title: Crossover (fiction)

text: Sometimes, crossovers occur even when there was no explicit intent to create them. Viewer interpretation can play into the size and complexity of crossovers. These sorts of crossovers involve no creation of additional material, but merely result from inferences drawn about existing filmed episodes. Usually they are a product of narrative ambiguity. Perhaps the best example of this was caused by the unusual ending to "St. Elsewhere". One interpretation of the ending scene of the final episode has been that the entire run of the program was a figment of autistic character Tommy Westphall's imagination. This leads itself to a broad interpretation of the events of that series. Because the show had direct crossovers with twelve different programmes, and each one of these twelve had numerous "other" crossovers, linkages can be found from "Elsewhere" to 280 other shows, comprising what has been called "the Tommy Westphall Universe".


title: Crossover (fiction)

text: One of the earlier instances of crossovers in TV productions outside the US is the episode "" (1990), which was produced by WDR and DFF as a crossover between the West German crime series "Tatort" and the East German crime series "Polizeiruf 110". Their respective popular heroes Horst Schimanski and Peter Fuchs join forces to solve a case in the turmoil of the time after the fall of the Berlin Wall. The episode was produced during the short transition period between the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany.


title: Inca Kola

text: Inca Kola (also known as "the Golden Kola" in international advertising) is a soft drink that was created in Peru in 1935 by British immigrant Joseph Robinson Lindley. The soda has a sweet, fruity flavor that somewhat resembles its main ingredient, lemon verbena (, "hierbaluisa" or in Spanish). Americans compare its flavor to bubblegum or cream soda. Sometimes categorized as a champagne cola, it has been described as "an acquired taste" whose "intense color alone is enough to drive away the uninitiated."


title: Inca Kola

text: The Coca-Cola Company owns the Inca Kola trademark everywhere but in Peru. In Peru, the Inca Kola trademark is owned by , which since 1999 is a joint venture between The Coca-Cola Company and the Lindley family, former sole owners of and


title: Inca Kola

text: Inca Kola is a source of national pride and patriotism in Peru, a national icon. Inca Kola is available in parts of South America, North America and Europe, and while it has not enjoyed major success outside Peru, it can be found in Latin American specialty shops worldwide. Inca Kola is sold in bottles and cans and has an Inca motif.


title: Inca Kola

text: In 1910, in Rímac, one of Lima's oldest and most traditional neighborhoods, an immigrant English family began a small bottling company under their family name, Lindley. In 1928, the company was formally chartered in Peru as Corporación José R. Lindley S.A., whereupon Joseph R. Lindley became its first General Manager.


title: Inca Kola

text: By the early 1930s, the company had a line of ten flavors of soda including Orange Squash, Lemon Squash, Champagne Kola, and Cola Rosada. In 1935, on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of Lima's founding, Lindley introduced what was to become its most noted product, Inca Kola, whose flavor was based on Lemon Verbena (, "Hierbaluisa" or ). He had experimented with various mixtures, other ingredients and levels of carbonation, until finally he came up with this combination of thirteen special plant-derived flavors. The company launched "Inca Kola" under the slogan "There is only one Inca Kola and it's like no other" ().


title: Inca Kola

text: By the mid-1940s, Inca Kola was a market leader in Lima due to an aggressive advertising campaign. Appealing to the Peruvian nationalism that was prevalent among the population, the company positioned Inca Kola as a traditional Peruvian drink, using national and indigenous iconography and images. This advertising campaign was very successful, and bottling volume expanded greatly.


title: Inca Kola

text: Inca Kola reached levels of 38% market penetration by 1970, eclipsing all other carbonated drinks in Peru and firmly establishing itself as "Peru's Drink" (). A common logo in the late 1970s and early 1980s featured the slogan "Made of National Flavor!" (), later changed to "The taste of Peru" ().


title: Inca Kola

text: On January 22, 2009, Inca Kola partnered with D'Onofrio, an iconic Peruvian ice cream brand owned by Nestlé, to launch an Inca Kola flavored ice pop.


title: Inca Kola

text: In the United States, Inca Kola is manufactured by the Coca-Cola company and sold in supermarkets in bottles, cans, and individual bottles.


title: Inca Kola

text: In 1995, Coca-Cola had 32% of the market share of soda sales in Peru while Inca Kola had 32.9%. Since that year, however, the market share for Inca Kola has increased due to some fast food chains including it in their menus. Bembos, a Peruvian fast-food chain, switched from serving Coca-Cola to Inca Kola in 1995. Due to popular demand, McDonald's also began to serve Inca Kola at its locations in Peru in 1995, before Coca-Cola owned the Inca Kola brand (at the time, the only place in the world where Coca-Cola agreed to such an arrangement).


title: Inca Kola

text: Lindley underwent corporate restructuring in 1997. The expansion resulted in a debt load that took a heavy toll, and Lindley lost almost $5 million in 1999. The company, looking for outside help, turned to the Coca-Cola Co., which acquired half of Inca Kola Perú and one-fifth of Corporación José R. Lindley S.A. for an undisclosed sum believed to have been about $200 million. Johnny Lindley Taboada, a grandson of the founder and chairman of Corporación José R. Lindley S.A., became chairman of the joint venture between Coke and Inca Kola. Coca-Cola became the sole owner of the Inca Kola trademark everywhere outside Peru whereas inside Peru a joint-venture agreement was forged. To date, Ecuador and the United States (mostly New York and the rest of the Northeast) are two of the countries where Inca Kola is bottled by the Coca-Cola Company.


title: Inca Kola

text: During the time that the two giants were negotiating, various smaller companies began to emerge in Peru, selling drinks that competed both with Coca-Cola (Peru Cola, Cola Nacional, Inti Cola, Kola Real, etc.) and Inca Kola (Isaac Kola, Triple Kola, Concordia, Oro etc.). Their main selling point was the fact that Inca Kola was no longer a Peruvian company, having sold out to a foreign company, and therefore not deserving of their money.


title: Inca Kola

text: During 2004, Corporación José R. Lindley S.A. started talks to buy out Embotelladora Latinoamericana S.A., a bottling business that had been bottling Inca Kola since 1973. They complained that the price of Inca Kola concentrate had increased sixfold since the merger with Coca-Cola. Consequently, they cancelled their contract to bottle Inca Kola in 2000. As a result, in early 2005 Corporación José R. Lindley S.A. purchased two-thirds of Embotelladora Latinoamericana for $215 million. Corporación José R. Lindley S.A. now bottles Inca Kola as well as all the Coca-Cola products using these bottling facilities, with a combined market share of around 60%.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: , most often called in Japanese and sometimes in English , was a type of matchlock-configured arquebus firearm introduced to Japan through the Portuguese Empire in 1543. were used by the samurai class and their "foot soldiers", and within a few years the introduction of the in battle changed the way war was fought in Japan forever. , however, could not completely replace the (longbow). Although the Japanese developed various techniques to improve the gun's shortcomings, such as its poor rapid-firing ability and failure to fire in the rain, the was still inferior to the in terms of rapid-firing ability and reliability in the rain, and the continued to be used as an important force on the battlefield. After Tokugawa Ieyasu destroyed the Toyotomi clan in the Siege of Osaka and established the Tokugawa shogunate, the relatively peaceful Edo period arrived, and the use of declined.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: The seems to have been based on snap matchlocks that were produced in the armory of Goa in Portuguese India, which was captured by the Portuguese in 1510. The name came from the Japanese island (Tanegashima) where a Chinese junk with Portuguese adventurers on board was driven to anchor by a storm in 1543. The lord of the Japanese island, Tanegashima Tokitaka (1528–1579), purchased two matchlock muskets from the Portuguese and put a swordsmith to work copying the matchlock barrel and firing mechanism. The smith, Yaita, did not have much of a problem with most of the gun but "drilling the barrel helically so that the screw ( bolt) could be tightly inserted" was a major problem as this "technique did not apparently exist in Japan until this time." The Portuguese fixed their ship and left the island and only in the next year when a Portuguese blacksmith was brought back to Japan was the problem solved. Within ten years of its introduction, over 300,000 firearms were reported to have been manufactured.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: Much of Japan was involved with internecine wars during the Sengoku period (1467–1603), as feudal lords vied for supremacy. Matchlock guns were introduced midway through the period and saw extensive use in the later years of the conflict, playing a decisive role on the battlefield. In 1549, Oda Nobunaga ordered 500 guns to be produced for his armies at a time when the benefits of firearms over traditional weapons were still relatively questionable to other . However the new firearm had undoubted advantages in range in comparison with traditional bows. In addition, bullets could penetrate almost any armor and shield. Joseon official Ryu Seong-ryong quoted:


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: But a significant drawback was the high price of each musket and the long production time. Ryu Seong-ryong:


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: The Japanese soon worked on various techniques to improve the effectiveness of their guns. They developed a staggered firing technique to create a continuous rain of bullets on the enemy. They also developed larger caliber barrels and ammunition to increase lethality. Protective boxes in lacquerware were invented to fit over the firing mechanism so it could still fire while it was raining, as were systems to accurately fire weapons at night by keeping fixed angles thanks to measured strings. Another development would be the , a bamboo cartridge used to facilitate faster reloading. A hollow tube open at both ends, the contained gunpowder, wadding, and a bullet. Upon tearing open the tube's paper seal at the bottom, a soldier could quickly use it to pour the necessary powder into his weapon before placing over the barrel and using his rammer to load both wadding and bullet into the barrel at the same time. After use, the could be kept for repacking or discarded.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: In 1563 the Amago clan of Izumo Province won a victory over the Kikkawa clan with 33 of their adversaries wounded by . In 1567, Takeda Shingen announced that, "Hereafter, the guns will be the most important arms, therefore decrease the number of spears per unit, and have your most capable men carry guns". Oda Nobunaga used tanegashima in the Battle of Anegawa (1570), and again against the powerful Takeda clan in the Battle of Nagashino (1575), 3,000 gunners helped win the battle, firing by volleys of a thousand at a time. They were concealed across a river and used breastworks to effectively stop enemy infantry and cavalry charges while being protected. The defeat of the powerful Takeda clan brought about permanent changes in battle tactics.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: Japan became so enthusiastic about the new weapons that it possibly overtook every European country in absolute numbers produced. Japan also used the guns in the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, in which about a quarter of the invasion force of 160,000 were gunners. They were extremely successful at first and managed to capture Seoul just 18 days after their landing at Busan.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: The internal war for control of Japan was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu, who defeated his rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara in October 1600. Three years later, he established the Tokugawa shogunate, a powerful entity that would maintain peace, stability, and prosperity in Japan for the following 250 years. This is known as the Edo period (1603–1868). From the mid-17th century, Japan decided to close itself to interaction with the West except for the Dutch Republic through its policy of . Contrary to popular belief, this did not lead to Japan "giving up the gun"; if anything, the gun was used less frequently because the Edo period did not have many large-scale conflicts in which a gun would be of use. Often the "katana" was simply the more practical weapon in the average small-scale conflicts.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: Isolation did not eliminate the production of guns in Japan—on the contrary, there is evidence of around 200 gunsmiths in Japan by the end of the Edo period. However, the social life of firearms had changed: as the historian David L. Howell has argued, for many in Japanese society, the gun had become less a weapon than a farm implement for scaring off animals. With no external enemies for over 200 years, were mainly used by samurai for hunting and target practice, the majority were relegated to the arms store houses of the .


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: The arrival in Japan of the United States Navy led by Matthew C. Perry in 1854 started a period of rearmament. The was an antiquated weapon by the 1800s and various samurai factions acquired advanced firearms including the minié rifle, breech-loading and repeating rifles. The samurai era ended in 1868 with the Meiji period; Japan turned to a national conscription army with modern weapons and uniforms. Some gunsmiths did replace their matchlock-type into percussion cap mechanisms while retaining its design as a musket. The last use of samurai armour and traditional weapons in Japan, including , was during the Satsuma Rebellion (1877), when the Meiji government's newly established Imperial Japanese Army put an end to the last samurai and their resistance to modernization.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: Japanese arquebuses are classified by the location of their native gunsmiths as well as with the weight of the ball by momme.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: The most common users of the were peasant foot soldiers commanded by the samurai, the . Where warfare changed during the Sengoku era exponentially with massed pike, archer, and eventually arquebus formations, large quantities of guns were needed and produced to equip the (gun units) of the feudal Japanese armies.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: As these guns were primarily used by the , they were of low quality and were stored in arsenals where they could be used again.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: were generally matchlock pistols that due to their inferior range and firepower compared to the , were not best suited in open field battles and were instead used as status symbols for mounted samurai. They were occasionally used for self-defense by high ranking commanders.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: At the advent of firearms, Japanese armies had to come up with reliable ways of repelling the widespread use of guns; whether it would be the creation of metal and soon bullet-proof armor, standing bamboo bundles tied together or heavy iron pavises. With the caliber of the being too weak to penetrate these protection methods, a new, yet harder to handle and expensive gun with a larger gun caliber was needed to equip the formations that encountered these obstacles; the was such a solution.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: Guns of the caliber (20 "momme" (≈ 75 g) and more) were practically portable hand cannons and were used as siege weapons employed to knock down the hinges of gates as well as powerful anti-personnel and anti-cavalry weapons.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: A gun of this size was typically hard to operate (though varying on the momme), requiring plentiful amounts of gunpowder and proper training. One of the issues of operating such device was the powerful recoil and the difficulty of transporting, where sometimes larger were either rested on rice bales, hang from trees using ropes, or have it installed on a carriage (similar to European cannons).


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: The samurai- guns were custom-made for use only by the samurai, whose high social standing and wealth meant they could afford well-crafted and intricately designed guns which were longer and of larger caliber, as opposed to the cruder and inferior quality used by the .


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: or guns were generally longer than most guns and had a smaller caliber than even the . These guns were used on castles and ships primarily as long range defensive weapons.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: As the became a status symbol among the (cavalry), it eventually made its way into becoming a cavalry gun. These guns were similar in structure to the , but had a longer barrel and were fairly easy to reload on horseback.


title: Tanegashima (gun)

text: Today are readily available from sellers of antique firearms and dealers of samurai antiques both in Japan and the West. Modern gun troops in Japan re-enact the use of in battle and black powder enthusiasts use for target practice.


title: Umar Khalid

text: Umar Khalid (born Syed Umar Khalid) is an Indian activist, former student of Jawaharlal Nehru University, former leader of Democratic Students' Union (DSU) in JNU. He was allegedly involved in the Jawaharlal Nehru University sedition row and is an accused under the UAPA law. Khalid is also associated with United Against Hate (UAH), a campaign founded along with Nadeem Khan in July 2017 in response to the series of lynchings.


title: Umar Khalid

text: Umar Khalid was born in Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, and has lived there for the last 30 years. His father, Syed Qasim Rasool Ilyas, is from Maharashtra, while his mother is from Western Uttar Pradesh. S.Q.R. Ilyas is the National President of the Welfare Party of India and a former member of Students Islamic Movement of India, a banned organisation, which he left in 1985.


title: Umar Khalid

text: Khalid studied history at the Kirori Mal College of the Delhi University. He later did his master's and MPhil in history at Jawarhlal Nehru University (JNU). His MPhil dissertation was on 'Hos of Singhbhum'.


title: Umar Khalid

text: Khalid's PhD thesis was titled “Contesting claims and contingencies of the rule on Adivasis of Jharkhand” and was submitted to the JNU in 2018. Following his PhD, he published a research article titled "Changing Village Authority in an Adivasi Hinterland: State, Community and Contingencies of Rule in Singhbhum, 1830–1897" in the journal "Social Scientist" in 2018.


title: Umar Khalid

text: On 9 February 2016, students of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) held a protest on their campus against the capital punishment meted out to the 2001 Indian Parliament attack convict Afzal Guru, and Kashmiri separatist Maqbool Bhat.


title: Umar Khalid

text: Four days after the event, the Delhi Police arrested JNU Student Union president Kanhaiya Kumar on charges of sedition and criminal conspiracy. Five other students including Umar Khalid went into hiding. After their return 10 days later, Umar Khaled and Anirban Bhattacharya was also taken into custody.


title: Umar Khalid

text: The arrest and the use of sedition charges were widely criticized as suppression of political dissent. An inquiry committee appointed by the administration of JNU meted out varying punishments to a number of students. Kanhaiya Kumar was fined 10,000 rupees, Umar Khalid and Anirban Bhattacharya were rusticated for one semester. JNU refused to allow Umar Khalid to submit his PhD thesis in July 2018. Khalid went to the Delhi High Court, and obtained an order allowing him to submit his thesis. On 2 August 2018, JNU accepted the PhD thesis submission.


title: Umar Khalid

text: Along with Jignesh Mevani, Umar Khalid was booked under a first-information report for giving 'provocative' speeches in Pune. The criminal charges against Mevani and Khalid was for promoting enmity between different groups through their speeches. The Elgaar Parishad rally, where this reportedly happened, was held in Pune to mark the 200th year of the Battle of Koregaon, a place in present-day Pune district, which was fought between the then British Indian Army and the Peshwas.


title: Umar Khalid

text: On 13 August 2018, Khalid narrowly escaped an assassination attempt. The two accused were arrested on 20 August 2018 by police from Fatehabad, Haryana. Before the arrest, the accused had uploaded a video on Facebook on 15 August, saying the attack was an Independence Day gift for India, and they also wanted to highlight the issue of cow protection.


title: Umar Khalid

text: Umar Khalid was booked under UAPA by Delhi Police for his alleged "provocative speeches" during the visit of American President Donald Trump to India. Delhi police considered his speeches as instigating and facilitating the 2020 Delhi riots. On 14 September 2020, Khalid was arrested by the Delhi Police Special Cell as an alleged conspirator in the Delhi Riots case.


title: Umar Khalid

text: In charge sheets related to the riots, the police have said Khalid met suspended and jailed Aam Aadmi Party's councillor Tahir Hussain and activist Khalid Saifi on 8 January at the Shaheen Bagh sit-in protest site against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA)-National Register of Citizens (NRC) to allegedly plan the riots. He was interrogated twice for his alleged role. The police also linked Khalid's speeches to the riots. The Delhi Police's special cell is looking into a larger conspiracy case in addition to multiple cases filed in connection with the riots.


title: Umar Khalid

text: Delhi Police has filed supplementary charge sheet against Umar Khalid in connection with the Delhi riots. The police said this case is a multi-layered conspiracy and a pre-planned riot and there is sufficient evidence available to proceed against Khalid. In early January 2021, a Delhi court agreed with the chargesheet. Khalid filed a bail plea in July 2021, after eight month long hearing his bail application was dismissed. In the bail order the court said that the allegations against Khalid are prima facie true and his role in the "context of conspiracy" related to Delhi riots was apparent. In March 2022, the court denied bail to Khalid. An Additional Sessions Judge Amitabh Rawat stated that Khalid's plea had "no merit and substance" for the bail to be granted.


title: Umar Khalid

text: On 13 September 2022, as he completes two years in Tihar Jail under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act or UAPA, accused by the Delhi Police of involvement in 2020 Delhi riots, "The Wire" published Khalid's response to an open letter. By employing UAPA, he says, we can be kept in jail for years, without those framing us needing to prove anything.


title: Umar Khalid

text: On 18 October 2022, the Delhi High Court dismissed the bail plea of Khalid, as Delhi Police opposed it.


title: Griffin Newman

text: Griffin Newman (born February 19, 1989) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for starring as Arthur Everest in the Amazon Studios television series "The Tick", as the voice of Orko in the Netflix animated series "", cohosting the film podcast "Blank Check with Griffin & David" alongside critic David Sims, and for acting as cohost and sidekick Watto on "The George Lucas Talk Show."


