title: Transylvania University

text: Transylvania has a selective and international admission process. Transylvania presently offers 46 majors and 37 minors and many pre-professional tracks spread among four divisions: Fine Arts, Humanities, Natural Sciences & Mathematics and Social Sciences. It offers such majors as Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) and Writing, Rhetoric, and Communication (WRC), as well as interdisciplinary studies, or the ability of students to design their own majors.


title: Transylvania University

text: In 2018, Transylvania became the first of Kentucky's liberal arts colleges to partner with the Peace Corps to establish a Peace Corps Prep program, a diversity-oriented program designed to prepare undergraduates for international development fieldwork and potential Peace Corps service.


title: Transylvania University

text: Transylvania also announced a partnership with Appalachian Regional Healthcare to incentivize students from Eastern Kentucky and West Virginia who are interested in healthcare, whether as a practitioner or administrator, to attend Transylvania. Students who participate will return to their home region and communities to work for ARH post-graduation.


title: Transylvania University

text: Before beginning classes, first year students take part in an orientation week and various community building exercises including long standing traditions, such as the first-year [[serenade]] and greet line. The serenade divides the class in two for a fun sing-off. The greet line starts as a large arch made up of every member of the first-year class (and various faculty, staff and campus student leaders). Every member of the line goes down and shakes hands with all other members, introducing themselves along the way. [[File:Transylvania University Pumpkinmania.jpg|thumb|Pumpkins lit on the steps of Old Morrison]]


title: Transylvania University

text: There is a week-long celebration of [[Halloween]] by students known as "Raf Week" in honor of the 19th-century botanist, inventor, and Transylvania professor [[Constantine Rafinesque]]. The university ends October with a unique combination of activities including a lottery for four students to win the chance to spend the night in Rafinesque's tomb. The steps of Old Morrison are lined with pumpkins carved by students, faculty, staff, and members of the community around Halloween for what is called Pumpkinmania. In honor of Professor Rafinesque, the grab-and-go dining space in the Campus Center is named the "Rafskeller" – a pun on the word "[[Rathskeller]]".


title: Transylvania University

text: Transylvania is also known for the Kissing Tree, a white ash tree that is estimated to be nearly 280 years old – 35 years older than the university itself. In the 1940s and 1950s, the administration turned a blind eye to students kissing in public near the tree, at a time when it was frowned upon elsewhere on campus. Today, with the rules on public displays of affection slackened, students refer to the tree as the Kissing Tree. In 2003 "[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]" included the Kissing Tree among the most romantic places on college campuses in America, and it was mentioned in a "[[Wall Street Journal]]" article about romance on college campuses.


title: Transylvania University

text: The campus, home to several Transylvania choirs and instrumental ensembles, also hosts several exhibitions in its Morlan Gallery that change by season. The gallery focuses on work produced in the past decade from worldwide viewpoints. Transylvania was honored with an international Gold Award for "Transylvania Treasures", its publication dedicated to showcasing the rare and valuable items in Transylvania University's special collections and medical and science museum, and now is considered a treasure in its own right, concluding a prestigious national competition sponsored by the [[Council for Advancement and Support of Education]]. Transylvania's theatre department produces two to three stage productions every year. The Lucille C. Little Theater provides a performance space for theatre performances by students and professionals on campus.


title: Transylvania University

text: Transylvania has [[Fraternities and sororities|Greek life]] on campus, with four fraternities and four sororities and 42% of the students as members of Greek organizations. In its 2022 edition of "The Best 387 Colleges", the "[[Princeton Review]]" named Transylvania in the top 10 U.S. schools on its list of colleges with "Lots of Greek Life". In 2010, the school was ranked first in percentage of Greek students on campus.


title: Transylvania University

text: Transylvania athletic teams are the Pioneers. The university is a member of the [[NCAA Division III|Division III]] level of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA), primarily competing in the [[Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference]] (HCAC) since the 2001–02 academic year. The Pioneers previously competed in the [[River States Conference|Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] (KIAC; now currently known as the River States Conference (RSC) since the 2016–17 school year) of the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics]] (NAIA) from 1916–17 to 2000–01.


title: Transylvania University

text: Transylvania competes in 27 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, triathlon and volleyball; and co-ed teams include cheerleading, dance and equestrian (eventing).


title: Transylvania University

text: The Transylvania Pioneers student-athletes compete under colors [[crimson]] and [[white]] at a variety of venues throughout the country; maintain successful results; and often compete against larger institutions including [[Ohio University]].


title: Transylvania University

text: [[Philanthropists]] have increased sizable gifts to the university in its present period more so than ever before, and coaches at Transylvania University have been continually recognized for athletic achievements.


title: Transylvania University

text: Transylvania won the first recorded football game in the state of [[Kentucky]] by defeating the [[Centre Praying Colonels football|Centre Praying Colonels]] of [[Centre College]] 13–0. Its [[1903 Kentucky University football team|1903 team]] claimed a southern championship. The Pioneers played football from 1888 to 1941 (except 1906), when the team disbanded.


title: Transylvania University

text: Amongst Transylvania's prominent alumni are two [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. vice presidents]], [[John C. Breckinridge]] and [[Richard Mentor Johnson]], and two [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] justices, [[John Marshall Harlan]] and [[Samuel Freeman Miller]].


title: Transylvania University

text: [[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]]


title: Transylvania University

text: [[Category:University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky]]


title: Frost

text: Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor in an above-freezing atmosphere coming in contact with a solid surface whose temperature is below freezing, and resulting in a phase change from water vapor (a gas) to ice (a solid) as the water vapor reaches the freezing point. In temperate climates, it most commonly appears on surfaces near the ground as fragile white crystals; in cold climates, it occurs in a greater variety of forms. The propagation of crystal formation occurs by the process of nucleation.


title: Frost

text: The ice crystals of frost form as the result of fractal process development. The depth of frost crystals varies depending on the amount of time they have been accumulating, and the concentration of the water vapor (humidity). Frost crystals may be invisible (black), clear (translucent), or white; if a mass of frost crystals scatters light in all directions, the coating of frost appears white.


title: Frost

text: Types of frost include crystalline frost (hoar frost or radiation frost) from deposition of water vapor from air of low humidity, white frost in humid conditions, window frost on glass surfaces, advection frost from cold wind over cold surfaces, black frost without visible ice at low temperatures and very low humidity, and rime under supercooled wet conditions.


title: Frost

text: Plants that have evolved in warmer climates suffer damage when the temperature falls low enough to freeze the water in the cells that make up the plant tissue. The tissue damage resulting from this process is known as "frost damage". Farmers in those regions where frost damage has been known to affect their crops often invest in substantial means to protect their crops from such damage.


title: Frost

text: If a solid surface is chilled below the dew point of the surrounding humid air, and the surface itself is colder than freezing, ice will form on it. If the water deposits as a liquid that then freezes, it forms a coating that may look glassy, opaque, or crystalline, depending on its type. Depending on context, that process may also be called atmospheric icing. The ice it produces differs in some ways from crystalline frost, which consists of spicules of ice that typically project from the solid surface on which they grow.


title: Frost

text: The main difference between the ice coatings and frost spicules arises because the crystalline spicules grow directly from desublimation of water vapour from air, and desublimation is not a factor in icing of freezing surfaces. For desublimation to proceed, the surface must be below the frost point of the air, meaning that it is sufficiently cold for ice to form without passing through the liquid phase. The air must be humid, but not sufficiently humid to permit the condensation of liquid water, or icing will result instead of desublimation. The size of the crystals depends largely on the temperature, the amount of water vapor available, and how long they have been growing undisturbed.


title: Frost

text: As a rule, except in conditions where supercooled droplets are present in the air, frost will form only if the deposition surface is colder than the surrounding air. For instance, frost may be observed around cracks in cold wooden sidewalks when humid air escapes from the warmer ground beneath. Other objects on which frost commonly forms are those with low specific heat or high thermal emissivity, such as blackened metals, hence the accumulation of frost on the heads of rusty nails.


title: Frost

text: The apparently erratic occurrence of frost in adjacent localities is due partly to differences of elevation, the lower areas becoming colder on calm nights. Where static air settles above an area of ground in the absence of wind, the absorptivity and specific heat of the ground strongly influence the temperature that the trapped air attains.


title: Frost

text: Hoar frost, also hoarfrost, radiation frost, or pruina, refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves. They form on cold, clear nights when conditions are such that heat radiates into outer space faster than it can be replaced from nearby warm objects or brought in by the wind. Under suitable circumstances, objects cool to below the frost point of the surrounding air, well below the freezing point of water. Such freezing may be promoted by effects such as flood frost or frost pocket. These occur when ground-level radiation cools air until it flows downhill and accumulates in pockets of very cold air in valleys and hollows. Hoar frost may freeze in such low-lying cold air even when the air temperature a few feet above ground is well above freezing.


title: Frost

text: The word "hoar" comes from an Old English adjective that means "showing signs of old age". In this context, it refers to the frost that makes trees and bushes look like white hair.


title: Frost

text: When surface hoar covers sloping snowbanks, the layer of frost crystals may create an avalanche risk; when heavy layers of new snow cover the frosty surface, furry crystals standing out from the old snow hold off the falling flakes, forming a layer of voids that prevents the new snow layers from bonding strongly to the old snow beneath. Ideal conditions for hoarfrost to form on snow are cold, clear nights, with very light, cold air currents conveying humidity at the right rate for growth of frost crystals. Wind that is too strong or warm destroys the furry crystals, and thereby may permit a stronger bond between the old and new snow layers. However, if the winds are strong enough and cold enough to lay the crystals flat and dry, carpeting the snow with cold, loose crystals without removing or destroying them or letting them warm up and become sticky, then the frost interface between the snow layers may still present an avalanche danger, because the texture of the frost crystals differs from the snow texture, and the dry crystals will not stick to fresh snow. Such conditions still prevent a strong bond between the snow layers.


