title: Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)

text: Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony converted to Catholicism in 1697 in order to become King of Poland, but the Electorate itself remained officially Protestant and retained the directorship of the Protestant body. When the Elector's son also converted to Catholicism, Prussia and Hanover attempted to take over the directorship in 1717–1720, but without success. The Electors of Saxony would head the Protestant body until the end of the Holy Roman Empire.


title: Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)

text: After the formation of the new German Empire in 1871, the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences started to collect imperial records ("Reichsakten") and imperial diet records ("Reichstagsakten"). In 1893 the commission published the first volume. At present the years 1524–1527 and years up to 1544 are being collected and researched. A volume dealing with the 1532 Diet of Regensburg, including the peace negotiations with the Protestants in Schweinfurt and Nuremberg, by Rosemarie Aulinger of Vienna was published in 1992.


title: Van Halen III

text: Van Halen III is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Van Halen, released on March 17, 1998, by Warner Bros. Records. Produced by Mike Post and Eddie Van Halen, it was the band's first studio album in three years after "Balance" (1995), the band's only studio album to feature Extreme lead vocalist Gary Cherone, and the last to feature bassist Michael Anthony before he was replaced in the band by Eddie's son Wolfgang in 2006. However, Anthony only plays bass on three songs on the album, while the rest of the bass parts are played by Eddie Van Halen. Work on a follow-up album with Cherone commenced in 1999, but never advanced past a few demos.


title: Van Halen III

text: "Van Halen III" was the band's last studio album for fourteen years until they returned in 2012 with "A Different Kind of Truth", released by Interscope Records. Clocking in at over 65 minutes, "Van Halen III" is their longest album.


title: Van Halen III

text: The album's title refers to Van Halen's third recorded line-up, and to the band's first two album titles, "Van Halen" and "Van Halen II". None of its material is featured on "The Best of Both Worlds", the band's 2004 compilation.


title: Van Halen III

text: As a producer, Eddie brought his friend Mike Post. The album's final track, "How Many Say I", was an unusual acoustic piano ballad featuring Eddie on lead vocals, and Cherone on backing vocals: Eddie declared he was forced into singing, and added harmonies so he would not perform alone.


title: Van Halen III

text: "Van Halen III" is also known for its minimal use of Michael Anthony on bass guitar. Anthony only played bass on "Without You", "One I Want" & "Fire In The Hole"; Eddie Van Halen recorded bass for the rest of the album tracks that feature bass. After Michael Anthony's departure from Van Halen, he confirmed that Eddie Van Halen dictated to him how to play bass on this record.


title: Van Halen III

text: Anthony also said by the time of making this album, Eddie was playing the bass more as well as drums. "I don't know if Eddie was basically making a solo record, which is what "Van Halen III" seemed like to me." A track entitled "That's Why I Love You" was dropped at the last minute in favor of "Josephina", with "Fire in the Hole" featuring on the "Lethal Weapon 4" film soundtrack.


title: Van Halen III

text: "I would have preferred to tour with them and then put out a record," Cherone told KNAC. "It would have been a better idea to establish myself first and then hit the studio with the band… There were some great ideas and some little gems but it was not a great record. I had fun but at times it was like being a stranger in a strange land."


title: Van Halen III

text: The album cover is a still picture from stock footage of Frank "Cannonball" Richards, a vaudeville and sideshow performer known for his act of getting shot in the gut with a cannonball.


title: Van Halen III

text: "Van Halen III" debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 4, with 191,000 copies sold. The album's only significant radio hit was "Without You", which reached No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart on the March 7, 1998 issue of "Billboard", and remained there for six weeks. Other songs receiving airplay on rock radio were "Fire in the Hole" and "One I Want".


title: Van Halen III

text: Reception for "Van Halen III" was mostly mixed to negative. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic stated the album, "suffers from the same problems as Hagar-era Van Halen – limp riffs, weak melodies, and plodding, colorless rhythms." "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a B grade rating, saying, "judging from the renewed intensity of Eddie’s guitar playing throughout much of "III", having a merely competent, relatively ego-free singer seems to have reinvigorated his muse" but goes on to say "How Many Say I", a song Eddie sang lead vocals on was, "cringeworthy" and "unintentionally hilarious". Greg Kot from "Rolling Stone" gave it 2 stars out of 5 noting, "Cherone sounds disconcertingly like Hagar, full of spleen-busting bluster and incapable of understatement", and "When the band plays it heavy, it mires itself in a Seventies tar pit, with only the chorus of "Without You" achieving any sort of pop resonance." Kot compliments Eddie's vocals saying, "'How Many Say I' finds the guitarist singing in a disarmingly appealing, nicotine-stained voice over a moody piano melody." "Billboard" reviewer Paul Verna summed up "III" as "a wasted opportunity to breathe life into a now-tired formula".


title: Transgender pornography

text: Transgender pornography is a genre of pornography featuring transsexual or transgender actors. The majority of the genre features trans women, but trans men are sometimes featured. Trans women are most often featured with male partners, but they are also featured with other women, both transgender and cisgender.


title: Transgender pornography

text: It is common in transgender pornography to use terms that are generally regarded as pejorative slurs in the trans community, such as "chicks with dicks", "trannies", or "shemales". Transgender pornographic actress Wendy Williams said she disagreed with activists who thought these sorts of terms are slurs. In 2017, a major trans porn site changed their name from ShemaleYum to GroobyGirls and announced they would no longer use terms that are seen as stigmatizing.


title: Transgender pornography

text: Trans women in pornography are sometimes called "tgirls", the "t" standing for "transgender" or "transsexual".


title: Transgender pornography

text: AVN Award for Transgender Performer of the Year is one of the major industry awards for actors in the genre. Transgender Erotica Awards (formerly Tranny Awards) is the other major award.


title: Transgender pornography

text: Viewers of pornography featuring trans women typically identify as heterosexual. Transgender porn has become one of the largest, most popular genres of porn among heterosexual males.


title: Transgender pornography

text: Data from RedTube, a pornographic video hosting site, indicated that as of 2016 and based on the frequency of online searches trans porn was most popular in Brazil, Italy, Argentina, Russia and Spain; the United States ranked at 12th place and within the US trans porn searches were most common in Wyoming.


title: Transgender pornography

text: A spokesman for Evil Angel, a US porn production company, was quoted in 2015 as saying trans porn was the company's most profitable category, commanding premiums of about 20% more than other genres or scenes.


title: Transgender pornography

text: Trans pornographic actresses may be either sexually passive or active with their male co-stars. Some actresses, such as Danni Daniels, usually perform as a "top" or specialize in dominant roles.


title: Transgender pornography

text: In 2005, Titan Media released a film titled "Cirque Noir" starring Buck Angel, marking the first time a trans man had been featured in an all-male film produced by a company specializing in gay male porn.


title: Transgender pornography

text: Cyd St. Vincent founded "Bonus Hole Boys" in 2014, the first FTM gay porn company, in order to "show big-name gay porn stars having sex with trans men and loving it." The formula has found a following among both women and gay men, with the majority of the company's fan-base being gay men. The gay male audience for FTM porn has become a growing niche as more gay men become exposed to the genre.


title: Transgender pornography

text: In January 2018, the major gay porn studio Raw Fuck Club (RFC), released a scene starring Cyd St. Vincent titled "Some Men Have Pussies", becoming one of the few major gay porn companies to feature transgender men. The scene was largely popular, but provoked some controversy. Buck Angel's "Cirque Noir" and Cyd St. Vincent's "Some Men Have Pussies" have been praised as "landmark roles" in the representation of trans men in gay porn "whose magnitude cannot be understated."


title: Transgender pornography

text: As of 2019, gay trans man porn is still a relatively niche genre of pornography with few performers, but the market is growing each year as an audience develops for the genre.


title: Transgender pornography

text: Psychologist David J. Ley wrote that the popularity of transgender porn may have various causes, including sexual fluidity, the novelty factor, and because some trans women may act more like men sexually. Author J. Phillips wrote that the "phallic woman...challenges the fixity of our own sexual identity." Neuroscientist Ogi Ogas said that some straight men are interested in porn with trans women because the brain likes "different sexual cues in novel combinations" and that men seem to have a strong interest in penises regardless of sexual orientation.


title: Transgender pornography

text: Some in the LGBT community feel transgender pornography objectifies transgender people. Others argue it can have positive effects. Trans actor Buck Angel said "I get letters daily from people thanking me about making them feel better about their bodies."


