title: Shelley Plimpton

text: Plimpton's acting career spanned from the mid-1960s to the late-1980s. She created the role of "Crissy" in the original 1967 Off-Broadway production of "Hair", and continued the role as a member of the original Broadway cast when the production moved to Broadway in 1968. In both productions, she sang the song "Frank Mills". Plimpton took a leave of absence from "Hair" to appear in Arlo Guthrie's film "Alice's Restaurant", playing a 14-year-old who offers herself to Arlo, saying that she has already "made it" with several other musicians and "you'll probably be an album some day." He gently rejects her advances, giving her his bandanna as a souvenir and saying simply, "I just don't want to catch your cold". Plimpton also appeared in the 1969 Robert Downey, Sr., film "Putney Swope" opposite Ronnie Dyson as one half of an interracial college couple ("It started last weekend at the Yale-Howard game") in a satire of a pimple cream TV spot. In 1971, Plimpton appeared in Jim McBride's post-apocalyptic drama film, "Glen and Randa", in which she portrays Randa, a young woman part of a group of scavengers who survived a nuclear apocalypse many years prior and sets off with her lover Glen (Steve Curry) to discover a ravaged world and to search for a city which Glen has seen in comic books. She worked with McBride once again when she was cast in the 1974 comedy film "Hot Times". Her final film role was in the 1975 film "Foreplay".


title: Shelley Plimpton

text: Plimpton made a brief return to acting in 1986 when she made a guest appearance on the short-lived television sitcom "Throb", which starred Diana Canova, Paul Walker and Jane Leeves, after which she retired from acting.


title: Shelley Plimpton

text: In 1970, Plimpton gave birth to Martha Plimpton (whose father is Keith Carradine) in New York City, where she raised her in Manhattan's Upper West Side. From 1970 to 1971, Plimpton was married to Steve Curry, the father of Susan Anspach's daughter. From 1990 to 1997, she was married to theatre director Daniel J. Sullivan (who worked as an assistant director on "Hair", and later directed the Seattle Repertory Theater).


title: Shelley Plimpton

text: In 2002, it was reported that Plimpton was living in Seattle, Washington, working a day job at a gift center. In September 2017, "Vanity Fair" reported that she resided in her native Oregon.


title: Crown prince

text: A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The female form of the title is crown princess, which may refer either to an heiress apparent or, especially in earlier times, to the wife of the person styled crown prince.


title: Crown prince

text: "Crown prince" as a descriptive term has been used throughout history for the prince who is first-in-line to a throne and is expected to succeed (i.e. the heir apparent), barring any unforeseen future event preventing this. In certain monarchies, a more specific substantive title may be accorded and become associated with the position of "heir apparent" (e.g. Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom or Prince of Asturias in the Kingdom of Spain). In these monarchies, the term crown prince may be used less often than the substantive title (or never).


title: Crown prince

text: Until the late twentieth century, no modern monarchy adopted a system whereby females would be guaranteed to succeed to the throne (i.e. absolute primogeniture). A crown princess would therefore be more likely to refer to the spouse of a crown prince. She would be styled crown princess, not in her own right but by courtesy.


title: Crown prince

text: The term "crown prince" is not used in European monarchies where the hereditary sovereign holds a title below that of king/queen or emperor/empress (such as grand duke or prince), although it is sometimes used as a synonym for heir apparent.


title: Crown prince

text: In Europe, where primogeniture governed succession to all monarchies except those of the Papacy and Andorra, the eldest son or (more recently) eldest child of the current monarch fills the role of crown prince or princess, depending upon whether females of the dynasty enjoy personal succession rights. Male precedence has been abolished in Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The eldest living child of a monarch is sometimes not the heir apparent or crown prince, because that position can be held by a descendant of a deceased older child who, by "right of representation", inherits the same place in the line of succession that would be held by the ancestor if he or she were still living (for example, Carl Gustaf, Duke of Jämtland was the crown prince of Sweden from 1950 to 1973, as the senior grandson by male primogeniture of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, although the former Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland was Gustaf VI Adolf's eldest living son, and Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland his eldest living dynastic son during those years).


title: Crown prince

text: In some monarchies, those of the Middle East for example, in which primogeniture is not the decisive factor in dynastic succession, a person may not possess the title or status of crown prince by right of birth, but may obtain (and lose) it as a result of an official designation made on some other legal or traditional basis, such as former crown prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan.


title: Crown prince

text: Compare heir apparent and heir presumptive. In Scandinavian kingdoms, the heir presumptive to the crown may hold a different title from an heir apparent: hereditary prince (German: "Erbprinz", French: "prince héréditaire"). It is also the title borne by the heir apparent of Liechtenstein, as well as the heir apparent or presumptive of Monaco. In Luxembourg, the heir apparent bears the title of hereditary grand duke (German: "Erbgroßherzog", Luxembourgish: "ierfgroussherzog"); along with hereditary prince, it was also the title borne by the heirs apparent to the thrones of the grand duchies, sovereign duchies and principalities, and of mediatized princely families in the German monarchies abolished in 1918.


title: Crown prince

text: Many monarchies use or did use substantive titles for their heirs apparent, often of historical origin:


title: Crown prince

text: Some monarchies have used (although not always "de jure") a territorial title for heirs apparent which, though often perceived as a crown princely title, is not automatically hereditary. It generally requires a specific conferral by the sovereign, which may be withheld.


title: Crown prince

text: Currently, the following states use the term "crown prince" (or "crown princess") for the heirs apparent to their thrones:


title: Crown prince

text: In addition; the following heirs apparent to deposed monarchies use the title of Crown Prince as a title used by international courtesy:


title: Quizizz

text: Quizizz is an Indian educational software company headquartered in Bengaluru, India, that creates and sells a gamified student engagement platform. The software is used in class, group assignments, pre-test review, formative assessments and pop quizzes.


title: A Hat in Time

text: A Hat in Time is a platform game developed by Danish game studio Gears for Breakfast and published by Humble Bundle. The game was developed using Unreal Engine 3 and funded through a Kickstarter campaign, which doubled its fundraising goals within its first two days. The game was self-published for Microsoft Windows and macOS in October 2017, and by Humble Bundle for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles two months later. A version for the Nintendo Switch was released in October 2019.


title: A Hat in Time

text: The game centers around Hat Kid, an alien girl trying to get back to her home by recovering lost "Time Pieces", an in-game collectible. The gameplay consists of running through an open world environment by platforming, dodging obstacles, and obtaining collectibles. It is inspired by earlier 3D platformers such as "Super Mario 64", "Banjo-Kazooie", "Spyro the Dragon" and "Psychonauts". It has been favorably compared to classic platformers and has been considered an indie success after the long decline of platforming games. There also have been several DLC expansions with different modes and custom levels as well as online multiplayer. The PC version of the game allows the use of mods through the Steam Workshop.


title: A Hat in Time

text: "A Hat in Time" is a platform game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. The gameplay style has been described by several editors to be similar to Nintendo 64 platformers such as "Super Mario 64" and "Banjo-Kazooie". The player travels between four open levels (along with 2 extra levels via downloadable content), which can be freely explored without time limits. The player can collect various items, solve puzzles, and use either an umbrella or a baseball bat to combat enemies. The primary objective is to collect Time Pieces, 56 of which can be found in the game, which unlock additional levels as more are collected. After being defeated, the enemies drop "Pons", currency that can be used to unlock additional challenges and purchase badges that increase Hat Kid's abilities. The player can collect Yarn Balls in each level, which can be stitched into new hats to wear. Each hat grants Hat Kid a different ability, such as a faster sprint or brewing explosive potions. Other collectibles include "Relics", which can be used to unlock "Time Rift" bonus levels, and "Rift Tokens", which can be exchanged at a machine for bonus materials such as music remixes and additional cosmetics. Initial actions taken earlier in the game have an effect on later levels, as the main character revisits each area several times before the game is finished.


title: A Hat in Time

text: Death Wish is a challenge mode that was released with the "Seal the Deal" downloadable content (DLC) pack in September 2018. This mode comprises various challenges that use already existing levels. The player interacts with the Snatcher, a contract-obsessed ghost who first appears in the third chapter of the base game. The player takes on a challenge to earn a stamp upon completion, and the player can also earn two more stamps by completing two more challenges along with the main objective. If the player fails three times they can activate "Peace and Tranquility" which will either increase your time to do a task or make that task easier, but it will not always allow them to activate it for challenges with a limit of lives.


title: A Hat in Time

text: A new multiplayer mode called "Vanessa's Curse" was released on November 27, 2021. This mode features a competition within a large mansion between the Snatcher and Vanessa, the featureless witch who first appeared in the third chapter. All players will start on the Snatcher's team, where they must collect a certain number of crowns hidden throughout the mansion before time runs out. Eventually, Vanessa will curse one of the players. Any cursed players will immediately change sides and can no longer collect crowns. While on Vanessa's team, the goal is to curse all the other players by touching them. The Snatcher and Vanessa will occasionally provide power-ups or make the mission easier for the players if their team is losing, but they will affect both teams if they are even. The round ends if the required number of crowns are collected, if the timer runs out, or if all the players are cursed.


title: A Hat in Time

text: "A Hat in Time" follows Hat Kid, a little alien girl wearing a top hat trying to return to her home world via spaceship. While on her journey, she passes over a planet, and a member of the planet's Mafia comes to collect a toll for the Mafia Town government. When Hat Kid refuses to pay, the Mafia man busts the spaceship door open, causing Hat Kid and all of her "Time Pieces", magical hourglasses that power her ship, to fall to the planet below. Hat Kid lands in Mafia Town and meets Mustache Girl, a local troublemaker who hates "bad guys". Mustache Girl agrees to look for the missing Time Pieces in exchange for Hat Kid's help fighting the Mafia, and the two defeat the Mafia Boss. When Mustache Girl realizes the Time Pieces can rewind time, she wants to use them to become a time-traveling superhero, but Hat Kid refuses, as she is aware that messing with time is dangerous. Angered by this refusal, Mustache Girl declares the two enemies and sets off to find the Time Pieces on her own.


