title: Baseball rules

text: A major strategy in batting at competitive levels of baseball is patient hitting. An example of patient hitting is when a batter has a zero strike count, the batter will almost always look for his perfect pitch. One strike hitting is very similar to no strike hitting and the batter usually is still looking for a good pitch to hit. Two strike hitting, the strategy is changed where the batter will protect the plate by fouling off pitches until the batter is able to find a pitch to hit. This style of hitting allows the hitter to look for a good pitch to hit, and makes the pitcher throw more pitches so that he will tire out faster. This is critical if the batting team is facing a very skilled pitcher who, if allowed to, will take over the game with his ability to get batters to do what he wants them to do.


title: Baseball rules

text: In general, base running is a tactical part of the game requiring good judgment by runners (and their coaches) to assess the risk in attempting to advance. During tag plays, a good slide can affect the outcome of the play. Managers will sometimes simultaneously send a runner and require the batter to swing (a hit-and-run play) in an attempt to advance runners. On a hit-and-run play the batter will often try to hit to the opposite field (the opposite of the natural tendency for the right-handed hitter to pull the ball to left field and vice versa). Hitting to the opposite field will likely find an opening in the infield vacated by the fielder covering second base. This is because coverage of second base against a steal is best achieved by whichever fielder is closer to second base, the shortstop or the second baseman; and such positioning is aimed at defending against the natural tendency of the hitter.


title: Baseball rules

text: Typically, the first and second batters are contact hitters, who try to make contact with the ball to put it in play, and then run fast to reach base. The third batter is generally the best all-around hitter on the team, who tries to help baserunners to score runs, and if possible to reach base himself. The fourth batter is the cleanup hitter, and is often a power hitter, who tries to hit home runs.


title: Baseball rules

text: The fifth and sixth batters often help baserunners to score runs. They often "sacrifice" his at-bat. This can be done by bunting the ball, hitting a fly ball far enough in the air that a baserunner can advance after the catch, or simply making contact with the ball on a hit-and-run play.


title: Baseball rules

text: During the course of play many offensive and defensive players run close to each other, and during tag plays, the defensive player must touch the offensive player. Although baseball is considered a non-contact sport, a runner may be allowed to make potentially dangerous contact with a fielder as part of an attempt to reach base, unless that fielder is fielding a batted ball. (Noted exceptions to the dangerous contact rule are found throughout amateur competitions, including youth leagues, high school, and college baseball.) A good slide is often more advantageous than such contact, and "malicious" contact by runners is typically prohibited as offensive interference. The most common occurrence of contact of this nature is at home plate between the runner and the catcher, as the catcher is well padded and locked into position that completely blocks home plate from the runner, and the runner will often try to knock the ball out of the catcher's hand by running him over. Since the catcher is seen (symbolically and literally) as the last line of defense, it seems natural that more physical play happens.


title: Baseball rules

text: An "inning" consists of each team having one turn in the field and one turn to hit, with the visiting team batting before the home team. A standard game lasts nine innings, although some leagues (such as high school baseball and Little League) play fewer. Most high school games last seven innings, and Little League has six innings. A single game between two teams during NCAA competition is nine innings. A doubleheader in NCAA competition may be two seven inning games, two nine inning games, or one nine inning game and one seven inning game between the same teams. The team with the most runs at the end of the game wins. If the home team is ahead when the middle of the last inning is reached, it is declared the winner, and the last half-inning is not played. If the home team is trailing or tied in the last scheduled inning (or in an extra inning, see below) and they score to take the lead, the game ends as soon as the winning run touches home plate; however, if the last batter hits a home run to win the game, he and any runners on base are all permitted to score.


title: Baseball rules

text: If both teams have scored the same number of runs at the end of a regular-length game, a tie is avoided by the addition of extra innings. As many innings as necessary are played until one team has the lead at the end of an inning. Thus, the home team always has a chance to respond if the visiting team scores in the top half of the inning; this gives the home team a small tactical advantage. In theory, a baseball game could go on forever; in practice, however, they eventually end. In addition to that rule, a game might theoretically end if both the home and away team were to run out of players to substitute (see Substitutions, below). In Major League Baseball, the longest game played was a 26-inning affair between the Brooklyn Robins and Boston Braves on May 1, 1920. The game, called on account of darkness, ended in a 1–1 tie. Two minor-league teams, the Pawtucket Red Sox and Rochester Red Wings, played a 33-inning game in 1981.


title: Baseball rules

text: In Major League Baseball, games end with tie scores only in rare cases when conditions make it impossible to continue play. A tie game does not count as a game in the standings—a 2008 rule change made all tie games suspended unless and until not needed for the sake of determining playoff teams, and no longer replayed; however, though undecided, and not factored in the championship standings and the playoff reckoning, a tie game goes on the record and player and team statistics from it are counted. Inclement weather may also shorten games, but at least five innings must be played for the game to be considered official; four-and-a-half innings are enough if the home team is ahead. Previously, curfews and the absence of adequate lighting caused more ties and shortened games—now, games interrupted from ending in such circumstances are, at least initially, suspended. Also, with more modern playing surfaces better able to handle light rains, the process for calling or shortening a game due to weather has changed; it is more common than in the past to delay a game as much as two hours before a cancellation; also, a delay usually does not occur anymore until the rain is moderate-to-heavy and/or there is standing water on some part of the playing field.


title: Baseball rules

text: In Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, if the score remains tied after nine innings, up to three extra innings may be played (6 in the playoffs) before the game is called a tie. Since 2011 only regular season games have a 3-hour, 30-minute time limit. Some youth or amateur leagues will end a game early if one team is ahead by ten or more runs, a practice officially known as the "runs ahead rule" (sometimes referred to as a "mercy rule" or "slaughter rule"). Rarely, a game can also be won or lost by forfeit.


title: Baseball rules

text: There is a short break between each half-inning during which the new defensive team takes the field and the pitcher warms up. An existing pitcher is permitted five warm-up pitches and a new pitcher is permitted eight warm-up pitches. The starting pitcher is permitted eight warm-up pitches to begin the game. Traditionally, the break between the top half and the bottom half of the seventh inning is known as the seventh-inning stretch. During the "stretch", fans in the United States often sing the chorus of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game". However, since the September 11, 2001 attacks, "God Bless America" has often been added to it, especially at games in New York City and Washington, D.C., as well as during the All-Star Game and the postseason. In Atlanta and Baltimore it has been a tradition since 1974 to play "Thank God I'm A Country Boy" after "Take Me Out To The Ballgame" during the seventh-inning stretch. At Boston's Fenway Park, a tradition has brought the singing of "Sweet Caroline" in the middle of the eighth inning.


title: Baseball rules

text: Each team is allowed to substitute for any player at any time the ball is dead. A batter who replaces another batter is referred to as a "pinch hitter"; similarly, a "pinch runner" may be used as a replacement for a baserunner. Any player who replaces another player between innings, or while the team is in the field, is known as a "defensive replacement". A replacement pitcher is called a relief pitcher.


title: Baseball rules

text: Any replacement is a permanent substitution; the replaced player may not return to the game under any circumstances. Thus, a pitcher that has been removed from the game and replaced by a relief pitcher cannot return to pitch later in the game, and any batter who is replaced by a pinch-hitter cannot take the field in the following inning (or even bat again if his turn comes up again in the same inning). Note however, that two players can switch defensive positions at any time, and both can still stay in the game—because neither has actually been removed from the game. This means that in at least one case, a pitcher switched positions with an outfielder in the middle of the game, with the outfielder becoming a relief pitcher ... then later in the game, the players switched back. This meant that in practical terms, the starting pitcher was relieved by another pitcher, but then came back to relieve the relief pitcher. This game took place on September 28, 1952: the players in question were starting pitcher Harvey Haddix, who moved to the outfield to make way for outfielder-turned relief pitcher Stan Musial, then switched back to pitcher after Musial had faced one batter. Note that this did not violate baseball's permanent substitution rule in any way, as at no time did either player leave the game.


title: Baseball rules

text: This "permanent substitution" rule is in contrast to some other sports, such as basketball, hockey and American football, that practice "free substitution". In some cases, if the defensive manager responds to the entrance of a pinch-hitter by bringing in a new pitcher, the pinch-hitter may be replaced by another pinch-hitter without having even come to the plate, in which case the first pinch-hitter is considered to have entered the game and is ineligible to do so later. However, the defensive manager may not replace a pitcher who has not pitched to at least one batter (three batters in MLB as of 2020), except in case of injury. The reentry of a replaced player into the game is a violation of the permanent substitution rule; if the defense has more than nine players on the field at any time, the umpire must determine who is the tenth player, and that player is ejected from the game.


title: Baseball rules

text: Many amateur leagues allow a starting player who was removed to return to the game in the same position in the batting order under a re-entry rule. Youth leagues often allow free and open substitution to encourage player participation.


title: Baseball rules

text: Pitching is a specialized skill, particularly in the collegiate and professional ranks; so most pitchers are relatively poor hitters, or, those who were skilled batsmen are simply unable to adequately hone their hitting skills to be comparable to everyday position players. As a result, unless keeping a given pitcher in the game is a higher priority than the prospect of immediate offense, it is common to substitute for a pitcher when he is due to bat. This pinch hitter is typically then replaced by a relief pitcher when the team returns to the field on defense.


title: Baseball rules

text: A more complicated tactic is the double switch, in which a pitching change is accompanied by the simultaneous replacement of another fielder. If the pitcher is due to bat soon, and the outgoing fielder batted recently, the new pitcher will take the outgoing fielder's place in the batting order, thus delaying his next time at bat. A common variation on this involves the introduction of a player who has just pinch hit (or pinch run for the pinch hitter) into the defensive alignment; unless this player becomes his team's next pitcher, another field player departs the game, and the new pitcher then assumes that player's place in the batting order.