title: Tyron Smith

text: Tyron Jerrar Smith (born December 12, 1990) is an American football offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at USC where he won the Morris Trophy, recognizing the best offensive and defensive linemen on the West Coast, in 2010. Smith was drafted by the Cowboys with the ninth overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith attended Rancho Verde High School in Moreno Valley, California, where he played on the offensive and defensive line. He earned All-American honors by "Parade", SuperPrep, PrepStar, Scout.com, and EA Sports, while also receiving numerous other All-Region honors. As a junior in 2006, he made Cal-Hi Sports All-State Underclass second team, All-CIF Central Division first team, and Riverside Press-Enterprise All-Riverside County second team. Smith played in the 2008 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Also a standout in track & field at Rancho Verde, Smith notched top-throws of 14.23 meters (46 feet, 7 inches) in the shot put and 46.62 meters (152 feet, 10 inches) in the discus.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Considered a five-star recruit and described as "an amazing right tackle prospect" by Rivals.com, Smith was ranked as the No. 6 offensive tackle prospect. Scout.com, who also viewed Smith as a five-star recruit, listed him as the No. 1 offensive tackle prospect in the nation.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith played three seasons with the USC Trojans from 2008 to 2010. As a freshman, he was the backup left offensive tackle. He appeared in 10 games. As a sophomore, he started the first twelve games at right offensive tackle. He earned All-Pac-10 honorable mention and CollegeFootballNews.com Sophomore All-American honorable mention for the 2009 season. As a junior, he appeared in twelve games.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith was considered one of the top offensive tackle prospects in the 2011 NFL Draft, along with Gabe Carimi, Anthony Castonzo, and Nate Solder. Selected by the Dallas Cowboys with the ninth overall pick, he was the first offensive lineman drafted in the first round by the Cowboys since Jerry Jones bought the team in 1989, and the highest in franchise history since John Niland went fifth overall in 1966. He signed a four-year, $12.5 million contract.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Entering the league as a 20-year-old rookie, Smith was named a starter at right tackle from the first day of Organized Team Activities, with Doug Free taking over the left tackle spot. His role became even more important after the Cowboys released veteran offensive linemen Marc Colombo, Leonard Davis, Andre Gurode, and Montrae Holland during the preseason. Smith started every game and earned praise for his play, prompting the media to speculate on a possible move to left tackle in the next season. He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Starting the 2012 season, Smith switched to starting left tackle, switching sides on the offensive line with Free. On September 12, Smith was fined $15,000 for a horse-collar tackle he did during the season opener against the New York Giants. However, little celebrated was the fact that the tackle was touchdown-saving coming after an interception, which led to a goal line stand by the Dallas defense. He started 15 games for the Cowboys in the 2012 season.


title: Tyron Smith

text: In his third year with the Cowboys, Smith committed just one holding penalty and allowed only one sack in his 16 starts. He was named to the 2014 Pro Bowl on Team Rice. He was ranked 78th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith signed an eight-year, $109 million contract extension with the Cowboys in July, making him the highest-paid offensive lineman in the league at the time. He was widely considered one of the top three offensive tackles in the league, and for his play against the Seattle Seahawks, he became the first offensive lineman in 10 years to be named Offensive Player of the Week. He started all 16 games for the NFL's second ranked rushing offense, while helping DeMarco Murray become the league's rushing leader. He was ranked 36th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith started all 16 games, helped clear the way for the NFL's fourth leading rusher (Darren McFadden) and earned his third Pro Bowl selection. He was ranked 42nd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Forced to play through nagging injuries throughout the season, Smith helped lead the Cowboys to a 13–3 record, and aided rookie Ezekiel Elliott in becoming the league's leading rusher. Smith was named the first team left tackle for the 2016 All-Pro Team, the second time he carried this honor in his career. He was named to his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl and was named First-team All-Pro, both honors being shared with fellow Cowboy offensive linemen Travis Frederick and Zack Martin. He was ranked 18th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 as the highest ranked offensive lineman.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith was named to his fifth straight Pro Bowl alongside guard Zack Martin and center Travis Frederick for the second straight year. Smith's 2017 season was marred by multiple injuries, which included to his knee, back, groin, and hip. He started and played in 13 games. He was placed on injured reserve on December 29, meaning that he would not play in the season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles. He was ranked 39th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith started 13 games at left tackle, missing three with injury, on his way to his sixth straight Pro Bowl. He was ranked 52nd by active NFL players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith started 13 games at left tackle in 2019, alike the 2018 campaign. He earned a solid 76.5 grade from PFF and marked him with 8 penalties, however he only allowed 1 sack. This led to his 7th straight Pro Bowl selection since 2013. He was named #78 on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.


title: Tyron Smith

text: In 2020, Smith had been bothered by a neck issue spanning within the past years. On October 9, Smith announced that he would forgo the rest of the 2020 season after choosing to have surgery on his neck. He was subsequently placed on the injured reserve.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith suffered multiple ankle injuries that lingered throughout the season. Smith missed Weeks 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, and 16 due to the injuries.


title: Tyron Smith

text: Smith suffered a torn hamstring in practice during training camp. He was placed on injured reserve on August 31, 2022. He was activated on December 17.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Mackenna's Gold is a 1969 American Western film directed by J. Lee Thompson, starring an ensemble cast featuring Gregory Peck, Omar Sharif, Telly Savalas, Ted Cassidy, Camilla Sparv and Julie Newmar in lead roles. It was photographed in Super Panavision 70 and Technicolor by Joseph MacDonald, with original music by Quincy Jones.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: "Mackenna's Gold" is based on the novel of the same name by Heck Allen using the pen name Will Henry, telling the story of how the lure of gold corrupts a diverse group of people. The novel was loosely based on the legend of the Lost Adams Diggings, crediting the Frank Dobie account of the legend ("Apache Gold and Yaqui Silver") in the author's note. The film was a box-office failure in North America, but went on to become a major overseas success, in regions such as the Soviet Union, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: An old legend tells of a fortune in gold hidden in the "Cañon del Oro" ("Canyon of Gold"), later called the "Lost Adams", guarded by Apache spirits. A man named Adams is said to have found it when he was young, only to have the Native Americans capture and blind him. Years later, Marshal MacKenna is ambushed by an old Native American shaman named Prairie Dog, and is forced to kill him. MacKenna thereby comes into possession of a map to the treasure. He examines it before burning it.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Mexican outlaw John Colorado and his gang have been tracking Prairie Dog to get the map; they are themselves being tracked by the US Cavalry. They take shelter in the house of an old judge in Hadleyburg, kill the judge, and kidnap his daughter, Inga. Colorado captures MacKenna, intending to force him to lead them to the gold. The gang includes Colorado's right-hand man Sanchez and several Native Americans, among them an Apache warrior named Hachita and a fiery Apache woman, Hesh-ke. Hesh-ke and MacKenna were once lovers, but she rejected him after he arrested her brother, who was tried and hanged.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Ben Baker, a gambler who knows Colorado, arrives with assorted townsmen who have learned about Colorado's plans when one of Colorado's men got drunk in town and said too much. Colorado is forced to allow them to join his party. The townsmen include the blind Adams himself. MacKenna warns them to return home, that they will just get themselves killed searching for gold that does not exist, but Colorado reveals that MacKenna shot Prairie Dog, and they stay.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The cavalry, led by Sergeant Tibbs, ambushes the party at a water hole, and most members of the gang are killed. The remaining gold hunters continue on their way, and as they near the canyon MacKenna and Inga begin to fall in love. A jealous Hesh-Ke now wants MacKenna back.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: When the cavalry patrol is whittled down to just Tibbs and two others, Tibbs kills them and joins the gang. After a shoot-out with the Apaches, they reach "Shaking Rock", a feature on the map. MacKenna tells Colorado they will see the canyon the next morning. He warns Inga to be alert for any opportunity to escape. When she protests that she too wants some gold, he tells her there is no gold, that he has been bluffing.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The next morning, when the first sunlight shines down, the shadow of the pinnacle of "Shaking Rock" starts to move. The shadow eventually points to a hidden passageway. On the other side, they see below them a huge vein of gold in the canyon wall opposite. As everyone races to it, Hesh-ke tries to kill Inga, but Inga fights back and Hesh-ke falls to her death. MacKenna, suspecting that Colorado does not intend to leave anybody else alive, tries to escape with Inga up the canyon wall. Tibbs is killed by Hachita with a tomahawk. Colorado then pulls his gun on Hachita, only to find that his weapon is unloaded. Hachita removed the bullets, as the spirits had told him to do, but he turns his back on Colorado, who kills him with a thrown knife.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Colorado pursues MacKenna and Inga, catching up to them at an ancient, abandoned Native American dwelling high up the cliff. They fight, but are interrupted when Apaches enter the canyon, shouting excitedly. The noise and the pounding of their horses triggers a rockfall which causes the valley floor to buckle and quake. The Apaches flee. The three survivors descend the cliff and frantically ride away, barely escaping the collapse of the canyon walls, which buries the gold beyond reach.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Colorado warns MacKenna to stay away from him, but MacKenna tells him to go far away and hide, that he will be coming after him. MacKenna and Inga ride off together, unaware that the saddle bags of the horse MacKenna is riding is stuffed with gold nuggets.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The film was based on a novel by Will Henry (pseud. of Heck Allen) which was published in 1963. The novel was based on the legend of the Lost Adams Diggings. According to the legend, a teamster named Adams and some prospectors in Arizona were approached by a Mexican Native American named Gotch Ear, who offered to show them a canyon filled with gold. However, in the novel as well as the film, the gang abducts a Marshal named MacKenna to find a way to the Canyon.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The film also adapts elements from another work, "Apache Gold and Yaqui Silver" (1939) by J. Frank Dobie, a collection of tales about the fabulous treasures of the Southwest, based on the legend of the "Lost Adams Diggins".


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Although Allen's novel title and hero shared the same spelling of the name "Mackenna", and the film's title according to the studio is "Mackenna's Gold", Peck's character is listed in publicity materials as "MacKenna".


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Film rights were purchased by Highroad Productions, the company of writer-producer Carl Foreman, who had a deal with Columbia. It was Foreman's first Western since "High Noon".


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: "I feel we should all do a Western from time to time", said Foreman. "It's the gym, the workout for basic cinema. In a sense this one bears a relationship with "High Noon"; it's roughly about the same town 10 or 15 years later and... [the lead role is] Gary Cooper's successor. "High Noon" never left town. This one never comes in but the town impinges on the story."


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: In April 1965, it was announced that composer Dimitri Tiomkin had joined the company as producer and his first project for the company would be "Mackenna's Gold". Tiomkin would also do the music. "It was practical appreciation of my efforts", said Tiomkin, who had known Foreman since they served together in the Signal Corps during the war.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: In October 1966, Foreman announced he wanted to make the film in the US, where he had not made a movie for almost fifteen years. He originally believed that he would have to make the movie in Spain where it could be done for below the line costs of $2.2 million, while a USA shoot would cost $3.2 million. However, on further research, Foreman felt a US shoot would cost only 10% more than a foreign one. He was persuaded to make the movie in America to use the Grand Canyon. (The budget would eventually rise to $7 million.)