title: A Hat in Time

text: Hat Kid ventures across the planet looking for Time Pieces, encountering and befriending many foes that included two rival bird directors DJ Grooves and the Conductor competing for a movie award in a movie studio called Dead Bird Studio and a group of mountain villagers called Nomads infected by a dangerous plague, ultimately befriending them all. Hat Kid also outwits a malevolent spirit called the Snatcher into becoming her best friend after he temporarily stole her soul, tricked her into doing his dirty work in Subcon Forest, and attempted to murder Hat Kid. The game's DLCs have Hat Kid searching for Time Pieces while working in an ocean liner called the Arctic Cruise owned by the Walrus Captain and under the employ of the Nyakuza crime boss called the Empress in an underground city called Nyakuza Metro, the latter ending with Hat Kid being forced to flee the city after a bounty was placed on her head. Mustache Girl exploits Hat Kid's absence to break into her ship and steals the collected Time Pieces, using them to turn the planet into a fiery inferno where her word is law. Hat Kid confronts her, but Mustache Girl uses the Time Pieces to open a time rift and make herself all-powerful.


title: A Hat in Time

text: The enemies Hat Kid has fought come to her aid in battle, some sacrificing themselves so that Hat Kid can use their dropped Heart Pons (the healing collectible) to power herself up. Hat Kid finally defeats Mustache Girl and uses the Time Pieces to restore the planet to normal and revive all those who were lost. The player can then choose whether Hat Kid should hand over a Time Piece to Mustache Girl (so she'll be able to protect herself from the Mafia) or not. Though her former foes are sad to see her leave, Hat Kid restores the Time Pieces to her vault and resumes her voyage home. In a post-credits scene, Hat Kid is shown sleeping in bed surrounded by toys resembling the other characters.


title: A Hat in Time

text: The initial idea for "A Hat in Time" was started by director Jonas Kærlev, who graduated with a master's degree in computer science at Aalborg University in Denmark. He launched the project as an answer to his feeling of an ongoing shortage of 3D platformers, specifically developed by Nintendo. Some inspirations include "Psychonauts", "Spyro the Dragon" and "Banjo-Kazooie". In an interview with "Polygon", Kærlev revealed that he and Gears for Breakfast initially did not expect the Kickstarter success "A Hat in Time" eventually received. Kærlev thought that there would be little demand for the game due to "Donkey Kong 64"'s effects on the genre, which he perceived as overwhelming the player with too much collecting. Development for the game started in August 2012 and was planned for a Q2 2013 release but was significantly delayed. At the start of development, Kærlev was the sole developer of the game but over time the development grew into Gears for Breakfast, a team spanning four countries and entirely volunteer-based. Through the Kickstarter campaign the game surpassed the initial goal of $30,000 with a final total of $296,360. In July 2013, it was announced that the game had been greenlit for release via Steam. The soundtrack was mostly composed by Pascal Michael Stiefel, with several guest composers such as Grant Kirkhope contributing additional tracks to the game.


title: A Hat in Time

text: A port of the game for Nintendo's Wii U console was in the developer's minds ever since the Kickstarter's announcement, considering that the game is heavily inspired by Nintendo-published platformers, but actual development did not materialize. Upon various requests for it to be ported for the Nintendo Switch, Gears For Breakfast initially claimed on Twitter that such a port will not happen, which was met with mixed reactions. However, during Gamescom in August 2018, a Nintendo Switch port was confirmed and it was later released on October 18, 2019. The two DLCs released for PC were also ported to the Switch version at a later date.


title: A Hat in Time

text: The first DLC, "Seal the Deal", was released for the PC version on September 13, 2018, and was available at no charge for 24 hours after its release. The DLC was later released alongside the game's Nintendo Switch launch on October 18, 2019. It added the new Arctic Cruise chapter, a new challenge mode known as "Death Wish", six additional Time Rift stages, as well as new cosmetics and photo mode filters. In addition, local splitscreen co-op was also added, featuring the new character Bow Kid.


title: A Hat in Time

text: The second DLC, "Nyakuza Metro + Online Party", was announced on April 25, 2019 and released on May 10 on PC. It was released for the Nintendo Switch on November 21, 2019. Its new, titular chapter is set in a Japan-inspired underground city, where Hat Kid becomes a member of a cat-themed street gang. A baseball bat weapon is introduced, as well as new badges, cosmetics, and stickers (which can be used as emotes and used to decorate the player's weapon). A new online multiplayer mode was also introduced, where groups of up to 50 players can play in a single world at once. Online Party is only available through Steam and was "one of the first games to premiere" using Valve's Steam Networking API 2.0. The DLC is available at no charge for those that had backed the game's Kickstarter campaign.


title: A Hat in Time

text: In November 2020, Gears for Breakfast announced on Twitter that both "Seal the Deal" and "Nyakuza Metro" would be released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in Q1 2021. On March 31, 2021, both DLC packs were released on those platforms, with support for 60 FPS when playing on PlayStation 5 or Xbox Series X/S using backwards compatibility.


title: A Hat in Time

text: "A Hat in Time" received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, aside from the Xbox One version receiving "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: A Hat in Time

text: Chris Carter from "Destructoid" gave the game an 8.5 out of 10, calling it an "impressive effort with a few noticeable problems holding it back." "PC Gamer"s Dominic Tarason rated the game 86/100 saying, "Some scuff-marks aside, "A Hat in Time" is a creative, playful, and polished tribute to a genre that doesn't get nearly enough love on PC." Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of "The Escapist" was highly positive towards the game, deeming it his 2nd favorite game of 2017.


title: A Hat in Time

text: Two weeks after its release, "A Hat in Time" had sold 50,000 copies. By July 2018, the game had sold over 500,000 copies. By December 2018, the game had sold over 1 million copies.


title: A Hat in Time

text: The game was nominated for "Best PC Game" in "Destructoid"s Game of the Year Awards 2017, for "Best Platformer" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards, and for "Game, Original Family" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: The Shenyang WS-10 (), codename Taihang, is a turbofan engine designed and built by the People's Republic of China.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: Chinese media reported 266 engines were manufactured from 2010 to 2012 for the J-11 program. Unofficial estimates placed production at more than 300 units by May 2015.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: The WS-10A is advertised as an engine with thrust. It has full authority digital engine control (FADEC).


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: The WS-10 is derived from the CFM56 with the experience gained from the Woshan WS-6 turbofan project, which was abandoned at the start of the 1980s. The WS-10 project was reportedly started by Deng Xiaoping in 1986 to produce an engine comparable to the Saturn AL-31. The work was given to the Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute (606 Institute) of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). Initial production models suffered quality issues from the early direct use of AL-31 control systems. Furthermore, Salyut refused to sell source code of the full authority digital engine control (FADEC) system, forcing China to spend nearly 20 years developing its own code independently. An early version of the FADEC flew on an J-8II in 2002.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: The WS-10A, targeted for of thrust, was already in development in 2002. In 2004, Russian sources familiar with project reported problems meeting the thrust target; in 2005, they reported problems reducing the weight of the primary and secondary compressors, in addition to problems meeting thrust requirements. Engine testing on the J-11 had already started by 2004, and testing using one engine on the J-11 may have occurred as early as 2002.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: A full-scale WS-10A engine was first seen at the 2008 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: In 2009, Western media claim that the WS-10A approached the performance of the AL-31, but took much longer than the AL-31 to develop thrust. Furthermore, the engine reportedly only generated of thrust. In April 2009, Lin Zuoming, head of AVIC, reported that the engine's quality was unsatisfactory. In 2010, it was reported that reliability was also poor; the WS-10A lasted only 30 hours, while the AL-31 needed refurbishing after 400 hours. The quality problems encountered with the WS-10A reflected the state of the Chinese aerospace industry. AVIC initiated a general effort to improve quality control throughout its production chain in 2011.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: The WS-10A reportedly matured enough after 2009 to power the J-11B Block 02 aircraft. Production or performance issues may have prevented the WS-10A from powering the J-10B. In 2018, Chinese state media reported an increase in engine lifespan from 800 to 1,500 hours due to the increased heat resistance of new third-generation single-crystal turbine blades.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: In March 2020, Chinese state media released a video showing a WS-10B-powered J-10C; aircraft markings suggest it was part of the fourth batch of J-10Cs for the PLAAF.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: The WS-10 has also powered various versions of the Chengdu J-20. The WS-10B reportedly powered low rate initial production aircraft in 2015, and was used as an interim engine before the adoption of the AL-31. In 2019, the Xian WS-15 – the J-20's intended engine – failed trials, leading to the decision to replace the AL-31 with the WS-10C as the interim engine; reportedly, the AL-31 was unacceptable because Russia refused to sell additional engines unless China also bought the Sukhoi Su-35 as well. Testing was underway by November 2020. In June 2021, Chinese media confirmed that the WS-10C was powering operational J-20As. In January 2022, it was reported that J-20's powered by the WS-10C would be upgraded with TVC.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: In November 2022, a production Shenyang J-15 powered by the WS-10, possible the WS-10B, appeared in Chinese media. It was the last indigenous Chinese combat aircraft to replace the AL-31; possibly due to navalisation. According to Chinese observers, compared to the AL-31 the WS-10 had superior safety, reliability, and service life, aspects which are magnified by the constraints of carrier aviation. The replacement reflected continuing improvements in China's aviation engine industry.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: The Shenyang WS-20 (WS-188) is a high-bypass engine, reportedly producing 13.8 tons of thrust. It is believed to be based on the core of the WS-10A.


title: Shenyang WS-10

text: A testbed J-10B powered by a WS-10 with thrust vectoring (TVC) – called "WS-10B-3" by Jamie Hunter – was demonstrated at the 2018 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition. The TVC nozzle uses actuator-assisted moving petals, similar in concept to General Electric's axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle (AVEN) and Pratt & Whitney's pitch-yaw balance beam nozzle (PYBBN).