title: Frost

text: In very low temperatures where fluffy surface hoar crystals form without subsequently being covered with snow, strong winds may break them off, forming a dust of ice particles and blowing them over the surface. The ice dust then may form "yukimarimo", as has been observed in parts of Antarctica, in a process similar to the formation of dust bunnies and similar structures.


title: Frost

text: Hoar frost and white frost also occur in man-made environments such as in freezers or industrial cold-storage facilities. If such cold spaces or the pipes serving them are not well insulated and are exposed to ambient humidity, the moisture will freeze instantly depending on the freezer temperature. The frost may coat pipes thickly, partly insulating them, but such inefficient insulation still is a source of heat loss.


title: Frost

text: Advection frost (also called wind frost) refers to tiny ice spikes that form when very cold wind is blowing over tree branches, poles, and other surfaces. It looks like rimming on the edges of flowers and leaves, and usually forms against the direction of the wind. It can occur at any hour, day or night.


title: Frost

text: Window frost (also called fern frost or ice flowers) forms when a glass pane is exposed to very cold air on the outside and warmer, moderately moist air on the inside. If the pane is a bad insulator (for example, if it is a single-pane window), water vapour condenses on the glass, forming frost patterns. With very low temperatures outside, frost can appear on the bottom of the window even with double-pane energy-efficient windows because the air convection between two panes of glass ensures that the bottom part of the glazing unit is colder than the top part. On unheated motor vehicles, the frost usually forms on the outside surface of the glass first. The glass surface influences the shape of crystals, so imperfections, scratches, or dust can modify the way ice nucleates. The patterns in window frost form a fractal with a fractal dimension greater than one, but less than two. This is a consequence of the nucleation process being constrained to unfold in two dimensions, unlike a snowflake, which is shaped by a similar process, but forms in three dimensions and has a fractal dimension greater than two.


title: Frost

text: If the indoor air is very humid, rather than moderately so, water first condenses in small droplets, and then freezes into clear ice.


title: Frost

text: Similar patterns of freezing may occur on other smooth vertical surfaces, but they seldom are as obvious or spectacular as on clear glass.


title: Frost

text: White frost forms when relative humidity is above 90% and the temperature below −8 °C (18 °F), and it grows against the wind direction, since air arriving from windward has a higher humidity than leeward air, but the wind must not be strong, else it damages the delicate icy structures as they begin to form. White frost resembles a heavy coating of hoar frost with big, interlocking crystals, usually needle-shaped.


title: Frost

text: Rime is a type of ice deposition that occurs quickly, often under heavily humid and windy conditions. Technically speaking, it is not a type of frost, since usually supercooled water drops are involved, in contrast to the formation of hoar frost, in which water vapour desublimates slowly and directly. Ships travelling through Arctic seas may accumulate large quantities of rime on the rigging. Unlike hoar frost, which has a feathery appearance, rime generally has an icy, solid appearance.


title: Frost

text: Black frost or ("killing frost") is not strictly speaking frost at all, because it is the condition seen in crops when the humidity is too low for frost to form, but the temperature falls so low that plant tissues freeze and die, becoming blackened, hence the term "black frost". Black frost often is called "killing frost" because white frost tends to be less cold, partly because the latent heat of freezing of the water reduces the temperature drop.


title: Frost

text: Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant, the tissue exposed, and how low temperatures get; a "light frost" of damages fewer types of plants than a "hard frost" below .


title: Frost

text: Plants likely to be damaged even by a light frost include vines—such as beans, grapes, squashes, melons—along with nightshades such as tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers. Plants that may tolerate (or even benefit from) frosts include:


title: Frost

text: Even those plants that tolerate frost may be damaged once temperatures drop even lower (below ). Hardy perennials, such as "Hosta", become dormant after the first frosts and regrow when spring arrives. The entire visible plant may turn completely brown until the spring warmth, or may drop all of its leaves and flowers, leaving the stem and stalk only. Evergreen plants, such as pine trees, withstand frost although all or most growth stops. Frost crack is a bark defect caused by a combination of low temperatures and heat from the winter sun.


title: Frost

text: Vegetation is not necessarily damaged when leaf temperatures drop below the freezing point of their cell contents. In the absence of a site nucleating the formation of ice crystals, the leaves remain in a supercooled liquid state, safely reaching temperatures of . However, once frost forms, the leaf cells may be damaged by sharp ice crystals. Hardening is the process by which a plant becomes tolerant to low temperatures. See also Cryobiology.


title: Frost

text: Certain bacteria, notably "Pseudomonas syringae", are particularly effective at triggering frost formation, raising the nucleation temperature to about . Bacteria lacking ice nucleation-active proteins (ice-minus bacteria) result in greatly reduced frost damage.


title: Frost

text: Such measures need to be applied with discretion, because they may do more harm than good; for example, spraying crops with water can cause damage if the plants become overburdened with ice. An effective, low cost method for small crop farms and plant nurseries, exploits the latent heat of freezing. A pulsed irrigation timer delivers water through existing overhead sprinklers at a low volumes to combat frosts down to . If the water freezes, it gives off its latent heat, preventing the temperature of the foliage from falling much below zero.


title: Frost

text: Frost-free areas are found mainly in the lowland tropics, where they cover almost all land except at altitudes above about near the equator and around in the semiarid areas in tropical regions. Some areas on the oceanic margins of the subtropics are also frost-free, as are highly oceanic areas near windward coasts. The most poleward frost-free areas are the lower altitudes of the Azores, Île Amsterdam, Île Saint-Paul, and Tristan da Cunha.


title: Frost

text: In the contiguous United States, southern Florida around Miami Beach and the Florida Keys are the only reliably frost-free areas, as well as the Channel Islands off the coast of California. The hardiness zones in these regions are 11a and 11b.


title: Frost

text: Frost is personified in Russian culture as Ded Moroz. Indigenous peoples of Russia such as the Mordvins have their own traditions of frost deities.


title: Frost

text: English folklore tradition holds that Jack Frost, an elfish creature, is responsible for feathery patterns of frost found on windows on cold mornings.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste, as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected separately. In the European Union, the semantic definition is 'mixed municipal waste,' given waste code 20 03 01 in the European Waste Catalog. Although the waste may originate from a number of sources that has nothing to do with a municipality, the traditional role of municipalities in collecting and managing these kinds of waste have produced the particular etymology 'municipal.'


title: Municipal solid waste

text: The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from municipality to municipality, and it changes significantly with time. In municipalities which have a well-developed waste recycling system, the waste stream mainly consists of intractable wastes such as plastic film and non-recyclable packaging materials. At the start of the 20th century, the majority of domestic waste (53%) in the UK consisted of coal ash from open fires.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: In developed areas without significant recycling activity it predominantly includes food wastes, market wastes, yard wastes, plastic containers and product packaging materials, and other miscellaneous solid wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources. Most definitions of municipal solid waste do not include industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge. Waste collection is performed by the municipality within a given area. The term "residual waste" relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for processing. Waste can be classified in several ways, but the following list represents a typical classification:


title: Municipal solid waste

text: For example, typical municipal solid waste in China is composed of 55.9% food residue, 8.5% paper, 11.2% plastics, 3.2% textiles, 2.9% wood waste, 0.8% rubber, and 18.4% non-combustibles.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: The municipal solid waste industry has four components: recycling, composting, disposal, and waste-to-energy via incineration. There is no single approach that can be applied to the management of all waste streams, therefore the Environmental Protection Agency, a U.S. federal government agency, developed a hierarchy ranking strategy for municipal solid waste. The waste management hierarchy is made up of four levels ordered from most preferred to least preferred methods based on their environmental soundness: Source reduction and reuse; recycling or composting; energy recovery; treatment and disposal.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: The functional element of collection includes not only the gathering of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of collection. Separating different types of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid waste at the source of collection.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: The types of means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste materials that have been separated at the source include curbside ('kerbyside' in the UK) collection, drop-off and buy-back centers. The separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities and treatment plants.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: This element involves two main steps. First, the waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment. The waste is then transported, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: Today, the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the problems of insects and the contamination of groundwater.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: In recent years, environmental organizations, such as Freegle or The Freecycle Network, have been gaining popularity for their online reuse networks. These networks provide a worldwide online registry of unwanted items that would otherwise be thrown away, for individuals and nonprofits to reuse or recycle. Therefore, this free Internet-based service reduces landfill pollution and promotes the gift economy.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: Landfills are created by land dumping. Land dumping methods vary, most commonly it involves the mass dumping of waste into a designated area, usually a hole or sidehill. After the waste is dumped, it is then compacted by large machines. When the dumping cell is full, it is then "sealed" with a plastic sheet and covered in several feet of dirt. This is the primary method of dumping in the United States because of the low cost and abundance of unused land in North America. Landfills are regulated in the US by the Environmental Protection Agency, which enforces standards provided in the Resource Conservation Recovery Act, such as requiring liners and groundwater monitoring. This is because landfills pose the threat of pollution and can contaminate groundwater. The signs of pollution are effectively masked by disposal companies, and it is often hard to see any evidence. Usually, landfills are surrounded by large walls or fences hiding the mounds of debris. Large amounts of chemical odor eliminating agent are sprayed in the air surrounding landfills to hide the evidence of the rotting waste inside the plant.


title: Municipal solid waste

text: Municipal solid waste can be used to generate energy because of the lipid content present within it. A lot of MSW products can be converted into clean energy if the lipid content can be accessed and utilized. Several technologies have been developed that make the processing of MSW for energy generation cleaner and more economical than ever before, including landfill gas capture, combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma arc "gasification".


