title: Sethianism

text: "Phase 6". In the late 3rd century, Sethianism was attacked by neo-Platonists like Plotinus, and Sethianism alienated from Platonism. In the early to mid-4th century, Sethianism fragmented into various sectarian Gnostic groups, like the Archontics, Audians, Borborites, and Phibionites. Some of these groups existed into the Middle Ages.


title: Sethianism

text: Various scholars have noted many similarities between Mandaeism and Sethianism. Kurt Rudolph (1975) has observed many parallels between Mandaean texts and Sethian Gnostic texts from the Nag Hammadi library. Birger A. Pearson also compares the "Five Seals" of Sethianism, which he believes is a reference to quintuple ritual immersion in water, to Mandaean masbuta. According to Buckley (2010), "Sethian Gnostic literature ... is related, perhaps as a younger sibling, to Mandaean baptism ideology." Mark J. Lofts (2010) makes a bolder claim by arguing that Mandaeism is in fact a living tradition of Sethian Gnosticism.


title: Sethianism

text: Sethianism attributed its "gnosis" to Seth, third son of Eve and Adam, and "Norea", wife of Noah, who also plays a role in Mandeanism and Manicheanism. The Sethian cosmogonic myth gives a prologue to Genesis and the rest of the Pentateuch, presenting a radical reinterpretation of the orthodox Jewish conception of creation, and the divine's relation to reality. The Sethian cosmogony is most famously contained in the "Apocryphon of John", which describes an Unknown God, the same as Paul had done in the Acts of the Apostles 17:23. Many of the Sethian concepts derived from a fusion of Platonic or Neoplatonic concepts with the Old Testament, as was common in Hellenistic Judaism, exemplified by Philo (20 BC–40 AD).


title: Sethianism

text: From the "Unknown God" emanate "aeons", a series of paired female and male beings. The first of these is Barbelo, who is coactor in the emanations that follow. The aeons that result are representative of the various attributes of God, which are indiscernible when they are not abstracted from their origin. God and the aeons comprise the sum total of the spiritual universe, known as the "Pleroma".


title: Sethianism

text: In some versions of the myth, the Aeon Sophia imitates God's actions, performing an emanation of her own, without the prior approval of the other aeons in the Pleroma. This results in a crisis within the Pleroma, leading to the appearance of the "Yaldabaoth", a "serpent with a lion's head." This figure is commonly known as the demiurge, the "artisan" or "craftsman," after the figure in Plato's Timaeus. This being is at first hidden by Sophia but subsequently escapes, stealing a portion of divine power from her in the process.


title: Sethianism

text: Using this stolen power, Yaldabaoth creates a material world in imitation of the divine Pleroma. To complete this task, he spawns a group of entities known collectively as Archons, "petty rulers" and craftsmen of the physical world. Like him, they are commonly depicted as theriomorphic, having the heads of animals. Some texts explicitly identify the Archons with the fallen angels described in the Enoch tradition in Judaic apocrypha.


title: Sethianism

text: At this point the events of the Sethian narrative begin to cohere with the events of Genesis, with the demiurge and his archontic cohorts fulfilling the role of the creator. As in Genesis, the demiurge declares himself to be the only god, and that none exist superior to him. However, the audience's knowledge of what has gone before casts this statement, and the nature of the creator itself, in a radically different light.


title: Sethianism

text: The demiurge creates Adam, during the process unwittingly transferring the portion of power stolen from Sophia into the first physical human body. He then creates Eve from Adam's rib, in an attempt to isolate and regain the power he has lost. By way of this he attempts to rape Eve who now contains Sophia's divine power; several texts depict him as failing when Sophia's spirit transplants itself into the Tree of Knowledge. Thereafter, the pair are "tempted" by the serpent, and eat of the forbidden fruit, thereby once more regaining the power that the demiurge had stolen.


title: Sethianism

text: The addition of the prologue radically alters the significance of events in Eden. Rather than emphasizing a fall of human weakness in breaking God's command, Sethians (and their inheritors) emphasize a crisis of the Divine Fullness as it encounters the ignorance of matter, as depicted in stories about Sophia. Eve and Adam's removal from the Archon's paradise is seen as a step towards freedom from the Archons. Therefore, the snake in the Garden of Eden becomes a heroic, salvific figure rather than an adversary of humanity or a 'proto-Satan'. Eating the fruit of Knowledge is the first act of human salvation from cruel, oppressive powers.


title: Sethianism

text: Nag Hammadi library, a collection of 4th-century Coptic translations of Gnostic texts which were apparently hidden


title: Sethianism

text: in reaction to Athanasius of Alexandria's Easter letter of 367 which banned the use of non-canonical books.


title: Sethianism

text: Some of these texts are known to have been in existence in the 2nd century, but it is impossible to exclude the presence of later syncretic material in their 4th-century translations.


title: Sethianism

text: The Gospel of Judas is the most recently discovered Gnostic text. National Geographic has published an English translation of it, bringing it into mainstream awareness. It portrays Judas Iscariot as the "thirteenth spirit (daemon)", who "exceeded" the evil sacrifices the disciples offered to Saklas by sacrificing the "man who clothed me (Jesus)". Its reference to Barbelo and inclusion of material similar to the Apocryphon of John and other such texts, connects the text to Barbeloite and/or Sethian Gnosticism.


title: Nation of Domination

text: The Nation of Domination (NOD) was a professional wrestling heel faction who competed in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from November 17, 1996 to November 28, 1998.


title: Nation of Domination

text: The group was formed by newcomer Faarooq in 1996 and remained an influencing faction in the company. While in the group, The Rock was a one-time Intercontinental Champion and D'Lo Brown was a two-time European Champion.


title: Nation of Domination

text: The group was based loosely on the Nation of Islam and a Librate street gang lifestyle, (with group members adopting Islamic names and wearing Muslim headgear) and the Black Panther Party and being billed from the Streets, The extremism of the group's pro-black theme at times including the "Nation Salute" and Faarooq's angry tirades on the microphone garnered them an excessive amount of heat from fans in arenas and Faarooq was calling himself the "Dictator of the Nation"


title: Nation of Domination

text: The original Nation of Domination was formed in 1996 in the United States Wrestling Association (USWA). The group was led by PG-13, (a tag team consisting of J. C. Ice and Wolfie D). Additional members included Kareem Olajuwon, Sir Mohammad, Elijah, Brakkus, Shaquille Ali, Randy X, and Queen Moisha.


title: Nation of Domination

text: A separate group named Nation of Domination was the heel faction formed in the WWF when wrestler Faarooq was joined by manager Clarence Mason. On the October 28, 1996 edition of Monday Night Raw, announcer Jim Ross revealed that Faarooq had taken Mason as his new manager after Ross recommended Mason's services for a lawsuit against Ahmed Johnson. Ross noted the duo would appear on WWF Livewire that Saturday with "big changes" in store for Faarooq, meaning the dropping of his "Roman gladiator" gimmick in Favor of a Nation dictator The two men were also accompanied by three actors, Albert Armstrong, Charles Hines, and Richard Beach, whose names were unacknowledged on screen and were supposed to represent other members of the Nation. Many wrestlers joined the heel stable over time including PG-13 (J. C. Ice and Wolfie D), Crush, D'Lo Brown, and Savio Vega. Their first feud was with Ahmed Johnson, who had a rivalry with Faarooq since SummerSlam. At the Royal Rumble, the Nation assisted Faarooq during his match against Johnson. Faarooq lost by disqualification after Crush interfered and attacked Johnson.


title: Nation of Domination

text: Faarooq, Crush, and Vega were the members of Nation of Domination who wrestled while others supported them during their matches. These three men often teamed up together in six-man tag team matches such as one at against Bart Gunn, Goldust, and Flash Funk and most notably in a Chicago Street Fight at WrestleMania 13 against the Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal) and Ahmed Johnson. At , the Nation faced Johnson in a Gauntlet match. Johnson defeated Crush and Vega in the Gauntlet before losing to Faarooq.


title: Nation of Domination

text: JC Ice and Wolfie D were removed from the Nation after a loss to the Legion of Doom, the Nation effectively abandoning them to their fate. Faarooq became angry with the rest of the group and fired the entire Nation with the exception of Brown after Faarooq's loss to The Undertaker at King of the Ring, where Faarooq lost the match partly because of the distraction caused when Vega and Crush were arguing at ringside. According to Clarence Mason, he requested to be removed from the group because backstage he was uncomfortable with Faarooq doing racist remarks in promos and also Vince McMahon wanted managers to start taking more bumps and participate in matches.


title: Nation of Domination

text: On the June 16 episode of "Raw Is War", Faarooq promised that he would deliver a "Bigger, Badder, Better and Blacker" version of the Nation, after "firing" Crush, Mason, and Savio Vega, retaining only Brown. This led to the induction of Kama Mustafa and Ahmed Johnson into the group after Johnson turned on then WWF Champion The Undertaker during a tag team match against Faarooq and Kama. Johnson would be forced out of the group due to a legit injury. He was replaced by Rocky Maivia. Meanwhile, former Nation members Vega and Crush formed their own rival factions, Los Boricuas (made up entirely of Puerto Rican wrestlers), and The Disciples of Apocalypse (made up entirely of white biker wrestlers) respectively. This led to a WWF style "gang war".