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: In January 1967, it was announced the film would be shot in Cinerama. Columbia provided the finance and J. Lee Thompson would direct. "I've always wanted to do an American Western", said Thompson. "We're taking a big new approach to this one, striving for an over-all presentation, rightly or wrongly, that will appear new – techniques that may now be acceptable when applied to the big screen."


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Thompson later called the film "sheer adventure in six-track stereo sound. Absolutely without any 'other dimension'."


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The first star signed was Omar Sharif, whose casting was announced in February 1967. His fee was $400,000. Sharif said in an Italian interview that he would make this movie for his son, who was more impressed by action films but disapproved of Sharif's string of romantic epics during this part of his career.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Thompson's first choice for the role of MacKenna was Clint Eastwood, who was looking to make an American Western film after his success with the "Dollars" trilogy. He disliked the script and turned down the movie to play the lead role in "Hang 'Em High" (1968). Steve McQueen was also considered for the lead role.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: A script was sent to Richard Burton who called it "a standard western script... Christ, what a lot of rubbish one reads."


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Gregory Peck's casting was announced in March. He had worked with Thompson and Foreman on "The Guns of Navarone". Zero Mostel was going to play a role but had to pull out due to a scheduling clash with "The Producers".


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The plan was to show it in single lens Cinerama with reserved seat roadshow engagements. Columbia eventually pulled the plug on that idea, and "Mackenna's Gold" was drastically cut down immediately prior to its release, from nearly three hours (plus an intermission) to just over two hours.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Although most of "Mackenna's Gold" was photographed on 65mm stock, a handful of scenes were filmed in 35mm anamorphic.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Zuñi Mountains were the locations of digging according to the legend, but the film was shot mainly at Glen Canyon of Utah and Canyon de Chelly of Arizona, specifically Spider Rock. Parts of the film were also shot at Kanab Canyon, Paria, Sink Valley, and the Panguitch Fish Hatchery in Utah as well as Medford, Oregon. In the climax scenes, as the sun rises, the shadow of "Shaking Rock" grows longer. In reality, shadows become shorter as the sun rises higher.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The "Old Turkey Buzzard" theme song sequence was shot at Bryce Canyon in Utah and Monument Valley, on the Arizona-Utah border. The bird is actually a King vulture rather than a turkey vulture (buzzard).


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Stock footage was used for the waterfall peril in the rafting scene. It is actually a waterfall called High Force on the River Tees in the northeast of England.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Stills from the scene of Julie Newmar swimming naked in the film were reprinted in "Playboy" magazine.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Foreman allowed four film school graduates – two from USC, two from UCLA – to come on location and make their own short film on or around the shooting of "Mackenna's Gold". The filmmakers were Chuck Braverman, who did a documentary on Foreman; George Lucas, who made the short film "6-18-67"; David MacDougal, who made a documentary on Thompson; and J. David Wyles, who made a film on the wranglers. Lucas' movie was originally intended to be a making-of documentary.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Lucas felt the films were a ruse by Foreman to get some "cheap, behind the scenes documentary films made" but did it for the chance to direct. His project was supervised by Saul Bass. He was appalled by what he felt was a waste of money on location. Foreman reportedly hated Lucas' short film but was forced to say he liked it in a PBS documentary being made about the project. The film went on to earn a number of rewards.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The original score and songs of the film were composed and conducted by Quincy Jones, and the soundtrack album was released on the RCA Victor label in 1969. The opening song, "Old Turkey Buzzard", is a recurring background theme. It was sung by José Feliciano and was composed by Quincy Jones with lyrics by Freddie Douglas. 'Freddie Douglas' was a pseudonym for writer/producer Carl Foreman. José Feliciano also plays guitar and add vocals in many parts of the soundtrack and Spanish version of the theme song "Viejo Butre" for the Spanish-language edition of the movie.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The theme song was used on the "Late Show with David Letterman" in 2007 as a random running gag. A 13-second clip would be played after Letterman threw his blue index cards through the "glass" window behind his desk, and was often combined with a video clip of the turkey buzzard soaring in the sky during the movie's opening sequence. Letterman would gradually show increased mock irritation with the clip in discussions with bandleader Paul Shaffer, while at the same time calling it "exciting, moving, inspirational" and "stirring, haunting, beautiful". The running gag ultimately resulted in Feliciano making a guest appearance on the "Late Show" on October 16, 2007, singing a longer version of the song (with the buzzard video clip superimposed over him).


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The film had its world premiere in Munich, West Germany on March 18, 1969. It opened in Phoenix, Arizona on May 10, 1969.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The film was not well received by critics and audiences in North America. "Mackenna's Gold" was reviewed in "The New York Times" by Vincent Canby, who considered the film as an example of "stunning absurdity". He noted: "The structure of the movie is so loose that a narrator (Victor Jory) must be employed from time to time to explain the plot, as if it were a serial. Most surprising in a movie that obviously cost a good deal of money is the sloppy matching of exterior and studio photography with miniature work for special effects."


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: In the United States and Canada, the film earned in theatrical rentals. This was equivalent to estimated box office gross receipts of approximately . It was a box-office failure in North America. Despite this, the film went on to become a major overseas success, in regions such as the Soviet Union, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. In France, it was the 31st top-grossing film of 1969, selling 1,288,609 tickets, which is equivalent to an estimated ().


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: The film was popular in the Soviet Union. "Mackenna's Gold" was first shown at the VIII Moscow International Film Festival in 1973, followed by a cinematic premiere in 1974. The film was viewed by 63 million people and stands fourth in the all-time rankings of foreign film distribution in the Soviet Union. The title song "Old Turkey Buzzard" was dubbed with Russian lyrics by Leonid Derbenyov, a Russian poet and lyricist widely regarded as one of the stalwarts of 20th-century Soviet and Russian pop music. It was performed by then-popular Soviet singer Valery Obodzinsky. The film's ticket sales were equivalent to an estimated . Combined, the film grossed an estimated in North America, France and the Soviet Union.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: "Mackenna's Gold" was and remains a very successful film in India. It remained the top Hollywood grosser in India until blockbusters like "Jurassic Park" (1993) and "Titanic" (1997) came along. Even worldwide hits such as "Jaws" (1975) and "Star Wars" (1977) would not make as much money in India as "Mackenna's Gold" did. The film went through countless re-runs until well into the 1980s and could be seen in cinema halls across India, including small venues in the medium-size towns of North and South India.


title: Mackenna's Gold

text: Quincy Jones was nominated for a Grammy Award for best original score written for a motion picture or a television special.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Marilyn Mosby (née James; born January 22, 1980) is an American politician and lawyer who has been the State's Attorney for Baltimore since 2015. She is currently under federal indictment for multiple crimes.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Born Marilyn James in Massachusetts, she was raised in Dorchester, Boston, by her grandparents. Her mother, Linda Thompson, was 17 when Mosby was born. Her mother and father both served as police officers; her family traces its association with the police for two generations, as her grandfather was one of the first African-American police officers in the state. She attended Dover-Sherborn High School, an hour away from her home, as a result of METCO, the longest-standing school desegregation program in the country. She served in the Student Government Association, and was co-editor of the school newspaper.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Her interest in practicing law was sparked by the murder of her 17-year-old cousin by another 17-year-old outside of her home. Her cousin was mistakenly identified as a drug dealer and consequently murdered.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: In 2000, when she was a 20-year-old Tuskegee University student, James appeared on the "Judge Judy" television show as a plaintiff, suing a roommate for damaging her property during summer break. She prevailed in the arbitration, and was awarded $1,700. She graduated "magna cum laude" from Tuskegee University with a (B.A.) degree; she earned a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School in 2005.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Mosby served as a law clerk and as Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore from 2005 to 2011. Before that she had held a series of legal internships in Boston while in law school.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: In 2013, Mosby announced plans to run for State's Attorney for the city of Baltimore. She ran against incumbent Gregg L. Bernstein in the Democratic primary, defeating him with 55 percent of the vote. She faced no opposition in the general election.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Mosby won the general election, receiving 94 percent of the vote, defeating Independent Russell A. Neverdon Sr., who staged a write-in campaign. At the time of her election, Mosby was the youngest top prosecutor in a major US city.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Mosby was sworn into office on January 8, 2015. Soon after her first term in office had begun, Mosby announced restructuring of her office that was inspired by ideas from prosecutors' offices in New York, Los Angeles, and Atlanta. Deputy State's Attorney Janice Bledsoe was named to oversee the new division of "criminal intelligence". Mosby reestablished community liaison positions, which her predecessor had eliminated, to inform residents of developments in cases relevant to their neighborhood. She created the Policy and Legislative Affairs Unit to advocate for legislation to help keep residents safe and prosecute cases efficiently.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Mosby pushed unsuccessfully for bills that would have allowed prosecutors to introduce prior accusations against serial sex offenders during trial, an issue which she raised during her campaign. In May 2015, she secured the conviction of Nelson Clifford, a sex-offender who was acquitted in four previous sexual assault cases involving a "consent" defense. After the verdict she stated, "While we were able to secure a guilty verdict in this case, we must still encourage our legislators in Annapolis to bring our predatory sexual assault laws in line with the federal statute. Clifford was sentenced to more than 30 years in prison."


