title: Cadillac Series 62

text: The Series 62 (née 6200) designation was dropped after 1964. Cadillac's entry level car was renamed Calais for 1965–1976.


title: Show jumping

text: Show jumping, is a part of a group of English riding equestrian events that also includes dressage, eventing, hunters, and equitation. Jumping classes are commonly seen at horse shows throughout the world, including the Olympics. Sometimes shows are limited exclusively to jumpers, sometimes jumper classes are offered in conjunction with other English-style events, and sometimes show jumping is but one division of very large, all-breed competitions that include a very wide variety of disciplines. Jumping classes may be governed by various national horse show sanctioning organizations, such as the United States Equestrian Federation in the USA or the British Showjumping Association in Great Britain. International competitions are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI, from the body's French name of "Fédération Équestre Internationale"). Horses are very well-known for jumping in competition or even freely.


title: Show jumping

text: Hunters are judged subjectively on the degree to which they meet an ideal standard of manners, style, and way of going. Conversely, jumper classes are scored objectively, based entirely on a numerical score determined only by whether the horse attempts the obstacle, clears it, and finishes the course in the allotted time. Jumper courses tend to be much more complex and technical than hunter courses because riders and horses are not being judged on style. Courses often are colorful and at times, quite creatively designed. Jumper courses can range anywhere in height from 0.80 meters to 1.60 meters.


title: Show jumping

text: Hunters have meticulous turnout and tend toward very quiet, conservative horse tack and rider attire. Hunter bits, bridles, crops, spurs, and martingales are tightly regulated. Jumpers, while caring for their horses and grooming them well, are not scored on turnout, are allowed a wider range of equipment, and may wear less conservative attire, so long as it stays within the rules. Some events may make it compulsory to wear show jackets. Formal turnout always is preferred; a neat rider gives a good impression at shows.


title: Show jumping

text: In addition to hunters and jumpers, there are equitation classes, sometimes called hunt seat equitation, which judges the ability of the rider. The equipment, clothing, and fence styles used in equitation more closely resemble hunter classes, although the technical difficulty of the courses may more closely resemble showjumping events. This is because both disciplines are designed to test the rider's ability to control the horse through a difficult course consisting of rollbacks, combinations, and higher obstacles.


title: Show jumping

text: Jumper classes are held over a course of show jumping obstacles, including verticals, spreads, and double and triple combinations, usually with many turns and changes of direction. The intent is to jump cleanly over a set course within an allotted time. Time faults are assessed for exceeding the time allowance. Jumping faults are incurred for knockdowns and blatant disobedience, such as refusals (when the horse stops before a fence or the horse, "runs out") ("see "Modern rules" below"). Horses are allowed a limited number of refusals before being disqualified. A refusal may lead to a rider exceeding the time allowed on course. Placings are based on the lowest number of points or "faults" accumulated. A horse and rider who have not accumulated any jumping faults or penalty points are said to have scored a "clear round". Tied entries usually have a jump-off over a raised and shortened course, and the course is timed; if entries are tied for faults accumulated in the jump-off, the fastest time wins.


title: Show jumping

text: In most competitions, riders are allowed to walk the initial course but not the jump-off course (usually the same course with missing jumps, e.g., 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 instead of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or the same course but timed) before competition to plan their ride. Walking the course before the event is a chance for the rider to walk the lines he or she will have to ride, in order to decide how many strides the horse will need to take between each jump and from which angle. Going off course will cost time if minor errors are made and major departures will result in disqualification.


title: Show jumping

text: The higher levels of competition, such as "A" or "AA" rated shows in the United States, or the international "Grand Prix" circuit, present more technical and complex courses. Not only is the height and width ("spread") of an obstacle increased to present a greater challenge, technical difficulty also increases with tighter turns and shorter or unusual distances between fences. Horses sometimes also have to jump fences from an angle rather than straight on. For example, a course designer might set up a line so that there are six and a half strides (the standard measure for a canter stride is twelve feet) between the jumps, requiring the rider to adjust the horse's stride dramatically in order to make the distance. This could also mean that the rider may have to add or subtract a stride to clear the jump with more ease. How the rider chooses to adjust can also depend on their horse. If a horse has a smaller stride in comparison to the average, they may need to add another stride and vice versa if the horse has a longer stride.


title: Show jumping

text: Unlike show hunter classes, which reward calmness and style, jumper classes require boldness, scope, power, accuracy, and control; speed also is a factor, especially in jump-off courses and speed classes (when time counts even in the first round). The first round of the class consists of the rider and horse having to go around the course without refusing or knocking down any jumps while also staying within the time allowed. If the horse/rider combination completes the first round successfully, then they move on to the second round, called the "jump-off". In a jump-off, the rider needs to plan ahead of time because they need to be very speedy and also not have any faults. The jump-off has fewer jumps than the first round but is usually much more difficult. To win this round, the rider has to be the quickest while still not refusing or knocking down any jumps. In most competitions, the penalties for knocking a pole down is four per pole. This is then added to any time penalties that have occurred


title: Show jumping

text: Show jumping is a relatively new equestrian sport. Until the Inclosure Acts, which came into force in England in the 18th century, there had been little need for horses to jump fences routinely, but with this act of Parliament came new challenges for those who followed fox hounds. The Inclosure Acts brought fencing and boundaries to many parts of the country as common ground was dispersed amongst separate owners. This meant that those wishing to pursue their sport now needed horses that were capable of jumping these obstacles.


title: Show jumping

text: In the early horse shows held in France, there was a parade of competitors who then took off across country for the jumping. This sport was, however, not popular with spectators since they could not follow to watch the jumping. Thus, it was not long before fences began to appear in an arena for the competitions. This became known as "Lepping". 1869 was the year ‘horse leaping’ came to prominence at Dublin horse show. Fifteen years later, "Lepping" competitions were brought to Britain and by 1900 most of the more important shows had "Lepping" classes. Separate classes were held for women riding sidesaddle.


title: Show jumping

text: At this time, the principal cavalry schools of Europe at Pinerolo and Tor-di-Quinto in Italy, the French school in Saumur, and the Spanish school in Vienna all preferred to use a very deep seat with long stirrups when jumping. While this style of riding may have felt more secure for the rider, it also impeded the freedom of the horse to use its body to the extent needed to clear large obstacles.


title: Show jumping

text: An Italian riding instructor, Captain Federico Caprilli, heavily influenced the world of jumping with his ideas promoting a forward position with shorter stirrups. This style placed the rider in a position that did not interfere with the balance of the horse while negotiating obstacles. This style, now known as the forward seat, is commonly used today. The deep, Dressage-style seat, while useful for riding on the flat and in conditions where control of the horse is of greater importance than freedom of movement, is less suitable for jumping.


title: Show jumping

text: The first major show jumping competition held in England was at Olympia in 1907. Most of the competitors were members of the military and it became clear at this competition and in the subsequent years, that there was no uniformity of rules for the sport. Judges marked on their own opinions. Some marked according to the severity of the obstacle and others marked according to style. Before 1907 there were no penalties for a refusal and the competitor was sometimes asked to miss the fence to please the spectators. The first courses were built with little imagination, many consisting of only a straight bar fence and a water jump. A meeting was arranged in 1923 which led to the formation of the BSJA in 1925. In the United States, a similar need for national rules for jumping and other equestrian activities led to the formation of the American Horse Shows Association in 1917, which now is known as the United States Equestrian Federation.


title: Show jumping

text: An early form of show jumping first was incorporated into the Olympic Games in 1900. Show jumping in its current format appeared in 1912 and has thrived ever since, its recent popularity due in part to its suitability as a spectator sport that is well adapted for viewing on television.


title: Show jumping

text: Water jumps were once at least 15 feet (5 m) wide, although the water often had drained out of them by the time the last competitor jumped. High jumping would start with a pole at around five feet high, but this was later abandoned since many horses went under the pole. It was for this reason that more poles were added and fillers came into use. Time penalties were not counted until 1917.


title: Show jumping

text: Rules have evolved since then, with different national federations having different classes and rules. The international governing body for most major show jumping competitions is the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI). The two most common types of penalties are jumping penalties and time penalties.


title: Show jumping

text: Show jumping competitors use a very forward style of English saddle, most often the "close contact" design, which has a forward flap and a seat and cantle that is flatter than saddles designed for general all-purpose English riding or dressage. This construction allows greater freedom of movement for the rider when in jumping position and allows a shorter stirrup, allowing the rider to lighten the seat on the horse. Other saddles, such as those designed for dressage, are intended for riders with a deep seat, can hinder a rider over large fences, forcing them into a position that limits the horse's movement and may put the rider dangerously behind the movement of the horse.


title: Show jumping

text: At international levels, saddle pads are usually white and square in shape, allowing the pair to display a sponsorship, national flag, or breeding affiliation. In contrast, riders in show hunters and equitation often use "fitted" fleece pads that are the same shape as the saddle. Girths vary in size and type, but usually have a contour to give room for the horse's elbows, and many have belly guards to protect the underside of the horse from its shoe studs when the front legs are tightly folded under.


title: Show jumping

text: Bridles may be used with any style of cavesson noseband, and there are few rules regarding the severity of this equipment. The figure-8 cavesson is the most popular type. Bits may also vary in severity, and competitors may use any bit, or even a "bitless bridle" or a mechanical hackamore. The ground jury at the show has the right, however, based on veterinary advice, to refuse a bit or bridling scheme if it could cause harm to the horse.