title: Nation of Domination

text: In the following months, the Nation feuded with Los Boricuas and the Disciples of Apocalypse. This feud culminated in a triple threat match between Faarooq, Vega, and Crush who were the leaders of Nation, Los Boricuas, and DOA respectively at , which Vega won. They restarted their feud with the Legion of Doom, whom the Nation defeated at in a 3-on-2 handicap match. As part of his heel turn, Rocky Maivia shortened and changed his ring name to The Rock. Around this time, Ahmed Johnson restarted the feud with the Nation as well and joined the Legion of Doom and Ken Shamrock. This led to a Survivor Series match at Survivor Series, which the Nation lost to the Legion of Doom, Johnson, and Shamrock. At , The Rock got a shot at the Intercontinental Championship against Stone Cold Steve Austin. In the closing minutes of the match, Austin performed a "Stone Cold Stunner" on the referee. A second referee came down to count a pin for Austin, although the first referee intended to disqualify Austin.


title: Nation of Domination

text: As a result of this controversy, Austin was forced to defend the title against The Rock the next night on "Raw Is War". Rock was awarded the Intercontinental Championship, however, after Austin forfeited him the title instead of defending the title in a rematch, delivering a stunner on Rock and took the championship belt back afterward. Austin appeared the next week on "Raw is War", taunting Rock and eventually throwing the Intercontinental Championship belt over a bridge, into a river. Ken Shamrock, who was already a rival of the Nation, began feuding with The Rock for the Intercontinental Championship. On the January 12, 1998 episode of "Raw Is War", Mark Henry turned heel and joined the Nation, by assaulting his tag team partner, Ken Shamrock, in a tag team match against The Rock and D'Lo Brown.


title: Nation of Domination

text: On the March 30, 1998 episode of "Raw Is War", the night after WrestleMania XIV, The Rock went on to usurp leadership of the Nation from Faarooq, at which point the group permanently dropped "of Domination" from its name and its militant focus. Instead, The Rock's gimmick spread throughout the faction with Nation members taking on considerably more hip characters, the most notable being Kama Mustafa's transformation into The Godfather, D'Lo Brown's "bobble-head" and strut, and a new hip version of the group's entrance theme, that would become associated with The Rock's character and be remixed over and over during the years to become his current theme. The Nation's primary focus by now was that The Rock retained the Intercontinental title "by any means necessary", which was the group's motto. They mainly feuded with Faarooq, who had just been kicked out of the stable. At Mayhem in Manchester, The Rock and D'Lo Brown lost to Ken Shamrock and Owen Hart. At , The Nation lost to Shamrock, Faarooq, and Steve Blackman in a six-man tag team match. On the April 27 episode of "Raw Is War", The Rock and Mark Henry faced Shamrock and Hart in a tag team match that saw Hart attacking Shamrock and joining the Nation.


title: Nation of Domination

text: The group then engaged in a rivalry with D-Generation X (DX), which saw the infamous parody DX performed in which they spoofed Nation members; Rock thoroughly humiliating Chyna by alluding to a possible romantic encounter between the two while the rest of DX were held at bay in their locker room by a forklift; a street fight between the two groups that wound up in Triple H being, in particular, singled out by the rest of the group and being beaten down with a ladder after Southern Justice interfered with the match on the Nation's behalf; the ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship between the two at SummerSlam; and X-Pac and Brown trading back and forth the European Championship. The Nation and DX also wrestled in a six-man tag team match at , which the Nation won.


title: Nation of Domination

text: Toward the end of the year, the group showed signs of dissension as Rock's mannerisms and swagger began to catch on with fans. This would lead the WWF to turn The Rock face. Hart left the group when he "injured" Dan Severn following a botched reverse piledriver on "Raw Is War" the night after . The incident was a mimicry of the legit incident in which Hart injured Stone Cold Steve Austin using the same move a year earlier. The guilt from the injury to Severn led Hart to "retire", but then re-surface as The Blue Blazer, effectively ending his affiliation with the Nation. The Godfather would venture out on his own as a fan favorite, bringing with him a bevy of beauties to the ring before his match with any wrestler. Rock would later be assaulted by Brown and Henry in October 1998 which would ultimately be the end of the Nation as a faction. After kicking Godfather out of the group on the "Sunday Night Heat" episode before , Brown and Henry briefly continued using the Nation name, a modified Titantron, and music until dropping all three by year's end as they moved on to the tag team division without the Nation moniker.


title: Nation of Domination

text: Shortly after the Nation was disbanded, The Rock decided to run solo, riding his immense rise in popularity. He won the WWF Championship at Survivor Series and turned heel again by joining Mr. McMahon's Corporation faction. He would subsequently enjoy several years of success, not just in the world of wrestling, but also in Hollywood. He retired from professional wrestling in 2019. Owen Hart would go on to form a successful tag team with Jeff Jarrett, and later revive his Blue Blazer character before his death in May 1999.


title: Nation of Domination

text: D'Lo Brown and Mark Henry would remain a tag team following the dissolution of the Nation, enjoying moderate success. After Brown attempted to help Henry lose weight, Henry turned on Brown in the summer of 1999, ending the final remnants of the Nation of Domination. Brown would eventually hold both the Intercontinental and European titles at the height of his popularity. Henry would form his "Sexual Chocolate" character and would later be awarded the European Championship by Jeff Jarrett later that year. Henry would also go onto win the ECW World Heavyweight Championship and the World Heavyweight Championship later in his career. The Nation had something of a reunion in late 1999 when D'Lo realigned himself with The Godfather, imitating his pimp gimmick. This alliance lasted all the way into early 2000, when D'Lo turned on The Godfather, thus ending the tag team. The Godfather would later win the Intercontinental and World Tag Team Championships in the following years.


title: Nation of Domination

text: Former leader Faarooq would also find success after the group's dissolution, going onto to form the highly popular tag team the Acolytes Protection Agency (APA) with Bradshaw. The APA would later win the World Tag Team Championship three times before disbanding in 2004.


title: Nation of Domination

text: As of now, The Rock, Faarooq, and Godfather are the only former members still employed by the WWE. Rock is signed on a part-time basis, while also being one of the highest paid movie stars in the world, Faarooq makes occasional appearances under his real name of Ron Simmons since his 2004 retirement, and Godfather was released in 2002 and retired to manage a gentleman's club; he still occasionally makes guest appearances in WWE. Brown was released by WWE in 2003, but was rehired in 2008; he was let go once again the following year. Faarooq, Godfather and Henry were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2012, 2016, and 2018 respectively.


title: Nation of Domination

text: Qatar Pro Wrestling announced on April 26, 2021 that Henry, Brown, Godfather and Faarooq had reprised their roles as the Nation of Domination. They appeared at the QPW SuperSlam 3 in Doha on February 26, 2022.


The 2016 United States presidential election in Georgia was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Georgia voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and her running mate Virginia Senator Tim Kaine. Georgia has 16 electoral votes in the Electoral College.


title: 2016 United States presidential election in Georgia

text: Trump won Georgia by 5.09%, a lower margin compared to Mitt Romney's 7.82% in 2012 and even John McCain's 5.20% in 2008. Clinton received 45.64% of the vote, making this one of the few states where she outperformed Barack Obama in 2012, when he received just 45.51% of the vote. This, combined with Trump's reduced margin of victory, made Georgia one of eleven states (plus the District of Columbia) to vote more Democratic in 2016 than in 2012. The Atlanta metropolitan area in particular shifted strongly Democratic compared to 2012, with Clinton becoming the first Democrat to win Henry County since Georgia native Jimmy Carter in 1980, and the first Democrat to win Gwinnett County and Cobb County since 1976, when Carter won all of the state's counties. Trump thus became the first Republican to win the White House without carrying Cobb County since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956, as well as the first to do so without carrying Douglas, Gwinnett or Rockdale Counties since Richard Nixon in 1968, and the first to do so without carrying Baldwin, Henry, Newton, or Sumter Counties since Ronald Reagan in 1980. The leftward shifts in urban Georgia between 2012 and 2016 ultimately foreshadowed Georgia's transition from a Republican leaning state, into a legitimately highly competitive swing state in 2020, as well as the first Democratic victory in the state on the presidential level since 1992 which occurred in that year's election.


text: The incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois, was first elected president in the 2008 election, running with former Senator Joe Biden of Delaware. Defeating the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, with 52.9% of the popular vote and 68% of the electoral vote, Obama succeeded two-term Republican President George W. Bush, the former Governor of Texas. Obama and Biden were reelected in the 2012 presidential election, defeating former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney with 51.1% of the popular vote and 61.7% of electoral votes. Although Barack Obama's approval rating in the RealClearPolitics poll tracking average remained between 40 and 50% for most of his second term, it has experienced a surge in early 2016 and reached its highest point since 2012 during June of that year. Analyst Nate Cohn has noted that a strong approval rating for Barack Obama would equate to a strong performance for the Democratic candidate, and vice versa.


text: Following his second term, President Obama was not eligible for another reelection. In October 2015, Obama's running-mate and two-term Vice President Biden decided not to enter the race for the Democratic presidential nomination either. With Obama and Biden's terms expiring on January 20, 2017, the electorate was asked to elect a new president, the 45th president and 48th vice president of the United States, respectively.


text: The 76 Republican delegates from Georgia were allocated in this way. There were 42 delegates allocated by congressional district; if a candidate received a majority of votes or they were the only candidate to receive at least 20% of the vote in a congressional district, they would receive the districts 3 delegates. If not, the candidate who won the plurality of the vote in a congressional district would receive 2 delegates and the second-place finisher in the district would receive 1 delegate. There were also 34 at-large delegates; if a candidate got a majority of the vote or they were the only candidate to get the mandatory threshold to receive any delegates (begins at 20%, if no one gets at least 20%, then 15%, if no one gets 15%, then 10%), they would get all of the state's at-large delegates. If not, the delegates would be allocated proportionally among the candidates receiving at least the mandatory threshold.


text: Throughout the campaign, Republican Donald Trump won the vast majority of pre-election polls. The average of the last three polls showed Donald Trump leading Hillary Clinton 50% to 46%, which was accurate compared to the results.