title: Baseball rules

text: Many leagues allow designated hitters, notably Major League Baseball's American League (which instituted the Designated Hitter in 1973 to boost offensive output). A designated hitter (or DH) is a player whose sole purpose is to hit when it would normally be the pitcher's turn (or, in some leagues, if the pitcher is a good batter, another weaker batter). This is not considered a substitution, but rather a position, albeit a purely offensive one. A designated hitter does not play in the field on defense and may remain in the game regardless of changes in pitchers. If the designated hitter is moved to a fielding position, the team loses the DH, and the fielder whose position was taken by the former DH is replaced by the pitcher, who assumes that player's position in the hitting lineup.


title: Baseball rules

text: The use of the designated hitter, which reduces the need for complicated strategy such as the double-switch, is opposed by many baseball traditionalists. Nevertheless, it is used today at most levels of baseball in the United States and abroad. Major League Baseball's National League was the most prominent league that required pitchers to bat, until allowing the designated hitter beginning with the 2022 season.


title: Baseball rules

text: The number of players on a major league roster is dictated by the labor agreements worked out between players and management. According to prior rules, a team may have a maximum of 25 men on a roster from Opening Day until August 31. Beginning in the 2012 season, a major league team was allowed to carry a 26th man on its roster when playing the second game of a double-header that was scheduled at least 48 hours in advance. As of 2020, the number has been increased to 26, of whom no more than 14 may be pitchers, with 27 for a doubleheader.


title: Baseball rules

text: After August 31, during the regular season teams may call up additional personnel to the active roster, up to a maximum of 40 players. This number is seldom actually approached, however, with most teams' September rosters peaking at around 30 players. In 2020 the number was limited to 28.


title: Baseball rules

text: In the postseason, rosters are fixed at 25 men. Until 2007, teams could not replace players on their playoff rosters in the event of an injury and had to play out the series shorthanded. Starting in 2007, an injured player could be placed on the disabled list and replaced by another player who was not included on the initial 25-man roster, but the injured player becomes available for the next round of the playoffs should his team advance.


title: Baseball rules

text: Rule changes have been implemented at different levels of baseball to quicken the pace of play. In college baseball, the Southeastern Conference experimented with a 20-second pitch clock during the 2010 season, and the NCAA instituted the pitch clock before the 2011 season for when no runners are on base. The pitch clock began to be used in professional baseball as well, first in the Arizona Fall League in 2014 and in the Double-A and Triple-A levels of Minor League Baseball in 2015.


title: Baseball rules

text: Rob Manfred, the Commissioner of Baseball, instituted rule changes to MLB before the start of the 2015 MLB season to address the pace of the game, including having batters remain in the batter's box and the installation of time clocks to limit the time spent around commercial breaks.


title: Braven

text: Braven is a 2018 action thriller film directed by Lin Oeding and written by Mike Nilon and Thomas Pa'a Sibbett. The film stars Jason Momoa as Joe Braven, with Garret Dillahunt, Stephen Lang, Jill Wagner, and Brendan Fletcher. Principal photography began in December 2015 in Newfoundland, Canada. The film was released on February 2, 2018.


title: Braven

text: Logging company owner and family man Joe Braven lives with his wife Stephanie and their daughter Charlotte. Braven's father Linden, who suffers from brain trauma due to a head injury, gets into a bar room brawl after mistaking a woman for his wife, requiring Joe to come to his aid and resulting in Linden going to the hospital. At Stephanie's suggestion Joe and Linden decide to spend some time together at the family's secluded mountain cabin, unaware that Charlotte was hiding in the back of the vehicle so she could tag along.


title: Braven

text: While transporting logs by truck, Joe's co-worker Weston is asked by Hallett, who is a drug trafficker, to recruit other drivers into Hallett's criminal activities, but Weston refuses. During the exchange, Weston loses control of his truck, causing a crash that displaces all the logs and cocaine from the vehicle. After they resolve to go to Joe's mountain cabin to store the cocaine there, Weston and Hallett are picked up by a police patrol car. Hallett relays the news of the crash to his employer, drug lord Kassen, moments before Kassen kills Randall, who presumably worked with him in the past.


title: Braven

text: After Joe, Linden and Charlotte arrive at the cabin, Joe discovers the cocaine hidden in the shed, so he hides Charlotte in a storage closet before being surrounded by Kassen's mercenaries. When Weston tries to act as a go-between, Kassen kills him. Unable to call for help because of lack of cellular signals at the cabin, Joe, armed with a bow and arrow, and Linden with a gun, kills one of the mercenaries named Luisi during the ensuing standoff.


title: Braven

text: Needing higher ground to access a cellular network, Joe drives out of the house on a quad bike with the original cocaine bag, with Charlotte hidden under a blanket. Joe drops Charlotte off and instructs her to climb to the mountain, where she calls her mother, who in turn calls the sheriff. While Joe is driving, another mercenary named Gentry attacks him and nearly gets the best of him before Joe straps Gentry's foot on the quad and drives it off a cliff, killing Gentry and almost killing Joe. Kassen finds the bag, but it is empty. Discovering where Joe sent Charlotte, Kassen sends one of the mercenaries, Ridley, to find her. Hallett enters the cabin and is stabbed twice with a skewer by Linden, killing him.


title: Braven

text: Just before Ridley catches up to Charlotte, a bow-wielding Stephanie arrives and shoots Ridley with an arrow. A hand-to-hand fight ensues, during which she stabs Ridley before fleeing, unable to finish him off. Meanwhile, Joe returns to the cabin, where he dispatches another mercenary named Clay and kills Essington soon after. Charlotte is picked up by the sheriff as Ridley continues to pursue Stephanie. Kassen takes Linden hostage and, after Joe pleads for his father's life, Kassen fatally stabs Linden. Kassen shoots the sheriff and escapes from the cabin, though never manages to kill him, though he does manage to retrieve the lost cocaine. Joe chases after him and runs into Stephanie and helps her kill Ridley, and after a violent knife fight Joe pushes Kassen off a cliff, killing him, before being reunited with Stephanie and Charlotte.


title: Braven

text: September 3, 2015, it was announced that Jason Momoa would star in the action thriller film "Braven" to be directed by Lin Oeding, based on the story by Mike Nilon and scripted by Thomas Pa'a Sibbett. Momoa would produce the film along with his partner Brian Mendoza through their Pride of Gypsies banner, along with Nilon and Molly Hassell. On December 14, 2015, Garret Dillahunt joined the film to play the villainous role.


title: Braven

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Street fighting

text: Street fighting is hand-to-hand combat in public places, between individuals or groups of people. The venue is usually a public place (e.g. a street) and the fight sometimes results in serious injury or occasionally even death. Some street fights can be gang-related.


title: Street fighting

text: A typical situation might involve two men arguing in a bar, then one suggests stepping outside, where the fight commences. Thus, it is often possible to avoid the fight by backing off, while in self-defense, a person is actively trying to escape the situation, using force if necessary to ensure their own safety.


title: Street fighting

text: Evidence for human fighting goes back 430,000 years ago in Spain, where a fossil skull was found with two fractures apparently caused by the same object, implying an intentional lethal attack. Another record of early human fighting is one that happened 9500 to 10,500 years ago in Nataruk, Kenya. The hunter-gatherers fight was a group fight involving both males and females as well as children. They were armed with bladelets and arrow projectiles. The fight was to protect their valuables such as lands, food and water resources and their tribes or families or to respond mortally to the threat from the encounter between two groups of people.


title: Street fighting

text: Street fights can be planned ahead or occur suddenly, regardless of location and time. The frequency of physical assaults is based on crime rates, level of poverty and accessibility to weapons. In street fights, everyone can be opponents, including friends, relatives or even strangers. Street fights are usually started with an outbreak of emotion such as anger, fear and indignation. Street fights do not last long, usually run for minutes or even seconds. The outcome of the fight is unpredictable due to the fact that participants are unlikely to know others’ abilities, strengths or weaknesses.


title: Street fighting

text: The scene can go beyond expectation with the introduction to weapons or the participation of someone from the crowd whether it is intentional or unintentional. In the past, only when the opponents died could the other participant be considered as the winner. Similarly, at present, the match is only over when one surrenders, or both are unable to continue, when someone from the crowd or the police or a security guard stops the fight or "steps in" or when one of the combatants dies. Despite the brutal and life-threatening consequences, people’s willingness to commit violence have increased over time, escalating the danger of street fights.


title: Street fighting

text: The causes of street fighting are varied. Originally, street fighting was a way of defending oneself. In the stone age, fights were mostly aimed for survival purposes – protected territory, secured resources and protected families. According to Mike Martin, a London lecturer in war studies, “Humans fight to achieve status and belonging. They do so because, in evolutionary terms, these are the surest routes to survival and increased reproduction”.


title: Street fighting

text: As humans evolve, new conflicts arise in order to gratify more sophisticated wants. The purposes of street fighting shifted to solve interpersonal conflicts. These conflicts could be stratification, misunderstanding, hate speech or even retaliation. For instance, in areas that are not under policy surveillance and criminally dominated, violence is believed to be the substantiation of superior reputation and pride. In other words, people take part in street fights to obtain dominance because of social status given to the ruler. For another instance, men showed off their value in the sense that opponents’ self-esteem are on the verge of being destroyed from their insults, humiliation and vilification to which violence is the go-to resort. Additionally, some fights are driven by alcohol. Alcohol itself does not directly lead to violence but it acts as a catalyst, allowing cheers from the crowds or provocation from opponents to ignite the fight between fighters. Since the consumption of alcohol negatively impacts the brain function, drunk people fail to assess the situation which often results in overreacting and unpredictable fights.


title: Street fighting

text: Humans have evolved over time to better defend themselves from the severity of street fighting. Biologically, jaw adductor muscles have evolved to protect the mandible when being punched. The jaw adductors stretch as a means to absorb energy from the punch in order to reduce the likelihood of jaw dislocation and prevent fracture. The teeth were also evolved to be larger and thicker so as to allow the energy from the punch to be transferred from the jaw to the skull. Besides, the proportion of human hands have evolved in order to allow it to be a more dangerous weapon and reduce the risk of having injuries.