title: Show jumping

text: Boots and wraps are worn by almost all horses, due to the fact that they may easily injure their legs when landing or when making tight turns at speed. Open-fronted tendon boots usually are worn on the forelegs, because they provide protection for the delicate tendons that run down the back of the leg, but still allow the horse to feel a rail should it get careless and hang its legs. Fetlock boots are sometimes seen on the rear legs, primarily to prevent the horse from hitting itself on tight turns. However, dressage horses are forbidden from wearing boots or wraps during competition or tests, due to the formality of dressage there are extended regulations on tack.


title: Show jumping

text: Martingales are very common, especially on horses used at the Grand Prix level. The majority of jumpers are ridden in running martingales since these provide the most freedom over fences. Although a standing martingale (a strap connecting directly to the horse's noseband) is commonly seen on show hunters and may be helpful in keeping a horse from throwing its head up, it also may be quite dangerous in the event of a stumble, restricting a horse from using its head to regain its balance. For this reason, standing martingales are not used in show jumping or eventing. Breastplates also are common, used to keep the saddle in place as the horse goes over large fences.


title: Show jumping

text: Rider attire may be somewhat less formal than that used in hunter riding. An approved ASTM/SEI equestrian helmet with a harness is always required, however, and is a practical necessity to protect the rider's head in the event of a fall. Tall boots are required, usually black. Spurs are optional, but commonly used. Breeches are traditional in color, usually white, tan, or beige. At approved competitions, depending on sanctioning organization, a dark-colored coat usually is worn (although under the rules of the USEF tweed or wash jackets are allowed in the summer and lighter colors are currently in fashion), with a light-colored (usually white) ratcatcher-style shirt and either a choker or stock tie. In hot summer weather, many riders wear a simple short-sleeved "polo" style shirt with helmet, boots and breeches, and even where coats are required, the judges may waive the coat rule in extremely hot weather. Gloves, usually black, are optional, as is the plaiting of the horse's mane and tail.


title: Show jumping

text: At FEI Grand Prix levels, dress is more strictly controlled. Riders must wear white or light-colored shirts, white ties or chokers, black or brown boots, white or light fawn breeches, and red or black jackets. Members of the military, police forces, and national studs, however, retain the right to wear their service uniforms instead of FEI-prescribed dress. In some circumstances, members of international teams may wear jackets in their country's respective colors or add national insignia.


title: Show jumping

text: Show jumping fences often are colorful, sometimes very elaborate and artistic in design, particularly at the highest levels of competition. Fences are designed to break away if stuck by the horse, both to simplify scoring, but also for safety, particularly to prevent falls by the horse. Types of jumps used include the following:


title: Show jumping

text: At international level competitions that are governed by FEI rules, fence heights begin at . Other competition levels are given different names in different nations, but are based primarily on the height and spread of fences


title: Show jumping

text: In Germany, competition levels are denoted by the letters E, A, L, M, S, and correspond to heights ranging from 0.80 to 1.55 meters.


title: Show jumping

text: A show jumper must have the scope and courage to jump large fences as well as the athletic ability to handle the sharp turns and bursts of speed necessary to navigate the most difficult courses. Many breeds of horses have been successful show jumpers, and even some grade horses of uncertain breeding have been champions. Most show jumpers are tall horses, over , usually of Warmblood or Thoroughbred breeding, though horses as small as have been on the Olympic teams of various nations and carried riders to Olympic and other international medals. There is no correlation between the size of a horse and its athletic ability, nor do tall horses necessarily have an advantage when jumping. Nonetheless, a taller horse may make a fence appear less daunting to the rider.


title: Show jumping

text: Ponies also compete in show jumping competitions in many countries, usually in classes limited to youth riders, defined as those under the age of 16 or 18 years, depending on the sanctioning organization. Pony-sized horses may, on occasion, compete in open competition with adult riders. The most famous example was Stroller, who only stood but was nonetheless an Individual silver medal winner and part of the Great Britain show jumping team in the 1968 Summer Olympics, jumping one of the few clean rounds in the competition. Significant jumpers from the United States are included in the Show Jumping Hall of Fame.


title: Airport 1975

text: Airport 1975 (also known as Airport '75) is a 1974 American air disaster film and the first sequel to the successful 1970 film "Airport". It was directed by Jack Smight, produced by William Frye, executive produced by Jennings Lang, and written by Don Ingalls. The film stars Charlton Heston, Karen Black, George Kennedy and Gloria Swansonas a fictionalized version of herselfin her final film role.


title: Airport 1975

text: The plot concerns the dramatic events aboard an airborne Boeing 747 when a small aircraft crashes into the cockpit, causing the fatalities of senior crew and the blinding of the pilot, leaving no one aboard qualified to take the controls. "Airport 1975" was the seventh highest-grossing movie of 1974 at the US and Canada box office.


title: Airport 1975

text: Columbia Airlines Flight 409 is a Boeing 747-100 on a red-eye flight from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport, while Scott Freeman is a businessman flying his private Beechcraft Baron to a sales meeting in Boise, Idaho. However, an occluded front has the entire West Coast of the United States socked in, with Columbia 409 and Freeman's Beechcraft both diverted to Salt Lake City International Airport.


title: Airport 1975

text: Salt Lake air traffic control assigns Columbia 409 to land ahead of Freeman's Beechcraft. As Columbia 409 is about to start its descent, First Officer Urias unlocks himself from his seat to check out a vibration. Just then, Freeman suffers a heart attack and uncontrollably ascends into the approach of Columbia 409. The Beechcraft slams into Columbia 409 just above the co-pilot seat, ripping a hole through which Urias is ejected from the jet, while killing the flight engineer and sending debris that blinds the jet's pilot, Captain Stacy. Stacy is able to engage the autopilot and the altitude hold switch before losing consciousness. Nancy Pryor, the First Stewardess, rushes to the flight deck.


title: Airport 1975

text: Nancy informs the Salt Lake control tower on the status of the cockpit crew, and that there is no one to fly the plane, while also giving an assessment of the damage. Joe Patroni, Columbia's Vice President of Operations, is apprised of Columbia 409's situation. He seeks the advice of Captain Al Murdock, Columbia's chief flight instructor, who also happens to be Nancy's boyfriend, though their relationship was "on the rocks" at that time.


title: Airport 1975

text: Patroni and Murdock take the airline's executive jet to Salt Lake. En route, they communicate with Nancy, learning that the autopilot is keeping the aircraft in level flight, but it is inoperable for turns. The jet is heading into the mountains of the Wasatch Range, so Murdock starts to guide Nancy by radio on how to perform the turn when radio communications are interrupted and the Salt Lake tower is unable to restore contact.


title: Airport 1975

text: Unable to turn, leaking fuel and dodging the mountain peaks, an air-to-air rescue attempt is undertaken from an HH-53 helicopter flown by the US Air Force Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service. While a replacement pilot is preparing to be extended on a tether from the helicopter to Columbia 409, Stacy is able to give a cryptic clue regarding the decrease in airspeed during a climb in altitude. Nancy realizes that she must accelerate to be able to climb over the mountains and successfully does so. After Columbia 409 has leveled off, the replacement pilot is released towards the stricken airliner. Just as Nancy is helping him in, the release cord from his harness becomes caught in the jagged metal surrounding the hole in the cockpit. Before he can climb in, his harness is released from the tether and he falls from the aircraft.


title: Airport 1975

text: The only other person on the helicopter who can land a 747 is Murdock. He is tethered to the helicopter, lowered to the jet, and successfully enters it through the hole in the cockpit. He then lands the plane safely at Salt Lake City International Airport. However, he is forced to make high speed taxiing maneuvers, as a drop in brake pressure hampers his efforts to stop. Once the plane stops, the flight attendants successfully conduct an emergency evacuation of the passengers via the evacuation slides, as Nancy and Murdock reconcile.


title: Airport 1975

text: In addition, NFL player and future (1980, 1984) Super Bowl-winning quarterback Jim Plunkett has an uncredited cameo as himself.


title: Airport 1975

text: "Airport 1975" used a Boeing 747-123 (s/n 20390. Registration N9675), rented from American Airlines when it was temporarily taken out of passenger service at the start of American's restructuring away from the fleet of Boeing jumbo jets in mid-1974. The aircraft was leased to Trans Mediterranean Airways briefly in 1976, before returning and being converted into an "American Freighter" variant. In 1984, the aircraft was sold to UPS, where it continued to serve as a freighter for over 20 years before being retired to desert storage in 2005 (and scrapped in 2011).


title: Airport 1975

text: The film was shot on location at Salt Lake City International Airport. Aerials shots over Heber City, Utah and the Wasatch Mountains are included.


title: Airport 1975

text: As Sister Ruth, Helen Reddy performs a solo acoustic version of her song "Best Friend" (originally on her 1971 debut album "I Don't Know How to Love Him") to an ailing Linda Blair. The song was written by Reddy and Ray Burton, who also co-wrote her hit single "I Am Woman".


title: Airport 1975

text: "Airport 1975" was a massive commercial success. In its first week of release from 144 theatres, it grossed $2,737,995. With a budget of $3 million, the film grossed $47.3 million in the United States and Canada at the box office, making it the seventh highest-grossing film of 1974 and the year's third highest-grossing disaster film, behind "The Towering Inferno" and "Earthquake". The film grossed $55.7 million internationally for a worldwide total of $103 million.