text: The voting age population was 7,168,068, of which 5,443,046, were registered to vote. Turnout for the presidential election was 4,146,825, which is 57.85% of the voting age population and 76.19% of registered voters.


text: Seventeen candidates received write-in votes, of which the large plurality (13,017) went to Evan McMullin.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Regular television broadcasts in the United Kingdom started in 1936 as a public service which was free of advertising, which followed the first demonstration of a transmitted moving image in 1926. Currently, the United Kingdom has a collection of free-to-air, free-to-view and subscription services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are over 480 channels for consumers as well as on-demand content. There are six main channel owners who are responsible for most material viewed.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: There are 27,000 hours of domestic content produced a year, at a cost of £2.6 billion. Since 24 October 2012, all television broadcasts in the United Kingdom have been in a digital format, following the end of analogue transmissions in Northern Ireland. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial, satellite and cable, as well as over IP. As of 2003, 53.2% of households watch through terrestrial, 31.3% through satellite, and 15.6% through cable.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The Royal Television Society (RTS) is a British-based educational charity for the discussion and analysis of television in all its forms, past, present, and future. It is the oldest television society in the world.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Free-to-air, free-to-view and subscription providers operate, with differences in the number of channels, capabilities such as the programme guide (EPG), video on demand (VOD), high-definition (HD), interactive television via the red button, and coverage across the UK. All providers make available the UK's five most-watched channels: BBC One, BBC Two, ITV1, Channel 4 and Channel 5.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Broadcast television is distributed as radio waves via terrestrial or satellite transmissions, or as electrical or light signals through ground-based cables. In the UK, these use the Digital Video Broadcasting standard. Most TVs sold in the UK (as well as much of the rest of Europe) come with a DVB-T (terrestrial) tuner. Following the financial failure of digital terrestrial pay TV service ITV Digital in 2002, UK digital terrestrial TV services were rebranded as Freeview and do not require a subscription. Set-top boxes are generally used to receive channels from other providers. Most services have integrated their broadcast TV services with additional video streams distributed via the Internet, or through their own Internet Protocol network.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The Broadcasters' Audience Research Board publish quarterly statistics of the number of UK households per broadcast TV platform. Aggregating the statistics for Q1 2020 show that 56% subscribe to one or more broadcast TV services, vs 44% who receive free TV.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The primary digital terrestrial TV service, Freeview, launched in 2002 and is free-of-charge to view. It replaced the subscription service named ONdigital or ITV Digital, which ran from 1997 to 2002. Digital terrestrial television was itself the replacement for analogue terrestrial TV, which ran from 1936 to 2012.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: , Freeview provides over seventy TV and radio channels, which are received via an aerial. It is operated by DTV Services Ltd., a joint venture between the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Sky. The transmitter network is predominately operated by Arqiva.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The TV channels are transmitted in bundles, called multiplexes, and the available channels are dependent on how many multiplexes are transmitted in each area. The six national multiplexes are available to 90% of households from 92 transmitters; and three multiplexes are available to 9% of households from 1,067 transmitters. In Northern Ireland, a multiplex carrying channels from the Republic of Ireland can reach 71% of Northern Irish households from 3 transmitters. Local TV and radio is available to 54% of households from an additional multiplex via 44 transmitters, and an extra multiplex is available to 54% of households in Greater Manchester.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Multiple vendors sell hybrid set-top-boxes or smart TVs which combine terrestrial channels with streamed (Internet TV) content. Internet-based TV services such as BBC iPlayer, ITVX and All 4 are available via the broadband connection of Freeview Play, Netgem and YouView receivers. These also support optional subscription services such as Netflix and Prime Video. BT TV and TalkTalk TV offer additional subscription services for their respective broadband customers using Netgem or YouView devices. Netgem TV set-top-boxes combine Freeview Play with subscription channels, and are available directly or from several broadband suppliers.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Saorview, the terrestrial TV service in the Republic of Ireland which launched in 2011, can be received in parts of Northern Ireland via overspill transmissions.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Many regional companies developed cable-television services in the late 1980s and 1990s as licenses for cable television were awarded on a city-by-city basis. The mid-1990s saw the companies start to merge and the turn of the century only three big companies remained. In 2007 Telewest and NTL merged, resulting in the formation of Virgin Media, which is available to 55% of households. Cable TV is a subscription service normally bundled with a phone line and broadband.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: There are two distinctly-marketed direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services (also known as direct-to-home (DTH), to be distinguished from satellite signals intended for non-consumer reception).


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Sky TV is a subscription service operated by Sky Ltd, owned by Comcast, which launched in 1998 as SkyDigital. Compared to the previous analogue service which had launched in 1989, it provided more channels, widescreen, interactive TV and a near video-on-demand service using staggered start times for pay-per-view content. Innovations since have included high definition, 3D TV, a digital video recorder, the ability to view recordings on other devices, remote operation via the Internet to add recordings, and on-demand content via the satellite-receiver's broadband connection of both Sky and third-party TV. The Sky subscription also includes access to Sky Go, which allows mobile devices and computers to access subscription content via the Internet.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Freesat is a free satellite-service developed jointly by the BBC and ITV. In contrast to Freesat from Sky, it does not need a viewing card. Like Sky, it provides high-definition content, digital recording and video-on-demand via the broadband connection. The on-screen programme guide lists the available channels, rather than encrypted channels which need a subscription to view.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Freesat and Sky TV transmit from SES Astra satellites at 28.2° east (Astra 2E/2F/2G). As the satellites are in geostationary orbit, they are positioned above the earth's equator () approximately 35,786 km above sea level; this places them above the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: TV via the Internet can be streamed or downloaded, and consist of amateur or professionally produced content. In the UK, most broadcasters provide catch-up TV services which allow viewing of TV for a window after it was broadcast. Online video can be viewed via mobile devices, computers, TVs equipped with a built in Internet connection, or TVs connected to an external set-top-box, streaming stick or games console. Most of the broadcast TV providers have integrated their set-top-boxes with Internet video to provide a hybrid broadcast and online service.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Since 2006, UK channel owners and content producers have been creating Internet services to access their programmes. Often, these are available for a window after the broadcast schedule. These services generally block users outside of the UK.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: There are numerous online services targeting the UK, offering a combination of subscription, rental and purchase options for viewing online TV. Most are available via any Internet connection, however some require a specific broadband connection. Some services sell 3rd party services, such as Amazon's Prime Video.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: BARB tracks the number of households subscribing to Netflix, Prime Video and Now, referred to as SVOD households. Their statistics for Q1 2020 show that 53% of households subscribe to at least one of these, and 24% to at least two. Netflix has 13.01 million subscribers, Prime Video (Amazon) has 7.86 million, and Now has 1.62 million, according to BARB's figures for Q1 2020. BARB's equivalent figures for broadcast TV show that 56% of households subscribe.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The table following summarises some of the available Internet TV services in the UK. For brevity, it does not include catch-up-only or amateur-only services, individual channels, distributors of illegal or adult content, services which solely redistribute free broadcast channels, portals, or services which don't target the UK. 'Free' refers to free at the point of consumption, not including fees for Internet connectivity or a TV licence.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Other international streaming services with pricing in GBP include: Acorn TV, Arrow, BKTV, Crunchyroll, Dekkoo, Demand Africa, Docsville, Funimation Now, GuideDoc, Hayu, Hoichoi, Hotstar, iQiyi, iWantTFC, Mubi, NewsPlayer+, Revry, Shudder, Starz, True Story, WOW Presents Plus and ZEE5.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB) measures television ratings in the UK. As of 2 January 2022, the average daily viewing time per home was 3 hours 8 minutes (of BARB-reported channels, includes broadcast and Internet viewings). 15 channels have a 4-week share of ≥ 1.0%.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: , there are 10 broadcaster groups with a four week share of ≥ 1.0% (although BARB reports sub-groups of BBC and Paramount individually, and it's unclear what the 'ITV' group refers to).


