12 songs filled with acoustic and electric guitars, synthesizers, various percussion instruments, cavaquinhos, winds, subtle pianos (played by her), and accordions. Also seen in pictures posted in Twitter, Venegas mentions other instruments used on the album that include ukulele, bass, bouzuki, and tuba.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: The album was produced by Venegas and Cachorro López (who also produced "Limón Y Sal"). Following the album's release Juieta Venegas toured the United States (sponsored by the brand Jack Daniels) in 16 cities, including New York City, Miami, Los Angeles and San Diego. Venegas performed in the Vive Latino Festival 2010, playing on two occasions, both in the Green Stage. She participated in a reunion with her former band, Tijuana No! and sang a duet with their new band member, Alexis Güereña, "Pobre de Ti." A few weeks prior to the release of the album, Julieta Venegas acknowledged that she was three months pregnant, but had not named the father.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: On April 27, 2010, Venegas played some songs off the album at KCRW, an internet public radio station based at Santa Monica College. On August 13, 2010, Venegas gave birth to a baby girl named Simona in Mexico. Venegas, who is divorced, has never revealed the identity of the baby's father. The Argentine musicologist Rodrigo García Prieto won the paternity suit. The judges ruled that they will share custody of Simona and go to therapy to "resolve their emotional problems."


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Venegas was featured in a 2012 musical documentary "Hecho en México," directed by Duncan Bridgeman. The film focuses on the positive influences out of Mexico given the negative press out of the country south of the border because of the drug war. The film also includes other musical artists who contribute interviews and music to the film.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Julieta Venegas’ sixth album, entitled "Los Momentos", was recorded in Mexico City and produced by Venegas and Yamil Rezc. Launched March 12, 2013 through digital streaming, the album included special appearances by Ceci Bastida, Natalia Lafourcade, Anita Tijoux and Rubén Albarrán. It includes the song "Tuve Para Dar," which was released in November 2012. This album had a variety of electronic instruments as well as acoustic guitar and piano.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Prior to the album launch, the first single "Tuve Para Dar" was released on December 11, 2012, and was made available in digital version on December 18. The music video was directed by Gregory W. Allen and Yvonne Venegas.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: On January 14, 2013, through the SoundCloud and YouTube portals, Venegas released "Te Vi" the second single from the album (considered by Sony Music to be the first). A digital download was made available on January 22.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Venegas released her seventh studio album, "Algo Sucede" on August 14, 2015. It includes the lead single "Ese Camino," "Buenas Noches, Desolación," and additional singles "Tu Calor" and "Todo Está Aquí." Around that time she was living in Buenos Aires, Argentina with her daughter.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: According to Billboard "Venegas has maintained one of the most consistent yet understated careers since her solo debut, Aquí, more than two decades ago. A pioneer whose music and image have broken Latina stereotypes, Venegas has forged a path between Latin alternative and pop music, and supported the cresting of a strong wave of Mexican female artists." The "Los Angeles Times" praised "Her lyrics of wounded idealism and wrecked love affairs [which] extend a rich Mexican tradition of popular music imbued in bitter fatalism." While "The Atlantic" described her as having "a signature sound unlike anything else in the Latin charts." The website Medium wrote of Venegas, "She has a knack for stirring melodies, haunting harmonies and compelling rhythms. Her cunning lyrics work well as poetry but even better as song, running the thematic gamut from dense introspection to earnest simplicity." Time described Julieta Venegas as "the Frida Kahlo of rock 'n' roll."