title: Airport 1975

text: Critical reception was mainly unfavorable, with "The New Yorker" magazine's film critic Pauline Kael calling the picture "cut-rate swill," "produced on a TV-movie budget by mercenary businessmen." Kael also thought the audio problems gave Karen Black's voice a metallic sound that was grating and that the main character, a stewardess, was constantly being patronized by men. Roger Ebert was less condemnatory, awarding two-and-a-half stars out of four and describing it as "corny escapism," although he made a similar observation about Black's character - that she is made to seem incompetent simply because she is a woman. Gene Siskel also gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, calling the collision scene "both a surprise and well executed," but the scenes afterward "both implausible and dull." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called the film "silly" and suffering from "a total lack of awareness of how comic it is when it's attempting to be most serious." Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote "Whatever its flaws, 'Airport' generated plenty of suspense and was lots of fun; 'Airport 1975' is too much a rehash to seem anything but mechanical and finally silly in its predictability." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" stated, "It may get by at the box-office, but it's a hasty, superfluous job of formula moviemaking." David McGillivray of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote that "despite a sterling performance from Karen Black, convincingly petrified as the stewardess expected to negotiate the plane through the mountains, the tension never coalesces." "Airport 1975" currently holds a 29% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews.


title: Airport 1975

text: "Airport 1975" was included in the book "The Fifty Worst Films of All Time" published in 1978. The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John J.B. Wilson's book "The Official Razzie Movie Guide" as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.


title: Airport 1975

text: This is one among many of a class of disaster films that became a popular craze during the 1970s. Its plot devices and characterizations, including a singing nun (Helen Reddy), a former glamorous star (Gloria Swanson as herself), an alcoholic (Myrna Loy), a child in need of an organ transplant (Linda Blair) and a chatterbox (Sid Caesar) were parodied in 1980's "Airplane!" and on "The Carol Burnett Show" as "Disaster '75".


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: The Madcap Laughs is the debut solo album by the English singer-songwriter Syd Barrett. It was recorded after Barrett had left Pink Floyd in April 1968. The album had a chequered recording history, with work beginning in mid-1968, but the bulk of the sessions taking place between April and July 1969, for which five different producers were credited − including Barrett, Peter Jenner (1968 sessions), Malcolm Jones (early-to-mid-1969 sessions), and fellow Pink Floyd members David Gilmour and Roger Waters (mid-1969 sessions). Among the guest musicians are Willie Wilson from Gilmour's old band Jokers Wild and several members of Soft Machine.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: "The Madcap Laughs", released in January 1970 on Harvest in the UK but not released in the US until 1974, enjoyed minimal commercial success on release, reaching number 40 on the UK's official albums chart. It was re-released in 1974 as part of "Syd Barrett" (which contained "The Madcap Laughs" and "Barrett"), which saw the first US issue of the two LPs. The album was remastered and reissued in 1993, along with Barrett's other albums, "Barrett" (1970) and "Opel" (1988), independently and as part of the "Crazy Diamond" box set. A newly remastered version was released in 2010.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: In the second half of 1967 and through to early 1968, when still part of Pink Floyd, Barrett's behaviour became increasingly erratic and unpredictable. Many report having seen him on stage with the group during this period, strumming on one chord through an entire concert or not playing at all. In August 1967, Pink Floyd were forced to cancel their appearance at the prestigious National Jazz and Blues Festival, informing the music press that Barrett was suffering from nervous exhaustion. Band manager Peter Jenner and bassist Roger Waters arranged for Barrett to see a psychiatrist (an appointment he failed to attend), while a stay on the Spanish island of Formentera with Sam Hutt, a doctor well established in the underground music scene, led to no visible improvement in Barrett's behaviour. A few dates in September were followed by the band's first tour of the United States. At this point, Barrett's condition grew steadily worse. At a show at The Fillmore in San Francisco, during a performance of "Interstellar Overdrive", Barrett slowly detuned his guitar; the audience seemed to enjoy such antics, unaware of the rest of the band's consternation. Sometime in October, Jenner transferred tapes of "In the Beechwoods", two takes of "Vegetable Man", and a 5-minute backing track called "No Title", which Jenner hoped Barrett would finish eventually.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: Around Christmas 1967, guitarist David Gilmour, an old friend of Barrett's from Cambridge, was asked by the other members of Pink Floyd to join as a second guitarist, initially not to replace Barrett, but cover for him, because his unpredictable behaviour prevented him from performing. For several shows Gilmour sang and played guitar while Barrett wandered around on stage, every now and then deciding to join in playing guitar and singing. Waters and fellow band members keyboardist Richard Wright and drummer Nick Mason soon grew weary of Barrett's on-stage antics and, on 26 January 1968, when Waters was driving his bandmates from London to a show at Southampton University, they all agreed to go without Barrett: according to Gilmour's recollection, one person asked, "Shall we pick Syd up?" and another said, "Let's not bother." Since Barrett had written or co-written 10 of the 11 songs on their debut album, "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn", as well as the band's three singles up to this point, the original plan was to keep him in the group as a non-touring member − in a similar arrangement to what The Beach Boys had done with Brian Wilson − but this soon proved to be unworkable. At his last rehearsal with the band, he presented a new song entitled "Have You Got It Yet?", which proved to be deliberately unplayable as the others attempted to join in, until they realised the joke of the title. On 6 April, the group officially announced that Barrett was no longer a member of Pink Floyd. Upon leaving the band, Barrett said to Melody Maker: "I suppose it was really just a matter of being a little offhand about things".


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: After Barrett left Pink Floyd in April 1968, Peter Jenner and Andrew King, from the band's management, followed suit. In May, Jenner led Barrett into EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios, on Abbey Road in northwest London, to record some solo material, only part of which would later appear on "The Madcap Laughs". Jenner thought Barrett would like to finish the tracks that Jenner transferred the previous October; Barrett on the other hand, had other plans. During these first, tentative sessions, Jenner failed to properly record any vocals at all for the tracks "Golden Hair", "Late Night", "Clowns and Jugglers" (later retitled "Octopus"), "Silas Lang", or "Lanky (Parts One and Two)". After recording had resumed in June and July, progress continued on these tracks, especially "Swan Lee", and a new, improved version of "Clowns and Jugglers" was taped at this point also. Barrett wouldn't commit to recording the track "Rhamadam" (sic) to tape properly, however.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: Although Jenner claims he got on well with the singer, he would also state that the 1968 sessions had not gone smoothly, admitting: "I had seriously underestimated the difficulties of working with him ..." Shortly after the July dates, Barrett abruptly stopped recording, breaking up with girlfriend Lindsay Corner and then going off on a drive around Britain in his Mini; he ended up in psychiatric care in Cambridge.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: By the start of 1969, a somewhat recovered Barrett decided to return to his musical career and revisit the Jenner-produced recordings. He contacted EMI, and was passed on to Malcolm Jones, then-head of EMI's new prog rock label, Harvest. After both Jenner and Norman Smith, Pink Floyd's producer at the time, declined to work on the album, Jones agreed to take on the role.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: Jones had little difficulty in persuading his boss, Roy Featherstone, and Ron White, authoriser of EMI recordings, to allow Barrett to record with the company again. In April 1969, the young executive took over the project and Barrett began working on newer material, while reworking the 1968 recordings. Jones would later explain the rationale behind EMI letting Barrett record again: "What was decided was to see what was the strength of Syd's new material, and plan accordingly. If it worked, then, O.K. we'd do an album. If not, we'd call it a day ..." In a meeting at Barrett's flat in Earls Court, unsure of Jenner's production technique, Jones asked to hear some of the previous year's tapes; Barrett played him "Swan Lee", "Late Night", "Rhamadam", "Lanky (Parts One and Two)" and "Golden Hair". Of these, "Swan Lee" had no vocals, but Jones saw potential in the song; "Late Night" did have vocals and, Jones remarked, "a certain charm"; while "Golden Hair" was "great". After the playbacks, Barrett performed several songs on guitar for Jones: "Opel" and "Clowns and Jugglers" (both attempted during the sessions with Peter Jenner), and the newly written "Terrapin" and "Love You".


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: The Jones-produced sessions commenced on 10 April 1969 at EMI's Studio 3, with that day being dedicated to going through the 1968 tapes again to see what could be improved upon. The first track to be worked on was "Swan Lee", which received vocal overdubs and a new guitar track, and several ideas for "Clowns and Jugglers" were considered; Barrett and Jones both felt that the results were superior to the previous versions. The following day, in about five hours, Barrett recorded vocal and guitar tracks for four recently recorded songs, starting with "Opel", and two old ones. Barrett and his new producer were in agreement that "Opel" was among the best of the new recordings at this time; only two complete takes of the song were taped, though, after multiple false starts. The next song attempted was "Love You", the first take of which featured a faster tempo than the officially released take 2. After "Love You", they recorded "It's No Good Trying", which was similarly completed in just a few takes. Barrett was in "great form, and very happy", Jones recalled, and "very together". During the lunch break that day, they talked about improving some of the other songs from the Jenner sessions, particularly "Golden Hair" and "Late Night", the last of which was just a backing track at this point. After returning to the studio, they worked on "Terrapin", with Barrett requiring just a single take, and added slide guitar and vocals to "Late Night".


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: The following session took place on 17 April, in Studio 2 at EMI. Jones arrived there to find that Barrett had brought in friends of his as support musicians: Jerry Shirley, drummer with Humble Pie, and Willie Wilson, Jokers Wild's drummer, although for this occasion he was playing bass. The problem with this new set-up, though, was that the songs were recorded as Barrett played them live in the studio; on the released versions, a number of them have false starts and commentaries from Barrett. The first track Barrett and his fellow musicians worked on was "No Man's Land", after Barrett had played through the song several times, to allow Shirley and Wilson to pick up the segments. Once the rehearsal was through, they went for a take, to check how the band sounded and to test the equipment from within the control room. After these tests, the band recorded three takes, the last of which became the master take for "No Man's Land"; the bass, however, was re-recorded at a later date. Playing along with Barrett wasn't easy, according to Jones: "It was a case of following him, not playing with him. They were seeing and then playing so they were always a note behind ..." Shirley said of Barrett: "He gave the impression he knew something you didn't. He had this music sort of giggle ..."