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the world's oldest and largest broadcaster, and is the country's principal public service broadcaster of radio and television. BBC Television is funded primarily by a television licence and from sales of its programming to overseas markets. It does not carry advertising. The licence fee is levied on all households that watch or record TV as it is broadcast and the fee is determined by periodic negotiation between the government and the BBC.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Its first analogue terrestrial channel was launched by the BBC Television Service in 1936. It rebranded to BBC1 in 1964 following the launch of BBC2, the UK's third analogue terrestrial channel after ITV. BBC News 24 launched as an analogue cable channel in 1997, later rebranding to BBC News in 2008. BBC Parliament, which was originally an analogue cable channel known as The Parliamentary Channel, was acquired by the BBC in 1998. From 1998 onwards the BBC started digital TV transmissions, launching new channels and broadcasting via satellite in addition to terrestrial and cable.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The BBC's Internet-based service iPlayer contains content from the BBC's TV channels, the Welsh-language public-service broadcaster S4C, as well as videos created from BBC radio programmes.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: UKTV is a commercial broadcaster owned by BBC Studios, one of the BBC's commercial units. Originating in 1992 with UK Gold, UKTV expanded its channels from 1997 onwards, with the BBC taking full ownership in June 2019. Unlike the BBC's public service channels, the UKTV channels contain advertising.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: ITV, branded as ITV1 or STV, is the network of fourteen regional and one national commercial television franchise, founded in 1955 to provide competition to the BBC. ITV was the country's first commercial television provider funded by advertisements. Each region was originally independent and used its own on-air identity. Through a series of mergers, takeovers and relaxation of regulation, thirteen of the franchises are now held by ITV plc, and the remaining two by STV Group. Since 2012, ITV plc produces the network nationally, with STV Group acting as an affiliate.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: STV Group uses the channel name of "STV" for its two franchises in Scotland. ITV plc names the channel "UTV" in Northern Ireland, and "ITV1" for the remaining regions, although UTV has used ITV or ITV1 branding since April 2020. The national breakfast-time franchise is held by ITV plc, which appears as an indistinguishable programming block across the network. Legally, the network has been known as "Channel 3" since 1990, which is the name Ofcom uses.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Launched in 1982, Channel 4 is a state-owned national broadcaster which is funded by its commercial activities (including advertising). Channel 4 has expanded greatly after gaining greater independence from the IBA, especially in the multi-channel digital world launching E4, Film4, More4, 4Music, 4seven and various timeshift services. Since 2005, it has been a member of the Freeview consortium, and operates one of the six digital terrestrial multiplexes with ITV as Digital 3&4. Since the advent of digital television, Channel 4 is now also broadcast in Wales across all digital platforms. Channel 4 was the first British channel not to carry regional variations for programming, however it does have six set advertising regions.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: With Bauer Media Group, Channel 4 jointly owns a range of music channels under the Box Plus Network banner.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Sky is a European broadcaster owned by global American media conglomerate Comcast. Sky Television launched in 1989, with a 4-channel service received via satellite. The channels at launch were Sky Channel, Sky News, Sky Movies and Eurosport. They were initially free to receive, and Sky Movies was the first to move to a subscription early in 1990. Sky News was the UK's first dedicated news channel. The new service was the UK's first consumer satellite TV service, beating rival BSB, with which Sky would later merge to become BSkyB. Sky's satellite service grew to become a subscription platform through which Sky offer their own channels, pay-per-view services and channels from other broadcasters. Sky's digital platform launched in 1998, with the original analogue service closing in 2001. Sky was acquired by Comcast in 2018.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Since 2012, Sky operate Now, an Internet TV streaming service offering subscriptions without a fixed-term contract.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Sky's channel portfolio has grown greatly since the launch of digital TV. Sky make their channels available via rival cable and Internet services as well as their own satellite service and Now.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Channel 5 was the fifth analogue terrestrial channel to launch, in March 1997. Due to constraints with the available UHF frequencies at the time, many households had to retune their video recorders, which shared the frequency on their RF output with the frequency used by Channel 5's new broadcasts. Channel 5 was the first terrestrial channel to also broadcast via satellite. From 2006 onwards, Channel 5 launched new digital channels and an Internet on-demand service. After changing ownership several times, in May 2014 Channel 5 and its sister channels were acquired by Viacom, an American media conglomerate, known as Paramount since 2022.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: By the time it acquired Channel 5, Paramount already operated a large number of subscription channels in the UK, including the MTV, Nickelodeon and Comedy Central channels, which are available via Sky TV, Virgin Media and Now. In terms of viewing share, the combined viewing across Paramount's channels make the group the UK's fifth largest broadcaster, according to BARB's viewing figures for 1 March 2020.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Since 2012, additional local TV channels are available via Freeview channel 7 or 8. The channels are licensed by Ofcom, with 34 local TV channels licensed as of 2 July 2020. Nineteen of the licenses are held by That's TV, and eight are held by Made Television. The remainder are held independently. Each license contains the amount of local TV programming required. As an example, the license for Scarborough, which is held by That's TV, requires seven hours of local programming per week (one hour per day on average). Thirteen additional licenses were originally intended, but Ofcom decided not to advertise these in June 2018.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The way Ofcom structured local television – being dependent on terrestrial transmission – was criticised in a "Guardian" article in 2015 for being "years behind in its thinking", as it does not account for the Internet. In the article, Ofcom responded that the licensing scheme was inherited from the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. In April 2018, BBC News reported that "many of the stations have been ridiculed for the poor quality of their output or have been reported to Ofcom for breaching broadcasting rules". The local TV companies receive a subsidy from the BBC of £147.50 per local news story, funded by the license fee, paid whether the BBC uses the content or not. A June 2018 article on BuzzFeed claimed that That's TV was created "primarily to extract money from the BBC whilst delivering little content of useful value".


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: BBC One, BBC Two and the ITV network (comprising ITV1 and STV) are split into regions in which regional news and other programming is broadcast. ITV1/STV is split into fourteen geographic licencees, with several of these split into two or three sub-regions, resulting in a greater total number of regional news programmes. Ofcom sets a quota for the BBC and ITV on the amount of regional programming required.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Advertising on ITV1/STV and Channel 4 is regional. Channel 4 is split into 6 advertising regions, but has no regional programming.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: BBC Scotland and the Gaelic-language channel BBC Alba target Scotland, and the Welsh-language channel S4C targets Wales. In Northern Ireland, channels originating in the Republic of Ireland are available, including RTÉ One, RTÉ2 and the Irish-language TG4.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: British television differs from other countries, such as the United States, in as much that programmes produced in the United Kingdom do not generally have a long season run of around 20 weeks. Instead, they are produced in a series, a set of episodes varying in length, usually aired over a period of a few months. See List of British television series.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: 100 Greatest British Television Programmes was a list compiled in 2000 by the British Film Institute (BFI), chosen by a poll of industry professionals, to determine what were the greatest British television programmes of any genre ever to have been screened. Although not including any programmes made in 2000 or later, the list is useful as an indication of what were generally regarded as the most successful British programmes of the 20th century. The top 10 programmes are:


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The majority of special events attracting large audiences are often carried on more than one channel. The most-watched programme of all time on a single channel is the 1973 wedding ceremony of The Princess Anne, shown only on BBC1. The figures in these tables represent the average viewership achieved by each broadcast during its run-time and do not include peak viewership.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows was a poll conducted by the British television channel Channel 4 in 2001. The top 5 UK-produced programmes are:


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series is one of the major categories of the British Academy Television Awards. The last 5 winners are:


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Weekday programming on terrestrial channels begins at 6 am with breakfast national news programmes (along with regional news updates) on "BBC Breakfast" on BBC One and "Good Morning Britain" on ITV, with Channel 5 showing children's programmes under the "Milkshake!" brand. Channel 4 predominately broadcasts comedy programmes such as "Everybody Loves Raymond" in its morning slot. The weekday breakfast news programme ends at 9:15 am on BBC One and 9am on ITV.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Following this on BBC One, lifestyle programming is generally shown, including property, auction and home and gardening. BBC One continues this genre until after the lunchtime news, whereby afternoon has a soap called "Doctors" followed by dramas. BBC Two airs the BBC News updates and political programming between 9 am and 1 pm. Channel 4 often shows home-project and archaeology lifestyle programming in the early afternoon after a "Channel 4 News" summary. Channel 5 broadcasts chat show programmes in the morning including "Jeremy Vine" with regular news bulletins. In the afternoon, it shows dramas followed by an hour of Australian soaps such as "Home and Away" and "Neighbours" and films.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: News bulletins are broadcast between 6 pm and 7 pm on both BBC One and ITV, with BBC One beginning with the national BBC News at Six and ITV with the flagship regional news programme. At around 6:30 pm, BBC One broadcasts the regional news programmes whilst ITV broadcasts the ITV Evening News. Channel 4 News starts at 7 pm and 5 News broadcasts for an hour at 5 pm.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Primetime programming is usually dominated by further soaps, including "EastEnders" on BBC One, "Coronation Street" and "Emmerdale" on ITV, and "Hollyoaks" on Channel 4. These soap operas or 'continuing dramas' as they are now called can vary throughout the year, however weekly dramas, such as "Holby City", are also fixed to scheduling. BBC Two broadcasts factual programming, including lifestyle and documentaries. BBC Four begins programming at 7pm. The channel shows a wide variety of programmes including arts, documentaries, music, international film, comedy, original programmes, drama and current affairs. It is required by its licence to air at least 100 hours of new arts and music programmes, 110 hours of new factual programmes and to premiere 20 foreign films each year. BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5 broadcast dramas and documentaries in the evenings. At 10pm with the flagship national news on BBC One in BBC News at Ten (followed by Newsnight on BBC Two) and on ITV on ITV News at Ten followed by the regional late night news. Because of this, the UK can often rely more heavily on TV guides, be it with the newspaper, online, via information services on the television such as the BBC Red Button service or the built in Electronic Programme Guides.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Weekend daytime programming traditionally consists of more lifestyle programming plus films and live and recorded coverage of sporting events on most weekend afternoons. There are further battles for viewers in the weekend primetime slot, often featuring documentaries and game shows in the evening. Lunchtime, early evening and late evening news programmes continue on BBC One and ITV although the length of the bulletins are shorter than during the week. Sunday night schedules usually consist of dramas, light entertainment, documentaries, films, music concerts, festivals or sporting events.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: In 1963 Mary Whitehouse, incensed by the liberalising policies followed by Sir Hugh Greene, then director general of the BBC, began her letter writing campaign. She subsequently launched the Clean Up TV Campaign, and founded the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association in 1965. In 2008, Toby Young in an article for "The Independent" wrote: "On the wider question of whether sex and violence on TV has led to a general moral collapse in society at large, the jury is still out. No one doubts that Western civilization is teetering on the brink ... but it is unfair to lay the blame entirely at the feet of BBC2 and Channel 4."