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Venegas was awarded the Master of Latin Music Award by Berklee College. She was the inaugural speaker in the USC Annenberg Distinguished Lecture Series on Latin American Art and Culture.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: In 2012, "Rolling Stone" ranked her album "Bueninvento" third in its list of "The 10 Greatest Latin Rock Albums of All Time".


title: Julieta Venegas

text: Natalia Lafourcade has cited Venegas as a major influence and described her as "my heaviest teacher." Ximena Sariñana has also credited Venegas as an influence in her sound. Among musician fans of hers include Zayra Alvarez, Nelly Furtado, Tania Libertad, Prince and Enrique Bunbury.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: The Grammy Award is an accolade by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to recognize outstanding achievement on the music industry.


title: Julieta Venegas

text: A Latin Grammy Award is an accolade by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry.


title: Liopleurodon

text: Liopleurodon (; meaning 'smooth-sided teeth') is an extinct genus of large, carnivorous marine reptile belonging to the Thalassophonea, a clade of short-necked pliosaurid plesiosaurs. "Liopleurodon" lived from the Callovian Stage of the Middle Jurassic to the Kimmeridgian stage of the Late Jurassic Period (c. 166 to 155 mya). It was the apex predator of the Middle to Late Jurassic seas that covered Europe. The largest species, "L. ferox", is estimated to have grown up to in length, but could have been larger.


title: Liopleurodon

text: The name "Liopleurodon" (meaning "smooth-sided tooth") derives from Ancient Greek words: ', "smooth"; ', "side" or "rib"; and "", "tooth".


title: Liopleurodon

text: Even before "Liopleurodon" was named, material likely belonging to it was described. In 1841, Hermann von Meyer named the species "Thaumatosaurus oolithicus" based on a fragmentary specimen consisting of partial teeth, skull elements, vertebrae, and ribs from deposits in Württemberg, Germany possibly dating to the Oxfordian. However, this material is nondiagnostic, lacking distinguishing features. Johann Andreas Wagner published a description of a large plesiosaur tooth from Bavaria, Germany in 1852, assigning it to a new species that he named "Pliosaurus giganteus". However, in 1824, William Conybeare had named a species of "Plesiosaurus", "Plesiosaurus giganteus", and this species was later viewed as a synonym of either "Pliosaurus brachydeirus" or "P. brachyspondylus" by following authors. Since the name "Pliosaurus giganteus" had been used prior to Wagner's publication, Wagner's name is invalid due to preoccupation. In 1838, Hermann von Meyer applied the name "Ischyrodon meriani" to a large tooth from Oxfordian-aged rocks in Frickthale, Switzerland. This tooth lacks identifying characteristics, and therefore it is not clear what it belonged to, although Lambert Beverly Tarlo noted the possibility of it pertaining to "Liopleurodon" in 1960. A 2022 study by Daniel Madzia and colleagues noted that while the tooth likely came from "Liopleurodon" or something similar, there was too little information available to make a confident assignment, so they treated "Ischyrodon" as a "nomen dubium". In 1860, Hermann Trautschold assigned the name "Pliosaurus giganteus" to a small tooth now thought to pertain to "Liopleurodon". However, as the name "Pliosaurus giganteus" had already been used twice by this point, Trautschold's name is also invalid.


title: Liopleurodon

text: The genus name "Liopleurodon" was coined by Henri Émile Sauvage in 1873. Sauvage named three species which he assigned to this genus, each based on a single tooth. One tooth, its crown measuring long, was found near Boulogne-sur-Mer, France in layers dating from the Callovian, and was named "Liopleurodon ferox". Another from Charly, France, measuring long and with a crown length of , was named "Liopleurodon grossouvrei". The third, discovered near Caen, France was originally attributed to "Poikilopleuron bucklandi" by Eudes Deslongchamps. While the tooth could have come from the megalosaur, Sauvage considered this identity unsubstantiated, and assigned it to the species "Liopleurodon bucklandi". Sauvage did not ascribe the genus to any particular group of reptiles in his descriptions.