title: Griffin Newman

text: Newman is the son of film producer Peter Newman and casting director Antonia Dauphin. His maternal grandfather, Claude Dauphin, was a French actor. His younger brother, James Newman, is also an actor. Newman was raised in Greenwich Village, and attended Saint Ann's School. He was interested in performing from an early age, often performing Fozzie Bear routines for friends and family. He started stand-up comedy at the age of ten as part of the 'Kidsncomedy' program run by Jo Ann Grossman. His material was mostly political, workshopped with his father. He began getting some attention from agents at this time, though his parents were reluctant for him to pursue a career in acting. His first onscreen appearance was as 'Teenage Fan' in the mockumentary "The Buried Secret of M. Night Shyamalan." His role was mostly cut for the film. As a teenager, Newman regularly attended Buck's Rock Performing and Creative Arts Camp.


title: Griffin Newman

text: Newman started college in 2007 at California Institute of the Arts with the intention of becoming a filmmaker. He dropped out after seven months in order to pursue a career in comedy and acting.


title: Griffin Newman

text: Newman's first major onscreen appearance is in the film "The Treatment" in 2006 as high school student Scott. He went on to play roles in a number of shorts and student films. He also began performing stand-up regularly around this time and produced a one-man show titled "Grifftopia", which he performed in 2009 and 2010.


title: Griffin Newman

text: In 2010, Newman appeared in the teen film "Beware the Gonzo" in the role of Horny Rob Becker, one of the friends of the titular Gonzo (Ezra Miller). Though the film was released to mixed reviews, Newman's performance was positively reviewed, with Odie Henderson from RogerEbert.com writing that "Becker is the most interesting character in the film."


title: Griffin Newman

text: Over the next few years, Newman guest starred in a number of television shows, including "Blue Bloods", "Big Lake", and "", as well as appearing in sketches for Funny or Die. He played the role of Russ in the television mini-series "Political Animals" for the USA Network, and was listed by Just for Laughs as one of the 2012 New Faces of Comedy: Characters.


title: Griffin Newman

text: In 2013, Newman was cast in John Mulaney's sitcom "Mulaney" for NBC as Seymour. The network passed on the show after shooting the pilot, but later in the year, it was picked up by Fox with the role of Seymour cut from the script. Newman has described the situation as his own version of the Dark Phoenix saga.


title: Griffin Newman

text: Later that year, Newman became a correspondent for "Nikki & Sara Live", and began making regular appearances on "The Chris Gethard Show". Alongside Riley Soloner, he hosted the podcast "Talking TCGS" from 2013 to 2014. He hosted "The Awooga Comedy Hour" with Andrew Tavin from January 2013, a live comedy show that became weekly from May 2014.


title: Griffin Newman

text: In 2014, Newman appeared in the film "Draft Day" as Rick the Intern alongside Kevin Costner, and later that year announced he had become a part of a Maude Team at UCB. He went on to have supporting roles in other feature films including "Fort Tilden", "Free The Nipple", and "Naomi and Ely's No Kiss List".


title: Griffin Newman

text: Newman has appeared in a number of webseries, including "Snarky Sidekick" and "The Untitled Web Series That Morgan Evans Is Doing for MTV"; he starred as the Director in Colin Quinn's webseries "Cop Show" for all three seasons.


title: Griffin Newman

text: With critic David Sims, Newman started "The Phantom Podcast" in March 2015, a podcast dedicated to analysing the film "" as though it was the only film in the "Star Wars" franchise. The show went on to discuss the other "Star Wars" films before being retitled "Blank Check with Griffin & David" and establishing its new premise. The podcast involves Sims, Newman, and sometimes a guest, discussing filmographies of directors who have had massive success early on in their career which has enabled them to be given free rein to make large scale passion projects. The podcast has received praise from critics.


title: Griffin Newman

text: In 2016 Newman had a supporting role in the HBO series "Vinyl", and guest starred in the sitcoms "Search Party" and "Difficult People". Later that year, it was announced Newman would be playing Arthur Everest in Amazon Video's new reboot of "The Tick" alongside Peter Serafinowicz in the titular role. The pilot, directed by Wally Pfister, was released on August 18, 2016. The show was picked up for a first season in September 2016. The first six episodes of the first season were released on August 25, 2017. The remaining six episodes of the first season were released on February 23, 2018. On January 17, 2018, Amazon ordered a second season of 10 episodes, which premiered in 2019. Newman has received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Everest. In May 2019, Amazon Studios announced that the show would not return for a third season.


title: Griffin Newman

text: Newman has a small role in Woody Allen's film "A Rainy Day in New York", previously set for release in 2018. In October 2017, Newman made a statement via his Twitter expressing his regret at taking the role in the film, due to the allegations of sexual abuse against Allen. He announced he would be donating his salary from the film to RAINN.


title: Griffin Newman

text: Premiering in February 2018, Showtime's animated series "Our Cartoon President" features Newman as the voice of Jared Kushner.


title: Griffin Newman

text: Newman regularly appears as part of Connor Ratliff's "The George Lucas Talk Show" at UCB, as Watto. After the UCB theater closed down due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Ratliff, Newman and their UCB producer Patrick Cotnoir started doing weekly regular episodes and charity marathon livestream versions of the show on the streaming network PlanetScum.live. The charity livestreams have raised over $100,000 for various charities while marathoning through TV shows like "Arli$$", "Big Lake" and "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip".


title: Griffin Newman

text: In February 2020, Newman was announced as the voice of Orko in the Netflix series "" after campaigning online for the role when the show was first announced.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: The stages of HIV infection are acute infection (also known as primary infection), latency and AIDS. Acute infection lasts for several weeks and may include symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, inflammation of the throat, rash, muscle pain, malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores. The latency stage involves few or no symptoms and can last anywhere from two weeks to twenty years or more, depending on the individual. AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection, is defined by low CD4+ T cell counts (fewer than 200 per μL), various opportunistic infections, cancers and other conditions.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Acute HIV infection, primary HIV infection or acute seroconversion syndrome is the second stage of HIV infection. It occurs after the incubation stage, before the latency stage and the potential AIDS succeeding the latency stage.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: During this period (usually days to weeks post-exposure) fifty to ninety percent of infected individuals develop an influenza or mononucleosis-like illness called acute HIV infection (or HIV prodrome), the most common symptoms of which may include fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, rash, myalgia, malaise, mouth and esophageal sores, and may also include, but less commonly, headache, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, ulcers in the mouth or on the genitals, enlarged liver/spleen, weight loss, thrush, night sweats and diarrhea and neurological symptoms. Infected individuals may experience all, some, or none of these symptoms. The duration of symptoms varies, averaging 28 days and usually lasts at least a week.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Because of the nonspecific nature of these symptoms, they are often not recognized as signs of HIV infection. Even if patients go to their doctors or a hospital, they will often be misdiagnosed as having one of the more common infectious diseases with the same symptoms. As a consequence, these primary symptoms are not used to diagnose HIV infection, as they do not develop in all cases and because many are caused by other more common diseases. However, recognizing the syndrome can be important because the patient is much more infectious during this period.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: A strong immune defense reduces the number of viral particles in the blood stream, marking the start of secondary or chronic HIV infection. The secondary stage of HIV infection can vary between two weeks and 10 years. During the secondary phase of infection, HIV is active within lymph nodes, which typically become persistently swollen, in response to large amounts of virus that become trapped in the follicular dendritic cells (FDC) network. The surrounding tissues that are rich in CD4 T cells may also become infected, and viral particles accumulate both in infected cells and as free virus. Individuals who are in this phase are still infectious. During this time, CD4 CD45RO T cells carry most of the proviral load.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: A small percentage of HIV-1 infected individuals retain high levels of CD4+ T-cells without antiretroviral therapy. However, most have detectable viral load and will eventually progress to AIDS without treatment. These individuals are classified as HIV controllers or long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). People who maintain CD4+ T cell counts and also have low or clinically undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment are known as elite controllers or elite suppressors (ES).


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. These infections affect nearly every organ system.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: People with AIDS also have an increased risk of developing various cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer and cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas. Additionally, people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss. The specific opportunistic infections that AIDS patients develop depend in part on the prevalence of these infections in the geographic area in which the patient lives.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) (originally known as "Pneumocystis carinii" pneumonia) is relatively rare in healthy, immunocompetent people, but common among HIV-infected individuals. It is caused by "Pneumocystis jirovecii".


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Before the advent of effective diagnosis, treatment and routine prophylaxis in Western countries, it was a common immediate cause of death. In developing countries, it is still one of the first indications of AIDS in untested individuals, although it does not generally occur unless the CD4 count is less than 200 cells per µL of blood.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Tuberculosis (TB) is unique among infections associated with HIV because it is transmissible to immunocompetent people via the respiratory route, and is not easily treatable once identified. Multidrug resistance is a serious problem. Tuberculosis with HIV co-infection (TB/HIV) is a major world health problem according to the World Health Organization: in 2007, 456,000 deaths among incident TB cases were HIV-positive, a third of all TB deaths and nearly a quarter of the estimated 2 million HIV deaths in that year. Even though its incidence has declined because of the use of directly observed therapy and other improved practices in Western countries, this is not the case in developing countries where HIV is most prevalent. In early-stage HIV infection (CD4 count >300 cells per µL), TB typically presents as a pulmonary disease. In advanced HIV infection, TB often presents atypically with extrapulmonary (systemic) disease a common feature. Symptoms are usually constitutional and are not localized to one particular site, often affecting bone marrow, bone, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, liver, regional lymph nodes, and the central nervous system.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Esophagitis is an inflammation of the lining of the lower end of the esophagus (gullet or swallowing tube leading to the stomach). In HIV-infected individuals, this is normally due to fungal (candidiasis) or viral (herpes simplex-1 or cytomegalovirus) infections. In rare cases, it could be due to mycobacteria.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Unexplained chronic diarrhea in HIV infection is due to many possible causes, including common bacterial ("Salmonella", "Shigella", "Listeria" or "Campylobacter") and parasitic infections; and uncommon opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, "Mycobacterium avium" complex (MAC) and viruses, astrovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus and cytomegalovirus, (the latter as a course of colitis).