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: In January 2019, she announced that her office would no longer prosecute individuals for marijuana possession (regardless of quantity). She added that she would vacate nearly 5,000 marijuana possession convictions. In 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, she announced that her office were no longer prosecuting drug possession, prostitution, minor traffic violations and other low-level offenses in order to halt the spread of the coronavirus in Baltimore prisons. In March 2021, she said she would make that permanent, as she said that the temporary experiment had not led to more serious crimes.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Mosby announced on April 12, 2022, that she would run for re-election to a third term. She was defeated in the Democratic primary on July 19, 2022, by defense attorney Ivan Bates.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Mosby campaigned on a promise to target and prosecute violent repeat offenders. Since her administration began in January 2015, she has overseen successful prosecutions of a number of locally highlighted offenders, such as Darryl Anderson, Capone Chase, Nelson Clifford, Mustafa Eraibi, and Cornell Harvey.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: She created the Criminal Strategies Unit, modeled after a similar unit in the Manhattan District Attorney's Office, to use community assistance to identify and target violent repeat offenders. The Unit utilizes technology, data-analysis, and intelligence-gathering in combination with close relationships with community organizations to identify trends in crime and works with law enforcement to target those who perpetuate these trends.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: In response to a 2015 spike in violent crime in Baltimore, Mosby and newly appointed interim Police Commissioner Kevin Davis announced that prosecutors and police officers would co-locate inside of a 24-hour "war room" in which law enforcement would target violent repeat offenders around the clock.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: In 2015, Mosby charged six police officers, who had arrested detainee Freddie Gray prior to his death caused by injuries sustained in police custody, with a variety of crimes including second-degree murder and involuntary manslaughter. David Jaros, an associate professor at the University of Baltimore School of Law, was reported as saying that Mosby quite possibly overcharged the officers, while noting this is absolutely typical in criminal cases involving defendants who are not police.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Anonymous police department sources were reported by CNN as saying the Baltimore police's investigation did not support some of the charges brought against the officers. According to CNN,


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Mosby has good reason to separate her probe from the police. There is widespread community distrust of the police. And many critics say letting police departments investigate themselves is partly why alleged excessive use of force incidents by officers rarely draw serious punishment.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Mosby defended the charges in a statement released through a spokesperson, and condemned the release of information as unethical.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: In a May 4, 2015, interview on "Fox News", Harvard Law Professor Alan Dershowitz said that he believes Mosby overcharged the officers in an attempt to satisfy protesters and prevent further disturbances. Former Baltimore Prosecutor Page Croyder wrote an op-ed in "The Baltimore Sun" in which she described Mosby's charges as reflecting "either incompetence or an unethical recklessness". Croyder said that Mosby circumvented normal procedures "to step into the national limelight", and that she "pandered to the public", creating an expectation of a conviction.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: On May 21, a grand jury indicted the officers on most of the original charges filed by Mosby, with the exception of the charges of illegal imprisonment and false arrest, and added charges of reckless endangerment to all the officers involved. In May 2015, Mosby appeared onstage at concert with the musician Prince, after which she was criticized for using the Freddie Gray incident for personal and political gain. The "Baltimore Sun" reported that Mosby received $12,000 in free travel to speak at events around the nation after the officers were charged.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: When asked to respond to the allegation from police that she does not support the police, Mosby called the notion 'absurd', citing her family's history of working in law enforcement. Mosby was criticized for requesting the increased police presence, in the same neighborhood where Gray was arrested, just weeks prior to the incident.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: William Porter was the first officer tried; this resulted in a hung jury, and the judge declared a mistrial in December 2015. The "Baltimore Sun" reported that Porter was within one vote of an acquittal on the most serious charge against him.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: The second trial of officers ended on May 11, 2016, when Officer Edward Nero was acquitted on all charges. His acquittal resulted in increased criticism of Mosby for having moved too quickly in charging the officers.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: The third trial ended on June 23, 2016, and Officer Goodson was acquitted on all counts. George Washington University Law School professor John F. Banzhaf III filed a complaint with the Maryland's Attorney Grievance Commission against Mosby, saying she did not have probable cause to charge six officers in the killing of Freddie Gray, and also that she repeatedly withheld evidence from the officers' defense attorneys.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Five of the six police officers charged by Mosby are suing her for malicious prosecution, defamation, and invasion of privacy.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Besides criticism of her case against the officers charged in Gray's death, Mosby has faced questions for her frequent speaking engagements and private businesses. Though she maintained she did nothing wrong, Mosby asked city Inspector General Isabel Mercedes Cumming to investigate. Cumming found Mosby was out of town for 144 workdays in 2018 and 2019, did not report 15 out-of-town trips to the Board of Estimates and used LLCs she claimed to be dormant as tax write-offs. City Solicitor Jim Shea issued his own assessment, finding that administrative rules are unclear and that Mosby did nothing wrong in regards to her travel.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Days later, it was revealed that lawyers who responded to the inspector general's report on Mosby's behalf were paid by Mosby's campaign, a possible violation of state law.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: As of March 2021, Mosby and her husband are the subjects of an active federal investigation. Investigators have sought a wide range of business and campaign records.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: Florida land records revealed Mosby bought two homes in Florida weeks before the federal investigation came to light.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: In October 2020, a $45,000 tax lien was filed against the property of Marilyn and Nick Mosby for three years of unpaid federal taxes (2014, 2015, and 2016). Nick Mosby said he has been "in ongoing conversations with the IRS" about resolving this issue. That November, he said the issue was "settled".


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: In May 2021, Mosby's office filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) against Baltimore television station WBFF, which had been critical of Mosby, alleging the station's coverage of her office was "blatantly slanted, dishonest, misleading, racist, and extremely dangerous". The complaint also stated that "We welcome being held accountable, and we support First Amendment freedom of speech." WBFF responded that its journalism was in the public interest, and "While we understand that it's not always popular with the individuals and institutions upon which we are shining a light, we stand by our reporting."


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: FCC commissioner Brendan Carr characterized Mosby's complaint as, "a chilling and direct attack on free speech and journalistic freedom".


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: In 2005 James married Nick Mosby, a Maryland State Delegate. They have two daughters. They live in the Reservoir Hill neighborhood of Baltimore. She has used Mosby as her name professionally since then.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: On January 13, 2022, Mosby was indicted by a federal grand jury on a perjury charge alleging she falsely claimed COVID-19-related financial hardship in requesting one-time withdrawals of $40,000 and $50,000 of her deferred compensation funds under the CARES Act, which describes specific criteria for qualifying withdrawals, such as a reduction of income due to a COVID-related layoff or due to quarantining, whereas she reportedly had continued to draw her full salary throughout the period, and her salary had actually increased. She additionally was accused of making false statements in mortgage applications for her Florida home and condo by failing to disclose her federal tax liabilities. There are four counts in the indictment.


title: Marilyn Mosby

text: On February 4, 2022, Mosby pleaded not guilty to the charges. Her trial date has been set for September 19, 2022, after her lawyers requested a postponement.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Alan James Ball (12 May 1945 – 25 April 2007) was an English professional football player and manager. He was the youngest member of England's 1966 World Cup winning team and played as a midfielder for various clubs, scoring more than 180 league goals in a career spanning 22 years. His playing career also included a then national record £220,000 transfer from Everton to Arsenal at the end of 1971. After retiring as a player, he had a 15-year career as a manager which included spells in the top flight of English football with Portsmouth, Southampton, and Manchester City.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball was born in Farnworth, Lancashire, the son of (James) Alan Ball, a former professional football player and manager and later a publican, and his wife, Violet, née Duckworth. Ball started his footballing career whilst still a schoolboy, playing for Ashton United, the team his father managed, amongst the hurly burly of the Lancashire Combination. He fell out with his headmaster over missing games for his Farnworth Grammar School team due to him signing and playing for Wolverhampton Wanderers. He left Farnworth Grammar with no qualifications.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: After he left school, Wolves decided not to take Ball on. The midfielder then started training with Bolton Wanderers but they too decided not to give him a professional deal, as manager Bill Ridding said he was too small.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Blackpool signed him after Ball's father called in a favour with the coach, an old friend with whom he used to play. Ball was given a trial in September 1961 and was immediately signed up as an apprentice. He turned professional in May 1962, making his Football League debut on 18 August 1962 against Liverpool at Anfield in a 2–1 victory. At age 17 years and 98 days, he became Blackpool's youngest League debutant. On 21 November 1964, Ball scored his first hat-trick as a professional, in a 3–3 draw with Fulham at Craven Cottage.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball's performances in the 1966 World Cup winning England team attracted the attention of a number of clubs bigger than Blackpool. He was eventually sold to Everton for a fee of £112,000 in August 1966, at the time a record transfer fee paid to an English club. At Everton, Ball settled into what became regarded as his generation's best Everton midfield trio, alongside Colin Harvey and Howard Kendall (they are still affectionately referred to as "The Holy Trinity"). Everton reached the 1968 FA Cup Final, but lost to West Bromwich Albion and were knocked out by Manchester City in the semi-finals the following year. Ball was as instrumental a player in the team as ever, as Everton took the 1970 Football League Championship title, seeing off a late challenge from Leeds United.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Back at club level, Everton again capitulated in the semi-finals of the FA Cup in 1971, with Ball's opening goal overhauled by two strikes from Merseyside rivals Liverpool, who went on to lose the final to "double"-chasing Arsenal. Ball played 259 times for the Toffees, in all scoring 79 goals.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: On 22 December 1971, Arsenal paid a record fee of £220,000 to take Ball to Highbury. He was 26 years of age and at his peak for both form and fitness when he joined Arsenal; he made his debut against Nottingham Forest on 27 December 1971.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: However, Arsenal could not defend their League title in 1971–72 and also lost their grasp on the FA Cup when Leeds United beat them 1–0 in the centenary final at Wembley.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball had continued to play for Arsenal through all this time, as a near-constant member of the first team at first, including 50 appearances in 1972–73. However, Arsenal's Double-winning side was soon dismantled and their replacements proved inadequate; Ball remained one of the few quality players in the Arsenal side, and he was made club captain in 1974. In April 1974 Ball broke his leg, resulting in his missing the start of the 1974–75 season, in which Arsenal finished 16th. Ball also missed the start of the 1975–76 season after an injury in the pre-season friendly at Crewe Alexandra, Arsenal subsequently finished in 17th place that season. Bertie Mee resigned as Arsenal manager in the summer of 1976 and it was clear new manager Terry Neill wanted to take the club in a new direction. Now aged 31, Ball continued to play for Arsenal until December 1976, when he was sold to Southampton for a fee of £60,000. In total he made 217 appearances for the Gunners, scoring 52 goals.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball's move to Southampton was symmetrical in that he had arrived at clubs, namely Everton, Arsenal and Southampton in 1966, 1971 and 1976, when each were holders of the FA Cup. He helped Southampton earn promotion back to the First Division in 1978 and picked up a League Cup runners-up medal in 1979 after they were beaten 3–2 by Nottingham Forest.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball then went to play in the decade-old North American Soccer League, joining the Philadelphia Fury as a player in May 1978. He was named player-coach after former Newcastle United coach Richard Dinnis was fired in June. One season later, after he was no longer coaching, he was sold to the Vancouver Whitecaps in June 1979. Almost instantly he made a huge impact with the Whitecaps and helped lead them to the NASL Soccer Bowl title that September. He also walked away with the 1979 Playoff MVP award, scoring seven goals in nine games.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: He returned to Britain in February 1980 as player-manager of his first professional club, Blackpool, after honouring the remainder of his contract with Vancouver. Blackpool's general manager Freddie Scott substituted in the meantime. Ball's appointment was well received by the Blackpool supporters, and he returned with enthusiasm, a desire to bring back the good times to the club, and still had enough energy to take the field occasionally.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: The year that followed saw Blackpool's recent ill-fortune slump even further. The club slid towards relegation, and only some determined performances (including four wins out of their final six games) ensured an 18th-placed finish and survival. During the close season, Ball brought in several new faces and was also prepared to gamble on youngsters. One of his most unpopular moves amongst the fans was the sale of Tony Kellow, a huge favourite at Bloomfield Road. The 1980–81 season began in similar fashion, with Blackpool struggling near the foot of the table. The optimism that had been in place during pre-season turned to anger as the team's performances failed to match up to Ball's promises.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: After an FA Cup first-round win over Fylde Coast neighbours Fleetwood Town on 22 November, Ball publicly criticised the fans for allegedly not wanting the team to succeed as much as he did. Eventually it all became too much for manager and club, and shortly after a defeat at Brentford on 28 February 1981, Ball's contract was terminated with immediate effect and the mutual love affair had ended in ruins. Blackpool were relegated at the end of the season. In March 2005, Ball finally commented on his time as Blackpool manager. He said, "Jack Charlton, a good friend, had offered me a coaching role at Sheffield Wednesday, and with hindsight I should have done that instead: got a bit of experience under my belt. Another thing I should have done was kept Stan Ternent on. I replaced him as manager, but he was very good. I think I was a bit big-headed, a little headstrong, and I thought being a player-manager would be no problem for me. It was a lot more difficult than I thought, and not helped by dealing with the boardroom."