title: Liopleurodon

text: However, in 1880, Sauvage synonymized "Liopleurodon" with "Polyptychodon", noting that it was similar to this genus, but distinct from "Plesiosaurus" and "Pliosaurus". In 1888, Richard Lydekker, after studying some teeth attributable to "Liopleurodon ferox" in the Leeds Collection, concluded that they were so similar to those of "Pliosaurus" that they should be placed in that genus. These teeth had been collected by Alfred Leeds from the Oxford Clay Formation, near Peterborough, England. In 1869, Harry Govier Seeley had applied the name "Pliosaurus pachydeirus" to a series of cervical (neck) vertebrae representing the first 17 in the neck from the Oxford Clay Formation near Great Gransden. Other than its large size, Seeley provided no distinguishing characteristics. Lydekker stated that this neck probably belonged to "Pliosaurus ferox". W. Kiprijanoff named "Thaumatosaurus mosquensis" in 1883 based on remains including teeth, vertebrae, and limb bones from Oxfordian-aged rocks in the Moscow Basin of Russia; however, in 1889, Lydekker considered this species to be a probable junior synonym of "P. ferox".


title: Liopleurodon

text: In 1905, John Frederick Blake described two teeth from Rushden, England similar to those of other "Liopleurodon ferox" specimens, though from older strata than those from Peterborough. He noted that the teeth were quite different from those of "Pliosaurus", while the bones were dissimilar to those of "Polyptychodon". Since the species couldn't be assigned to either genus, he recommended reinstating the name "Liopleurodon". After considering "Liopleurodon" to be a subgenus of "Pliosaurus", N. Bogolubov also listed the two genera as distinct in 1912.


title: Liopleurodon

text: When Lydekker had first visited the collection of Alfred Leeds (known as the Leeds Collection), the only remains of "Liopleurodon" in his collection were teeth. However, since then, Alfred Leeds, as well as his brother Charles Edward Leeds, had collected many more specimens of "Liopleurodon", including skulls and much of the postcranial skeleton. Charles William Andrews described the anatomy of the marine reptile specimens of the Leeds Collection acquired by the British Museum of Natural History in two volumes, the first published in 1910 and the second in 1913. He described the "Liopleurodon" specimens in the second volume, though considered them to belong to "Pliosaurus".


title: Liopleurodon

text: Hermann Linder also described specimens of "Liopleurodon ferox" in 1913. One of these was a poorly preserved partial skeleton excavated from the Oxford Clay of Fletton, England, housed in Institut für Geowissenschaften, University of Tübingen. The skeleton was mounted and missing regions were restored with material from other "Liopleurodon" specimens. Like Andrews, Linder also considered "L. ferox" to be a species of "Pliosaurus". Additionally, Linder described some skulls from Fletton housed at both the University of Tübingen and the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart as specimens of "P. grandis". Linder also assigned a nearly complete paddle to "Pliosaurus" sp. All of these specimens have since been assigned to "Liopleurodon" with varying degrees of confidence, though the skull Linder attributed to "P. grandis" that was housed in Stuttgart was destroyed during World War II. In 1934, Friedrich von Huene described a partial skeleton from Swabia, Germany. He also used "Pliosaurus ferox" instead of "Liopleurodon ferox". In 1939, Alexandre Bigot used "Pliosaurus ferox" as well, assigning some teeth from France to this species.


title: Liopleurodon

text: Lambert Beverly Halstead, then known as Tarlo, published a review of Upper Jurassic pliosaurid taxonomy in 1960. He considered "Liopleurodon" to be distinct from "Pliosaurus", noting major differences between the mandibles of the two genera. In addition to the type species "L. ferox", Tarlo also considered "Pliosaurus pachydeirus" to be a valid species within "Liopleurodon", "L. pachydeirus", noting that the two species had differences in their teeth and cervical vertebrae. "L. grossouvrei" was not considered valid, though it was tentatively retained for teeth from the Kellaways Formation. In 1971, Halstead published another paper about Jurassic pliosaurids, this time focusing on "Pliosaurus rossicus", a species he was formerly unwilling to consider valid, due to a lack of information. After reviewing its anatomy, he considered it valid, though assigned it to "Liopleurodon" instead, based on its short mandibular symphysis. Halstead also considered "Pliosaurus macromerus", which he had previously considered to belong to its own genus, "Stretosaurus", to instead be a species of "Liopleurodon", despite its irregularly-shaped scapula (although this was later discovered to be an ilium).


