title: Triller (app)

text: In August 2020, Triller reported that it had been downloaded over 250 million times worldwide. Mobile analytics firm Apptopia disputed the numbers and claimed they were inflated, suggesting that the app had only been downloaded 52 million times since it first launched in 2015. Apptopia pulled the report after Triller threatened to sue the company.


title: Triller (app)

text: The app has been downloaded 23.8 million times in the U.S., with users spending an average of more than 20 minutes per day. A large number of downloads come from India, where TikTok has been banned, as well as from various European and African countries.


title: Triller (app)

text: In October 2020, Triller CEO Mike Lu stated that the app has 100 million monthly active users (MAU). In February 2021, "Billboard" reported that Triller had "reported higher numbers of monthly active users to the public than it reports to [music] rights holders." CEO Lu argued that "there is no legal definition" of monthly and daily active users, and that "if someone is trying to compare TikTok's MAU/DAU to ours—which means they are saying we have the same definition of MAU/DAU—there is an inherent misunderstanding about Triller's business and business model. It’s like trying to compare a fish and a bicycle." In a public statement, Lu denied that the company had inflated its user metrics.


title: Triller (app)

text: Triller has attracted celebrity users like Chance the Rapper, Justin Bieber, Marshmello, The Weeknd, Alicia Keys, Cardi B, Eminem, Post Malone and Kevin Hart. The app is also used by TikTok stars such as Charli D’Amelio, Josh Richards, Noah Beck, Griffin Johnson, and Dixie D’Amelio. Triller has offered large sums of money, company equity, and advisory roles to encourage prominent TikTok users to move to Triller, such as The Sway Boys. Sway House member Josh Richards became the Chief Strategy Officer of Triller after concerns regarding user data motivated him to find a "safe place" for himself and his followers.


title: Triller (app)

text: In April 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Triller organized a three-day streaming music festival known as "Trillerfest" in support of No Kid Hungry and the MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund. The event was headlined by Don Diablo, Marshmello, Migos, Pitbull, Snoop Dogg, and Wyclef Jean.


title: Triller (app)

text: In July 2020, Triller announced that it had partnered with Mike Tyson's Legends Only League to become the media partner for its boxing events, with its inaugural event being an exhibition fight between Tyson and Roy Jones Jr. on November 28, 2020, distributed via pay-per-view. Triller would handle distribution of the fight to pay-per-view platforms and services such as Fite TV, and also carry a documentary miniseries leading into the fight. The PPV would not be carried within the Triller app itself due to its focus on short-form video, and a goal for wider distribution via traditional PPV outlets. Following the event, it was reported that the PPV had at least 1.6 million buys, surpassing UFC 251 as the most-bought combat sports PPV of 2020.


title: Triller (app)

text: Ryan Kavanaugh, CEO of parent company Proxima Media, described the fight as being the launch of Triller's "high-end live events business", and explained that they aimed to reach audiences beyond core boxing fans by leveraging the present "cultural zeitgeist"; the PPV included a co-main event between internet celebrity Jake Paul and former NBA player Nate Robinson, music performances by acts such as Wiz Khalifa, and featured Snoop Dogg as a commentator. Kavanaugh later referred to this practice as a "four-quadrant" entertainment event, supplementing boxing with internet, music, and sports personalities.


title: Triller (app)

text: In December 2020, Triller announced a partnership with Snoop Dogg to form Triller Fight Club—a "boxing league" that would be produced and hosted by Snoop Dogg, and consist of a series of annual PPV cards with "four-quadrant" elements carried over from the Tyson/Jones event. The first event under the banner was held on April 17, 2021, with a main event between Jake Paul and Ben Askren, and performances by The Black Keys, Diplo, Doja Cat, Justin Bieber, Major Lazer, Saweetie, and Mt. Westmore —a supergroup featuring Snoop, Ice Cube, Too Short and E-40. The event was held behind closed doors at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, with Triller intentionally limiting attendance to 100 spectators chosen via promotional contests on the Triller app; Kavanaugh described this as a "golden ticket" model supporting its goal to give home viewers a "front row" experience.


title: Triller (app)

text: In February 2021, it was reported that Triller Fight Club had won a purse bid to promote the fight between Teófimo López and George Kambosos to defend López's unified lightweight titles, beating out Matchroom and Top Rank with a bid reported to be $6 million. Kavanaugh stated that the match would likely be a co-main event on a future card. In March 2021, Oscar De La Hoya announced a comeback fight during a planned card on July 3. In May 2021, Triller signed long-time HBO boxing personality Jim Lampley as its lead commentator; his role was expected to begin with Teófimo López vs. George Kambosos Jr. on June 19. However, after the López vs. Kambosos fight was postponed on multiple occasions, the International Boxing Federation ruled that Triller was in breach of their contractual obligation to stage the fight, subsequently awarding the rights to Matchroom as the second highest bidders.


title: Triller (app)

text: In June 2021, Triller partnered with Big3 to serve as a digital media partner for the league. This will include 30 hours of live games streaming within the Triller app (including exclusive coverage of the Big3 All-Star Game), coverage of the Big3 draft, social media presences, and courtside advertising.


title: Triller (app)

text: In September 2020, Triller claimed to serve 100 million active monthly users, but this number was quickly disputed by six former employees interviewed by "Business Insider". Within a few weeks of Triller's claim, employees shared screenshots of the company's internal analytics that showed less than 2.5 million active monthly users. The number of Triller's app installations came under scrutiny around the same time. Third-party analytics firm Apptopia estimated only 52 million lifetime installations of the app by August 2020 while Triller claimed 250 million. Triller threatened to sue Apptopia for publishing the report.


title: Triller (app)

text: In February 2021, Universal Music Group (UMG) pulled all of its music from Triller's app because Triller "shamefully withheld payments owed to our artists" and refused to negotiate future music licensing. Triller responded with the assertion that "relevant artists" were already partnered with Triller, so a deal with UMG was unnecessary. The two companies reached an expanded licensing agreement in May 2021.


title: Triller (app)

text: In November 2021, Triller owner Ryan Kavanaugh publicized Triller Fight Club's new Triller Triad Combat with an open invitation to UFC president Dana White. The invitation, wreathed in a floral border, personally invited White to the event and offered an arranged tour and personalized autograph. Kavanaugh's targeted appeal to Dana White may have been connected with White's comments on Triller in May 2021 when he dismissed questions about Triller saying, "You think I care what Triller thinks? I don’t even take their calls. This idiot calls me every day. He calls me every day: 'Please answer my call. Please talk to me. Why won’t you talk to me?' Because I don’t give a f*** about you."


title: Triller (app)

text: In response to Triller's July 2020 patent suit against TikTok, TikTok and its parent company ByteDance filed a lawsuit against Triller, alleging the litigation initiated by Triller has "cast a cloud" over TikTok's reputation and business dealings.


title: Triller (app)

text: Triller has filed lawsuits against several websites and a 19-year-old alleging illegal distribution of its streamed April 2021 boxing event, seeking $100 million and $150,000 respectively in damages. Following the dismissal of the $100 million suit as a misjoinder, Triller's subsidiary Triller Fight Club filed an amended complaint against "H3 Podcast", a video podcast native to YouTube, seeking $50 million in damages. The podcast's host Ethan Klein claims his inclusion of a 45-second clip of the event in one of his broadcasts constitutes fair use and alleges that Ryan Kavanaugh, a major stakeholder, has instigated the lawsuit "out of spite".


title: Triller (app)

text: In November 2021, Triller was sued for infringing a design patent and registered copyright and trademark in the marketing of Triller Fight Club's Triad Combat.


title: Triller (app)

text: On 16 August 2022, Swizz Beatz and Timbaland sued Triller, alleging that they are owed over $28 million related to the purchase of the webcast series Verzuz. Triller had bought Verzuz in January 2021 for an undisclosed sum.


title: Star Wars comics

text: "Star Wars" comics have been produced by various comic book publishers since the debut of the 1977 film "Star Wars". Marvel Comics launched its original series in 1977, beginning with a six-issue comic adaptation of the film and running for 107 issues, including an adaptation of "The Empire Strikes Back". Marvel also released an adaptation of "Return of the Jedi" and spin-offs based on "" and "Ewoks". A self-titled comic strip ran in American newspapers between 1979 and 1984. Blackthorne Publishing released a three-issue run of 3-D comics from 1987 to 1988.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Dark Horse Comics published the limited series "Dark Empire" in 1991, and ultimately produced over 100 "Star Wars" titles, including "Tales of the Jedi" (1993–1998), "" (1995–1998), "" (1998–2006), "Tales" (1999–2005), "" (2002–2006), "" (2006–2010), and "" (2006–2010), as well as manga adaptations of the original film trilogy and the 1999 prequel "The Phantom Menace".


title: Star Wars comics

text: The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel in 2009 and Lucasfilm in 2012, and the "Star Wars" comics license returned to Marvel in 2015. Several new series were launched, including "Star Wars", "", and "." In 2017, IDW Publishing launched the anthology series "Star Wars Adventures". In 2022, Dark Horse resumed publishing new "Star Wars" comics and graphic novels.


title: Star Wars comics

text: The original series by Marvel Comics began in 1977 with a six-issue comic adaptation of the original film and ran for 107 issues and three "Annual"s until 1986, featuring stories set between the original trilogy films, as well as adaptations of "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi". From 1985 to 1987, Marvel published two short-lived series based on the "Star Wars" animated series "" and "Ewoks". Briefly, the publishing rights went to Blackthorne Publishing, which released a three-issue run of 3-D comics from 1987 to 1988. Then, three years later, the rights to publish "Star Wars" comics were acquired by Dark Horse Comics, who published the limited series "Dark Empire" in 1991 and ultimately produced over 100 "Star Wars" titles until 2014.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Following the October 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, in January 2014, it was announced that the "Star Wars" comics license would return to Marvel Comics in 2015 (Disney having previously purchased Marvel Entertainment and the Marvel Comics brand and publishing in 2009).