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: On May 7, 2019, a school shooting occurred at STEM School Highlands Ranch, a charter school located in Douglas County, Colorado, United States, in the Denver suburb of Highlands Ranch. One student was killed and eight others were injured. Two teenagers, both students at the school, were convicted on dozens of charges and sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: The K-12 charter school held approximately 1,850 students. At the time of the shooting, it had no police officer assigned to it and used private security instead.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: In December 2018, an anonymous parent reportedly called the Douglas County School Board of Education's director to express concerns about the school, specifically about bullying and violence. A district official wrote a letter on December 19, 2018, urging the School Executive Director to investigate concerns to determine their legitimacy and to take any remedial action that may be appropriate. The school has since filed a defamation lawsuit against the parent who had raised allegations that the school was a pressure cooker for violence or a school shooting.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: On April 29, 2019, the Wikipedia entry for the STEM School Highlands Ranch featured the sentence: "Anti suicide programs are implemented [in the school] to help lower chances of suicide and school shootings." The following comment was added by an anonymous editor that day: "Do they work? We shall see". KDVR described this as "a possible warning". All anonymous edits to Wikipedia leave an IP address of the editor's computer, and according to an IP address lookup website, the location of the edit appears to be Littleton, Colorado, which is near where the shooting occurred, and no other edits to Wikipedia were made by that IP address. The comment was eventually deleted from the page.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: At 1:53 pm, 18-year-old Devon Erickson and 16-year-old Alec McKinney entered the school carrying handguns and other weapons hidden in guitar cases. They opened fire in two separate locations, shooting several students. The school proceeded to announce a lockdown, and the Douglas County Sheriff's Office issued a warning via Twitter to avoid the area, describing it as an "unstable situation". Police responded to the school two minutes after the first 911 call and a bomb disposal robot was brought to the school after tactical gear was found inside one of the suspects' vehicles. A direct two-way radio link to Douglas County Sheriff's dispatch center is credited with the prompt response; the STEM School is one of only a few so equipped.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: According to a student, Devon Erickson allegedly pulled out a gun and yelled, "nobody move". Kendrick Ray Castillo jumped on him and was fatally shot in the chest. Erickson was then subdued and disarmed by two other students. This occurred in the high school section of STEM, while Alec McKinney targeted the middle school section and wounded four students before being tackled by an armed security guard.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: Officers did not have to fire at the suspects prior to them being taken into custody, later confirming that at least two handguns were used in the shooting, with three handguns and a rifle recovered. However, there was an instance of friendly fire during the response in which a private security guard reacted to a muzzle of a gun coming around the corner, that was later established to be held by a Douglas County Sheriffs deputy. Officers also went to Erickson's home and seized a car with hand-painted graffiti that read "Fuck society" as well as "666" and a pentagram.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: One student was killed and eight others were injured in the shooting, two were in serious condition. On 12 May the last of wounded were released from the hospital. Officials told reporters that the youngest victim is 15 years old. There were no staff deaths or injuries; all victims were students.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: At least three students, 18-year-old seniors Kendrick Castillo, Joshua Jones, and Brendan Bialy, lunged at an attacker, later identified as Erickson. The three students jumped from their desks and slammed the gunman against the wall. The shooter fired off several shots as they struggled with him. Castillo was killed in the process, the only student killed during the shooting. Jones was shot twice, receiving non-life-threatening injuries in his leg and hip. Bialy managed to wrestle the handgun away from the shooter during the struggle.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: Two suspects, who were students at the school, were taken into custody in two separate locations following the shooting. Local media outlets reported that the weapons used by the suspects were stolen from a parent, and that neither were known to law enforcement prior to the attack. Some media outlets made an effort to avoid reporting the suspect's identities, in an effort to take part in the #NoNotoriety campaign which seeks to avoid rewarding the shooters with recognition.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: One perpetrator is Devon Michael Erickson, who was 18 at the time of the shooting. According to an interview with one of the STEM school students, over repeated occasions Erickson made jokes about school shootings and had even gone as far as to tell those around him, "don't come to school." On Snapchat, Erickson used the screen name 'devonkillz'. Erickson was booked on 30 criminal counts, which included one count of first degree murder and 29 counts of attempted first degree murder. He is being held without bond pending the next court appearance.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: The other perpetrator is Alec McKinney, a transgender boy who is listed on the court docket as "Maya Elizabeth McKinney". He was 16 at the time of the shooting.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: On June 20, a statement was released that summarized police interviews with the two suspects. According to the statement, McKinney said he had been planning the attack for weeks, and Erickson said he learned about the attack the night before through Snapchat. Erickson said that McKinney threatened him and that he followed McKinney's plan because he feared for his life. McKinney said he planned to target two students in particular as they had bullied and ridiculed him due to his gender identity and called him disgusting. McKinney said that "he wanted the kids at the school to experience bad things, have to suffer from the trauma like he has had to in his life." McKinney also stated he has heard voices and has suffered from homicidal and suicidal thoughts since the age of 12, and refused to take medication so that he wouldn't feel alone. "The Voices Win" was found written in Devon Erickson's house prior to the shooting. Both suspects said they used cocaine before the shooting.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: After the initial court appearance on May 8, Erickson and McKinney were formally criminally charged for the shooting at a May 15 court hearing in the Douglas County court. Each of the two suspects was charged with 48 criminal counts, including "first-degree murder after deliberation, arson and burglary". McKinney was charged as an adult, although his lawyers tried to move his case to the juvenile court and the judge denied the motion.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: On June 14, it was announced that the judge appointed to oversee both of the suspects' cases had recused herself from the case of McKinney but stayed on to oversee the case of Erickson.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: On January 2, 2020, Erickson pleaded not guilty to first degree murder and other charges. His trial began on May 31, 2021. His defense team claimed that Erickson was an accomplice who was forced to commit the shooting. One of his defense attorneys said that he was a "confused kid" and "not a monster".


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: On February 7, 2020, McKinney pleaded guilty to 17 charges in a plea bargain with the prosecution. On the first degree murder charge, he faced a minimum sentence of 40 years to life in prison, but could be eligible for release earlier than that if he enters a rehabilitation program and earns time off for good behavior. Due to his age he could not be given the death sentence or life without parole. He was sentenced to life with a chance of parole in 40 years on May 18.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: On June 15, 2021, Devon Erickson was convicted on 46 counts, including first-degree murder, attempted first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit first-degree murder and supplying a juvenile with a handgun. On September 17, 2021, Erickson was sentenced to life in prison without parole, plus 1,282 years.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: President Donald Trump issued a statement on Twitter the day after the shooting, thanking first responders for "bravely intervening" and writing, "We are in close contact with law enforcement".


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: White House Deputy Press Secretary Judd Deere issued a statement: "Our prayers are with the victims, family members, and all those affected" by the shooting, as did Republican Senator Cory Gardner: "The safety and comfort of our schools should never be taken away". Democratic Representative Jason Crow said: "... we have a public health crisis on our hands ... It is not enough to send thoughts and prayers ... We must pass common-sense gun violence laws".


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: Community gatherings were held after the shooting, which included an interfaith memorial vigil, a community service and dinner, and other memorials. During the vigil, a protest broke out and many students were heard saying "mental health". A large portion of the students walked out of the event, which was organized by a local chapter of the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. The walkout occurred after the students listened to speeches from members of the community and several politicians, who were perceived by the students to be more concerned with gun control than on the need to support the victims of the shooting.


title: STEM School Highlands Ranch shooting

text: One student wrote an opinion piece critical of the vigil, saying "many who attended this vigil desired to exploit our pain to support political agendas" and that there should have been more focus on "honoring Kendrick, 18, who rushed the shooter and was fatally shot". Another interviewed shortly after the vigil claimed, "I understand calling for gun control but like these were handguns — these aren't AR-15s these kids are carrying. There's a law in Colorado you can't buy a handgun unless you're 21 – like how can you prevent that?"


title: Large numbers

text: Large numbers are numbers significantly larger than those typically used in everyday life (for instance in simple counting or in monetary transactions), appearing frequently in fields such as mathematics, cosmology, cryptography, and statistical mechanics. They are typically large positive integers, or more generally, large positive real numbers, but may also be other numbers in other contexts.


title: Large numbers

text: Scientific notation was created to handle the wide range of values that occur in scientific study. 1.0 × 10, for example, means one billion, or a 1 followed by nine zeros: 1 000 000 000. The reciprocal, 1.0 × 10, means one billionth, or 0.000 000 001. Writing 10 instead of nine zeros saves readers the effort and hazard of counting a long series of zeros to see how large the number is.


title: Large numbers

text: Other large numbers, as regards length and time, are found in astronomy and cosmology. For example, the current Big Bang model suggests that the universe is 13.8 billion years (4.355 × 10 seconds) old, and that the observable universe is 93 billion light years across (8.8 × 10 metres), and contains about 5 × 10 stars, organized into around 125 billion (1.25 × 10) galaxies, according to Hubble Space Telescope observations. There are about 10 atoms in the observable universe, by rough estimation.


title: Large numbers

text: According to Don Page, physicist at the University of Alberta, Canada, the longest finite time that has so far been explicitly calculated by any physicist is


title: Large numbers

text: which corresponds to the scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing a black hole with the estimated mass of the entire universe, observable or not, assuming a certain inflationary model with an inflaton whose mass is 10 Planck masses. This time assumes a statistical model subject to Poincaré recurrence. A much simplified way of thinking about this time is in a model where the universe's history repeats itself arbitrarily many times due to properties of statistical mechanics; this is the time scale when it will first be somewhat similar (for a reasonable choice of "similar") to its current state again.


title: Large numbers

text: Combinatorial processes rapidly generate even larger numbers. The factorial function, which defines the number of permutations on a set of fixed objects, grows very rapidly with the number of objects. Stirling's formula gives a precise asymptotic expression for this rate of growth.