title: Street fighting

text: The consequence of street fighting is undeniably dangerous and critical. Both sides of the fighters are exposed to either short-term or long-term physical health issues. Such poor health includes temporary and permanent disabilities, fractures, partial body parts losses, severe injuries, or death. For instance, faces, other parts of the head and neck and thorax are the most targeted parts in the body, which account for 83%, 4% and 2% of fractures, respectively, amongst all injuries. Aside from physical health, mental illnesses also result from direct engagement in physical assaults, namely, post-traumatic stress symptoms, substance abuse and depression. Extreme feelings of guilt experienced by some perpetrators in the aftermath of a violent event may lead to suicide.


title: Street fighting

text: Not only does the involvement in street fights affect the participants, it also collaterally influences the participants’ family members and friends, especially small children. Traumatic expose in small children to such negative experience often leads to post-traumatic stress reactions such as fear, sadness, numbness, timidness, moodiness, eating disorders, difficult sleeping or nightmares. Adults also have the high probability of coping with trauma even though they do not suffer from any direct injuries. Street fight can also lead to negative influence on witnesses and society with an increase in preterm birth, increase in mortality rate and communal trauma. Such exposure to violence can result in cumulative influences on physical condition which customised treatment is required to access all aspects of violent experience.


title: Street fighting

text: Street fighting is usually illegal due to its disruption of public order. Depending on each localities’ laws and the gravity of the situation, participants may be liable to either a fine or imprisonment. In South Australia, for example, the maximum penalty for the offence of fighting in public is a $1,250 fine or three months imprisonment. In New South Wales, Australia, persons involved in a fight that could intimidate the public can be charged by the police for the offence of affray with a maximum punishment of ten years imprisonment. If any injuries are caused during the fight, the severity of the injury will impact the penalty of the participants. Intentional injuries, especially, will result in more severe penalties. One may still be liable for the injuries of the victim even if the injuries were not directly caused by that person but by another participating in the fight. If someone dies, all members in the group that are involved in the assault may be accused of murder, no matter who inflicted the fatal blow. Self-defence is generally too narrow to provide protection.


title: Street fighting

text: In terms of economics, street fights result in damage to social infrastructure. In 2000, a fund worth approximately 9 million euros was spent in order to repair previous three-year demolition done by street fighters. In 1995 in Basque city, the destruction of public transport resulting from street fights cost 2.5 million euros.


title: Street fighting

text: Street fights used to happen in the dark, out of communal sight. With the exposure to social media, however, street fights have become more transparent. Organisers that help with professional street fight setup are known as "clubs", which are run on a money-oriented basis. These clubs can host either amateur underground fights or professional ones. In New York, professional fighters are those who contend for the prize (money or gift) which has monetary value exceeding $75. In contrast, amateur fights also known as 'smokers' refer to unsanctioned fights where no safeguards and regulations are required.


title: Street fighting

text: Despite the fact that some illegal fight clubs still run within the authorisers’ competence, some street fight clubs even obtain authoritative approval, meaning these sanctioning entities are running under the supervision of a certified regulator. Some further requirements for professional fights enacted by New York State Athletics Commission (NYSAC) include:


title: Street fighting

text: Pre-fight medical check-ups are required to ensure that the participants are not involved with drugs or infectious diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis or any other illnesses. Any fights that are not in compliance with the authoriser rules and regulations is considered illegal and the participants will have to face legal penalty. The venue of the fight is changed every time for confidential protection and will be announced on the fight day. The promoters are in charge of finding different locations to host these fights where indoor boxing rings, gyms or gym mats with crowd-form barricade are utilised as a disguise so as not to attract the public attention. Amongst incentives that draw people into underground street fights, money oriented and attention seeking are the two most fundamental one. In order to qualify for the fight, attendees have to go through a registration process. The fight is either between two randomly matched applicants whose identity will be kept until the matching day or between two attendees with unresolved conflicts. Sometimes, it can be between 2 fighters urging to start their MMA career that get matched right on the registration spot. Attendees are required to comply with the rules set by the club. The grant price is usually given to the winner only, but sometimes both people can be paid. The club is funded by entrance tickets sold to audiences with undisclosed amounts. The audience may have to go through a security check for weapons as it is not allowed inside the venue. On several occasions, the audience gamble on the result of the fight, particularly, they place their bet on one of the attendees that they expect to win in the hope of a worthy return. The fight lasts for three rounds, sometimes an additional round is conducted for the reason that the crowd’s provocation fuels the combativeness of the attendees.


title: Street fighting

text: A "bar fight", sometimes known as a "pub brawl", is a type of street fight that happens in bars, pubs, and taverns. It is commonly depicted in fiction, most notably in Hollywood films and crime video games.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: James William Cartwright (born July 30, 1957) is an American former professional basketball player and a former head coach of the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A 7'1" (2.16 m) center, he played 16 seasons for the New York Knicks, Chicago Bulls and Seattle SuperSonics, helping the Bulls capture consecutive championships in the 1991, 1992 and 1993 seasons. He attended Elk Grove High School in Elk Grove, California, and played college basketball at the University of San Francisco.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: In high school, Cartwright played basketball for the Elk Grove Thundering Herd under coach Dan Risley.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: In 1974 and 1975, he was named California High School State Basketball Player of the Year. In 1975, he was named California High School Sports Athlete of the Year.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: On March 6–8, 1975, Cartwright's Elk Grove High School team won the 29th Annual Tournament Of Champions in Oakland (predecessor of the California Interscholastic Federation State Basketball Championship).


title: Bill Cartwright

text: As a prep star, Cartwright was just as highly regarded as fellow preps Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: Cartwright played college ball at the University of San Francisco and was a consensus second-team all-American in 1977 and 1979. During his time at USF, Cartwright played on one of the tallest starting lineups in collegiate history. He graduated as the all-time leading scorer for the Dons, averaging 19.1 points and 10.2 rebounds per game. Cartwright led San Francisco to three trips to the NCAA tournament, to the first round in the 1977 and to the Sweet Sixteen in both 1978 and 1979.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: Cartwright was the third overall pick in the 1979 NBA draft selected by the New York Knicks, making his only career All-Star Game appearance in his first season. He averaged more than 20 points per game in his first two seasons for the Knicks, but after playing no fewer than 77 games in his first five seasons, a series of foot injuries caused him to miss the entire 1984–1985 season. Following that season, the Knicks drafted center Patrick Ewing with the number-one overall pick in the 1985 NBA Draft. However, ongoing foot problems limited Cartwright to only two appearances during the 1985–1986 season. When Cartwright returned for the 1986–1987 season, he and Ewing would often start and play together but during the 1987–1988 season Cartwright was relegated to the bench.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: On June 15, 1988, Cartwright was traded to the Chicago Bulls for forward Charles Oakley. The Bulls were willing to part with Oakley, the league's second-leading rebounder in the 1986–87 and 1987–88 seasons, because of their need for a center and the rapid development of power forward Horace Grant. Cartwright was the Bulls' starting center during their string of three consecutive NBA championships in 1991, 1992 and 1993. During the 1992–93 season, Cartwright took an elbow to the throat during a regular-season game against the Indiana Pacers that fractured his larynx and left him with a hoarse voice.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: The Bulls, who were without Michael Jordan the following season following his retirement, made the 1994 NBA playoffs but were eliminated in a controversial game 7 in the Eastern Conference semifinals by the Knicks. Cartwright departed the team thereafter as an unrestricted free agent.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: Cartwright left the Bulls as a free agent and signed with the Seattle SuperSonics. He only played in 29 games for the Sonics, and retired after the 1994–95 NBA season.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: A year after his retirement, Cartwright joined the Bulls once again as an assistant coach under Phil Jackson ahead of the 1996–97 NBA season. He was a member of the championship-winning teams in 1997 and 1998. The Bulls went through significant changes following the 1997–98 season, with not only Jordan and Pippen leaving, but Tim Floyd taking over as head coach from Jackson. The Bulls had a lengthy rebuilding effort, and Cartwright took over the Bulls 27 games into the 2001–02 season, going 17–38 after the team's 4–23 start under Floyd and interim head coach Bill Berry, the latter whom coached for two games before Cartwright was named interim head coach. The Bulls finished 21–61 on the year and the following season Cartwright was promoted from interim to permanent head coach. In the 2002–03 season the Bulls finished 30–52, but Cartwright would last only 14 games into the 2003–04 season — going 4–10 — before being fired. Pete Myers and finally Scott Skiles coached the Bulls immediately following Cartwright's tenure.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: In 2004, the New Jersey Nets hired Cartwright as an assistant coach under Lawrence Frank. In 2008, Cartwright was named as an assistant coach for the Phoenix Suns under Terry Porter. Suns general manager Steve Kerr hired the former big man to help coach veteran big man Shaquille O'Neal, all-star Amar'e Stoudemire, and upcoming draft picks. After the Suns dismissed Porter and promoted assistant Alvin Gentry, Cartwright stayed on as assistant coach with the team.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: Cartwright married his junior high school sweetheart, Sheri, and together they have four children Justin, Jason, James and Kristin and has 2 grandkids names Trey and Gavin. He earned a bachelor's degree in sociology from USF and later obtained a master's degree in organization development in 1998 from the same institution. In 2016, Cartwright became USF’s director of university initiatives.


title: Bill Cartwright

text: Cartwright is an avid fan of doo-wop music from the 1950s and 1960s, and plays guitar and collects transistor radios as hobbies.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: The Moving Picture Company (MPC) is a multinational company providing visual effects, CGI, animation, motion design and other services for the film, TV, brand experience and advertising industries.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: Their artists have produced Academy Award Winning work for films including "1917", "The Jungle Book" and "The Life of Pi."