title: Municipal solid waste

text: While older waste incineration plants emitted a lot of pollutants, recent regulatory changes and new technologies have significantly reduced this concern. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations in 1995 and 2000 under the Clean Air Act have succeeded in reducing emissions of dioxins from waste-to-energy facilities by more than 99 percent below 1990 levels, while mercury emissions have been reduced by over 90 percent. The EPA noted these improvements in 2003, citing waste-to-energy as a power source "with less environmental impact than almost any other source of electricity".


title: Bock

text: The style now known as "Bock" was first brewed in the 14th century in the Hanseatic town of Einbeck in Lower Saxony.


title: Bock

text: The style was later adopted in Bavaria by Munich brewers in the 17th century. Due to their Bavarian accent, citizens of Munich pronounced "Einbeck" as "ein Bock" ("a billy goat"), and thus the beer became known as "Bock". A goat often appears on bottle labels.


title: Bock

text: Bock is historically associated with special occasions, often religious festivals such as Christmas, Easter or Lent (""). Bock has a long history of being brewed and consumed by Bavarian monks as a source of nutrition during times of fasting.


title: Bock

text: Traditional Bock is a sweet, relatively strong (6.3–7.6% by volume), lightly hopped lager registering between 20–30 International Bitterness Units (IBUs). The beer should be clear, with color ranging from light copper to brown, and a bountiful, persistent off-white head. The aroma should be malty and toasty, possibly with hints of alcohol, but no detectable hops or fruitiness. The mouthfeel is smooth, with low to moderate carbonation and no astringency. The taste is rich and toasty, sometimes with a bit of caramel. The low-to-undetectable presence of hops provides just enough bitterness so that the sweetness is not cloying and the aftertaste is muted.


title: Bock

text: The following (mostly US-based) commercial products are indicative of the style: Christmas Bock (Gunpowder Falls Brewing Company), Point Bock (Stevens Point Brewery) Einbecker Ur-Bock Dunkel, Pennsylvania Brewing St. Nick Bock, Aass Bock, Great Lakes Rockefeller Bock, Stegmaier Brewhouse Bock, and Nashville Brewing Company's Nashville Bock.


title: Bock

text: The Maibock style – also known as Heller Bock or Lente Bock in the Netherlandsis a strong pale lager, lighter in colour and with more hop presence.


title: Bock

text: Colour can range from deep gold to light amber with a large, creamy, persistent white head, and moderate to moderately high carbonation, while alcohol content ranges from 6.3% to 8.1% by volume. The flavour is typically less malty than a traditional Bock, and may be drier, hoppier, and more bitter, but still with a relatively low hop flavour, with a mild spicy or peppery quality from the hops, increased carbonation and alcohol content.


title: Bock

text: "Doppelbock" or "Double Bock" is a stronger version of traditional Bock that was first brewed in Munich by the Paulaner Friars, a Franciscan order founded by St. Francis of Paula.


title: Bock

text: Historically, Doppelbock was high in alcohol and sweet. The story is told that it served as "liquid bread" for the Friars during times of fasting, when solid food was not permitted. However, historian Mark Dredge, in his book "A Brief History of Lager", says that this story is myth, and that the monks produced Doppelbock to supplement their order's vegetarian diet all year.


title: Bock

text: Today, Doppelbock is still strongranging from 7%–12% or more by volume. It is clear, with colour ranging from dark gold, for the paler version, to dark brown with ruby highlights for darker version. It has a large, creamy, persistent head (although head retention may be impaired by alcohol in the stronger versions). The aroma is intensely malty, with some toasty notes, and possibly some alcohol presence as well; darker versions may have a chocolate-like or fruity aroma. The flavour is very rich and malty, with noticeable alcoholic strength, and little or no detectable hops (16–26 IBUs).


title: Bock

text: Paler versions may have a drier finish. The monks who originally brewed Doppelbock named their beer "Salvator" (literally "Savior", but actually a malapropism for "Sankt Vater", "St. Father", originally brewed for the feast of St. Francis of Paola on 2 April which often falls into Lent), which today is trademarked by Paulaner.


title: Bock

text: Brewers of modern Doppelbock often add "-ator" to their beer's name as a signpost of the style; there are 200 "-ator" Doppelbock names registered with the German patent office.


title: Bock

text: The following are representative examples of the style: Paulaner Salvator, Ayinger Celebrator, Weihenstephaner Korbinian, Andechser Doppelbock Dunkel, Spaten Optimator, Augustiner Brau Maximator, Tucher Bajuvator, Weltenburger Kloster Asam-Bock, Capital Autumnal Fire, EKU 28, Eggenberg Urbock 23º, Bell's Consecrator, Moretti La Rossa, Samuel Adams Double Bock, Tröegs Tröegenator Double Bock, Wasatch Brewery Devastator, Great Lakes Doppelrock, Abita Andygator, Wolverine State Brewing Company Predator, Burly Brewing's Burlynator, Monteith's Doppel Bock, and Christian Moerlein Emancipator Doppelbock.


title: Bock

text: Eisbock is a traditional specialty beer of the Kulmbach district of Bavaria, made by partially freezing a Doppelbock and removing the water ice to concentrate the flavour and alcohol content, which ranges from 8.6% to 14.3% by volume.


title: Bock

text: It is clear, with a colour ranging from deep copper to dark brown in colour, often with ruby highlights. Although it can pour with a thin off-white head, head retention is frequently impaired by the higher alcohol content. The aroma is intense, with no hop presence, but frequently can contain fruity notes, especially of prunes, raisins, and plums. Mouthfeel is full and smooth, with significant alcohol, although this should not be hot or sharp. The flavour is rich and sweet, often with toasty notes, and sometimes hints of chocolate, always balanced by a significant alcohol presence.


title: Bock

text: The following are representative examples of the style: Colorado Team Brew "Warning Sign", Kulmbacher Reichelbräu Eisbock, Eggenberg, Schneider Aventinus Eisbock, Urbock Dunkel Eisbock, Franconia Brewing Company Ice Bock 17%.


title: Bock

text: The strongest ice-beer, Strength in Numbers, was a one-time collaboration in 2020 between Schorschbrau of Germany and BrewDog of Scotland, who had competed with each other in the early years of the 21st century to produce the world's strongest beer. "Strength in Numbers" was created using traditional ice distillation, reaching a final strength of 57.8% ABV.


title: Bock

text: Weizenbock is a style that replaces some of the barley in the grain bill with 40–60% wheat. It was first produced in Bavaria in 1907 by G. Schneider & Sohn and was named "Aventinus" after 16th-century Bavarian historian Johannes Aventinus. The style combines darker Munich malts and top-fermenting wheat beer yeast, brewed at the strength of a Doppelbock. Darker versions should have a mild character of roasted malts. Carbonation is typically high.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: On the Genealogy of Morality: A Polemic () is an 1887 book by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It consists of a preface and three interrelated treatises ('Abhandlungen' in German) that expand and follow through on concepts Nietzsche sketched out in "Beyond Good and Evil" (1886). The three treatises trace episodes in the evolution of moral concepts with a view to confronting "moral prejudices", specifically those of Christianity and Judaism.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Some Nietzsche scholars consider "Genealogy" to be a work of sustained brilliance and power as well as his masterpiece. Since its publication, it has influenced many authors and philosophers.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Nietzsche's treatise outlines his thoughts "on the origin of our moral prejudices" previously given brief expression in his "Human, All Too Human" (1878). Nietzsche attributes the desire to publish his "hypotheses" on the origins of morality to reading his friend Paul Rée's book "The Origin of the Moral Sensations" (1877) and finding the "genealogical hypotheses" offered there unsatisfactory.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Nietzsche decided that "a critique of moral values" was needed, that "the value of these values themselves must be called into question". To this end Nietzsche provides a history of morality, rather than a hypothetical account in the style of Rée, whom Nietzsche classifies as an "English psychologist" (using "English" to designate an intellectual temperament, as distinct from a nationality).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: In the "First Treatise", Nietzsche demonstrates that the two pairs of opposites "good/evil" and "good/bad" have very different origins, and that the word "good" itself came to represent two opposed meanings. In the "good/bad" distinction of the aristocratic way of thinking, "good" is synonymous with nobility and everything that is powerful and life-affirming; "bad" has no inculpatory implication and simply refers to the "common" or the "low" and the qualities and values associated with them, in contradistinction to the warrior ethos of the ruling nobility (§3). In the "good/evil" distinction, which Nietzsche calls "slave morality", the meaning of "good" is made the antithesis of the original aristocratic "good", which itself is re-labelled "evil". This inversion of values develops out of the "ressentiment" felt by the weak towards the powerful.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Nietzsche rebukes the "English psychologists" for lacking historical sense. They seek to do moral genealogy by explaining altruism in terms of the utility of altruistic actions, which is subsequently forgotten as such actions become the norm. But the judgment "good", according to Nietzsche, originates not with the beneficiaries of altruistic actions. Rather, the good themselves (the powerful) coined the term "good". Further, Nietzsche sees it as psychologically absurd that altruism derives from a utility that is "forgotten": if it is useful, what is the incentive to forget it?