title: Star Wars comics

text: In April 2014, Lucasfilm rebranded the majority of the "Star Wars" Expanded Universe as "Legends", only keeping the theatrical Skywalker saga and the 2008 "Clone Wars" and as canon. Most media released since then is considered part of the same canon, including comics.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Lucasfilm publicity supervisor Charles Lippincott approached publisher Stan Lee at Marvel Comics in 1975 about publishing a "Star Wars" comic book prior to the film's release. Lee initially declined to consider such a proposal until the film was completed, and was only persuaded otherwise in a second meeting arranged by Roy Thomas, who wanted to edit the series. Since movie tie-in comics rarely sold well at that time, Lee negotiated a publishing arrangement which gave no royalties to Lucasfilm until sales exceeded 100,000. Thomas and artist Howard Chaykin adapted the events of the original film in issues #1–6 of "Star Wars", with the first issue released for sale on April 12, 1977. According to former Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, the strong sales of "Star Wars" comics saved Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978. The series began featuring original stories with issue #7 (January 1978). Writer Archie Goodwin and artist Carmine Infantino took over the series as of #11 (May 1978). The series was one of the industry's top selling titles in 1979 and 1980. The 100,000 copy sales quota was surpassed quickly, allowing Lippincott to renegotiate the royalty arrangements. A six-issue adaptation of "The Empire Strikes Back" by Goodwin and artists Al Williamson and Carlos Garzon appeared in issues #39–44 (September 1980 – February 1981). Writer David Michelinie and artist Walt Simonson became the new creative team with issue #51 (September 1981). Ron Frenz became the regular artist of the title starting with issue #71 (May 1983). As of 1984, the "Star Wars" series was primarily written by Jo Duffy, and art for the final year and a half of the series was by Cynthia Martin. Marvel published the series until 1986, lasting 107 issues and three "Annual"s.


title: Star Wars comics

text: The first original "Star Wars" stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form were "Star Wars" comics serialized in the Marvel magazine "Pizzazz" (1977–1979). The first story arc, titled "The Keeper's World", was by Thomas, Chaykin, and Tony DeZuniga. The second story arc, entitled "The Kingdom of Ice", was by Goodwin, Simonson, Klaus Janson, Dave Cockrum, and John Tartaglione. The final two chapters were scheduled to be printed in issues #17 and 18, but the magazine was cancelled after issue #16. Marvel UK reprinted "The Keeper's World" in its "Star Wars Weekly" #47–50, and "The Kingdom of Ice" (including the previously unreleased chapters) in its "Star Wars Weekly" #57–60 between 1978 and 1979.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Marvel's "Star Wars" comics were reprinted in the U.K. as a weekly black-and-white comics anthology. The weekly U.K. issues split the stories from the U.S. monthly issues into smaller installments, and it usually took two to three weekly issues to complete a U.S. monthly issue. The U.K. comic also published original "Star Wars" stories by British creators, including Alan Moore. "Star Wars Weekly" #1 was published with a free cut-out X-wing fighter on February 8, 1978. It became "The Empire Strikes Back Weekly" from issue #118 in May 1980, and then became a monthly title from issue #140 in November 1980, reverting to the title "Star Wars" with issue #159 in July 1982. The monthly comic ran until issue #171 in July 1983, when the numbering was reset at #1 for "Return of the Jedi Weekly", which was the first time the U.K. comic had been printed in color. This is the title and format that remained until the last issue (#155) was published in June 1986. Further original content was published in issues #94–99, 104–115, 149 and 153–157. Throughout this eight-year period, Marvel UK also published several "Star Wars Annual"s and "Special"s.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Marvel's adaptation of "Return of the Jedi" (October 1983 – January 1984) appeared in a separate four-issue limited series as well as in "Marvel Super Special" #27 and in a mass market paperback. From 1985 to 1987, the animated children's series "Ewoks" and "Droids" inspired comic series from Marvel's Star Comics line.


title: Star Wars comics

text: In 1978, Pendulum Press, under their educational series "Contemporary Motivators", also published a 31-page loose adaptation of "Star Wars" by Linda A. Cadrain and Charles Nicholas. Produced as part of a package which included an audio tape and a film strip, the comic was specifically designed for classroom use, with typeset instead of hand lettering, and vocabulary appropriate for children.


title: Star Wars comics

text: A newspaper strip was published between 1979 and 1984, distributed by "Los Angeles Times" Syndicate and the "Watertown Daily Times". The creative teams were revolving, but included Archie Goodwin, Williamson, Russ Manning, Steve Gerber, Alfredo Alcala, Carlos Garzon and letterer Ed King. Goodwin switched from writing Marvel's "Star Wars" series to the weekly newspaper comic strip after the release of "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980), becoming the first writer to draw from more than just the original film in establishing the era set between the two films. The strip was based on the storyline and characters established in the original trilogy, but never adapted any of the films, instead fleshing out the history between them. From October 1980 to February 1981, Goodwin and Alcala adapted Brian Daley's "Han Solo at Stars' End" (1979).


title: Star Wars comics

text: In 1991, Russ Cochran published a 2500-copy limited run of a three-volume hardcover boxset of all of Goodwin and Williamson's "Star Wars" comic strips from 1981 to 1984, signed by both creators, and featuring new cover illustrations by the latter. Dark Horse Comics collected colorized compilations of the newspaper strip in its "Classic Star Wars" series from 1992 to 1994. Between 2017 and 2018, The Library of American Comics published a three-volume reprint series of the complete comic strip.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Blackthorne Publishing released a three-issue series called "Star Wars 3-D" from December 1987 to February 1988. The comics were later reprinted in a black-and-white, non-3-D format by Dark Horse in their 2013 "Star Wars Omnibus: Wild Space", Volume 1.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Dark Horse also published miniseries adapting "", "", "" . From 1998 to 1999, Dark Horse produced "Star Wars" manga, adapting the original trilogy and "The Phantom Menace" as manga with all the typical narrative and stylistic characteristics of the form.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Between 1995 and 1998, Dark Horse published adaptations of the "Thrawn" trilogy of novels by Timothy Zahn.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after, in between, and before the original film trilogy, including "Tales of the Jedi" (1993–1998), "" (1995–1998), "" (1998–2006), the mostly non-canonical "Tales" (1999–2005), "" (2002–2006), "" (2006–2010), and "" (2006–2010).


title: Star Wars comics

text: In the late 1980s, writer Tom Veitch and artist Cam Kennedy secured a deal to produce a "Star Wars" comic for Archie Goodwin at Epic Comics, a Marvel imprint. After the project was announced, Goodwin left Marvel, which dropped the comic. Dark Horse Comics subsequently published it as the "Dark Empire" sequence (1991–1995).


title: Star Wars comics

text: "Classic Star Wars" is a series of comics which included compilations of weekly installments of the newspaper comics written by Archie Goodwin with art by Al Williamson.


title: Star Wars comics

text: "Star Wars: X-wing – Rogue Squadron" is a comic book series of 35 issues released between 1995 and 1998. It follows the titular squadron beginning about one year after the events of "Return of the Jedi."


title: Star Wars comics

text: "X-wing – Rogue Leader" is a three-part comic book series set approximately one week after the end of "Return of the Jedi." Several participants in the destruction of the second Death Star are sent, a little while after the events of Bakura, to scout out Imperial activity in Corellian space.


title: Star Wars comics

text: The "Crimson Empire" trilogy follows Kir Kanos, one of Palpatine's Imperial guards, beginning about seven years after the events of "Return of the Jedi". Set shortly after "Dark Empire", it relates that Imperial Guard Carnor Jax betrayed the cloned Palpatine and his guards in an attempt to consolidate his own power. Kanos swears to stop him, coming close to New Republic Intelligence agent Mirith Sinn in the process.


title: Star Wars comics

text: "Crimson Empire II" introduces Nom Anor, who served as the model for the Yuuzhan Vong in "The New Jedi Order", which he also appears in.


title: Star Wars comics

text: "Qui-Gon & Obi-Wan: Last Stand on Ord Mantell" is a three-part comics series written by Ryder Windham, published by Dark Horse Comics between December 2000 and March 2001. The story features Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi five years before "Episode I – The Phantom Menace."


title: Star Wars comics

text: "Qui-Gon & Obi-Wan: The Aurorient Express" is a two-part comics series written by Mike Kennedy, and published by Dark Horse Comics between February 2002 and June 2002. The series is set in the "Star Wars" galaxy six years before "The Phantom Menace". A luxury cloud cruiser has slipped out of control and is going to crash over Yorn Skot. The two Jedi must board the runaway ship and regain control.


title: Star Wars comics

text: "Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic" and "Star Wars: The Old Republic" are series set around the events of , exploring its backstory.


title: Star Wars comics

text: After "Knights of the Old Republic" and "" ended in 2010, instead of publishing ongoing series, Dark Horse began publishing a "series of miniseries", including:


title: Star Wars comics

text: Routine Valor is a comic book one-shot released on May 6, 2006 by Dark Horse Comics for Free Comic Book Day 2006 as part of a Star Wars-Conan flipbook. The story is set during the end of the Clone Wars, approximately one year before the events of "Revenge of the Sith" (and 20 years before the events of "A New Hope"). Characters include Obi-Wan Kenobi, along with Clone troopers Commander Cody, CT-8867, CT-8868, and CT-8869


title: Star Wars comics

text: While non-canonical to the Expanded Universe, "Star Wars Infinities" shows alternate storylines for the original trilogy films, and "Visionaries" featured stories by artists who worked on "Revenge of the Sith".


title: Star Wars comics

text: "The Star Wars" is a non-canonical series based on George Lucas's discarded 1974 draft for the original film. Adapted by J. W. Rinzler, Dark Horse released it as an eight-part comic book series beginning in September 2013. In this version, Luke Skywalker is more mature and a Jedi, and the main protagonist is named Annikin Starkiller. The series received mostly positive reviews.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Following the acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, it was announced in January 2014 that the "Star Wars" comics license would return to Marvel Comics in 2015. Disney had purchased Marvel's parent company, Marvel Entertainment, in 2009. Meanwhile, with the sequel film "" in production, most of the licensed "Star Wars" novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film "Star Wars" were rebranded as "Star Wars" Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Early reports in May 2014 suggested that Marvel would announce two new ongoing "Star Wars" comic series at the San Diego Comic-Con. In July 2014, Marvel announced three new series at SDCC: "Star Wars", "", and the limited series "".


title: Star Wars comics

text: The initial series, "Star Wars", was released in January 2015, with "Darth Vader" debuting in February.