title: Large numbers

text: Combinatorial processes generate very large numbers in statistical mechanics. These numbers are so large that they are typically only referred to using their logarithms.


title: Large numbers

text: Gödel numbers, and similar numbers used to represent bit-strings in algorithmic information theory, are very large, even for mathematical statements of reasonable length. However, some pathological numbers are even larger than the Gödel numbers of typical mathematical propositions.


title: Large numbers

text: Logician Harvey Friedman has done work related to very large numbers, such as with Kruskal's tree theorem and the Robertson–Seymour theorem.


title: Large numbers

text: To help viewers of "" distinguish between "millions" and "billions", astronomer Carl Sagan stressed the "b". Sagan never did, however, say "billions and billions". The public's association of the phrase and Sagan came from a "Tonight Show" skit. Parodying Sagan's effect, Johnny Carson quipped "billions and billions". The phrase has, however, now become a humorous fictitious number—the Sagan. "Cf.", Sagan Unit.


title: Large numbers

text: A standardized way of writing very large numbers allows them to be easily sorted in increasing order, and one can get a good idea of how much larger a number is than another one.


title: Large numbers

text: To compare numbers in scientific notation, say 5×10 and 2×10, compare the exponents first, in this case 5 > 4, so 2×10 > 5×10. If the exponents are equal, the mantissa (or coefficient) should be compared, thus 5×10 > 2×10 because 5 > 2.


title: Large numbers

text: Tetration with base 10 gives the sequence formula_11, the power towers of numbers 10, where formula_12 denotes a functional power of the function formula_13 (the function also expressed by the suffix "-plex" as in googolplex, see the googol family).


title: Large numbers

text: These are very round numbers, each representing an order of magnitude in a generalized sense. A crude way of specifying how large a number is, is specifying between which two numbers in this sequence it is.


title: Large numbers

text: More precisely, numbers in between can be expressed in the form formula_14, i.e., with a power tower of 10s and a number at the top, possibly in scientific notation, e.g. formula_15, a number between formula_16 and formula_17 (note that formula_18 if formula_19). (See also extension of tetration to real heights.)


title: Large numbers

text: Thus the "order of magnitude" of a number (on a larger scale than usually meant), can be characterized by the number of times ("n") one has to take the formula_24 to get a number between 1 and 10. Thus, the number is between formula_25 and formula_26. As explained, a more precise description of a number also specifies the value of this number between 1 and 10, or the previous number (taking the logarithm one time less) between 10 and 10, or the next, between 0 and 1.


title: Large numbers

text: I.e., if a number "x" is too large for a representation formula_28 the power tower can be made one higher, replacing "x" by log"x", or find "x" from the lower-tower representation of the log of the whole number. If the power tower would contain one or more numbers different from 10, the two approaches would lead to different results, corresponding to the fact that extending the power tower with a 10 at the bottom is then not the same as extending it with a 10 at the top (but, of course, similar remarks apply if the whole power tower consists of copies of the same number, different from 10).


title: Large numbers

text: If the height of the tower is large, the various representations for large numbers can be applied to the height itself. If the height is given only approximately, giving a value at the top does not make sense, so the double-arrow notation (e.g. formula_29) can be used. If the value after the double arrow is a very large number itself, the above can recursively be applied to that value.


title: Large numbers

text: Similarly to the above, if the exponent of formula_36 is not exactly given then giving a value at the right does not make sense, and instead of using the power notation of formula_36, it is possible to add formula_38 to the exponent of formula_39, to obtain e.g. formula_40.


title: Large numbers

text: If the exponent of formula_41 is large, the various representations for large numbers can be applied to this exponent itself. If this exponent is not exactly given then, again, giving a value at the right does not make sense, and instead of using the power notation of formula_41 it is possible use the triple arrow operator, e.g. formula_43.


title: Large numbers

text: If the right-hand argument of the triple arrow operator is large the above applies to it, obtaining e.g. formula_44 (between formula_45 and formula_46). This can be done recursively, so it is possible to have a power of the triple arrow operator.


title: Large numbers

text: An advantage of the first is that when considered as function of "b", there is a natural notation for powers of this function (just like when writing out the "n" arrows): formula_49. For example:


title: Large numbers

text: Since the "b" can also be very large, in general it can be written instead a number with a sequence of powers formula_53 with decreasing values of "n" (with exactly given integer exponents formula_54) with at the end a number in ordinary scientific notation. Whenever a formula_54 is too large to be given exactly, the value of formula_56 is increased by 1 and everything to the right of formula_57 is rewritten.


title: Large numbers

text: For describing numbers approximately, deviations from the decreasing order of values of "n" are not needed. For example, formula_58, and formula_59. Thus is obtained the somewhat counterintuitive result that a number "x" can be so large that, in a way, "x" and 10 are "almost equal" (for arithmetic of large numbers see also below).


title: Large numbers

text: If the superscript of the upward arrow is large, the various representations for large numbers can be applied to this superscript itself. If this superscript is not exactly given then there is no point in raising the operator to a particular power or to adjust the value on which it act, instead it is possible to simply use a standard value at the right, say 10, and the expression reduces to formula_60 with an approximate "n". For such numbers the advantage of using the upward arrow notation no longer applies, so the chain notation can be used instead.


title: Large numbers

text: The above can be applied recursively for this "n", so the notation formula_47 is obtained in the superscript of the first arrow, etc., or a nested chain notation, e.g.:


title: Large numbers

text: If the number of levels gets too large to be convenient, a notation is used where this number of levels is written down as a number (like using the superscript of the arrow instead of writing many arrows). Introducing a function formula_64 = (10 → 10 → "n"), these levels become functional powers of "f", allowing us to write a number in the form formula_65 where "m" is given exactly and n is an integer which may or may not be given exactly (for example: formula_66). If "n" is large, any of the above can be used for expressing it. The "roundest" of these numbers are those of the form "f"(1) = (10→10→"m"→2). For example, formula_67


title: Large numbers

text: Compare the definition of Graham's number: it uses numbers 3 instead of 10 and has 64 arrow levels and the number 4 at the top; thus formula_68, but also formula_69.


title: Large numbers

text: If "m" in formula_65 is too large to give exactly, it is possible to use a fixed "n", e.g. "n" = 1, and apply the above recursively to "m", i.e., the number of levels of upward arrows is itself represented in the superscripted upward-arrow notation, etc. Using the functional power notation of "f" this gives multiple levels of "f". Introducing a function formula_71 these levels become functional powers of "g", allowing us to write a number in the form formula_72 where "m" is given exactly and n is an integer which may or may not be given exactly. For example, if (10→10→"m"→3) = "g"(1). If "n" is large any of the above can be used for expressing it. Similarly a function "h", etc. can be introduced. If many such functions are required, they can be numbered instead of using a new letter every time, e.g. as a subscript, such that there are numbers of the form formula_73 where "k" and "m" are given exactly and n is an integer which may or may not be given exactly. Using "k"=1 for the "f" above, "k"=2 for "g", etc., obtains (10→10→"n"→"k") = formula_74. If "n" is large any of the above can be used to express it. Thus is obtained a nesting of forms formula_75 where going inward the "k" decreases, and with as inner argument a sequence of powers formula_76 with decreasing values of "n" (where all these numbers are exactly given integers) with at the end a number in ordinary scientific notation.


title: Large numbers

text: When "k" is too large to be given exactly, the number concerned can be expressed as formula_77=(10→10→10→"n") with an approximate "n". Note that the process of going from the sequence formula_78=(10→"n") to the sequence formula_79=(10→10→"n") is very similar to going from the latter to the sequence formula_77=(10→10→10→"n"): it is the general process of adding an element 10 to the chain in the chain notation; this process can be repeated again (see also the previous section). Numbering the subsequent versions of this function a number can be described using functions formula_81, nested in lexicographical order with "q" the most significant number, but with decreasing order for "q" and for "k"; as inner argument yields a sequence of powers formula_76 with decreasing values of "n" (where all these numbers are exactly given integers) with at the end a number in ordinary scientific notation.


title: Large numbers

text: For a number too large to write down in the Conway chained arrow notation it size can be described by the length of that chain, for example only using elements 10 in the chain; in other words, one could specify its position in the sequence 10, 10→10, 10→10→10, .. If even the position in the sequence is a large number same techniques can be applied again.


title: Large numbers

text: These notations are essentially functions of integer variables, which increase very rapidly with those integers. Ever-faster-increasing functions can easily be constructed recursively by applying these functions with large integers as argument.


title: Large numbers

text: A function with a vertical asymptote is not helpful in defining a very large number, although the function increases very rapidly: one has to define an argument very close to the asymptote, i.e. use a very small number, and constructing that is equivalent to constructing a very large number, e.g. the reciprocal.


title: Large numbers

text: The following illustrates the effect of a base different from 10, base 100. It also illustrates representations of numbers and the arithmetic.


title: Large numbers

text: For a number formula_138, one unit change in "n" changes the result by a factor 10. In a number like formula_139, with the 6.2 the result of proper rounding using significant figures, the true value of the exponent may be 50 less or 50 more. Hence the result may be a factor formula_140 too large or too small. This seems like extremely poor accuracy, but for such a large number it may be considered fair (a large error in a large number may be "relatively small" and therefore acceptable).


title: Large numbers

text: In the case of an approximation of an extremely large number, the relative error may be large, yet there may still be a sense in which one wants to consider the numbers as "close in magnitude". For example, consider


title: Large numbers

text: a large relative error. However, one can also consider the relative error in the logarithms; in this case, the logarithms (to base 10) are 10 and 9, so the relative error in the logarithms is only 10%.