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: In some cases, diarrhea may be a side effect of several drugs used to treat HIV, or it may simply accompany HIV infection, particularly during primary HIV infection. It may also be a side effect of antibiotics used to treat bacterial causes of diarrhea (common for "Clostridium difficile"). In the later stages of HIV infection, diarrhea is thought to be a reflection of changes in the way the intestinal tract absorbs nutrients, and may be an important component of HIV-related wasting.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: HIV infection may lead to a variety of neuropsychiatric sequelae, either by infection of the now susceptible nervous system by organisms, or as a direct consequence of the illness itself.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the single-celled parasite "Toxoplasma gondii"; it usually infects the brain, causing toxoplasma encephalitis, but it can also infect and cause disease in the eyes and lungs. Cryptococcal meningitis is an infection of the meninx (the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) by the fungus "Cryptococcus neoformans". It can cause fevers, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Patients may also develop seizures and confusion; left untreated, it can be lethal.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease, in which the gradual destruction of the myelin sheath covering the axons of nerve cells impairs the transmission of nerve impulses. It is caused by a virus called JC virus which occurs in 70% of the population in latent form, causing disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened, as is the case for AIDS patients. It progresses rapidly, usually causing death within months of diagnosis.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is a metabolic encephalopathy induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of HIV infected brain macrophages and microglia. These cells are productively infected by HIV and secrete neurotoxins of both host and viral origin. Specific neurological impairments are manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities that occur after years of HIV infection and are associated with low CD4 T cell levels and high plasma viral loads.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Prevalence is 10–20% in Western countries but only 1–2% of HIV infections in India. This difference is possibly due to the HIV subtype in India. AIDS related mania is sometimes seen in patients with advanced HIV illness; it presents with more irritability and cognitive impairment and less euphoria than a manic episode associated with true bipolar disorder. Unlike the latter condition, it may have a more chronic course. This syndrome is less frequently seen with the advent of multi-drug therapy.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: People with HIV infections have substantially increased incidence of several cancers. This is primarily due to co-infection with an oncogenic DNA virus, especially Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (also known as human herpesvirus-8 [HHV-8]), and human papillomavirus (HPV).


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor in HIV-infected patients. The appearance of this tumor in young homosexual men in 1981 was one of the first signals of the AIDS epidemic. Caused by a gammaherpes virus called Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), it often appears as purplish nodules on the skin, but can affect other organs, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. High-grade B cell lymphomas such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Burkitt's-like lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and primary central nervous system lymphoma present more often in HIV-infected patients. These particular cancers often foreshadow a poor prognosis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or KSHV cause many of these lymphomas. In HIV-infected patients, lymphoma often arises in extranodal sites such as the gastrointestinal tract. When they occur in an HIV-infected patient, KS and aggressive B cell lymphomas confer a diagnosis of AIDS.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Invasive cervical cancer in HIV-infected women is also considered AIDS-defining, it is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: In addition to the AIDS-defining tumors listed above, HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of certain other tumors, notably Hodgkin's disease, anal and rectal carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, head and neck cancers, and lung cancer. Some of these are causes by viruses, such as Hodgkin's disease (EBV), anal/rectal cancers (HPV), head and neck cancers (HPV), and hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatitis B or C). Other contributing factors include exposure to carcinogens (cigarette smoke for lung cancer), or living for years with subtle immune defects.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: The incidence of many common tumors, such as breast cancer or colon cancer, does not increase in HIV-infected patients. In areas where HAART is extensively used to treat AIDS, the incidence of many AIDS-related malignancies has decreased, but at the same time malignant cancers overall have become the most common cause of death of HIV-infected patients. In recent years, an increasing proportion of these deaths have been from non-AIDS-defining cancers.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: In line with the treatment of cancer, chemotherapy has shown promise in increasing the number of uninfected T-cells and diminishing the viral load.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: People with AIDS often develop opportunistic infections that present with non-specific symptoms, especially low-grade fevers and weight loss. These include opportunistic infection with "Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare" and cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV can cause colitis, as described above, and CMV retinitis can cause blindness.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: Talaromycosis due to "Talaromyces marneffei" is now the third most common opportunistic infection (after extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cryptococcosis) in HIV-positive individuals within the endemic area of Southeast Asia.


title: Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS

text: An infection that often goes unrecognized in people with AIDS is Parvovirus B19. Its main consequence is anemia, which is difficult to distinguish from the effects of antiretroviral drugs used to treat AIDS itself.


title: Opie Winston

text: Harry "Opie" Winston is a fictional character on the FX television series "Sons of Anarchy", played by Ryan Hurst. He is a member of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, the son of SAMCRO co-founder Piney, a member of SAMCRO, and best friend of Jax since childhood.


title: Opie Winston

text: Opie's mother took him away from Piney and Charming when he was sixteen, but he left her and returned to his father and the club.


title: Opie Winston

text: While married to Donna, Opie is sent to prison for five years, after being caught by police when his getaway driver (Kyle Hobart) abandoned him at a crime scene, thus leaving Opie's wife and two children, Ellie and Kenny, to fend for themselves during his incarceration. Upon his release, Opie's family has difficulty making ends meet, which contributes to Opie's decision to resume illegal activity with SAMCRO, against Donna's wishes. Agent June Stahl attempts to recruit Opie which causes her to trick Clay Morrow, SAMCRO's President, into believing that Opie betrayed the Club and the others with whom he murdered Heffner


title: Opie Winston

text: , a port commissioner. Clay responds by ordering Tig Trager to kill Opie and pin it on the One-Niners street gang. Opie's wife, Donna, who was driving his truck, is mistakenly killed instead.


title: Opie Winston

text: After Donna is murdered, Opie spirals into depression. He starts to become more distant from his children, by crashing at the Club house where he bonds with Lyla, a porn star. They later form a relationship together, and Opie wants her to leave the porn industry.


title: Opie Winston

text: When the club starts exploiting its porn connections to entertain Henry Lin's clients, a furious Opie starts a fight with Lin's clients. This ultimately leads to the club losing out on a major deal. He travels to Belfast, Northern Ireland to aide Jax, who's searching for his missing son Abel. After Agent Stahl tries to screw SAMCRO, Opie, with the help of Wayne Unser, targets Agent Stahl in retribution for her role in the death of his wife, Donna. During this confrontation Stahl breaks down crying and begs Opie for her life, to which Opie responds, "This is what she felt." He then shoots Stahl in the back of the head with a MAC-10, instantly killing her. After this, Chibs Telford rigs the scene to look as if the IRA murdered Stahl and Jimmy O'Phelan.


title: Opie Winston

text: Members of SAMCRO are released from prison after serving 14 months for federal weapons charges, due to Stahl's actions. They return to their hometown of Charming, California where they are disturbed by the sight of signs for a new real estate development in their quiet town, spearheaded by the town's new mayor Jacob Hale, Jr. and Elliott Oswald, whose land was seized for the project under eminent domain. On their way into town, they encounter the town's new sheriff, Eli Roosevelt, who together with Assistant U.S. Attorney Lincoln Potter has convened a secret task force to shut down the club's gunrunning operation. Opie and fiancée Lyla get married in a ceremony on an Indian reservation. During the wedding, Jax and Clay kill Russian mob boss Viktor Putlova, while other members seize the Russian's guns and use them to wipe out the rest of the mob. Opie discovers birth control in Lyla's dressing room. Angry that she is sabotaging their attempts to conceive, he sleeps with Ima. Lyla arrives at the clubhouse to find Ima leaving Opie's room. Opie says that he did it because he found her birth control pills, and when she admits to having an abortion, he tells her that he is leaving her until she decides what she wants. Jax lures Ima into her dressing room and throws her against a table, warning her to stay away from his family and the clubhouse.


title: Opie Winston

text: As the gang votes on the future of Clay's presidency, the clubhouse is attacked by the Lobos Sonora cartel, who drop off the severed heads of two SAMTAZ members, including club president Armando's. One cartel member is captured in the attack, but the Mayans are hit simultaneously, losing three men and a truck full of drugs. Piney demands that Clay withdraw the club from the drug business, threatening to deliver John Teller's letters to the club if he fails. Later that night, Clay arrives at Piney's house and kills him, scrawling the signature of the Lobos Sonora cartel on an old photo of the Sons of Anarchy's founding 'First 9.'


title: Opie Winston

text: Tig, and Opie turn to Lyla for help locating Georgie Caruso to punish him for inadvertently helping Hale. As they stuff him in the trunk of a car, he admits to sending men after Luann, but only with the intention of roughing her up. Tig and Opie fill his car with bullets. Opie takes the tow truck up to Piney's cabin and finds his father dead. Unser follows him to the cabin and tells him that Clay is the man responsible. Opie's trust in Jax and the club is broken as he seeks revenge. He later arrives at the club and shoots Clay twice. In an attempt to stop Opie, Jax shoots him in the wrist, and takes him to his home, where he stays hidden.


title: Opie Winston

text: Opie rebuffs Jax's offer to sit at the table due to Jax's decision in keeping Clay at the table. Clay visits Opie and convinces him that Jax needs him at the MC. Opie arrives at the clubhouse just as Jax, Tig Trager and Chibs Telford are being arrested for murder. Opie punches the sheriff to ensure he is kept close to Jax. Following a meeting with Damon Pope, Jax has to decide which member of the MC will die in prison. As he is about to sacrifice himself, Opie headbutts the prison guard and is taken to fight to the death. Despite initially putting up a good fight, Opie is outnumbered and eventually overpowered and beaten to death by a prison gang while Jax and Chibs watch on through a window. Jax vows to get revenge against the prison guard for the death of his friend. Opie's wake is held at the clubhouse with every member of SAMCRO in attendance.