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: Next, they recorded a song that Barrett had written in a few minutes, "Here I Go", which required no overdubs at all. This session for "No Man's Land" and "Here I Go" lasted just three hours. When asked if he had any new songs for the following week's session, on 23 April, Barrett replied that he had "a weird idea I want to try out" and that other musicians would not be required. Afterwards, Barrett mentioned that he was interested in revisiting one of the Jenner tracks − "Rhamadam". On the morning of the 23rd, Barrett arrived at the studio with a cassette player, on which he had recorded motorbike sounds; these, he told Jones, were "all ready to [be] put onto the 'Rhamadam' four track". The producer described the sound quality as "terrible", an opinion that was confirmed once Barrett's player had been hooked up to a 4-track machine. Instead it was decided that Barrett should source the motorbike sounds from EMI's large sound effects library. The selection process took up to an hour, at which point Jones started to lose faith in Barrett. Later on, Barrett changed his mind and abandoned the idea.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: The session on 25 April was almost cancelled, due to Jones becoming ill from colitis. Beforehand, it had been agreed that this session would be dedicated to transferring their previously recorded, 4-track recordings onto Studio 3's newer 8-track machine, for further overdubs in later sessions. At Jones' suggestion, and despite warnings the producer had received that Barrett should not be in the studio unaccompanied, Barrett went in on his own to carry out the mixing. It had been decided that nearly all of the tracks that were recorded up to that point needed further overdubbing except for "No Man's Land" and "Here I Go". At this point, Barrett considered placing "Opel" on the album, Jones calls it among Barrett's "best and most haunting" songs. On the session for 3 May, three tracks on the album were overdubbed by Robert Wyatt, Hugh Hopper and Mike Ratledge, all members of the band Soft Machine: The three songs were "Love You", (now dropping "It's") "No Good Trying", and "Clowns and Jugglers". Even after the Soft Machine members added overdubs to "Clowns and Jugglers", Barrett wished to add bass and drums to it.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: Robert Wyatt had said that the musicians would ask "What key is that in, Syd?", to which Barrett would simply reply "Yeah" or "That's funny". During this time, Barrett also played guitar on the sessions for Soft Machine founder Kevin Ayers' debut LP, "Joy of a Toy", although his performance on "Religious Experience" was not released until the album was reissued in 2003. The next day's session had Barrett adding backwards guitar to "No Good Trying", and lead to "Terrapin" and "No Man's Land". It was around this time that Jones' involvement came to an end – during these last few sessions, Gilmour had started taking an interest in how Barrett was getting along with his album. Although Barrett had told his flatmate that he was going off "for an afternoon drive", he instead followed Pink Floyd out to Ibiza. During the trip, he asked David Gilmour for his help on the album, and, at the end of May, Malcolm Jones abandoned his production responsibilities.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: In his book "The Making of the Madcap Laughs", Jones states that "when Dave came to me and said that Syd wanted him and Roger to do the remaining parts of the album, I acquiesced". Roger Waters and David Gilmour were in the process of completing Pink Floyd's "Ummagumma" album when they got involved with "The Madcap Laughs" that July and helped Barrett finish his album − "in a two-day sprint", according to "Pink Floyd" biographer Rick Sanders. "We had very little time," Gilmour recalled in a May 2003 interview. "Syd was very difficult, we got that very frustrated feeling: Look, it's your fucking career, mate. Why don't you get your finger out and do something? The guy was in trouble, and was a close friend for many years before then, so it really was the least one could do."


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: After the first session with new producers Gilmour and Waters, on 12 June, they had remade "Clowns and Jugglers" into "Octopus", from the Soft Machine's overdubbed version; then, they re-recorded "Golden Hair", and recorded "Long Gone" and "Dark Globe". As the following day's session was dedicated to overdubbing "Octopus", this became Barrett's final session for over a month, due to a temporary halt while Gilmour and Waters mixed "Ummagumma", to Barrett's dismay, and a Floyd tour in the Netherlands. However, towards the end of July, on the 26th, they managed to record "She Took a Long Cold Look at Me", "Feel", "If It's in You", another version of "Long Gone", an attempt at a re-make of "Dark Globe", and even a medley of "She Took" / "Feel" / "If It's in You". Barrett would not allow the musicians to rehearse or to re-record their overdubs, insisting that they sounded fine. After several months of intermittent recording, the album was finally deemed complete. After the final recording sessions for the album had been completed, Gilmour and Waters mixed not just the tracks they had produced, but also the Jones tracks, in a matter of two days. Five tracks were mixed on 5 August: "Long Gone", "She Took", "Feel", "If It's in You", and "Octopus". The following day, three tracks, "Golden Hair", "Dark Globe", and "Terrapin", were mixed in just three hours. The track order was sequenced by Barrett and Gilmour on 6 October.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: "Octopus" was released as a single in November 1969 and "The Madcap Laughs" followed on 3 January 1970. The album was released by Harvest in the UK. It sold 6,000 copies in the first few months and reached number 40 in the UK and was fairly well-reviewed by music critics. "Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau, reviewing the 1974 two-LP set which included "The Madcap Laughs", praised some of the music as "funny, charming, catchy – whimsy at its best. I love most of side one, especially 'Terrapin' and 'Here I Go,'" but opined that some of the material was "worthy of the wimp-turned-acid-casualty Barrett is." Initial sales and reaction were deemed sufficient by EMI to sanction a second solo album.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: Upon release, Gilmour said: "Perhaps we were trying to show what Syd was really like. But perhaps we were trying to punish him ..." Barrett stated that "It's quite nice but I'd be very surprised if it did anything. If I were to drop dead, I don't think it would stand a stand as my last statement." Waters was more optimistic, declaring Barrett a "genius". Malcolm Jones was shocked by what he perceived as the substandard musicianship on the Gilmour and Waters-produced songs, however: "I felt angry. It's like dirty linen in public and very unnecessary and unkind ..." Barrett later said of the album: "I liked what came out, only it was released far too long after it was done. I wanted it to be a whole thing that people would listen to all the way through with everything related and balanced, the tempos and moods offsetting each other, and I hope that's what it sounds like." In a bid to increase sales, Jones wrote a letter to music magazine, Melody Maker, under an alternate name, writing how great the album was.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: On 6 June 1970, Barrett gave his one and only solo performance, held at the Kensington Olympia, backed by Gilmour and Shirley. He baffled the audience (and Gilmour and Shirley) when he abruptly took off his guitar after the fourth number and walked off stage. They played "Terrapin", "Gigolo Aunt", "Effervescing Elephant", and "Octopus". From the start of the performance up to (but not including) "Octopus", the vocals were near-inaudible. The performance has been bootlegged.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: Several notable musicians and bands have listed "The Madcap Laughs" as one of their favourite albums of all time: they include David Bowie, Genesis P-Orridge, Kavus Torabi, Jennifer Herrema, Viv Albertine, Cosey Fanni Tutti, Hey Colossus, Graham Coxon, Pete Astor, King Buzzo, John Frusciante, Will Hodgkinson, John Maus, and many others.


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: For the album cover, Barrett painted the floor of his bedroom in Wetherby Mansions, orange and purple. with the help of the nude woman appearing on the back of the record sleeve, who was an acquaintance of his, Indian born, of English and Mizo parentage, Evelyn Rose, better known by the misnomers "Iggy the Eskimo" and "Iggy the Inuit". Photographer Mick Rock says, "When I arrived for "The Madcap Laughs" photo session, Syd was still in his underpants. His lady friend of two weeks, 'Iggy the Eskimo', was naked in the kitchen." Iggy met Barrett in March 1969, through Barrett's then-girlfriend, Jenny Spires. Barrett had moved into Wetherby Mansions, and Jenny took Iggy there one evening. Iggy stayed on at the flat when Jenny left for The States a couple of weeks later. Iggy didn't know who Barrett was or that he was previously in Pink Floyd. Iggy heard Barrett play several songs that would later appear on the album, one being "Terrapin", which she called "quite catchy". In October 2010 she was interviewed, revealing that her name was Evelyn. The album was designed by Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis. The original sleeve featured no musician credits, barring producer credit; later issues contain musician credits. On the original release, track 10 is listed as "She Took a Long Cold Look", although on the 2010 remaster the track is re-titled to "She Took a Long Cool Look", in similar vein to "An Introduction to Syd Barrett".