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: In 2005, the "" elicited 55,000 complaints, and provoked protests from Christian organisation Christian Voice, and a private prosecution against the BBC by the Christian Institute. A summons was not issued.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The British Academy Television Awards are the most prestigious awards given in the British television industry, analogous to the Emmy Awards in the United States. They have been awarded annually since 1954, and are only open to British programmes. After all the entries have been received, they are voted for online by all eligible members of the Academy. The winner is chosen from the four nominees by a special jury of nine academy members for each award, the members of each jury selected by the Academy's Television Committee.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The National Television Awards is a British television awards ceremony, sponsored by ITV and initiated in 1995. Although not widely held to be as prestigious as the BAFTAs, the National Television Awards are probably the most prominent ceremony for which the results are voted on by the general public. Unlike the BAFTAs, the National Television Awards allow foreign programmes to be nominated, providing they have been screened on a British channel during the eligible time period.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Ofcom is the independent regulator and competition authority for the communication industries in the United Kingdom, including television. As the regulatory body for media broadcasts, Ofcom's duties include:


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: In 2008, Ofcom issued fines to the total of £7.7m. This included £5.67m of fines to ITV companies, including a £3m fine to LWT over voting irregularities on Saturday Night Takeaway, and fines totalling £495,000 to the BBC. Ofcom said phone-in scandals had contributed significantly to the fine totals.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The Committee for Advertising Practice (CAP, or BCAP) is the body contracted by Ofcom to create and maintain the codes of practice governing television advertising. The Broadcast Advertising Codes (or the TV codes) are accessible on CAP's web site. The Codes cover advertising standards (the TV Code), guidance notes, scheduling rules, text services (the Teletext Code) and interactive television guidance. The main sections of the TV Code concern compliance, programmes and advertising, unacceptable products, political and controversial issues, misleading advertising, harm and offence, children, medicines, treatments, health claims and nutrition, finance and investments, and religion.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The Advertising Standards Authority is an independent body responsible for resolving complaints relating to the advertising industry within the UK. It is not government funded, but funded by a levy on the advertising industry. It ensures compliance with the Codes created by CAP. The ASA covers all forms of advertising, not just television advertisements. The ASA can refer problematic adverts to Ofcom, since the channels carrying the adverts are ultimately responsible for the advertising content, and are answerable to Ofcom. Ofcom can issue fines or revoke broadcast licences if necessary.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: In the United Kingdom and the Crown dependencies, a television licence is required to receive any publicly broadcast television service, or for using BBC iPlayer. This includes the commercial channels, cable and satellite transmissions, Internet-streamed channels, and applies regardless of the technology used to view. The money from the licence fee is used to provide radio, television and Internet content for the BBC, Welsh-language television programmes for S4C, monitoring of global mass media, nine orchestras and performing groups, technical research, and contributions to broadband roll out. The fee is classified as a hypothecated tax rather than a subscription. The BBC gives the following figures for expenditure of licence fee income per month in 2021/2022:


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: As of 2002, 27,000 hours of original programming are produced year in the UK television industry, excluding news, at a cost of £2.6bn. Ofcom has determined that 56% (£1.5bn) of production is in-house by the channel owners, and the remainder by independent production companies. Ofcom is enforcing a 25% independent production quota for the channel operators, as stipulated in the Broadcasting Act 1990.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: ITV plc, the company which owns 12 of the 15 regional ITV franchises, has set its production arm ITV Studios a target of producing 75% of the ITV schedule, the maximum allowed by Ofcom. This would be a rise from 54% at present, as part of a strategy to make ITV content-led chiefly to double production revenues to £1.2bn by 2012. ITV Studios currently produces programmes such as "Coronation Street", "Emmerdale" and "Heartbeat".


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: In contrast, the BBC has implemented a Window of Creative Competition (WOCC), a 25% proportion over and above the 25% Ofcom quota in which the BBC's in-house production and independent producers can compete. The BBC produces shows such as "All Creatures Great and Small" and "F***off I'm a Hairy Woman".


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: As a consequence of the launch of Channel 4 in 1982, and the 25% independent quota from the Broadcasting Act 1990, an independent production sector has grown in the UK. Notable companies include Talkback Thames, Endemol UK, Hat Trick Productions, and Tiger Aspect Productions. A full list can be seen here:


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Analogue TV was transmitted via VHF (1936) and later UHF (1964) radio waves, with analogue broadcasts ending in 2012.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: VHF transmissions started in 1936 and closed in 1985 (with a gap 1939–1946), carrying two channels. The launch channel was the BBC Television Service, known as BBC 1 since 1964. This was joined by Independent Television, a network of regional franchises launching between 1955 and 1962. The channels transmitted in monochrome using the 405-line television system at 25 frames per second, initially with an aspect ratio of 5:4, switching to in 1950.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: UHF transmissions started in 1964 and closed in 2012. The launch channel was BBC 2. This would be joined by BBC 1, the ITV network, Channel 4 or S4C in Wales, Channel 5 as well as a network of local TV channels. Transmissions started using the System I standard, a 625-line monochrome picture at 25 frames/second (576i) and a 4:3 aspect ratio. Technical advancements included colour (1967), teletext (1974), and stereo sound (1991). The drive to switch viewers from analogue to digital transmissions was a process called the digital switchover.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Whilst there are no longer any analogue broadcasts in the UK, a PAL signal may be present in closed RF distribution systems, e.g. a video feed from an intercom in a block of flats, or a security system.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: There are nearly 200 defunct British channels. For a list, see List of former TV channels in the UK or .


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was established in 1927 to develop radio broadcasting, and inevitably became involved in TV in 1936. The BBC is funded by income from a "Broadcast Receiving Licence" purchased by UK residents. The cost of this is set by agreement with the UK Government.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Television caught on in the United Kingdom in 1947, but its expansion was slow. By 1951, with only two transmitters, near London and Birmingham, only 9% of British homes owned a television set. The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to have a regular daily television schedule direct to homes, and it was the first to have technical professions to work on TVs.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Up until 1972, television broadcasting hours were tightly regulated by the British government, under the control of the Postmaster General. Before the launch of the commercial channel ITV in 1955, the BBC was restricted by law to just five hours maximum of television in a day. This was increased at the launch of the commercial channel ITV to a 7-hour broadcasting day for both channels. Gradually the number of hours were increased. Typically, during the late 1960s, the law regulated a 50-hour broadcasting week for all television channels in the UK. This that meant BBC1, BBC2 and ITV could only broadcast normal programming for 7 hours a day from Mondays to Fridays, and 7.5 hours a day on Saturdays and Sundays.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Until 1957, television in the United Kingdom could not air from 6.00pm-7.00pm. This was called the "Toddlers' Truce", in which the idea was that parents could put their children to bed before primetime television would commence; this restriction was lifted in 1957. However, on Sundays, television remained off the air from 6.00pm-7.00pm. This was in response to religious leaders' fears that television would interfere with people attending church services. In 1958, a compromise was reached, in which only religious programming could be aired during this time slot. The restriction was lifted in January 1972.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The Postmaster General allowed exemptions to the regulations. All schools programming, adult education, religious programming, state occasions, political broadcasts and Welsh language programming were totally exempt from the restrictions. Sport and outside broadcasting events were given a separate quota of broadcasting hours which could be used in a year, starting off at 200 hours a year in the mid 1950s, rising to a quota of 350 hours a year by the late 1960s. Broadcasting on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year's Eve and New Year's Day was also exempt from the tightly controlled restrictions.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The election of a Conservative government in June 1970 brought in changes to the control of broadcasting hours. At first, the typical broadcasting day was extended to 8 hours a day, with an increase in exemptions over Christmas, and an increase in the sport/outside broadcasting quota. On 19 January 1972, the then Minister for Posts and Telecommunications, Christopher Chataway, announced to the British House of Commons that all restrictions on broadcasting hours on television would be lifted from that day, with the broadcasters allowed to set their own broadcasting hours from then on. By November 1972, a full daytime schedule had been launched on ITV from 9.30am each day, with the BBC also expanding their schedules to include more daytime programming.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The UK Government previously appointed people to the BBC's Board of Governors, a body responsible for the general direction of the organisation, and appointment of senior executives, but not its day-to-day management. From 2007, the BBC Trust replaced the Board of Governors. It is operationally independent of BBC management and external bodies, and aims to act in the best interests of licence fee payers.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: Commercial television was first introduced in the United Kingdom in 1955. Unlike the US, there was a distinct split between advertisements and programming. Advertisers purely purchased spots within pre-defined breaks within programming, and had no connection to the programme content. The content and nature of adverts was strictly controlled by the ITA, the body controlling commercial television.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The first commercial direct-broadcast satellite (DBS, also known as direct-to-home) service in the United Kingdom, Sky Television, was launched in 1989 and used the newly launched Astra satellite at 19.2° east, providing four analogue TV channels. The channels and subsequent VideoCrypt video encryption system used the existing PAL broadcast standard, unlike the winner of the UK state DBS licence, British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB).