title: Opie Winston

text: Ryan Hurst portrays Opie on "Sons of Anarchy". Hurst was promoted to main star billing status starting in season two. Hurst's portrayal of Opie was met with positive reviews.


title: Opie Winston

text: Opie is killed off in the fifth season episode "Laying Pipe". Hurst has since commented on his characters death, saying:


title: Opie Winston

text: As the series is based on William Shakespeare's Hamlet. Digital Spy questioned if Opie was the character that was based on Ophelia, saying: Our favourite Ophelia choice is probably Opie, if only because of the remarkable similarities between their names. Jax's childhood friend is certainly put through the ringer, although his death falls into the 'noble sacrifice' category rather than Ophelia's famous suicide.


title: Ulcer

text: An ulcer is a discontinuity or break in a bodily membrane that impedes normal function of the affected organ. According to Robbins's pathology, "ulcer is the breach of the continuity of skin, epithelium or mucous membrane caused by sloughing out of inflamed necrotic tissue." Common forms of ulcers recognized in medicine include:


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Sara Josephine Jacobs (born February 1, 1989) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for . Her district includes central and eastern portions of San Diego, as well as eastern suburbs such as El Cajon, La Mesa, Spring Valley, and Lemon Grove. A member of the Democratic Party, she is the youngest member of California's congressional delegation.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Jacobs was born in Del Mar, California, on February 1, 1989, and raised in San Diego. She is the granddaughter of businessman and Qualcomm founder Irwin M. Jacobs, and the daughter of Jerri-Ann and philanthropist Gary E. Jacobs. Her uncle, Paul E. Jacobs, was the former CEO and chairman of Qualcomm. Jacobs graduated from Torrey Pines High School and Columbia University, earning a bachelor's degree in political science in 2011 and a master's degree in international relations in 2012.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: After earning her master's degree, Jacobs worked for the United Nations and UNICEF. In February 2014, she began working as a contractor in the United States Department of State. She then served as a policy advisor on Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign. After the election, Jacobs formed a nonprofit called "San Diego for Every Child: The Coalition to End Child Poverty."


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Jacobs ran as a Democrat in the 2018 elections for the United States House of Representatives in . In the blanket primary election, she finished third, behind Diane Harkey and Mike Levin. A Super PAC affiliated with EMILY's List launched a media blitz right before the primary after Jacobs's grandfather donated $250,000 to the organization. This led primary opponents to accuse her of "buying" endorsements.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: In 2020, Jacobs ran in . She finished first in the top-two primary, and defeated San Diego City Council President Georgette Gómez in the November general election. She became the youngest United States Representative from California when she assumed office on January 3, 2021.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: During her political campaigns, Jacobs has received significant funding from her grandfather. According to OpenSecrets, Jacobs was the 5th most self-funded candidate in the 2020 United States elections. She financed $6,921,255 to her campaign, constituting 90.32% of total campaign contributions.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Following redistricting from the 2020 US Census, Jacobs is running in California's 51st congressional district.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: In 2022, Jacobs authored legislation to regulate the collection of personal reproductive health data, as in period-tracking apps. Mazie Hirono and Ron Wyden introduced a version in the U.S. Senate.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Along with 16 other members of Congress, Jacobs was arrested at a demonstration in support of abortion rights outside the United States Supreme Court Building on July 19, 2022.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Jacobs calls climate change "one of the biggest threats facing humanity". She wants a zero-carbon, clean energy economy by 2030.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: In 2022, Jacobs said she supported Nancy Pelosi remaining speaker of the House and Joe Biden remaining president.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Jacobs called the Trump administration's response to COVID-19 "horribly mishandled". She wants to hold businesses and individuals accountable for price gouging related to personal protective equipment and health care supplies during the pandemic.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Jacobs supports including a provision to grant citizenship for undocumented immigrants residing in the U.S., and passing the DREAM Act. She supports increasing funding for the immigration-related court system, and reducing backlogs. She supports modernizing border security and improving transit times. She opposes the Trump administration family separation policy, and wants to end funding on privatized detention facilities. Jacobs wants the U.S. to accept at least 95,000 refugees annually and protect individuals with Temporary Protected Status.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Jacobs supports the Child Care is Essential Act, which aims to pay child care workers a good wage and helps pay for child care for working families.


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Jacobs wishes to repeal the tax cuts for the wealthy in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. She wants "to increase the highest marginal tax rate and ensure capital gains rates match that, close loopholes in our tax code, and make sure everyone, including corporations, pays their fair share".


title: Sara Jacobs

text: Jacobs lives in the Bankers Hill neighborhood of San Diego. She is Jewish. She has been in a relationship with Ammar Campa-Najjar (a former Democratic candidate for a neighboring congressional district) since 2019.


title: Tokyo Station

text: Tokyo Station (, ) is a railway station in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. The original station is located in Chiyoda's Marunouchi business district near the Imperial Palace grounds. The newer Eastern extension is not far from the Ginza commercial district. Due to the large area covered by the station, it is divided into the Marunouchi (west) and Yaesu (east) sides in its directional signage.


title: Tokyo Station

text: Served by the high-speed rail lines of the Shinkansen network, Tokyo Station is the main inter-city rail terminal in Tokyo. It is the busiest station in Japan, with more than 4,000 trains arriving and departing daily, and the fifth-busiest in Eastern Japan in terms of passenger throughput; on average, more than 500,000 people use Tokyo Station every day. The station is also served by many regional commuter lines of Japan Railways, as well as the Tokyo Metro network.


title: Tokyo Station

text: The station is linked by underground passageways to the Ōtemachi underground (subway) station complex served by the Tōzai, Chiyoda, Hanzōmon, and Mita subway lines.


title: Tokyo Station

text: It is also possible to walk to the Nijūbashimae, Hibiya, Yūrakuchō, Ginza, and Higashi-ginza Stations completely underground (the last a distance of over 2 km), but these stations can usually be reached more quickly by train.


title: Tokyo Station

text: Tokyo Station is also a major intercity bus terminal, with regular midday service to several cities in the Kantō region and overnight service to the Kansai and Tōhoku regions. The furthest overnight bus service goes to Izumo-taisha, over 800 km away.


title: Tokyo Station

text: The main station facade on the western side of the station is brick-built, surviving from the time when the station opened in 1914. The main station consists of 10 island platforms serving 20 tracks, raised above street level running in a north–south direction. The main concourse runs east–west below the platforms.


title: Tokyo Station

text: The Shinkansen lines are on the east (or Yaesu) side of the station, along with a multi-storey Daimaru department store. The entrances nearest to the Shinkansen lines are named Yaesu, and those at the extreme East of the station are named Nihonbashi.


title: Tokyo Station

text: On the far western side is the Marunouchi entrances, which are closest to the two underground Sōbu/Yokosuka line platforms serving four tracks (five stories below ground level). The Narita Express to Narita International Airport (NRT) uses these platforms.


title: Tokyo Station

text: The two Keiyō Line platforms serving four tracks are four stories below ground some hundreds of meters to the south of the main station with moving walkways to serve connecting passengers.


title: Tokyo Station

text: The whole complex is linked by an extensive system of underground passageways that merge with surrounding commercial buildings and shopping centers.


title: Tokyo Station

text: Originally, platforms 3 to 10 were numbered as platforms 1 to 8 and additional platforms were numbered sequentially from west to east through the opening of the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in 1964. Platforms 9 to 13 were used for the Tōkaidō Main Line and Yokosuka Line but were removed in 1988, and platforms 12 and 13 were then used for the new Tōhoku Shinkansen from 1991 to 1997. The current Chūō Main Line platform opened in 1995 as platforms 1 and 2, and other platforms were renumbered accordingly, leaving platforms 10 and 11 unused. The current platform numbering became effective in 1997 when one of the Tōkaidō Main Line platforms was repurposed for the Jōetsu Shinkansen as platforms 20 and 21. The existing Tōhoku Shinkansen platforms were simultaneously renumbered as 22 and 23.


title: Tokyo Station

text: In 1889, a Tokyo municipal committee drew up plans for an elevated railway line connecting the Tōkaidō Main Line terminal at Shinbashi to the Nippon Railway (now Tōhoku Main Line) terminal at Ueno. The Imperial Diet resolved in 1896 to construct a new station on this line called , located directly in front of the gardens of the Imperial Palace.


title: Tokyo Station

text: Construction was delayed by the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, but finally commenced in 1908. The three-story station building was designed by architect Tatsuno Kingo (who also designed Manseibashi Station and the nearby Bank of Japan building) as a restrained celebration of Japan's costly victory in the Russo-Japanese War. The building is often rumored to be fashioned after Amsterdam Centraal station in the Netherlands, although there is little evidence to support the opinion. Terunobu Fujimori, a scholar of Western architecture, denies the rumor, having studied Tatsuno's styles as well as the building itself.


title: Tokyo Station

text: Tokyo Station opened on December 20, 1914 with four platforms; two serving electric trains (current Yamanote/Keihin–Tōhoku Line platforms) and two serving non-electric trains (current Tōkaidō Line platforms). The Chūō Main Line extension to the station was completed in 1919 and originally stopped at the platform now used by northbound Yamanote/Keihin–Tōhoku trains. During this early era, the station only had gates on the Marunouchi side, with the north side serving as an exit and the south side serving as an entrance. The Yaesu side of the station opened in 1929.


title: Tokyo Station

text: Much of the station was destroyed in a B-29 firebombing raid on May 25, 1945. The bombing shattered the impressive rooftop domes and the entire third floor of the building. The station was quickly rebuilt within a year, but the restored building had only two stories instead of three, and simple angular roofs were built in place of the original domes. These postwar alterations were blamed for creating the mistaken impression that the building was based on the Centraal station in Amsterdam. Plans in the 1980s to demolish the building and replace it with a larger structure were derailed by a preservation movement.