title: Moving Picture Company

text: MPC is part of Technicolor Creative Studios. It is headquartered in London with facilities located in Los Angeles, New York City, Montreal, Amsterdam, Bangalore, Paris, Berlin and Shanghai.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: MPC was established by Mike Luckwell in 1970, starting as a production company producing TV commercials and in 1974 the studio began delving into video, acquiring broadcast standard video recorders and TV cameras. MPC continued to grow; moving into video post-production and by 1983 was known for post-production and visual effects for the advertising and feature film industries.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: Luckwell sold MPC to Carlton Communications in 1983 and in doing so; he became Carlton's managing director and largest individual shareholder. During Carlton's 2004 merger with Granada to create ITV London, they sold MPC to French group Thomson SA for £52.7 million. Following the acquisition, Thomson, now known as Technicolor SA, aimed to make MPC grow by acquiring more film work. By the end of the decade, MPC has become one of the leading visual effects companies.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: In 2007, MPC Film created a new facility in Vancouver, where a core team – some originally from London and others native to Vancouver, began work on Zack Snyder’s "Watchmen". Since then, MPC Vancouver has worked on a number of feature films including "Skyscraper", "Alpha" and "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them". However, the Vancouver office announced its closure in 2019.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: Summer 2008 saw the opening of MPC LA, a commercials post shop operating in Santa Monica, California. They have since completed jobs for commercials directors including Fredrik Bond, Filip Engstrom and Traktor as well as completing Super Bowl spots.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: Around the same time as opening in Santa Monica, MPC Digital came into being, to create and re-purpose digital assets for the internet as well as new media applications and hand held devices. The MPC Datalab offered a service to manage digital acquisition and establish tapeless HD workflows.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: After eight years at its Santa Monica location, MPC moved to a larger 25,000-square-foot studio in Culver City. MPC Film launched creative services in the studio including concept and production design, visualization, business development, virtual production and VFX Supervisor representation. MPC Advertising has resources dedicated to VFX, colour and finishing services. The space also plays host to a purpose-built VR/AR infrastructure and its content production arm, MPC Creative.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: MPC Bangalore officially opened in October 2010. Being plugged into MPC's pipeline and production network, MPC Bangalore is able to share software development and in-house tools.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: At the start of 2011, MPC NYC was officially opened in SoHo, offering a range of integrated services and provides Color Grading and Digital, Design and Production Services across the US markets.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: MPC Film also opened a studio in Montreal in 2013 and has since worked on feature films including, "", "Blade Runner 2049", "Ghost in the Shell", "The Greatest Showman", "The Revenant" and "The Martian".


title: Moving Picture Company

text: The studio received an Academy Award nomination for one of its first films "X-Men: Days of Future Past".


title: Moving Picture Company

text: Over the past 50 years, MPC Film has worked with many notable directors and VFX supervisors. Directors including Tim Burton, Ridley Scott, Zack Snyder, Jon Favreau, David Yates and Kenneth Branagh have worked with MPC on many of their projects.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: Ridley Scott has worked with MPC on a wide range of his films including "Robin Hood", "Prometheus" and "The Martian", the latter receiving Academy Award, BAFTA and VES nominations.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: For Jon Favreau's 2016 remake of "The Jungle Book", a team of more than 800 computer graphics artists worked for over a year, animating over 54 species of animal, crafting full CG environments, and simulating earth, fire and water. 224 unique animals were created and new computer programs were created to better simulate muscles, skin and fur. For each shot and each movement, animation artists followed extensive research in animal behavior, so that even the subtlest behavioral traits would translate into performances the audience would recognize from the animal kingdom. Most recently, MPC worked on Disney’s "The Lion King" with Jon Favreau directing. MPC's VFX supervisors are Adam Valdez and Elliot Newman.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: Tim Burton has worked with MPC since the early 2000s, on projects including "Corpse Bride", , "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", "Dark Shadows" and "Dumbo".


title: Moving Picture Company

text: MPC has also collaborated with Zack Snyder, including; "Watchmen", "Sucker Punch", "Man of Steel", and "Justice League".


title: Moving Picture Company

text: MPC's most frequent sponsors include: Sony, Coca-Cola, Warner Bros., Disney, HBO, Samsung, NBCUniversal, BMW, Hennessy, and ViacomCBS.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: MPC’s work on digital humans includes work on Rachael for "Blade Runner 2049" and Arnold Schwarzenegger for "Terminator Genisys" where the T-800 is in the form of a 1984 Arnold Schwarzenegger.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: MPC has a R&D lab, named “Shadow Lab”, developing a number of different new technologies, including digital humans.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: In recent years, Technicolor's R&I team worked with MPC's R&D division to create a virtual production platform called Genesis; Genesis is MPC's Virtual Production platform.


title: Moving Picture Company

text: MPC was awarded three Academy Awards for its work on the films "1917", "The Jungle Book", "Life of Pi" and three BAFTA Awards for its work on "1917" "The Jungle Book" and "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2". MPC has also received VES Awards for "The Lion King", "The Jungle Book", "The Lone Ranger", "Life of Pi" and "Kingdom of Heaven".


title: Belgian waffle

text: Outside of Belgium, Belgian waffles are a variety of waffle with a lighter batter, larger squares, and deeper pockets than American waffles. Belgian waffles were originally leavened with yeast, but baking powder is now often used. They are often eaten as a breakfast food; toppings vary from whipped cream, confectioners sugar, soft fruit, and chocolate spread, to syrup and butter or margarine. They may also be served with vanilla ice cream and fresh fruit (such as strawberries) as a dessert.


title: Belgian waffle

text: In Belgium itself, there are several kinds of waffle, including the Brussels waffle and the Liège waffle.


title: Belgian waffle

text: Originally showcased in 1958 at Expo 58 in Brussels, Belgian waffles were introduced to the United States by a Belgian named Walter Cleyman at the Century 21 Exposition in Seattle in 1962, and served with whipped cream and strawberries. The waffles were further popularized in the United States during the 1964 New York World's Fair at Flushing Meadows Park in Queens, New York City. These waffles were introduced by Maurice Vermersch of Brussels, Belgium.


title: Belgian waffle

text: Largely based on a simplified recipe for the Brussels waffles, Vermersch decided to change the name to the Bel-Gem Waffle upon observing that many Americans could not correctly identify Brussels as the capital of Belgium. These waffles were served with whipped cream and strawberries, and they were sold for a dollar.


title: Bambara language

text: Bambara (Arabic script: ), also known as Bamana (N'Ko script: ) or Bamanankan (), is a lingua franca and national language of Mali spoken by perhaps 15 million people, natively by 5 million Bambara people and about 10 million second-language users. It is estimated that about 80 percent of the population of Mali speak Bambara as a first or second language. It has a subject–object–verb clause structure and two lexical tones.


title: Bambara language

text: Bambara is a variety of a group of closely related languages called Manding, whose native speakers trace their cultural history to the medieval Mali Empire. Varieties of Manding are generally considered (among native speakers) to be mutually intelligible – dependent on exposure or familiarity with dialects between speakers – and spoken by 30 to 40 million people in the countries Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast and the Gambia. Manding is part of the larger Mandé family of languages.


title: Bambara language

text: Bambara is spoken throughout Mali as a lingua franca. The language is most widely spoken in the areas east, south, and north of Bamako, where native speakers and/or those that identify as members of the Bambara ethnic group are most densely populated. These regions are also usually considered to be the historical geographical origin of Bambara people, particularly Ségou, after diverging from other Manding groups.


title: Bambara language

text: The main dialect is Standard Bamara, which has significant influence from Maninkakan. Bambara has many local dialects: Kaarta, Tambacounda (west); Beledugu, Bananba, Mesekele (north); Jitumu, Jamaladugu, Segu (center); Cakadugu, Keleyadugu, Jalakadougu, Kurulamini, Banimɔncɛ, Cɛmala, Cɛndugu, Baninkɔ, Shɛndugu, Ganadugu (south); Kala, Kuruma, Saro, dialects to the northeast of Mopti (especially Bɔrɛ); Zegedugu, Bɛndugu, Bakɔkan, Jɔnka (southeast).,


title: Bambara language

text: Since 1967, Bambara has mostly been written in the Latin script, using some additional phonetic characters. The vowels are "a, e, ɛ" (formerly "è"), "i, o, ɔ" (formerly "ò"), "u"; accents can be used to indicate tonality. The former digraph "ny" is now written "ɲ" when it designates a palatal nasal glide; the "ny" spelling is kept for the combination of a nasal vowel with a subsequent oral palatal glide. Following the 1966 Bamako spelling conventions, a nasal velar glide "ŋ" is written as "ŋ", although in early publications it was often transcribed as "ng" or "nk".


title: Bambara language

text: The N'Ko () alphabet is a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949 as a writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa; N’Ko means 'I say' in all Manding languages. Kante created N’Ko in response to what he felt were beliefs that Africans were a "cultureless people" since prior to this time there had been no indigenous African writing system for his language. N'ko first gained a strong user base around the Maninka-speaking area of Kante's hometown of Kankan, Guinea and disseminated from there into other Manding-speaking parts of West Africa. N'ko and the Arabic script are still in use for Bambara, although only the Latin-based orthography is officially recognized in Mali.


title: Bambara language

text: Additionally, a script known as Masaba or Ma-sa-ba was developed for the language beginning in 1930 by Woyo Couloubayi (c.1910-1982) of Assatiémala. Named for the first characters in Couloubayi's preferred collation order, Masaba is a syllabary which uses diacritics to indicate vowel qualities such as tone, length, and nasalization. Though not conclusively related to other writing systems, Masaba appears to draw on traditional Bambara iconography and shares some similarities with the Vai syllabary of Liberia and with Arabic-derived secret alphabets used in Hodh (now Hodh El Gharbi and Hodh Ech Chargui Regions of Mauritania). As of 1978, Masaba was in limited use in several communities in Nioro Cercle for accounting, personal correspondence, and the recording of Muslim prayers; the script's current status and prevalence is unknown.