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: From the aristocratic mode of valuation, another mode of valuation branches off, which develops into its opposite: the priestly mode. Nietzsche proposes that longstanding confrontation between the priestly caste and the warrior caste fuels this splitting of meaning. The priests, and all those who feel disenfranchised and powerless in a lowly state of subjugation and physical impotence (e.g., slavery), develop a deep and venomous hatred for the powerful. Thus originates what Nietzsche calls the "slave revolt in morality", which, according to him, begins with Judaism (§7), for it is the bridge that led to the slave revolt, via Christian morality, of the alienated, oppressed masses of the Roman Empire (a dominant theme in "The Antichrist", written the following year).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: To the noble life, justice is immediate, real, and good, necessarily requiring enemies. To slave morality, justice is a deferred event, ultimately taking the form of an imagined revenge that will result in everlasting life for the weak and punishment for the strong. Slave morality grows out of impotence, world-weariness, indignation and envy; it purports to speak for the oppressed masses who have been wronged, deprived of the power to act with immediacy by the masters, who thrive on their subjugation. The men of "ressentiment", in an inversion of values, redefine the "good" in their own image. They say: "he is good who does not outrage, who harms nobody, who does not attack, who does not requite, who leaves revenge to God, who avoids evil and desires little from life, like us, the patient, humble, and just."(§13) According to Nietzsche, this is merely a transformation of the effects and qualities of impotence into "virtues", as if these effects and qualities were "chosen" – the meritorious deeds of the "good" man. The deeds of the powerful man, known to themselves as "good", are re-cast by the men of "ressentiment" as "evil", taking on a mystical moral-judgemental element entirely absent from the aristocratic "bad", which to the noble was simply a descriptor for the inferior qualities of the lower classes.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: In the First Treatise, Nietzsche introduces one of his most controversial images, the "blond beast". He had previously employed this expression to represent the lion, an image that is central to his philosophy and made its first appearance in "Thus Spoke Zarathustra". Beyond the metaphorical lion, Nietzsche expressively associates the "blond beast" with the Aryan race of Celts and Gaels which he states were all fair skinned and fair-haired and constituted the collective aristocracy of the time. Thus, he associates the "good, noble, pure, as originally a blond person in contrast to dark-skinned, dark-haired native inhabitants" (the embodiment of the "bad"). Here he introduces the concept of the original blond beasts as the "master race" which has lost its dominance over humanity but not necessarily, permanently. Though, at the same time, his examples of blond beasts include such peoples as the Japanese and Arabic nobilities of antiquity (§11), suggesting that being a blond beast has more to do with one's morality than one's race.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Nietzsche insists that it is a mistake to hold beasts of prey to be "evil", for their actions stem from their inherent strength, rather than any malicious intent. One can not blame them for their "thirst for enemies and resistances and triumphs" because, according to Nietzsche, there is no "subject" separate from the action:A quantum of force is equivalent to a quantum of drive, will, effect—more, it is nothing other than precisely this very driving, willing, effecting, and only owing to the seduction of language (and the fundamental errors of reason that are petrified in it) which conceives and misconceives all effects as conditioned by something that causes effects, by a "subject", can it appear otherwise. For just as the popular mind separates the lightning from its flash and takes the latter for an "action", for the operation of a subject called lightning, so popular morality also separates strength from expressions of strength, as if there were a neutral substratum behind the strong man, which was "free" to express strength or not do so. But there is no such substratum; there is no "being" behind doing, effecting, becoming; "the doer" is merely a fiction added to the deed—the deed is everything.(§13) The "subject" (or soul) is only necessary for slave morality. It enables the impotent man to sanctify the qualities of his impotence by making them into "good" qualities, "chosen" for moral reasons, and the actions of his oppressor into morally "evil" choices.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Nietzsche concludes his First Treatise by hypothesizing a tremendous historical struggle between the Roman dualism of "good/bad" and that of the Judaic "good/evil", with the latter eventually achieving a victory for ressentiment, broken temporarily by the Renaissance, but then reasserted by the Reformation, and finally confirmed by the French Revolution when the ""ressentiment" instincts of the rabble" triumphed.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: The First Treatise concludes with a note calling for further examination of the history of moral concepts and the hierarchy of values.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: According to Nietzsche, what we call "the conscience" is the end product of a long and painful socio-historical process that began with the need to create a "memory" in the human animal. For its own psychic health and functionality, the human organism is naturally "forgetful". Forgetfulness is "an active and in the strictest sense "positive" faculty of repression, which is responsible for the fact that what we experience and absorb enters our consciousness as little while we are digesting it (one might call the process 'inpsychation') as does the thousandfold process involved in physical nourishment – so-called incorporation"(§1). But social existence, to the extent that the social organism must function as a unity to survive and prosper, requires that certain things be "not" forgotten, that individuals must "remember" their place relative to the whole. Memory in this sense, the social conscience in its rudimentary form, was forged with great difficulty over a long period of time, by what Nietzsche refers to as man's "mnemotechnics", the underlying principle of which is "If something is to stay in the memory it must be "burned" in: only that which never ceases to hurt stays in the memory"(§3).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: This long pre-historic process allows a "morality of customs" to establish itself, and through it man becomes calculable, regular, and predictable. Its "ripest fruit" is 'the sovereign individual', a human being whose 'social responsibility' has become flesh and blood, an individual with such hard-won mastery over himself that he is capable of determining and guaranteeing his own future actions. Such an individual has a "free will": by virtue of his self-mastery he has "the right to make promises". The conscience in this sense is the self-discipline of social responsibility made into a dominating instinct; to such an individual all other individuals, things and circumstances are evaluated from the perspective of this instinct.(§2)


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: It was in the contractual relationship, a relationship based on mutual promises, that one person first ""measured himself" against another... setting prices, determining values, contriving equivalences, exchanging – these preoccupied the earliest thinking of man to so great an extent that in a certain sense they constitute thinking "as such"" (§8). 'Law' and 'justice', a society's codes, judgements and commands in relation to individual and inter-personal rights and obligations, are formed in the context of this contractual-evaluating conceptual paradigm. The strength of one's 'conscience', one's ability to make promises and not break them, to personally guarantee one's future actions, to fulfil ones obligations to others, is thus a vital factor in determining individual social status.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: The concepts of guilt and punishment likewise have their origins in the contractual relationship. Here 'guilt' ("schuld") simply meant 'debt' ("schulden"): the guilty person was simply the person who was unable to discharge their debt. In punishment, the creditor acquires the right to inflict harm on the guilty person. Such a transaction is made possible, according to Nietzsche, by "pleasure in cruelty". Its logic is not related in any way to considerations about the free will, moral accountability etc, of the wrong-doer: it is nothing more than a special form of compensation for the injured party. The creditor receives recompense "in the form of a kind of "pleasure"—the pleasure of being allowed to vent his power freely upon one who is powerless" (§5). Such punishment was a legally enforceable right of the creditor, and some law books had exact quantifications of what could be done to the debtor's body relative to the debt. It was in this civil law validation of cruelty that 'guilt' first became intertwined with 'suffering'.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: In criminal law, punishment and the debtor/creditor relationship have been transferred onto the relation in which the individual stands to the community. The individual enjoys a number of benefits from communal life, the most obvious of which is protection from the hostile world "outside" the community: a pledge is made to the community and its mores and laws in return for this protection. If that pledge is broken the community, as the offended creditor, demands repayment. A warlike and survival-based community, dealing constantly with danger or scarcity, will be violent and merciless in its treatment of law-breakers. As a community's security and self-confidence increases, the harm of one individual's transgressions decreases correspondingly, and the continuance of the more harmonious state requires that excessively violent responses be controlled and regulated. The nature of such a community's penal law will involve a compromise between this requirement and the angry forces seeking blood and violence. Its principal way of achieving it is to separate the deed from the doer via the concept of 'the crime', a transformation of the actual deed into an abstract legal category implying a 'debt to society', a debt that is ultimately dischargeable through an appropriate 'punishment'.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: According to Nietzsche, one must not equate the origin of a thing and its utility. The origin of punishment, for example, is in a procedure that predates the many possible uses and interpretations of it. Punishment has not just one purpose, but a whole range of "meanings" which "finally crystallizes into a kind of unity that is difficult to dissolve, difficult to analyze and ... completely and utterly undefinable" (§13). Nietzsche lists eleven different uses (or "meanings") of punishment, and suggests that there are many more. One utility it does not possess, however, is awakening remorse. The psychology of prisoners shows that punishment "makes hard and cold; it concentrates; it sharpens the feeling of alienation" (§14). The "feeling" of guilt, the "bad conscience", had quite different origins and had no place whatsoever in the institutions of crime and punishment for the greater part of their history. The criminal was dealt with merely as something harmful, as an "irresponsible piece of fate", and the person upon whom punishment was administered, though his body encountered something shocking and violent, was entirely unacquainted with 'moral' pain. The only 'lesson' learned from punishment was that of "prudence" and memory. Punishment produces "an increase in fear, a heightening of prudence, mastery of the desires: thus punishment "tames" men, but it does not make them "better"."(§15)


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: In Nietzsche's theory, the bad conscience was the serious illness that the animal man was bound to contract when he found himself finally enclosed within the walls of a politically organized society. It begins with the institution of the 'state', in its original form a violent subjugation of a people by a highly organized and remorseless military machine: "the wielding of a hitherto unchecked and shapeless populace into a firm form was not only instituted by an act of violence but carried to its conclusion by nothing but acts of violence"(§17). Thus the human animal became "subjected", enclosed within a system of externally imposed functions and purposes, and its outward-pressing drives and impulses were turned inward: "the instinct for freedom pushed back and incarcerated within and finally able to discharge and vent itself only on itself".(§16) It is the "will to power", the same active force that is at work in the artists of violence and builders of states, but deprived of its object and turned upon itself. This "inner" world of "self-ravishment" and "artists' cruelty", became "the womb of all ideal and imaginative phenomena", the "soul" of man.(§18)