title: Liopleurodon

text: In a 2001 dissertation, Leslie F. Noè argued that "L. pachydeirus" was not diagnostic, and that "L. ferox" was the only valid species of "Liopleurodon". The teeth of mounted skeleton in Tübingen, which Tarlo had attributed to "L. pachydeirus", showed distinctive characteristics of "L. ferox", indicating that cervical vertebrae are not useful for differentiating species, as argued by David S. Brown in 1981. While Tarlo had considered differences in tooth morphology to be diagnostic, Noè instead considered it to be individual variation. Noè also removed "L. macromerus" and "L. rossicus" from the genus, citing differences in tooth shape and mandibular symphysis length. The former species was tentatively placed back in "Pliosaurus", while the latter was thought to warrant a new genus.


title: Liopleurodon

text: "Liopleurodon" fossils have been found mainly in England and France. Fossil specimens that are contemporary (Callovian-Kimmeridgian) with those from England and France referrable to "Liopleurodon" are known from Germany. In 2013, Roger Benson and colleagues considered both ""L." macromerus" and ""L." rossicus" to belong to "Pliosaurus". They also considered "Liopleurodon" to be restricted to the Middle Jurassic. In 2015, Jair Israel Barrientos-Lara and colleagues described two pliosaurid fossils found near the town of Tlaxiaco in Oaxaca, Mexico. These fossils were extracted from Kimmeridgian deposits in the Sabinal Formation, and one of them, the partial front end of a snout, was attributable to "Liopleurodon", though the researchers considered the remains too fragmentary to provide a species-level identification. "Liopleurodon grossouvrei", although synonymized with "Pliosaurus andrewsi" by most authors, was considered to potentially be a distinct genus in its own right by Davide Foffa and colleagues in 2018, given its differences from "P. andrewsi" and "Liopleurodon ferox". Madzia and colleagues in 2022 noted that the fact that "Liopleurodon" was named based on a single tooth of dubious distinctiveness is problematic, and that a more complete neotype may need to be designated to preserve the stability of "L. ferox". They also stated that further study of the taxon was needed to confirm that the supposed differences between "L. ferox" and "L. pachydeirus" were indeed due to individual variation.


title: Liopleurodon

text: "Liopleurodon ferox" first came to the public attention in 1999 when it was featured in an episode of the BBC television series "Walking with Dinosaurs", which depicted it as an enormous long and predator; this was based on very fragmentary remains, and considered to be an exaggeration for "Liopleurodon", with the calculations of 20-metre specimens generally considered dubious.


title: Liopleurodon

text: Estimating the size of pliosaurs is difficult because not much is known of their postcranial anatomy. The palaeontologist L. B. Tarlo suggested that their total body length can be estimated from the length of their skull which he claimed was typically one-seventh of the former measurement, applying this ratio to "L. ferox" suggests that the largest known specimen was a little over while a more typical size range would be from . The body mass has been estimated at for the lengths respectively. Additional "Kronosaurus" specimens and a skeleton of "L. ferox", GPIT 1754/2, show that their skulls were actually about one-fifth of their total body length. One specimen, CAMSMJ.27424, has an estimated total length of . The largest known skull, NHM R3536, reached in condylobasal length ( in overall length). In 2022, Gregory S. Paul suggested that a long "L. ferox" would have weighed in body mass.


title: Liopleurodon

text: "Liopleurodon" belongs to clade Thalassophonea, a short necked clade within the Pliosauridae, a family of plesiosaurs, thalassophoneans ranged from the Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous, and have been found worldwide.


title: Liopleurodon

text: "Liopleurodon" was one of the basal taxa from the Middle Jurassic. Differences between these taxa and their relatives from the Upper Jurassic include alveoli count, smaller skull and smaller body size.