title: Star Wars comics

text: The ongoing series "" was announced in January 2016. Featuring X-wing fighter pilot Poe Dameron introduced in "The Force Awakens", the series debuted on April 6, 2016. A six-issue of "The Force Awakens" by Chuck Wendig began publication in June 2016. In 2017. A second volume of the Marvel "Darth Vader" comic, subtitled "Dark Lord of the Sith", began in June 2017 from writer Charles Soule and artist Giuseppe Camuncoli.


title: Star Wars comics

text: In August 2019, Marvel announced that the main "Star Wars" series that started in 2015, which has narratively caught up to the timeframe of the events of "The Empire Strikes Back", would end in November 2019 with issue #75. A 56-page one-shot called "Star Wars: Empire Ascendant", written by Soule, Greg Pak, Simon Spurrier, and Ethan Sacks, was released in December 2019 to wrap up the series.


title: Star Wars comics

text: At New York Comic Con in October 2019, Lucasfilm and Marvel announced the main "Star Wars" title would relaunch with a new ongoing series beginning in January 2020. Written by Soule, the flagship series will explore the time between "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi". It will expand on stories like how the demoralized ragtag band of rebels grows into the massive fleet that attacks the second Death Star, how the plan to rescue Han Solo from Jabba the Hutt is formed, how Leia balances her personal desires to save Han with her responsibilities to the Rebellion, Luke's growth as a Jedi while coming to an understanding of Darth Vader's reveal of his heritage, and the evolution of Lando Calrissian from selfish betrayer to trusted general.


title: Star Wars comics

text: First announced as "Project Luminous" at "Star Wars" Celebration in April 2019, full details of a publishing initiative called "" were revealed in a press conference in February 2020. Involving the majority of the current officially licensed publishers, a new era set 200 years before the Skywalker Saga will be explored in various books and comics, including an ongoing Marvel title written by Cavan Scott.


title: Star Wars comics

text: The ongoing series "Han Solo and Chewbacca" was announced in December of 2021. The series was described as being a collection of different adventures of the pair, starting just a few years before the events of "Star Wars: A New Hope".


title: Star Wars comics

text: "Princess Leia" released in March 2015. "" (October–December 2015), "" (January–May 2016), and "" (June–November 2016), as well as the one-shots "" (November 2015) and "" (April 2016). Several other limited series followed, including "" (April 2015 – March 2016), "" (July–October 2015), "" (September–October 2015),


title: Star Wars comics

text: In 2017, limited series "Darth Maul", "Mace Windu", and "", as well as further one-shots, continued to expand the Star Wars universe. The comic adaptation of "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story" was also released. Both the "Poe Dameron" and the second "Darth Vader" comics ended their runs in 2018, in September and December respectively.


title: Star Wars comics

text: In 2018, Marvel adapted the events of author Timothy Zahn's "" novel in a limited series. The character had been introduced by Zahn's "Heir to the Empire" trilogy in the early 1990s, now part of the "Legends" line, and was re-introduced in the new canon in "Star Wars Rebels". Adaptations of both "" and "" were released, and the timeframe of "Solo" was explored further in the "Beckett" one-shot and in limited series featuring young Lando ("Double or Nothing") and Han's time in the Empire ("Imperial Cadet"). Marvel announced in October 2018 that a five-issue, Wendig penned miniseries, "Star Wars: Shadow of Vader", would be released starting in January 2019. The series would be an anthology told from the perspectives of those who had encountered Darth Vader. After three issues had been written, Wendig was removed from the miniseries (and future projects) by Marvel over concerns of his use of social media, and ultimately the miniseries was cancelled. In December 2018, a new miniseries with a similar premise, "Star Wars: Vader – Dark Visions", was announced to be written by Dennis Hopeless with art from Paolo Villanelli and Brian Level and was launched in March 2019.


title: Star Wars comics

text: For 2019, Marvel announced a number of new limited series. As a companion to "Star Wars: Alphabet Squadron", a novel by author Alexander Freed centered on a New Republic squadron of various Rebel ships (an A-wing interceptor, B-wing heavy assault fighter, U-wing transport, X-wing starfghter, and Y-wing bomber) in the wake of the Battle of Endor, a five-issue series called "Star Wars: TIE Fighter" explores the fallout of the battle from both the New Republic and Imperial Remnant sides. A five-issue miniseries titled "Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge" will feature stories of the Black Spire Outpost on the Outer Rim planet Batuu and tie into the set to open at Disneyland and Walt Disney World in 2019. In May 2019, a one-shot by writer Matthew Rosenberg and various artists called "Star Wars" #108 "Crimson Forever" picks up the story of the original Marvel "Star Wars" comic run that ended in 1986.


title: Star Wars comics

text: In connection with the forthcoming video game "" by Electronic Arts and Respawn Entertainment, a five-issue miniseries called "Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order – Dark Temple" was announced in June 2019 to start publishing in September. At a panel discussing the "Journey to The Rise of Skywalker" publishing program at San Diego Comic-Con 2019, the four-issue "Star Wars: Journey to The Rise of Skywalker – Allegiance" miniseries was announced. It will help cover a one-year period during the time between "The Last Jedi" and "". Charles Soule was announced to be writing a four-issue miniseries exploring the backstory of Ben Solo's transition into Kylo Ren. "Star Wars: The Rise of Kylo Ren" premiered on December 16, 2019.


title: Star Wars comics

text: In February of 2021 it was announced that Charles Soule would be writing a miniseries focusing on the events of Boba Fett between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, this series tied in with the rest of the ongoing Marvel series' at the time, would be called "War of the Bounty Hunters" - and released from May through October of 2021. The story of "War of the Bounty Hunters" was followed by the additional miniseries "Crimson Reign", also penned by Soule, which served as the second in a trilogy of stories revolving around the same cast of characters, notably Qi'ra, whose return to the Star Wars universe occurred in the pages of "War of the Bounty Hunters."


title: Star Wars comics

text: At San Diego Comic-Con 2018, Marvel announced "Age of Star Wars", a 27-issue maxiseries starting in December 2018 that would span all three eras of the Star Wars saga. "Star Wars: Age of Republic" by writer Jody Houser will focus on the time of the Galactic Republic and the Clone Wars during the prequel trilogy era; "Star Wars: Age of Rebellion" by writer Greg Pak will focus on the Galactic Civil War between the Empire and the Rebel Alliance during the original trilogy era; and "Star Wars: Age of Resistance" by writer Tom Taylor will focus on the fall of the New Republic and the struggle between the Resistance and the First Order during the sequel trilogy era. At the time of release, "Age of Republic" was revealed to have eight one-shots spotlighting individual characters and a special anthology issue with up to four stories by different creative teams.


title: Star Wars comics

text: In mid-2014, Marvel stated that it would publish collected volumes of past "Star Wars" comics, beginning with Volume 1 of "Star Wars: The Original Marvel Years" in January 2015, and Volume 1 of "Star Wars Legends Epic Collection: The Empire" in April 2015, which reprinted Dark Horse's "Star Wars" comics. In December 2019, Marvel reprinted the first issue of the 1977 series as "Star Wars" #1 – Facsimile Edition.


title: Star Wars comics

text: A series of reprints under the title "True Believers: Star Wars" was released in April and May 2019, celebrating Marvel's 80th anniversary. A second collection of "True Believers: Star Wars" titles was released in December 2019.


title: Star Wars comics

text: In September 2017, IDW Publishing debuted "Star Wars Adventures", an anthology series published as part of the "Journey to """ publishing program.


title: Star Wars comics

text: In November 2018, IDW released "Star Wars Adventures: Destroyer Down". This three-issue miniseries reprinted the previously released Loot Crate special from December 2017.


title: Star Wars comics

text: On November 18, 2021, it was announced that Dark Horse Comics would once again publish "Star Wars" comics beginning around the second quarter of 2022. This will include a new line of all-ages comics and graphic novels. In a follow up article. StarWars.com revealed that the first entries to modern Dark Horse storytelling will be "Star Wars: Hyperspace Stories" (released August, 10, 2022), and "Star Wars: Tales From the Rancor Pit," (arriving October 19, 2022) - both series' will follow an all-ages anthology style format.


title: Star Wars comics

text: Dark Horse's first entry to The High Republic era of the "Star Wars" timeline was announced at "Star Wars" Celebration Anaheim 2022. The statement at Star Wars Celebration consisted of an announcement of Dark Horse's creation of a new "The High Republic: Adventures" series, the first issue of which titled "The Nameless Terror."