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: To understand how the bad conscience became bound up with guilt and punishment, it is necessary to examine how these concepts acquired "religious" significance. Nietzsche accounts for the genesis of the concept "God" by considering what happens when a tribe becomes ever more powerful. Each successive generation maintains an ethos of indebtedness (guilt) to the original founders of the tribe, the ancestors. The tribe's very existence is thought to depend on a continued acknowledgement and repayment of the ancestor, whose powerful spirit is still present in all customs and daily activities. As the power of the tribe grows, the debt to the ancestor likewise increases. The invisible yet omnipresent figure of the ancestor takes on an ever-increasing power and mystique, until eventually, in the paranoid imaginations of his debtors, he begins to "recede into the darkness of the divinely uncanny and unimaginable: in the end the ancestor must necessarily be transfigured into a "god"." (§19)


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: The historical advance toward universal empires brought with it the advance toward monotheistic religions, and it was with Christianity that the feeling of guilty indebtedness achieved its "non plus ultra". Christianity is the religion that has sought, successfully, to permanently bind the concept of 'guilt' to the bad conscience:the "aim" now is to preclude pessimistically, once and for all, the prospect of a final discharge; the "aim" now is to make the glance recoil disconsolately from an iron impossibility; the "aim" now is to turn the concepts "guilt" and "duty" back—back against whom?… against the "debtor" first of all, in whom from now on the bad conscience is firmly rooted, eating into him and spreading within him like a polyp, until at last the irredeemable debt gives rise to the conception of irredeemable penance, the idea that it cannot be discharged (""eternal" punishment"). (§21) The entire condition of mankind becomes guilt-ridden, whether that condition is the primal ancestor who becomes the perpetrator of "original sin", or "nature", the mother, who becomes characterized as evil or shameful, or existence in general, which is now considered ""worthless as such"". Christianity's expedient, its "stroke of genius" in the shadow of this looming eternal nightmare, was to proclaim that God himself, in the person of Jesus, sacrificed "himself" for the guilt of mankind. God pays the unpayable debt, the new religion teaches, out of "love"—love for his debtor. Thus guilt, which originally merely signified debt in a contractual sense, attained an essential moral-metaphysical significance in mankind’s understanding of itself and its relation to God.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Nietzsche ends the Treatise with a positive suggestion for a counter-movement to the "conscience-vivisection and cruelty to the animal-self" imposed by the bad conscience: this is to "wed to bad conscience the "unnatural" inclinations", i.e. to use the self-destructive tendency encapsulated in bad conscience to attack the symptoms of sickness themselves. It is much too early for the kind of free spirit—a Zarathustra-figure—who could bring this about, although he will come one day: he will emerge only in a time of emboldening conflict, not in the "decaying, self-doubting present" (§24).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Nietzsche's purpose in the "Third Treatise" is "to bring to light, not what [the ascetic] ideal has "done", but simply what it "means"; what it indicates; what lies hidden behind it, beneath it, in it; of what it is the provisional, indistinct expression, overlaid with question marks and misunderstandings" (§23).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: As Nietzsche tells us in the Preface, the Third Treatise is a commentary on the aphorism prefixed to it. Textual studies have shown that this aphorism consists of §1 of the Treatise (not the epigraph to the Treatise, which is a quotation from Nietzsche's "Thus Spoke Zarathustra").


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: This opening aphorism confronts us with the multiplicity of meanings that the ascetic ideal has for different groups: (a) artists, (b) philosophers, (c) women, (d) physiological casualties, (e) priests, and (f) saints. That the ascetic ideal has been so powerful and meant so many different things is an expression of the basic fact of the human will: "its "horror vacui" [horror of a vacuum]: "it needs a goal"—and it will rather will "nothingness" than "not" will."


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: (a) For the artist, the ascetic ideal means "nothing or too many things". Nietzsche selects the composer Richard Wagner as example. Artists, he concludes, always require some ideology to prop themselves up. Wagner, we are told, relied on Schopenhauer to provide this underpinning; therefore we should look to philosophers if we are to get closer to finding out what the ascetic ideal means.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: (b) For the philosopher, it means a "sense and instinct for the most favorable conditions of higher spirituality", which is to satisfy his desire for independence. It is only in the guise of the ascetic priest that the philosopher is first able to make his appearance without attracting suspicion of his overweening will to power. As yet, every "true" philosopher has retained the trappings of the ascetic priest; his slogans have been "poverty, chastity, humility."


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: (e) For the priest, its meaning is the "'supreme' license for power". He sets himself up as the "saviour" of (d) the physiologically deformed, offering them a cure for their exhaustion and listlessness (which is in reality only a therapy which does not tackle the roots of their suffering).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Nietzsche suggests a number of causes for widespread physiological inhibition: (i) the crossing of races; (ii) emigration of a race to an unsuitable environment (e.g. the Indians to India); (iii) the exhaustion of a race (e.g. Parisian pessimism from 1850); (iv) bad diet (e.g. vegetarianism); (v) diseases of various kinds, including malaria and syphilis (e.g. German depression after the Thirty Years' War) (§17).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: The ascetic priest has a range of strategies for anesthetizing the continuous, low-level pain of the weak. Four of these are "innocent" in the sense that they do the patient no further harm: (1) a general deadening of the feeling of life; (2) mechanical activity; (3) "small joys", especially love of one's neighbour; (4) the awakening of the communal feeling of power. He further has a number of strategies which are "guilty" in the sense that they have the effect of making the sick sicker (although the priest applies them with a good conscience); they work by inducing an "orgy of feeling" ("Gefühls-Ausschweifung"). He does this by "altering the direction of "ressentiment"," i.e. telling the weak to look for the causes of their unhappiness in themselves (in "sin"), not in others. Such training in repentance is responsible, according to Nietzsche, for phenomena such as the St Vitus' and St John's dancers of the Middle Ages, witch-hunt hysteria, somnambulism (of which there were eight epidemics between 1564 and 1605), and the delirium characterized by the widespread cry of "evviva la morte!" ("long live death!").


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Given the extraordinary success of the ascetic ideal in imposing itself on our entire culture, what can we look to oppose it? "Where is the "counterpart" to this closed system of will, goal, and interpretation?" (§23) Nietzsche considers as possible opponents of the ideal: (a) modern science; (b) modern historians; (c) "comedians of the ideal" (§27).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: (a) Science is in fact the "most recent and noblest form" of the ascetic ideal. It has no faith in itself, and acts only as a means of self-anesthetization for sufferers (scientists) who do not want to admit they suffer. In apparent opposition to the ascetic ideal, science has succeeded merely in demolishing the ideal's "outworks, sheathing, play of masks, ... its temporary solidification, lignification, dogmatization" (§25). By dismantling church claims to the theological importance of man, scientists substitute their self-contempt [cynicism] as the ideal of science.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: (b) Modern historians, in trying to hold up a mirror to ultimate reality, are not only ascetic but highly nihilistic.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: (c) An even worse kind of historian is what Nietzsche calls the "contemplatives": self-satisfied armchair hedonists who have arrogated to themselves the praise of contemplation (Nietzsche gives Ernest Renan as an example). Europe is full of such "comedians of the Christian-moral ideal."


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: In a sense, if anyone is inimical to the ideal it is they, because they at least "arouse mistrust" (§27).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: The will to truth that is bred by the ascetic ideal has in its turn led to the spread of a truthfulness the pursuit of which has brought the will to truth itself in peril. What is thus now required, Nietzsche concludes, is a critique of the value of truth itself (§24).


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: The work has received a multitude of citations and references from subsequent philosophical books as well as literary articles, works of fiction, and


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: the like. "On the Genealogy of Morality" is considered by many academics to be Nietzsche's most important work, and, despite its polemical content, out of all of his works the one that perhaps comes closest to a systematic and sustained exposition of his ideas.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Some of the contents and many symbols and metaphors portrayed in "On the Genealogy of Morality", together with its tripartite structure, seem to be based on and influenced by Heinrich Heine's "On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany".


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: In philosophy, the genealogical method is a historical technique in which one questions the commonly understood emergence of various philosophical and social beliefs by attempting to account for the scope, breadth or totality of ideology within the time period in question, as opposed to focusing on a singular or dominant ideology. In epistemology, it has been first used by Nietzsche and later by Michel Foucault, who tried to expand and apply the concept of genealogy as a novel method of research in sociology (evinced principally in "histories" of sexuality and punishment). In this aspect Foucault was heavily influenced by Nietzsche.


title: On the Genealogy of Morality

text: Others have adapted "genealogy" in a looser sense to inform their work. An example is the attempt by the British philosopher Bernard Williams to vindicate the value of truthfulness using lines of argument derived from genealogy in his book "Truth and Truthfulness" (2002). Daniel Dennett wrote that "On The Genealogy of Morality" is "one of the first and still subtlest of the Darwinian investigations of the evolution of ethics". Stephen Greenblatt has said in an interview that "On The Genealogy of Morality" was the most important influence on his life and work.


title: Cups (song)

text: "Cups" is a song by American actress and singer Anna Kendrick from the 2012 extended play (EP) "More from Pitch Perfect". The song rose to prominence following its debut in "Pitch Perfect" (2012). Republic Records released the ""Pitch Perfect" When I'm Gone" remix on March 26, 2013. The original folk song was written in 1931 by A. P. Carter, and in 2009 it was reworked by British musicians Heloise Tunstall-Behrens and Luisa Gerstein recording under the group name Lulu and the Lampshades.


title: Cups (song)

text: A folk pop song, Kendrick's version uses the children's clapping game known as the cup game for its percussion. The music video was directed by Jason Moore and released on April 12, 2013. In the film, Kendrick appears as a diner worker who imagines everyone drumming their cups along with the tune. It reached number six on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, giving Kendrick her first top-10 record in the United States. It was also a top 30 hit in Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands and New Zealand.