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: In 1990, BSB launched, broadcasting five channels (Now, Galaxy, The Movie Channel, The Power Station and The Sports Channel) in D-MAC format and using the EuroCypher video encryption system which was derived from the General Instruments VideoCipher system used in the USA. One of the main selling points of the BSB offering was the Squarial, a flat plate antenna and low-noise block converter (LNB). Sky's system used conventional and cheaper dish and LNB technology.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: The two companies competed over the UK rights to movies. Sky operated from an industrial park in Isleworth in West London, whereas BSB had newly built offices in London (Marco Polo House). The two services subsequently merged to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB). BSB's D-MAC/EuroCypher system was gradually replaced with Sky's VideoCrypt video encryption system.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: In 1994, 17% of the group was floated on the London Stock Exchange (with ADRs listed on the New York Stock Exchange), and Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation owns a 35% stake.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: By 1998, following the launch of several more satellites to Astra's 19.2° east position, the number of channels had increased to around 60 and BSkyB launched the first subscription-based digital television platform in the UK, offering a range of 300 channels broadcast from Astra's new satellite, at 28.2° east position under the brand name Sky Digital. BSkyB's analogue service has now been discontinued, with all customers having been migrated to Sky Digital.


title: Television in the United Kingdom

text: In May 2008, a free-to-air satellite service from the BBC and ITV was launched under the brand name Freesat, carrying a variety of channels from Astra 28.2°E, including some content in HD formats.


title: Hot n Cold

text: "Hot n Cold" is a song by American singer Katy Perry. The song was written by Perry, Dr. Luke, and Max Martin and produced by Luke and Benny Blanco for her second studio album, "One of the Boys" (2008). It was released as the album's second single on September 9, 2008. The lyrics address an unstable romantic relationship caused by a partner's mood swings.


title: Hot n Cold

text: The song reached number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Perry's second consecutive top five single, following "I Kissed a Girl". It also became Perry's second top five single in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand, and topped the charts in Finland, Germany, Canada, Norway, and Denmark, among others. "Hot n Cold" has sold over 5.8 million pure sales in the US, making it one of Perry's highest-selling singles in the nation.


title: Hot n Cold

text: To promote "Hot n Cold", Perry marked the song's live debut with a performance on NBC's "Today". She also performed the song at the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards, which she hosted. The song's music video, which was directed by Alan Ferguson, was released on October 1, 2008, and features Perry as a bride who is about to marry her fiancé, who experiences a daydream in which she pursues him after he flees from the wedding. "Hot n Cold" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards. Perry has also performed the song on all of her tours: Hello Katy Tour, California Dreams Tour, Prismatic World Tour and .


title: Hot n Cold

text: "Hot n Cold" was written by Perry, Dr. Luke and Max Martin and produced by Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco. It was recorded in December 2007 in three studios: Dr. Luke's Studios in New York City, Conway Recording Studio in Hollywood, California, and Legacy Recording Studios in New York City. It was mixed in MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach. The collaboration between Perry and Dr. Luke was set up by record executives at Capitol Records, who felt that "One of the Boys" was lacking an "undeniable smash or two", and the two co-wrote "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" as a result. Perry revealed that the song was originally considered for release as the album's first single, before "I Kissed a Girl" was chosen.


title: Hot n Cold

text: Written in the key of G major, "Hot n Cold" is a pop and dance-pop song which utilizes guitars and synthesizers. It has a length of three minutes and forty seconds (3:40), and runs at a moderately fast tempo of 132 beats per minute. The lyrics of the song address a lover of Perry whose mood swings are affecting the couple's relationship. The song opens with Perry confronting her former partner over his frequent changes of mind, singing "You change your mind like a girl changes clothes / Yeah you PMS / Like a bitch, I would know". In the chorus, she uses antonyms to describe her partner's mood changes, with the chorus of the song including the lines, "You're hot then you're cold / You're yes then you're no / You're in then you're out / You're up then you're down".


title: Hot n Cold

text: Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy gave the song three out of five stars, saying "this track doesn't live up to the hype surrounding its singer, but the choppy guitars and whooshing synths have a certain charm." In his review for "musicOMH", Darren Harvey called "Hot n Cold" a "Tiffany-style '80s pop number". "ChartAttack" noted the "frenetic dance-pop" of the track. In a less positive review, Sal Cinquemani from "Slant Magazine" criticized the song, saying "Perry confuses political incorrectness with being subversive on tracks like 'Hot n Cold', in which she, in the process of skewering guys who change their minds 'like girls change clothes', just winds up sounding mildly sexist." Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" compared the song to "U + Ur Hand" by Pink, which was also produced by Dr. Luke, saying that it does not share the latter's "passion". Lizzie Ennever of BBC felt the track was not "the most single-worthy song". "The Guardian" wrote that the song "didn't seem to capture the public's imagination" the way her previous single "I Kissed a Girl" did. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, but lost to Beyoncé's "Halo".


title: Hot n Cold

text: "Hot n Cold" debuted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 88 on June 28, 2008, due to strong digital downloads after the album's release, falling off the chart the next week. It re-entered the Hot 100 on August 23, again at number 88. The song peaked at number three on the Hot 100 on November 22, making it her second top-three hit after "I Kissed a Girl". "Hot n Cold" was in the top ten for 18 weeks, spending more time in the top ten than Perry's previous single "I Kissed a Girl", which spent 14 weeks. The song was also a bigger radio hit than "I Kissed a Girl", becoming Perry's first number one on both US Mainstream Top 40 and Adult Top 40 radio charts. It remained in the Hot 100 for a total of 39 weeks. As of August 2020, "Hot n Cold" has been certified 8 times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and sold 5.8 million copies in the United States, making it Perry's sixth best-selling single in the country.


title: Hot n Cold

text: In Canada, the song debuted at number 73 and reached the number one position on the chart on November 20. It was later certified six-times-platinum. The song peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on December 7, and was certified double platinum. "Hot n Cold" debuted on the German Singles Chart at number two due to strong digital download sales, before topping the chart and spending eight consecutive weeks at number one in Germany. In Australia, the single debuted in the top 50, before reaching its peak at number four. It has since been certified five-times-platinum in the country. The song peaked at number one in the Czech Republic, and spent ten consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. "Hot n Cold" reached the number one position in Denmark, later being certified two-times-platinum, and hit number one in Austria before being certified platinum.


title: Hot n Cold

text: The video begins with Perry at a wedding, about to exchange vows with her diffident fiancé Alexander (played by actor/model Alexander Francis Rodriguez). Perry says her vows, but Alexander hesitates and the church anxiously waits for him to say "I do". Perry appears frustrated and the music begins to play, with the congregation dancing as disco lights flash. Perry begins to sing the song to Alexander before he flees the altar. She pursues him, and they proceed to play a cat-and-mouse game. Perry corners him in a warehouse, and Alexander is pulled into an audience and forced to crowd-surf while watching Perry perform the song on stage. He manages to escape but walks out to find Perry in her wedding dress surrounded by several other brides carrying baseball bats. Perry confronts him, but he is able to get away.


title: Hot n Cold

text: Perry and the other brides chase after him. When Alexander pulls out his phone, Perry is on the screen singing to him. He flees the warehouse and finds Perry outside wearing urban clothing, surrounded by dancers dressed similarly. When he turns around, he discovers that he has been cornered by Perry and the group of angry brides. He stumbles and the dancers surround him as he lies on the ground, before Perry approaches him leading a zebra on a leash. Alexander blinks and finds himself back at the altar in the church, revealing that the previous events were just a daydream. The priest asks him again if he accepts his vows, and this time he says "I do". The crowd in the church breaks out into cheers and sighs of relief as Perry runs victoriously down the aisle with him.


title: Hot n Cold

text: Perry's friends Jadyn Maria and Shannon Woodward appear in the music video as bridesmaids, and her parents Keith and Mary Hudson also make cameos. The video for "Hot n Cold" was recorded in Los Angeles in September 2008 and released on October 1, 2008. It was directed by Alan Ferguson. "Rolling Stone" described the music video as "a colorful cat-and-mouse chase that's equal parts goofy and glam." Capital FM wrote that the video "had us in stitches". The music video reached over 1 billion views on YouTube as of November 2020.


title: Hot n Cold

text: Perry made the live television premiere performance of "Hot n Cold" on NBC's "Today" on August 29, 2008. Perry performed the song live at the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in Liverpool, which she also hosted, on November 6 to close the show. The song was also performed as the opener at the 2008 YouTube Live event on November 22, 2008. Perry performed the song with Taylor Swift at the Staples Center show during the Fearless Tour on April 15, 2010. The song has been included in the setlists of Perry's Hello Katy, California Dreams, and Prismatic World tours. During the California Dreams Tour, Perry performed a "magic trick" that involved her changing into 7 different outfits during the number. Perry performed the song on her The Prismatic World Tour in a slow jazz version with her dressing in a pink-catsuit with her dancers dressed in a similar way. It is also part of the setlist of Perry's in a medley with "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F)", a song from her album "Teenage Dream".


title: Hot n Cold

text: Perry filmed a performance of a version of the song with puppet character Elmo from "Sesame Street", which was intended to teach children about antonyms. The clip was originally scheduled to run on the 41st-season premiere of the educational children's program on September 27, 2010, however the performance, which was uploaded to YouTube earlier, garnered controversy over the amount of cleavage Perry had on display in the video. Before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that after controversy over the clip, "We have decided we will not air the segment on the television broadcast of "Sesame Street", which is aimed at preschoolers. Katy Perry fans will still be able to view the video on YouTube." Perry mocked the controversy shortly afterwards in a skit during her appearance on "Saturday Night Live" as a musical guest, wearing an Elmo-themed shirt which showed large amounts of cleavage.


title: Hot n Cold

text: Atlanta-based metalcore band, Woe, Is Me covered the track for the compilation album "Punk Goes Pop Volume 03.", which was released on November 2, 2010. The song was leaked on October 6, 2010, and was officially released as a single for digital download on October 21, 2010. MTV News described the band's cover as "50 percent faithful to the original and... 50 percent punishing, metal and gravel-throated growls. It must be heard to be believed."


title: Hot n Cold

text: "Hot n Cold" was covered by the German rockabilly cover band The Baseballs in 2009 from their debut album "Strike!". Their cover charted in the band's home country of Germany, as well as in Finland and Switzerland.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Nandi Lily Bushell (; born 28 April 2010) is a British–South African musician, singer, songwriter, and social media personality. She became known for her drumming skill by posting cover versions of popular rock songs to her YouTube and Instagram accounts, and her drum battle with Dave Grohl went viral internationally in 2020. By age ten, Bushell's videos had earned the attention of musicians including Grohl, Matt Bellamy, Lenny Kravitz, and Questlove, and led to numerous television appearances.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell was the youngest artist featured on the cover of "Modern Drummer" magazine and is the first-ever musician-in-residence at Cartoon Network. She has performed with Kravitz and in concert with Grohl's band Foo Fighters, and was a featured guest at the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II in London.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell has been writing and recording her own music since 2020. Three of those songs, in which she performs all parts, were offered as singles ahead of her first EP, "Into the Abyss". Its first single, "The Shadows", was released in September 2022.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell was born in Durban, South Africa; her mother Lungile is from KwaZulu-Natal, whilst her father John is British. Her family moved from Durban to Ipswich, United Kingdom, when she was age two. Bushell describes herself as "British and Zulu".