title: Star Wars comics

text: The publisher also published a collected edition of Star Wars Rebels comic books from the Star Wars: Rebels Magazine, on August 16th 2022.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Nawaf Muhammed Salim al-Hazmi (, ; also known as "Rabia al-Makki") (August 9, 1976 – September 11, 2001) was a Saudi Arabian terrorist. He was one of five hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77, which they crashed into the Pentagon as part of the September 11 attacks in the United States.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Al-Hazmi and a long-time friend, Khalid al-Mihdhar, left their homes in Saudi Arabia in 1995 to fight for Muslims in the Bosnian War. Al-Hazmi later traveled to Afghanistan to fight with the Taliban against the Afghan Northern Alliance. He returned to Saudi Arabia in early 1999.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Already long-time affiliates of al-Qaeda with extensive fighting experience, al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar were chosen by Osama bin Laden for an ambitious terrorist plot to pilot commercial airliners into designated targets in the United States. Al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar both obtained US tourist visas in April 1999. Al-Hazmi trained in an al-Qaeda training camp in the fall of 1999 and traveled to Malaysia for the 2000 Al-Qaeda Summit.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Al-Hazmi arrived in Los Angeles, California, from Bangkok, Thailand, on January 15, 2000, alongside al-Mihdhar. The two settled in San Diego, staying at the Parkwood Apartments until May 2000. While in San Diego, they attended its mosque, led by Anwar al-Awlaki. The two took flying lessons in San Diego, but due to their poor English skills they did not perform well during their flight lessons and their flight instructor regarded them as suspicious.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Al-Mihdhar left al-Hazmi in California for Yemen in June 2000. Al-Hazmi stayed in California until he met up with Hani Hanjour in December 2000, and they both traveled to Phoenix, Arizona. They later moved to Falls Church, Virginia, in April 2001, where the rest of the hijackers began to join them. Al-Hazmi met frequently with Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the attacks, during the summer of 2001.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: The CIA reportedly received al-Hazmi's name on a list of 19 persons suspected of planning an attack in the near future. Al-Hazmi was one of the four names on the list who were known for certain. A search for al-Hazmi and other suspected terrorists commenced, but they were not located until after the attacks.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On September 10, 2001, al-Hazmi, al-Mihdhar, and Hanjour checked into a hotel in Herndon, Virginia. The next morning, al-Hazmi and four other terrorists, including al-Hazmi's younger brother, Salem al-Hazmi, boarded American Airlines Flight 77 at Dulles Airport and hijacked the plane so that Hanjour could pilot and crash the plane into the Pentagon as part of the September 11 attacks. The crash killed all 64 passengers aboard the aircraft and 125 in the Pentagon. Following the attacks, al-Hazmi's participation was initially dismissed as that of a "muscle hijacker", but he was later revealed to have played a larger role in the operational planning than previously believed.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Nawaf al-Hazmi was born in Mecca in Saudi Arabia to Muhammad Salim al-Hazmi, a grocer. He traveled to Afghanistan as a teenager in 1993. CNN's preliminary report following the attacks claimed that an unnamed acquaintance relayed '"He told me once that his father had tried to kill him when he was a child. He never told me why, but he had a long knife scar on his forearm", and claimed that his older brother was a police chief in Jizan.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: In 1995, he and his childhood friend, Khalid al-Mihdhar, joined a group that went to fight alongside Bosnian Muslims in the Bosnian War. Afterwards, Nawaf al-Hazmi returned to Afghanistan along with his brother Salem, and al-Mihdhar. In Afghanistan, they fought alongside the Taliban against the Afghan Northern Alliance, and joined up with al-Qaeda. Al-Hazmi returned to Saudi Arabia in early 1999.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Osama bin Laden held al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar in high respect, with their experience fighting during the 1990s in Bosnia and elsewhere. Al-Qaeda later referred to al-Hazmi as al-Mihdhar's "Second-in-command". When bin Laden committed to the "planes operation" plot in spring 1999, he personally selected al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar to be involved in the plot as pilot hijackers. In addition to al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar, two Yemenis were selected for a southeast Asia component of the plot, which was later scrapped for being too difficult to coordinate with the operations in the United States. Known as "Rabi'ah al-Makki" during the preparations, al-Hazmi had been so eager to participate in operations within the United States, he already had a US visa when bin Laden selected him. Al-Hazmi obtained a B-1/B-2 tourist visa on April 3, 1999, from the US consulate in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, using a new passport he acquired a few weeks earlier. Al-Hazmi's passport did have indicators of al-Qaeda association, but immigration inspectors were not trained to look for those.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: In the autumn of 1999, these four attended the Mes Aynak training camp in Afghanistan, which provided advanced training. Al-Hazmi went with the two Yemenis, Tawfiq bin Attash (Khallad) and Abu Bara al Yemeni, to Karachi, Pakistan, where Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the plot's coordinator, instructed him on western culture, travel, as well as taught some basic English phrases. Al-Mihdhar did not go with him to Karachi, but instead left for Yemen. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed then sent al-Hazmi and the other men to Malaysia for a meeting. Before leaving for Malaysia, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed doctored al-Hazmi's Saudi passport in order to conceal his travel to Pakistan and Afghanistan, and make it appear that al-Hazmi had come to Malaysia from Saudi Arabia via Dubai.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: After the attacks, the Associated Press would re-publish a "bizarre" story by the "Cody Enterprise" that quoted witnesses stating that al-Hazmi entered the United States during the autumn of 1999, crossing along the Canada–US border as one of two men delivering skylights to the local high school in Cody, Wyoming. Leaving the city 45 minutes later with the remaining cardboard boxes, the men allegedly asked "how to get to Florida".


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Based on information uncovered by the FBI in the 1998 United States embassy bombings case, the National Security Agency (NSA) began tracking the communications of al-Mihdhar's father-in-law, Ahmad Muhammad Ali al-Hada, who was facilitating al-Qaeda communications, in 1999. Authorities also became aware of al-Hazmi, as a friend and associate of al-Mihdhar. Saudi Intelligence was also aware that Hazmi was associated with al-Qaeda, and associated with the 1998 African embassy bombings and attempts to smuggle arms into the kingdom in 1997. He also said that he revealed this to the CIA, saying "What we told them was these people were on our watch list from previous activities of al-Qaeda" The CIA strongly denies having received any such warning.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: In late 1999, the NSA informed the CIA of an upcoming meeting in Malaysia, which al-Hada mentioned would involve "Khalid", "Nawaf", and "Salem". On January 5, al-Hazmi arrived in Kuala Lumpur, where he met up with al-Mihdhar, bin Attash, and Abu Bara. The group was in Malaysia to meet with Hambali for the 2000 Al Qaeda Summit, during which key details of the attacks may have been arranged. At this time, there was an East Asia component to the September 11 attacks plot, but bin Laden later canceled it for being too difficult to coordinate with operations in the United States. Ramzi bin al-Shibh was also at the summit, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed possibly attended the summit. In Malaysia, the group stayed with Yazid Sufaat, a local member of Jemaah Islamiyah, who provided accommodations at request of Hambali. Both al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi were secretly photographed at the meeting by Malaysian authorities, who provided surveillance at the request of the CIA. Malaysian authorities reported that al-Mihdhar spoke at length with Tawfiq bin Attash, one of the Yemenis, and others who were later involved in the USS Cole bombing. Al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar also met with Fahd al-Quso, who was later involved in the USS Cole bombing. After the meeting, al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi traveled to Bangkok in Thailand on January 8, and left a week later on January 15 to travel to the United States.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On January 15, 2000, al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar arrived together at Los Angeles International Airport from Bangkok, and were admitted for a six-month period. Immediately after entering the country, al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar met Omar al-Bayoumi in an airport restaurant. Al-Bayoumi claims he was merely being charitable in helping the two seemingly out-of-place Muslims to move to San Diego where he helped them find an apartment near his own, co-signed their lease, and gave them $1,500 to help pay their rent. FBI documents declassified in 2022 demonstrate that al-Bayoumi was an agent of Saudi intelligence, with the FBI concluding that there was a "50/50 chance" that he (and thus the Saudi government) had foreknowledge of the attacks.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: In the beginning of February 2000, al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi rented an apartment at the Parkwood Apartments, a 175-unit complex in the Clairemont Mesa section of San Diego, near the Balboa Drive Mosque. In February, al-Mihdhar purchased a used 1988 Toyota Corolla. While living at the Parkwood Apartments, neighbors thought that al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi were odd. Months passed without them getting any furniture for the apartment. Instead, the men slept on mattresses on the floor, yet they carried briefcases, were frequently on their mobile phones, and were occasionally picked up by a limousine. After the attacks, their neighbors told the media that the pair constantly played flight simulator games. Authorities say the two regularly attended the Masjid Ar-Ribat al-Islami mosque that Anwar Al-Awlaki led as the imam in San Diego, having many closed-door meetings with the imam, although Al-Awlaki told authorities their conversations were trivial in nature. While in San Diego, witnesses told the FBI he and al-Mindhar had a close relationship with Anwar Al-Awlaki. Al-Hazmi got a part-time job through the mosque at a nearby car wash.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On April 4, 2000, al-Hazmi took a one-hour introductory flight lesson at the National Air College in San Diego. Both al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi took flight lessons in May 2000 at the Sorbi Flying Club, located at Montgomery Field in San Diego. On May 5, al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar took a lesson for one hour, and additional lessons on May 10 at the Sorbi Flying Club, with al-Hazmi flying an aircraft for 30 minutes. However, their English skills were very poor, and they did not do well with flight lessons. The first day that they showed up, they told instructors that they wanted to learn how to fly Boeings. Al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi raised some suspicion when they offered extra money to their flight instructor, Richard Garza, if he would train them to fly jets. Suspicious of the two men, Garza refused the offer but did not report them to authorities. Garza described the two men as "impatient students" who "wanted to learn to fly jets, specifically Boeings."


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Adel Rafeea received a wire transfer of $5,000, on April 18, from Ali Abdul Aziz Ali in the UAE, which he later claimed was money al-Hazmi had asked him to accept on his behalf.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: At the end of May 2000, al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar moved out of Parkwood Apartments, and moved to nearby Lemon Grove, California. At this time, al-Mihdhar transferred his vehicle's registration to al-Hazmi, and he left San Diego on June 10, 2000. Al-Mihdhar returned to Yemen, which angered Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who did not want al-Hazmi to be left alone in California.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On July 12, 2000, al-Hazmi filed for an extension of his visa, which was due to expire. His visa was extended until January 2001, though al-Hazmi never filed any further requests to extend it beyond that.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: In September, al-Hamzi and al-Mihdhar both moved into the house of FBI informant Abdussattar Shaikh, although he did not report the pair as suspicious. Al-Mihdhar is believed to have left the apartment in early October, less than two weeks before the USS Cole Bombing. Al-Hazmi continued living with Shaikh until December.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Hani Hanjour arrived in San Diego in early December 2000, where he joined al-Hazmi, but on December 10 they were seen leaving their Mount Vernon address. The two men traveled to Phoenix, Arizona, where Hanjour could take refresher flight training classes. On December 12, they arrived at Mesa, Arizona. On December 22, Hanjour and al-Hazmi signed a lease for an apartment in the Indian Springs Village complex in Mesa, moving in on January 9.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: In March, al-Hazmi received a shipment of VHS videos including videos about Boeing 747 and 777 flight decks and "how an airline captain should look and act" and later a road atlas, map of New York City and a World aeronautical chart.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On March 30, al-Hazmi notified his utility company that he might be moving to another state or Saudi Arabia. He and Hanjour moved out before the apartment rental expired at the end of the month on their way to Virginia. 2 days later on April 1, 2001, Oklahoma police officer C. L. Parkins pulled al-Hazmi over for speeding in their Corolla along with an additional citation for failing to use a seatbelt together totaling $138. A routine inspection of his California drivers license turned up no warrants or alerts, although his name was known to both the NSA and the CIA as a suspected terrorist.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Anwar al-Awlaki had already headed east and served as Imam at the Dar al-Hijrah mosque in the metropolitan Washington, DC area starting in January 2001. Shortly after this, his sermons were attended by three of the 9/11 hijackers (the new one being Hanjour).