title: Bambara language

text: It uses seven vowels a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ and u, each of which can be nasalized, pharyngealized and murmured, giving a total number of 21 vowels (the letters approximate their equivalents).


title: Bambara language

text: Writing with the Latin alphabet began during the French colonization, and the first orthography was introduced in 1967. Literacy is limited, especially in rural areas. Although written literature is only slowly evolving (due to the predominance of French as the "language of the educated"), there exists a wealth of oral literature, which is often tales of kings and heroes. This oral literature is mainly passed on by the griots ("Jeliw" in Bambara) who are a mixture of storytellers, praise singers, and human history books who have studied the trade of singing and reciting for many years. Many of their songs are very old and are said to date back to the old empire of Mali.


title: Bambara language

text: The basic sentence structure subject-object-verb (SOV). Take the phrase, "n t'a lon" (I don't know [it]). "n" is the subject (I), "a" is the object (it), and "[ta] lon" is the verb ([to] know). The "t' " is from the negative present tense marker "té", "bé" being the affirmative present tense marker ("n b'a don" would mean "I know it"). Like many SOV languages, Bambara uses postpositions rather than prepositions - their role being similar to English prepositions but placed after the noun.


title: Bambara language

text: The language has two (mid/standard and high) tones; e.g. "sa" 'die' vs. "sá" 'snake.' The typical argument structure of the language consists of a subject, followed by an aspectival auxiliary, followed by the direct object, and finally a transitive verb.


title: Bambara language

text: Bambara does not inflect for gender. Gender for a noun can be specified by adding an adjective, "-cɛ" or "-kɛ" for male and "-muso" for female. The plural is formed by attaching a vocalic suffix "-u", most often with a low tone (in the orthography, "-w") to nouns or adjectives.


title: Bambara language

text: In urban areas, many Bamanankan conjunctions have been replaced in everyday use by French borrowings that often mark code-switches. The Bamako dialect makes use of sentences like: "N taara Kita mais il n'y avait personne là-bas." : "I went to Kita [Bamanankan ] but there was no one there [French]." The sentence in Bamanankan alone would be "Ń taara Kita nka mɔkɔ si tun tɛ yen." The French proposition "est-ce que" is also used in Bamanankan ; however, it is pronounced more slowly and as three syllables, .


title: Bambara language

text: "I ka kurusi ye jauni ye": "Your skirt is yellow" (using a derivation of the French word for yellow, jaune.)


title: Bambara language

text: "I ka kulosi ye nɛrɛmukuman ye", also meaning "your skirt is yellow." The original Bamanankan word for yellow comes from ""nɛrɛmuku"," being flour ("muku") made from néré (locust bean), a seed from a long seed pod. Nɛrɛmuku is often used in sauces in Southern Mali.


title: Bambara language

text: Most French loan words are suffixed with the sound 'i'; this is particularly common when using French words which have a meaning not traditionally found in Mali. For example, the Bamanankan word for snow is "niegei", based on the French word for snow "neige". As there has never been snow in Mali, there was no unique word in Bamanankan to describe it.


title: Bambara language

text: Malian artists such as Oumou Sangaré, Sidiki Diabaté, Fatoumata Diawara, Rokia Traoré, Ali Farka Touré, Habib Koité and the married duo Amadou & Mariam often sing in Bambara. Lyrics in Bambara occur on "Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"".


title: Bambara language

text: Additionally, in 2010, Spanish rock group Dover released its 7th studio album I Ka Kené with the majority of lyrics in the language. American rapper Nas also released a track titled "Sabali" in 2010, which featured Damian Marley. "Sabali" is a Bambara word that means patience.


title: Drinking bird

text: Drinking birds, also known as insatiable birdies, dunking birds, drinky birds, water birds, dipping birds, and “Sippy Chickens” are toy heat engines that mimic the motions of a bird drinking from a water source. They are sometimes incorrectly considered examples of a perpetual motion device.


title: Drinking bird

text: A drinking bird consists of two glass bulbs joined by a glass tube (the bird's neck). The tube extends nearly all the way into the bottom bulb, and attaches to the top bulb but does not extend into it.


title: Drinking bird

text: The space inside the bird contains a fluid, usually colored to make the liquid more visible. The dye might fade when exposed to light, with the rate depending on the dye/color.


title: Drinking bird

text: Air is removed from the apparatus during manufacture, so the space inside the body is filled by vapor evaporated from the fluid. The upper bulb has a "beak" attached which, along with the head, is covered in a felt-like material. The bird is typically decorated with paper eyes, a plastic top hat, and one or more tail feathers. The whole setup pivots on an adjustable crosspiece attached to the neck.


title: Drinking bird

text: The drinking bird is a heat engine that exploits a temperature difference to convert heat energy to a pressure difference within the device, and performs mechanical work. Like all heat engines, the drinking bird works through a thermodynamic cycle. The initial state of the system is a bird with a wet head oriented vertically.


title: Drinking bird

text: If a glass of water is placed so that the beak dips into it on its descent, the bird will continue to absorb water and the cycle will continue as long as there is enough water in the glass to keep the head wet. However, the bird will continue to dip even without a source of water, as long as the head is wet, or as long as a temperature differential is maintained between the head and body. This differential can be generated without evaporative cooling in the head; for instance, a heat source directed at the bottom bulb will create a pressure differential between top and bottom that will drive the engine. The ultimate source of energy is the temperature gradient between the toy's head and base; the toy is not a perpetual motion machine.


title: Drinking bird

text: The drinking bird is an exhibition of several physical laws and is therefore a staple of basic chemistry and physics education. These include:


title: Drinking bird

text: By using a water-ethanol mixture instead of water, the effect of different rates of evaporation can be demonstrated.


title: Drinking bird

text: By considering the difference between the wet and dry bulb temperatures, it is possible to develop a mathematical expression to calculate the maximum work that can be produced from a given amount of water "drunk". Such analysis is based on the definition of the Carnot heat engine efficiency and the psychrometric concepts.


title: Drinking bird

text: By the 1760s (or earlier) German artisans had invented a so-called "pulse hammer" ("Pulshammer"). In 1767 Benjamin Franklin visited Germany, saw a pulse hammer, and in 1768, improved it. Franklin's pulse hammer consisted of two glass bulbs connected by a U-shaped tube; one of the bulbs was partially filled with water in equilibrium with its vapor. Holding the partially filled bulb in one's hand would cause the water to flow into the empty bulb. In 1872, the Italian physicist and engineer Enrico Bernardi combined three Franklin tubes to build a simple heat motor that was powered by evaporation in a way similar to the drinking bird.


title: Drinking bird

text: Unlike the drinking bird, the lower tank was heated and the upper tank just air-cooled in this engine. Other than that, it used the same principle. The Iske brothers during that time got various patents on a related engine which is now known as Minto wheel.


title: Drinking bird

text: A Chinese drinking bird toy dating back to 1910s~1930s named "insatiable birdie" is described in Yakov Perelman's "Physics for Entertainment". The book explained the "insatiable" mechanism: "Since the headtube's temperature becomes lower than that of the tail reservoir, this causes a drop in the pressure of the saturated vapours in the head-tube ..." It was said in Shanghai, China, that when Albert Einstein and his wife, Elsa, arrived in Shanghai in 1922, they were fascinated by the Chinese "insatiable birdie" toy.


title: Drinking bird

text: In addition, the Japanese professor of toys, Takao Sakai, from Tohoku University, also introduced this Chinese toy.


title: Drinking bird

text: Arthur M. Hillery got a US patent in 1945. Arthur M. Hillery suggested the use of acetone as working fluid.


title: Drinking bird

text: He was a Ph.D. inventor-scientist at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, NJ, USA. Robert T. Plate got a US Design patent in 1947, that cities Arthur M. Hillerys patent.


title: Drinking bird

text: The drinking bird has been used in many fictional contexts to automatically press buttons. In "The Simpsons" episode "King-Size Homer", Homer used one to repeatedly press a key on a computer keyboard. Herb Powell also showed one to Homer as part of a demonstration regarding inventions in the episode "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?". Two of them were used in the 1990 film "Darkman" to set off explosions. Drinking birds have appeared as part of a Rube Goldberg machine in the film "Pee-wee's Big Adventure" and the "Family Guy" episode "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter". In "Bojack Horseman" an Alcoholics Anonymous attendee resembles a Drinking Bird.


title: Drinking bird

text: Drinking birds have been featured as plot elements in the 1951 Merrie Melodies cartoon "Putty Tat Trouble" and the 1968 science fiction thriller "The Power". They have also had minor appearances in several movies and TV shows, including mission briefings in two episodes of TV's original "", the Woody Allen movie "Sleeper", the 1979 science fiction film "Alien" (also referenced in "Alien 3 and "), the 1989 comedy "When Harry Met Sally...", the 2008 film "Max Payne", the 2010 film "Megamind", and episodes of the American TV shows "The Simpsons", "Mad Men" and "Ed, Edd n Eddy". Episode 508 of "Mystery Science Theater 3000" features a spoof of the drinking bird called the "Bobbing Buzzard", which runs on carrion instead of water. In S4E11 of the comedy series "Arrested Development", a delusional character hears the voice of God speaking through a drinking bird. In Episode 7 of Season 2, "Headspace", of "Ted Lasso" on AppleTV, a non-functioning drinking bird is prominently displayed on the desk of the team psychologist.


title: Drinking bird

text: Among video games, the drinking bird appeared as the "dunkin' dragon" in the Sierra game "" (1989), in the Gremlin Interactive game "Normality" (1996), and as a "water bird" furniture item in the "Animal Crossing" games (2001). Porygon2, a Pokémon introduced in Generation II ("Pokémon Gold" and "Silver"), resembles a drinking bird, and in 3D "Pokémon" games, it moves its head in a "dipping" motion. More recently, in the game "Quantum Conundrum" (2012), one of the main gameplay mechanics is a drinking bird that is used as a timer to press buttons. In the 2014 Creative Assembly video game "", drinking birds are frequently seen on desks across the game's main setting, Sevastopol Station.