title: Large numbers

text: The point is that exponential functions magnify relative errors greatly – if "a" and "b" have a small relative error,


title: Large numbers

text: will have an even larger relative error. The question then becomes: on which level of iterated logarithms do to compare two numbers? There is a sense in which one may want to consider


title: Large numbers

text: to be "close in magnitude". The relative error between these two numbers is large, and the relative error between their logarithms is still large; however, the relative error in their second-iterated logarithms is small:


title: Large numbers

text: One solution to the problem of comparing large numbers is to define classes of numbers, such as the system devised by Robert Munafo, which is based on different "levels" of perception of an average person. Class 0 – numbers between zero and six – is defined to contain numbers that are easily subitized, that is, numbers that show up very frequently in daily life and are almost instantly comparable. Class 1 – numbers between six and 1,000,000=10 – is defined to contain numbers whose decimal expressions are easily subitized, that is, numbers who are easily comparable not by cardinality, but "at a glance" given the decimal expansion.


title: Large numbers

text: Each class after these are defined in terms of iterating this base-10 exponentiation, to simulate the effect of another "iteration" of human indistinguishibility. For example, class 5 is defined to include numbers between 10 and 10, which are numbers where becomes humanly indistinguishable from (taking iterated logarithms of such yields indistinguishibility firstly between log() and 2log(), secondly between log(log()) and 1+log(log()), and finally an extremely long decimal expansion whose length can't be subitized).


title: Large numbers

text: There are some general rules relating to the usual arithmetic operations performed on very large numbers:


title: Large numbers

text: Given a strictly increasing integer sequence/function formula_157 ("n"≥1), it is possible to produce a faster-growing sequence formula_158 (where the superscript "n" denotes the "n" functional power). This can be repeated any number of times by letting formula_159, each sequence growing much faster than the one before it. Thus it is possible to define formula_160, which grows much faster than any formula_161 for finite "k" (here ω is the first infinite ordinal number, representing the limit of all finite numbers k). This is the basis for the fast-growing hierarchy of functions, in which the indexing subscript is extended to ever-larger ordinals.


title: Large numbers

text: The busy beaver function Σ is an example of a function which grows faster than any computable function. Its value for even relatively small input is huge. The values of Σ("n") for "n" = 1, 2, 3, 4 are 1, 4, 6, 13 . Σ(5) is not known but is definitely ≥ 4098. Σ(6) is at least 3.5×10.


title: Large numbers

text: Although all the numbers discussed above are very large, they are all still decidedly finite. Certain fields of mathematics define infinite and transfinite numbers. For example, aleph-null is the cardinality of the infinite set of natural numbers, and aleph-one is the next greatest cardinal number. formula_162 is the cardinality of the reals. The proposition that formula_163 is known as the continuum hypothesis.


title: Choi Daniel

text: Choi Daniel (born 22 February 1986) is a South Korean actor, DJ and model. He is best known for his television roles in "The Ghost Detective", "Jugglers", "High Kick Through the Roof", Baby Faced Beauty, "School 2013," and rom-com film "Cyrano Agency". He is also an anchorman on KBS World Radio since 2011 and a DJ on KBS 2FM since 2013.


title: Choi Daniel

text: Choi's mother had serious morning sickness when pregnant with his elder brother (6 years his elder), thus did not consider having a second child. His father had a vasectomy, but Choi was still conceived. His father wanted to name him Solomon, but his mother preferred Daniel, as he was considered a gift from God.


title: Choi Daniel

text: As a child, his name was considered unusual, and his peers would call him "Yogi Daniel" (a famous yoga master and contortionist), and would jokingly ask him to squeeze himself into a desk.


title: Choi Daniel

text: Choi's mother died when he was 5 years old. Due to few recollections of his mother, later in life, he found it difficult to act opposite his characters' mother figures. After the death of his mother and his father's business went bankrupt, he was sent to his aunt's house, while his father and brother lived with another relative.


title: Choi Daniel

text: He quit after one semester at the Broadcasting and Acting Department of Chungwoon University, as he had enough of the experience. He was part of the university's cheerleading team.


title: Choi Daniel

text: On 2 October 2015, Choi enlisted in the Republic of Korea Army to serve his mandatory military service. Due to a knee injury he suffered in late 2012 while shooting the drama “School 2013”, he was deemed unfit for physical duty. As alternative military duty, after four weeks of training, he was assigned to serve at the Seoul VHS Medical Center as a public service worker.


title: Choi Daniel

text: On 27 June 2017, he was the recipient of model public service worker commissioner’s award from the Military Manpower Administration at the Seoul Regional Office of the MMA, for being a model employee and sincere work ethic.


title: Choi Daniel

text: His original discharge date, 1 October 2017, was advanced 2 days due to the Chuseok holidays. His first project afterwards is Jugglers. His brother got married when he was filming the drama.


title: NRG Esports

text: NRG Esports is an American esports organization based in Los Angeles, California. It has rosters in "Apex Legends", "Clash Royale", "Dragon Ball FighterZ", "Fortnite", "Gears of War", "Hearthstone", "Overwatch", "Rocket League", "Valorant", speedrunning and a number of streamers on the internet platform Twitch.


title: NRG Esports

text: In March 2016 NRG announced that Alex Rodriguez, Shaquille O'Neal and Jimmy Rollins were joining as investors.


title: NRG Esports

text: In August 2017, the Canadian esports company Northern Gaming was acquired by NRG. Northern Gaming's co-owners were rolled into NRG, making twitch streamer Sodapoppin a named advisor and co-owner.


title: NRG Esports

text: In September 2019, it was announced that Hector "H3CZ" Rodriguez had joined as co-CEO, after another announcement the same day that Hector and the Immortals Gaming Club had parted ways.


title: NRG Esports

text: On August 24, 2020, "Tubefilter" announced that NRG partnered with Shots Studios, a Los Angeles-based production and management company, for content production, social strategy, and merchandising.


title: NRG Esports

text: On February 11, 2019, NRG became one of the first organizations to sign a professional "Apex Legends" player with the signing of Coby "Dizzy" Meadows. The team signed Brandon "Aceu" Winn and Marshall "Mohr" Mohr in March and May, respectively, to round out its three-player squad. Dizzy competed in the first-ever Apex Legends Pro-Am, securing 1st place, the tournament's MVP award, and a $23,000 charitable donation to the V Foundation. Following the retirement of Dizzy in December 2019, the team picked up their new talent Joseph "Frexs" Sanchez in the beginning of January, about a month later. In July 23, 2022, after the ALGS 2022: Championship, Aidan "rocker" Grodin announced his departure from the team. On August 13, the team signed Dennis "Gilderson" Zachary as their third teammate.


title: NRG Esports

text: On August 3, NRG signed the members of the former "Overwatch" team Luminosity Gaming. NRG owns the Overwatch League team San Francisco Shock, whose roster is listed below. NRG owned an Overwatch Contenders team competing as the Shock's academy team up until May 8, 2019, when they withdrew their participation in the tournament.


title: NRG Esports

text: NRG Esports signed the "Kings of Urban" roster after a strong finish in their region in RLCS Season 1 in 2016. RLCS Season 2 saw NRG bow out of the RLCS finals after a loss to Flipsid3 Tactics, finishing 5-6th. In the off-season, GarrettG was picked up from his former team "Orbit", replacing Sadjunior. This new roster achieved a 3rd-place finish in the RLCS Season 3 finals, losing out to the eventual champions in "Northern Gaming". After a disappointing last-place finish in the RLCS Season 4 Finals, NRG dropped mainstay and fan-favorite Jacob for rookie prodigy jstn. With jstn, NRG came one goal away from becoming the Rocket League world champions in Season 5. After going undefeated in both regular season and the first two days of the RLCS tournament, NRG met Dignitas in the Grand Finals. Dignitas reset the bracket with a 4–1 win in the first best-of-seven, which meant one final series would crown the champs. In Game 7, NRG trailed by one goal in the final moments, but jstn scored a last-second goal to send the game into overtime, where they ultimately lost. NRG would continue to dominate RLCS regional play in seasons 6 and 7, only to fall short of expectations at both finals. Several days after the end of Season 7, NRG legend Fireburner announced he was stepping away from competitive Rocket League. Nearly a month later, it was announced that three-time RLCS champion Turbopolsa, a member of the same Dignitas team that defeated NRG for the world title in season 5, would replace Fireburner, becoming the first player to make a cross-region move from Europe to North America. Months after Turbopolsa's move to North America, NRG Esports would finally go on to win the Rocket League World Championship series on December 15, 2019, beating Renault Vitality in a seven-game Grand Finals with jstn scoring the winning goal in overtime. They would then drop Turbopolsa in order to sign SquishyMuffinz, a player coming from the recently disbanded team Cloud9. With this roster, they went on to win RLCS X North American Championship, and lose in the Grand Finals of Fall Major RLCS 11 to Team BDS. They qualified for the Winter Major as the number 1 seed from NA,they went 1-2 in groups and were placed in the lower bracket against the eventual runner ups Team Queso, which they lost. NRG failed to qualify for the Spring Major, this was the first time NRG failed to qualify for an RLCS international LAN,but they qualified for the RLCS 2021-2022 Finals wildcard in Fort Worth. Although they failed to qualify for the Spring Major they still had enough points to qualify for the Main Event in Fort Worth. Following Version 1's loss against Moist Esports, NRG qualified for the Main Event in Fort Worth as the 3rd seed from North America.


title: NRG Esports

text: On 8 October 2020, NRG entered the Valorant scene. Officially signing Damian "Daps" Steele, Sam "s0m" Oh, and coach Chet Singh. NRG never found huge success within the Valorant scene although consistently remaining as one of the top teams in North America. During the announcement of franchising, NRG let go of their entire roster, deciding to build with only Sam "s0m" Oh remaining from the old NRG core. Following the announcement, NRG signed the OpTic Gaming core of IGL Pujan "FNS" Mehta, Austin "crashies" Roberts, Victor "Victor" Wong. Their last roster change was the addition of Ardis "ardiis" Svarenieks, who previously had a highly successful 2022 run with the team FPX.