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: In March 1981, Ball was tempted back to Southampton to play alongside fellow veterans and former England teammates Mick Channon and Kevin Keegan. He left Southampton in October 1982 to play for Hong Kong side Eastern Athletic, before joining Bristol Rovers in January 1983, where he remained until his retirement the following season. When Ball finally retired from playing, he had played 975 competitive games in 21 years.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Despite being in a struggling Blackpool team, Ball's industry, stamina and distribution were noticed by England manager Alf Ramsey, who gave him his international debut on 9 May 1965 in a 1–1 draw with Yugoslavia in Belgrade, three days before his twentieth birthday. Ramsey was preparing for the World Cup a year later, which England was to host, and was developing a system whereby England could deploy midfielders with a defensive and industrious bent, something which was not wholly guaranteed from conventional wide men. As a result, Ball became a useful tool for Ramsey to use – able to play conventionally wide or in the centre but still in possession of the energy to help out his defence when required.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball was the youngest member of the squad of 22 selected by Ramsey for the tournament, aged only 21. Though England as a team emerged collectively heroic from the tournament, Ball was one of many players regarded as an individual success, especially as he was one of the more inexperienced charges with no proven record at the very highest level. Indeed, he, Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters emerged with enormous credit and eternal acclaim from the competition – and all of them were still only in single figures for caps won by the time they were named in the team for the final against West Germany.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: The 98,000 crowd at Wembley witnessed a magnificent personal performance from Ball. Full of running, he continued to work and sprint and track back while teammates and opponents alike were out on their feet. With fewer than 15 minutes to go, he won a corner on the right which he promptly took. Hurst hit a shot from the edge of the area which deflected into the air and down on to the instep of Peters, who rifled England 2–1 ahead. The Germans equalised with seconds to go, meaning that the game went into extra time. Somehow, this instilled extra bounce into Ball's play and the image of his continuous running round the Wembley pitch, socks round his ankles, is one of the most enduring of the occasion. It was his chase and low cross which set up Hurst's massively controversial second goal, and England's third; he was also sprinting upfield, unmarked and screaming for a pass, as Hurst took the ball forward to smash his historic hat-trick goal with the last kick of the game. Ball returned to a civic reception in Walkden, Lancashire following the World Cup success, where he lived with his parents and sister. Ball's appearance in the final marked the last occasion on which a Blackpool player received a full England cap.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: By now, Ball was one of the first names on Ramsey's England teamsheet and he was in the squad which travelled as defending champions to the altitude of Mexico for the 1970 World Cup. Ball famously hit the crossbar with a shot as England lost one of their group games 1–0 to Brazil. England won their other group games and progressed to another showdown with West Germany in the quarter finals, but the heat sapped Ball's natural industry. England lost a 2–0 lead and their reign as world champions ended with a 3–2 loss.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: In a qualifier for the 1974 World Cup against Poland in Chorzów on 6 June 1973, Ball became the second England player to be sent off in a full international, after grabbing Lesław Ćmikiewicz by the throat and kneeing him in the groin during a player scuffle. As a result, he missed the return game at Wembley Stadium, which became one of the most notorious in English football history, ending in a 1–1 draw. England failed to qualify for the World Cup as a result of not winning.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ramsey was sacked and Joe Mercer took over at a caretaker level, for whom Ball never appeared due to injury. However, Ball's relationship with his national side was enhanced and then soured beyond repair when Don Revie was appointed as Ramsey's permanent replacement. Ball was given the captaincy after the dropping of Emlyn Hughes and held it for six consecutive games, none of which England lost. They included a 2–0 victory over reigning World champions, West Germany in March 1975 and a 5–1 defeat of Scotland in May 1975.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: After sustaining an injury in a pre-season friendly for Arsenal at Crewe Alexandra, Ball was not called up at all for England, let alone retained as captain, when Revie announced his squad for a game against Switzerland. Ball only found out when his wife took a call from a journalist asking for her reaction. Aged 30, Ball's international career had ended suddenly and acrimoniously after 72 appearances and eight goals. He was, however, the last of the 1966 World Cup winning team to leave the international stage (although not the last in the squad, as Ian Callaghan was unexpectedly called up by Ron Greenwood in 1977).