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: As part of Harvest Records's "Harvest Heritage" series of reissues − and to capitalise on the breakthrough commercial success of Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon" − "The Madcap Laughs" was re-released in September 1974 as record one of a double album, record two being Barrett's second and last solo album, "Barrett". (The cover of the double album was also designed by Storm Thorgerson.) In 1993, "The Madcap Laughs" (along with "Barrett" and "Opel") was reissued both independently and as part of the "Crazy Diamond" Barrett box set, on 26 April 1993. A remastered version was released in 2010. For release on "An Introduction to Syd Barrett" in 2010, Gilmour laid down a new bass track to "Here I Go", and remixed "Octopus" and "She Took a Long Cold Look".


title: The Madcap Laughs

text: All songs written by Syd Barrett, except "Golden Hair" (music by Barrett, based on a poem by James Joyce). All track info taken from album booklet.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Same-sex marriage is legally recognized and performed or pending throughout Mexico. Since August 2010, same-sex marriages performed anywhere within Mexico have been recognized by the 31 states without exception, and fundamental spousal rights (such as alimony payments, inheritance rights, and the coverage of spouses by the federal social security system) have also applied to same-sex couples across the country. As of , marriage in Guerrero is only available in certain municipalities, with statewide legislation pending.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Only civil marriages are recognized by Mexican law, and all proceedings fall under state legislation. In June 2015, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation ruled that state bans on same-sex marriage violate the federal constitution. The court's ruling is considered a "jurisprudential thesis" and did not invalidate any state laws, but required judges and courts throughout Mexico to approve all applications for same-sex marriages, and any marriage law that that was changed and did not recognize same-sex marriage would be declared unconstitutional and invalidated.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: By 26 October 2022, all Mexican states and Mexico City had legalized same-sex marriage, either by legislation (pending in a few cases), executive action, or Supreme Court order. However, marital rights are not necessarily equal when it comes to adoption: Only 21 of the 31 Mexican states and Mexico City permit same-sex married couples to adopt, despite "married" couples being able to adopt.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Same-sex civil unions (, ) are legally performed in Mexico City and in the states of Campeche, Coahuila, Michoacán, Tlaxcala and Veracruz. From 2013 to 2016, they were also performed in the state of Colima, but were replaced by same-sex marriage legislation. They were also performed in Jalisco beginning in 2014, but the law was struck down on procedural grounds in 2018.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 9 November 2006, after several years of consideration, the Legislative Assembly of Mexico City approved a civil union law called "Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia". It was the first such law in Mexico, soon followed by the northern state of Coahuila in January 2007.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In late November 2009, the leading party in the Legislative Assembly of Mexico City, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), announced that it was introducing an amendment to the Civil Code to legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico City, a project endorsed by the local Head of Government, Marcelo Ebrard, but strongly opposed by the second-largest political force in the country, the right-of-center National Action Party (PAN) and the Roman Catholic Church. The bill found support from over 600 non-governmental organizations, including the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) and Amnesty International. On 21 December 2009, Mexico City became the first Latin American jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage. The law became effective on 4 March 2010. On 5 August 2010, the Supreme Court voted 8–2 to uphold the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law. The Court later ruled on 10 August 2010 that Mexico City marriages are valid throughout the entire country.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 28 November 2011, the first two same-sex marriages occurred in Quintana Roo after discovering that the state's Civil Code did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage, but these marriages were later annulled by the Governor of Quintana Roo in April 2012. In May 2012, the Secretary of State of Quintana Roo reversed the annulments and allowed for future same-sex marriages to be performed in the state.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: A 2012 Oaxaca case was pivotal in opening the door to legal same-sex marriage in every state in Mexico, through the "recurso de amparo" process. Using international decisions, whose verdicts serve as legal precedent in Mexican courts, such as the protections in the "Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile" case, the U.S. cases "Loving v. Virginia" and "Brown v. Board of Education" and Mexico's own anti-discrimination laws, the Supreme Court ruled on 5 December 2012 that: 1) Laws limiting marriage to one man and one woman, or for the purposes of perpetuating the species, violate federal law requiring that they "correspond to all persons without any distinction" and 2) That such laws are unconstitutional on the basis of discrimination by sexual orientation and usurpation of the right, not only of the individual but also the couple's right, to form a family. The ruling did not directly overturn the impugned laws, but established that marriages obtained by injunction ("amparo") can be performed in any state, regardless of whether the state Civil Code has been changed.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: A landmark decision, issued on 29 January 2014, was the first injunction for marriage recognition in Puebla. The case involved a same-sex couple who legally married in Mexico City in 2012 and filed for spousal benefits with the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) in the state of Puebla, but were denied. Because the complainant died during the injunction process, a lower court had dismissed the case, but the Supreme Court granted the injunction and ordered recognition of the marriage by both the state of Puebla and the IMSS. The injunction required IMSS to extend benefits it offered to married heterosexual couples to same-sex couples anywhere in Mexico who are married or in civil unions.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: A ruling by the Supreme Court on 12 June 2015 stated that state bans on same-sex marriage violate Articles 1 and 4 of the Constitution of Mexico. The court's ruling is considered a "jurisprudential thesis" and did not invalidate any state laws, meaning same-sex couples denied the right to wed would still have to seek individual injunctions in court. The ruling standardized the procedures for judges and courts throughout Mexico to approve all applications for same-sex marriages, and made the approval mandatory. The ruling was published in the country's Judicial Gazette on 19 June 2015 and became binding on 22 June 2015. Some have suggested the ruling "effectively legalizes" same-sex marriage in Mexico, though without legislative change, civil registrars are still bound to follow state laws. Indeed, the Supreme Court does not have the legal power to strike down all the states' same-sex marriage bans. It can only do so one at a time and under specific circumstances.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 20 December 2015, the National Human Rights Commission submitted a general recommendation to all state executive and legislative bodies, requesting them to allow same-sex marriages in their jurisdictions. The Commission considers differentiated marriage constructions for same-sex couples (such as civil unions) to be discriminatory.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 17 May 2016, President Enrique Peña Nieto announced he had signed an initiative to amend Article 4 of the Constitution to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide. Any amendment to the Constitution requires support of at least a two-thirds majority in Congress and ratification by a simple majority of the 31 states. He also submitted a bill to make appropriate changes in the Civil Code. Chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Issues of the Chamber of Deputies, Daniel Ordoñez Hernández, announced in June 2016 that the President's initiative would be debated by the committee later in the year. Ordoñez also said that 47,000 letters expressing opposition to the initiative were received though none of them were signed. On 9 November 2016, the committee rejected the initiative by 19 votes to 8.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 30 November 2016, the Supreme Court unanimously declared that six articles of the "Law of the Institute of Social Security and Social Services of State Workers" (ISSSTE; ) were unconstitutional because they discriminated against same-sex couples. The Court found that the wording of articles 6, 39, 40, 131 and 135, and sections I and II of the ISSSTE Act violated the rights of same-sex couples to affiliate as beneficiaries of the institute, and thus, those articles violate the principle of equality and non-discrimination established in Articles 1 and 123 of the Constitution. A further ruling issued by the Supreme Court holding that same-sex couples in Mexico have a nationwide right to establish and maintain a family life, whether through procreation, adoption or other means derived from scientific advances, took effect on 30 January 2017.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The 2018 general elections resulted in the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a left-wing party that supports same-sex marriage, winning the majority or plurality of legislative seats in 13 states where same-sex marriage was not legal at the time. MORENA along with the Labor Party also won an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. In October 2018, shortly after the beginning of the new legislative term, PRD Senator Juan Zepeda Hernández introduced a draft proposal to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide in Mexico. On 18 December 2019, the ruling party introduced a constitutional amendment to legalize same-sex marriage at the federal level, upgrade civil unions to marriage, and require all states to adjust their laws correspondingly within three months of passage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In September 2018, MORENA Senator Germán Martínez introduced a draft proposal to codify certain court rulings pertaining to the legal rights of same-sex couples into law, namely social security benefits and the right to a widow or widower's pension. On 6 November 2018, the Senate unanimously (110–0) approved the bill, and it unanimously (415–0) passed the Chamber of Deputies later that month. The bill was gazetted on 29 November 2018.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 19 October 2018, a federal court ruled that Mexico must recognize same-sex marriages performed in Mexican consulates and embassies abroad as long as one partner is a Mexican citizen. The plaintiffs in the case, activist Daniel Berezowsky Ramirez and Jaime Chavez Alor, married at the Mexican consulate in New York City on 26 November. In late November, Senator Ricardo Monreal introduced a bill to Congress to allow same-sex marriages in Mexican consulates without the need for couples to obtain a court injunction. On 16 May 2019, the Secretary of Foreign Relations issued a decree authorizing same-sex marriages in Mexican consulates.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The Constitution of Mexico does not explicitly define nor ban same-sex marriage. The Constitution does contain various articles protecting the "integrity of the family" and the "fraternity and equality of rights of all" and forbidding "any form of discrimination, based on [...] sexual orientation, marital status, [...] which violates the human dignity or seeks to annul or diminish the rights and freedoms of the people". For these reasons, the Supreme Court has ruled that banning same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Article 4 provides that men and women have an equal right to marry, and states that "the law shall protect the organization and development of the family."