title: Drinking bird

text: In Australian contemporary playwright John Romeril's play "The Floating World", drinking birds are a symbolic prop which represent the progression of Les' insanity. They are referred to as "dippy birds" and are perhaps used to symbolize insanity due to Romeril's opinion that they are insane for their uselessness and repeatability.


title: Drinking bird

text: In 2003 an alternative mechanism was devised by Nadine Abraham and Peter Palffy-Muhoray of Ohio, USA, that utilizes capillary action combined with evaporation to produce motion, but has no volatile working fluid. Their paper "A Dunking Bird of the Second Kind", was submitted to the "American Journal of Physics", and published in June 2004. It describes a mechanism which, while similar to the original drinking bird, operates without a temperature difference. Instead it utilizes a combination of capillary action, gravitational potential difference and the evaporation of water to power the device.


title: Drinking bird

text: This bird works as follows: it is balanced such that, when dry, it tips into a head-down position. The bird is placed next to a water source such that this position brings its beak into contact with water. Water is then lifted into the beak by capillary action (the authors used a triangular sponge) and carried by capillary action past the fulcrum to a larger sponge reservoir which they fashioned to resemble wings. When enough water has been absorbed by the reservoir, the now-heavy bottom causes the bird to tip into a head-up position. With the beak out of the water, eventually enough water evaporates from the sponge that the original balance is restored and the head tips down again. Although a small drop in temperature may occur due to evaporative cooling, this does not contribute to the motion of the bird. The device operates relatively slowly with 7 hours 22 minutes being the average cycle time measured.


title: Finger Eleven

text: Finger Eleven is a Canadian rock band from Burlington, Ontario, formed in 1990. They have released seven studio albums (six as Finger Eleven and one as Rainbow Butt Monkeys), with their album "The Greyest of Blue Skies" bringing them into the mainstream. Their 2003 self-titled album achieved Gold status in the United States and Platinum in Canada, largely from the success of the single "One Thing", which marked the band's first placing on the US Hot 100 Chart at number 16. Their 2007 album, "Them vs. You vs. Me" launched the single "Paralyzer", which went on to top the Canadian Hot 100 and both US rock charts, as well as reaching No. 6 on the US Hot 100 and No. 12 on the Australian Singles Chart. They won the Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year in 2008. The same album was later certified gold in the US and multi-platinum in Canada. They released their sixth studio album, "Life Turns Electric", on October 5, 2010; it was nominated as Best Rock Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2011. "Five Crooked Lines", their 7th studio album, was released in 2015. Between 1995 and 2016, Finger Eleven was among the top 75 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 25 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada.


title: Finger Eleven

text: Finger Eleven first formed at Lester B. Pearson High School in Burlington, Ontario as Stone Soul Picnic, then changed their name to Rainbow Butt Monkeys. One of their first shows was at a school Christmas concert in 1990, and they won the 97.7 CHTZ (Hits) HTZ FM's Rock Search competition. At the time, the band's lineup consisted of Scott Anderson (vocals), James Black (guitar, vocals), Rick Jackett (guitar), Sean Anderson (bass), and Rob Gommerman (drums).


title: Finger Eleven

text: They were signed by Mercury Records and, after releasing four EPs, they issued the album "Letters from Chutney" (1995), which received generally favourable reviews. In 1996, they were taken on by the management company Coalition Entertainment.


title: Finger Eleven

text: In 1997, the band changed its name to Finger Eleven, which came from a demo of their song "Thin Spirits". Their first album under the new name was "Tip", produced by Arnold Lanni (Our Lady Peace). Mercury dropped the band after the album's release; they were then signed to Wind-up Records, which re-released the record in 1998. During this period, the band toured heavily, as part of Edgefest, the Vans Warped Tour and, several times, opening for Creed and Fuel. In 1999, the track "Quicksand" was used in the TV series "Roswell" (uncredited).


title: Finger Eleven

text: Following the release of "Tip", drummer Rob Gommerman left the band. He was replaced by Rich Beddoe, whom James Black had met at an Alice in Chains concert in Toronto several years earlier.


title: Finger Eleven

text: In 2000, Finger Eleven released "The Greyest of Blue Skies", again produced by Arnold Lanni. The album was commercially successful in Canada and was certified Gold. This was another period of heavy touring, with the band playing X-Fest, Edgefest, K-Rockathon, and the four-city Canadian festival Summersault 2000. Finger Eleven also began appearing on its own, and headlining concerts with other bands.


title: Finger Eleven

text: A song from this album, "Suffocate", was used in the 2000 film "Scream 3". In 2001, the song "Drag You Down" was used in the animated sitcom "Daria". In 2002, Finger Eleven covered and remixed the entrance theme for wrestler Kane, a song they called "Slow Chemical", which was recorded and mixed at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga, Ontario. Kane used the song from 2002 to 2008. It was also used in WrestleMania 20 (2004), WrestleMania 22 (2006), WWE Backlash (2006), WrestleMania 23 (2007), and in the video game "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008", as well as on the for 2004's film "The Punisher".


title: Finger Eleven

text: The band's 2003 self-titled album, "Finger Eleven", was produced by Johnny K. This album, characterized by screamed vocals over repetitive rock guitar rhythms, included the hit single "One Thing", which earned them their first US Gold and Canadian Platinum albums. "One Thing" reached No.16 on "Billboard"'s U.S charts, and appeared in the TV shows "Scrubs", "Smallville", and "Third Watch" (uncredited). It was also used on World Wrestling Entertainment's 2007 edition of "Raw", during a tribute video for Chris Benoit, who had killed himself and his family on June 25. In 2004, Finger Eleven won the MuchMusic Video Award for Best Video for "One Thing" and performed the song on "Live with Regis and Kelly" and "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno".


title: Finger Eleven

text: In 2003, the Finger Eleven song "Good Times" was used in the soundtrack for the snowboard racing game "SSX 3". "Good Times" and "Conversations" were used in the Nintendo video game "1080° Avalanche". In 2004, the song "Stay in Shadow" was used in the video game "". In 2005, "Thousand Mile Wish" was used in the soundtrack of the superhero film "Elektra".


title: Finger Eleven

text: The band followed this success with a tour of North America, Europe, and Australia, from 2003 to 2005. They played numerous festivals and opened for Evanescence, Nickelback, and The Tragically Hip.


title: Finger Eleven

text: Finger Eleven's fifth studio album, "Them vs. You vs. Me", was released on March 6, 2007, with Johnny K returning as producer. The style on this album was more mellow than previous work. The lead single, "Paralyzer", became the band's biggest hit; it spent fifty weeks on the charts and reached No. 6 on the U.S. Hot 100 in November 2007, as well as attaining the No. 1 spot in Canada and on U.S. rock charts. The album also featured the singles "Falling On", "I'll Keep Your Memory Vague", and "Talking to the Walls".


title: Finger Eleven

text: "Paralyzer" was included in the soundtrack of the 2007 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, in a 2008 episode of the TV series "Gossip Girl" and, in 2009, in the soundtrack of the video game "Band Hero".


title: Finger Eleven

text: In December 2007, the DVD "Us-vs-Then-vs-Now" was released, with footage spanning the band's career up to that point.


title: Finger Eleven

text: "Them vs. You vs. Me" was certified Gold in the U.S. in March 2008, peaking at No. 14 on the Hot 100. The album also won Rock Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2008. At the ceremony, the band performed live on national television with the Calgary Youth Orchestra.


title: Finger Eleven

text: During this period, Finger Eleven continued to tour heavily, playing various festivals and numerous concerts with Seether, 3 Doors Down, and Kid Rock. They also performed at the 2007 NHL Awards Show in Toronto and, in 2009, played a show for Canadian and US troops in Kandahar, Afghanistan


title: Finger Eleven

text: Finger Eleven's sixth album, "Life Turns Electric", was released in October 2010. The first single from the record, "Living in a Dream", was released on iTunes in July that year; it added elements of funk rock and dance rock. A music video for the second single, "Whatever Doesn't Kill Me", was released in January 2011. The video was directed by Alon Isocianu. The remaining singles, "Stone Soul" and "Pieces Fit", were released without music videos. The album received mixed reviews. It peaked at No 88 on the Billboard Charts.


title: Finger Eleven

text: Finger Eleven toured in support of the record throughout 2011 and 2012, again playing numerous festivals and concerts with Seether, Papa Roach, and Three Days Grace.


title: Finger Eleven

text: At the end of 2013, drummer Rich Beddoe left the band; he was replaced by Steve Molella the following year. In the interim, Finger Eleven recorded their next album with session drummer Chris Powell. Also in 2013, Wind-Up Records' catalogue was sold to the Bicycle Music Company which, in 2015, merged with Concord Music Group, so that Finger Eleven's new label became Concord Bicycle Music.


title: Finger Eleven

text: (In 2015, former Three Days Grace frontman Adam Gontier would team up with Beddoe, Staind guitarist Mike Mushok, and bassist Corey Lowery to form the supergroup Saint Asonia).


title: Finger Eleven

text: Finger Eleven issued their seventh album, "Five Crooked Lines", on July 31, 2015, and released the lead single "Wolves and Doors" to Canadian radio. The album received favourable reviews, charted for one week, and reached No 44 on the charts. They set out on their cross-Canada Fall of the Hammer Tour in support of the release. In some markets, the band participated with media partners in an opening-act contest.


title: Finger Eleven

text: Finger Eleven scheduled three shows in southern Ontario to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Canadian release of "Tip", on March 23 in Burlington, March 24 in St. Catharines, and March 31 in Toronto. All three of these shows had a similar format: there was an exclusively acoustic set, with Q&A before the show. For the main event, the band played "Tip" in its entirety; this was followed by an encore of "Best of the Rest", a selection of band favourites from their other albums.