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball resumed his managerial career in May 1984 with Portsmouth and was a huge success. They just missed out on promotion to the First Division in his first two seasons as manager, and he finally guided them to the top flight in 1987. However, they were relegated after just one season back among the elite, and Ball was sacked in January 1989 for failing to mount a serious promotion challenge and because of a serious personality clash with Portsmouth's then chairman Jim Gregory.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: The following month he joined Colchester United as assistant to Jock Wallace and in October 1989 took up a similar post under Mick Mills at Stoke City. However, Mills was sacked two weeks later and Ball was promoted to the manager's seat. He came to the conclusion that the squad he had inherited was simply not good enough and out went Chris Kamara, Dave Bamber, Leigh Palin, Carl Saunders, Gary Hackett and Nicky Morgan. Into the side came Tony Ellis, Lee Sandford, Tony Kelly, Dave Kevan, Paul Barnes and Noel Blake. It was a big gamble by Ball to change so much of the squad so quickly, and it did not pay off. Stoke stayed rooted to the bottom of the table and was relegated to the Third Division for the first time in 63 years.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball's next objective was to gain an instant return to the Second Division, which looked an achieveable goal as after 12 matches in 1990–91 they were one of the favourites for promotion. But Stoke's form fell off and with some embarrassing results the side dropped down the table, until after a 4–0 defeat away at Wigan Athletic Ball was sacked. Stoke went on to finish 14th, their lowest league position.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: In July 1991 he was appointed as manager of Third Division Exeter City. Although Exeter struggled (their form hardly helped by a tight budget), Ball managed to keep them in the Third Division (the new Division Two from the creation of the Premier League in 1992) in 1993, though by the time he moved on they were on their way to relegation to the bottom tier. Between February and August 1992 he also worked as a coach for the England team under Graham Taylor, including the 1992 European Championships, which were not a success for England, as they failed to progress beyond the group stages of the tournament in Sweden.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: In January 1994, Ball left Exeter to take over the reins at Southampton, replacing the unpopular Ian Branfoot. At the time of his appointment, Southampton seemed doomed to relegation, having spent virtually the whole season to that point in the drop zone. Ball's first task as manager was to re-establish Matthew Le Tissier's role in the team and to ensure that the other players recognised that he was the club's greatest asset. Le Tissier responded by scoring 6 goals in Ball's first 4 games in charge, including a hat-trick on 14 February 1994 in a 4–2 victory over Liverpool. In the second half of the 1993–94 season, Le Tissier played 16 games under Ball's management, scoring 15 times.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: After 3 defeats over the Easter period, the Saints remained in the relegation zone. In the final 6 games Saints scored 15 goals (8 from Le Tissier) and gained 10 points which were sufficient to confirm safety on the final day of the season.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: At the start of the following season, 1994–95, Ball signed goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar but more significantly signed Le Tissier on a new 3-year deal. Despite not winning any of their first 4 games (including a 5–1 defeat at Newcastle), the Saints, assisted by 3 goals from loanee signing Ronnie Ekelund, then won 4 out of 5 games in September lifting them to 7th in the table. After this, they drifted away and only won 2 more games until mid-March, dropping into the relegation zone. On 22 March 1995, the Saints were at home to Newcastle and were trailing 1–0 with 4 minutes left, however the team scored 3 goals, including 2 in injury time, to snatch an amazing and priceless victory.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: This result inspired the Saints, who won 5 of their remaining 10 games and finished the season in 10th place.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Despite this success, Ball was tempted away in July 1995 to become Manchester City's manager under the ownership of former England teammate Francis Lee. His departure from The Dell was rather acrimonious and for some years afterwards, Ball's return visits to the Dell were greeted by abuse from some sections of the Saints' fans.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball's tenure at Maine Road was controversial, in that many observers and supporters felt he was appointed for his name and friendship with the chairman rather than for any credentials as a coach (and they argued that previous manager Brian Horton, appointed by Lee's predecessor Peter Swales, had done no wrong). This is debatable, as City had finished 16th and 17th under Horton, after finishing fifth, fifth and then ninth under Horton's predecessor Peter Reid.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball gave Paul Walsh, who had scored 15 league and cup goals for City in 1994–95, and cash, to Portsmouth in exchange for Gerry Creaney, who scored 4 goals for City in 1995–96. But a terrible start to the 1995–96 season saw City endure eight defeats and not win one of their opening 11 games. November saw a turnaround in fortunes when City finally managed to win a league game at the 12th attempt and follow this up with a draw and two wins which saw them end the month outside the relegation zone and Ball chosen Premier League Manager of the Month for November 1995.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: City's form declined after that, and the team drew 2–2 with Liverpool on the final day of the season. The other relegation-threatened teams fared better, and City were relegated on goal difference, after seven successive seasons of top-flight football. The board kept faith with Ball, but he resigned three games into the next season's Division One campaign. He felt that he had been forced to sell their best players due to City's financial plight.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: In January 1998, Ball was contacted by Brian Howe, who informed him he was to make a takeover bid for the club and that he would like Ball to manage the club. This led to Ball returning to Portsmouth as manager in February 1998, however the take-over never came about. When he was appointed Pompey were several points adrift at the bottom of the table and enduring a near-fatal financial crisis, going into administration for over a year. In 1998, he masterminded a miraculous escape that saw two of his former sides (Stoke City and Manchester City) relegated after Pompey won 3–1 at Bradford City on the final day of the season. He also kept them up in the 1998–99 season, but his contract was terminated on 9 December 1999 with the club in the lower half of Division One. His departure came six months after the club was rescued from financial oblivion by new owner Milan Mandaric. On his retirement, 54-year-old Ball was the last remaining England World Cup winner in management.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball was educated at Farnworth Grammar School. Ball's father Alan Sr., also a professional footballer and manager, died in a car crash in Cyprus in January 1982. In April 2021, Ball's son, Jimmy, became the third generation of the family to manage in the Football League after being appointed interim manager at Forest Green Rovers.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball was always a distinctive figure thanks to his diminutive stature, red hair, and his high-pitched voice. He wrote an autobiography, "Ball of Fire" in 1967, updated as "It's All About a Ball", in 1978. His third autobiography, "Playing Extra Time" (2004) received critical acclaim giving insight into his highs and lows in the footballing world.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: In April 2004, Ball appeared for Testwood Baptist Church in the Roger Frapwell Testimonial Match at the BAT ground, Totton, near Southampton, wearing the number 7 shirt as he did in the 1966 World Cup triumph. Also in that team were former Saints manager Dave Merrington and ex-Saints defender Francis Benali. The proceeds from the game were donated to local charity SCRATCH.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: As a family man, Ball struggled privately after his wife and later his youngest daughter were both diagnosed with major illnesses. Lesley, whom he married on 21 May 1967 at the parish church of St Stephen, Kearsley, Lancashire, died on 16 May 2004, aged 57, after a three-year battle against ovarian cancer. Alan and Lesley, who had been together for five years prior to their marriage, had three children together; Mandy, Keely and Jimmy. They also had three grandchildren.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: He had remained in the family home in Warsash, and from mid-2005, Ball had an ongoing relationship with childhood friend Valerie Beech, ex-wife of former Bolton player Harry Beech. In May 2005, Ball put his World Cup winner's medal and commemorative tournament cap up for auction to raise money for his family, saying "They are just trinkets that take up space, I don't think I've even looked at them for years. My memories of the World Cup are more important than those things to me, and my family are even more important." The items were sold for £140,000.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball, aged 61, died in the early hours of 25 April 2007 at his home in Hook, Fareham, Hampshire, after suffering a heart attack while attempting to put out a blaze in his garden that had started when a bonfire – on which he had been burning garden waste – re-ignited and spread to a nearby fence. His funeral was held in Winchester Cathedral on 3 May 2007. Many of Ball's former football colleagues were in attendance, and the flat cap that he had become well known for wearing was placed on top of his coffin.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: The Alan Ball Memorial Cup, a charity match between two squads of former international players, in the shape of "England vs the World", was played on 29 July 2007, with proceeds going towards the Bobby Moore Fund for Cancer Research and the Warwickshire and Northamptonshire Air Ambulance Service.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: In 2000, Ball and four other members of the World Cup winning team were appointed MBE for their services to football. Ball, along with Roger Hunt, Nobby Stiles, Ray Wilson and George Cohen, had to wait more than three decades for official recognition of their achievements.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: In 2011, the Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame inducted the 1979 NASL champion Vancouver Whitecaps team. Ball was a vital member of this squad. He was also named a 2nd Team NASL All-Star "(Best XI)" for that season, and the MVP of the 1979 NASL playoffs.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road, when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006. Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association, Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes. Five players from each decade are inducted; Ball is in the 1960s.


title: Alan Ball Jr.

text: Ball was inducted into Everton's hall of fame "Everton Giants" in 2001, and at the start of the 2003–04 season, as part of the club's official celebration of their 125th anniversary, was elected by fans as a member of the greatest ever team.


title: Tony Vlachos

text: Anthony Vlachos (born September 10, 1973) is an American police officer, best known for competing on the reality television competition series "Survivor", of which he is the second person to win two seasons. He won the show's 28th season, "", as well as the 40th season, "". He also competed in the 34th season, "", where he was the second person voted out.


title: Tony Vlachos

text: As a "Survivor" player, he was noted for his strategic, dominant gameplay, with which he was able to manipulate other contestants while avoiding being voted against at Tribal Council, as well as his humor. Vlachos is also known for his long-lasting "Cops R' Us" partnership with fellow contestant and police officer Sarah Lacina, who won "Game Changers", the two participating in the same three seasons they appeared on.


title: Tony Vlachos

text: In February 2015, following Vlachos' first season on the show, "Survivor" host Jeff Probst published a list of his "Top 10 Survivor Winners of All Time," ranking Vlachos fourth, stating that he had "never seen anyone play with that much energy and juggle that many balls at once, and pull it all off." Upon winning the 40th season and its accompanying $2 million prize, Vlachos became the first man to win "Survivor" twice (and second person altogether after Sandra Diaz-Twine). He has won the most money from "Survivor" among all contestants, totaling just over $3 million across his three seasons. Martin Holmes of Vulture called Vlachos the "King of "Survivor"".


title: Tony Vlachos

text: Vlachos was born on September 10, 1973, the son of Greek immigrants. He grew up in Jersey City, New Jersey, idolizing law enforcement officers, and dreamed of one day becoming one. He graduated high school in 1992, and spent several years working in various different jobs while "partying" with his friends and working on his automobiles. He states that despite this recreational period in his life, he did not smoke, drink alcohol, or do drugs.


title: Tony Vlachos

text: He began bodybuilding when he was 20, an activity with which he says he was "obsessed". He began working out in his basement with plastic weights filled with sand, and graduated to iron weights in about a year. In 2000, Vlachos became a Jersey City police officer. On February 5, 2014, he saved a 69-year-old man who had a heart attack on his lawn in nine inches of snow.


title: Tony Vlachos

text: In 2007, Vlachos began dating a fellow police officer named Marissa Ann. They dated for approximately three years before he proposed to her on July 24, 2010. They married on June 2, 2012, and their daughter, Anastasia Marie, was born on February 16, 2013, five months before Vlachos left to film "". Two months after arriving home, Vlachos and Marissa discovered she was two months pregnant with their second child, a son they named Constantine Anthony, who was born on June 9, 2014.


title: Tony Vlachos

text: Vlachos was cast on the 28th season of the reality television show "Survivor", . The theme of the season was "Brawn vs. Brains vs. Beauty", with participants split into three tribes based on these features. Vlachos was cast on the Aparri "brawn" tribe. Before the first tribal swap, Aparri dominated the immunity challenges and did not go to tribal council. During this time, Vlachos formed an alliance, dubbed "Cops-R-Us", with fellow police officer Sarah Lacina. Despite this alliance, Vlachos lied to Lacina about his profession, claiming he was a construction worker. Vlachos also became close with Trish Hegarty and was wary of the popularity of former NBA All-Star Clifford Robinson. Vlachos was able to find the Aparri tribe's hidden immunity idol with help of the clue he found in the reward they received after winning a challenge. At the final tribal council, the jury ultimately chose him as the winner with a vote of 8-1, beating martial arts instructor Woo Hwang.