title: Liopleurodon

text: An analysis in 2013 classifies "Liopleurodon", "Simolestes", "Peloneustes", "Pliosaurus", "Gallardosaurus", and Brachaucheninae as Thalassophonea.<ref name="benson/duckmiller"></ref>


title: Liopleurodon

text: The cladogram below follows a 2011 analysis by paleontologists Hilary F. Ketchum and Roger B. J. Benson, and reduced to genera only.


title: Liopleurodon

text: Four strong paddle-like limbs suggest that "Liopleurodon" was a powerful swimmer. Its four-flipper mode of propulsion is characteristic of all plesiosaurs. A study involving a swimming robot has demonstrated that although this form of propulsion is not especially efficient, it provides very good acceleration—a desirable trait in an ambush predator. Studies of the skull have shown that it could probably scan the water with its nostrils to ascertain the source of certain smells.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Iran Khodro (, "Irân Xodro"), branded as IKCO, is an Iranian automaker headquartered in Tehran. IKCO was founded in 1962 as Iran National (, "Irân Nâsionâl"). The public company manufactures vehicles, including Samand, Peugeot and Renault cars, and trucks, minibuses and buses. As of 2009, it produced 688,000 passenger cars per year.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Iran Khodro was founded by Ahmad Khayami, with registered in the capital of 100,000,000 Rls, on August 29, 1962 Aliakbar Khayami, Ahmad Khayami, Mahmoud Khayami, Marzieh Khayami and Zahra Seyedy Dashty, in Ekbatan world in Tehran.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Iran Khodro Industrial Group (IKCO) is a public joint stock company with the objective of creation and management of factories to manufacture various types of vehicles and parts as well as selling and exporting them.


title: Iran Khodro

text: The company has become the largest vehicle manufacturer in the Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa. In Iran, it is the largest vehicle manufacturing company, having an average share of 65 percent of domestic vehicle production.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Iran Khodro, the largest car manufacturer in the Middle East, produced 774,965 units of passenger cars and commercial vehicles in 2010 and aims to produce and market 850 thousand cars in 2011.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Iran Khodro has qualified for ISO 9001 from , Germany, as well as many other health, safety, and environment certificates including ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001. The company has also obtained TÜV, TSE, GOST and some other important standard certification for its different productions.


title: Iran Khodro

text: For more than three decades, Iran Khodro produced the Paykan, a car developed from the Rootes Group's Rootes Arrow range, best known as the Hillman Hunter. Paykan saloon car production was discontinued in 2005, almost thirty years after the end of Arrow production (latterly as the Chrysler Hunter) in Britain. A pick-up version was still in production until 2015. Bardo Pick-up, pick-up version of Paykan, will be replaced by a new pick-up called the Arisun which is related to the Samand .


title: Iran Khodro

text: Iranian-designed IKCO Samand, replaces the dated Paykan as Iran's "national car", and features a part-Iranian designed CNG/petrol dual-fuel engine in its Soren variant.


title: Iran Khodro

text: The firm has a long-term relationship with European and Asian manufacturers including PSA Peugeot Citroën, manufacturing and assembling a number of models under license from these firms. In 2009, Peugeot 206, Peugeot Pars, Peugeot 405, Peugeot Roa, and Samand sedans were IKCO's export-bound cars sent to Azerbaijan, Iraq, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Syria and Afghanistan. As at 2012, IKCO products incorporate 5-10 percent of components imported from France. IKCO's parts imports from Peugeot accounted for 700-800 million euros ($572–654 million) per year. Iran has reached 98% of self-sufficiency in producing Peugeot 405 parts and 75% in Peugeot 206 parts. By ending year 2012, Peugeot cuts its relations with Iran Khodro due to international sanctions against Iran. Four years later, in 2016, after reaching Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action between Iran and E3+3, Iran Khodro and Peugeot decided to make 50%-50% joint venture named IKAP to start the relations again.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Renault Pars is in charge of the engineering, quality control, parts supply, logistics, managing sales policies as well as marketing and customer services for Renault products in Iran and IKCO is one of its main shareholders that produces Tondar for the domestic market. Renault Pars is a joint venture, 51 percent of which belongs to Renault of France. Forty-nine percent of Renault Pars' shares is jointly held by Iran's Industrial Development and Renovation Organization, IKCO and Saipa. The company was established in 2003.