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: By April 3, he was likely with companion Hani Hanjour when he was recorded at an ATM in Front Royal, Virginia, arriving in Falls Church, Virginia, by April 4. They met a man believed to be a Jordanian named Eyad Alrababah at a 7-11 that day. The 9-11 commission wrote that al-Hazmi and Hanjour met Alrababah at the Dar al Hijra mosque who was computer technician who had moved from West Paterson, New Jersey and was there to ask imam Anwar al-Awlaki about finding a job. He helped the pair rent an apartment in Alexandria where they moved in.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: The September 11 Commission concluded that two of the hijackers "reportedly respected al-Awlaki as a religious figure". Police found his telephone number in the contacts of Ramzi bin al-Shibh (the "20th hijacker") when they searched his Hamburg apartment while investigating the 9/11 attacks.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On May 1, 2001, al-Hazmi reported to police that a men tried to take his wallet outside his Fairfax, Virginia, residence, but before the county officer left, al-Hazmi signed a "statement of release" indicating he did not want the incident investigated.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On May 2, two other hijackers, Ahmed al-Ghamdi and Majed Moqed, arrived in Virginia and moved in with them. On May 8, Alrababah suggested that al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar move with him to Fairfield, Connecticut, and helped all four hijackers move to a hotel there. They called area flight schools and after a few days Alrababah drove the four to Paterson, New Jersey, to show them around. Some FBI agents suspected that al-Awlaki gave Alrababah the job of helping al-Hazmi and Hanjour. Alrababah was later arrested as a witness convicted after 9/11 in a fraudulent driver's license scheme and deported to Jordan.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On May 21, al-Hazmi moved in with Hanjour into an apartment in Paterson New Jersey. Mohamed Atta was living in the same city at another location.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On June 30, al-Hazmi's car was involved in a minor traffic accident on the east-bound George Washington Bridge.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On June 25, 2001, al-Hazmi obtained a drivers' license in Florida, providing an address in Delray Beach, Florida, and he obtained a USA ID card on July 10. On August 2, al-Hazmi also obtained a Virginia drivers' license, and made a request for it to be reissued on September 7.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On July 20, al-Hazmi and fellow hijacker Hani Hanjour flew to the Montgomery County Airpark in Maryland from on a practice flight from Fairfield, New Jersey.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Al-Hazmi, along with at least five other future hijackers, traveled to Las Vegas, Nevada, at least six times in the summer of 2001. They reportedly drank alcohol, gambled, and paid strippers to perform lap dances for them.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Throughout the summer, al-Hazmi met with leader Mohamed Atta to discuss the status of the operation of a monthly basis.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On August 23, Israeli Mossad reportedly gave his name to the CIA as part of a list of 19 names they said were planning an attack in the near future. Only four of the names are known for certain – Al-Hazmi, Atta, al-Shehri and al-Mihdhar, but again, the connection was not made with previous contacts by local law enforcement. On the same day, he was added to an INS watch list, together with al-Mihdhar to prevent entry into the US.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: An internal review after 9/11 found that "everything was done [to find them] that could have been done." However, the search does not appear to have been particularly aggressive. A national motor vehicle index was reportedly checked, but al-Hazmi's speeding ticket was not detected for some reason. The FBI did not search credit card databases, bank account databases, or car registration, all of which would have produced positive results. Al-Hazmi was even listed in the 2000–2001 San Diego phone book, but this too was not searched until after the attacks.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: He had not been placed on terrorist watch lists, nor did the CIA or NSA alert the FBI, Customs and Immigration, or local police and enforcement agencies.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On August 27, brothers Nawaf and Salem Al-Hazmi purchased flight tickets through Travelocity.com using Nawaf's Visa card.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On September 1, Nawaf Al-Hazmi registered Room #7 at the Pin-Del Motel in Laurel, Maryland. On the registration, he listed his driver's license number as 3402142-D, and gave a New York hotel as his permanent residence. Ziad Jarrah had checked into the hotel on August 27.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar purchased their 9/11 plane tickets online using a credit card with their real names. This raised no red flags, since the FAA had not been informed that the two were on a terrorist watchlist.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On September 10, 2001, Hanjour, al-Mihdhar, and al-Hazmi checked into the Marriott Residence Inn in Herndon, Virginia, where Saleh Ibn Abdul Rahman Hussayen, a prominent Saudi government official, was staying – although no evidence was ever uncovered that they had met, or knew of each other's presence.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: On September 11, al-Hazmi boarded American Airlines Flight 77. The flight was scheduled to depart at 08:10 but ended up departing 10 minutes late from Gate D26 at Dulles. The last normal radio communications from the aircraft to air traffic control occurred at 08:50:51. At 08:54, the hijackers sent pilots Charles Burlingame and David Charlesbois to the back of the plane. Flight 77 began to deviate from its normal, assigned flight path and turned south. The hijackers then set the flight's autopilot in the direction of Washington, D.C. Passenger Barbara Olson called her husband, United States Solicitor General Theodore Olson, and reported that the plane had been hijacked and that the assailants had box cutters and knives. At 09:37, American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the west facade of the Pentagon, killing all 64 aboard (including the hijackers) along with 125 in the Pentagon.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Nawaf al-Hazmi's 1988 blue Toyota Corolla was found on the next day in Dulles International Airport's hourly parking lot. Inside the vehicle, authorities found a letter written by Mohamed Atta, maps of Washington, D.C. and New York City, a cashier's check made out to a Phoenix flight school, four drawings of a Boeing 757 cockpit, a box cutter, and a page with notes and phone numbers.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: In the recovery process at the Pentagon, remains of all five Flight 77 hijackers were identified through a process of elimination, as not matching any DNA samples for the victims, and put into custody of the FBI. Forensics teams confirmed that it seemed two of the hijackers were brothers, based on their DNA similarities.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Several weeks after the attacks, a Las Vegas Days Inn employee went to the FBI and stated that she recognized al-Hazmi's photographs from the media as being a man she had met at the hotel, who had asked for details on hotels near Los Angeles. She admitted that he never gave his name.


title: Nawaf al-Hazmi

text: Late in 2005, Army Lt. Col. Kevin Shaffer and Congressman Curt Weldon alleged that the Defense Department data mining project Able Danger had kept Nawaf al-Hazmi, Khalid al-Mihdhar, Mohamed Atta and Marwan al-Shehhi all under surveillance as al-Qaeda agents.


title: Saint David

text: Saint David (; ; ) was a Welsh bishop of Mynyw (now St Davids) during the 6th century. He is the patron saint of Wales. David was a native of Wales, and tradition has preserved a relatively large amount of detail about his life. His birth date, however, is uncertain: suggestions range from 462 to 512. He is traditionally believed to be the son of Saint Non and the grandson of Ceredig ap Cunedda, king of Ceredigion. The Welsh annals placed his death 569 years after the birth of Christ, but Phillimore's dating revised this to 601.


title: Saint David

text: Many of the traditional tales about David are found in the "Buchedd Dewi" ("Life of David"), a hagiography written by Rhygyfarch in the late 11th century. Rhygyfarch claimed it was based on documents found in the cathedral archives. Modern historians are sceptical of some of its claims: one of Rhygyfarch's aims was to establish some independence for the Welsh church, which had refused the Roman rite until the 8th century and now sought a metropolitan status equal to that of Canterbury (this may apply to the supposed pilgrimage to Jerusalem where he is said to have been anointed as an archbishop by the patriarch).


title: Saint David

text: The tradition that he was born at Henfynyw (Vetus-Menevia) in Ceredigion is not improbable. He became renowned as a teacher and preacher, founding monastic settlements and churches in Wales, Dumnonia, and Brittany. St David's Cathedral stands on the site of the monastery he founded in the Glyn Rhosyn valley of Pembrokeshire. Around 550, he attended the Synod of Brefi, where his eloquence in opposing Pelagianism caused his fellow monks to elect him primate of the region. As such he presided over the synod of Caerleon (the "Synod of Victory") around 569.


title: Saint David

text: His best-known miracle is said to have taken place when he was preaching in the middle of a large crowd at the Synod of Brefi: the village of Llanddewi Brefi stands on the spot where the ground on which he stood is reputed to have risen up to form a small hill. A white dove, which became his emblem, was seen settling on his shoulder. John Davies notes that one can scarcely "conceive of any miracle more superfluous" in that part of Wales than the creation of a new hill. David is said to have denounced Pelagianism during this incident and he was declared archbishop by popular acclaim according to Rhygyfarch, bringing about the retirement of Dubricius. St David's metropolitan status as an archbishopric was later supported by Bernard, Bishop of St David's, Geoffrey of Monmouth, and Gerald of Wales.


title: Saint David

text: The Monastic Rule of David prescribed that monks had to pull the plough themselves without draught animals, and must drink only water and eat only bread with salt and herbs. The monks spent their evenings in prayer, reading and writing. No personal possessions were allowed: even to say "my book" was considered an offence. He lived a simple life and practised asceticism, teaching his followers to refrain from eating meat and drinking beer. His symbol, also the symbol of Wales, is the leek (this inspires a reference in Shakespeare's Henry V, Act V scene 1):


title: Saint David

text: Fluellen: "If your Majesty is remembered of it, the Welshmen did good service in a garden where leeks did grow, wearing leeks in their Monmouth caps, which your Majesty knows, to this hour is an honourable badge of the service, and I do believe, your Majesty takes no scorn to wear the leek upon Saint Tavy's day". King Henry: "I wear it for a memorable honour; for I am Welsh, you know, good countryman".


title: Saint David

text: Rhigyfarch counted Glastonbury Abbey among the churches David founded. Around forty years later William of Malmesbury, believing the Abbey older, said that David visited Glastonbury only to rededicate the Abbey and to donate a travelling altar including a great sapphire. He had had a vision of Jesus who said that "the church had been dedicated long ago by Himself in honour of His Mother, and it was not seemly that it should be re-dedicated by human hands". So David instead commissioned an extension to be built to the abbey, east of the Old Church. (The dimensions of this extension given by William were verified archaeologically in 1921.) One manuscript indicates that a sapphire altar was among the items Henry VIII of England confiscated from the abbey during the Dissolution of the Monasteries a thousand years later.