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The activist group "México Igualitario" is pursuing a legal strategy to win same-sex marriage state-by-state through court action. When a court in Mexico rules that an existing law is unconstitutional in five separate and consecutive "amparos", using identical language in each ruling, this creates jurisprudence against that law and bounds the state legislatures to change the law. This process is called "recurso de amparo". When a same-sex couple is denied the right to marry, they can file an "amparo" with a court to request that they be allowed to legally marry. Since 2015, the courts have been obliged to rule in favor of same-sex couples seeking marriage certificates. An amparo may be invoked when a person feels their rights have been violated. The process is not expensive, but is "time-consuming". The English word "injunction" can be used to refer to amparos. Despite the legal requirement for the states to legalize same-sex marriage after 5 "amparo" rulings, this has often not been followed through. In Chihuahua, prior to the legalization of same-sex marriage there in 2015, almost 20 injunctions were carried out. Same-sex marriages by "amparo" have occurred in every state.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: An "action of unconstitutionality" () is a lawsuit seeking to determine if a certain law is unconstitutional. In Mexico, they can only be filed within 30 days after the law has come into force. As many state marriage laws in Mexico are decades-old, LGBT groups cannot file an action of unconstitutionality against these laws. However, if these laws are modified by the state legislatures, then this qualifies for an action of unconstitutionality. For instance, in 2016, the Congress of Puebla modified its marriage laws, but left intact provisions outlawing same-sex marriages. LGBT groups quickly filed an action of unconstitutionality. Actions of unconstitutionality are reviewed by the full bench of the Supreme Court. The Court decides whether these laws are constitutional, and if they are not, they are struck down and thereafter null and void. As of June 2022, six states (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Puebla, and Veracruz) have had their same-sex marriage bans struck down in this way.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 8 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the recognition of same-sex marriage. The ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and set binding precedent in other Latin American and Caribbean countries including Mexico. LGBT advocacy groups in Mexico urged the government to abide by the ruling, and fully legalize same-sex marriage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Being the seat of the Powers of the Union, Mexico City did not belong to any particular state but to all. After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect the Head of Government of Mexico City and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. For the following two decades, the center-left Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) controlled both political powers.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 24 November 2009, PRD Assemblyman David Razú proposed a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico City. Luis González Plascencia, chairman of the Human Rights Commission of Mexico City, backed the bill and said that it was up to the Legislative Assembly to consider LGBT adoption. The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), Amnesty International, the AIDS Healthcare Foundation and over 600 non-governmental organizations supported the legalization of same-sex marriage in Mexico City. The conservative National Action Party (PAN) announced it would either go to the courts to appeal the law or demand a referendum. However, a referendum on same-sex marriage was rejected by the Legislative Assembly in a 36–22 vote on 18 December 2009. On 21 December 2009, the Legislative Assembly legalized same-sex marriage (39–20) in Mexico City. The bill changed the definition of marriage in the city's Civil Code from "a free union between a man and a woman" to "a free union between two people." The law grants same-sex couples the same rights as opposite-sex couples, including adopting children. PAN vowed to challenge the law in the courts. On 29 December 2009, Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard signed the bill into law, which became effective on 4 March 2010. On 5 August, the Supreme Court voted 8–2 to uphold the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law. The Court further ruled on 10 August 2010 that Mexico City marriages are valid throughout the country.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: From 2014 onwards, multiple same-sex marriage, concubinage and civil union bills were proposed in Aguascalientes, though all of them stalled in Congress due to inaction from the ruling National Action Party.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: An action of unconstitutionality was filed in 2018 by the State Human Rights Commission of Aguascalientes, challenging articles 143, 144 and 313bis of the Civil Code, which limited marriage to opposite-sex couples to "perpetuate the species". On 2 April 2019, the full bench of the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the state's same-sex marriage ban was discriminatory against same-sex couples and unconstitutional. The ruling went into effect upon publication in the "Official Gazette of the Federation" on 16 August 2019. The Civil Registry had already begun issuing same-sex marriage certificates prior to this date, however.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 23 August 2010, shortly after the ruling of the Supreme Court requiring all states to recognise same-sex marriages validly performed in other states, state legislators introduced an amendment to article 7 of the Constitution of Baja California, adding the definition of marriage as being "the union of a man and a woman". On 29 September 2010, the Congress of Baja California voted 18–1 in favor of the amendment, and after approval by municipalities, it was published on 27 May 2011. On 13 November 2014, the Supreme Court of Mexico ruled that the state's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: A bill was introduced to the Baja California Congress on 12 February 2015 to legalize same-sex marriage in the state by changing article 7 of the state Constitution. However, the legislation was stalled for years by opponents of same-sex marriage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 3 November 2017, the Government of Baja California announced that it would cease to enforce its same-sex marriage ban and that the Civil Registry will begin accepting applications for marriage licenses by same-sex couples.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The Congress of Baja California passed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage by a vote of 18–4 on 16 June 2021. The bill modified the Constitution to remove the ban on same-sex marriage added back in 2011. The amendment entered into force on 17 July 2021 after three of Baja California's six municipalities ratified it and the three others were deemed to have accepted it by taking no action ahead of the 30-day time period to consider the amendment. The amendment took effect on 9 August, one day after being published in the government gazette.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: A same-sex marriage bill was first proposed in Baja California Sur on 9 April 2010 by the organization "La Comunidad Sudcaliforniana en Diversidad Sexual". No action was taken by the state Congress. The July 2018 elections resulted in the National Regeneration Movement and other supportive parties winning a majority of legislative seats in Congress. On 27 June 2019, the state Congress approved a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in a 14–5 vote with one abstention. It was signed by Governor Carlos Mendoza Davis the same day and published in the official journal on 28 June 2019. The law took effect the following day. The congress of Baja California Sur passed a bill allowing same-sex couples to adopt on 16 November 2022.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In April 2016, Campeche Governor Alejandro Moreno Cárdenas submitted a same-sex marriage bill to Congress, which was approved on 10 May 2016. The law was published in the official state gazette on 16 May 2016 and came into effect on 20 May 2016. Campeche became the seventh state to allow same-sex marriage without the need for a court order.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 6 April 2016, an action of unconstitutionality was filed with the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled, in a 9–2 decision, on 11 July 2017 that the heterosexual definition of marriage in the Civil Code was unconstitutional, legalizing same-sex marriage in Chiapas and eliminating the need for an court injunction. The ruling came into effect upon publication in the Official Gazette of the Federation on 11 May 2018. Nonetheless, the Civil Registry began accepting marriage applications from same-sex couples from 30 October 2017, and same-sex couples have been able to marry since that date.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: As of June 2022, a bill to codify same-sex marriage into the state Civil Code is pending in the state congress.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 11 June 2015, Governor César Duarte Jáquez announced the state would no longer prevent same-sex marriages, making Chihuahua the fourth jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage. Duarte Jáquez announced that licenses would be available by 12 June 2015. On 16 June 2015, the president of the state Congress announced that it would debate the legal codification of the executive decision. Additionally, according to the state National System for Integral Family Development, same-sex couples are allowed to adopt jointly in Chihuahua.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In February 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the state's Civil Code was unconstitutional because it has not yet been modified to reflect the legalization of same-sex marriage. The Supreme Court ordered the state Congress to change its Civil Code within 90 days. However, the Congress refused to do so. In October 2018, the 10th District Court ruled that should the Congress fail to update its laws "soon", it would hold legislators in contempt and order their dismissal from office.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The legalization of same-sex civil unions in Coahuila had started to be discussed as early as November 2006, simultaneously with the discussion then ongoing in Mexico City. On 11 January 2007, the state Congress legalized same-sex civil unions under the name "pacto civil de solidaridad", which gave property and inheritance rights to same-sex couples. Twenty days after the law had passed, the country's first same-sex civil union took place in Saltillo. It was between 29-year-olds Karina Almaguer and Karla Lopez, a lesbian couple from Tamaulipas.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 5 March 2013, Congressman Samuel Acevedo Flores, from the Social Democratic Party, introduced a bill to the Congress of Coahuila to legalize same-sex marriages and adoption by same-sex couples. On 11 February 2014, Congress approved the adoption bill and passed the same-sex marriage bill on 1 September 2014. It took effect on 17 September, and the first couple married on 20 September.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In July 2009, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) introduced a formal initiative to legalize civil unions in the western state of Colima. Nevertheless, the following month, the local Congress decided not to take up the initiative, following widespread opposition from right-wing groups. In December 2009, Governor Mario Anguiano Moreno agreed to discuss the legalization of civil unions and adoption by same-sex couples.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 4 July 2013, the state Congress approved a new form of union called "enlace conyugal" (conjugal bond) for same-sex couples, which according to Deputy Martín Flores Castañeda grants the same rights and obligations as marriage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: A bill to legalize same-sex marriage in the state was unanimously approved by the Congress of Colima on 25 May 2016. The bill was passed 24 to 0. The existing same-sex civil union law was repealed simultaneously. The same-sex marriage law was published in the state's official gazette on 11 June 2016 and came into effect on 12 June 2016. The new law allows couples who previously contracted civil unions before the legislation was repealed to have them recognized by the state or converted to a marriage. It also allows same-sex couples to adopt children jointly.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Same-sex marriage became legal in Durango state on 19 September 2022, with a decree from the state governor.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In September 2013, PRD Deputy Israel Soto Peña introduced a bill to legalize same sex marriage in the state. On 10 April 2014, the bill was rejected on the basis that it would not sufficiently address the legal changes necessary to correct the Civil Code. In May, Soto Peña announced that he would revamp the initiative and resubmit it, which he did on 1 November 2014.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 10 February 2016, the Justice Commission of the Congress of Durango approved a draft bill to legalize same-sex marriage in the state. However, the bill's plenary discussion was postponed for 6 months to organize discussions on the matter and to inform legislators on the subject before a vote. On 31 January 2017, Congress rejected the bill, in a 15–4 vote with 4 abstentions. The bill proposed by PAN was supported by both the PRD and PAN, but was opposed by the PRI.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The July 2018 elections resulted in MORENA, PRD and the Labor Party, pro-same-sex marriage parties, winning the majority of legislative seats in Durango.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In July 2022 a federal judge ordered the Durango Congress to consider an abandoned same-sex-marriage bill in their next session, due to the critical number of amparos having been reached. The ruling does not require a particular vote, but does require legislators to go on record as to whether they will comply with the Supreme Court ruling.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 16 September 2022, the newly-elected governor Esteban Villegas Villarreal published a decree for same-sex marriage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Five days later, on 21 September 2022, the Congress of Durango voted 15-9 to pass a bill codifying the right to same-sex marriage and non-discrimination based on sexual orientation, religion, disability, or health status by marriage officiants.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Same-sex marriage became legal in Guanajuato on 20 December 2021, when government secretary Libia García Muñoz Ledo announced that the right to marry would be extended to any two people regardless of gender in strict adherence to the constitutions of Mexico and Guanajuato, precedents of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, and requirements under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In response to the first amparo approval, on 21 February 2014, the PRD introduced a bill to Congress to amend the Guanajuato Civil Code so as to allow same-sex marriages. The plan was endorsed by the PRI, but on 13 April 2015, the Justice Committee, with a majority from the state's ruling PAN party, voted 3–2 to shelve both bills citing PAN's objection to same-sex unions. On 29 April 2016, the Guanajuato City Council unanimously passed a resolution allowing a lesbian couple to marry in the municipality. Additionally, they urged Governor Miguel Márquez Márquez to change the Civil Code to allow for same-sex marriages. In October 2018, PRD Deputy Isidoro Bazaldúa Lugo introduced a same-sex marriage bill to Congress. Guanajuato is the 23rd Mexican state to approve same-sex marriage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The Congress of Guerrero passed a same-sex marriage bill on 25 October 2022, by 38-6. The bill also recognizes same-sex concubinage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: After the Supreme Court ruling went into effect on 22 June 2015, officials in Guerrero began announcing plans for a series of collective group weddings. Governor Rogelio Ortega submitted a same-sex marriage bill to Congress on 7 July 2015. Legislators complained that they would have preferred to have the bill passed before marriages took place, but it was not feasible in the available time-frame. On 10 July 2015, 20 same-sex couples were married by Governor Ortega in Acapulco. On 13 January 2016, the head of the Civil Registry of Acapulco stated that the 20 same-sex marriages that occurred on 10 July 2015 in Acapulco were void, as there was no law to permit same-sex marriage in the state. On 13 February 2016, a day before mass Valentine's Day weddings were planned statewide, the head of Guerrero's State Civil Registry department announced that same-sex couples could marry in any jurisdiction willing to marry the couples and criticised Acapulco's Civil Registry and other civil registries throughout the state for not allowing the weddings. The department head stated that same-sex marriages conducted in Guerrero would be legally valid. Some other Guerreran municipalities, such as Chilpancingo de los Bravo and Zihuatanejo de Azueta, began to marry same-sex couples. In August 2020, Acapulco announced that it would perform same-sex marriages.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: As Mexico City and Coahuila had recently legalized civil unions, a similar proposal was introduced in Hidalgo in July 2007. However, it stalled and never reached a vote. In October 2013, the Congress indicated there was not sufficient "maturity" in the society to accept same-sex marriage and that it would instead consider a conjugal partnership bill.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The 2018 elections resulted in the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) winning the majority of legislative seats in Congress. After the election, a same-sex marriage bill was introduced to the state Congress. The bill was approved on 14 May 2019 in a vote of 18–2 with 8 abstentions. Governor Omar Fayad signed the bill on 24 May. It was published in the official journal on 10 June 2019 and took effect the following day.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In April 2013, a cross-party group of deputies presented the "Free Coexistence Act" () to the state Congress. The Act established that same-sex civil unions can be performed in the state, as long as they are not considered marriages. It did not legalize adoption and mandated that civil unions be performed with a civil law notary. On 31 October 2013, the Congress of Jalisco approved the Act in a 20–15 vote, one abstained and three were absent. The law took effect on 1 January 2014. On 13 September 2018, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation struck down the law on procedural grounds.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The first same-sex marriage in the state occurred via injunction in December 2013. On 26 January 2016, the full bench of the Supreme Court unanimously declared the Civil Code unconstitutional for limiting marriage to heterosexual couples. The Jalisco State Civil Registry Directory changed all marriage licenses to gender-neutral on 22 March 2016 so that same-sex couples could already begin receiving them. On 21 April 2016, the Supreme Court ruling took effect after being printed in the "Official Gazette of the Federation".