title: NRG Esports

text: On 23 January 2016, NRG entered CS:GO with signing the ex-Method roster. 11 months later on 19 December, NRG completely changed their roster. On 27 July 2017, Peter "ptr" Gurney, who was the only player remaining from the original roster, left the team, replaced by Bulgarian Cvetelin "CeRq" Dimitrov a month later. In March 2018, NRG won the iBUYPOWER Invitational Spring 2018, beating Team Liquid. NRG's second victory came 5 months later in August 2018, after winning IEM Shangai 2018. NRG defeated OpTic Gaming to win cs_summit 3 in November 2018. On 28 February 2019, NRG signed former Cloud9 and MiBR member Tarık "tarik" Çelik to replace Jacob "FugLy" Medina.


title: NRG Esports

text: On 26 September 2019, the NRG roster was acquired by Evil Geniuses, ending the 4 year CS:GO campaign of the organization.


title: NRG Esports

text: NRG entered the Dragon Ball FighterZ scene in 2018 with the signing of Eduardo "HookGangGod" Deno. His first win under the NRG banner was at Summit of Power 2018 where he took down SonicFox to take the title. Eduardo was also featured in his very own docuseries on Sony Crackle called "Hook'D". The 4-part series featured a cameo appearance from Shaquille O'Neal and debuted on July 27, 2018. NRG released HookGangGod on January 13, 2020.


title: NRG Esports

text: On September 1, 2016, NRG acquired defending Smite World Champions team Panthera. The team joined the organization following a hugely successful first 12 months; qualifying for Worlds as European runners up before dropping just 2 games on their way to the title. They followed this up by going 24–4 in the Spring split to qualify for the Dreamhack Masters in June, dominating the tournament and going undefeated 8–0 to be crowned Champions. The team has most recently won the 2016-2017 Smite World Champions. On December 13, 2018, NRG officially ended their "Smite" division.


title: NRG Esports

text: NRG signed New Jersey native Nairoby "Nairo" Quezada for their "Super Smash Bros." division in August 2016. On July 2, 2020, NRG cut ties with Nairo after allegations that he had been engaged in a sexual relationship with a minor in April 2017, effectively ending the team's "Super Smash Bros." division.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Ehud Olmert (; , ; born 30 September 1945) is an Israeli politician and lawyer. He served as the 12th Prime Minister of Israel from 2006 to 2009 and before that as a cabinet minister from 1988 to 1992 and from 2003 to 2006. Between his first and second stints as a cabinet member, he served as mayor of Jerusalem from 1993 to 2003. After serving as PM, he was sentenced to serve a prison term over convictions for accepting bribes and for obstruction of justice during his terms as mayor of Jerusalem and as trade minister.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Olmert was born near Binyamina in the British Mandate of Palestine. According to Olmert, his parents, Bella (Wagman) and Mordechai Olmert, escaped "persecution in Ukraine and Russia, and found sanctuary in Harbin, China. They emigrated to Israel to fulfill their dream of building a Jewish and democratic state living in peace in the land of our ancestors." His father later became a member of the Knesset for Herut. Olmert's childhood included membership in the Beitar Youth Organization and dealing with the fact that his parents were often blacklisted and alienated due to their affiliation with the Jewish militia group the Irgun. They were also part of Herut, the opposition to the long-ruling Mapai party. However, by the 1970s, this was proving less detrimental to one's career than during the 1950s.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Olmert graduated from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with degrees in psychology, philosophy and law. He opened a successful law partnership in Jerusalem. Olmert served with the Israel Defense Forces in the Golani Brigade. While in service he was injured and temporarily released. He underwent many treatments, and later completed his military duties as a journalist for the IDF magazine "BaMahane". During the Yom Kippur War, he joined the headquarters of Ariel Sharon as a military correspondent. Already a member of the Knesset, he decided to go through an officer's course in 1980 at the age of 35.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In 1966, during the Gahal party convention (a predecessor to today's Likud), party leader Menachem Begin was challenged by the young Olmert, who called for his resignation. Begin announced that he would retire from party leadership, but soon reversed his decision when the crowd emotionally pleaded with him to stay. Olmert was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 at the age of 28, and was re-elected seven consecutive times. Between 1981 and 1989, he served as a member of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee and served on the Finance, Education and Defense Budget Committees. He served as minister without portfolio, responsible for minority affairs between 1988 and 1990, and as minister of health from 1990 until 1992. Following Likud's defeat in the 1992 election, instead of remaining a Knesset member in the opposition, he successfully ran for mayor of Jerusalem in November 1993.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Between 1993 and 2003, Olmert served two terms as mayor of Jerusalem, the first member of Likud or its precursors to hold the position. During his term in office, he devoted himself to the initiation and advancement of major projects in the city, the development and improvement of the education system, and the development of road infrastructure. He also spearheaded the development of the light rail system in Jerusalem, and the investment of millions of shekels in the development of mass transportation options for the city.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: While mayor of Jerusalem, Olmert was an invited speaker at an international conflict resolution conference held in Derry, Northern Ireland. In his address, he spoke of how "Political leaders can help change the psychological climate which affects the quality of relationships among people." His speech concluded with reflections on the importance of political process in overcoming differences: "How are fears born? They are born because of differences in tradition and history; they are born because of differences in emotional, political and national circumstances. Because of such differences, people fear they cannot live together. If we are to overcome such fear, a credible and healthy political process must be carefully and painfully developed. A political process that does not aim to change the other or to overcome differences, but that allows each side to live peacefully in spite of their differences."


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Olmert was elected as a member of the sixteenth Knesset in January 2003. He served as the head of the election campaign for Likud in the elections, and subsequently was the chief negotiator of the coalition agreement. Following the elections he was appointed as Designated Acting Prime Minister and Minister of Industry, Trade and Labor. From 2003 to 2004, he also served as Minister of Communications.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 7 August 2005, Olmert was appointed acting finance minister, replacing Benjamin Netanyahu, who had resigned in protest against the planned Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. Olmert, who had originally opposed withdrawing from land captured in the Six-Day War, and who had voted against the Camp David Peace Accords in 1978, was a vocal supporter of the Gaza pullout. After his appointment, Olmert said:I voted against Menachem Begin, I told him it was a historic mistake, how dangerous it would be, and so on and so on. Now I am sorry he is not alive for me to be able to publicly recognize his wisdom and my mistake. He was right and I was wrong. Thank God we pulled out of the Sinai. When Sharon announced he was leaving Likud to form a new party, Kadima, Olmert was one of the first to join him.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 4 January 2006, as the designated Acting Prime Minister, Olmert became Acting Prime Minister as a result of the serious stroke suffered by then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. This occurred after consultations took place between Cabinet Secretary Yisrael Maimon and Attorney General Menachem Mazuz, who declared Sharon "temporarily incapable to carry out the duties of his office", while only officially in office. Then, Olmert and the cabinet reaffirmed in an announcement that the 28 March elections would be held as scheduled. During the days following the stroke, Olmert met with Shimon Peres and other Sharon supporters to try to convince them to stay with Kadima, rather than return to Likud or, in Peres' case, Labor. On 16 January 2006, Olmert was elected chairman of Kadima, and Kadima's candidate for prime minister in the upcoming election. In his first major policy address on 24 January 2006 after becoming caretaker Prime Minister, Olmert stated that he backed the creation of a Palestinian state, and that Israel would have to relinquish parts of the West Bank to maintain its Jewish majority. At the same time, he said, "We firmly stand by the historic right of the people of Israel to the entire Land of Israel." In a number of interviews, he also introduced his Realignment plan, which would see Israel unilaterally withdraw from most of the West Bank and redraw its borders to incorporate major settlement blocs into Israel. The plan was shelved following the 2006 Lebanon War.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Following the March 2006 election, Kadima won 29 seats, making it the largest party. On 6 April, Olmert was officially asked by President Moshe Katsav to form a government. Olmert had an initial period of 28 days to form a governing coalition, with a possible two-week extension. On 11 April, the Israeli Cabinet deemed that Sharon was incapacitated. The 100-day replacement deadline was extended due to the Jewish festival of Passover, and a provision was made that, should Sharon's condition improve between 11 and 14 April, the declaration would not take effect. Therefore, the official declaration took effect on 14 April, formally ending Sharon's term as prime minister and making Olmert the country's new Interim Prime Minister in office (he would not become the official prime minister until he formed a government).


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 4 May 2006, Olmert presented his new government to the Knesset. Olmert became prime minister and minister for welfare. Control over the Welfare Ministry was expected to be given to United Torah Judaism if it would join the government. The post was later given to Labor's Isaac Herzog. Olmert took over as acting prime minister of Israel after Ariel Sharon suffered a stroke.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 24 May 2006, Olmert was invited to address a joint session of the U.S. Congress. He stated that his government would proceed with the disengagement plan if it could not come to agreement with the Palestinians. Olmert was the third Israeli prime minister to have been invited to speak at a joint session of Congress.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Following the 2006 Lebanon War, Olmert's popularity ratings fell and, on 15 September 2006, former chief of staff Moshe Ya'alon publicly stated that Olmert should resign. In May 2007, Olmert's approval rating fell to 3%, and he became the subject of a Google Bomb for the Hebrew for "miserable failure".