title: Saint David

text: Though the exact date of his death is not certain, tradition holds that it was on 1 March, which is the date now marked as Saint David's Day. The two most common years given for his death are 601 and 589. The monastery is said to have been "filled with angels as Christ received his soul". His last words to his followers were in a sermon on the previous Sunday. The Welsh Life of St David gives these as, ""Arglwyddi, brodyr, a chwiorydd, Byddwch lawen a chadwch eich ffyd a'ch credd, a gwnewch y petheu bychain a glywsoch ac y welsoch gennyf i. A mwynhau a gerdaf y fford yd aeth an tadeu idi"", which translates as, "Lords, brothers and sisters, Be joyful, and keep your faith and your creed, and do the little things that you have seen me do and heard about. And as for me, I will walk the path that our fathers have trod before us." "Do ye the little things in life" (""Gwnewch y pethau bychain mewn bywyd"") is today a very well known phrase in Welsh. The same passage states that he died on a Tuesday, from which attempts have been made to calculate the year of his death.


title: Saint David

text: David was buried at St David's Cathedral at St Davids, Pembrokeshire, where his shrine was a popular place of pilgrimage throughout the Middle Ages. During the 10th and 11th centuries the Cathedral was regularly raided by Vikings, who removed the shrine from the church and stripped off the precious metal adornments. In 1275 a new shrine was constructed, the ruined base of which remains to this day (see photo), which was originally surmounted by an ornamental wooden canopy with murals of David, Patrick and Denis. The relics of David and Justinian of Ramsey Island were kept in a portable casket on the stone base of the shrine. It was at this shrine that Edward I came to pray in 1284. During the reformation Bishop Barlow (1536–48), a staunch Protestant, stripped the shrine of its jewels and confiscated the relics of David and Justinian.


title: Saint David

text: David was officially recognised at the Holy See by Pope Callixtus II in 1120, thanks to the work of Bernard, Bishop of St David's. Music for his Liturgy of the Hours has been edited by O. T. Edwards in "Matins, Lauds and Vespers for St David's Day: the Medieval Office of the Welsh Patron Saint in National Library of Wales MS 20541 E" (Cambridge, 1990). David was also canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church at an unknown date.


title: Saint David

text: In the 2004 edition of the Roman Martyrology, David is listed under 1 March with the Latin name "Dávus". He is recognised as bishop of Menevia in Wales who governed his monastery following the example of the Eastern Fathers. Through his leadership, many monks went forth to evangelise Wales, Ireland, Cornwall and Armorica (Brittany and surrounding provinces).


title: Saint David

text: The restored Shrine of Saint David was unveiled and rededicated by the Right Reverend Wyn Evans, Bishop of St David's, at a Choral Eucharist on Saint David's Day, 2012.


title: Saint David

text: A broadside ballad published around 1630 claimed that the Welsh wore a leek in their hats to commemorate a battle fought on St David's Day. So as to recognise friend from foe, the Welsh had pulled up leeks from a garden and put them in their hats, before going on to win the battle.


title: Saint David

text: David is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival and on the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar on 1 March.


title: Saint David

text: David's popularity in Wales is shown by the "Armes Prydein" of around 930, a popular poem which prophesied that in the future, when all might seem lost, the "Cymry" (Welsh people) would unite behind the standard of David to defeat the English; ""A lluman glân Dewi a ddyrchafant"" ("And they will raise the pure banner of Dewi").


title: Saint David

text: David is said to have played a role in spreading Christianity on the continent, inspiring numerous place names in Brittany including Saint-Divy, Saint-Yvi and Landivy.


title: Saint David

text: David's life and teachings have inspired a choral work by Welsh composer Karl Jenkins, "Dewi Sant". It is a seven-movement work best known for the classical crossover series Adiemus, which intersperses movements reflecting the themes of David's last sermon with those drawing from three Psalms. An oratorio by another Welsh composer Arwel Hughes, also entitled "Dewi Sant", was composed in 1950.


title: Saint David

text: Saint David is also thought to be associated with corpse candles, lights that would warn of the imminent death of a member of the community. The story goes that David prayed for his people to have some warning of their death, so that they could prepare themselves. In a vision, David's wish was granted and told that from then on, people who lived in the land of Dewi Sant (Saint David) "would be forewarned by the dim light of mysterious tapers when and where the death might be expected". The colour and size of the tapers indicated whether the person to die would be a woman, man, or child.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik is the debut studio album by American hip hop duo Outkast, released on April 26, 1994, by LaFace Records. Having befriended each other two years prior, rappers André 3000 and Big Boi pursued recording music as a duo and worked with production team Organized Noize, leading to a record contract with LaFace. With the team producing, Outkast recorded the album at the Dungeon, D.A.R.P. Studios, Purple Dragon, Bosstown, and Doppler Studios, all in Atlanta.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: A Southern hip hop record, "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" features live instrumentation in its hip hop production and musical elements from funk and soul genres. Wanting to make a statement about urban life as an African American in the South, Outkast wrote and recorded the album as teenagers and addressed coming of age themes with the album's songs. They also incorporated repetitive hooks and Southern slang in their lyrics.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" charted at number 20 on the "Billboard" 200 and was eventually certified Platinum in the United States, denoting one million copies sold. A critical and commercial success, the album helped distinguish Southern hip hop as a credible hip hop scene during East Coast and West Coast hip hop's market dominance at the time. It has since been viewed by music journalists as an important release in both hip hop and Atlanta's music scene.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: André 3000 and Big Boi met in 1992 at the Lenox Square shopping mall when they were both 16 years old. The two lived in the East Point section of Atlanta and attended Tri-Cities High School. During school, they participated in rap battles in the cafeteria. André 3000 dropped out of high school at age 17 and worked a series of jobs before he and Big Boi formed a group called 2 Shades Deep; he returned to obtain his GED at a night school following the release of "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik". They briefly dabbled in street-hustling to save up for recording money.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: The duo also spent time at their friend Rico Wade's basement recording studio, known as the Dungeon, with Wade's production team Organized Noize and future members of hip hop group Goodie Mob. Outkast recorded demos at the studio, and Organized Noize member Ray Murray helped Big Boi, whose strength lay in songwriting, develop his rapping skills. After several local productions, the team was hired by LaFace Records to produce remixes to songs from TLC's 1992 album "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip". The team had André 3000 and Big Boi rap over them, which led to a record deal from LaFace for both Organized Noize and OutKast. The commercial success of Arrested Development's 1992 alternative hip hop single "Tennessee" also encouraged LaFace to sign Outkast, the label's first hip hop act.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: After receiving a $15,000 advance from LaFace in 1993, Outkast started recording the album at the Dungeon. The studio featured mostly secondhand recording equipment. Recording sessions also took place at Bosstown, Dallas Austin's D.A.R.P. Studios, Doppler Studios, and Purple Dragon in Atlanta. Located in midtown Atlanta, Bosstown developed a sentimental value for Outkast, who later bought the studio in 1999 and renamed it "Stankonia" after their fourth studio album. Throughout the album's recording, the duo refined their artistry and drew on ideas from funk, contemporary R&B, and soul music. André 3000 also smoked marijuana during the sessions. They recorded over 30 songs for the album.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" was produced entirely by Organized Noize, which was made up of Rico Wade, Ray Murray, and Sleepy Brown. Production team Organized Noize utilized live instrumentation on the album, emphasizing musical instruments, including bass, keyboards, guitar, and organ, over conventional hip hop techniques such as DJing and sampling. They viewed that the feel of live instruments made the music sound more authentic and immediate. With their production, the team sought an organic, celebratory, "down-home" vibe, as Brown later recalled, "We wanted Atlanta brothers to be proud of where they were from". Brown also sung vocals for several tracks.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: Along with Organized Noize, other members of the Dungeon Family worked on the album, including Goodie Mob, Mr. DJ, Debra Killings, and Society of Soul. The album was mixed at Sound on Sound in New York City, Bosstown, D.A.R.P. Studios, Tree Sound, and Studio LaCoCo in Atlanta.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: A Southern hip hop album, "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" incorporates analog elements such as Southern-styled guitar licks, languid soul melodies, and mellow 1970s funk grooves. It also features digital hip hop production elements such as programmed snare beats, booty bass elements, including Roland TR-808 clave rhythms, and old school hip hop elements, including E-mu SP-1200-styled drums and turntable scratches. Music writers characterize the album's music and beats as "clanky" and "mechanical". Roni Sarig of "Rolling Stone" comments that the music shows "clear debts to East Coast bohos like the Native Tongues and a West Coast level of attention to live instruments and smooth, irresistible melodies". In Oliver Wang's "Classic Material", music writer Tony Green delineates the album's release "at the tail end of a second hip-hop 'golden age,' a two-year period (1993–94) that spawned Wu-Tang's "Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)", Snoop Dogg's "Doggystyle", De La Soul's "Buhloone Mindstate", Nas's "Illmatic", and A Tribe Called Quest's "Midnight Marauders"", and comments that "like many albums released during that period, "Southernplayalistic" alluded to its roots ... while clearing the way for a new direction that used the peach cobbler soul funk of the Organized Noize production crew as a starting point."