title: Tokyo Station

text: The Yaesu side was also rebuilt after the war, but the new structure was damaged by fire in 1949, and this side of the building was then significantly upgraded with a contemporary exterior and a large Daimaru department store. The new Yaesu side facilities opened in 1953, including two new platforms for Tōkaidō Main Line services (now used by Shinkansen trains). Two more platforms opened in 1964 to accommodate the first Shinkansen services. The Yaesu side was partially rebuilt again in 1991 to accommodate the Shinkansen extension from Ueno.


title: Tokyo Station

text: A plan was finalized in 1971 to build a Narita Shinkansen high-speed line connecting Tokyo Station to Narita International Airport. The line was envisioned as extending underground from Tokyo to Shinjuku Station, and the plan was to build the platforms underneath Kajibashi-dori (to the south of Tokyo Station) to avoid the need to run the line under the Imperial Palace. Construction of the Narita Shinkansen was halted in 1983 due to difficulties acquiring the necessary land to build the line, but the area set aside for its platforms was eventually used for the Keiyō Line and Musashino Line terminals, which opened in 1990.


title: Tokyo Station

text: From July 1987, the station hosted a series of regular free public concerts referred to as "Tokyo Eki Kon" (Tokyo Station Concerts). These were first held as a celebration of the launch of Japan Railways Group as the privatized successor to the state-owned Japanese National Railways. Altogether 246 concerts were performed, but the event was discontinued when its popularity waned and the last concert took place in November 2000. The event returned in 2004 as the "Aka Renga (Red Brick) Concerts" but it was again suspended, after 19 concerts, when redevelopment of the station started in earnest. In 2012, as the reconstruction was nearing completion, there were calls for the concerts to resume.


title: Tokyo Station

text: The station facilities of the Marunouchi Line were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.


title: Tokyo Station

text: The Tokyo Station complex has undergone extensive development, including major improvements to the Marunouchi (west) and Yaesu (east) sides of the station. The Marunouchi side underwent an extensive five-year renovation, completed in October 2012, in which the historic 98-year-old façade on this side of the station was restored to its pre-war condition. The restoration work included recreating the two domes according to their original design. The surrounding area was converted into a broad plaza (Marunouchi Central Plaza) extending into a walkway toward the Imperial Palace, with space for bus and taxi ranks. In contrast, the Yaesu side of the station is very urban in appearance. The North and South GranTokyo towers are connected to the terminal by the GranRoof, a new commercial facility with a large canopy representing a "sail of light" which covers the outdoor areas. The high-rise towers include multi-story shopping areas and the offices of a number of leading companies and universities. This part of the project was completed in 2013.


title: Tokyo Station

text: Tokyo Station has been the site of the assassination of two Japanese prime ministers. On November 4, 1921, Hara Takashi was stabbed to death by a right-wing railroad switchman in front of the south wing as he arrived to board a train for Kyoto. On November 14, 1930, Osachi Hamaguchi was shot by a member of the Aikokusha ultra-nationalist secret society. He survived the attack but died of his wounds in August the following year.


title: Tokyo Station

text: There was a proposal to build a spur to Tokyo Station from the nearby Toei Asakusa Line, which would provide another connection to the subway network, and also possibly provide faster connections from the station to Tokyo's airports, Haneda and Narita. The plan has yet to be formally adopted. Authorities are re-considering a similar plan as part of the infrastructure improvements for the 2020 Summer Olympics; the proposed line would cut travel time to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes, and to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes, at a total cost of around 400 billion yen.


title: Tokyo Station

text: There are also plans to extend the Tsukuba Express from Akihabara to Tokyo. In September 2013, a number of municipalities along the Tsukuba Express line in Ibaraki Prefecture submitted a proposal to complete the extension at the same time as the new airport-to-airport line.


title: Tokyo Station

text: In fiscal 2018, the JR East station was used by an average of 467,165 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), making it the third busiest station on the JR East network. Over the same fiscal year, the Tokyo Metro station was used by an average of 218,275 passengers daily (both exiting and entering passengers), making it the ninth-busiest Tokyo Metro station. The passenger figures (boarding passengers only) for the JR East (formerly JNR) station in previous years are as shown below.


title: Tokyo Station

text: Tokyo Station has "sister station" agreements with Amsterdam Centraal station in the Netherlands, Grand Central Terminal in New York, USA, Beijing railway station in China, Hsinchu Station in Taiwan, and Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof in Germany.


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: In linear algebra, real numbers or generally elements of a field are called scalars and relate to vectors in an associated vector space through the operation of scalar multiplication (defined in the vector space), in which a vector can be multiplied by a scalar in the defined way to produce another vector. Generally speaking, a vector space may be defined by using any field instead of real numbers (such as complex numbers). Then scalars of that vector space will be elements of the associated field (such as complex numbers).


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: A scalar product operation – not to be confused with scalar multiplication – may be defined on a vector space, allowing two vectors to be multiplied in the defined way to produce a scalar. A vector space equipped with a scalar product is called an inner product space.


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: A quantity described by multiple scalars, such as having both direction and magnitude, is called a "vector".


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: The term scalar is also sometimes used informally to mean a vector, matrix, tensor, or other, usually, "compound" value that is actually reduced to a single component. Thus, for example, the product of a 1 × "n" matrix and an "n" × 1 matrix, which is formally a 1 × 1 matrix, is often said to be a scalar.


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: The term scalar matrix is used to denote a matrix of the form "kI" where "k" is a scalar and "I" is the identity matrix.


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: The word "scalar" derives from the Latin word "scalaris", an adjectival form of "scala" (Latin for "ladder"), from which the English word "scale" also comes. The first recorded usage of the word "scalar" in mathematics occurs in François Viète's "Analytic Art" ("In artem analyticem isagoge") (1591):


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: According to a citation in the "Oxford English Dictionary" the first recorded usage of the term "scalar" in English came with W. R. Hamilton in 1846, referring to the real part of a quaternion:


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: A vector space is defined as a set of vectors (additive abelian group), a set of scalars (field), and a scalar multiplication operation that takes a scalar "k" and a vector v to form another vector "k"v. For example, in a coordinate space, the scalar multiplication formula_1 yields formula_2. In a (linear) function space, is the function .


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: The scalars can be taken from any field, including the rational, algebraic, real, and complex numbers, as well as finite fields.


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: According to a fundamental theorem of linear algebra, every vector space has a basis. It follows that every vector space over a field "K" is isomorphic to the corresponding coordinate vector space where each coordinate consists of elements of "K" (E.g., coordinates ("a", "a", ..., "a") where "a" ∈ "K" and "n" is the dimension of the vector space in consideration.). For example, every real vector space of dimension "n" is isomorphic to the "n"-dimensional real space R.


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: Alternatively, a vector space "V" can be equipped with a norm function that assigns to every vector v in "V" a scalar ||v||. By definition, multiplying v by a scalar "k" also multiplies its norm by |"k"|. If ||v|| is interpreted as the "length" of v, this operation can be described as scaling the length of v by "k". A vector space equipped with a norm is called a normed vector space (or "normed linear space").


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: The norm is usually defined to be an element of "V"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s scalar field "K", which restricts the latter to fields that support the notion of sign. Moreover, if "V" has dimension 2 or more, "K" must be closed under square root, as well as the four arithmetic operations; thus the rational numbers Q are excluded, but the surd field is acceptable. For this reason, not every scalar product space is a normed vector space.


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: When the requirement that the set of scalars form a field is relaxed so that it need only form a ring (so that, for example, the division of scalars need not be defined, or the scalars need not be commutative), the resulting more general algebraic structure is called a module.


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: In this case the "scalars" may be complicated objects. For instance, if "R" is a ring, the vectors of the product space "R" can be made into a module with the "n"×"n" matrices with entries from "R" as the scalars. Another example comes from manifold theory, where the space of sections of the tangent bundle forms a module over the algebra of real functions on the manifold.


title: Scalar (mathematics)

text: The scalar multiplication of vector spaces and modules is a special case of scaling, a kind of linear transformation.


title: Almere

text: Almere () is a planned city and municipality in the province of Flevoland, Netherlands, located about 20 km to the east of Amsterdam (as the crow flies) across the IJmeer.


title: Almere

text: Bordering Lelystad and Zeewolde, the municipality of Almere comprises six official areas that are the districts of Almere Stad (which is further split up into Almere Stad Oost, Almere Stad West and Almere Centrum), Almere Buiten and Almere Pampus (which is currently being designed), and the boroughs of Almere Haven, Almere Hout and Almere Poort. Four of them feature official district or borough offices. Furthermore, it also comprises the unofficial historic district and neighborhood Oostvaardersdiep, which has an active semi-self-governing community, and the planned district of Almere Oosterwold. Almere is part of the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (MRA).


title: Almere

text: Almere is the newest city in the Netherlands: the land on which the city sits, the Southern Flevoland polder, was reclaimed from the IJsselmeer from 1959 to 1968. The first house was finished in 1976, and Almere became a municipality in 1984. It has the largest population of the municipalities in Flevoland with


title: Almere

text: The original plans for the IJsselmeerpolders saw the land being used for agriculture. However, after World War II housing was needed for the rapidly growing population of Amsterdam and two towns were planned in the polders Oostelijk Flevoland and Zuidelijk Flevoland. The town in Oostelijk Flevoland became Lelystad. The town in Zuidelijk Flevoland was still called Zuidweststad (English: South West City) on the first sketches, but in the 1970s it became called "Almere", named after the lake Almere, the early medieval name of the Zuiderzee. The first house in Almere was finished in 1976. At that time the town was still controlled by the "Openbaar Lichaam Zuidelijke IJsselmeerpolders" (Z.IJ.P.), with a Landdrost. In 1984 Almere became an official municipality. Originally, Almere was envisioned as a town with multiple centres. This idea was later abandoned in favor of allowing neighbourhoods like Tussen de Vaarten to be built. There is also a difference between the way houses are built in the oldest and the newest parts of the city. The housing plan in Almere in the 1970s was basic functionality and a levelling of social status. However, starting in the 1990s more exclusive homes with striking designs were built (notably in the Regenboogbuurt).