title: Tony Vlachos

text: In March 2020, Briana Kranich, writing for Screen Rant, ranked "" the best season of "Survivor." In a 2015 interview, host Jeff Probst listed Vlachos as one of his top 10 favorite "Survivor" winners ever, and one of his top 6 favorite male winners, commenting, "I like Tony because he's unlike any winner we've ever had. He's the Tasmanian Devil. He played an incredibly reckless game, but he was so gifted that he could make a mistake and recover because he was lapping you so that he was able to actually catch back up and fix his mistake. It's almost like he had his own time machine. I've never seen anyone play with that much energy and juggle that many balls at once, and pull it all off." In 2016, Vlachos became a part of the "Survivor Hall of Fame", along with Tina Wesson and Rupert Boneham.


title: Tony Vlachos

text: At the end of the reunion show for the 33rd season, "", Vlachos was confirmed to be a participant in the 34th season: "". Vlachos' strategy for this series was wildly unpredictable, beginning his search for idols immediately after arriving at the beach in full view of his tribemates, framing others by planting an idol in someone else's belongings, and feigning an intimate personal bond with multiple tribe members. Dalton Ross, writing for "Entertainment Weekly", called this strategy "one of the most aggressive games ever." However, when he informed Diaz-Twine about his spy bunker, she informed other tribe members, and ultimately campaigned to have him voted out. Despite this, Vlachos later stated in an interview with CBS that because she was voted out after him, the two of them became friends during the considerable time they spent on the pre-jury trip to Vietnam. In a January 2020 interview, he stated that losing "Game Changers" helped prepare him for "Winners at War".


title: Tony Vlachos

text: During the promotional trailer for the season during the reunion show for the 39th season, "", Vlachos was confirmed to be a participant in the 40th season: "". Vlachos started on the Dakal tribe. Vlachos adapted his style to approach the season with a gameplay distinct from his "Cagayan" strategy, which involved an alliance with fellow police officer Sarah Lacina, surveillance from a spy nest and orchestrating attacks upon lower-threat targets. At the final tribal council, he garnered 12 of the 16 jury votes to win the season.


title: Rhizopus

text: Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances, including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco. They are multicellular. Some "Rhizopus" species are opportunistic human pathogens that often cause fatal disease called mucormycosis. This widespread genus includes at least eight species.


title: Rhizopus

text: "Rhizopus" species grow as filamentous, branching hyphae that generally lack cross-walls (i.e., they are coenocytic). They reproduce by forming asexual and sexual spores. In asexual reproduction, sporangiospores are produced inside a spherical structure, the sporangium. Sporangia are supported by a large apophysate columella atop a long stalk, the sporangiophore. Sporangiophores arise among distinctive, root-like rhizoids. In sexual reproduction, a dark zygospore is produced at the point where two compatible mycelia fuse. Upon germination, a zygospore produces colonies that are genetically different from either parent.


title: Rhizopus

text: "Rhizopus" helps in nutrient development since this species is grown in soil it ferments the fruits and vegetable in the soil inhibiting the growth and develops certain pathogens that inhibits the growth of toxigenic fungus. In addition to that, there is even a type of Rhizopus (Rhizopus microsporus-fermented soybean tempe) that has proven to reduce colon carcinogenesis in rats by elevating factors of mucins, immunoglobulin A, and organic acids and give protection to piglets from Escherichia coli-infection by inhibiting adhesion to the intestinal membranes.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: eFootball PES 2020 (eFootball Pro Evolution Soccer 2020) is a football simulation video game developed by PES Productions and published by Konami for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Android, and IOS. The game is the 19th installment in the "eFootball Pro Evolution Soccer" series and was launched worldwide on 10 September 2019 and in Japan on 12 September 2019.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: This year's edition features a name change with the addition of 'eFootball' within the title, symbolising a push in the online gaming space with a focus on eFootball Pro tournaments. Lionel Messi returned as the cover star of the standard edition, which was the first since his last appearance on the cover of "Pro Evolution Soccer 2011", alongside PES ambassadors Serge Gnabry, Miralem Pjanić and Scott McTominay, each representing one of the game's partner clubs. Ronaldinho was featured on the cover of the legend edition. "PES 2020" is the last game in the series to use Kojima Productions's Fox Engine. It is also the last installment in the franchise to use the PES name and branding as the following installment was just named "eFootball 2022" and is free to play.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: A renewed agreement between Konami and FC Barcelona was announced, demonstrating a continued relationship with the Catalan club. Together with this announcement, it was also confirmed that a special Barcelona edition will be released.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Manchester United and Konami announced an agreement which would see the club, its stadiums and players recreated within the game. The current squad have also been created using a full-body 3D scanning process, providing players of the game with ultra-realistic avatars. With an exciting atmosphere of the Old Trafford.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: After the announcement of the demo — which came out on 30 July 2019, FC Bayern Munich was announced as an official partner club. Players will have the full experience with authentic kits, full 3D scanned players and, exclusively, Bayern's home ground, Allianz Arena.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Juventus returned from PES 2020. They signed an exclusive partnership with the game, which will see it includes the club kits, player names and stadium with realistic likeness in-game and also making it the first time in 25 years that the "FIFA series" will not hold the license for the club. As a result, the club was known in FIFA 20 as ""Piemonte Calcio"."


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: On 28 June 2019, Arsenal announced a 3-year extension to their partnership with Konami, which would see a highly detailed recreation of Emirates Stadium, as well as access to club legends and first-team players.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: In July 2018, AS Monaco partnered with Konami for PES 2019. They renewed this agreement in 2020, which includes all access to real players and their stadium. The French version of the game also features Radamel Falcao and Philippe Coutinho.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Celtic first appeared as a licensed club in PES 2019 and have renewed their contract with Konami for the 2021 Season Update. This means players will have full access to their kits, emblem, players, and stadium.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Included for the first time in the PES series, there is a new game mode called Matchday Mode. Players around the world will help their team to glory one match at a time in the new Matchday mode. Konami will choose an important match or derby game each week, players will then be able to decide which team they want to represent on Matchday.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Master League has also received a number of revamps, most notably containing a story-like progression, with all-new cutscenes taking place in staff meetings, training sessions or press conferences, as well as objectives to be accomplished based on replies given by the player on those cutscenes.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Data Pack 7 was released on 4 June 2020. The update was related to UEFA Euro 2020 and the content included the official kits and player likenesses for all 55 officially licensed UEFA teams. The update also included 5 out of 11 venues of the tournament, as well as the official match ball.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Nineteen leagues are fully licensed in the game. All the teams in these leagues feature real players, kits and logos, although a minority of the players in the Brazilian leagues still appear with generic names. Three new league licenses were obtained: the Italian Serie A, Italian Serie B (unlicensed at launch), and the Brazilian Campeonato Brasileiro Série B.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Konami have retained the license for the AFC Champions League, remaining in the game since its introduction in PES 2014. With this, debutants for 2019 AFC Champions League, Gyeongnam, Al Zawraa, Daegu and Johor Darul Ta'zim also appear for the first time in this franchise.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: The English Premier League (with the exceptions of Manchester United and Arsenal), EFL Championship, Spanish La Liga (except for Barcelona and Mallorca) and Segunda División will appear as unlicensed leagues in the game. These leagues will, however, feature real players. Serie A have all clubs licensed, except Brescia.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: By the end of September 2019, the "PES" franchise had sold copies. By December 2020, the franchise had sold copies, an increase of between October 2019 and December 2020.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: In December 2019, Arsenal midfielder Mesut Özil was completely removed from the Mandarin version in Mainland China, after a fallout on his tweet about condemning the Chinese government crackdown on Uyghurs. According to NetEase Games, they stated that his comments "hurt the feelings of Chinese fans and violated the sport's spirit of love and peace. We do not understand, accept or forgive this."


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: On 15 July 2020, it was announced that eFootball PES 2021 Season Update would be released in celebration of the series' 25th anniversary, due to PES Productions focusing development efforts on the upcoming "eFootball" and its first year entitled "eFootball 2022". Konami made a "Season Update" to focus on the development. It also acts as a separate game from "eFootball PES 2020", meaning that it will not be required to play.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Lionel Messi (Barcelona) is the cover star of the standard edition, alongside PES ambassadors Cristiano Ronaldo (Juventus), Alphonso Davies (Bayern Munich), and Marcus Rashford (Manchester United), each representing one of the game's partner clubs.


title: EFootball PES 2020

text: Konami announced an exclusive multi-year partnership with A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio, while A.C. Milan and Inter Milan are not featured after they signed exclusive partnership deals with EA Sports, and instead are known as Milano RN and Lombardia NA respectively.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Kurbaan () is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Rensil D'Silva and produced by Karan Johar under Dharma Productions. It is based on a story by Johar who co-wrote the screenplay with D'Silva. Starring Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor, the story revolves around Avantika Ahuja (Kapoor), a psychology professor in New York who returns to Delhi, India to caretake her ailing father and develops a relationship with Ehsaan (Khan). Avantika and Ehsaan fall in love, get married, and leave for the United States, where she discovers that his family is linked to Islamic terrorist groups after witnessing the house arrest, domestic abuse and murder of now family member Salma (Nauheed Cyrusi). The film's backdrop on global terrorism forms the crux.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: The original story was conceptualized by Johar, who wanted D'Silva to direct it. In his directorial debut, D'Silva framed the script through the lens of the female protagonist, the romance between Khan and Kapoor, the thriller element, and a social message. The film was shot across Philadelphia, Brooklyn, New York City, Delhi and Mumbai between January 2009 to June 2009. The background score and soundtrack album are composed by the duo Salim–Sulaiman. The song sequences were choreographed by Vaibhavi Merchant. Anurag Kashyap and lyricist Niranjan Iyengar have penned the dialogues.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: "Kurbaan" received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its direction, screenplay, soundtrack, and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kapoor's performance. However, despite critical acclaim, it was declared a flop by "Box Office India".