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Her parents are both avid fans of music and, when she was age five, her father showed his children the video for The Beatles' "Hey Jude". Bushell was fascinated by Ringo Starr's performance and showed an interest in playing the drums. Her parents bought her first drum kit as a reward for good grades at school; whilst accompanying her father on guitar, he saw that she had strong skills at keeping a beat. Under the tutelage of Ashley Howard, Bushell began taking lessons at age six. With her dad's help, Bushell began posting videos of her covers of various songs, including a music video he created with an alien theme as seven-year-old Nandi drummed along to "Toxicity" by System of a Down. She also attended jam sessions at a local pub, where she played with adult musicians as part of the Ipswich Rock Project.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell's videos on social media gained attention both online and locally, leading to her first auditions. After Questlove saw one of her Instagram videos, he sent her a custom child-sized drum kit and circulated her videos amongst his contacts in the music community. Her cover of "Use Me" caught the attention of Anderson .Paak; he recommended it to Lenny Kravitz, who invited Bushell to meet and accompany him during a sound check at The O2 Arena whilst on tour in June 2019. Kravitz and drummer Nate Smith later sent Bushell a custom drum kit. In July 2019, she was invited to meet with Questlove at the On Blackheath festival at Blackheath. After her cover of "Plug In Baby" was seen by Muse's Matt Bellamy, he gifted her one of his signature guitars.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Her cover of Nirvana's "In Bloom" went viral in November 2019, gaining over 10 million views via Twitter within a week. Dave Grohl, the drummer on "Nevermind", learned of the video from album producer Butch Vig, and was amazed by her "joy and energy". In August 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Bushell uploaded a cover of "Everlong" by Foo Fighters, another of Grohl's bands, and challenged him to a drum-off, calling him her favourite drummer. Grohl thought it was "adorable", but his friends kept texting him, "dude, you need to step up and respond to this. You have to represent." Grohl responded by drumming along with "Dead End Friends" by his supergroup Them Crooked Vultures to return the challenge to Bushell. After she posted a video drumming to the same song, Grohl conceded defeat. He subsequently performed an original song inspired by Bushell; she responded by writing and recording a song dedicated to Grohl. The remote drum battle drew millions of views and bolstered Bushell's presence on social media; within six months, she had over 800,000 followers on Instagram and 250,000 followers on YouTube.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: During a video chat with Bushell in November 2020, Grohl invited her to perform with him and Foo Fighters on stage once they were able to tour again. They met in person for the first time on 26 August 2021 at The Forum in California, where Grohl introduced his "arch nemesis" on drums to perform "Everlong" and close out the evening in front of an audience of about 20,000 people. Videos of her "absolutely shredding" the song went viral in the weeks after the concert, and "Everlong" returned to the music charts, making "Billboard"s Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (#11), Hot Hard Rock Songs (#2) and Hot Alternative Songs (#17) during the week of 11 September 2021.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell and Roman Morello wrote and performed the song "The Children Will Rise Up" in October 2021 to warn of the dangers of climate change. The music video features Roman's father Tom Morello, along with Jack Black and Greta Thunberg.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell's live appearances in 2022 included the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II in June, where she participated in both the Platinum Party at the Palace and the Platinum Jubilee Pageant. In September, Bushell was one of dozens of artists invited to join Foo Fighters on stage for the Taylor Hawkins tribute concert at Wembley Stadium, where she performed "Learn to Fly" using drumsticks given to her by Hawkins. Dave Grohl introduced her as "our friend, the coolest fucking drummer in the world" and added, "she's the biggest rock star on the bill. I know we got Queen and Rush and all that shit, but we got Nandi tonight." Bushell called it both epic and bittersweet to play Wembley "under very sad circumstances".


title: Nandi Bushell

text: In addition to drums, Bushell plays lead and bass guitar and piano; her videos include covers of rock songs in which she performs all parts using both video synchronization and a loop station. She also plays saxophone, including for her covers of songs by Bill Withers and John Coltrane.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell plans to start her own band called the Titans, inspired by the animated show "Teen Titans" and the meaning of "titans" as "gods". She has written and recorded an EP, "Into the Abyss", performed entirely by Bushell; its first single, "The Shadows", was released on 30 September 2022. The song is "quite dark", and Bushell said she wrote it to help her father and others going through depression. Gen Handley of "Spin" magazine called the song "incredibly moving and mature"; Matt Owen of "Guitar World" wrote that whilst her musical inspirations are present in the "haunting, riff-heavy" song, "it also introduces us to a nuanced Nandi flair, one that showcases her approach to melody and arrangement."


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell was one of four young musicians who recorded "Bohemian Rhapsody" for a John Lewis & Partners advertisement in 2018. The casting process required that she audition three times.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: In November 2019, Bushell portrayed a young girl performing "Don't You (Forget About Me)" in an award-winning Christmas advertisement for Argos alongside actor and drummer Omar Abidi as her father. Creative director Danny Hunt said casting the daughter role was "actually really stressful", and he worried that the ad wouldn't work until they saw Bushell. Argos marketing manager Becky Desert said Bushell was "the obvious choice" out of more than 100 children, "being upbeat, fun and celebrating the excitement of dream fulfillment at Christmas".


title: Nandi Bushell

text: That December, she made her first trip to the United States to be a guest on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". After Bushell told DeGeneres that she wanted to learn bass guitar, DeGeneres presented one as a gift.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Still age nine, Bushell appeared on the Scandinavian chat show "Skavlan" in 2020. During the interview, Dua Lipa invited her to go on tour.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell and her brother Thomas appear as cartoon versions of themselves in a seventh-season episode of "Teen Titans Go!" on Cartoon Network. "Jump City Rock" premiered on 12 September 2022.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Director Kay Cannon cast Bushell as drummer Young Town Girl in the 2021 American film "Cinderella" after convincing Bushell's father that she would be perfect for the role. She has since become friends with Cannon and co-star Camila Cabello.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Cartoon Network named Bushell their first official musician-in-residence in February 2021. She was featured on the cover of the June 2021 issue of "Modern Drummer", the magazine's youngest cover artist to date. Hit Like a Girl named Bushell one of its ambassador heroes for 2021.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: In February 2022, Drumeo presented her with their inaugural Tony Williams award for her "infectious energy and passion [that] encourages and inspires people to get excited about drumming and about music". She was named the winner following an online poll.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: During the 7 October 2022 episode of Blue Peter, Bushell was awarded the Gold badge for her musical achievements and for "raising awareness about inequality". The Gold badge is the programme's highest honour; past winners include Ed Sheeran, Madonna, and Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell was voted #2 by readers of MusicRadar in December 2022 for its annual list of "best online drum personalities". It was her third straight year in that spot.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Bushell lives with her parents and her younger brother Thomas in Ipswich, where she has been involved in numerous local and international humanitarian causes including the annual fireworks display at Christchurch Park, which raises funds for Scouting and other organisations.


title: Nandi Bushell

text: In October 2021, Bushell was one of dozens of drummers and other musicians invited by Ringo Starr to perform a cover of The Beatles' "Come Together" for the WhyHunger project. Her song "The Children Will Rise Up" was praised by Lenny Kravitz and Simon Pegg, and Barack Obama commented from the COP26 summit: "Nandi and Roman [Morello] used music as a way to share their compelling message about why we need to take action on climate change."


title: Nandi Bushell

text: Also in October, she took part in "Redraw Your World" for Cartoon Network and made a video for its long-running "" campaign. She performs "live drums" in the Netflix COVID-19 documentary "".