title: Almere

text: Ank Bijleveld (CDA) has been serving as acting mayor of Almere since 17 January 2022. Following the Dutch municipal elections, 2014 the current municipal council was inaugurated. The nationalist Party for Freedom had won the most seats in the local elections, which was both national and international news due to the controversial statements of its leader Geert Wilders. Despite this PVV plurality, the party did not join the municipal administration.


title: Almere

text: The first municipal council was installed on 2 January 1984 in the presence of the then-Minister of the Interior Koos Rietkerk. The council elections took place on 21 September 1983. Prior to 1984 Almere had an "Adviesraad", which was chosen every 2 years (1978–1980, 1980–1982, 1982–1984). This "Adviesraad" was made up of different political parties similar to a local council. On 11 March 1977 the first "adviescommissie" was elected. It consisted of 5 people that were chosen on personal title.


title: Almere

text: Almere is located in the polder of Southern Flevoland (Dutch: "Zuidelijk Flevoland"). It is the most western municipality of the province Flevoland. It borders with Markermeer in the west and north, Lelystad in the northeast, Zeewolde in the east, and Gooimeer in the south.


title: Almere

text: Almere consists of three boroughs and three districts (Dutch: "stadsdelen"), three of which are under construction.


title: Almere

text: Almere has an oceanic climate characterized by mild to cool winters, and warm summers with fair precipitation year-round.


title: Almere

text: On 19 May 2004, at the instigation of Kees Kousemaker, owner of the Amsterdam comics store Lambiek, the first buildings of the "Stripheldenbuurt" were inaugurated in Almere. This is a district where all street names are named after famous comics characters and cartoonists.


title: Almere

text: Almere is the home of football team Almere City FC, American football team FlevoPhantoms and the home of professional basketball team the Almere Sailors.


title: Almere

text: A seasonal-use station, Almere Strand, was set up for certain events, such as Libelle Zomerweek. The station was made up of iron platforms. It was opened in May 1996 under the name "Muiderzand". The station was closed after June 1996 but re-opened in June 1999 under the name "Muiderstrand" and closed again in July 1999. It re-opened again in 2001 under the name "Almere Strand" as an official seasonal-use station, meaning it was now open certain seasons every year. Because of the rapid development of the adjacent borough Almere Poort, it was decided to open an official station there (see Almere Poort), thus making the station of Almere Strand obsolete. Almere Poort station opened on December 9, 2012. Therefore, Almere Strand station was officially closed just after the summer of 2012 and its iron platforms were torn down in the weekend of October 6–7, 2012. There are no remains of the station, although passengers can still see where the platforms once stood from the windows of Flevolijn trains.


title: Almere

text: Monday to Friday, most city buses run about every 5 minutes (10 times every hour) during daytime hours. Saturdays, only a few city bus lines run every 7,5 minutes during daytime hours; most of them run every 12–15 minutes. Sunday, most of the city buses run every 15 minutes (with some buses running extra runs during certain hours) and M6 which only runs every 30 minutes.


title: Almere

text: There are a few overnight bus lines (Mon-Sat nights only): N21, N22 and N23. They run under the Keolis internal name nightGo (but are operated by R-net branded regional buses).


title: Almere

text: The bus company running almost all buses is Keolis Netherlands. Local buses (city buses) run under the name allGo. In the buses one can use the national transportation chipcard (smart card), subscriptions or one can buy bus tickets of allGo in the bus or at TVM's (the latter only Downtown).


title: Almere

text: Besides the local bus lines, there are regional and rush hour bus lines to towns and cities in the area.


title: Almere

text: Since April 2012, there was a rush hour route, 150, to Utrecht which connected Almere directly with the University Area of Utrecht called De Uithof. (This was previously done by former bus line 295). Due to budget cuts, line 150 was scrapped on July 9, 2016.


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: Naganuma started his musical career by playing the electronic organ, aged five, under the influence of his older sister. When he was fourteen, he became interested in western music and composed his own songs. He then decided to have a job in the music business. During 1993 to 1997 he worked as both a DJ and bartender. He was also aiming to become a singer-songwriter in the J-pop industry, although he dropped this plan.


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: Naganuma sent demo tapes to Sega in 1998. His application was accepted, with voice editing for "" and composition for "Hip Jog Jog" being among his first works with the company, the latter of which he worked with senior composer Kenichi Tokoi.


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: In 2000, he served as the lead composer for "Jet Set Radio", serving as his breakthrough work. He took inspiration from big beat music for the game. He would go on to compose for its sequel "Jet Set Radio Future" in 2002, along with "Ollie King" in 2003, also developed by Smilebit. In 2005, he composed a large portion of "Sonic Rush" soundtrack, of which he was later nominated at the Golden Joystick Awards for Soundtrack of the Year. The following year, he was responsible for music supervision and composing two tracks for the anime adaption of "Air Gear", itself being influenced by "Jet Set Radio". For contractual reasons, he used the "skankfunk" alias as he was still employed at Sega at the time, while "Air Gear" had nothing to do with Sega. He also created a remix of "Fuusen Gum" for the anime "Gin Tama", but similarly was not credited at the time.


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: During his later years with Sega, Naganuma was part of "Yakuza" team, where his role was mostly limited to voice editing and producing sound effects. The boss of its team did not allow him to work on the soundtrack of "Sonic Rush Adventure". Following his work on "Yakuza Kenzan" in 2008, he left Sega to become a freelance composer. He has continued to work on Sega games under the skankfunk alias, including "" and "Super Monkey Ball 3D".


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: During the earlier years following his departure from Sega, Naganuma contributed a handful of tracks to various Sega games such as "" and "Super Monkey Ball 3D", under the skankfunk alias. In 2012, he contributed the track "Luv Can Save U" for the of Konami's arcade rhythm game "Beatmania IIDX", and for the an extended mix of the aforemented track. In 2014, Naganuma contributed to the charity CD "Game Music Prayer II" for relief of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake with an original track titled "Aria di Maria".


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: By the late 2010s, he became popular on the social network platform Twitter, where he frequently interacts with fans and posts internet memes and shitposts related to "Jet Set Radio" and other media, such as "Family Guy", "Among Us", "Juuni Senshi Bakuretsu Eto Ranger", or " Big Chungus".


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: As a result of his online popularity and musical success, he has contributed tracks to a number of indie games inspired by "Jet Set Radio". In 2017, Naganuma contributed two new original songs for the game "Hover". In 2018, Naganuma released the track "Ain't Nothin' Like a Funky Beat" as a part of the "Lethal League Blaze" soundtrack, which featured other notable composers such as Frank Klepacki, Pixelord, Bignic, and Klaus Veen. He was set to compose for "Streets of Rage 4", but due to schedule complications and copyright ownership issues, he withdrew from the project in 2020.


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: Naganuma admitted that since leaving Sega, he has made attempts to work for Nintendo, after the topic was brought up by fans of the "Splatoon" franchise that he should have worked on the latest games' soundtrack, who drew parallels between it and his previous works. He is composing for indie game "Bomb Rush Cyberfunk", which is set to be released in 2023. He has also expressed a desire to create an original album and clarified he is not active in the gaming industry.


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: Naganuma's early sound is often labelled as an energetic, rhythm-heavy blend of hip hop, electronic, dance, funk, jazz, and rock. His music was produced to match the visual style of the games he was working on as closely as possible, and experimented with voices, cutting and rearranging samples to the point that they become nonsensical. Since the release of "Jet Set Radio", Naganuma's sound has incorporated many elements of breakbeat, gabber, and EDM.


title: Hideki Naganuma

text: "These are for media which Naganuma did not serve as main composer, but still contributed original music."