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 9 December 2006, Olmert stated that he could not rule out the possibility of a military attack against Iran, and called for the international community to step up action against that country. He called Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's repeated threats to destroy Israel "absolutely criminal", and said that he expected "more dramatic steps to be taken". In an interview with German TV network Sat.1 on 11 December 2006, Olmert included Israel in a list of nuclear powers, saying: "Iran, openly, explicitly and publicly, threatens to wipe Israel off the map. Can you say that this is the same level, when they are aspiring to have nuclear weapons, as America, France, Israel and Russia?" He immediately attempted to backtrack, insisting that Israel's doggedly held position of nuclear weapons ambiguity had not changed. He nonetheless came under harsh criticism from both ends of the Israeli political spectrum due to the perceived threat to Israel's policy of ambiguity regarding its nuclear status. On 2 May 2007, the Winograd Commission accused Olmert of failing to properly manage the 2006 Lebanese War, which prompted a mass rally of over 100,000 people calling for his resignation.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Olmert welcomed the Arab League's 2007 re-endorsement of the Arab Peace Initiative. Olmert wrote in "The Guardian" newspaper that Israel was ready to make "painful concessions" to achieve peace with the Palestinians.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: "I take the offer of full normalization of relations between Israel and the Arab world seriously; and I am ready to discuss the Arab peace initiative in an open and sincere manner. Working with our Jordanian and Egyptian partners, and hopefully other Arab states, we must pursue a comprehensive peace with energy and vision... But the talks must be a discussion, not an ultimatum." On 4 November 2007, he declared Israel's intention to negotiate with the Palestinians about all issues, stating, "Annapolis will be the jumping-off point for continued serious and in-depth negotiations, which will not avoid any issue or ignore any division that has clouded our relations with the Palestinian people for many years." On 29 November 2007, he warned of the end of Israel in case a two-state solution is not eventually found for the Israeli-Palestinian dispute. "If the day comes when the two-state solution collapses, and we face a South African-style struggle for equal voting rights (also for the Palestinians in the territories), then, as soon as that happens, the State of Israel is finished", Olmert said on the last day of the Annapolis Conference. "The Jewish organizations, which were our power base in America, will be the first to come out against us", Olmert said, "because they will say they cannot support a state that does not support democracy and equal voting rights for all its residents".


title: Ehud Olmert

text: During the talks, Olmert agreed that Israel would share Jerusalem as the joint capital of Israel and a Palestinian state and hand over its holy sites to a multinational committee, land swaps that would allow Israel to keep its major settlement blocs in the West Bank, the construction of a tunnel connecting the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and a demilitarized Palestinian state with an American-led international security force stationed on the Palestinian–Jordanian border. Both sides disagreed over how much land would be exchanged in the swaps, with Olmert demanding at least 6.3–6.8% of the West Bank and Abbas insisting a swap would not exceed 1.9%. In his memoirs, Olmert wrote that he agreed Israel would generously compensate the remaining refugees. Olmert later stated that U.S. President George W. Bush offered to accept another 100,000 refugees as American citizens if a peace agreement was signed. U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice wrote in her memoirs that the Palestinians demanded they be allowed to negotiate additional "returns" to Israel following the peace deal, insisting that the right of return was a matter of individual choice that would ultimately have to apply to every refugee. In his memoirs, Olmert claimed that he and Abbas were very close to an agreement, but Abbas' hesitation, Olmert's legal troubles, and the Gaza War caused the talks to end. President Bush wrote in his memoirs that the talks broke down when Olmert announced that he would resign from office, and Abbas then broke off the talks and refused to finalize an agreement on the grounds that he did not want to sign a peace deal with a Prime Minister on his way out of office.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: During at least two meetings, Olmert made a secret promise to Abbas: Once a prisoner exchange deal for captive Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was finalized with Hamas, Israel would bolster Abbas' government by releasing Fatah prisoners. After a prisoner exchange deal was agreed upon in 2011 under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Olmert's successor, Palestinian officials demanded that Netanyahu live up to Olmert's promise and release Fatah prisoners.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 6 September 2007, Israel launched Operation Orchard, an airstrike against a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria, allegedly being built with North Korean and Iranian assistance. The strike was preceded by years of covert operations by Israeli special forces and the Mossad. Details of the strike were censored in Israel, and the attack was not confirmed to have taken place until 2 October. Following the attack, Olmert's approval rating rose to 35%.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: President Bush wrote in his memoirs that Olmert had first asked him to bomb the facility, but ordered the attack after Bush refused and told him that he would prefer diplomatic action and sanctions. Following the strike, Bush claimed to have suggested to Olmert to hide the strike for a while and then make it public as a way to isolate the Syrian government, but Olmert asked for total secrecy, wanting to avoid anything that could force Syria to retaliate. However, Israeli columnist Caroline Glick wrote that Israel had bowed to US demands in concealing the airstrike.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In May 2008, Israel opened Turkish-brokered indirect peace talks with Syria. Olmert stated that the resumption of peace talks with Syria was a national obligation that must be tried. However, Syria broke off the talks several months later in response to the Gaza War.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Rocket and mortar attacks by Palestinian terrorists from the Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip on Israel occurred frequently throughout the spring and summer of 2008, until a ceasefire was agreed between Hamas and Israel in June. Rocket attacks increased sharply in November after an Israeli raid on an Hamas-built smuggling tunnel. The ceasefire expired in December 2008 and negotiations stalled between the two parties to renew the ceasefire. On 24 December, the Negev was hit by more than 60 mortar shells and Katyusha and Qassam rockets, and the IDF was given a green light to operate. Hamas claimed to have fired a total of 87 rockets and mortar rounds that day at Israel, code-naming the firing "Operation Oil Stain".


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 25 December 2008, Olmert delivered a "last minute" warning to Gaza in direct appeal to Gaza's people via the Arabic language satellite channel al-Arabiya, to pressure their leaders to stop the rocket barrages. "I am telling them now, it may be the last minute, I'm telling them stop it. We are stronger", he said. The attacks did not stop and Israel launched its military operation, codenamed "Operation Cast Lead", on the morning of 27 December, when more than 50 fighter jets and attack helicopters began to bomb strategic targets. Air and naval strikes continued for days, when on 3 January 2009 the IDF began a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip. The fighting lasted 22 days until a ceasefire came into effect. Israel subsequently withdrew from Gaza.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: The UN Security Council passed a resolution on 8 January 2009 calling for an immediate ceasefire to the hostilities in the Gaza Strip. It passed 14–0–1, with one abstention from the United States. Olmert told reporters, "[U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice] was left shamed. A resolution that she prepared and arranged, and in the end she did not vote in favor. In the night between Thursday and Friday, when the Secretary of State wanted to lead the vote on a ceasefire at the Security Council, we did not want her to vote in favor. I said 'get me President Bush on the phone'. They said he was in the middle of giving a speech in Philadelphia. I said I didn't care. 'I need to talk to him now'. He got off the podium and spoke to me. I told him the United States could not vote in favor. It cannot vote in favor of such a resolution. He immediately called the Secretary of State and told her not to vote in favor." When asked about the comments, a White House spokesman said that Olmert's version of events was "inaccurate".


title: Ehud Olmert

text: The war finally ended on 18 January 2009. A day before, Israeli officials announced a unilateral ceasefire, without an agreement with Hamas. In a press conference, Israeli Prime Minister Olmert declared the ceasefire effective that night, at 00:00 GMT on 18 January.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 30 July 2008, Olmert announced that he would not contest the Kadima party leadership election in September and would resign from office once his party elects a new leader. In his resignation speech, he addressed the cases of corruption of which he is being accused, saying he is "proud to be a citizen of a country in which a Prime Minister can be investigated like any other citizen", but also stated he "was forced to defend [himself] from ceaseless attacks by the self-appointed soldiers of justice, who sought to oust [him] from [his] position". The move has been interpreted as signaling the end of Olmert's political career.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Many politicians across the political spectrum praised Olmert's decision to resign. Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni said "the personal decision was not simple, but it was a correct one. Kadima must continue to act in a way that will preserve its unity and ability to lead." Defense minister and Labor party leader Ehud Barak called Olmert's announcement "a proper and responsible decision made at the right time". Opposition leaders called for the resignation to be followed by general elections. The Likud party leader, Benjamin Netanyahu, called for snap elections: "It doesn't matter who heads Kadima. They are all partners in this government's total failure. National responsibility requires a return to the people and new elections."