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: With the album, Outkast wanted to make a statement about urban life as an African American in the South, particularly Atlanta. Written when they were teenagers, much of the album addresses coming of age topics, and has themes of self-empowerment and reflections on life in the New South. "Encyclopedia of Popular Music" editor Colin Larkin writes that the album "compris[es] tales of the streets of their local East Point and Decatur neighbourhoods". The album's segue tracks illustrate Southern life. The lyrics incorporate tongue-twisters, triplet rhyme schemes, repetitive vocal hooks, Southern slang, such as the recurring phrase "ain't no thang but a chicken wing" repeated throughout "Ain't No Thang". The duo also intersperse their lyrics with references to classic cars, marijuana use, pimps, and players, which Big Boi defines as "somebody who can take care of they business in the game, the game of life". His flow is frenetic and has a rapid delivery, while André 3000 raps in a more relaxed cadence, with staccato rhymes, and occasionally sings on the album. Writer Martin C. Strong views that both rappers' "lyrical panache" on the album has an "ebb and flow" similar to Kool Keith and Del the Funky Homosapien.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: The song "Call of da Wild" discusses the temptation to drop out of school, while "Git Up, Git Out" encourages teenagers to follow their passions, be productive, and stop using drugs. The latter is an intertextual track that mixes themes of consciousness and political awareness with images of violence, sex, drugs, and gangsta culture. It features guest rapper Cee Lo Green exploring perspectives of both man child and maternal figure. "Funky Ride" has no rappers and is instead sung by R&B group Society of Soul, a side project of Organized Noize. It has an extended guitar solo and musical similarities to Funkadelic and Bootsy Collins. "Crumblin' Erb" explores themes of hedonism and addresses black-on-black violence and the negative effect it has on African-American culture: "There's only so much time left in this crazy world / I'm just crumblin' erb / Niggas killin' niggas, they don't understand (it's the master plan), I'm just crumblin' erb"


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: The album's lead single, "Player's Ball", was released on November 19, 1993, Originally intended as a Christmas release, it featured the sound of sleigh bells in its original mix, but it was removed once the single began receiving more airplay. The single received its highest exposure in February 1994 with heavy airplay and promotion, including a music video directed by Sean "Puffy" Combs. Combs had received a copy of the single from LaFace founder L.A. Reid and invited Outkast to New York to perform as an opening act for The Notorious B.I.G. By March, the single had sold 500,000 copies and risen to number one on the "Billboard" Hot Rap Singles, topping the chart for six weeks. Its popularity among young black college students during Freaknik increased its sales and helped it break into the Top 40, a rare achievement for a hip hop song at the time. "Player's Ball" spent 20 weeks and peaked at number 37 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. On May 12, 1994, it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the United States. The single helped create buzz for the album.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: LaFace released "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" on April 26, 1994. On May 14, it peaked at number 20 on the US "Billboard" 200. The album ultimately spent 26 weeks on the chart. It also reached number three on the "Billboard" Top R&B Albums, remaining on the chart for 50 weeks. By June, the album had sold 500,000 copies. The album's sales increased after Outkast's appearance at the 1995 Source Awards in January. On April 5, 1995, "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" was certified platinum by the RIAA, for shipments of one million copies in the US. By August, it had sold 715,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album was reissued by LaFace in September 1998.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: Neither of the album's next two singles performed as well. The title track was released in July 1994, reaching number 74 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in August. Its music video was directed by F. Gary Gray. "Git Up, Git Out" was released in October. It only charted on the "Billboard" Hot R&B Singles, peaking at number 59.


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" was met with generally positive reviews. James Bernard of "Entertainment Weekly" preferred the album's Southern hip hop over "Arrested Development's suspiciously peppy, idealized version of down-home" and stated, "it's about time someone told today's weed-obsessed youth to 'get up, get out and get something/Don't spend all your time trying to get high.'" Dennis Hunt of the "Los Angeles Times" cited "Git Up, Git Out" as the album's highlight and commended the duo's "sauntering, hard-core tales of the 'hood", writing that they "bristle with clever humor and sharp insights rather than rage." Rob Marriott of "The Source" complimented the duo's "organic" P-Funk influence and praised their lyrics' honesty, commenting that "while their rhyme style may swing a little too close to Hiero for my comfort, what really makes this album so listenable is that ... truthfulness reigns." However, Robert Christgau dismissed the album as a "" in his consumer guide for "The Village Voice".


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: Despite the album's success, some reacted negatively to the musical style, particularly hip hop tastemakers. At the 1995 Source Awards, Outkast won in the "Best Newcomer" category, but were booed upon taking the stage and delivering their acceptance speech; Big Boi managed to deliver his shout outs, while André 3000 was nervous and only said, "The South got somethin' to say." The latter recalled how the album was received by some listeners, "People thought that the South basically only had bass music. At first people were looking at us like 'Um, I don't know.'" Hip hop magnate Russell Simmons reacted negatively to the album at the time, but later expressed regret and said of the album in retrospect, "At the time, I didn't understand their music—it sounds so different from what I was used to that I foolishly ... claim[ed] that they 'weren't hip-hop.' The same way people didn't understand 'Sucker MCs' a decade earlier, I didn't understand that instead of operating outside of hip-hop, OutKast was actually expanding hip-hop. They were offering one of the most honest expressions, and expression so honest that it went completely over my head at first."


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: In retrospect, Christgau remarked, "If Dre and Big Boi were addressing real 'real life situations' on "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" or "ATLiens", they were drawling too unreconstructedly for any Yankee to tell." Steve Juon of RapReviews was more receptive, calling it "a stellar debut album", albeit with some musical flaws, including the "monotonous bassline and chorus" of "D.E.E.P.", the "out of place" "Funky Ride", and the album's segue tracks. Music journalist Peter Shapiro found its production "rich, deep and detailed, but never as seductive or crowd-pleasing as Dr. Dre's" and commended the album as "a melancholy depiction of the game that never shied away from its consequences". Although he found "occasional dull and mediocre spots", AllMusic editor Stanton Swihart called the album "an extremely strong showing" and praised the duo's "inventive sense of rhyme flow" and "mixture of lyrical acuity, goofball humor, Southern drawl, funky timing, and legitimate offbeat personalities."


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: After the album was certified platinum, LaFace Records gave Outkast more creative control and advanced money for their 1996 follow-up album "ATLiens". After acquiring their own recording studio, the duo immediately started working on new material and assimilated themselves with music recording and studio equipment, as they sought to become more ambitious artists and less dependent on other producers. The two also became more accustomed to playing live, particularly Big Boi, and André 3000 significantly changed his lifestyle, as he adopted a more eccentric fashion sense, became a vegetarian, and stopped smoking marijuana. The album's success also opened up more opportunities for Organized Noize, who subsequently worked on TLC's "CrazySexyCool" (1994). The Organized Noize-produced hit "Waterfalls" became a massive success and earned the production team enough clout with LaFace to endorse Goodie Mob to the label. Organized Noize produced Goodie Mob's acclaimed 1995 debut "Soul Food" and continued their crossover into R&B production, including work on Curtis Mayfield's 1997 album "New World Order".


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" was a seminal album for Southern hip hop. During the early 1990s, the scene was largely discredited by the rest of the hip hop community as misogynistic and inferior to other scenes, particularly East Coast and West Coast hip hop. Those scenes dominated the hip hop market, and acts from other regional scenes were often produced by either East Coast or West Coast producers. The album offered an artistically credible alternative, both musically and lyrically, to those regional scenes and was produced by an Atlanta-based production team. Music journalist T. Hasan Johnson notes "Outkast's first submission to the music industry" as significant for how they "broke from the binary production options split by California and New York artists", viewing that their decision to boast their region and a native production team "signaled a break from the conventional split between East and West hip hop aesthetics and openly demonstrated that the South could produce street-certified, quality music." Nicole Hodges Persley cites its release as a critical moment in hip hop and writes that it "marked a break in bicoastal hip hop sound".


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: The album presaged hip hop's "Dirty South" aesthetic, which later achieved mainstream recognition. Its smooth musical style, drawing on soul and funk musical traditions, and the duo's clever lyrics helped define Southern hip hop's sound, which influenced acts like Goodie Mob, Joi, and Bubba Sparxxx. In "The New Rolling Stone Album Guide", "Rolling Stone" journalist Roni Sarig writes that the album "marked a coming out for a region that would dominate hip-hop by the decade's end", commenting that, with it, Outkast "helped define a new stream of hip-hop that would rejuvenate the music in the late '90s and early 2000s." AllMusic's Stanton Swihart comments that "no one sounded like OutKast in 1994" and that the album showcased Organized Noize as it "began forging one of the most distinctive production sounds in popular music in the '90s".


title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik

text: "Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" was also a significant release in the burgeoning "Hotlanta" music scene. The scene started as a black music revival in Atlanta during the late 1980s, and developed with the success of LaFace Records and the national attention received by Atlanta-based recording artists and producers such as Toni Braxton, Kris Kross, Jermaine Dupri, and Babyface. With the album, Outkast offered realistic depictions of the city while avoiding Arrested Development's Afrocentric themes and the more mainstream stylings of Dupri. ""Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik" was as accessible as Atlanta rap had been up until that point, paving the way for your favorite rappers of the 2000s, from Ludacris to T.I. to Jeezy", according to "Cleveland.com", which later ranked it as the 45th best hip hop album from the 1990s. "Outkast would make better albums (a few, actually). But, perhaps, none were more important." It was also named the third best album of 1994 in "ego trip"s list of "Hip Hop's 25 Greatest Albums by Year 1980–98", while "Vibe" included it as one of the "150 Essential Albums of the Vibe Era (1992–2007)". "Vibe" later included the album on a 2004 list of "51 Essential Albums" that represent "a generation, a sound, and in many cases, a movement", writing that "[OutKast] determined the South had something to say, and after emerging form the Dungeon production lab, they said it all, sometimes sang it all—pointedly, funkdafied, and putting on absolutely no East Coast pretense. Classic."


title: Frog Boys

text: The Frog Boys (, "Gaegurisonyeon") were a group of five boys who disappeared in Daegu, South Korea on March 26, 1991.


title: Frog Boys

text: Woo Cheol-won, Jo Ho-yeon, Kim Young-gyu, Park Chan-in and Kim Jong-sik, aged between 9 and 13 years old, disappeared after searching for salamander eggs in the western outskirts of Daegu on a public holiday. Their disappearance received widespread attention and caused a national media frenzy, and President Roh Tae-woo ordered a massive manhunt by the police and military to find them.


title: Frog Boys

text: On September 26, 2002, the remains of the boys were discovered near where they went egg searching, with some showing signs of blunt-force trauma. The investigation has been inconclusive and theories abound about their deaths. The case remains unsolved.


title: Frog Boys

text: All five boys were from the Dalseo District of Daegu and attended the same elementary school. A sixth child, 9-year-old Kim Tae-ryong, left the group to go home and eat breakfast. He returned to the group after eating, but he decided not to carry on with the remainder of the boys because his mother had warned him earlier not to stray too far from home.


title: Frog Boys

text: March 26, 1991, was a public holiday in South Korea for the first ever local elections, and the boys decided to spend the day searching for salamander eggs in the streams of Mount Waryong () in Dalseo on the western outskirts of Daegu. The boys never went home, and after they were reported missing, their story made national headlines. President Roh Tae-woo sent 300,000 police and military troops to search for the boys, with the searches shown on live TV. All 5 of the boys' fathers quit their jobs to look for their children around the country. Mount Waryong was searched over 500 times.