title: Finger Eleven

text: On June 9, 2018, the rockers performed as Rainbow Butt Monkeys for the first time since 1997, playing at Burlington's Sound of Music Festival and showcasing songs from their debut album, "Letters from Chutney". They have since played festivals and concerts throughout North America.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: The Gates of Alexander were a legendary barrier supposedly built by Alexander the Great in the Caucasus to keep the uncivilized barbarians of the north (typically associated with Gog and Magog in medieval Christian and Islamic writings) from invading the land to the south. The gates were a popular subject in medieval travel literature, starting with the "Alexander Romance" in a version from perhaps the 7th century AD.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: The wall, also known as the Caspian Gates, has been identified with two locations: the Pass of Derbent, Russia, or with the Pass of Dariel, a gorge forming a pass between Russia and Georgia with the Caspian Sea to the east. Tradition also connects it to the Great Wall of Gorgan (Red Snake) on its south-eastern shore. These fortifications were historically part of the defence lines built by the Sassanid Persians, while the Great Wall of Gorgan may have been built by the Parthians.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: A similar narration about such a wall is mentioned in "al-Kahf" (""The Cave""), 18th chapter of the Quran. According to this narrative, Gog and Magog ( "") were walled off by Dhul-Qarnayn ("possessor of the Two Horns"), a righteous ruler and conqueror who reached the farthest point of the Earth. The barrier was constructed with melted iron sheets and covered with copper.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: The name Caspian Gates originally applied to the narrow region at the southeast corner of the Caspian Sea, through which Alexander actually marched in the pursuit of Bessus, although he did not stop to fortify it. The name was transferred to the passes through the Caucasus, on the other side of the Caspian, by the more fanciful historians of Alexander.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: Pliny the Elder (23 AD – 25 August 79 AD) in his "Natural History criticises this error, and distinguishes the Gates of the Caucasus from the true Caspian Gates through which Alexander passed. He describes the Gates of the Caucasus as a vast natural feature in a mountain chain rent asunder. Here, he says gates with iron covered beams have been placed above a horribly odorous river, along with a fortress to bar the passage of the innumerable tribes. These gates divide the world into two portions.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: Josephus, a Jewish historian in the 1st century, gives the first extant reference to gates constructed by Alexander, designed to be a barrier against the Scythians. According to this historian, the people whom the Greeks called Scythians were known (among the Jews) as Magogites, descendants of Magog in the Hebrew Bible. These references occur in two different works. "The Jewish War" states that the iron gates Alexander erected were controlled by the king of Hyrcania (on the south edge of the Caspian), and allowing passage of the gates to the Alans (whom Josephus considered a Scythic tribe) resulted in the sack of Media. Josephus's "Antiquities of the Jews" contains two relevant passages, one giving the ancestry of Scythians as descendants of Magog


title: Gates of Alexander

text: son of Japheth, and another that refers to the Caspian Gates being breached by Scythians allied to Tiberius during the Armenian War.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: The Gates are also mentioned in Procopius' History of the Wars: Book I. Here they are mentioned as the Caspian Gates and they are a source of diplomatic conflict between the Byzantines and the Sassanid Persians. When the current holder of the gates dies, he bequeaths it to Emperor Anastasius. Anatasius, unable and unwilling to finance a garrison for the gates, loses them in an assault by the Sassanid King Cabades (Kavadh I). After peace, Anastasius builds the city of Dara, which would be a focus point for war during the reign of Justinian and site of the Battle of Dara. In this war, the Persians once again bring up the gates during negotiations, mentioning that they block the pass to the Huns for the benefit of both Persians and Byzantines, and that the Persians deserve to be compensated for their service.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: The Gates occur in later versions of the "Alexander Romance" of Pseudo-Callisthenes, in the interpolated chapter on the "Unclean Nations" (8th century). This version locates the gates between two mountains called the "Breasts of the North" (). The mountains are initially 18 feet apart and the pass is rather wide, but Alexander's prayers to God causes the mountains to draw nearer, thus narrowing the pass. There he builds the Caspian Gates out of bronze, coating them with fast-sticking oil. The gates enclosed twenty-two nations and their monarchs, including Goth and Magoth (Gog and Magog). The geographic location of these mountains is rather vague, described as a 50-day march away northwards after Alexander put to flight his Belsyrian enemies (the Bebrykes, of Bithynia in modern-day North Turkey).


title: Gates of Alexander

text: A similar story also appears in the Qur'an, Surat "al-Kahf" 83–98. The Qur'an describes a figure known as Dhul Qarnayn, widely believed to be Alexander the Great, who built a wall made of iron between two mountains to defend the people from Yajuj and Majuj.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: During the Middle Ages, the Gates of Alexander story was included in travel literature such as the "Travels of Marco Polo" and the "Travels of Sir John Mandeville". The identities of the nations trapped behind the wall are not always consistent, however; Mandeville claims Gog and Magog are really the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, who will emerge from their prison during the End Times and unite with their fellow Jews to attack the Christians. Polo speaks of Alexander's Iron Gates, but says the Comanians are the ones trapped behind it. He does mention Gog and Magog, however, locating them north of Cathay. Some scholars have taken this as an oblique and confused reference to the Great Wall of China, which he does not mention otherwise. The Gates of Alexander may represent an attempt by Westerners to explain stories from China of a great king building a great wall. Knowledge of Chinese innovations such as the compass and south-pointing chariot is known to have been diffused (and confused) across Eurasian trade routes.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: The medieval German legend of the Red Jews was partially based on stories of the Gates of Alexander. The legend disappeared before the 17th century.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: In medieval world maps, the land of Gog and Magog is generally shown as a region in the far north, northeast, or east of Asia, enclosed by mountains or fortifications and often featuring a gate. It is depicted in this way on Arabian world maps starting from the 10th century, as also on the "Tabula Rogeriana", an influential map drawn in 1154 by Muhammad al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: It is not clear which precise location Josephus meant when he described the Caspian gates. It may have been the Gates of Derbent (lying due east, nearer to Persia), or it may have been the Darial Gorge, lying west, bordering Iberia, located between present-day Ingushetia and Georgia.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: However, neither of these were within Hyrcania, but lay to the north and west of its boundaries. Another suggestion is some mountain pass in the Taurus-Zagros Mountains, somewhere near Rhaegae, Iran, in the heart of Hyrcania.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: The Gates of Alexander are most commonly identified with the Caspian Gates of Derbent, whose thirty north-looking towers used to stretch for forty kilometers between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains, effectively blocking the passage across the Caucasus.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: Derbent was built around a Sassanid Persian fortress, which served as a strategic location protecting the empire from attacks by the Gokturks. The historical Caspian Gates were not built until probably the reign of Khosrow I in the 6th century, long after Alexander's time, but they came to be credited to him in the passing centuries. The immense wall had a height of up to twenty meters and a thickness of about 10 feet (3 m) when it was in use.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: The Pass of Dariel or Darial has also been known as the "Gates of Alexander" and is a strong candidate for the identity of the Caspian Gates.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: An alternative theory links the Caspian Gates to the so-called "Alexander's Wall" (the Great Wall of Gorgan) on the south-eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, 180 km of which is still preserved today, albeit in a very poor state of repair.


title: Gates of Alexander

text: The Great Wall of Gorgan was built during the Parthian dynasty simultaneously with the construction of the Great Wall of China and it was restored during the Sassanid era (3rd–7th centuries)


title: Internet slang

text: Internet slang (also called Internet shorthand, cyber-slang, netspeak, digispeak or chatspeak) is a non-standard or unofficial form of language used by people on the Internet to communicate to one another. An example of Internet slang is "LOL" meaning "laugh out loud". Since Internet slang is constantly changing, it is difficult to provide a standardized definition. However, it can be understood to be any type of slang that Internet users have popularized, and in many cases, have coined. Such terms often originate with the purpose of saving keystrokes or to compensate for small character limits. Many people use the same abbreviations in texting, instant messaging, and social networking websites. Acronyms, keyboard symbols, and abbreviations are common types of Internet slang. New dialects of slang, such as leet or Lolspeak, develop as ingroup Internet memes rather than time savers. Many people also use Internet slang in face-to-face, real life communication.


title: Internet slang

text: Internet slang originated in the early days of the Internet with some terms predating the Internet. The earliest forms of Internet slang assumed people's knowledge of programming and commands in a specific language. Internet slang is used in chat rooms, social networking services, online games, video games and in the online community. Since 1979, users of communications networks like Usenet created their own shorthand.


title: Internet slang

text: The primary motivation for using a slang unique to the Internet is to ease communication. However, while Internet slang shortcuts save time for the writer, they take two times as long for the reader to understand, according to a study by the University of Tasmania. On the other hand, similar to the use of slang in traditional face-to-face speech or written language, slang on the Internet is often a way of indicating group membership.


title: Internet slang

text: Internet slang provides a channel which facilitates and constrains the ability to communicate in ways that are fundamentally different from those found in other semiotic situations. Many of the expectations and practices which we associate with spoken and written language are no longer applicable. The Internet itself is ideal for new slang to emerge because of the richness of the medium and the availability of information. Slang is also thus motivated for the "creation and sustenance of online communities". These communities, in turn, play a role in solidarity or identification or an exclusive or common cause.


title: Internet slang

text: David Crystal distinguishes among five areas of the Internet where slang is used- The Web itself, email, asynchronous chat (for example, mailing lists), synchronous chat (for example, Internet Relay Chat), and virtual worlds. The electronic character of the channel has a fundamental influence on the language of the medium. Options for communication are constrained by the nature of the hardware needed in order to gain Internet access. Thus, productive linguistic capacity (the type of information that can be sent) is determined by the preassigned characters on a keyboard, and receptive linguistic capacity (the type of information that can be seen) is determined by the size and configuration of the screen. Additionally, both sender and receiver are constrained linguistically by the properties of the internet software, computer hardware, and networking hardware linking them. Electronic discourse refers to writing that is "very often reads as if it were being spoken – that is, as if the sender were writing talking".