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh (or simply Kahaani 2, ) is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language thriller film directed by Sujoy Ghosh, A spiritual sequel to the 2012 film "Kahaani", the film features Arjun Rampal and Vidya Balan in lead roles, and Jugal Hansraj and Kharaj Mukherjee and Tunisha Sharma in supporting roles. "Kahaani 2" is the story of Durga Rani Singh, who is charged with kidnapping and murder. This is second installment of Sujoy Ghosh's crime thriller Universe.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: Principal photography took place from March 2016 to May 2016. The film was released on 2 December 2016. It was declared tax-free in Uttar Pradesh on 15 December 2016. At the 62nd Filmfare Awards, Balan received a Best Actress nomination for her performance.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: Vidya Sinha (Vidya Balan) is a middle-class working mother who lives in Chandannagar, West Bengal with her teenage daughter Minnie (Tunisha Sharma), who is paralyzed from the waist down and uses a wheelchair. Minnie is a happy child and Vidya dotes on her, working hard to save money so that she can take Minnie to the United States in the hope that the girl will walk again.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: One evening, Vidya returns home to find her daughter is missing. She receives a call from an unknown man asking her to come to an address, or else Minnie will die. When Vidya crosses the road, a taxi knocks her down, sending her into a coma. The taxi driver takes her to a nursing home run by Dr. Maity (Pradip Mukherjee). Police Sub-Inspector Inderjeet Singh (Arjun Rampal) is put on Vidya's case. He visits Vidya's home and finds her diary, which he takes as evidence. Inderjeet's senior, Pranab Halder (Kharaj Mukherjee), informs him that a woman named Durga Rani Singh is wanted for a kidnapping and murder case.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: As Inderjeet reads Vidya's diary, her past is revealed: She worked as a clerk in a school in Kalimpong as Durga Rani Singh, where she is friendly with Arun (Tota Roy Chowdhury), who has feelings for her. At school, Durga noticed that a student named Minnie Dewan (Naisha Khanna) was always punished for sleeping during classes. After repeated attempts at befriending the reclusive Minnie fail, Durga decides to visit the girl’s wealthy grandmother (Amba Sanyal), pretending to be offering Minnie extra tuition. Durga's worst fears come true when Minnie confides that her uncle Mohit Dewan (Jugal Hansraj) was sexually abusing her. Durga, also a survivor of child sex abuse, informs Minnie's grandmother but the woman admonishes her. Durga then tries to file a case with the police but an investigation by a police officer (Koushik Sen) finds Mohit innocent and he doesn't believe Durga. Minnie jumps off her house's terrace in desperation and becomes paralyzed from the waist down. A corrupt police officer(Gargi Bharadwaj), taking the side of Minnie's grandmother, threatens Durga not to pursue the matter. Durga decides to save Minnie from her family and has a fight with her grandmother, who is killed accidentally. Durga flees with Minnie, settling in Chandan Nagar with a new name, Vidya Sinha. Years later, Mohit hunts them down and kidnaps Minnie with the help of the policewoman.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: In the present, the policewoman comes to the nursing home and threatens Vidya to pay ransom to save Minnie. Terrified, Vidya escapes from the hospital after recovering from her coma and returns home in search of the address that the kidnapper asked her to come to. She is caught by Halder and Inderjeet at her home but escapes after shooting Inderjeet in his arm. Vidya then arrives at Kolkata, where she goes to the docks as ordered by Mohit and offers to pay the ransom to the policewoman. Mohit shoots the policewoman when she takes interest in the ransom money and then tries to strangle Vidya as revenge, but is shot dead by Minnie, who picked up his fallen revolver. Vidya then calls Inderjeet to seek his help, but Haldar and other police officers ask Inderjeet to call her to a place where they can arrest her. Inderjeet asks Vidya to come to his paternal house, where they are surrounded by the police force. Halder tries to arrest Vidya, but she shoots him in the leg and later sets the house on fire.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: It is revealed that Durga was married to Inderjeet at a very young age, but they separated later. After recovering from her coma, Durga asked Inderjeet for his help to save Minnie and they planned her escape. In the present, Inderjeet helped Durga in escaping to Kolkata in the police Ambassador car by smuggling her in the trunk, and he helps her escape from the burning house. Inderjeet also arranged passports for Durga and her adopted daughter under their new identities.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: In the end, Durga (who is believed to be dead by the police) is traveling to New York City for Minnie's operation. Inderjeet is seen happily driving with his family.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: In March 2012, Ghosh announced that he intended to develop "Kahaani" into a series. He was inspired by Satyajit Ray's "Feluda" detective series and wanted to continue the stories of Vidya Bagchi on similar lines, with Vidya Balan reprising the role. The shooting of "Kahaani 2" was scheduled to begin in 2013, but in July 2013 differences arose between Sujoy Ghosh and other co-producers. In February 2014, Vidya announced that the film was not happening due to these differences, but two years later, Ghosh confirmed that the film was in pre-production with Vidya set to reprise her role. The film, titled "Kahaani 2", began filming in March 2016 with Arjun Rampal and Vidya in lead roles.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: In October 2016, upon its teaser release, the film was renamed as "Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh". Initially, "Durga Rani Singh" was intended to be a standalone film with actor Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, but, as the story is too similar to "Kahaani" franchise, makers has included the project as a sequel to "Kahaani".


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: It was later revealed by Balan and Ghosh that, this film is not a sequel to "Kahaani" released in 2012, but a next installment of the "Kahaani" franchise.


title: Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

text: "Hindustan Times" gave the film 4 stars out of five. "The Times of India" gave the film 3 and half stars out of five. "India Today" gave the film 2 and half stars out of five. "The Indian Express" gave the film 2 stars out of five. "Firstpost" gave the film 2 stars out of five.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: "Fire and Blood" is the tenth and final episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series "Game of Thrones". First aired on June 19, 2011, it was written by series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: The title of the episode is the motto of House Targaryen, and alludes to the aftermath of the previous episode's climactic events. The episode's action revolves around the Starks' reactions to Eddard Stark's execution: Sansa is taken hostage, Arya flees in disguise, Robb and Catelyn lead an army against the Lannisters, and Jon Snow struggles with his divided loyalty. Across the narrow sea, Daenerys must deal with the blood magic that has robbed her of her husband, her son, and her army.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: The episode was well received by critics, who singled out the closing scene as a particularly strong way to end the first season. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 3.04 million in its initial broadcast. This episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: Joffrey forces Sansa to look at Ned and his household staff's severed heads on spikes. When Sansa says she wishes to see Joffrey's head mounted there after Joffrey says Robb's head will be, Joffrey has Ser Meryn slap her. The Hound advises Sansa to obey Joffrey for her own safety.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: Arya, rescued by Night's Watch recruiter Yoren, escapes with him under the alias of "Arry", a boy, to the Wall with his new recruits, including Lommy, Hot Pie, and Gendry, the late King Robert's unknowing bastard son.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: At the Stark army camp, Robb vows revenge on the Lannisters after Ned's death, but Catelyn says they must first rescue Arya and Sansa. The Starks followers now support Northern independence, proclaiming Robb the "King in the North", rather than support Stannis or Renly Baratheon, who have both claimed the Iron Throne. Jaime tells Catelyn he pushed Bran out of the tower window, but does not explain why.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: At the Lannister army camp, Tywin, unable to sue for peace with the Starks after Ned's execution, orders Tyrion to go to King's Landing in his stead as "Hand of the King" to keep Joffrey under control. Against his father's orders, Tyrion brings Shae with him.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: Jon attempts to desert the Night's Watch to join Robb and avenge Ned, but Sam, Pyp, and Grenn convince him to return. The next morning, Jeor, despite knowing Jon attempted to desert, orders him to join him in an expedition beyond the Wall, intended to counter the threats of the wildlings and the White Walkers, and to find Benjen Stark.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: Daenerys learns that her unborn son died due to Mirri's spell. Furthermore, although Drogo's life was saved, he has fallen into a catatonic state, causing most of his followers to abandon him. Mirri reveals that she caused this to avenge the destruction of her village and her people. Knowing that Drogo would rather die than continue living in his current state, Daenerys smothers him.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: Daenerys has Mirri tied to Drogo's funeral pyre, with her dragons eggs placed on top. Daenerys declares herself queen of a new khalasar and steps into the lit pyre. By daybreak, Jorah and her remaining loyalists find her unharmed in the ashes, carrying three dragon hatchlings, the first born in 300 years. Amazed, they bow to Daenerys.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: The episode was written by showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Like the rest of the first season, it adapts the plot of "A Game of Thrones," the first novel in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series by George R. R. Martin. The episode covers the novel's chapters 66 to 73, that is, Arya V, Bran VII, Sansa VI, Daenerys IX, Tyrion IX, Jon IX, Catelyn XI, and Daenerys X. It also covers part of the second novel, "A Clash of Kings": Arya I (chapter 2) and part of Catelyn VII (chapter 55). Scenes added for the adaptation include Catelyn and Robb receiving news of Eddard's death, the revelation of Cersei and Lancel Lannister's relationship, as well as interactions between Grand Maester Pycelle, the prostitute Ros, Varys, and Littlefinger.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: The dragons featured in the episode's finale were implemented by BlueBolt, the lead VFX agency for the first season. VFX supervisor Angela Barson confirmed that the CGI dragons were among the most stressful effects, prompting sleepless nights. Commenting on the episode's climactic scene where the hatchling dragons are revealed, actress Emilia Clarke told VH1, "You see the relationship that Dany has with her eggs, and you see that grow and grow and grow and kind of the intuitive connection she has with them, you see that develop really beautifully". Clarke also hinted that she expected to "get to play with some more dragons!" in the second season, based on her conversations with book author and executive producer George R.R. Martin. "VFX Data Wrangler" Naill McEvoy later confirmed that dragon presence would be increasing in season two.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: To shoot the scene depicting the birth of the dragons, director Alan Taylor guided Clarke to show her fear and personal feelings of apprehension and uncertainty of being naked in front of the crew to play her character. Taylor also insisted Benioff and Weiss to change the scene's setting from night to dawn (as stated in Martin's original book) so he could pull back the episode's final shot to reveal the vast landscape as the newborn dragons cried out in a dramatic fashion. Benioff and Weiss noted that "the sequence and timing of those shots was on his [Taylor's] head from the beginning. The scene is [was] pretty much exactly the one he described to us [them] before we shot a frame".


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: In the scene where Joffrey forces Sansa to view the heads of Ned and his entourage on spikes, one of the prosthetic heads briefly seen in profile is that of former U.S. president George W. Bush. In their commentary on the DVD release of season 1, Benioff and Weiss explained that this was not meant as a political statement, but rather because the production used the prosthetic heads that happened to be at hand. Following media reports in June 2012, HBO apologized for this shot, which their statement described as "unacceptable, disrespectful and in very bad taste". The statement also said that the shot would be edited for any future home video production and TV broadcasts. HBO removed the episode from digital download services until the scene was edited. In the edited scene, the head bears no resemblance to Bush.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: "Fire and Blood" was first aired on HBO in the U.S. and Canada on June 19, 2011. The episode was the most watched episode of the season and was viewed by an estimated 3.041 million viewers and received a 1.4 share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 1.4% of all 18- to 49-year-olds at the time of the broadcast. With repeats, the episode brought in 3.9 million total viewers. In the United Kingdom, the episode was viewed by 1.314 million viewers, making it the highest-rated broadcast that week.


title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 23 reviews of the episode and judged 100% of them to be positive with an average score of 9.27 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Fire and Blood" creatively provides closure after a shocking penultimate episode while strategically setting up arcs for season two." Matt Fowler of "IGN" wrote that " 'Fire and Blood' wasn't exactly a powerful roar of an episode, but that book fans would definitely appreciate the small parts of the second book, "A Clash of Kings", that got included to help set up season two next year". He rated the episode 8.5 out of 10.