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: At the 55th Filmfare Awards, "Kurbaan" received 2 nominations – Best Actress (Kapoor) and Best Male Playback Singer (Sonu Nigam & Salim Merchant for "Shukran Allah").


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Avantika Ahuja, a psychology professor living in the United States, returns to Delhi after her father falls ill. While in Delhi, she meets Ehsaan Khan, a university professor from Mumbai; the two become friends and fall in love. Avantika receives an intimation to return to work in the United States. Ehsaan readily agrees to emigrate for her. The couple are married and living in America. Avantika helps Ehsaan in getting a job, and he is appointed as a professor to teach "Islam and the Modern World" at the same university. The pair live a happy life in a quiet suburb populated by many South Asian families.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Salma, Avantika's neighbour, is effectively being confined in her own home by her husband, Hakil. She manages to inform Avantika about her situation of house arrest and requests her to contact Rehana, a friend and TV reporter. Avantika meets with Rehana and her boyfriend Riyaz, a Muslim American journalist who has just arrived from Iraq. They discuss Salma's problem to conclude that Salma is probably the victim of domestic violence. Rehana plans a meeting with Salma, but is unable to meet her since she is leaving for Iraq, as part of a United Nations envoy.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Meanwhile, Avantika is overjoyed when she finds out that she is pregnant. While waiting for Ehsaan, she takes a walk around her street close to her home. Overhearing voices, she decides to investigate and finds out that a group of men from her neighborhood, led by the family elder Bhaijaan, are planning a mission. They aim to bomb the plane that Rehana is travelling in, since it is carrying a large group of diplomats and media personnel. Avantika realises they are part of a terrorist group and also comes across Salma's dead body. The men see her and chase her to her house, where she meets Ehsaan. At first, he consoles her, but soon reveals that he is also a part of the terrorist group. Avantika realizes that she is nothing but a pawn in Ehsaan's game - he married her to legitimately obtain residency in the United States.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Bhaijaan asks Ehsaan to kill Avantika since she is now a liability, but after learning that she is pregnant, Ehsaan decides not to. Ehsaan keeps Avantika captive in their home and threatens to kill her father in India if she tries to inform anyone of what she knows. Avantika manages to make a phone call, and calls Rehana in order to warn her. The call goes to voice mail, and it is too late; Rehana has already boarded the flight, and the bomb has already been planted. The plane explodes, killing Rehana and all others on board.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: A heartbroken Riyaz finds Avantika's voice message for Rehana, and begins his own quest to uncover the real culprits behind the flight bombing. Going undercover, Riyaz joins Ehsaan's lectures and soon befriends him. Avantika and the other wives of the group are watched over by Aapa, Bhaijaan's wife. Aapa explains the reasons for Jihad to Avantika, and also reveals that Ehsaan was an Afghani man with no political ideology, until his first wife and son were killed by American bombs. Riyaz engages in a passionate debate with other students regarding the topic of Islam, and Ehsaan is impressed. While trying to dispose of Salma's decomposing body, Hakil and Ehsaan attract the attention of the police. Ehsaan kills Hakil and the surrounding policemen, and sets the car on fire. Salma's partially burnt body is found, and the FBI distributes pictures of her in order to learn her identity.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Ehsaan finds Riyaz to be a perfect replacement for Hakil. He introduces him to Bhaijaan, who is initially suspicious of the new recruit. He tests Riyaz by ordering him to shoot at a random man serving at a fast food counter. Riyaz is reluctant but follows through; however, it turns out there was no bullet in the gun, thus leaving the man unharmed. Having passed the test, Ehsaan makes Riyaz a part of their next mission to bomb several subway stations in New York.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Riyaz and Avantika begin to work together to foil the plan and bring down the terrorist group. Riyaz sets up a meeting with the FBI for the next day, but his plan is derailed when one of the men sees Salma's picture, and Bhaijaan decides to bring the date of the mission forward.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: The group goes ahead with their plan - the women travel together with Aapa, and the men have three bombs between them, to be detonated at separate stations. While on the subway, Riyaz's colleague bumps into him and accidentally reveals his real identity to Ehsaan and Bhaijaan. Riyaz tries to escape and, in the chaos, shoots Bhaijaan. Before dying, Bhaijaan informs Ehsaan that there are three more bombs, which were placed in the bags of the women, unknown to them. One bomb is with Avantika, who is being escorted by Aapa, with the other women. Realising that both Avantika and his unborn child will die, Ehsaan decides to let Riyaz go, and sets out to find Avantika.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Riyaz informs the FBI of the situation, and they rush to each station, trying to find both the men and women. They are able to safely retrieve the explosives from the women, while the one of the men detonates his bombs. The other is caught before he can detonate his bomb and swallows a cyanide capsule hidden in his mouth. Ehsaan kills Aapa in order to free Avantika, and he admits that he loves her and asks her to take care of their child. Ehsaan manages to disarm the last bomb, but is fatally wounded as he escapes from three policemen who were chasing him. Before leaving, Avantika asks Ehsaan what his real name is, which he reveals to be Khalid. As she leaves the train, she hears the gunshot of Ehsaan killing himself.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: In February 2008, Khan and Kapoor were confirmed as leads for the film. Kapoor called her role challenging and hinted of John Abraham featuring in the film. In December 2008, UTV Motion Pictures acquired the distribution rights of the film. In an interview with "Rediff", D'Silva agreed that its Karan Johar's story. Johar told him about the film and for the next few months, D'Silva couldn't get it off his head. D'Silva learnt from a common friend that Karan loved the story, so he asked D'Silva to direct it. D' Silva went on to add that the film is a very intricate story from India to the US, pondering into state of Islam in the modern world. He acknowledged it as a woman's story, where Avantika Ahuja (Kapoor) plays a psychology lecturer living in New York. She comes to India to take care of her ailing father and joins Delhi University. She meets Ehsaan Khan (Khan), they fall in love, marry and go back to the US. Post the movement, things with them turn topsy-turvy. D'Silva cleared that the film was not based on 9/11 attacks.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: When Johar was quizzed on the film script bearing resemblance to "Arlington Road" (1999), he stated it does have theme of terrorism. As per D'Silva, the film story has three elements - the romance between Khan and Kapoor; the thriller element; and it also carries a social message. In January 2009, Anurag Kashyap stated the title of the film as "Jihaad" in an interview with "The Telegraph". In an interview with "Livemint", D'Silva was quoted saying: "The character played by Khan is an “urban, educated, liberal" Muslim, in love with a Hindu girl played by Kapoor." He noted a fair urban shift in the cinema on portraying Muslim characters. Adding further on Khan's character; which was not "the decadent, sozzled nawab cavorting with courtesans; not “Khan chacha", the benevolent other, or wearing a Faiz topi".


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Shanoo Sharma was roped in as the casting director. Kher plays the role of an Afghan for the first time. She worked on her dialect and at times, arranged for her own clothes. She was clear about how she wanted to look and play the role. Before Oberoi was finalized, Akshaye Khanna and Irrfan Khan were considered. In an interview with "The Telegraph", Aki Narula confirmed designing the costumes for the characters. Tara Sharma was approached for a role but rejected due to personal reasons. In an interview with Subhash K Jha, Oberoi was quoted saying: "When I read the script, my first question to Karan was, 'Why me?' He laughed and said it was because I was talented and I could pull it off. And I love working with Kareena. We share a great rapport after "Yuva" (2004) and "Omkara" (2006)." The casting was finalized by Karan Johar.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Aki Narula discussed with D'Silva on the screenplay and locales to design the costumes. As he knew filming schedules in Delhi around October (winter season), he researched the different styles by going to the colleges, canteens, and the local markets. For Kapoor, he designed full sleeve t-shirts with V-necks and dark-colored ankle-length churidars with Jaipuri work, mojri and scarves. Her costumes featured rust, burgundy, olive green, blue and purple colors, as observed during the Delhi University scenes. Accessories worn were silver oxidized jewels. In the track "Shukran Allah", Kapoor's salwar was of 60 metres of fabric. As the plot progresses to the U.S., Narula kept the leads' outfits with the ideology that "when traveling abroad, you'd carry some clothes with you". He avoided designing or collaborating with U.S. brands to keep the transitions real. Additionally, Narula gave her Zara trench coats, jeans, and track pants, while sporting her sacred pendant. Towards the terror plot, she dons more of grey, blue, and blacks costumes.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Narula kept Khan's costumes simple with jeans and shirts in blue, grey, and green with V-neck sweaters apart from pathani kurtas with jeans. After moving to the U.S. too, his outfits introduced were long jackets in blue and grey. During the terror scenes, he was made to wear darker colors in leather. Johar, D'Silva, and Narula decided that a stubble or beard gives grittiness to the character. Hence, Khan is seen unshaven.


title: Kurbaan (2009 film)

text: Puri was given suit vests to don throughout the film. Intentionally, all his pathani kurtas were washed by a "dhobi" to get the worn look, which he noticed. Kher received long tunic, long skirts, and shawls wrapped around her head to justify her as an Afghan. She was very involved with her outfits. She had her ideas that she shared with Narula and worked together on her looks. Oberoi was given a lot of dark jeans, t-shirts, sweaters, wind cheaters in navy blue, grey, olive green, and black leather jackets, all from Zara and H&M, while Mirza was given short skirts with jackets and work bags, in black formal work outfits.