title: Iran Khodro

text: IKCO also manufactures trucks, buses and E-Class passenger cars under license from Mercedes-Benz. In a joint-venture with Daimler AG, Iran Khodro is to start production of sophisticated 900-class Mercedes-Benz engines; Daimler states that Iranian-made engines will be exported to Germany. Among Asian automotive manufacturers, IKCO is cooperating with Suzuki. Producing Suzuki Grand Vitara in IKCO's Site in Khorasan, IKCO will produce Suzuki Kizashi.


title: Iran Khodro

text: In 2012, IKCO announced that at least 3% of the company's sales will be allocated to research and development. As of 2015, the company's 7-year strategic plans for product development are in body design, die making, suspension, powertrain, trim and car electronics.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Newsly Italian car design firm 'Pininfarina' signed a €70 million 36-month contract with Iran's biggest car producer, Iran Khodro Group on for the development of four new models and to give the carmaker a second wind in research and development of new models. The agreement will help develop a modular automotive platform for four different vehicles, and the first passenger car of the medium segment of the market, a press release from the Italian firm said.


title: Iran Khodro

text: IKCO has 12 production site around the globe, 6 sites in within borders of Iran and 6 other in IKCO's main export markets. In its five-year (2012–17) future growth prospective, IKCO envisions an annual manufacturing capacity of three million units, with exports of a million units per year.


title: Iran Khodro

text: The company won the annual national prize for export activities in years 2006, 2007. Russia, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Egypt, Algeria and Bulgaria are among the most important target markets for the group. Since Iran Khodro group new movement through international markets in year 2004, the company has exported more than 150,000 units of cars in different classes and models to other countries mainly in the Middle East and CIS region.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Export opportunities are restricted to relatively low volumes with $60 million worth of cars exported in 2007. By this Iran Khodro has ranked as 24th company among 100 top companies in Islamic world in year 2008. The Company has exported about 35,000 cars in year 2009. The company exported 40,000 units in 2010, including 30% of the total production of its Samand model. IKCO intends to export 9% of its output in 2011, amounting to 75,000 vehicles, before reaching 16% in exports by 2014.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Iran Khodro started to design a new range of engines for its products in 2007 in a joint with F.E.V of Germany. The first EF series engine officially shown to the public in 2008 is EF7 which is currently powering Samand LX car in Iran.


title: Iran Khodro

text: EF7 turbocharged engines were initially shown to the public in mid-2009 and will be installed on Soren ELX by last 2010. Other EF series engines named EF4 & EFD (Diesel) engines design are finished and they are being tested for mass production by Iran Khodro. In November 2009, Iran Khodro unveiled its new "national diesel engine" with fuel consumption of 5 liters per 100 kilometers in combined cycle. The engine has achieved emission standard of Euro 5, featuring a Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) as well as a new Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). The 1.5-liter turbodiesel uses advanced technology to deliver strong power and torque of 300Nm. Iran Khodro has designed the EF4 & EFD itself in consultation with some expert engine designers.


title: Iran Khodro

text: IKCO 3FX engine family is a series of straight-three cylinder engines in development by IKCO to be used on class A to class C vehicles.


title: Iran Khodro

text: SAPCO had been established in 1993 to manage the supplying chain of automotive parts in IKCO, with the main aim of being the best and most respected supplier of automotive parts and technical services. SAPCO also helps its suppliers to improve the quality of their products.