title: Internet slang

text: Internet slang does not constitute a homogeneous language variety. Rather, it differs according to the user and type of Internet situation. Audience design occurs in online platforms, and therefore online communities can develop their own sociolects, or shared linguistic norms.


title: Internet slang

text: Within the language of Internet slang, there is still an element of prescriptivism, as seen in style guides, for example "Wired Style", which are specifically aimed at usage on the Internet. Even so, few users consciously heed these prescriptive recommendations on CMC, but rather adapt their styles based on what they encounter online. Although it is difficult to produce a clear definition of Internet slang, the following types of slang may be observed. This list is not exhaustive.


title: Internet slang

text: Black slang is commonly known as African American Vernacular (AAVE) it has a long history that often dates back to slavery. The use of AAVE was used as a way for those within the community to have private conversations. These conversations were often encrypted in code so that those who did not understand its linguistics wouldn't understand what was being said.Black slang has not only been dismissed but it has also been mocked and so. The approach of Black linguistics studying AAVE is a vital part of history and one of the driving factors to internet slang.


title: Internet slang

text: On applications such as Twitter , Facebook, Tumblr, and Instagram AAVE is commonly used as a way of expression, it is also used in circumstances that express an exaggerated moment in time. With it's rapid popularity on these applications and Black individuals being the demographic tied to this vernacular many non-black internet users have found ways to add certain vocabulary commonly used in AAVE to add into their vocabulary to be seen as more immersed in Black culture while also dismissing the lineage of the vernacular.With social media's advancement in ethnographically informed research will allow users online and the social media sphere to de-stigmatize the view on AAVE and how it is not supposed to be used as a way to be different because many of those who are not associated with being apart of the Black community do not understand the significance and how it connects to Black individuals and their identity.Creating a safe space will also stop AAVE from being stolen in internet realms and misinterpreted.


title: Internet slang

text: The AAVE vernacular associated with the Black community has been adopted and coined by the Gen Z demographic. The increase use of this vernacular has gained further popularity especially on the app TikTok with all of these elements combined many individuals within the internet sphere have added some of these vernacular into their vocabulary and many of these lingo's are often misused by non-black individuals and overused.The excessive use of these vernaculars by non-black individuals are misused in the incorrect contexts and with those circumstances these vernaculars are seen as trends. The overexposure and misuse of this vernacular should not be seen as a trend it is a language that has culture and assigning meanings.


title: Internet slang

text: While AAVE is popular on social media apps, newspaper outlets that pertain to entertainment segments also have culturally implemented AAVE into articles. Numerous verbal expressions are often added into these articles to add an heightened emotional connection that allows the reader to become more engaged with the articles whether the understand the meanings of those words or not.


title: Internet slang

text: AAVE is more acceptable in entertainment and editorial spaces because of the feeling and excitement that comes from the sentence structures in which the contexts fits into. With the advancement of technology and language it is often modified and digestible, and discredited. These spaces profit from the vernacular of Black people and give the illusion that AAVE is being accepted however it is mocked and changed in order to garner more of an audience and claim it as something other than Black vernacular.


title: Internet slang

text: The emergence and advancement of digital culture has allowed AAVE vernacular to be more known within mediated spaces. The adoption of these slang's and many other vernaculars that are used throughout the years are able to be understood more now by the research conducted and the impact they have on cultural development. However understanding its importance and the significance that is serves is greater than using these vernaculars as a way to be seen as different. The identity in which they possess within certain demographic communities are to be expressed freely as well as encouraged by other groups of people to show care and understanding to that aspect of their culture.


title: Internet slang

text: Many debates about how the use of slang on the Internet influences language outside of the digital sphere go on. Even though the direct causal relationship between the Internet and language has yet to be proven by any scientific research, Internet slang has invited split views on its influence on the standard of language use in non-computer-mediated communications.


title: Internet slang

text: Prescriptivists tend to have the widespread belief that the Internet has a negative influence on the future of language, and that it would lead to a degradation of standard. Some would even attribute any decline of standard formal English to the increase in usage of electronic communication. It has also been suggested that the linguistic differences between Standard English and CMC can have implications for literacy education. This is illustrated by the widely reported example of a school essay submitted by a Scottish teenager, which contained many abbreviations and acronyms likened to SMS language. There was great condemnation of this style by the mass media as well as educationists, who expressed that this showed diminishing literacy or linguistic abilities.


title: Internet slang

text: On the other hand, descriptivists have counter-argued that the Internet allows better expressions of a language. Rather than established linguistic conventions, linguistic choices sometimes reflect personal taste. It has also been suggested that as opposed to intentionally flouting language conventions, Internet slang is a result of a lack of motivation to monitor speech online. Hale and Scanlon describe language in emails as being derived from "writing the way people talk", and that there is no need to insist on 'Standard' English. English users, in particular, have an extensive tradition of etiquette guides, instead of traditional prescriptive treatises, that offer pointers on linguistic appropriateness. Using and spreading Internet slang also adds onto the cultural currency of a language. It is important to the speakers of the language due to the foundation it provides for identifying within a group, and also for defining a person's individual linguistic and communicative competence. The result is a specialized subculture based on its use of slang.


title: Internet slang

text: In scholarly research, attention has, for example, been drawn to the effect of the use of Internet slang in ethnography, and more importantly to how conversational relationships online change structurally because slang is used.


title: Internet slang

text: In German, there is already considerable controversy regarding the use of anglicisms outside of CMC. This situation is even more problematic within CMC, since the jargon of the medium is dominated by English terms. An extreme example of an anti-anglicisms perspective can be observed from the chatroom rules of a Christian site, which bans all anglicisms ("" [Using anglicisms is strictly prohibited!]), and also translates even fundamental terms into German equivalents.


title: Internet slang

text: In April 2014, "Gawker"s editor-in-chief Max Read instituted new writing style guidelines banning internet slang for his writing staff.


title: Internet slang

text: Internet slang has crossed from being mediated by the computer into other non-physical domains. Here, these domains are taken to refer to any domain of interaction where interlocutors need not be geographically proximate to one another, and where the Internet is not primarily used. Internet slang is now prevalent in telephony, mainly through short messages (SMS) communication. Abbreviations and interjections, especially, have been popularized in this medium, perhaps due to the limited character space for writing messages on mobile phones. Another possible reason for this spread is the convenience of transferring the existing mappings between expression and meaning into a similar space of interaction.


title: Internet slang

text: At the same time, Internet slang has also taken a place as part of everyday offline language, among those with digital access. The nature and content of online conversation is brought forward to direct offline communication through the telephone and direct talking, as well as through written language, such as in writing notes or letters. In the case of interjections, such as numerically based and abbreviated Internet slang, are not pronounced as they are written physically or replaced by any actual action. Rather, they become lexicalized and spoken like non-slang words in a "stage direction" like fashion, where the actual action is not carried out but substituted with a verbal signal. The notions of flaming and trolling have also extended outside the computer, and are used in the same circumstances of deliberate or unintentional implicatures.


title: Internet slang

text: The expansion of Internet slang has been furthered through codification and the promotion of digital literacy. The subsequently existing and growing popularity of such references among those online as well as offline has thus advanced Internet slang literacy and globalized it. Awareness and proficiency in manipulating Internet slang in both online and offline communication indicates digital literacy and teaching materials have even been developed to further this knowledge. A South Korean publisher, for example, has published a textbook that details the meaning and context of use for common Internet slang instances and is targeted at young children who will soon be using the Internet. Similarly, Internet slang has been recommended as language teaching material in second language classrooms in order to raise communicative competence by imparting some of the cultural value attached to a language that is available only in slang.


title: Internet slang

text: Meanwhile, well-known dictionaries such as the ODE and Merriam-Webster have been updated with a significant and growing body of slang jargon. Besides common examples, lesser known slang and slang with a non-English etymology have also found a place in standardized linguistic references. Along with these instances, literature in user-contributed dictionaries such as Urban Dictionary has also been added to. Codification seems to be qualified through frequency of use, and novel creations are often not accepted by other users of slang.


title: Internet slang

text: Although Internet slang began as a means of "opposition" to mainstream language, its popularity with today's globalized digitally literate population has shifted it into a part of everyday language, where it also leaves a profound impact.


title: Internet slang

text: Frequently used slang also have become conventionalised into memetic "unit[s] of cultural information". These memes in turn are further spread through their use on the Internet, prominently through websites. The Internet as an "information superhighway" is also catalysed through slang. The evolution of slang has also created a 'slang union' as part of a unique, specialised subculture. Such impacts are, however, limited and requires further discussion especially from the non-English world. This is because Internet slang is prevalent in languages more actively used on the Internet, like English, which is the Internet's lingua franca.


title: Internet slang

text: In Japanese, the term moe has come into common use among slang users to mean something "preciously cute" and appealing.


title: Internet slang

text: Aside from the more frequent abbreviations, acronyms, and emoticons, Internet slang also uses archaic words or the lesser-known meanings of mainstream terms. Regular words can also be altered into something with a similar pronunciation but altogether different meaning, or attributed new meanings altogether. Phonetic transcriptions are the transformation of words to how it sounds in a certain language, and are used as internet slang. In places where logographic languages are used, such as China, a visual Internet slang exists, giving characters dual meanings, one direct and one implied.


title: Internet slang

text: The Internet has helped people from all over the world to become connected to one another, enabling "global" relationships to be formed. As such, it is important for the various types of slang used online to be recognizable for everyone. It is also important to do so because of how other languages are quickly catching up with English on the Internet, following the increase in Internet usage in predominantly non-English speaking countries. In fact, as of January 2020, only approximately 25.9% of the online population is made up of English speakers.