title: Cups (song)

text: "Cups" incorporates lyrics from the 1931 song "When I'm Gone" by the Carter Family. Written by A. P. Carter, J. E. Mainer and his Crazy Mountaineers reworked "When I'm Gone" into an Appalachian folk song in 1937 and retitled it to "Miss Me When I'm Gone". British musicians Heloise Tunstall-Behrens and Luisa Gerstein, who performed under the group name Lulu and the Lampshades, reworked the Carter Family's version and introduced the cup game as the song's percussion. Their version of the song was uploaded to YouTube in 2009 with the title "You're Gonna Miss Me". In 2011, Anna Burden covered Lulu and the Lampshades' rendition of "When I'm Gone" and uploaded it to YouTube; her video went viral after it was uploaded to Reddit, leading other musicians to record cover versions using the cup clap technique.


title: Cups (song)

text: Anna Kendrick discovered the song after watching a video post on Reddit. Kendrick performed the song in the 2012 American musical comedy film "Pitch Perfect" (2012). The actress told "Movieline" she was not looking to be in "Pitch Perfect" and that the musical aspect in the movie's script made her nervous. She ended up being charmed by it later on and decided to stay. The movie's original script called for Kendrick's character Beca Mitchell to perform the nursery rhyme "I'm a Little Teapot" (1939), for a scene in which Mitchell auditions for a college a cappella singing group, the Barden Bellas. When she was asked to demonstrate her singing ability before filming, she performed "Cups"; the film's producers decided to write it into the movie's script in place of "I'm a Little Teapot". In the film, Kendrick uses a plastic cup to play along with the song's rhythm.


title: Cups (song)

text: The remix features a new bridge section, a folk pop string arrangement, guitar and xylophone, and has been extended by a minute. It was produced by "Pitch Perfect" director Jason Moore, Julia Michaels, Julianne Jordan, and the Underdogs. Music critics described "Cups" as a folk pop track.


title: Cups (song)

text: Kendrick recorded a 76-second cover version titled "Cups (Movie Version)" for the "Pitch Perfect" soundtrack. Republic Records and Universal Music Enterprises released a remix of her version, titled "Cups ("Pitch Perfect" 'When I'm Gone')", with new instrumentation for digital download and streaming as "More from Pitch Perfect"s lead single on March 26, 2013, on mainstream radio. The remix was released as a single in the United Kingdom on October 28, 2013.


title: Cups (song)

text: Kendrick performed the song on the "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" and "Saturday Night Live" in 2012, 2014 and 2017, respectively. It was included in the 2015 sequel film "Pitch Perfect 2", in which the Barden Bellas perform the song as a ballad. This version was included on "Pitch Perfect 2" soundtrack with the title "Cups (When I'm Gone) [Campfire Version]". A mash-up with George Michael's song "Freedom! '90", titled "Freedom! '90 x Cups", was released on November 21, 2017. The mash-up's video was released on the same day, and included the Barden Bellas and the top 12 contestants of the 13th season of "The Voice". The mash-up was released on the soundtrack "Pitch Perfect 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)".


title: Cups (song)

text: The song was well received by critics. It was described by Heather Phares of AllMusic as "charming", and as "undeniably catchy" by Jeff Benjamin of Fuse. Benjamin praised Kendrick's audition scene, which he thought was an "awesome musical movie moment". Kelly Lawler from "USA Today" stated Kendrick's rendition in "Pitch Perfect" is "cute and all" but was really not all that special. However, she commended Kendrick's "spontaneous performance" of the song on the "Late Show with David Letterman".


title: Cups (song)

text: "Slate" Chris Molanphy said the 2013 remix neutered the original version of "Cups" and said he would rather listen to Kendrick's "weird-America ditty" version. Writing for "Billboard", Andrew Unterberger praised the original track, describing it as "totally charming", but labeled the remix as "mumfordized" and "needlessly extended", saying it still hits one h—-


title: Cups (song)

text: of a flat note. "Houston Chronicle" Joey Guerra lauded the remix, and wrote Kendrick's "plaintive delivery" made it easy to love.


title: Cups (song)

text: Douglas Wolk of "Time" magazine placed the song at number nine on his end-of-year list, describing Kendrick's version as a "terrific arrangement." Marcus Jones of "Entertainment Weekly" put "Cups" at number nine on his "The Best Songs From Movies of the 2010s" list. Writing for "Screen Rant", Nicholas Howe ranked the song at number one on his "Pitch Perfect: Top 10 Covers In The Movie Series" list, noting its near-universal popularity.


title: Cups (song)

text: "Cups" debuted at number 93 on the January 12, 2013 US "Billboard" Hot 100 charts . It climbed to number 36 after the remixed version received airplay. The single reached number 10 in its 28th charting week, giving Kendrick her first top-10 chart hit. The song peaked at number six on the August 16, 2013 chart. It was Kendrick's first Hot 100 top-10 entry and one of the shortest songs by length to reach the top 10 during the 2010s. The song spent 44 weeks on the Hot 100. Kendrick is the second artist (after Barbra Streisand) to have a Hot 100 top-10 single and be nominated for both a Tony Award and an Academy Award.


title: Cups (song)

text: "Cups" performed well on "Billboard" airplay charts. It debuted at number 40 on the US Mainstream Top 40, a chart focusing on mainstream radio airplay. The track later peaked at number eight. "Cups" peaked at number two on the Adult Top 40 chart. It was a number-one hit on the Adult Contemporary chart, becoming Kendrick's first song to top any "Billboard" chart. By October 2013, "Cups" had sold 2.5 million downloads in the US. The single was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting track-equivalent sales and streams of three million units in the US. It was the 21st-biggest single of 2013.


title: Cups (song)

text: The single was an international hit, and peaked at number 11 on the Belgium Ultratop Flanders chart, and number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 and stayed on the chart for 42 weeks. It reached the top 30 in New Zealand, Ireland, and the Netherlands, and reached the top 80 in the UK, and Austria, and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of over 70,000 copies.


title: Cups (song)

text: Following the song's popularity, development for the music video began in March 2013, and was directed by Moore and choreographed by Aakomon Jones. The video was released on April 12, 2013, via Kendrick's YouTube channel. During an interview with "Entertainment Tonight", Kendrick said that while she wanted to film the music video, she was not keen to make a solo album. She agreed to the music video mostly because she wanted to work with Moore again and because she liked the idea of an entire diner full of people playing the cup song. The actress said she was not playing Beca Mitchell during the video.


title: Cups (song)

text: The clip begins with Kendrick, as a server, standing in a restaurant kitchen cutting biscuits using a cup. She takes the cup and lightly taps it on the table, before starting to tap the cup on the table and clap the song's rhythm. She later walks out into the dining area, where the customers start drumming their cups in various ways on their tables.


title: Cups (song)

text: The camera follows her collecting dishes and cleaning tables. During the song's bridge section, the camera zooms in and tracks to a wide shot of the staff and customers performing the cup tapping routine. The camera returns to Kendrick, who returns to the kitchen, passing the chef, who is now drumming with a cup. The camera then follows her back to the table where she prepared the biscuits. She drums on the cup and sings again before the timer rings. Kendrick looks back towards the dining area, where the customers are eating and talking normally. She realizes she had imagined the incident and looks at the chef. Kendrick smiles and leaves through the diner's back door, presumably to chase her dreams and never return.


title: Cups (song)

text: John Boone of "E! Online" praised the video's production, writing that Kendrick "remains amazing and we would not want to challenge anyone from that diner in flip cup". Writing for "Entertainment Weekly", Grady Smith described the video as a "beautifully shot clip". "The Wall Street Journal"'s Alexandra Cheney lauded Kendrick's performance, writing that she gave a "whole new meaning to flip cup", and described the flip-cup scene as an "epic proportion".


title: Cups (song)

text: Kendrick's version has been widely covered. In 2013, the South Korean girl group Spica released a cappella versions in English and Korean. In 2014, Miss New York Kira Kazantsev performed Pharrell's 2014 single "Happy" using Kendrick's cup routine during the talent portion of the Miss America Pageant.


title: Cups (song)