title: Sef Gonzales

text: Sef Gonzales (born 16 September 1980) is a Filipino Australian man who was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the July 2001 murders of his father Teodoro "Teddy" Gonzales (46), his mother Mary Loiva Gonzales (43), and his sister Clodine Gonzales (18), in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. As a result of notoriety surrounding the sale of the house where the crimes occurred, the New South Wales government made it illegal to not disclose information related to the history of a property.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: Sef Gonzales was born in 1980 in Baguio, Benguet, Philippines, to Teddy Gonzales, a lawyer, and his wife Loiva Claridades, who had married in 1977. In 1983, Sef's sister Clodine was born. After the 1990 Luzon earthquake destroyed the family's home and business, a newly built 40-room hotel (from the rubble of which Gonzales was rescued by his father), the family emigrated to Australia. The family settled in Sydney, New South Wales, and by the late 1990s, Teddy had requalified as a lawyer, set up a successful law firm specialising in immigration, and purchased a plot of land in North Ryde.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: The Gonzales family appeared to be close-knit: the parents, however, were devout Catholics who had high hopes and strict expectations for their children. In particular, they had hoped their son would perform well academically, give up his musical and singing aspirations, and embark on a career in medicine or law. After attending Parramatta Marist High School, Gonzales studied medical science at the University of New South Wales but withdrew after two years. He then enrolled in law at Macquarie University.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: Performing poorly in his courses and at risk of expulsion, Gonzales tried to cover up his failure by falsifying his grades. When this was revealed by his sister to his parents, they threatened to withdraw certain privileges such as the use of his prized car, a green Ford Festiva. Gonzales also argued with his mother over a girlfriend of whom she disapproved, and his family threatened to disinherit him. This, along with Gonzales' desire to inherit the family's assets, were later established by police as motives for killing his family.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: On 10 July 2001, at about 4:00p.m., Gonzales left the family's law firm, where he worked part-time, and headed to the family home. Around 4:30p.m., armed with a baseball bat from his car and two kitchen knives from a knife block in the kitchen, he entered Clodine's bedroom and assaulted her while she was studying. There he compressed her neck while trying to strangle her, struck her head with the bat at least six times, and then stabbed her multiple times with the smaller of the knives. The cause of Clodine's death was a combination of the compression of her neck, blunt force head injuries, and abdominal stab wounds. Gonzales then waited until Loiva arrived home about 5:30p.m. After entering the house, he attacked her with one of the kitchen knives in the living/dining room, inflicting multiple stab wounds and cuts to her face, neck, chest and abdomen. Her windpipe was then completely transected post-mortem.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: At around 6:00p.m., Gonzales's maternal aunt visited the house. She noted her nephew's and sister's cars in the driveway, but the house was dark and unusually quiet (especially given that the family kept six small dogs inside). Looking into the house, she noticed movement, and left with her son after deciding not to enter via the garage. Teddy then arrived home about 6:50p.m. After entering the house, Gonzales attacked him with one of the kitchen knives and inflicted multiple stab wounds to his neck, chest, back and abdomen. One of the stab wounds penetrated his right lung, another penetrated his heart and another partially severed his spinal cord. Teddy sustained defensive wounds, suggesting that there was a struggle.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: After killing his family, Gonzales disposed of the murder weapons and the clothing and the size7 running shoes he was wearing at the time of the murders. He showered, changed clothes, and spray painted the words "Fuck off Asians" on a wall in the house in an attempt to fool investigating police into believing that his family had been the victims of a hate crime. Gonzales then drove to a friend's house, arriving there about 8:00p.m. The two then went to the Sydney central business district, where they ate at Planet Hollywood and visited a nearby video game arcade. Later in the evening, after dropping his friend off, Gonzales returned home. He called emergency services at 11:48p.m. to say he had discovered the bodies. Gonzales had also frantically run to his neighbours' house and told them that his parents had been shot.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: In the days following the murders, Gonzales appeared on television asking for the killers to come forward, saying he wanted justice and offering a reward of A$100,000. A few days after the murder, Gonzales visited the family's accountant, enquiring about his inheritance (estimated at A$1.5 million in Australia and ₱1.3 million in The Philippines). As an apparent victim of crime, he was also eligible for a A$15,000 payout. Gonzales then moved to an apartment in Chatswood and put a deposit on a A$173,000 Lexus, telling the dealership he would be using his inheritance to pay for the vehicle. It was also claimed at trial that he traded in his parents' cars and pawned his mother's jewellery. Gonzales also told relatives that he had a brain tumour and asked his godmother in the Philippines for A$190,000 for the alleged surgery, but she did not give him any money. On 20 July, at the combined family funeral, he gave the eulogy and sang "One Sweet Day", which some attendees found odd.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: Based on the initial evidence, NSW Police investigators assumed that the murders were part of a robbery attempt. However, given the absence of a forced entry and despite some superficial ransacking, nothing of value was missing, including the cash in the victims' possession. Also, given the three-hour duration of the crimes it was deemed unlikely that thieves would remain in the house for that long. After noticing an emotional detachment and many inconsistencies in Gonzales' story, such as his claims of performing CPR, and no evidence of any intruders, police began to suspect that he was involved. Gonzales' clothes, for example, were found to have the same paint used to spray the graffiti and a shoe box in his room matched the shoes used in the attack. Based on this, Gonzales' internet records were searched, his phone calls began to be recorded, and he was befriended and surveilled by an undercover policeman.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: In December 2001, police were able to disprove Gonzales' first alibi, that he waited in his car in the driveway before driving to another suburb and later meeting his friend on the night of the murders. Gonzales then constructed a second alibi, claiming he had taken a taxi (as his car may have been recognised) and visited a brothel at the time of the murders, but this was discredited by both the supposed taxi driver and a sex worker. Other false trails included the fabrication of an e-mail that implicated a business rival of Teddy in the murders and the staging of an attempted burglary on 30 May. A breakthrough came when Gonzales' fingerprint was matched to a series of product poisoning letters which matched address searches on his personal computer. Other evidence indicated his research into poisons, the ordering of toxic-plant seeds, and recent unexplained poisoning-like illnesses in his family. On 13 June 2002, detectives from Strike Force Tawas arrested Gonzales.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: Gonzales was charged with three counts of murder and one count of threatening product contamination. He was refused bail and held on remand in Silverwater Correctional Centre. During this time, he was denied access to the family's estate to fund his defence, and sought legal aid for the murder trial which took place during April and May 2004. Prosecuted by Mark Tedeschi, the trial revealed that Gonzales had planned the murders for several months before they took place. Initially he researched the idea of poisoning his family, which led to an elaborate contamination hoax one week before the killings. The court heard of numerous lies told to his friends, family and police regarding his whereabouts at the time of the murders, suggesting that Gonzales was a pathological liar. It was found that he had committed the murders because he was fearful that, because of his poor performance in his university studies, his parents might take his car away from him and might withdraw other privileges which had been granted to him, and that he wished to be the sole beneficiary of his parents' property.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: On 20 May 2004, Gonzales was found guilty of all four charges. He was sentenced on 17 September 2004 to three concurrent life sentences without parole for the murders. Justice Bruce James remarked that, "I consider that the murders show features of very great heinousness and that there are no facts mitigating the objective seriousness of the murders and hence the murders fall within the worst category of cases of murder at common law." In June 2007, Gonzales was granted approval to appeal his conviction and his sentence. The Supreme Court determined that statements taken from Gonzales by police on the night of the murders may be inadmissible, as he was not cautioned. On 27 November 2007, the appeal was dismissed as there had been no miscarriage of justice, and his convictions remained.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: In March 2021, Gonzales failed in his third attempt to get a special inquiry into his convictions for the murders. Previous applications for a special inquiry into his convictions were dismissed in 2018 and 2019.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: The North Ryde house, located at 6 Collins Street and built by the Gonzales family in 2000, was put on the market shortly after the murders but due to its notoriety, it remained unsold for three years. Its eventual sale aroused controversy in October 2004 when prospective buyers, a couple from Taiwan, agreed to purchase the property. However, they had not been informed of the events that took place there by the realtors, LJ Hooker, only finding them out from a newspaper.


title: Sef Gonzales

text: LJ Hooker initially refused to reverse the sale as they had no legal obligation of disclosure, but eventually refunded the buyers' $80,000 deposit due to the bad publicity it caused. The company was also fined A$21,000 by the NSW Office of Fair Trading. After this incident, the NSW government made it illegal to "fail to disclose information that could have a substantial impact on the value of a property". In November 2005, the house was sold for A$720,000 (A$80,000 less than the previous price) to a buyer who was informed of its history.


title: Chromista

text: Chromista is a biological kingdom consisting of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic species that share similar features in their photosynthetic organelles (plastids). It includes all protists whose plastids contain chlorophyll "c", such as some algae, diatoms, oomycetes, and protozoans. It is probably a polyphyletic group whose members independently arose as a separate evolutionary group from the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. As it is assumed the last common ancestor already possessed chloroplasts of red algal origin, the non-photosynthetic forms evolved from ancestors able to perform photosynthesis. Their plastids are surrounded by four membranes, and are believed to have been acquired from some red algae.


title: Chromista

text: Chromista as a biological kingdom was created by British biologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1981 to differentiate some protists from typical protozoans and plants. According to Cavalier-Smith, the kingdom originally included only algae, but his later analysis indicated that many protozoa also belong to the new group. As of 2018, the kingdom is as diverse as kingdoms Plantae and Animalia, consisting of eight phyla. Notable members include marine algae, potato blight, dinoflagellates, "Paramecium", the brain parasite "Toxoplasma," and the malarial parasite "Plasmodium".


title: Chromista

text: Members of Chromista are single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes having basically either or both features:


title: Chromista

text: Even though the kingdom includes diverse organisms from algae to malarial parasites ("Plasmodium"), they are genetically related and are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor with all other eukaryotes but in an independent line of evolution. As a result of evolution, many have retained their plastids and cilia, while some have lost them. Molecular evidence indicate that the plastids in chromists were derived from red algae through secondary symbiogenesis in a single event. (In contrast, plants acquired their plastids from cyanobacteria through primary symbiogenesis.) These plastids are now enclosed in two extra cell membranes, making a four-membrane envelope, as a result of which they acquired many other membrane proteins for transporting molecules in and out of the organelles. The diversity of chromists arose from degeneration, loss or replacement of the plastids in some lineages. There was also additional symbiogenesis of green algae, the genes of which are retained in some members (such as heterokonts), as well as bacterial chlorophyll (indicated by the presence of ribosomal protein L36 gene, "rpl36") in haptophytes and cryptophytes.


title: Chromista

text: The name Chromista was first introduced by Cavalier-Smith in 1981; the earlier names Chromophyta, Chromobiota and Chromobionta correspond to roughly the same group.


title: Chromista

text: Since then Chromista has been defined in different ways at different times. In 2010, Cavalier-Smith himself indicated his desire to move Alveolata, Rhizaria and Heliozoa into Chromista.


title: Chromista

text: The Chromophycées (Chadefaud, 1950), renamed Chromophycota (Chadefaud, 1960), included the current Ochrophyta (autotrophic Stramenopiles), Haptophyta (included in Chrysophyceae until Christensen, 1962), Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyceae and Choanoflagellida (included in Chrysophyceae until Hibberd, 1975).