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 12 May 2016, the Congress of Jalisco instructed all the state's municipalities to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. In June 2017, a bill removing the heterosexual definition of marriage and inserting a gender-neutral definition was introduced to Congress.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 6 April 2022, the Congress of Jalisco passed a bill codifying same-sex marriage into law, on a vote of 26–8 with 3 abstentions.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In 2008, an initiative for the legalization of civil unions was launched in the State of México, but never advanced. In 2010, a citizen's initiative to legalize same-sex marriage was presented to Congress. After three years, it had not been reviewed, so in mid-2013 PRD Deputy Octavio Martínez introduced a same-sex marriage bill. The state Governor submitted a new marriage bill, while PRD submitted a proposal to legalize same-sex adoption on 5 March 2015. Neither bill was brought to a vote.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 11 October 2022, the Congress of the State of Mexico voted 49-12 with six abstentions to pass a bill legalizing same-sex marriage and concubinage. It was published on 1 November 2022, and took effect the next day.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 27 August 2015, the Justice and Human Rights Committee announced it would enact a civil union law for same-sex couples. It was approved unanimously in a 34–0 vote by the Congress of Michoacán on 7 September 2015. The law was published on 30 September 2015 in the state's official journal.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 9 February 2016, the Justice and Human Rights Committee approved a Family Code that would allow same-sex marriage and joint adoption. It was stated that the Michoacán Congress would vote on the proposal in the coming days. However, the vote was postponed until sometime in May 2016. On 18 May 2016, the state Congress eventually approved the proposal by a vote of 27 in favor, none opposed and 8 abstentions. The law was published in the state's official diary on 22 June 2016 and came into effect on 23 June. The law allows couples to adopt children jointly.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 18 May 2016, the Congress of Morelos voted 20 to 6 to approve a constitutional change to legalize same-sex marriage. A constitutional amendment requires the ratification of at least 17 of the 33 municipalities in the state. The 33 municipalities had until 25 June 2016 to act on the amendment. At the end of the process, a total of 17 municipalities had ratified the constitutional change and 15 had voted against ratification, while 1 municipality was awarded an extra week, although the clear majority being in favor meant that same-sex marriage would become legal in the state. The law was promulgated and published in the state's official gazette on 4 July 2016. It took effect on 5 July. The state adoption agency clarified that the law shall allow same-sex couples to adopt jointly as the process is open to all spouses in Morelos.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 25 June 2015, Deputy Luis Manuel Hernández Escobedo introduced a bill allowing same-sex couples to marry and making the definition of concubinage gender-neutral. On 17 December 2015, the state Congress approved the bill in a 26–1 vote with 1 abstention. The bill was published in the official journal, following Governor Roberto Sandoval Casteñeda's signature, on 22 December 2015, and took effect the following day.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 17 June 2015, the New Alliance Party announced their intention to introduce a same-sex marriage bill. An Independent congressman announced his intention to submit his own civil union proposal with the support of the ruling PAN. On 22 June 2015, New Alliance member and Congress President, María Dolores Leal Cantú, presented the same-sex marriage bill. On 16 May 2016, the president of the Legislative Commission of the State Congress announced that the bill would be voted upon sometime in September, but this did not happen.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: An action of unconstitutionality against Nuevo León's same-sex marriage ban was filed in February 2018. On 19 February 2019, the Supreme Court declared articles 140 and 148 of the state Civil Code unconstitutional, fully legalizing same-sex marriage in Nuevo León. The ruling came into effect on 31 May 2019 upon publication in the Official Gazette of the Federation.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 26 August 2012, a federal court judge ordered the state of Oaxaca to perform same-sex marriages based on a constitutional amendment which bans discrimination based on sexual orientation. This ruling was reviewed by the Supreme Court, which issued a unanimous ruling against the ban on same-sex marriage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In July 2017, a same-sex couple was successful in getting married without first receiving a court order. From late August 2018, the Civil Registry has allowed same-sex couples to marry without the need for an amparo. However, the process took three business days, compared with two hours for opposite-sex couples.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 28 August 2019, the Congress of Oaxaca passed legislation bringing the state into line with the executive order.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 7 December 2006, a similar civil union bill to that of Mexico City was proposed in Puebla, but it faced strong opposition and criticism from deputies of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the National Action Party (PAN), who declared that "the traditional family is the only social model, and there cannot be another one." Though proposals were presented in 2011 and repeatedly introduced in successive years, no change to the law was approved by the legislatures.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 27 April 2016, an action of unconstitutionality was filed before the Supreme Court. On 1 August 2017, the Supreme Court unanimously declared same-sex marriage to be legal in Puebla, striking down the Civil Code which limited marriage to one man and one woman for the purpose of procreation, and eliminating the need for individual amparos. The ruling came into effect on 16 February 2018, after publication in the Official Diary of the Federation. Shortly after the ruling, Puebla officials confirmed that same-sex couples are allowed to adopt.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The Congress of Querétaro passed a bill to amend the state civil code to allow same-sex marriage on 22 September 2021. It will take effect upon publication in the official gazette.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 21 July 2015, the civil registrar of the municipality of Santiago de Querétaro, which comprises 46% of the state's population, announced that same-sex couples may marry in the municipality without the need for an amparo. As of January 2017, seven other municipalities in the state are marrying same-sex couples without requiring them to receive an amparo beforehand: Amealco de Bonfil, Cadereyta de Montes, Ezequiel Montes, Huimilpan, Pedro Escobedo, San Joaquín and Tolimán, comprising 60% of the state's population altogether. The state congress legalized same-sex marriage statewide on 22 September 2021.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Same-sex marriages can be performed in Quintana Roo after a decision by the state's Secretary of State. In November 2011, some public officials in the state began performing same-sex marriages after reviewing the state's Civil Code. The Civil Code of Quintana Roo does not state sex or gender requirements for marriage, only specifying "people interested in getting married". A same-sex couple filed for a marriage license in Cancún and Chetumal after discovering this legal quirk, but both cities rejected their applications, arguing that a man-woman marriage was implied. The couple then applied in Lázaro Cárdenas Municipality, where authorities accepted the application. Quintana Roo's first two same-sex marriages were held in the community of Kantunilkin on 28 November 2011. In May 2012, the Secretary of State issued a decision allowing for future same-sex marriages to be performed in Quintana Roo.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In November 2014, it was announced that a bill to officially legalize same-sex marriage in the state would be introduced and voted on in the current legislative session, thereby replacing the loophole used by couples. In May 2017, a new same-sex marriage bill was introduced to the state Congress.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 28 April 2014, a citizens' initiative to legalize same-sex marriage was submitted to the Congress of San Luis Potosí. On 8 August 2014, the Deputy Chairman of the Commission on Human Rights and Gender Equity, Miguel Maza Hernández, said that analysis of the proposal would begin. On 17 June 2015, Hernández announced the state's commitment to extending marriage to same-sex couples and stated that deliberations would happen after the June 2015 Supreme Court ruling declaring all laws against same-sex marriage unconstitutional is published in the judicial gazette. On 6 June 2016, it was announced that a special committee would study the marriage bill and vote on it within 90 days. In November 2016, the state Congress voted against the bill legalizing same-sex marriage. One PRD deputy, who mistakenly voted against the bill, announced that he would introduce a new same-sex marriage proposal in 2017.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The new bill was introduced in October 2017. It was approved by the state Congress on 16 May 2019, in a vote of 14–12, with 1 abstention and signed by the Governor on 20 May 2019.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In January 2013, the Family Code of the state of Sinaloa was changed to limit marriage or cohabitation to couples consisting of a man and a woman. Three injunctions were filed to contest the changes, but two were dismissed.