title: Iran Khodro

text: IKCO Spare Parts and After-Sale Services Co. (ISACO) was founded in 1977. ISACO is providing after-sale services and supplying spare parts for IKCO products throughout the country. ISACO Kish, is one of the subordinate companies of ISACO which is assigned with the task of supplying after-sale services to IKCO vehicles in the international markets. In 2011, 37 percent of the needed spare parts were globally outsourced and ISACO aims to reduce this amount to 23 percent. Iraq, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Venezuela, Senegal, Algeria and Tunisia are the main target markets for ISACO.


title: Iran Khodro

text: IPCO was established in 1998. The main activity of this engineering services company is in the field of power train including design and development, testing, adjusting, product engineering, and quality assurance processes in mass production and design production. This subsidiary of IKCO is competent in other fields such as designing, installing and commissioning of testing equipments (hardware and software) of automotive parts, engines and vehicles as well.


title: Iran Khodro

text: This subsidiary of IKCO was found with name "Ghateh Sazan-e Mojarab" in 1997 with the aim of creating cutting-edge has been changed to TAM Co. in 1998.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Samand Investment Co. was established as a Corporation in 2004 with the purpose of the identification of investment opportunities, analysis and evaluation of the stock market and creating income for shareholders.


title: Iran Khodro

text: IRICO was established by Iran Khodro Investment Development Company in 2003 to manufacture railway rolling stock. IRICO produces metro wagon, rail bus, light rail vehicle and monorails. In March 2011, Tose-e-Tarabar Raili Iranian Co. acquired RICO from Iran Khodro.


title: Iran Khodro

text: Iran Khodro Diesel Company was established initially under the name of Khawar Industrial Group in early 1966. In 1999 Iran Khodro Company merged its bus and midi-bus production lines with Khawar Industrial Group truck production lines together and the new company Iran Khodro Diesel, public joint stock was established to manufacture different types of commercial vehicles for domestic and overseas markets. Iran Khodro Diesel Company exports its products to many countries.


title: I Like It (Cardi B, Bad Bunny and J Balvin song)

text: "I Like It" is a song by American rapper Cardi B, with Puerto Rican rapper Bad Bunny and Colombian singer J Balvin. It was released on May 25, 2018, to radio stations through Atlantic Records as the fourth single from her debut studio album, "Invasion of Privacy" (2018). "I Like It" is a Latin trap and hip hop song that comprises a trap drum beat and salsa music. It was written by the three performers along with Pardison Fontaine and Klenord Raphael, while the production was handled by J. White Did It, Tainy, Craig Kallman and Invincible. The song contains a sample from "I Like It Like That", replayed by musicians during production, with Tony Pabón, Manny Rodriguez, and Benny Bonnilla being credited as co-writers.


text: Work on the song took from October 2017 to early April 2018. Its music video was filmed in Little Havana, Miami and has received more than 1.4 billion views. The single topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Cardi B's second number one—the first time a female rapper achieved this in the chart's history, and the first for both Bad Bunny and J Balvin. It also reached the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Critically acclaimed, "Billboard" staff, "Los Angeles Times", and Apple Music's editorial selection ranked it as the best song of the year, while "Rolling Stone" named it "the best summer song of all time."


text: "I Like It" was nominated for Record of the Year at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. The song was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2021 for selling more than 10 million units, becoming the second song from the album to receive this certification, following "Bodak Yellow", thus extending Cardi B's record as the female rapper with the most Diamond-certified songs, as her third, and earning her a "Guinness World Record" for a tie for the most among female artists. It became the first female rap song to surpass a billion streams on Spotify, also making Cardi B the first woman in hip hop with a pair of billion-streamers on the service, joining her collaboration "Girls Like You". "I Like It" is the highest-ranked female rap song on the "Billboard" Hot 100 decade-end chart for the 2010s. As of 2021, it is the most-streamed song by a female rapper in the UK. "Rolling Stone" ranked it on the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time at number 384.