text: The Indian actress Mithila Palkar released a version in March 2016, in which she sang the Marathi song "Hi Chaal Turu Turu" to the track's rhythm. During an October 2016 interview with MTV, the American actor Ben Affleck sang "Cups" for Kendrick. In May 2020, the Pakistani film and television actor Hania Amir covered the song; according to a staff writer of "The Express Tribune", Amir played a golden cup, "effortlessly" as a percussion instrument. The writer also called it a "calm and decent version" of the song.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: Sniper is a 1993 American action film directed by Luis Llosa. The film stars Tom Berenger and Billy Zane as snipers on an assassination mission in Panama. It is the first installment in the "Sniper" film series, and was followed by eight direct-to-video sequels: "Sniper 2", "Sniper 3", "", "", "", "", "" and "Sniper: Rogue Mission". It was shot in Queensland, Australia, and debuted at number two in the United States.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: Master Gunnery Sergeant Thomas Beckett (Tom Berenger), Force Reconnaissance Marine, an experienced sniper, and his spotter, Cpl. Papich (Aden Young), are on a mission to assassinate a Panamanian rebel leader in the jungle. Upon successful completion of their mission, Beckett and Papich covertly withdraw from the area to await extraction. Because they are erroneously extracted in daylight instead of at night, Papich is killed by a sniper (armed with an SVD Dragunov). Beckett runs back under fire to carry Papich's remains to the helicopter.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: Later, Beckett is paired with an inexperienced civilian, Richard Miller (Zane), to eliminate rebel General Miguel Alvarez funded by the Colombian drug lord, Raoul Ochoa. Miller is an Olympic medalist and SWAT team sharpshooter, but he has no combat experience, no jungle operations experience, and no confirmed kills to his name. Miller is also ordered by his superiors to kill Beckett if Beckett either threatens or compromises the covert operation to eliminate both Alvarez and Ochoa. While proceeding to the staging area, Miller's UH-1 helicopter is fired upon by a guerrilla armed with an AK-47 Rifle. Several of the helicopter's crew and passengers are killed. With his Heckler & Koch SR9TC rifle fixed on the attacker, Miller is decidedly unable to shoot him; instead, the helicopter's fatally-wounded door-gunner makes the kill, but the aircraft's surviving aviator believes Miller made the crucial shot, earning Miller a false reputation.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: On the mission, Beckett insists on deviating from the plan that Miller was given. This, together with the fact that Miller has no professional experience or aptitude for jungle operations, sparks friction between the two. Early on, they encounter a group of Indians, who agree to lead them past the rebel guerrillas, in return for a favor: they must agree to eliminate El Cirujano ("The Surgeon"), an ex-CIA agent and expert in torture who has been aiding the rebels. Beckett agrees to do so.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: Uncertain of Miller's reliability and skeptical about his "kill" while recently aboard the UH-1 helicopter, he tells Miller to kill El Cirujano in order to prove himself. However, when the time comes, Miller fails again by first firing a "warning shot," followed by a shot at Cirujano's head. Cirujano is able to dodge the head shot by ducking under it into the river in which he has been swimming. In the ensuing firefight with the alarmed guerrillas, one of the Indians is killed. Although the Indians do not directly blame either Beckett or Miller, they withdraw further help.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: En route to the target, they realize they are being followed by another sniper. They head to a village to contact their informant, a priest, only to find that he has been tortured and murdered by Alvarez's men well before they arrived. Beckett speculates out loud that it is the work of El Cirujano, calling into question Miller's credibility. That night, Beckett marks their track with a small piece of trash to bait the follower – the sniper that killed Papich – into a trap and uses Miller as bait to pull the sniper out of hiding to take him out.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: The two men finally reach the General's hacienda. While waiting for their targets to emerge, they find Cirujano to be alive after all. Miller isn't hidden very well, and is spotted by one of the guards trying to sneak up on Miller. Beckett kills Miller's attacker while Miller takes out the drug lord. Being forced to save Miller's life instead of killing the General, Beckett insists on going back to take out the General. Miller's refusal to complete the mission leads to an exchange of fire between Beckett and Miller. Miller ceases after running out of ammunition and suffers a mental-emotional breakdown complete with hallucinations.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: As rebels close in on the two, Beckett attempts to provide cover fire for Miller. Seeing himself outnumbered, he surrenders to the rebels and, knowing Miller is watching, stealthily ejects a round from the chamber of his rifle while holding it up, then drops the bullet on the ground; Miller picks it up after Beckett is taken away.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: With nighttime approaching, Miller goes to the extraction site, but instead of boarding the UH-1 helicopter, he heads to the base camp, where he kills the general with his knife. He finds Beckett being tortured by El Cirujano, who has cut off the trigger finger of Beckett's right hand. Beckett spots Miller in the distance and uses a ploy to both distract Cirujano and mouth Miller instruction to kill both of them with one shot. Instead, Miller sticks to "one shot, one kill" and shoots Cirujano in the head. The two run to the UH-1 helicopter for extraction, and Beckett once again saves Miller's life: using his left hand, he uses Cirujano's confiscated pistol to shoot an ambushing sniper. The final scene shows Beckett and Miller on the way back home aboard the UH-1.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: Billy Zane was cast after his starring role in "Dead Calm" raised his profile. Director Luis Llosa, who grew up watching American films, called modern films "cartoonish and antiseptic" in their depiction of violence; he said that he wanted to bring back a sense of impact to killing.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: Columbia TriStar Home Video released it on VHS in August 1993, LaserDisc in September 1993, and on DVD in October 1998.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: "Sniper" was held back from release in 1992. It debuted at number two at the box office on January 29, 1993, in 1551 theaters and went on to gross $18,994,653 in the US.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 38% of twelve surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 4.7/10. Roger Ebert rated it 3/4 stars and wrote, ""Sniper" expresses a cool competence that is a pleasure to watch. It isn't a particularly original film, but what it does, it does well." "Variety" called it "an expertly directed, yet ultimately unsatisfying psychological thriller" that is "undermined by underdeveloped characters and pedestrian dialogue." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" described it as "partly a badly choreographed action drama and partly a psychological exploration of Beckett's mind, which comes up empty."


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: Michael Wilmington of the "Los Angeles Times" called it a shallow film that does not explore the themes suggested by the script and instead turns into a bloodless, macho video game. Clifford Terry of the "Chicago Tribune" called it a formulaic male-bonding drama that features a Hollywood odd-coupling. Richard Harrington of "The Washington Post" criticized the lack of character progression and the implausible conclusion.


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: Stephen Wigler of "The Baltimore Sun" called it a "poorly written, badly directed film" that substitutes violence for sex. Marjorie Baumgarten of the "Austin Chronicle" rated it 3.5/5 stars and wrote, ""Sniper" does little that's terribly original but that which it does, it does with great competence and grace."


title: Sniper (1993 film)

text: "Sniper" spawned eight sequels: "Sniper 2" in 2002, "Sniper 3" in 2004, "" in 2011, "" in 2014, "" in 2016, "" in 2017, "" in 2020 and "Sniper: Rogue Mission" in 2022. "Sniper: Reloaded", "Sniper: Ghost Shooter" and "Sniper: Ultimate Kill" features Billy Zane's role of Richard Miller from the first "Sniper" film reprised, having himself become a sniper following his Panamanian tour experience with Thomas Beckett.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The Renault Laguna is a large family car that was manufactured and marketed by Renault for 21 years in three body styles: hatchback, coupé, and estate. The first generation Laguna was launched in 1994, the second generation was introduced in 2000, and the third generation was built from October 2007 until 2015.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The production Renault passenger models are unrelated to the concept car of the same name, the Laguna, a two seater roadster presented by the automaker during the 1990 Paris Motor Show. The name was also previously used from 1973 to 1976 by Chevrolet, for a top-of-the-line Chevelle model, the Chevrolet Chevelle Laguna.


title: Renault Laguna

text: With development underway from 1987, design work under Patrick Le Quément began in 1988, with a final design approval in March 1989, and a design freeze by the beginning of 1990. Road testing commenced in 1991 and continued through 1993. The first generation Renault Laguna was unveiled in November 1993, and launched in January 1994, as a replacement for the Renault 21, initially coming as a hatchback only.


title: Renault Laguna

text: At the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1995, an estate version was introduced. This was known in some markets as the Laguna Sports Tourer, and replaced the 21 based Renault Savanna/Nevada. It was initially launched as a 1.8 RN/RT, 2.0RT/RXE, and 3.0V6. A sports pack with deep front spoiler, rear spoiler, and alloy wheels was available on 2.0 versions.


title: Renault Laguna

text: A limited-edition of 500 1.8RT Sport was made available in 1996, one hundred each of five colours including a metallic blue normally reserved for 2.0 models.


title: Renault Laguna

text: These limited editions sold out very quickly and so (to the annoyance of those who bought one of the original 500), the RT Sport was incorporated into the standard range at a cheaper price but having ABS, air conditioning, CD/Radio, and high-level brake light added as standard (all these were options on the more expensive, original 500). This coincided with Renault's participation in European Touring Car Championships.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The Laguna's equipment levels were generally much higher than the Renault 21. From launch, all models came with power steering, electric front windows, and remote central locking as standard. Most of the range had a driver's airbag. Later twin airbags, an anti-lock braking system, air conditioning, and a CD player became either optional extras or standard equipment.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The Laguna received a moderate facelift in April 1998, including a restyling of the hatchback and the sports tourer versions, and a redesigned front. This also included a different facelifted design of the taillights, most noticeable are the circular fog lights in the front.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The engines were updated and, in some markets, equipment levels were enhanced again. Five new engines featured in the completed facelifted lineup:


title: Renault Laguna

text: For 2000, the final edition of this Laguna, the "Laguna Concorde", was introduced. It included semi-leather seats and vocal warnings like "Welcome. The vehicle computer... is now checking systems for you". The onboard computer would notify the driver of any doors not being closed, lights left on, etc., weather ("Please brake carefully the road is watery"), or other faults in the electrical or mechanical circuits.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The onboard voice synthesizer warnings system was also available on the earlier 1998 RXE and V6 models. This is the same basic unit as used in the Renault Safrane.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The Mark 1 model has many bad reviews and reliability issues with everything from rear wheel bearing problems (a common Renault problem over several models) and heavy depreciation to problems with the bonnet latches (Renault uses an unusual system that is difficult to set up properly).


title: Renault Laguna

text: The reviews tended to be worse for the hatchback, with it suffering many more complaints and breakdowns than the estate variant, although no reasoning for this has been found.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The model of the Laguna Concorde was the last guise of the "old" Laguna to be marketed, prior to the release of the Laguna II at the end of 2000. The last of the Mk.1 Laguna's were registered in February 2001, and the Concorde range all feature a cream letter "C" on a dark green background. This was with the outline of an actual Concorde above the letter.


title: Renault Laguna

text: After almost seven years in production, the original Laguna was replaced by an all new model in December 2000 for the 2001 model year. The engines were upgraded, and the equipment list made longer.