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 2 September 2014, Deputy Sandra Lara launched an initiative to amend articles 40 and 165 of the Family Code and allow for same-sex marriage in the state. In February 2015, the conservative National Action Party (PAN) introduced a civil union bill which would have banned children of same-sex partners from residing with their same-sex parents. In July 2017, PAN and the New Alliance Party of Sinaloa announced their support for same-sex marriages. According to a September 2017 poll, 57% of Sinaloans supported same-sex marriage. The July 2018 elections resulted in MORENA, a pro-same-sex marriage party, winning the majority of legislative seats in Sinaloa.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 25 November 2016, the Supreme Court issued its fifth resolution against Sinaloa's same-sex marriage ban. The Court declared the state's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional, void and inoperable. According to local LGBT activists however, state authorities deliberately delayed the legalization of same-sex marriage. On 15 May 2018, following approximately 17 months of delay, the Supreme Court ordered the state to legalize same-sex marriage within 90 days or face unspecified consequences. However, that deadline also passed without the state legalizing same-sex marriage. On 19 June 2019, Congress rejected proposed same-sex marriage legislation by 20 to 18, including six legislators from MORENA voting against.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 12 June 2021, a federal court ordered the Sinaloa Congress to legalize same-sex marriage within three days, with any legislators who vote against the bill to be found in contempt of court and unable to run for or hold office for seven years. On 15 June 2021, the Sinaloa Congress voted 23–0 to pass the bill legalizing same-sex marriage in the state, with all dissenters marking themselves absent for the vote. It took effect one day after being published in the official gazette on 29 June 2021.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Same-sex couples could marry only with the assistance of an amparo (court order) until 11 May 2016, when the Director of the State Civil Registry, Martha Julissa Bojórquez Castillo, announced that same-sex couples could begin marrying in the state without the need for an amparo. However, on 18 May 2016, the Governor ordered all civil registries in the state to retain the existing statutory ban on same-sex marriage and only provide same-sex couples with marriage certificates if they successfully receive an amparo.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In September 2017, all political parties in the state agreed to begin analyzing a proposed same-sex marriage bill. The bill's main sponsor said he was hopeful it would be accepted.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The July 2018 elections resulted in pro-same-sex marriage parties winning a majority of legislative seats in Sonora. On 23 September 2021, the Congress of Sonora passed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage throughout the state. It went into force on 22 October.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The Congress of Tabasco passed a bill to reform the state civil code to allow same-sex marriage on 19 October 2022. It was scheduled to take effect on 30 October 2022.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: After Mexico City's Legislative Assembly legalized same-sex marriages and LGBT adoption in December 2009, debate resurged in states where civil unions had been previously proposed. In 2009, in the southeastern state of Tabasco, 20 same-sex couples sent a motion to the state Congress, asking it to allow them to marry. The state's largest political parties, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), announced their support for same-sex marriage in 2010. Despite the support of political parties, there was no legislative will to change the law, so in April 2014 an initiative to reform Article 154 of the Civil Code of the State of Tabasco and legalize same-sex marriage was presented by the organization Tabasco Unites for Diversity and Sexual Health (; Tudyssex). PRD submitted its own same-sex marriage and adoption bill on 3 July 2015.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The July 2018 elections resulted in MORENA, a pro-same-sex marriage party, winning the majority of legislative seats and the governorship. The Congress passed the same-sex marriage bill on 19 October 2022 with a 23-5 vote. It was signed by Governor Carlos Manuel Merino Campos, and published in the official state journal on 26 October, taking effect the next day.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The Congress of Tamaulipas passed a bill to reform the state civil code to allow same-sex marriage on 26 October 2022 in a 23-12 vote. It was the final state to legalize same-sex marriage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In 2011, a bill to provide "coexistence" for same-sex couples was promoted by local organizations in Tamaulipas. In 2012, organizers presented legislators with 25,000 signatures in favor of same-sex marriage. In 2013, the PRD agreed to bring the issue to the Congress of Tamaulipas and support the proposal. In June 2015, Deputy Olga Sosa Ruiz confirmed that the Congress of Tamaulipas was working on a bill to legalize same-sex marriage. She stated that the reform is complex as they are attempting to remove all discriminatory terms and are working with the Gender Equality Commission. She predicted that the law would be passed within the next legislative session, though no bill has passed as of October 2022.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In September 2018, the Supreme Court began proceedings against Tamaulipas' same-sex marriage ban. On 16 November 2018, the Court issued its fifth resolution against Tamaulipas, declaring the state's marriage ban unconstitutional and ordering the state to modify it within 180 business days.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Tamaulipas was one of four states without same-sex marriage where pro-same-sex marriage parties did not win a majority of legislative seats in the 2018 election. However, the other three had all passed same-sex marriage legislation by early 2022. A state deputy filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court against the state, to force it to comply with the earlier ruling. A bill to legalize same-sex marriage was passed through the commission stage on a 14-1 vote on 19 October 2022. It was then passed by the unicameral Congress of Tamaulipas on 26 October 2022 with 23 votes in favour and 12 against, and was published in the government gazette on 18 November.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 29 December 2016, the Congress of Tlaxcala approved a coexistence bill. The bill established civil unions, under the name "sociedad de convivencia solidaria", which provides cohabiting same-sex and opposite-sex couples with many of the same rights and obligations of marriage. It was published in the official journal, following the Governor's signature, on 11 January 2017 and took effect the following day.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 13 October 2017, the New Alliance Party introduced a same-sex marriage bill to the State Congress. The July 2018 elections resulted in MORENA and the Labor Party, pro-same-sex marriage parties, winning the majority of legislative seats in Tlaxcala.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: Same-sex marriage was approved by the Congress of Veracruz in a 38–4 vote on June 2, 2022, three days after the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation ruled that articles of the state Civil Code that barred same-sex couples from marriage were invalid.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In September 2016, the head of Veracruz's adoption agency announced that same-sex couples may adopt children jointly in the state. In April 2017, the Civil Registry of Xalapa announced its support for same-sex marriage.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 20 February 2017, Governor Miguel Ángel Yunes issued an executive order legalizing same-sex marriage in the state. Four days later, following protests from Catholic groups, Governor Yunes repealed the order. Following the repeal of the order, LGBT activists announced they were filing a case to legalize same-sex marriage in the state. On 20 July 2017, the case against the Governor and the state's same-sex marriage ban was filed before the Fourth District Court.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: On 7 November 2017, the Court issued its ruling in the case, declaring the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. Some LGBT groups had suggested that the ruling effectively legalizes same-sex marriage in the state, though state officials announced that they would continue to enforce the state's marriage ban.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: In July 2018, as one of their last actions before leaving office, PAN submitted a proposal to Congress to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in the state Constitution. It failed to pass, with 32 deputies in favor, 10 against and 2 absentions. It needed 33 votes to pass, thus failing by one vote.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The Yucatán state congress legalized same-sex marriage in a unanimous vote on 1 March 2022, after it overwhelmingly approved a state constitutional amendment in August 2021 that would permit same-sex marriage legislation.


title: Same-sex marriage in Mexico

text: The local Congress had overwhelmingly approved a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in a 24–1 vote on 21 July 2009. The bill was promoted by right-wing organization "Pro Yucatán Network" to reject all efforts by people of the same sex to form a family and adopt children. PAN politicians justified the ban alleging that "there still aren't adequate conditions within Yucatán society to allow for unions between people of the same sex". The event led to protests outside the local Congress by LGBT organizations, whose leaders were expected to appeal the case to the Supreme Court.