text: During the recording sessions of "Invasion of Privacy", Cardi and her team were listening to beats and song ideas. Craig Kallman proposed to include a track that pays homage to her Latin heritage and searched among his Latin music collection of records that he used to play when he was a DJ. Decided for Pete Rodriguez's "I Like It Like That" and "Oh That's Nice", he added J. White to the production process. The sample of the former song "over a very rough instrumental" and with a Cardi verse on it was sent to musician Edgar Machuca. White and Machuca worked on the production, chopping up the sample and trying to "make the song sound better and cohesive and beef up the production." Cardi re-wrote the hook a number of times and cut vocals, eventually choosing the chorus she was most comfortable with. The three producers looped the "I Like It" part as they felt that was the catchiest part of the sample. Machuca proposed to add Bad Bunny and J Balvin to the track, with both artists contributing with their verses and ideas. Tainy and Invicible finished working on the production focusing on the instrumentals. Work on the record started in October 2017, and finished in early April 2018.


text: "I Like It" is a Latin trap and hip hop song. It is a blend of trap and salsa, and interpolates 1967 boogaloo song "I Like It Like That". By replaying the sample instead of using the physical sample, its owners receive compensation and credit for their composition, with production saving money and retaining publishing ownership. As noted by a "Billboard" editor, the song is "heavily indebted to the world of Latin hip hop." Bad Bunny and J Balvin perform in Spanish and English.


text: "I Like It" received critical acclaim. Writing for "Rolling Stone", Brittany Spanos deemed it "the song of the summer" and commented "[it] sounds like it was chemically concocted in a mad scientist's lab to be 2018's reigning song of the summer. [...] Everything about this song is perfect for summer: the trap-meets-salsa beat, features from two of reggaeton's biggest stars, a sample of Pete Rodriguez's half-century-old boogaloo hit 'I Like It Like That'." In "The Atlantic", Hannah Giorgis also deemed it "song of the summer" considering "[the song] is irresistible because it channels the rapper at her best: when she feels at home." She also noted that the verses from both Bad Bunny and J Balvin "match Cardi's energy" and "add complementary dynamism to the track." Neil Z. Yeung of AllMusic considered it a "notable highlight" of the album. At the end of the year, "Entertainment Weekly" opined, "[the song] will be on summer rotation long past 2018." "Rolling Stone" staff ranked "I Like It" among the best songs of the 2010s, deeming it Cardi's "hugely expansive vision of hip-hop as a multicultural, worldwide block party."


text: Prior to its release as a single, the song debuted at number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Cardi B's fifth top-ten entry on the chart and the highest debut of the songs from the album, which all debuted on the Hot 100 during the album's first week of release. Bad Bunny and J Balvin earned their first and second top 10s, respectively. Following the release of the single's accompanying music video, the song rose to a new peak of number seven on the chart, For the chart issue dated June 16, with "I Like It" and "Girls Like You", her collaboration with Maroon 5 charting at number four, Cardi B scored two concurrent Hot 100 top-five singles for the second time in 2018. It ascended to number two the next week, blocked from the top by XXXTentacion's "Sad!". It reached number one in its twelfth week, earning Cardi her second chart-topper, thus making her the first female rapper in history to do so. Bad Bunny and J Balvin scored their first number one. She also became the first female soloist to reach number one with two songs from a debut album since Lady Gaga, who did it in 2009. "I Like It" reached number one on Digital Songs in its 20th chart week, claiming the sixth-longest wait to the summit since the chart began in 2004. It also became Cardi B's second number one song on the Radio Songs chart. Internationally, the single also charted within the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the United States, "I Like It" reigned in the charts for 51 weeks, which made Cardi B the first female rapper to have a song chart that long.


text: "I Like It" became the first Latin trap song to top the Hot 100. Editor Leila Cobo for "Billboard" explained its notability, "it's part of an accelerated spike of Spanish and Spanish-infused songs on the chart [...] This surge can be attributed at least in part to streaming, which has broadened the scope for Latin music that is still shunned from major mainstream outlets. But it also reflects the times, the moment and the new openness of the world, despite the entrenchment at the border."