title: Renault Laguna

text: It was the first vehicle available in Europe to achieve five stars in the Euro NCAP crash test results, a feature that was soon followed by all other models in Renault's range. This generation was made available in hatchback or estate (Grandtour) styles only.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The Laguna was the first European family car, and the second European car to feature "keyless" entry and ignition, developed by Valeo. Instead of a key, it used a credit card style device to unlock the car and start the engine. The initial unreliability of this keyless system hurt Laguna's reputation as well as Renault's reputation in general. The styling of the second generation Laguna was heavily influenced by the Initiale concept car.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The Laguna estate was only available with five seats, unlike the previous model which had seven seats as an option on some versions. It was badged as Sports Tourer or Grandtour, depending on the country. It was also marketed as a lifestyle vehicle, rather than a load carrier.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The Laguna II was facelifted in March 2005, being launched in the "Amsterdam Motor Show", according to Renault with improved security, driving performance, and comfort. It also had a moderate redesign of the air intake at the front of the car, now matching the design of the Megane. Sales commenced on 18 March 2005.


title: Renault Laguna

text: An electronic handbrake was also introduced, this was previously seen on the Scénic and Espace. The engines were much the same as before, with the 1.6 and 1.8 petrol units being offered in some markets, while other countries get a 2.0 petrol unit (turbo or non-turbo) and two diesels (1.9 or 2.2 direct injection).


title: Renault Laguna

text: After the facelift, a whole new diesel engine was introduced, the 2.0 dCi with and another variant of the engine which produced , In May 2007, this variant was the most powerful 2 litre diesel engine in the world.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The Renault Laguna III was officially announced in a press release on June 4, 2007. The car was unveiled to the public at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September, and it went on sale in October 2007 for the 2008 model year. The car comes as a five-door hatchback, as a five-door estate and a two-door coupé.


title: Renault Laguna

text: This third generation is based on the platform D, shared with the Nissan Altima, the Nissan Teana, and the Nissan Murano. The Laguna III was the first car to have gone through the Aubevoye Technical Centre's "Electro Magnetic Compatibility" unit, in the course of its development.


title: Renault Laguna

text: It was first presented as a concept car, at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show, which followed some styling cues of the previous concept car, the Renault Fluence. The production version was revealed at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, coinciding with the Monaco Formula 1 Grand Prix to take the wraps off.


title: Renault Laguna

text: The brand new V6 dCi engine delivers 235 hp (173 kW), while the new 3.5 litre petrol powered V6 offers 240 hp (175 kW). The Laguna Coupé later appeared before the general public at the Paris Motor Show in October 2008. In January 2008, spy images of a then possible Laguna Sedan appeared on the internet.


title: Renault Laguna

text: It was expected the car having appeared at the 2008 Paris Motor Show. However, this never made it to production. The Renault Latitude and the third generation (L43) Renault Samsung SM5, which is made by Renault Samsung Motors, South Korea is based on the Laguna III.


title: Renault Laguna

text: A facelifted version of the Laguna III, called the Phase 2, débuted at the 2010 Paris Motor Show, and sales began in November 2010.


title: Renault Laguna

text: It has an aggressive front end compared to the older model. The range has been redesigned around six trim levels: Expression, Black Edition, Eco Business, Bose, GT 4Control, and Initiale. Engine side, the only change is the engine 1.5 dCi 110 hp, with CO2 emissions, decreased from 130 to 120g/km.


title: Renault Laguna

text: In February 2012, Renault discontinued the Laguna, Espace, Kangoo, Modus, and Wind lines in the United Kingdom. In 2015, both the Laguna and the Latitude were replaced by the Talisman.


title: Renault Laguna

text: Renault was rumoured considering changing the Laguna name to Atalans for the successor. In May 2015, "Worldcarfans" reported the successor would première on July 6, 2015, and would also replace the Latitude in the European market. The coupé version would also be discontinued, due to low demand. On 6 July 2015, Renault announced the successor will be called Talisman, as part of its intention of unifying nameplates worldwide.


title: Nissan Teana

text: The is a mid-size sedan produced by Japanese automobile manufacturer Nissan. It was exported as the Nissan Maxima and Nissan Cefiro to certain markets. It replaces the Nissan Bluebird, Laurel and Cefiro. It shares a platform with the Nissan Maxima and Nissan Altima which are sold in North America, as well as the Japanese market Presage minivan. The Teana has been available in East Asia, Russia, Ukraine, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America and the Caribbean.


title: Nissan Teana

text: As of 2007 the Teana shares its platform with its French cousin, the Renault Laguna and Renault Latitude in most of Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and in Southeast Asia as the Renault Samsung SM5.


title: Nissan Teana

text: With the introduction of the Teana, Nissan continued the J lineage for the model codes (J31 and J32) from the Nissan Maxima (J30). Starting with the introduction of the third generation in 2013, the Teana became a badge engineered version of the North American Altima. The Teana nameplate was retired in 2020, being replaced by the L34 Altima or discontinued without any successor in some markets.


title: Nissan Teana

text: The name "Teana" is from that of a small village in Italy, sharing a naming influence for the Nissan Murano which was released in the same era, which was named after another city in Italy.


title: Nissan Teana

text: The J31 series Teana was first introduced in February 2003 to the Japanese market as a sedan companion to the Murano with both vehicles exclusive to Japanese Nissan dealerships called "Nissan Red Stage". It replaced the Bluebird and Cefiro in Japan, along with the Laurel. It was considered one level below the Skyline. The car was introduced with an optionally available internet-based, telematics and GPS navigation system called CarWings to Japanese drivers only.


title: Nissan Teana

text: Despite being largely unrelated to its longrunning Cefiro line, Nissan marketed the Teana using the "Cefiro" nameplate in Hong Kong, Singapore, Mauritius, Brunei, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Latin America and Caribbean while it was sold under the name of Teana in Japan, Thailand, Philippines, India, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia and China. The car was marketed as the Maxima in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Nissan Teana

text: In most of the world, the Teana was Nissan's largest front-wheel drive sedan, while the Skyline and Fuga are rear-wheel drive, with optional all-wheel drive.


title: Nissan Teana

text: It was introduced a month later to other Asian markets like Singapore. In 2004 the car arrived on European shores, replacing the Maxima QX.


title: Nissan Teana

text: Powering the Teana was either a 1998 cc, 2349 cc or 3498 cc engine matched to automatic transmissions. Power outputs vary somewhat between the different markets. Trim levels were 200JK, 230JK, 230JM and 350JM. The car was based on the Nissan FF-L platform. In December 2005, the Teana received new headlights and taillights, chrome trimming on the bumpers, enlarged foglights, front legrests and newly designed gauges. The car was also shortened slightly, and the clear rear turn signals were replaced by amber ones. XTronic CVT was also mated to all the engines.


title: Nissan Teana

text: In mainland China, the Teana was manufactured by the Dongfeng Motor Company, a joint venture with Nissan. In Taiwan, it was manufactured by Yulon Motor. In the neighbouring country of Pakistan, the Teana was known as the Cefiro and was assembled in Karachi. Additionally, it was sold in India, Russia, Ukraine as well as in New Zealand and Australia where it competes with the locally produced Mitsubishi 380 and Toyota Aurion under the Maxima badge. The first generation Teana was also assembled in Thailand for sale in the Southeast Asian market.


title: Nissan Teana

text: A restyled version was sold in South Korea as the Renault Samsung SM7. In January 2005, Renault Samsung announced a lower-specification version of the Teana which it sold as the second generation (A34R) Renault Samsung SM5 and, from 2008, as the Renault Safrane.


title: Nissan Teana

text: In some countries, the 200JK was not sold. This was replaced by the 230JK, basically a 230JM with less equipment. In Australia, the Maxima was sold in ST-L, Ti and Ti-L trim levels. The Ti-L trim was dropped after the facelift in 2005.


title: Nissan Teana

text: The first generation Teana utilized a number of engines, namely the QR20DE, VQ23DE and a slightly detuned version of the VQ35DE.


title: Nissan Teana

text: The new Teana is based on the Nissan D platform also used by the new North American Nissan Maxima and Nissan Altima. Engine choices include a 3498 cc V6, a 2495 cc V6, a 2488 cc in-line four and 1997 cc in-line four, all with a continuously variable transmission. The car's design was previewed by the Intima concept car shown in October 2007.


title: Nissan Teana

text: The car was launched in Japan, Taiwan, India, Iran, Mauritius, Russia, China, Brunei, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand and Australia.


title: Nissan Teana

text: This generation was not sold in Europe, where its French cousin, the Renault Laguna was offered, alongside the longer Renault Latitude.


title: Nissan Teana

text: Nissan continues to offer an optionally available internet-based, telematics and GPS navigation system called CarWings to Japanese drivers only.


title: Nissan Teana

text: From J32 and up, on Nissan Teana models, the car stereo system had a feature called Music Box that allowed users to record CDs and listen to them. This is the same case with the Maxima and Altima.


title: Nissan Teana

text: The Teana shares most of the platform and mechanicals with its North American cousin, the Altima which is built and sold primarily in North America. The J32 has been sold in Australia as a Maxima since June 2009 with model designations of 250 ST-L, 350 ST-S and 350 Ti. These models have features unique to Australia and New Zealand including alloy wheel design, rear spoiler and interior upholstery fittings. In late 2011, all three Australian models received an equipment upgrade, with prices remaining unchanged. The Cefiro nameplate has been discontinued on the second-generation line.


title: Nissan Teana

text: The second generation Teana utilized different engines, namely the MR20DE (successor of the QR series), VQ25DE and the VQ35DE, which was tweaked to produce 20 more PS. The Japanese-exclusive model, "FOUR" used a QR25DE engine.


title: Nissan Teana

text: The third generation Teana was introduced in 2013 to some markets as a rebadged version of the North American L33 Altima.


title: Abdul Karim Telgi

text: Abdul Karim Telgi (1961-2017) was a convicted Indian counterfeiter. He earned money by printing counterfeit stamp paper in India. He died suffering from multiple organ failure in Bengaluru on 23 October 2017.