title: Ehud Olmert

text: After Tzipi Livni won the leadership election, Olmert officially resigned but remained prime minister, according to the dictates of the law. Even after an official resignation, he remained in power until a new prime minister was sworn in, in order to prevent a government void. Livni tried unsuccessfully to form a new coalition government. After Livni announced she could not form the new government, new parliamentary elections were set for 10 February 2009, and Olmert remained in power until after the elections, just as the law dictates.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Beginning in the mid-1980s, Olmert was subjected to a string of corruption allegations that resulted in multiple police investigations. According to Israeli journalist Yossi Melman, the repeated investigations led some to believe that Olmert was corrupt but a master at covering his tracks, while others believed that the authorities were simply obsessed with harassing him.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 7 March 2006, it was disclosed that an inquiry was being carried out on the 1999 sale and lease-back of a Jerusalem property purchased by Olmert in 2004, which allegedly was done on financial terms very favorable to Olmert, in what would amount to an illegal campaign contribution and/or bribe. Olmert was alleged to have paid $325,000 below market value. A criminal investigation regarding the matter was formally launched on 24 September 2007. The investigation closed in August 2009 due to lack of evidence.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 16 January 2007, a criminal investigation was initiated against Olmert. The investigation focused on suspicions that during his tenure as finance minister, Olmert tried to steer the tender for the sale of Bank Leumi in order to help Slovak-born Australian real estate baron Frank Lowy, a close personal associate. Israeli Finance Ministry Accountant General Dr. Yaron Zelekha was as a key witness, according to the State Comptroller's office. The state comptroller testified against Olmert. Israeli Police who investigated the case eventually concluded that the evidence that was collected was insufficient for indictment, and no recommendations were made to press charges. In October 2007, he was questioned for five hours by three officers from the National Fraud Investigations Unit in his Jerusalem residence. State Prosecutor Moshe Lador closed the case in December 2008 due to lack of evidence.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In April 2007, it was further alleged that, during his office as Minister of Trade, Industry and Labor, Olmert may have been guilty of criminal behavior by taking an active part in an investment center. Prosecutors said that Olmert placed himself in a conflict of interest by personally dealing with issues involving business figures represented by his friend and former business partner, lawyer Uri Messer. Olmert was alleged to have changed some decisions made by his ministry in their favor. During a parliamentary inquest in July 2007, Olmert flatly denied these accusations.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In October 2007, Attorney General Mazuz ordered a police investigation into allegations that Olmert, when he held the positions of trade minister, communications minister and finance minister, had improperly appointed associates from the Likud party to posts on government bodies. Police completed their investigation in 2009, and concluded that there was a basis to indict Olmert and others for fraud and breach of trust.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In July 2008, "Haaretz" reported that in 1992, Olmert took a loan from U.S. businessman Joe Almaliah, but never repaid it, and concealed the true size of the loan from the State Comptroller. In March 2003, State Comptroller Eliezer Goldberg asked Olmert to submit the wealth-declaration statement required of all cabinet ministers. Olmert disclosed that he had taken a loan from Almaliah, but did not say when it was due. In 2004, Olmert conceded that he had taken $75,000, and stressed that Almaliah had not asked for repayment of the loan. At Goldberg's insistence, Olmert signed a contract with Almaliah undertaking to repay the loan in January 2009. According to an indictment, Olmert had actually taken another $100,000 from Almaliah, which was deposited into his personal bank account. The State Prosecutor's office said that it was not aware of Olmert's repayment of either loan.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In May 2008, it became public that Olmert was the subject of another police investigation, concerning allegations of bribery. Olmert said that he took campaign contributions from Jewish-American businessman Morris Talansky when he was running for mayor of Jerusalem, leadership of the Likud and candidacy in the Likud list for the Knesset. It was alleged that Olmert unlawfully received millions of shekels in illegal campaign funding from Talansky over a 15-year period. Olmert resisted calls to resign, and stated: "I never took bribes, I never took a penny for myself. I was elected by you, citizens of Israel, to be the Prime Minister and I don't intend to shirk this responsibility. If Attorney General Meni Mazuz, decides to file an indictment, I will resign from my position, even though the law does not oblige me to do so." On 2 May, head of the National Fraud Investigations Unit Brigadier-General Shlomi Ayalon and two investigators questioned Olmert for 90 minutes in his Jerusalem residence. On 23 May, National Fraud Investigations Unit officers interrogated Olmert for an hour in his Jerusalem residence. On 27 May, Talansky testified in court that over the last 15 years he gave Olmert more than $150,000 in cash in envelopes to fund political campaigns, and hinted that Olmert also used the money for fine hotels, cigars, pens and watches. On 6 September 2008, the Israel Police recommended that criminal charges should be brought against Olmert. In their indictment, prosecutors claimed that Olmert had received some $600,000 from Talansky in either cash or bank transfers, and that $350,000 of this was held in a "secret cache" managed by Olmert's close associate Uri Messer. The prosecution also claimed that Olmert used his official capacity as minister of trade and industry to facilitate introductions with hotel managers for Talansky, a partner in a firm providing mini-bars for hotels. It was alleged that Olmert sometimes used official letterheads. The charge sheet said that Olmert was aware he was in an "acute conflict of interest".


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 26 November 2008, Attorney General Menachem Mazuz informed Olmert that he decided to file an indictment against him in what has come to be known as "Rishon Tours" affair, pending a hearing before Mazuz. The scheme allegedly worked as follows: Olmert would speak abroad on behalf of groups such as the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial, a support group for the Israel Defense Forces or a charity for mentally disabled Israeli children. Rishon Tours then billed each group for the same trip as if they alone were paying, and placed the money in a special bank account allegedly for Olmert's personal use. Prosecutors charged that Olmert had gained $92,164.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 1 March 2009, Attorney General Mazuz informed Olmert's legal representatives that he had decided to file an indictment against him, in what has come to be known as the "cash envelopes" affair, pending a hearing before the attorney general.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In 2010, it was cleared for publication that the National Fraud Investigations Unit suspected Olmert of involvement in the "Holyland Affair", where officials took bribes in exchange for promoting real estate projects, especially the Holyland real estate development project in southwest Jerusalem, which was allowed to grow 1,200% beyond the limit authorized. As Mayor of Jerusalem, Olmert allegedly took thousands of shekels in bribe money from businessmen, entrepreneurs, and stakeholders.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 30 August 2009, an indictment against Olmert was served at the Jerusalem District Court. The indictment includes the following counts: obtaining by fraud under aggravating circumstances, fraud, breach of trust, falsifying corporate documents, and tax evasion. The indictment refers to three out of the four corruption-related cases standing against him: "Rishon Tours", "Talansky" (also known as the "money envelopes" affair), and the "Investment Center". This was the first indictment of someone who has ever held the office of Israeli Prime Minister. On 25 September 2009, Olmert's trial opened. The court began hearing testimonies on 22 February 2010, with three discussions per week. The prosecution began arguing its case at the beginning of the trial, and the prosecution phase ended on 30 March 2011. The defense phase began on 31 May, and they began with Olmert testifying in his own defense. On 30 June, the prosecution began a cross-examination on the various charges.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In January 2012, Olmert was indicted for taking bribes over the Holyland affair. The indictment was filed in the Tel Aviv District Court. After Olmert began accusing his secretary, Shula Zaken, of committing the crimes he was charged with, Zaken began negotiating a plea bargain with prosecutors. In late March 2014, prosecutors signed a plea bargain with Zaken, under which she would plead guilty, and prosecutors would not request a prison term longer than 11 months. As part of the plea bargain, Zaken agreed to provide evidence and testify against Olmert as a state's witness.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 10 July 2012, Olmert was convicted on one count of breach of trust over the investment center case, but exonerated over the Talansky and Rishon Tours affairs. In September 2012, he was given a one-year suspended sentence and a fine of ₪75,000 ($21,000).


title: Ehud Olmert

text: On 31 March 2014, five years to the day after he was replaced by Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister, Olmert was convicted of two counts of bribery over the Holyland affair by Tel Aviv District Court Judge David Rosen, who ruled that he had accepted ₪560,000 ($160,000) while serving as mayor of Jerusalem, and had lied about it in court. He was acquitted on two other corruption charges. Olmert and eight other defendants, including former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski and former Bank Hapoalim chairman Dan Dankner, were convicted of accepting bribes in exchange for helping land developers receive municipality licenses for the Holyland Park residential project in the city.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Olmert's sentencing hearing began on 28 April 2014. On 13 May 2014, he was sentenced to 6 years in prison and fined ₪1.5 million ($430,000). He was ordered to report to prison on 1 September to begin serving his sentence.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In addition to the Holyland affair, Zaken provided new evidence against Olmert in the Talansky and Rishon tours affairs. Olmert and his lawyers were subsequently questioned by police on suspicion of obstruction of justice and witness tampering. Following an investigation, police announced that there was sufficient evidence to indict Olmert for obstruction of justice. On 7 August 2014, following Zaken's testimony, the Israeli Supreme Court ordered a retrial of Olmert in the Talansky case.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In September 2014, the Supreme Court ruled that Olmert could stay out of prison pending an appeal. Oral arguments would have to take place within three months, but together with the delay in the final verdict he could potentially stay out of prison for over a year. As of March 2015, Olmert was yet to serve his sentence. He began serving a 19-months sentence on 15 February 2016 in Maasiyahu Prison.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In December 2014, Zaken again provided new evidence, revealing that Olmert had offered her $10,000 for every month she would serve in jail for taking the blame in the Holyland case, to be paid in a foreign bank account. In one of the eight recordings revealed, Olmert can also be heard talking about buying Sheldon Adelson's, a Jewish-American billionaire's, testimony, and how he told U.S. President George W. Bush about Olmert's traitorship: "Adelson – this dog, son of a dog – went to President Bush and said that I’m a traitor. Bush told me."


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In March 2015, Olmert was convicted in Jerusalem District Court of fraud, breach of trust, and tax evasion in his retrial on corruption charges over the Talansky case. The judges ruled that he had taken bribes and used the funds for personal reasons without reporting it. Sentencing was set for May, and his lawyers advised he would appeal.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Olmert was sentenced to eight months in prison in connection with the Talansky case on 25 May 2015, as well as fined ₪100,000 ($25,000) and given an additional suspended sentence of eight months. The prison sentence was stayed for 45 days to allow Olmert's legal team time to appeal the ruling. The verdict acknowledged Olmert's public service, and he was given a weaker sentence than prosecutors sought. Olmert filed an appeal of his conviction to the Supreme Court of Israel in July 2015; the court agreed that Olmert's sentence would be suspended until after the outcome of the appeal.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: The conviction meant that Olmert was sentenced over misdeeds from both his time as mayor of Jerusalem, as well as Trade Minister of Israel.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Olmert's wife, Aliza, is a writer of novels and theater plays, as well as an artist. Aliza is more left-leaning in her politics than her husband. She claimed to have voted for him for the first time in 2006.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: The couple has four biological children and an adopted daughter. The oldest daughter, Michal, holds a master's in psychology and leads workshops in creative thinking. Another daughter Dana is a lecturer in literature at the Tel Aviv University, and the editor of a literature series. She is a lesbian and lives with her partner in Tel Aviv. Her parents are accepting of her sexual orientation and partner. Dana is active in the Jerusalem branch of the Israeli human rights organization Machsom Watch. In June 2006 she attended a march in Tel Aviv protesting alleged Israeli complicity in the Gaza beach blast, which made her the subject of bitter criticism from right-wing personalities.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: Olmert's father Mordechai, a pioneer of Israel's land settlement and a former member of the Second and Third Knessets, grew up in the Chinese city of Harbin, where he led the local Betar youth movement. Olmert's grandfather J. J. Olmert settled in Harbin after fleeing post-World War I Russia. In 2004, Olmert visited China and paid his respects at the tomb of his grandfather in Harbin. Olmert said that his father had never forgotten his Chinese hometown after moving to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine, in 1933, at the age of 22. "When he died at the age of 88, he spoke his last words in Mandarin Chinese", he recalled.


title: Ehud Olmert

text: In October 2007, Olmert announced that he had prostate cancer. His doctors declared it to be a minor risk. In April 2009, Olmert's spokesman issued a statement indicating that Olmert's cancer had deteriorated.