title: Frog Boys

text: On September 26, 2002, two men searching for acorns discovered their bodies on Mount Waryong in an area that had been searched. They first reported the remains via an anonymous phone call. Initially, the police said they thought the boys had died of hypothermia. But their parents rejected that conclusion and demanded a full investigation. The families questioned the conclusion that the boys had simply died after getting lost due to the oddities of one of the boys clothes being found tied in knots and unused bullets found in his clothes. As well the discovery of their bodies a short distance from the village in an area the boys knew well. Forensic experts found the skulls of three of the children showed blunt-force trauma, possibly from metal farming tools. Police said the children could have been killed by someone who "may have flown into a rage."


title: Frog Boys

text: In 2006, the statute of limitations expired on the case. However, in 2015, the National Assembly voted to remove the statute of limitations on first-degree murder, opening the possibility of criminal charges if a suspect is found. On the 30th anniversary of their disappearance the city of Daegu installed a memorial monument near the location called "Frog Boy Memorial and Children's Safety Prayer Monument" (). The Daegu Metropolitan police force also announced a new task force to review the case from the beginning and follow-up on any new information they receive.


title: Frog Boys

text: The Frog Boys incident has been the subject of two films: "Come Back, Frog Boys" (1992) and "Children" (2011). Several songs also refer to the case as well as the documentary "In Search of the Frog Boys" (2019).


title: United States Secretary of War

text: The secretary of war was a member of the U.S. president's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War", had been appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position. When Washington was inaugurated as the first President under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving as Secretary of War.


title: United States Secretary of War

text: The secretary of war was the head of the War Department. At first, he was responsible for all military affairs, including naval affairs. In 1798, the secretary of the Navy was created by statute, and the scope of responsibility for this office was reduced to the affairs of the United States Army. From 1886 onward, the secretary of war was in the line of succession to the presidency, after the vice president of the United States, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President pro tempore of the Senate and the secretary of state.


title: United States Secretary of War

text: In 1947, with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947, the secretary of war was replaced by the secretary of the Army and the secretary of the Air Force, which, along with the secretary of the Navy, have since 1949 been non-Cabinet subordinates under the secretary of defense. The secretary of the Army's office is generally considered the direct successor to the secretary of war's office although the secretary of defense took the secretary of war's position in the Cabinet, and the line of succession to the presidency.


title: United States Secretary of War

text: The office of Secretary at War was modelled upon Great Britain's secretary at war, who was William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington, at the time of the American Revolution. The office of Secretary at War was meant to replace both the commander-in-chief and the Board of War, and like the president of the board, the secretary wore no special insignia. The inspector general, quartermaster general, commissary general, and adjutant general served on the secretary's staff. However, the Army itself under Secretary Henry Knox only consisted of 700 men.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: Baltimore County ( , locally: or ) is the third-most populous county in the U.S. state of Maryland and is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area. Baltimore County (which partially surrounds, though does not include, the independent City of Baltimore) is part of the Northeast megalopolis, which stretches from Northern Virginia northward to Boston. Baltimore County hosts a diversified economy, with particular emphasis on education, government, and health care. As of the 2020 census, the population was 854,535.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: The county is home to multiple universities, including Goucher College, Stevenson University, Towson University, and University of Maryland, Baltimore County.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: The name "Baltimore" derives from Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605–1675), the proprietor of the new colony in the Province of Maryland, and the town of Baltimore in County Cork, Ireland. The earliest known documentary record of the county is dated January 12, 1659, when a writ was issued on behalf of the General Assembly of Maryland to its sheriff. The official founding of the county came in 1659, among the now 23 counties of the State of Maryland. This assumes that a certain amount of organization and appointments in the mid-17th century had already occurred. Previously, (old) Baltimore County was known more as a geographical entity than a political one, with its territorial limits including most of northeastern Maryland, which was then the northwestern frontier of the Province and included the present-day jurisdictions of Baltimore City, Cecil and Harford Counties, as well as parts of Carroll, Anne Arundel, Frederick, Howard and Kent Counties.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: In 1674, a proclamation of the Proprietor established the then-extensive boundary lines for old Baltimore County. Over the next century, various segments of the old county were sliced off as population and settlements increased in fringe regions. A portion of northeastern Baltimore County, as well as a portion of northwestern Kent County, was split off to create Cecil County. In 1748, a portion of western Baltimore County, as well as a portion of Prince George's County to the south, were split off to create Frederick County. In 1773, Harford County to the east was split off, and in 1837 another part of western Baltimore County was combined with a part of eastern Frederick County to create Carroll County. After the adjustment of Baltimore County's southern boundary with Anne Arundel County, stated to be the upper Middle and Western Branches of the Patapsco River in 1727, a portion of the county's northwestern area was designated in 1838 as the "Western District" or "Howard District" of Arundel and in 1851 was officially separated to form Howard County.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: Before 1674, Baltimore County court sessions were held in private residences, according to sketchy documentary evidence. In 1674, the General Assembly passed "An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province". The site of the courthouse, jail and county seat for Baltimore County was evidently "Old Baltimore" near the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: The exact location of Old Baltimore was lost. It was certain that the location was somewhere on the site of the present-day Aberdeen Proving Grounds (APG), a U.S. Army weapons testing facility. APG's Cultural Resource Management Program attempted to find Old Baltimore, contracting with R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates (Goodwin). Goodwin first performed historical and archival work and coordinated with existing landscape features to locate the site of Old Baltimore. APG's Explosive Ordnance Disposal of Army personnel defused any unexploded ordnance. In 1997–1998. Goodwin dug 420 test pits, uncovering artifacts including a King Charles II farthing coin, and French and English gun flints. An unearthed brick foundation proved to be the remains of the tavern owned by colonist James Phillips. Another prominent landholder in Old Baltimore was William Osbourne, who operated the ferry across the Bush River.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: In his article "Migrations of Baltimore Town", Reverend George Armistead Leakin related a letter he had received from Dr. George I. Hays. In that letter, Dr. Hays related an account of a raid by the Susquehannocks who took William Osbourne's oldest son. Osbourne was unsuccessful in an attempt to rescue the boy. The boy was never seen by Osbourne again.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: In 1683, the Maryland General Assembly passed "An Act for Advancement of Trade" to "establish towns, ports, and places of trade, within the province." One of the towns established by the act was "on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House". The courthouse on the Bush River referenced in the 1683 Act was in all likelihood the one created by the 1674 Act. "Old Baltimore" was in existence as early as 1674, but no documents describe what may have preceded it.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: By 1695, the "Old Baltimore" courthouse had evidently been abandoned. County justices put the site up for sale. Apparently a new courthouse at "Simm's Choice" on the Baltimore County side of Little Gunpowder Falls had been under construction since 1692. In 1700, builder Michael Judd sold it to the county justices. This change of location, away from the Bush River area, reflects the growing economic and political importance of the Gunpowder region. During the next decade, the county seat moved to Joppa.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: By 1724, the legislative assembly authorized Thomas Tolley, Capt. John Taylor, Daniel Scott, Lancelot Todd, and John Stokes to purchase 20 acres from "Taylor's Choice," a tract named after John Taylor. The assembly's ordinance directed that the land be divided into 40 lots with streets and alleys to accompany the courthouse and jail erected previously. By 1750, about 50 houses (including a few large two-story brick structures), a church (St. John's Anglican Parish), a courthouse, three stone warehouses, inns, taverns, stores, a public wharf and a "gallows-tree" with an "Amen Corner" with pillories and whipping posts (now located northeast of the City of Baltimore near present-day suburban "Joppatowne" off Harford Road) existed.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: A new port and wharfing site, Elkridge Landing, on the upper Patapsco River's Western Branch, became prosperous in the 18th century. It was established on the "falls" of the river, below the rapids and rocks, where the river was deep enough for loaded sailing merchantmen. The landing was a designated "port of entry" and was the terminus of several "rolling roads" on which horse or oxen-drawn hogsheads (huge barrels) packed with tobacco were wheeled down to the Landing/port to be loaded on ships sailing for London and Europe. Gradually the site silted-up from soil erosion and poor farming cultivation on the upper Patapsco, and the maritime economy of the Landing faded. In the 19th century, it became an important stop on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the main north-south East Coast highway for wagons and carriages. Still, later it was on Washington Boulevard (designated U.S. Route 1) by 1926.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: With a bit of financial pressure, and after paying for the cost of a new courthouse (300 pounds sterling), dominant business, commercial and political residents of the Town of Baltimore were able to have the Maryland General Assembly relocate the county seat to their growing port town. In 1768, following receipt of petitions for and against the relocation, the General Assembly passed an Act that moved the county seat from Joppa to Baltimore. The first courthouse was constructed in 1768 at a new "Courthouse Square" (today on North Calvert Street, between East Lexington and East Fayette Streets).


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: The Town of Baltimore, Jonestown and Fells Point were incorporated as the "City of Baltimore" in 1796–1797. The city remained a part of surrounding Baltimore County and continued to serve as its county seat from 1768 to 1851.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: The site of the courthouse is now "Battle Monument Square", constructed 1815–1822 to commemorate the city and county defense in the War of 1812, including the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy fleet in the Patapsco River, the two-day stand-off in fortifications dug east of the city on Loudenschlager's Hill (now "Hampstead Hill" in today's Patterson Park) and the earlier Battle of North Point in "Godly Woods" on the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula in the southeastern portion of the county, during September 12–14, 1814. These events have been commemorated ever since by Defenders Day, an annual city, county, and state official holiday on September 12.


title: Baltimore County, Maryland

text: A second city-county courthouse constructed in 1805–1809 was moved to the western side of the Square at North Calvert and East Lexington. A third courthouse including the lower magistrates, commissioners, district and circuit courts, orphans (inheritances/wills) court, small claims court and the old Supreme Bench of Baltimore City was constructed on the entire western block of North Calvert, East Lexington, East Fayette and Saint Paul Streets from 1896 to 1900. In 1985 this building was renamed the Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. City Circuit Courthouse, for the famous Baltimorean and leader of the Civil Rights Movement, Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. (1911–1984), reputed to be the "101st U.S. Senator".